The Benedictines - D. Knowles
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THE TH E BENEDICTINES
THE MANY MANSIONS” ERIES GENERAL DITOR: LGAR THOROLD
It is ntended by means of this eries to bring together n he pirit nd deal f he hief Religious essays Orders f he Church. he olumes re ublished uniformly.
THE DOMINICANS
FR.. JOHN-BAPTIST REEVES B y FR O.P.
THE ESUITS
GOOD1ER, .J., B y THE MOST REVEREND ALBAN
OF HIERAPOLIS ARCHBISHOP
VOLUMES OTHER OTHER N REPARATION
TH E
BENEDICTINES By
D OM DAVID KNOWLES MONK OF DOWNSIDE ABBEY
With an ntroduction by
J . HUGH DIMAN, O.S.B.
NEW YORK
THE THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
Nihil Obstat
Arthur J. Scanlan, S.T.D.
Censor Librorum. Imprimatur Patrick ardinal ayes
New Yor\. Archbishop, New York, November November , 929.
Copyright, 930 93 0 COMPANY. THE B y MACMILLAN All ights eserved, ncluding
n the th e ight f eproduction
whole or n part n any form. Set up and electrotyped.
930. anuary, Published,
TATES MERICA PRINTED N HE NITED F
CONTENTS CHAPTER
v i AGE
I. T R u l e S t. B e n e d ic t e o f
1. ntroductory
2. The R
I I. B n e d ic t in e D v e o p m n s
Early D e v e l o p m n s 2 2 1.
The Middle 2. A e s 2 6
3. T m s 3 5 Modern III. B e n e d ic tin e r g a n iz a tio n IV. B e n e d ic tin e o r k
Some B e n e d ic tin e V. C h a r a c t e r is tic s
2
VI. S p ir itu a l Lf e T h e B e n e d ic tin e
The 1. Monastic D s c i p i n e 7 1
Benedictine P a y e 7 5 2. The Appeal 3. o T a d t o n 7 9
4. The Abbey and he M n k 8 3
5. C o n c u s o n 8 8 v
I N T R O D U C T I O N The he ollowing ages s lready writer f well
y dmirable ittle known o American eaders is
volume on he American Civil War.* n he present book he brings nto play he same qualities of analysis, of ympathy f ust iscrimination s n he nd hem upon ery ifferent earlier ne ne,, but xercises theme.
ave lready ourteen Benedictines ad ife f centuries. his nto nt o s ong eriod o ompress volume of his ize, nd Dom David nowles as wisely refrained rom attempting detailed narrative.
Instead past past nly he as s ed he hrow ight n o upon the present nd e more ntent hows imself
eaders n giving is nto he ontemporary nsight pirit ncient nd lmost world-wide life nd f n religious ellowship han e s pon he xternal hrough t has vicissitudes which passed.
much hat is nstructive and lluminating, Amidst o much Amidst there s ne hought o which he author often ecurs
which may perhaps e ecommended or and pecial consideration.
lose f is e ays ear he ook
orders orders re most aluable not what that eligious or but or hey re.” they o, what his s particularly
true of Benedictines, or, unlike most eligious orders,
they prescribed works works utside ou- have no he aily American American Civil War, y David Knowles, *The Oxford Uni¬ York. versity versity Press, N ew
v ii
INTRODUCTION
tine f heir monasteries. n he other hand o ex¬ terior work, undertaken rom he ight motives nd bedience, s enied o hem. t. t. enedict under himself had no program, either of missionary ctivity,
nor f haritable ction, nor f ocial eform eyond the th e aily f rayer, rayer, f eading nd f work ound hat was in is wn monasteries. ccomplished y he monasteries well his ollowers owever utside s n mmediately ollowing t. known. he enturies enturies Benedict’s own he ace f Europe was lmost ay, literally literally ransformed y aste ands is onks. were edeemed, oads were built, gnorant were he taught, nd arried he issionaries aith o he farthest confines of Europe. ater he ancient classics rts were were opied nd reserved, ll he ostered and ursued, nd n he eventeenth entury he Maurist rance rought istorical ongregation n science and esearch o heir highest point of develop¬
ment.
many centuries go, The orch it o o, but till urn¬
ing brightly, arried cross he Atlantic n he was middle f Nineteenth Century y he Dom Boniface nd Wimmer is ompanions, nd o-day tately b¬ beys, among he greatest n he world, may be visited in he wide Western tretches f our own and. These great chievements were he ruit f Bene¬
dictine but he eeds were own n he quiet f ife, outine. lways nd verywhere monastic monastic s works re ruitful nly hey rom he ove pring od, eepened nd ipened n he ilence nd of prayer f he loister. upon his ll rders re built root rinciple, t he rivilege f but s Benedictines
viii
INTRODUCTION
to be able o witness to o ts ruth by fourteen centuries of xperience. This houghtful presentation f om ome e f he deeper
Benedictine aspects f ife will without doubt trike a esponsive hord n he ouls many American f
readers. t s o e hoped oo hat his ittle reatise will help to make t clear hat Benedictines n our own day da y and n our own and, ave heir mission o ess han hey truly ad t n Europe n hose y-gone times hat have ee named fter hem, he een n Benedic¬ Centuries. tine
J. H u g h D m a n
ix
B . . .
THE BENEDICTINES i THE RULE OF SAINT BENEDICT
i. Introduction. Christianity s ssentially eligion f he A th o u g h
spirit, t as he losest ouch lways aintained with he aterial orld. hough ts ruths re eternal unchangeable, he nd hey were evealed o ime, hey he y ave ee een n world t efinite moment f
erfectly han understood more n his ge n hat, and ave nfluenced n different ways ifferent aces and generations men. t as ome bout f ence
that he Catholic Church, hough verr ne nd ve he pirit, hown ourse f he same n as n he en¬ turies an almost nfinite variety of aspects and develop¬
ments. hough her eepest ife s lways hid with
as resented ith Christ n od, he ankind pageant f external ctivity han has more mpressive
mpire. ven ost any ivilization r he ostile cknowledged minds ave he ascination f uch
spectacle ooks ack ver he o ne who ges; with
hey he y re vercome t Macaulay with dmiration he institution institution which carries he mind o he amphitheatre i
THE BENEDICTINES
more powerful at he and he catacombs, and s res¬
ent han he ay n ges f aith.
Somewhat imilar s he magination delight f he when directed o on one e or another of he great eligious Orders f he Church. hink f Franciscans, e he and ve hough we may know ittle f heir istory ven n or heir deals, body deals, he great body of friars ises up before our what ye; he original ompany n as mind’s nchanted become o ll ll he world n andscape f Umbria; he ultitudes ho assed hrough very city f Europe efore he Reformation; he mission¬ aries who ollowed he Spaniards and he Portuguese; onaventure, the th e heologians nd he aints; Scotus, Bacon, a John hink f he Capistran. e Jesuits, eell ee he mpression hat ighty nd we f impulse, perhaps he greatest eligious mpulse ingle since he preaching of he posdes, which pread over Europe rom Manresa. e re eminded f Francis Campion, f Aloysius, f Francis Xavier, f Edmund f f etavius, f Borgia, uarez, ellarmine, f de he vangelization outh ugo, f f merica
and he he olleges, olleges, he niversities, ndies, f he
hink courts. e he enedictines, nd here f comes efore s icture atholic urope, er f great bbeys. lands overed with
he ast Nowhere re glories f monasticism more impressive impressive han n England, and nowhere n England
he western Midlands, he trat¬ more han n where
von lows nto he evern. he iew rom ford the th e summit of Bredon hill s on one e of he oveliest even England, ut t tand in must lone n he wealth hat t ecalls. own hat of historical memories he 2
THE RULE OF BENEDICT SAINT
irth gave o hakespeare, he attlefields ve¬ f sham, f Tewkesbury, Worcester, he nd f omes f ll he irst movers he unpowder lot re re of within within oe oess ack ight. ut he mind mind more eadily t to he ngland f he bbeys. he oot reat Bredon north Evesham of of o he ie nd ershore, re Worcester only only ew miles part; o he est
and alvern, rom ach ess han istant ther dozen miles; o he south-west s Tewkesbury, and e ¬ yond ewkesbury, loucester; o he outh-east
nd wo or hree rom Winchcombe, miles Winch- uins f Cistercian Hailes, combe combe he he bbey f
where n ts ay f dedication hirteen ltars were
y relates. nd his consecrated hirteen eyond circle f ie great ouses he istoric ames f Eng¬ t. d¬ royland, land—Glas ast tonbury, ly, ury munds, Canterbury, Westminster—and eyond hem ee luny, ontserrat, t. all nd again nd Einsiedeln, onte liveto, onte ergine, onte
Cassino. Many f whose ery ames ave eauty hese, hese, and ssociations which ival he ames f myth nd romance nshrined y Vergil Milton, ave nd ain
enturies vy, for n uins, heir walls overed with their urned nto yres. yres. ut n lace loisters heir thers. have ome
nd olesmes ierre-qui-Vire, euron Maredsous nd ouvain, nd aria-Laach, Sant he number Anselm’s n Aventine; growing
outh beyond he Adantic, nd north; n Korea, n Ceylon, n Africa, n Australia. nd n West nd England ineal escendants ast he f he re l¬ ready growing o omething he tature f f heir
3
THE BENEDICTINES
ownside ancestors. tands midway etween he ld
abbeys f nd lastonbury; ath mpleforth ot
twenty iles rom ary’s, ork, nd t. earer still istercian ouses ievaulx o he reat f and ouai ithin ew yland; iles f ead-
ing.
This ppeal o he magination hich s ade
by trong, o enedictine enedictine istory s ery trong n
fact as ometimes o hinder us from gaining a clearer
notion f Benedictine Ever ince he of deals. ays Dugdale, antiquarians have been usy measuring and he uins f he monastic ouses, nd or excavating historians historians t¬ the hundred years ocial ave ee een n ast tempting, with ncreasing uccess, o give us a picture
of he hat within heir ife was ived walls. s monmodern Englishmen egard result, re prone o asticism s eature f particular ociety—that f
the middle ges—and o egard ll hat went efore
s as preparation, nd ll hat as ome ince n he f eriod f attempt o evive nstitutions
different from hat f history whose pirit was utterly to-day. n he ages which ollow, carcely anything will e aid f medieval medieval monasticism. e English ot e¬ shall e oncerned ith econstructing he period, tails f ife n a Benedictine monastery at any outlook f with ttempting understand he n¬ o or other ge. or re re we oncerned with comparison
f he enedictine orm ife ife nd hose between f other nstitutes. great eligious ur ask s o tate, s ossible ositive so ar n mall ompass, he orm aims nd deals f hat f ife n hatever entury country nd t as ee een n ived.
4
RULE OF SAINT BENEDICT THE
2. The Rule.
utset It ay e t he hat uch bjected ims nd deals an statement f s mpossible. n with hundred ears f existence e¬ institute ourteen hind t, born n taly when he shadow of he ancient civilization any emained o till tood, ave or
centuries without s o lter ts whole hanges uch essence? e know hat ven ogmas f he aith o eveloped hat many have during hat eriod e¬ nown ow y very hild ere hen nly tails y nd octors, nd s t implicidy elieved opes possible hat a form f ife should not have hanged? There s ulf ixed etween ur nglish reat forefathers iddle ges nd ow f he urselves, reater much he ulf hat eparates eparates s rom he dark ges Again, many we know ntimate details f he ives f aint aint and ayings rancis nd gnatius s o hat hey he y quite learly Loyola, tand efore s do other historical Charles as igures, nnocent II r V; but Saint Benedict s dim igure, nd he acts his ife re given s n clothing which bscures of rather han eveals his personality. or have we ny documents which hrow ight on he ives of his early followers. onsiderations Such ould ave eight f aint
Benedict had een, ike t. Francis r t. gnatius, f eligious ho y the ounder rder is orce haracter ttraction et of nd ersonal n oot movement. ut t eem ee m hat he irect great would
personal nfluence of Saint Benedict upon his contem-
5
THE BENEDICTINES
t was not by his activities, poraries was very imited.
or y his ersonality, r ven y is oliness hat he
influenced o eeply is wn nd uture generations, but y is Rule, nd n is Rule we ossess
ocu¬
ment t lmost unique n Christian iterature, nce nc e
impersonal and full of character, which has nfluenced
f he each ucceeding ucceeding generation onks n uch same hat eligious way he Gospels ave nfluenced souls n very nly hose who ave ead nd ge.
he Rule an ppreciate depth which n¬ re-read he pparent reatness f derlies ts implicity, nd he chievement writing what Saint enedict’s n s t
once a workable rule of ife nd guide o Christian
perfection.
here any ules, ith cheme re
of but eligious ife drawn out n onsiderable detail,
containing ittle piritual eaching. eserve r o f On he ther here r e many piritual lassics, hand he armel such s scent f ount r ven ve n he
ndividualistic s Fioretti which are o highly o give
little elp o many ypes f haracter.
aint ene¬
dict’s ule hat s est n roup; ombines ither it s extremely detailed n ts directions on all essential and ome om e on-essential oints, while, when rinciples
or ules of conduct are n question, every eems every word chosen hat he o void ny uspicion writer as n
mind abnormal or uncommon ypes of character. o erfection o one on e eriously iming t Christian an he eeling hat e to Rule or elp nd om ome e way
hass read advice uitable only ha only particular call r or a particular tage ach inds here tage of he eligious ife.
he Rule ha what he eeks. hass something of he divine imitations impersonality, ithout nd et ntensely
6
THE RULE OF SAINT BENEDICT
eaching; or individual, f he ospel hould this urprise s , or he ule s he each¬ ospel
ing.
But does not he order hold ule f every eligious
a imilar lace n hat rder’s istory?
ot, urely,
an xactly imilar lace. n ome om e rders, he uch s
nd ontem¬ mall mall comparatively remitical holly cannot well e plative orders, here has not been, and any erious modification or development which s not
a r elaxation. lear lear evolution
n he ighly r¬
n¬ ganized modern rders, he ule s onsulted nd terpreted y he governing ody n ome om e way uch uc h
as Scripture s y he eaching od he Church. ody y f But, s e ee, ndependence utonomy, hall nd
unity n variety and ever-renewed vitality have always
been characteristics of Benedictine monasticism. here eaching ody, hass ever ee ha een n ountain-head, eaching o which enedictine ouses ouses ould ppeal. ndividual At every ebirth r eform he Rule has been he on one e
ith ongregations nd s houses, houses, o with ndividual monks. n he ife ife of ea~h inspiring ocument.
monastery he s he ne ook which very Ab¬ Rule
uperior, eads rasp bot, very nd ries o ore more. hat hen hat Benedictine and wonder rue
nd hould how ittle hange ith he life deals
centuries, and hat Benedictine bbeys hroughout he hough onnected y no egal ond, hould e world, united n pirit? What hen is he Rule? or whom did S t. Benedict write, nd what he ife wished is ollow¬ was he ers o ead? The s ocument ittle more Rule han alf 7
THE BENEDICTINES
he ssay. as ong s resent
t ivided nto s
nd prologue eventy-three hapters f ery unequal length. may ave ee een n he hatever mmediate c¬ casion f t s ts omposition,1 s written f or se in arge number f monasteries with ocally iffer¬ ing nd lthough he ife nd ircumstances, aily entered nto nt o work re n onsiderable etail, here s scarcely race f ictated y ny egislation he monastery which t position f he n was omposed. Although he s etails he ule elatively rief, rief, etails f o e s ed n he Divine Office, psalms nd rayers and f he nd orrection anner egrees f and atisfaction or aults re ettled ith lmost he reats f meticulous are; but when egislator reats he great onastic irtues nd ffices, bedience, f f humility, f ilence, f he Abbot, Abbot, f he procurator, every every hrase eems eems o eveal ife’s xperience nd ence xtract thought. t s ossible o rom he he are f Rule ery air notion f ime-table nd the or t while monks whom was written, on he other piritual hand t emains ource nstruc¬ f tion naffected y he apse f enturies.
hort ethodical, ule Although o nd o he hat is ot n ntirely riginal ork n he ense
many modern nd ome om e ncient re original; ooks ay, hat hem he xpression that s o n outward
directly of he hought of he author cannot be raced and o n arlier ertainly riting.
n any ery
Chapman Abbot has ecently brought orward any rgu¬ his view hat was he ments n upport he Rule ritten t of
of Pope or monks he command Hormisdas he of Empire. 8
THE RULE OF SAINT BENEDICT
s lance t ritical cases, dition f he Rule 1
will how, he esemblances of general xpression xpression and order etween aint Benedict and arlier Fathers and monastic writers s ar oo lose o e ccidental nd number he e¬ in onsiderable f assages erbal s o prove hat aint Bene¬ semblance triking s o dict borrowing hrases hrases nd entences rom is was was he s predecessors. ndication hese sources,” f
they re called, nterest as s f he highest value and showing what ooks aint Benedict ead nd alued, and also as showing his skill n selection and criticism, e but hould ot aken s roving ack t f aint originality. Benedict’s Rule s original ust o s s he hird cene f Macbeth, r he evelop¬ far ction Lear, Lear, r ment f he n King he ermon n
the t original o n he nly Mount; hat s ay, s true nd eep ee p ense. t s he f ind ork
which as ade ts ll hat n he own was ood ood
hat ll past, nd tself reates omething uture en¬ extual critic who has erations will se se and njoy. spent months r ears n working n document s
very very often he worst judge of ts broadest mplications and alue.
annot wood e ee he or he rees.
Anyone who doubts he originality of he Rule should
arlier read ny f he nd ontemporary ules; e he no o hen doubt s will ave mpression f living, reative ersonality behind he Rule f aint
Benedict.
The best edition of he Latin ext s by Abbot Butler Sancti
Benedicti Regula).
here ranslation s n nglish y bbot
Hunter Blair Blair The Rule f St. Benedict).
9
THE BENEDICTINES
Saint wrote is Rule or ll who wished Benedict to be monks. To wish o be a monk was, was, n his own wish ne’s words, words, to o enounce own will.” e
is herefore, or or ll egislating, hose, hose, who
wish o devote hemselves o G od n a particular form is he s school ife. of onastery f ord’s verywhere he s positive, constructive. service.” o¬ where does he suggest that he s writing for hose who
have s ed he world ll ow epent, or hose nd ad ast; hat he onastic ife who s ave reparation, reparation, is ller. or oe oess e uggest hat e or pecial ay o is riting hose alled n ome serve G od y enance, xpiatory ufferings, r nter¬ cessory prayer. is nvitation s o ll, and t s he invitation f he Gospel o he ndividual oul. e proposes no work, apart apart from God’s ervice, hat he s supplying or he Church; nowhere oes he uggest that that he s writing for hose who wish o work direedy
for others. e s hinking xplicitly nly of he a l¬ nvitations Rule vation f him o whom he he f
are ddressed. works will ther nd onsequences onsequences due ime, means nd, come n s ecessary o his s but aint enedict enedict s hinking, e hat ssumes ssumes onss on will hink, not f he means but f he end, his and f an end which as ts ulfilment not n ime, but n ternity.
It s erhaps ot lace, ut f hen iscussing
Saint Benedict’s deals, o emind urselves hat is herefore, monks were were not nd hat, t riests, was what elation hey none f is usiness o ecide n tand lerical ody. owadays, when should o he
it as as or o ong een ee n he ustom or ll hoir io
THE BENEDICT RULE OF AINT
religious, hough owed o trictest overty ven he or he eepest eclusion, o become riests, while n the other hand o many orders of egular clerks have been been ounded, we ordinarily confuse a eligious oca¬ he he riesthood. oreover, tion with all o n deals ourse f enturies f good iscipline, the he of piritual erfection eld p he ecular o lergy hose have have ome om e o e ardly istinguishable rom attributed n earlier imes o he monastic order, an and d it e¬ s ommonplace hatt ha n ountries f mixed he he ligion, Church Church s ot upported y where he ecular State, umbers f lergy av ndure ave e o privations as great, f no nott greater, han hose practised in eligious ouses. ut when aint Benedict wrote all his wass wa ifferent. e ad lear he ield. ife tate wass harply ifferent wa monastic rom hatt ha of he lergy. he e ffered as as ife ife he nly alternative save ife r he e¬ he wholly remitic he ime) based onastic ife f o ife n ull contact contact with he world. ince is ay his ingle ubdivided, nd e¬ alternative as een many reat ligious rders f monks nd nd nd riars anons regular lerks f ll inds t ssentially ssentially he im same deals enedictine piritual s onachism. would laim Hence t e isingenuous o much f Saint eaching s he eculiar roperty f Benedict’s Benedictines nowadays. he Gospel counsels are he monopoly t will e here¬ f o eligious rder. fore ecessary, specially n ketch which s ne of eries, o ay ome om e tress n nd deals works ave e ome om e o e egarded s eculiarly ene¬ which av llowed dictine. evertheless, we may e o emind
i i
THE BENEDICTINES
ourselves ule, t may e dded, he hat he nd Constitutions Constitutions f most Benedictine ongregations, im
nothing more particular han he guidance o God at of hose ho is ish h o erve im ore ully han
ormally is n he world. ossible The wished ife which aint Benedict is is monks
to as ne n hich ull cope o e ead as given o he rowth f upernatural otives nd
supernatural irtues.
t was ife o e assed assed n
the resence f the God, with very ction nd ctivity Him. t was, herefore, directed owards o e ife without istractions, ife rayer. n his ife f ife prayer, there hree hief nstruments, iturgical were
reading nd work.
ffect work, and he
Saint Benedict’s egislation n it it hass had upon he course f European history, have ha
measure f is¬ received ull raise rom modern chievement f is his way torians. he monks n and hat uring enturies f n he ourteen heir
existence as, he ndeed, ee een n lmost ncalculable. ultivation, pread reclamation ast reas o he f of eligion and etters n Holland nd Germany, he anuscripts lassics, preservation f he f he he work onastic chools, chools, he abours f f he he great Maurist he n ight¬ cholars eventeenth nd eenth centuries and of some distinguished Benedictine
scholars o-day oth ome broad—all f t nd
these works these have ee een n generously ppraised y many non-Catholic writers nd y educated opinion n gen¬ eral, and hemselves) nd atholics enedictines
eady nough have een ee n o ccept nd cho ch o uch tributes. t would e wholly alse o aint Bene- et 12
THE BENEDICT RULE OF SAINT
diet’s him, deal, nd he deal f he Gospel behind
eek ee k efend onasticism y ecital to o f ts ccomplishments external nd works. hey re n¬
deed magnificent roof hat who eek ee k hose irst eem m acciden¬ the kingdom of God are are able, as t may ee
tally and by way of parergon, but in eality as a neces¬ sary consequence of a rightly ordered ife, ife, o do work
s permanent or world. that both eneficent and he But neither aint Benedict nor hose f his ollowers^? pproached pirit ave who ave most early o is
ever onsidered s being more heir rdinary ork than or n ccupation hat part f heir ife which uties. remained ver ver rom heir irectly eligious
Saint Benedict wished monks o he his work ecause hat ormal ot knew he an ould lways e either raying ttribute eading ut ocally, o r him s great to ny purpose f using is nstitute r ocial r ntellectual ven economic r postolic force would be neither spiritually nor historically rue.
He wished t o e great upernatural orce nd hat he esser esult would knew well nough good
follow ule s n he greater. he work f is m¬ s ployment—against e imself ays—for dleness, the good of he monk’s oul. e may well hink also Roman mind that n aint Benedict’s ane an e and ealist there ork, hat an’s as onviction rimeval task task he earth, as trengthening, racing, on onic
effect on character and soul, soul, and s tself a benediction, almost acrament. Saint egislation n not Benedict’s eading as l¬
ways he t eserves. ull ull n> ecured ecured ttention ts
plications an nly e rasped y who ollow hose
1 3
THE BENEDICTINES with ome are econstruction f ife ife n he aily
onastery hat Saint enedict’s nd iscover iscover ittle less han our ours were aily evoted o eading,
as ompared o ome om e ix iven o work.1 ven o ndeavour ndeavour we must go te tep p urther, nd o econ¬
he nd piritual struct ntellectual tmosphere f ime. or odern e¬ the eading as he orld ction s breathing; come lmost s natural n t s
a ecessary means o e mployed n lmost very kind f work s not manual. e ave, hat merely
ll hat e all therefore, ome o egard erious s reading s means o ntellectual nd, he ome equipment hich ay s o ct,, ct peak elp o
tudy. or o write. t s, n act, what we all ith nd with he knowledge hat ll this repossession, nstitutes or religious f o-day rescribe heir ub¬ we jects ong and xhaustive ourse f tudies, are apt o o aint Benedict’s ondi¬ ransfer monks he
we are his tions with which amiliar. s erious or Rule error. he monks whom he was written heir reading was not he not tudents. means were ntellectual nd. either knowl¬ to ny ractical r edge f ractical kind kind nor earning o e mparted
y o ome f to thers thers ooks r eaching was t. It ot ven he tudy ivinity as rofessional f
made y lerical ody. aint enedict’s eading eading done or he enefit f he was monk’s own
soul. t as hat e hould ow all piritual reading. 1 So Abbot Butler, Benedictine Monachism, 2n So 2nd d edition, p. p. 287.
uestions ll f Benedictine
This This s y he est ook n ar theory, practice an and d history.
14
THE RULE OF SAINT BENEDICT
enedict, long ith he oly en rom Saint whose whose writings o uch nspiration, ook e rew a ane iew s s is broad, of man’s mental well ihil olitum is praecognitum bodily ctivity. isii praecognitum was
xiom f chools fter is ay; an he ong we an¬ not ove and Him) Him) nless we know o G od pray o Him. Him. ow hall hey f Whom hey elieve im
more nless have not heard? e annot ove ov e Him we now im etter; ur inds ere reated o know God as our hearts o ov ove e Him; t s not enough
e ave t articular f that oment ur ife put our ignature o reed.
aint Benedict knew that he normal mind, ts ntellectual bili¬ whatever ties, will nly e ble o dvance n rayer nd he
Bible love f God y an ver-repeated eading of he ommentaries and pon nd t he ruths hose f
revelation made y he great heologians f he arly Church.
road he editation, n he eaning f
working f he iscursive ntellect, must recede ll prayer o e f ny alue, nd will n ime hat s pervaded y rayer. aint come o e wholly wholly Bene¬ was e, dict’s dict’s eading o or ach n is egree, t ducation, afeguard once piritual of he aith,
and
rayer. n well ordered ordered monastery when t
ule was till ossible o eep he iterally n he circumstances or which very monk t was written, ood ill of iving n uch uc h etirement ust oon have ttained o onsciousness f he resence f God ivid hat is o o eading would e nter¬
elp o keep is heart mind nd s fixed n hus was here im. here o eed, many enturies hass ha een ee n or n he istracted ives ruption, ather
15
THE BENEDICTINES
of almost all eligious bodies, o et apart a ixed ime mental t or Saint ene¬ for rayer, rayer, s s alled. dict’s monks, devout he iturgy nd eading would f a monk elt hat normally be a continuous prayer.
nd as eading ad art for for ime one ts Rule puts puts hindrance, hindrance, he ould, s he t, quite atu¬ nd rally imply nter he ratory nd ray. In enturies hat ave ince ule he assed he was written, he Cistercians and Trappists have made
wn aint enedict’s egislation n peculiarly peculiarly heir work, nd he arthusians nd ther trictly on¬
templative rders ave eized nd rystallized is reading. f mong he irect escendants aint eading ave anner Benedict nd ork n emain hey nd must emain coalesced. till verr ve real lements n every Benedictine heir rue ife, ife, and must e upon primary nfluence lways he oul f the ndividual onk, ut heir econdary nfluence
hass assed ha nto he iviliza¬ ar eyond he loister
tion nd econdary ducation f Europe. The hird lement n he onastic f reat ife
the th e Rule s he community prayer, he vocal iturgical
adoration f God, he Divine Opus Dei. Office, he This ong he yes ll is¬ go ecame n he f tinguishing uty onks hroughout f enedictine the world, nd een n ecognized o s as ee xplicitly their work y he s hard peculiar Church hat t or
us o et side ssociations nd or oment he hat ave rown p aint ideals ound enedict’s
ule primitive dea, nd ndeavour, ith nly nl y he before s, aint eant o ee hat enedict he liturgy with and ead- o e o is monks. As work 16
THE RULE OF SAINT BENEDICT ing, with Dei, most o he pus he implest nd
f aint natural nterpretation enedict’s ords s probably he best. he Opus nothing more Dei was ess han nor he monk’s aily rayer, ocal ecause Saint hristian, hat s enedict, ssumed is es¬ monks must erve God with oices, heir heir
nd f rayer; om¬ tures, heir ttitudes ade n mon ecause, s we hall ee, very mportant ction
he Opus of his monks was o be done n common. hat very Dei, as iturgical n he ense ublic worship f God s iturgical; but aint Benedict did
not irectly ntend is monasteries o e, r oresee
He that hey would ecome, entres f iturgical ife. did ot order or xpect hat hey he y hould arry out orship the nd laborate olemn ublic f od
which was hen being brought o perfection at Rome, Milan, Milan, t Lyons nd lsewhere. e oes, ndeed, at
say hat nothing s o e put efore hat Opus Dei, ot im but his as or he nnouncement f but imple policy or an deal, nterpretation or is monks f he divine command hat he direct ervice
God must ccupy among duties of he irst lace he
of hristian.
he ffice ot onsidered y as
him r or s he nd pecial unction hich is
s monks xisted, but he ecessary ffering f erv¬ ice without without monastic ommunity which o had ny
hope r right of existence. uch n attitude of mind towards he Office s perhaps not without ts alue
in n ge when ll he onstituent lements f he Christian ife ave een ee n solated nd eveloped n
isolation—liturgical rayer, ental rayer, piritual reading, postolic work, ocial work, heological tudy
r 7
THE BENEDICTINES
and he t oe oess not ake rom Saint Saint est. Benedict s
mphasis, t hifts he
words ny f heir orce.
but o ay more igorously. he or nly t Office the monk s not merely one of his works or activities;
erm, t enedictine ess, s still o se urrent “stunt”; t s not ven ve n ervice hat he ndividual
eave t him what is daily daily or can o thers; s or re regular rayers o Christian n he world, he necessary minimum f is direct ervice f God. This t emain, f monk s must lways he o e
Rule; e¬ faithful o is is but n iew f ubsequent n he Office we are ustified n applying velopments nothing e Saint Benedict’s emphatic emphatic ommand “Let
put efore Opus Dei” orms f olemn he o ll he
worship which radition as s liturgical as anctioned part he monastic ask. ut eview f Saint f deas e isleading hich id Benedict’s ould s mphasize is not, here verywhere, ove he f simple nd nevitable lements f he Christian ife, he he interpreted n ight f Gospel ounsels. ot ere ith We re irectly oncerned he purely piritual ounsels f he ule, or n hese, n matters f aith, ll he aints re ne ut as ne.. there emains enedictine n ssential ondition f
t hich arks uch he rom life ff f arlier monasticism nd rom ome ubsequent monastic r¬
hat have confessedly based upon ders hemselves he
ife Rule. n aint enedict’s onastery as common, not an eremitical, he monks were o ife. work, at, leep ogether; used pray, and he ools n ordinary any work, he lothes worn n pecial cca¬
e rom ommon sion, ere o aken tore nd 18
THE RULE OF SAINT BENEDICT here fter se. he ice f private wner¬ returned
ship was o e out y he ut pirit cut oots. he informing his common ife was not hat of a barracks or penitentiary. aint ommon Benedict’s ife s,
as an important eference o he Acts of he Apostles 1 Christians, shows, he ommon ife f he arly not that that ommunists. ommon of onvicts r he tock
is or ll o draw under he Abbot’s here rom, ur¬
s vey; more o e iven o ne ne,, ess o nother.
we epeat, Indeed, cannot oo ften n iew f he superficial he Rule, hat aint usterity f Benedict hat s egislating or nowhere uggests uggests he he o¬ torious inner r, ncommon ype ndeed, or ny
is monks re men, nd or emperament. ordinary rdinary hem n ay ccessible o he ill ead men. onsequently he ote f humanity s ound
throughout throughout egislation n ommunity f he trictest ommon s goods; he ife hat f amily ith
the s ts here he he bbot ather, lders ove ov e
nd onour younger he ounger he lders.
he
eature family pirit which s uch notable n very
true f Benedictine ife o-day s no orm evelop¬ Saint ment r daptation of Benedict’s Rule.
the eaching f he tself. Rule
t s
main Such re he oudines f he ife which aint
Benedict wished his monks o ead, ife f prayer, of nd f editative eading, work, ived n om¬ mon under ne ommon y ather, nd oftened oftened spirit of humanity which ave ll ll o he aily ela-
1 “Distribution as ade veryone e ad o ccording s need.”—Acts v, 35. ule C 55. 19
THE TH E BENEDICTINES he elp f natural nd upernatural tions ffec¬ tion. ut efore assing n o onsider ow is ife was modified n he ourse f ges, nd what orm
it t hass ssumed ha n he modern world, s s well o
he not reserve remind urselves or hat oess Rule oe us picture f golden ge. t monasticism n ts s mistake the th e ommonest f monastic writers nd e¬
Rule as giving us an account formers o appeal o he of he ife ife Benedict’s model community, and of Saint ssay Saint enedict’s onks” ave even n his
been eferred o n a way hat might suggest hat he he Bene¬ Rule was escription f ife ed n aint dict’s ay t Monte Cassino. his, f ourse, s not
the th e ase. f not onsider s ertain ven we o he
which he ritten hat s view view olds ule as code o e roadcast ve verr he Empire, we ave nly to or ew ook t ts ontents oments o ee
description f ife as ived. n act, wo that t s o aims nd ethods un ari hroughout assu he Rule, Rule, and t s precisely his double strand hat makes
it unique mong imilar ocuments. t s n half enunciation deals alf isciplinary ode. f nd
aint peaking When enedict s f umility r up f obedience, e olds n deal onduct which ealized n when only ew an verr ave ve ractice; excommunication he he s peaking of correction and he
t f seems irst ight o resuppose reat eal insubordination nd ontumacy he ommunity. n
s ommentators he ule how It or or n o ecide ecide
far hese wo spects f he Rule an be harmonized,
and ow much s due o he ircumstances n which the Rule was was written.
he men- ubject as ee een n
20
THE RULE OF SAINT BENEDICT tioned here only n order o avoid dealizing any up¬
posed primitive Benedictine monks. posed f he Rule were s icture to e aken rawn rom he ife e should ather magine or urselves urselves ommunity where orporal n demand, punishment requent was monks postatized onsider¬ where nd eturned n
hey able umbers, here ecreted ersonal elong¬ ings n heir mattresses, and where even he prior and might might s e¬ deans well ehave o adly n ffice o serve degradation. s t s, we may void xaggera¬ tions n direction, but ustified n either we re ully aint im¬ thinking hat enedict ad xperienced hat self, nd xpected thers o ealize, n he kind of ife ife he most varied ypes ypes he proposed of character would virtue ound. and emperament nd e
21
II DEVELOPMENTS BENEDICTINE
Early Developments. i. W are o consider n his essay what are Benedictine
ideals nd he ut what s enedictine ife o-day,
before doing his t s ecessary o notice ne or wo modifications n he Rule which ave ee een n brought pirit his not he or his hat y ge, about f r or e¬ or hat great man, not y ither ecline form, but y niversal ustom, ven perhaps by an ordinance f Church, o hat hey aken he may e
nevitable evelopments aint as egitimate nd f pirit Benedict’s nd deals.
The irst f hese he ustom, which n ime was
became he discipline, by which all choir monks that ll eligious who roceeded is, re not ay brothers)
ourse o eceive oly rders. as matter f
n
Saint Benedict’s monastery, as we know both as a mat¬ ter f istory what nd rom we we an an educe rom the Rule, here were only a ew priests. e expected that ome ould eave he anks f he lergy o bbot ould become become onks, nd f ecessary he
choose ew or n rder o eet he rdination essential eligious f he monastery. emands
ut
ordained were he hen nc those o n minority. nce e 22
DEVELOPMENTS BENEDICTINE it r ll ecame he ustom or he majority o e
ordained n he irst everal onsequences ollowed.
s he ustom grew, was natural hat nly place, t those apable of certain ntellectual nd heological
formation o roceed hould e hosen r llowed o lass f rude peasantry the priesthood; ence he and
ex-serfs whose presumed presence n he monastery s in he Rule Gregory he and ttested y aint Great
is ialogues ould o onger ope e n in o a ith erfect quality ll ll heir rethren.
t he
same ime, same kind, n an epoch when education f ny heological or ecular, he roperty either was was f hould few, t was natural hat hose who possessed t be eserved for work which only he do.. hese hey y could do
two he eamless ery oon ingle, ingle, endencies plit f ule community he nto wo ot o-ordinated groups of eligious—the priests and hose raining or ducated ody, ody, ngaged n ordination, elatively
r ess ntellectual r dministrative more mploy¬
who ments nd ecruited rom mong ither hose hose within he onastery r ithout ad eceived r
were apable f eceiving imilar raining; nd he others, ho apidly hat e hould ow ecame call ay brothers, a body of uneducated men, engaged on house and farm work, following a different, modi¬ fied eligious bservance, nder he upervision f the choir monks and recruited from he peasant class. e This if, ndeed, t utter hange, or hange n have hought hat ven t Monte Cassino here some were ervants rom he beginning) as perhaps n¬ nd ertainly ever holly r evitable, as een ee n permanently renounced y ny Benedictine reform or
23
THE BENEDICTINES
subsequent nstitute of monks r riars, but ts esults have een ee n isunderstood. ometimes The f hange ssence he as ot hat onks
ceased ceased o o hard manual abour n he ields, or erhaps ad nd this hey he y ever egularly one, ome om e ases ontinued certainly n o o ven when he priests. hange as ather hat hey he y eased elf-contained ody, doing to e a or hemselves and ll he orks nd rafts in otation omestic uch
as re ndispensable n ommunity’s aily ife. When nc nce e his had ome om e bout, were o hey he y ble
devote he ime hat aint enedict llots o work uties to ther uties, nd rom hese ther ave lineally escended most f he orms f ctivity ur¬ present ay he enturies hroughout and at he sued by more performance Benedictine Benedictine monks—a olemn olemn Divine dditions of he Office ogether with ater o
it, oremost mong he irst nd which tands aily
onventual ass; sung tudies, istorical nd heo¬ logical; eaching of al alll orts, and such quasi-intellectual s work lluminating, opying anuscripts x¬ nd
ercising ll he rts nd rafts f hurch ecoration.
A econd onsequence was ven more ar-reaching than he irst. hen monks were riests, nd had anctity r apacity given roof f heir or dminis¬ tration, t was natural or popes and bishops o choose
them out o ill mportant nd ndertake ositions
Augus¬ weighty missions. hey were ent, ent, ike e aint ik nd tine is ompanions, o arry he ospel o he
heathen, r, ike ik e aint Gregory he nd aint Great o high ositions Isidore f eville, hey he y were lected in he Church. ot nl nly y ndividual monks were o
2 4
DEVELOPMENTS BENEDICTINE but egarded used, whole whole monasteries ame o e s a kind f ursery or uture ishops and evangelists.
Thus upplied ishops he bbey f Lerins o many hone cities f he nd he monasteries monasteries f Valley,
the Low Countries orth he a¬ o entt en missionaries
tions n he hores f he North ea nd Baltic. most ases, ndeed, all In f hese particular he
was n ense particular nd xtraordinary, oming from cclesiastical uthority utside monastic n he ut body; he point f mportance s hat not nly onastic ody s uch, individuals, ut he ere looked upon s material hat ould e s ed t ee eed d general he Church. for he urposes f with his unctional evelop¬ Along piritual nd
ment of he monastic deal a great change was coming about n he ocial nd conomic elations f he
monasteries o ountry t arge. aint he Benedict gone in is youth had nto he mountains of ubiaco s hermit. and ived n ime e ame am e up o ive the remitic f he enobitic, rote deal nd is Rule ut anguage f or n ommunity. he hose the Rule hat he monastery o e till uggests was physically apart from he world, physically as well s piritually, in o ay dvertising ither ts resence ts r Rether r ot Saint had existence. Benedict ny
explicit ntentions r wishes, he ery nature f is institute, elf-contained growing iving nd amily, ot onceal¬ working upon he and, id dmit f nor had ment, he celebrated monasteries f Gaul e¬
im ecoming he f fore scaped art f ife he country. ery ll oon he rosperous onasteries of Europe ecame andowning orporations, Western
25
THE BENEDICTINES
wealthy ven ve n n pite f hemselves, both o owing their and nd o he ifts hich lowed n o ll s great hurches o he nly laces f n ecurity. hen eudal he time, he ystem as erfected, abbeys ook heir nevitable place n t, with he abbot standing o he ing s id he reat andowning
nobles, and himself having manors and knights’ ands in his possession from which he supplied men of war.
t he ocelin Brakelond, A lance hronicles f f icture which ives f he bbey f ury t.
Edmunds t he beginning f he hirteenth entury,
will show how enormously, and yet how naturally, he ince he writing position of a monastery had changed of he Rule. 2. The Middle Ages.
were lmost Such Such he nevitable odifications f monastic ife ended o both which ob Benedictines, in heory and ractice, ractice, ome e f hat implicity of om and seclusion which re uggested o he minds f ead¬ ers f he Rule as having been aint Benedict’s deal,
arely ttained ven however n is own xperience. They may, with heir ll onsequences, e escribed good, as as he growth—part good, part ndifferent, part harm¬
ful f not onditions f ime nd estrained—under space space f he eed ee d f heory deal nd own y he he eed ee d ndeed, mustard ad, legislator. ecome greater han ll he erbs; t ad ormed orest he he ames most covering whole f Europe, nd familiar istory ark o he orld n he f he Ages are hose of monks and heir monasteries, Greg-
2 6
DEVELOPMENTS BENEDICTINE lastonbury. onbury. ory, Bede, Bede, Anselm, Dunstan, Sluny, Bee, Glast
oil, he They carried he Gospel, he hey y eclaimed he hey y built, aught, hey rayed. hey
heir ound went
he nto he arth, n hich forth nd ll imes e they ived ave ome he enedictine o alled
centuries. It was either ossible or esirable esirable hat uch uc h
hings hould ontinue; he wonder state f ndeed, ave hat is t hould ontinued o ong. or l¬ most ix hundred ears, ver he whole f ivilized Europe utside he alkans, o e eligious, eligious, hat
ccording ounsels, is is,, o erve od o he ospel
o e was was
enedictine monk.
f man wished
being ne God n His Church without erve to f during the ecular only oo ften hose en¬ lergy lergy turies ndisciplined he ountry ll-educated nd n
e ntered enedictine onastery. districts)
n
these ircumstances aint Benedict’s Rule made was to omprehend very hade f eligious emperament variety variety f eligious bservance. t and great hat
s could o o, and till emain, t did, trong and peculiar ormative s he trongest ll nfluence, f f ut s proofs ts readth nd epth; uropean civilization, nd ith t he ife f long eligious
Europe, ecame more nd more omplex, organized, t more elf-conscious, more nd more ecame lear
that that he ule f aint itherto n enedict, lone
y ll he the ield, as tself tself nsufficient o eett ee
divers divers eligious eeds eeds f he world.
ased n he
nd ts ittle han Gospel, n eading deas more pon commentary he ospel, t ad lmost he
Gospel’s Gospel’s reath.
nough, he dequate ike arly
27
THE BENEDICTINES
formularies f aith, o eett ee he ts emands f t had n o ather, time, way allen out f ate. it it now become almost as a genus f he eligious had
ave av e n a number f pecies life which could not exist more han t nd arked ff y pecific efined
qualities ach rom he ther. nd o t happened that the various pecies ook form, and he Cistercians, arthusians, the th e Olivetans Olivetans Camaldolese he nd he ppeared (to name but ew) s odies f monks
alongside f he lack Benedictines. ome f hese new ne w nstitutes copied much from Benedictine rule and pecies of he genus; thers, practice, and were clearly such s he while rofessedly iming t Carthusians, something rom he ifferent monasticism hey he y aw around hem, did n act etain omething f aint
Benedict’s s pirit; thers gain, he ister¬ uch
cians nd ater entury n ater he Trappists, rofessed
iteral to e making eturn o he bservance bservance f Saint enedict’s ule. here ndeed, lace was, he Church or uch n nterpretation f he os¬ in pell pe ounsels s as iven y aint ernard f but Clairvaux and ater y he Abbot f La Trappe; it s bundantly lear o ll ho now omething he nd either hat of ule f eligious istory Trappists the th e arly Cistercians nor he comprehended
alll al aint pirit enedict’s nd deals.
hey ere,
iteral indeed, rying o clutch he napprehensible. interpretation f he Rule had eased o e ossible and rue, not merely ecause he use f lesh meat r
the the hastisement ad isappearance f orporal changed he onditions f eligious ife, but ecause no nterpretation r ractice he ny f ule ould 28
BENEDICTINE DEVELOPMENTS
longer e t nc nough nce e definite nough nd omprehensive enough.
may nalogy rom he We ake n he istory f Hamlet was written he lay stage. or particular stage udience, with number f nd articular conventions oth f hought t nd magination. hat Burbage, may well well e under uition he irect
nterpreted part f Hamlet n he of hakespeare, way hat ven he oet’s er¬ atisfied demands nd ut tainly hose f is udience. ince he ays f
Elizabeth he tage and ts onventions ave changed
ll ecognition, hile roducers beyond nd he f ave mmeasurably reater t ay to-day esources ur dramatic magination hat on¬ be s ower f ess. ther he xperience siderably n he and,
enturies reat of nd he ttention ctors nd f epths critics as as evealed nd ifficulties nd ub¬
he hought and haracter f Hamlet which tleties n nsuspected y nd riends. were outhampton is ay Should are hat ne ethod e o ny f Hamlet would atisfy ll he mplicit e¬ producing quirements ny ne f he lay, r hat nterpreta¬ tion of he part, however ouched with genius, would
satisfy hakespeare f e ould he hea¬ now, evisit
tre?
hat t would id s f
erfect econstruc¬
were made f he Globe nd he lay tion Theatre, performed with with all he actions and gestures authorized
The enturies by he antiquary? have eft heir mark our too to o eep upon minds. e ould ever e uch uc h
were he Elizabethans. as B ut f he original nstitute f aint Benedict was ivided, ny thus elimited nd an onks laim
29
THE BENEDICTINES
to e he monks? ineal escendants f is
iver
great that lowed n ingle hannel as as plit nto
ea.. ea he near he a ozen ranches waters waters f ach rom he but ach as water ess come ource, ame than here he ingle tream bove. et even here s
han est hich commonly ne hannel arger he
alone preserves he name once common o all. ree any ain may ave ranches, ut here s ne
trunk oess oe hat bove hem ll.
o, urely, t s
significant hat the common opinion and he discipline of he Church have never hesitated o keep he name
never Benedictine or monasticism hat has made sudden r o heck ts asting ttempt own gradual hange; nd nd, t own ts development, development, may e, ll may ave that, with hat t ost, reserves more ompetitors faithfully han ny f ts erivatives r
and adaptability of ts ounder’s dea. the th e breadth point, may ave ee This which een n aboured ver¬
much, s not without mportance, or o he asual, and erhaps eader, he ven ve n o he areful, areful, ife of a great Benedictine monastery at he present day, and ince e¬ perhaps ver he welfth entury, eems o more rom he ule f ts han part ounder oess oe a Charter-house Dominican riory r r esuit
college. We ave ow o onsider what were hose imita¬
tions, hat he original dea, which re narrowing f found multiplication n Benedictine istory fter he
of orders Middle Ages. erhaps erhaps n he arly limita¬
tion,” egative oncept, s ess atisfactory word than specialization.”
istorical xperience, oth
30
DEVELOPMENTS BENEDICTINE and eems o how hat ositive on¬ sychological, sychological,
n r f centration ome ome ork orm ife mplies irections; er¬ a orresponding imitation n ther tainly his he n ase as ee een n Benedictine istory, or wo and n ttention o ne eading recepts f
Rule as aused ne r the wo departments f he Bene¬ peculiarly work of he Church o be considered dictine re¬ re ¬ rovinces, t imes, ven, enedictine
serves. The arliest n ime f hese o evelop was he
horal iturgy. solemnization f he ffice nd Pledged y Opus Dei, heir founder o a care or he
ll which as o ome efore ther ares, hey he y naturally and nevitably nterpreted his command as a
direction o evote o more areful performance performance f this primary duty whatever ime ould e aved r
made lsewhere.
t he ame ame ime evelop¬ he
ment f iturgy hroughout he acred he West and
Mass s ts with he ogether rocessions of entre, s of he he laboration lain hant n ost; f artistic orm f mmense ariety nd lexibility; he
f ime aint enedict’s economy ver orarium when wealthy community f riests had numerous ll he raft lay rothers o o enial nd ork,
and
ostt f os dependents o ill he and—all hese
pointed n he ame direction.
lready y he e¬
ginning ginning f he leventh entury had made f Cluny uties, rolonged y umber f xtra the hoir
offices, ractically he whole mployment f monk, and heoretically is aison is ’etre.
ver ince ince hat
prolonged, time he olemn, and ometimes even pro-
31
THE BENEDICTINES he Divine iturgy tracted erformance f Office nd
has been has been a note of Benedictine monachism. evelopment Along ith he f he ffice, nd y evelopment caused he ame am e auses, ent he widest ense of what ay e alled n he igher
hat ntellectual evoted, religious tudy, s, ork at east ndirectly, o he ause f eligion, but not having s ts direct nd he ordinary nstruction f
he but he the aithful efence aith, ather r efence f
s hole. enriching he ind f he f hurch
Such hrase, pplied o he work f monks n he Ages, ound anciful, antastic, Dark may may ven but if we op o understand monastic n ny ope e work ge
an nly ucceed y ealizing hat t as we he same pirit ifferent hich n imes nspired he llu¬ eighth entury opyist, he hirteenth entury minator nd he entury aurist, nd eventeenth
pirit that his n ach ase was ather hat f e¬ ligious performing itual ask which he f inal han of an result was nseen, artist r tudent work¬ ing t ubject of is own hoosing. As lsewhere,
esult hat ll so here; he econdary good he world he Latin
he editing classics, sees—the preservation of of he athers—flowed rom he esult, primary he
conscientious aily ccupation f he onk.
ery
soon fter aint Benedict’s ay, perhaps ven during
he e e¬ his ifetime, reat onasteries ame o
garded s entres f eligious earning, nd hrough¬ out o-called Dark Dark Ages tand he hey he y out, ven o s yes, ources f omparative llumination. hostile Schools nd rt nd rchitec¬ eminaries, eminaries, entres entres f emained iddle ture, hey he y hroughout he ges,
32
DEVELOPMENTS BENEDICTINE but here was lways, and till s, ubtle ifference, which we hall ry o nalyse nalyse ater, etween Benedic¬
nfluence n hese hat f ny nd tine ays other dentify he hat o ody, religious e an ever ntellectual ovement s monks ith n he riars are are cholasticism, and he esuits dentified with arly eform f Catholic ducation ll ver with he he nd his rom world. or eason, part thers, vague hrase, s s he hrase higher eligious study,” s erhaps he est o escribe he ature of heir work.
There s hird haracteristic f medieval Benedic¬ tine erhaps ore hese onachism, imiting han
two, hough t s hared n part with lmost ll who
derive rom he nd t may e aid ule, o ave mplicitly oreseen y been t east east ts ounder. Benedictine onastery ong ourse hich n f years as ad ny rosperity, piritual r material, becomes t mposing nce nc e n hysical resence, pon rooted he and nd ound o he hristian y housand aterial piritual life round t nd ties. n his t n isible nd om¬ iffers, way
prehensible o he ost uperficial bserver, rom even he argest house f friars, and he argest rom f ongrega¬ houses houses he ore odern rders nd
tions.
hese, vibrating ully manned nd with ife
e, re ot, o f he oil. though hey he y o peak, The yes f hose within urned ut¬ heir walls re
side s whole, upon upon he ife f he Church t ome a ork hat heir nstitute s oing r
abroad—it may be hroughout he ength and breadth he world. hese slands, t may e ll ver hey of
33
THE BENEDICTINES
house opulation s ost hich or he art shifting ne.. ne
the th e oil.
ut onastery f he enedictine s
f t rospers, ts omain, east east ts r t
buildings, hange; t as lmost will ncrease r n ickness nd biological growth and ecline, ecovery; it ooks o prosper and o grow, not o ive as a rentier he ountryside ts ivelihood lse¬ in drawing rom where. And y eason ts rowth nd ts f f iving family, Benedictine monasteries from he earliest times have ee een n arge wners f property. orporate ov¬ s he he part rom erty, overty f nstitution that f he ndividual, as ever ee een n istinguish¬ ing hard mark f Benedictines. ndeed, t s o ee
how arge nd lourishing ommunity, which as to mployment n o any rovide he pott po or ay xpand hands, hich ndefinitely, nd hich remains n xistence or entury fter entury, an The im¬ im ¬ ever e n hronic tate tate f want. ery nd abour hich plicity f ife nergy f hould he a monk’s have their reward even n material things. Certainly here re ery ew monastic odies t he rom part
present ay, xceptional ircumstances, and ncluding he ost ontemplative ven ve n trictly who not property orders, re wners f on airly large cale. s s Hence natural endency, well he bvious supernatural eason, as lways ade he ountry
han he ity hoice or Benedictine rather he irst monks; t s nly here hat he bbey, ike ik e great
act oak, an grow untrammelled. nd n hrough¬ out istory henever reat enedictine ouse s
34
BENEDICTINE DEVELOPMENTS
f opulous ity found n he idst nd ur¬ rounded by t, t s almost always due o ome pecial
s estminster, reason—the rowth he ity t f the or eed ee d
t he t s ffairs ouse entre f Saint Germain es Pres, r he necessity or ouse at an ntellectual centre as at Sant’ Anselmo n Rome.
3. Modern imes. Without of monastic making ny retence racing
we history, ven n outline, have onsidered ome f mportant evelopments nd the most odifications Saint during he Dark Middle of Benedict’s dea and Ages.
een ee n hat rom elf-supporting e ave
community f hich members ere ll n he n most part part not Orders, equality nd or he n Holy the monastery ad ecome ouble ommunity f
who were lso lerics, and ay brothers. choir monks, being am¬ am ¬ The Opus Dei, rom merely he ommon
ily, rayer, had ecome pecial eature eature f Benedic¬
ife; t had ee tine een n ncreased nd was verywhere performed with olemnity; and manual work eading had oalesced mployment hen he f monks e¬
argely ntellectual; inally he came nd imple nd monastery he arly ays had ecome n retired f
ival f he greatest imposing owner f property, he landed proprietors f eudal Europe.
hese marks
may e aid o ave ee een n haracteristic f ll lack ome om e f t Benedictines nd f heir erivatives he close f he Middle hey he y ave ee een n Ages, nd ound ince hat in varying measure n all Benedictines ever time.
35
THE BENEDICTINES
At he opening of he ixteenth century he monas¬ f hough wollen with reat teries Europe, osses¬ n sions he istless, umerous 1 nd hole ere powerful nd mmensely wealthy. he ataclysm f the eformation eformation wept hem way wa y orthern rom and d hough n he erritories of he Europe, an Catholic powers o evolution ook oo k lace, he piritual orces he counter Reformation rought bout gradual of re-alignment taly, rance nd nd eform n he dominions f pain. lmost he n very ountry new irth wass wa monasteries n rganization f more closely knit ogether ha han n before, an and d n almost every ess nd case, lso, he ew odies ere ealthy more ustere ustere f ife. ife. t s oticeable, hatt ha esides, by he f he eventeenth entury everal iddle Benedictine ccepted osition ongregations ad he that hey, s ot nimportant ember f he Church militant—and Church ow,, ow or he irst a t¬ time or housand ears, ighting efensive tle—should o he ome pecial ork n nterests mong such works we are of the Church as a whole. especially ith chievements f he amiliar he f aurr au ith he French ongregation aint nd educational an and d apostolic abours abours of he exiled ouses evived he ongregation. of nglish At he nd he entury Benedictine f ighteenth with monachism, n ommon lmost ll rders nd degrees of he Church, rom he Papacy downwards, suffered everse more evere n ts mmediate on-
1 Abbot utler, on., . 64,, 64 ives he umber umber en. f
Benedictine bbeys t ime as 500. his
36
DEVELOPMENTS BENEDICTINE
sequences han had ee he Reformation. een n aused y The ationalism hich ad apped he ife he f Church n o any ountries was y he ollowed nd fter he French ame am e evolution, evolution reaty the conquering rmies f Napoleon. When he
ilsit as igned here ere ewer enedictine of monasteries Europe han ny eriod ince he n t days of Saint Gregory he Great.1 he French French monas¬ isappeared t he ith teries ad evolution, nd them one he nglish ongregation— ad xiled not wenty wenty ears f ndeed o xtinction, but o re¬ re ¬
urking carious n English ountry-houses. he a ¬
monasteries had he most part one, nd varian or wherever he he rms enetrated rench ealth, ases and n ome he he eligious were omes, f
taken rom hem. here tirring f owhere was
new ne w ife; nly here and here, and among he notably ancient Swiss abbeys, a ew ew venerable monastic houses stood, haken tripped y empest ike akss ak nd which orn up y he oots ll had other rees f he
forest.
ore The ew irth ame peedily han ould ave ittle ore han ever een ee n xpected. xpected. alf century fter he oint ad een ee n owest eached,
several f he ld ational ongregations ad e¬ nto new vived healthy ife; movement had one out rom he ongregation f ld assinese taly, he and nother cross tlantic rom avaria o merica; hile he russian North n rance nd lands he new congregations f Solesmes nd Beuron Their number was o about about hirty. educed
37
THE BENEDICTINES
came nto eing.
lmost ll ot xcluding hese,
some houses which had never ost corporate existence, with past ealize broke he mmediate and trove o
anew he Rule of Saint Benedict in he full nineteenth century radition ave av e hat lear unhampered y ny ll n he istory f he Church. to Thus he variety f Benedictinism, lways great y differing differing ationalities, s now han reason f greater ever, ubde ifference etween owing o he he ld nriched y congregations, t nc nce e imited nd heir
connection with he past, nd he new congregations, still nspired y he deas f heir modern ounders and ound ogether y tricter ies ontrol nd f
ven he most uperficial bserver dependency. bserver could scarcely his ifference visiting, ail o erceive when ay, olesmes nd Beuron he roup, let s f ne and he wiss insiedeln, erhaps he most ypical he pirit Benedict example f he ther. f aint is omprehend ll his atholic nough o ariety, and ll will hat heir ncrease enedictines enedictines ejoice orld, s s throughout he n he ew ell he
Old, as een ee n reat ithin he astt as entury nd shows no ign f slackening even fter War which hanged o any mpire f hass ha urrents f nd thought.
38
Ill BENEDICTINE ORGANIZATION
enedictine nstitute as een ee n Hitherto he on¬ sidered externally n ts birth nd growth. e must s now ook t ts een ee n n he ule rganization, t s y as nterpreted o-day he iving ody f monks. Saint he of The s Benedict’s keystone monastery Abbot, he escriptions f is ffice nd uties nd
ustly ee ecognized master¬ in he Rule ave een n s pieces f piritual wisdom. he Abbot tands n he of Christ; monks re his, hat he may ead place he God; hepherd, s them o e s heir Christ s f
God, all men; t s rom him hat he Master f he estate, ccount f ouls ouls e as will emand n he had under is hand; heirs very ault f will t he
last udgment e o and upon him will charged him, lie he burden of he proof before he he can e bsolved from having heir uin. aused he On he ther and, bedience f he onks enounced must e bsolute; hey he y ave heir wn
hat s why he hey y have come come wills; nto he monastery; they Abbot s an ely n heir pon heir ivine hat Lord, and t s heir ecurity he Abbot’s s will
for hem ill, o od’s ith ossibility f oubt,
which ives o ts alue nd ts oy. heir bedience
39
u
THE BENEDICTINES
Needless Benedict’s eaching on bedi¬ o ay, aint s aluable t ence s s ractical nd o-day s ver
was, nd he monk’s bedience s bsolute. t ives to ife, t ives ll eligious enedictine s o ife,
a which he ource f ll irmness nd anctity s its trength.
t he ame ime, here ave lways
been, nd re till, ome haracteristics f bbatial government re not ound n very eligious which organization. irst name n he place, he ery Ab¬
bot,” Father,” uggests elationship, hat uggests the Abbot annot rom, ithout xist part r ct a hought or, is monks. e s not merely ne n a hierarchy of ulers; he s Abbot only of, and because
of, onks; ower f is is is ommand nd heir
vow f bedience re complementary complementary nd oincident, and both exist only or he good f he monks’ ouls, not or he any more fficient working owards other
Abbot s not olonel who end, however good. he acts under he rders f brigadier, nor peaker ctss s who ct ntermediary etween he monastery monastery nd the world, nor a monarch who ha hass or he ime being much with which he Abbot so material o work.
not
e may may ma y not exploit his his monks. even even regard them s o much an-power o ispose f or he good f Church. he
Moreover though his pplies n easure o every eligious uperior), he Abbot s n eal ense the th e ervant ervant onks. e s ead f is o hem o
not way God, n is but n he way r t is ace,
or ach. e n aint Benedict’s G od wishes must,
own words, ealize ask s is, is , what hard o wait upon he ifferent haracters is onks, nd f 40
ORGANIZATION BENEDICTINE
ore aint nothing n he ule s triking han hat ay illed Benedict’s Benedict’s nsistence he heep e by ver-driving, essel he roken f coured oo quid ays fiercely. e nimis, be be not over ealous, he Abbot; him to he nd e warns hat he tandard
he he etss et hould e hat hich he trongest elow onks ill of is esire. The Rule, whatever ts mmediate destination, was written or number f monasteries bound ogether
by no confederation with no and egular lace n he
life f he Church. efore aint Benedict’s ay not all hese but ach had an Abbot. had written Rule,
herefore, herefore, direct commands It natural, hat s o ind from he bbot re ssumed n he ule s eces¬
sary ossibly, or very etail f he aily ife. oo,
Saint Benedict ransferred Abbot f is Rule o he some f is own n ll eligious rigins xperience. and eforms he pse ried wis¬ ixit f aint f dom nd s verything xperience o is ollowers, for ll he qualities nd upernatural he as natural
that win eady our ational bedience nd atisfy craving or ight ather han aith.
ertainly he
impression he gained rom he eading hat s Rule nd ot Abbot as o e n nfluence ctually, virtually, perating pon he ives is onks f
throughout ordinary ay’s ay’s he outine. But not allen we need hink hat monastery as
from aint enedict’s deal f he onks re ot
eceiving ommands nd irections rom perpetually Abbot. aw, ll the th e he growth with he f anon
t lerics lerics obligations mposes n nd eligious, he development of a radition n he spiritual and monas- 41
THE BENEDICTINES
tic he ge-old ajorum ven ife, os hich he
ll hese ften ake Rule ncourages, he lace or direct ommands Abbot. he he Benedictines f f Nor s t ecessary o mphasize hat n ighly educated ivilization, an n moment where ooks supply he raditional nswer o o many ifficulties, and where organization demands uniformity, far more
e o he iscretion nd o he must eft onscience
of he ndividual monk han was esirable esirable r os¬ sible mixed ommunities, Rule n he o he whom
would come as a new and trange hing. e may at arlier times egret he implicity f n ge, when the direct where ommand now s n tood nxious
weighing of but t s s seless o hat motives, wish
simplicity back as t would e simplicity wish he o or oyalty of a feudal baron n he political ife ife of o-day, r for a grown man o wish or he uncritical ocility ocility f he pirit may lways e he ame; his hildhood. the rinciple till f bedience tands; he mplicit
will f he Abbot Abbot s xpressed n he ules nd us¬ toms he ouse, nd rom ime o ime here f
earching est of direct bedi¬ will om ome e a ufficiendy ence. In enedict’s eaching pite f aint lear f he
or personal esponsibility f he Abbot he piritual well-being f he ndividual monk, here s perhaps no ssential point f he Rule hat as ee o een n often
neglected neglected n ractice.
f hen nce nc e he bbeys
Europe became anded corporations with a recognized
place n he ivil rder, nd specially nder he
feudal ystem, ssential hat hey he y hould e t as represented efore he world y ne f heir number 42
ORGANIZATION BENEDICTINE
f efending capable heir ights.
his aturally
s esult duty elll el o he bbot, he reat nd apart from he om¬ om ¬ medieval Abbot was a personage apart with n establishment, domains and areer munity, is art wn. uring arge he ear e of f s ountry used is esidence r ther f is ne houses r his own house, ather han is monastery, ven he monastery e had and n eparate quarters
from monks. he
f This ondition hings, hough carcely deal, ut was t east irile, orse as o ome om e hen, throughout Europe, he ystem of n commendam was extended he greater nd he bbeys, nd bbacy o its evenues were held y on-resident dignitary f
the Church, or ven y ayman nd hild.1
f ad ay overnment n heory o ell way enough n practice, and in very many cases the claustral aint bbot prior illed he osition enedict’s f
uccess; with emporal nd piritual ut he ystem
as ntolerable, his he as uch nd as ne f gainst y abuses abuses ost ttacked nd uarded he
Benedictine eforms f he ounter-Reformation. t the present he world ime he hroughout elations between Abbot nd monks re robably more early
those y aint enedict han t ny ime ntended he since ays ays f Charlemagne. he danger, ow¬ ow ¬ arge ever, emains, f not n ffairs hen n mall,
that he bbot, n is f dministrator, apacity
relate, ay orget landlord nd hat he elfare,
1 This ystem as ever xtended ngland xcept y o Wolsey.
43
BENEDICTINES THE
emporal, spiritual nd he ndividual onk s f within is esponsibility, nd hat he n are f t,
the th e ast esort, cannot be delegated o any subordinate t s he ouls 1 official. government f hat he as undertaken; ll lse s n order o his.
All who ave written n he Rule n ecent ears tress n he wide, have aid n act upreme, owers o he Abbot. erhaps given y aint Benedict he
tendencies n he nineteenth entury owards emoc¬ racy nd ommittee government, he ar¬ ar ¬ growth f liaments and oards, and more ecently f rades till
ave unions, orkers’ ouncils nd oviets, ed
riters whatever hat Benedictine o nsist ay e the ashion n he orld he ay, olitical f
monastery y ne uperior nd hapters s uled ts are not meetings. s oard oard f ow, eems not n¬ likely, here s movement f hought n he ppo¬ site direction, and an ag age e of direct control s succeeding parliamentary t while o to he poch, may be worth point out hat aint Benedict, n ll matters hat re
piritual, not urely oints he ay, ot, ndeed, egree Abbot of o-operation etween nd monks hat an ivic nd have ound ew n he ecaying nalogies political ife f is ime. he hird hapter of he Rule, Rule, which ollows ollows mmediately after he chapter de¬ fining he ffice f bbot, eals eals irectly ith he o give ounsel he Abbot. calling n f he monks o wherever nything f This as o e one moment
towards towards eligious emocracy, owards but
is o e ecided; nd t s lear rom he words f This s epeated our imes n he ule.
44
BENEDICTINE ORGANIZATION
Rule Abbot Abbot s or or the the hat he o om ome e help nd done. s merely to e e not or primarily sking rder e n hen hat hat s advice advice ecide ay or his onks ermission o ct n ertain ay.
When esser re question he matters n eniors nly
are but when t p¬ o e onsulted; s question f pointing
rior for whom he onks hemselves
may ask) aken, ounsel must e and he monks re themselves o hoose 1 heir Abbot—a ommand hat uman o mall aith n ature hen e shows consider he period period f history t which t was given. as No hange een ee n ade n ostt os enedictine congregations he n he ethod f lecting lecting bbot
and government of he monastery, n his nternal but
nd anon aw et experience he rowth f ave certain imits o what what n Abbot may o n xternal
ithout he f he administration upport ajority
of his ommunity. nevitable s ecessary nd uch legislation s, t s n ome ways
ecline rom he
ot only may t hat ll Rule. uggest n mportant atters financial nd dministrative he ommunity t is voting ody, ver gainst he Abbot; but may reduce he o-operation f Abbot and monks by mak¬
eem ee m ecessary ing he gathering of chapter merely
to give o n government. n egal uthority ct f Benedict’s this matter, s n o much esides. aint statesmanlike wisdom nd rust n human s nature
under he eeming he apparent implicity f ule.
men, re apable Few, ven mong gifted nd oly 1 “Choose” because he ctual ppointment of he not “elect” from n authority. Abbot came from outside
45
THE BENEDICTINES nitiative of ombining nd eceptivity n he deal
proportions; nd most n hings egislators egislators emporal and piritual ave pent ime n devising hecks and afeguard ulers ulers nterference obligations o rom nd subjects rom he human weakness. onsequences f Saint enedict refers o n road ines egislate which eave t ossible or oint o he deal nd ealized, hile the th e deal o e e arns gainst the th e ailings hat may occur n practice. The ule nows onfederation onks f o f beyond ndividual he Rule tself, the he bbey. r om¬ om ¬ holy ule,”1 ot he egislator is wn munity, monastic o e he nly orm ife. as as f Here, oo, hroughout he centuries have Benedictines made o hange, emain ssential nd t he present ay nique mong he reater nstitutes of egulars n he Church. here here s o Benedictine “Order” n he ense hat he Dominicans and esuits
are an order, with provinces, provinces, provincials and general.2 The ndividual bbeys re utonomous. ll ave
spirit nd ften eligious raditions, nd works nd practices, o greater r ess egree heir own, not
monasteries f ame shared y other he nationality he am n most cases and his or n ame e congregation. is o n he nglish ongregation) onk annot be uperiors rom ne utonomous ransferred y is here here house o nother; till ess s ny egal onnec-
S t. 1 So named by by Benedict n Chapters 3 nd 65.
2 The Latin word ordo n he phrase religiosus ordo may mean
or organized organized either ordered ay of ife” ody.”
English n
eaning, the th e ord rder as een he econd estricted o only o whereas irst pplies Benedictines. he
46
ORGANIZATION BENEDICTINE
r assing f onks etween he ifferent tion congregations f he Rule and monastic he world. he he ast, tradition, pe n monuments f pen n o ll
are he nly ommon or he urpose nfluences. of maintaining maintaining eligious iscipline, groups f monas¬
teries ave rom ime o ime een ee n ormed ith common tatutes Abbot-President r nd n bbot- General ho as ertain owers f isitation nd
definition.
ongregations, s hey he y re hese alled,
s are ometimes ational, ometimes nternational,
the the esult f particular movement eform. n r some ases he bond etween he omposing ouses them s s n other ases, n he English on¬ trict; here any egal gregation, very very ight, but n no case s
connection etween ongregations, nd here s o superior with urisdiction ve verr ll he monks f he world. et perhaps more hat o mpressive roof enedictine onasticism evelop¬ modern s rue ment of he original can be found han he undoubted similarity f deals pirit hat nites ll ene¬ nd hroughout hroughout t he dictines he world. nternational theological ollege f ant’ Anselmo n Rome young monks ll ver he meet nd rom world orm n always hanging ommunity. onastic amily he ull ense an ever e, he ndividual in t or members members ook with rue Benedictine he ffection o ut family f rofession, he amily heir ikeness
ll among s unmistakable.
t may e f permitted
what s nly ersonal to give mpression, would say hat t ant’ Anselmo here here xisted ar greater similarity utlook—a ommon f eltanschauung— eligious hings etween in he ifferent ationalities
47
THE BENEDICTINES
his t, hree ears fter (and when aw was nly f the reaty ersailles, nd hen any he f ad ought nd uffered monks n pposite ides) than would have existed between an any y of he nationali¬
ties and heir ellow-countrymen at he other Roman colleges.
o ith enedictine n¬ ne nfamiliar
stitutions his ay ot eem ee m nusual; ut o ne brought up n he solation f ingle" Benedictine abbey t was welcome nd mpressive mpressive xperience. Truly enedictine lso he reedom o as eft each ne ife. here here were gathered n is eligious together a hundred young monks, many of hem entt en heir monasteries or half- across he ocean away from heir he e¬ a-dozen ears f utmost mportance n heir
ligious ormation.
t was great esponsibility or
those under whose are hey he y ame. et,, eyond et he Office and a aily et period prayer efore or mental the lessed acrament, here o eligious x¬ as ercise, rivate ommon, uring uring r rescribed. he
course f he ear o dditional were m¬ evotions posed he un¬ eyond ustomary enedictions n days nd east ays. veryone was eft n omplete ished hat hoose o freedom piritual ooks e and he or urther rayer, ot, isit hurch r t will.
48
IV
BENEDICTINE WORK o have arrived t what s n ruth he hief A n d we
f his tudy, onsideration end f enedictine s monachism t xists n he o-day, hurch ne hat o Benedictine mansion mong many. monks
s heir Christian give he work hare o whole f
r—to deeper—what here and raise? go ittle s peculiar n heir nterpretation nterpretation of he Gospel counsels? heir Before ttempting o nswer he asier hese f eculiar ene¬ questions—What s he ork f dictines?—it s orth hile o epeat hat, trictly
speaking, s o eculiar work; o here Benedictine kind kind f mployment, one on e mployment r peculative ractical, ntellectual hysical, o hich ne or r nters enedictine onastery may xpect who o find destined. his monastery r his himself hat, hat ongregation, ay e argely r rin¬ or or ven ve n cipally his are) though s evoted o particular form f ork—education, esearch, issionary c¬
tivity—but here s no single external activity common
ll ongregations f he to he enedictine orld; and n what may e he most normal ene¬ alled dictine he ongregation s ongregation either
y whole or ach ouse aken tself tself as ny ne outstanding work, uitablity or which s demanded 49
THE BENEDICTINES from ll andidates s ondition ine ua on
before rofession. ere, ndeed, s he Benedictine s rom ounder. ot e oess oe is heritage xist xist o do r ave av e his ork hat, ut o erve od nd s his oul. e ave een, ot enedictines re, xtraor¬ an rder, ut ay f ot n ife, nd
dinary way, but n ordinary way, f ny way ased on he Gospel Gospel ordinary. counsels can be called
Yet he f nywhere, he ecessity or n ule, upon, work s nsisted nsisted nd he great ariety c¬ f
part tivities n which Benedictines ave aken s n
many ays ue o reedom heir rom imitation. Christians eligious no work hat s As hey efuse in ts cope. uch work may be of very great variety, great but t s normally such as within as can be accomplished
the th e ramework f community ife, ife, with attendance at the ommon prayer. s esult f hese conditions,
normal as he haracteristic hat enedictine enedictine work onsciously it s n most ases elt o e orporate work. he orce hich esults rom he ork s not merely hrust which s he um f ll he n¬
dividual hrusts hose ho re o-operating— f
that s he ase with ll eam r united work; t s
ifferent haracter rom nything rather hrust n that ndividuals ontribute, nd hich wes t ll
e hass ha o he ast nd present he ouse. ife f think f aint ugustine nd is onks oming
from o reach he ospel ot ome o ngland, as ndividuals, esuit s we might magine he arly more o we missionaries, but s group; till hink of he han he ndividual uch roup ather n typically s enedictine ork he aurist cholar- 50
BENEDICTINE WORK
ship. n xample o-day s he f uch uc h ork onstructive critical nd resentation lain hant f by bbey. owever his he onks f olesmes ave ee r y ne r may een n irected nspired wo musical cholars xceptional t s ot o f bility, much heir fforts s hose f arge band f ame¬ less workers; not much o hese, gain, s he whole force force f reat bbey bbey n oney ooks ooks nd nd ability est horal usic nd ot o o ractically; much his s he ge-old Benedictine radition which makes verything o o with he Office he monk’s duty, nd s guarantee o he uthorities primary
he movement not of Church hat iturgical ould
be haped y better hands. Similarly, uccessful Benedictine choolmaster r ot, s tranger headmaster s n ther chools,
who as een ee n ormed n his chool nd hat ni¬
versity, nd mark nd cquired as as hen made is arge ill e his xperience t alf-a-dozen chools is chosen, ecause e s what e s, o e headmaster Winchester Harrow. of or e s ather epresen¬
world he ime eing he hat om¬ f tative o or hanging, ut ever holly hanged, munity, ver which s he ause f he chool’s xisting and which
gives o ll ts ctivities upport nd guarantee, a dignified etting far more and goodwill ar more
han ould y taff e iven f ore extensive brilliant ttainments.
And cholar o utside ven hen cholar eems he world o tand lone, lone,
asquet r
abrol r
Morin, with name t amiliar o ll, will sually nd round im he ound behind im hat s be
5i
THE BENEDICTINES not nly f number support, f is is brethren, but
he he raditions nd he of esources, xperience f a reat eligious ouse.
arge monastery, The onks, hen, ny ny aken f
as a group, will represent a wide diversity f nterests and raining.
lthough n lmost ll he ountries
will ave of he world o-day hey he y eceived ood secondary ducation nd n many ases university education lso, nd lthough hey he y ave assed ill ill
f through he ormal ourse cclesiastical tudies or he whole aw, hey he y prescribed Church y anon not ecessarily ave hrough hrough ingle ll assed will ormation s s ssociated intensive intensive heological heological uch uch
(at east y hose outside) with he Dominicans nd the esuits. ay, hey will e, e, s eedless o not earned, nor ommunity tudents, t body, f but e om¬ om ¬ will atural o xpect hat out f arge
munity ad een ee n ong hich stablished n et¬ country and as s ne of ts ossessions good tled will e ngaged library, library, ne r wo more here r upon ome olid work f earning. hen his s he he he radition and case, monastic ircumstances f life eem ee m o uggest hat here s normal ield f
hey Benedictine tudies eyond which will not en¬ his oess oe ie ie erally erally ravel. ot n he ealms f
abstract r pplied mathematics nor n uch ciences as nthropology, or ven ve n hilology iology r n and iterature, but rather n history n all ts branches, including ositive heology nd he ritical econ¬ struction f ncient documents. B ut esides his here must ome lways e work an hich he ulk he om-- om or or works mploy f
52
WORK BENEDICTINE
ufficiently ufficiently ermanent nd eneral munity, t nce nc e
to uit ariety f emperaments nd apable f e ¬ ing dded educed rom ime ime s ee o o r eed d
arises. enedictine history and modern practice practice ho how w hree peculiarly s, two r works uitable. There irst,
the ouls. are f
his, ll Benedictine work, ike
e t should istinctively onastic, hat s, hould normally be done by a monk esident n his monastery
elt f and hould e o e he ork ne f he community ather han f ndividual n riest.
t
may orm piritual ake he f inistering o he f mmediately he needs hose ound onastery,
whether n ountry r own, own, r f ystematically iv iv¬ ¬
ing retreats or nstructions o hose who re ttracted
to s entre iturgical nd piritual he bbey f
xamples of uch work can e ound life. n lmost
every ongregation.
he onasteries n ngland,
lmost rom he arishes hey he y erve, n very apart case ave ircle f ountry ound hem mall he est est xample own arish chapels; f arge
is hat y he he perhaps erved onks f Abbey aint unich. n he of bbeys oniface f Beuron Maria Maria nd Laach n Germany ccupy t he
present moment a quite peculiar place n he Catholic
s entres life f he ountry where on-Catholics f
ducation ecome cquainted taste and with Catholic
nd octrine. liturgy
triking xamples f hat
was n he Benedictine centuries he Benedictine work evangelization of par excellence—the he heathen and
backward o e ound n he eoples—are eoples—are work f the panish onks orth he n ustralia, f
53
THE BENEDICTINES
Ceylon nd f he Bavarians of Saint Silvestrines n
Korea Ottilian nd n East Africa. Abroad n he ontinent Europe any ene¬ f
onastries ave een ee n ounded t, r ave dictine themselves ecome n he ourse f ges, hrines f pilgrimage, nd f ne f he rincipal orks he monks s orporal nd o inister o he eeds,
spiritual, f onstant tream f pilgrims. mong such insiedeln witzer¬ enedictine hrines re n
land, ontserrat n pain onte ergine n nd he eligious uitability f his Italy. alue nd work for monks s oo clear o need emphasis. hat¬ ever may ave ee he ase n ast, evotion een n he he Blessed acrament, hown n he eception f to
the acraments f enance nd he Holy Eucharist,
is eature f ll modern ilgrimages, ven f he
vast nd Neapolitan pilgrimages popular o he oly
ergine, picture onte nd he f reparation f the pilgrims or his s ruly work. postolic
Lastly, here s he work hristian ducation, f s has ee een n n ccepted monastic employment which ppeal far hich or nd s o, ack ecords an o he ule ccounts ccounts f he sanction sanction tself nd he
life of Saint his may ake he usual orm Benedict. great chool, what ncluding n ts departments of great
chool chool s in England s alled preparatory well s
the th e public chool, and hus eceiving boys from main
ighteen ears f ge; ten o r, as n he ase f some some American he monks may upply he bbeys) staff of a diocesan at Salzburg) diocesan seminary, or even as the university. aculties f Catholic
Work nd s uch bvious his as ractical
54
BENEDICTINE WORK
spiritual dvantages.
t s work or eligion, ar¬
ried on within he monastic enclosure; t s essentially
a community work which gives cope or many differ¬ which which genius ing characters and bilities, nd n he
loci an ave he reatest nfluence; t brings n means f ome om e elation o he upport which ears xpended, hich herefore s ertain labour nd
safeguard gainst he which n he ast as dleness he uin f ichly ndowed oundations—a been aint danger oreseen y enedict imself; t s
nd rom he om¬ om ¬ source, irect ndirect, hich
ew may ain he munity n ope o members. resent other and, nd specially t he nd ay
in English-speaking ountries, t s axing nd b¬ sorbing work which mplies much contact, not stricdy
religious, with he which ends more world, and and more o non- o ssimilate tself, t east n xternals, lso, Catholic ducational ork; he ecurrence f
considerable eriods f acation bb reates n nd flow of work owever, work which s not wholly desirable. these ifficulties re o arge arge xtent ccidental, nd the work nd hat t o s ecessary tself uitable probability continue o e ne f he hief will n ll employments or ll ll ime. f onks Finally, here are many kinds of work, half ciences,
which he monastery monastery may o. his half rafts, may
he ome iturgical take orm f tudy nd ublica¬
s he xecution, eaching nd publishing tion, uch
music y of Grego regori rian an he monks f olesmes; r t may e chool f rt with ll rocesses f e¬ ts rocesses production and xecution, as at Beuron; r t may be
farming and he even even he secular Benedictine work of farming
55
THE BENEDICTINES
ome s t he Devon¬ selling f pecialized product,
shire bbey f Buckfast. This ist is t f Benedictine works eem ee m o om¬ om ¬ may kind f possibility or eligious, prehend almost every but ertain eatures—that tationary and he work s
in ome ense ommon o ll hose orporate—are mentioned bove.
nd his, reedom, he eyond
reedom of Christianity, s aint wide Benedict’s wn legacy o is hildren, he onstitutions he is nd f
ongregation re ully he pirit f ra¬ ra ¬ English n dition fter hree pecial when, mentioning works—
nd dd, but apostolic, ducational earned—they no abour, ntellectual r manual, which s whether n ts cope and s n ccord with he rin¬ religious
ciples f monastic he nstitute, an e unsuitable o a monk.” And rom efusal ingle his o e ledged o ny
type f ctivity, rom his eserve ife, omes f
haracteristic hich an ave scaped Benedictine the th e notice of ew, and which yet s difficult o analyse. een ee n xternal Benedictine ctivity. n It s n ll he t n¬ s n realm f ogmatic nd mystical heology dependence, a freedom from historical connexions and ominicans, ranciscans, esuits, controversies.
Carmelites, Augustinians—all hese are found hrough¬ out n he ges anged his ide r n hat n he ontroversies hich ave haken chools. great he They have a prejudice, an esprit de corps. enedictine
and theologians here ave een ee n any) ave l¬
ways hosen or re nconsciously hemselves. hey faithful heir epresent o ounder’s dea; hey he y the rdinary he hristian, an n he eveloped
56
BENEDICTINE WORK
street, t nce nc e nd bove chools f eneath thought. certainly And s here s disposition mong non-
Catholics f ducation nd ntelligence o egard he f literary ork enedictine onks often ndeed without eason) s positive, more bjective, ess more tendencious, han qually eritorious ork one his no doubt s partly due o he egend elsewhere. Maurists, Maurists, whose elfless of he patient and work as been y uccession nti-religious opularized f writers he ime ibbon; ut he ause rom f
ies eeper probably till. Equally, t s not o a group of Benedictine monks, but o ome f he riars r mem¬ ecular lergy r bers f he ociety f esus he verage hat Catholic xpects ind looks or ead, nd whom e o t most ctual, heart f the iving he ntellectual ife of ay, reating dvancing pon he est he nd he monks were not among religious public opinion. the eaders f cholasticism, r he f ounter-Ref- ormation, r he atholic ine¬ f evical f he here teenth entury. s omething ery ypical n the ppearance f Benedictine monks n he ives f
eligious aint f those hunderbolts, rancis reat
Assisi nd Saint gnatius f Loyola, not he n ole new movements, but of disciples or vangelists f he
orporations eady o as ld give ountenance nd a f modicum help o whomsoever hould ome om e o them onsumed with new eal.
aid, his numeration f We hen eginning
Benedictine xternal ork, hat t ust ormally be s e uch an ccomplished ithin he rame- 57
THE BENEDICTINES work f ommunity ife.
an enedictine onks
afely his prinicple? learly, hey an ever abandon s hing hing f o hey never bandon t mportance; wn he ever bandon t heir hoice. can f irected yrovagi passage n he ule gainst he
or Wandering monks s well known, hough he and peculiar Gyrovagi were o he ge f aint Benedict, there s no doubt but hat he would have disapproved with qual nergy f he wandering monks who re found hroughout he enturies, nd ho ntered
English iterature he erson f n ellowChaucer’s t ill emembered, pilgrim, om iers. e, e
took ittle ee eed d f he proverb hat monk out f the cloister s as a is ish h out of water; but he antiquity of he aying, hich as een ee n raced ack rom century entury o ozomen aint o nd ven ve n o Anthony, s a ufficient proof of ts ruth; and nyone who knows monasticism ppreciate nything f will the th e dramatic itness of such contempt expressed by on one e who ombines n is erson most f he etty mon¬ he and astic oibles ges. axities f ll ay sked, But, t e f esidence n onas¬ s tery s o ssential, how t hat onsiderable um um¬ ¬
bers f enedictine n arious ountries f onks ive utside the world heir monasteries n manner indistinguishable rom; he ecular r ther lergy
religious? The nswer may e iven hat n ll ll oun¬ hose
tries xceptional ircumstances, n he ast or resent, he highest highest uthorities f have aused he Church o nywhere upon n call s xisted nywhere uch riests o id spreading or maintaining religion in certain districts—
58
BENEDICTINE WORK England n he Penal Days, America yesterday and o ¬ when hat nce e ee day—and uch uc h ee eed d as nc een n elt and such a call made, a complicated system, ecclesiasti¬
call and inancial, comes nt ca nto o being which cannot ead¬ which, which, he is¬ ily e ltered, nd n iew f nnate
position f he Church o well lone, quieta on et will robably ever e irectly ltered movere, rom hen uch ystem above. xists, he monk who t s accommodates imself o s o Gyrovagus; e mplicitly, he upreme Pontiff, obeying, xplicitly r bbas he ospel lways e the bbatum. ust
hereas no nstitute t preached, eligious an ny given ime be said o be essential o he Church. In he cases just mentioned he authorities of the Church have said, n ffect, hat parish riests r missionaries re orely so needed must ake hat monks heir laces. Saint s is orm Benedict, we ave een, ounded
of ife, not o ill n he xternal monastic ny lace
life f ut he he hurch, o reate chool f service f God, lace where he ull Christian ife
ounsels might e of he ived, ived, ife uiting hose who, he young with man he ospel, f wished o be perfect. here s nothing n ife ife uch a and rain¬
or ny ther ing o ender man unfit kind f ife nd s he ervice od whose irect f nd an. here Nor, n he other hand, oe oess eem ee m ny eason
why man who as o ertain egree f ttained at all maturity n he monastic ife hould e harmed
spiritually y ife irected o God’s ervice utside monastery. the nclosure f is
either abit nor
choir or ommunity ife re ssential ssential o anctity nd ll and ife f prayer; f he f monastic b-
59
THE BENEDICTINES
onasticism f servancc, he he oul, e nce nc e t¬ etained t bique errarum. he e tained, ay nd he ontemplative, monk ike lato’s guardians, hey ave may ome om e ack o he world eft nd e
able o n t nd or t. ork
rom arliest he
ummoned monks, ven times opes nd kings ave
of he trictest and most retired ife, o rule churches.
while B ut Benedictine radition as dmit¬ lways ted te d ife er¬ uch hanges f or he ried nd he fect, r n pecial ircumstances, t as not egarded s them belonging o he normal ourse r evelop¬ ment ife. f enedictine enedictine
t s he Church or o
call id f work, n he monks o particular nd
eady for monks o meet uch a call f necessity with obedience, while hey remember obedience, hat he Church her¬ self has lways maintained distinction etween he pastoral and he monastic vocations, vocations, and regarded he sending f om¬ om ¬ monks o astoral duty utside he s mon ife omething xceptional.
onk ho
all f bedience under he s ummoned o nder¬ take abour osing ny f is uch ill, ithout
monastic haracter, e o o great work or ble the th e hurch. t e aid hat e will o
may
ven ve n
that work, may e, special uccess whatever t with
precisely ecause f is monastic or n raining, x¬
perience he ull eligious f bservance ives kind haracter nd roundwork or ife. f
et
were o hat ife, utside if we we rgue ived hus the loister, s normal enedictine ne r ne,, s he exact equivalent equivalent f he ife resupposed y he Rule,
we might ustly e paradox. ccused f great Benedictine ishop f our own ime as A
60
BENEDICTINE WORK given n ew words what as een he onstant radition. Benedictine Whatever he xternal work to which monk ind imself alled,” writes may Hedley, Bishop Bishop n he ourse f n xplanation f Benedictine tability, hing hing ust ust l¬ the ormal ways o n is is t e, ive wn monastery. would o ncourage nyone o rofess himself be mistake nless ook oo k a enedictine enedictine e ould orward ith pleasure ive, forr etter, fo ill eath t¬ o or worse,’ self, he ouse f is rofession, nder n he Rule,
he and an d he aily work f he hoir.” ourth n n long chapter of his Rule, Saint Benedict gives a long list of the nstruments ood oo d f he f orks, the ools craft e f pirituality,” alls hem, hich is s mong monks re o se. hem, t s nteresting to ote, re orporal nd works f many piritual mercy. t he end he peaks of he workshop where these ools re o e sed. t s onastic the enclosure an and d tability n he monastic amily.” nd at he en end d f he Prologue which s mall Rule n
ays itself, e will ersevere monks n heir hatt is ha monastery ill im wass wa ven eath. or im t ot
hatt a ha monk, s uch, ived principle, ut n xiom, and an d worked nd ied n is monastery.
61
V
SOME ENEDICTINE CHARACTERISTICS
Cardinal ewman, n elebrated assage,1 as
he fford¬ spoken f monk’s ife s oetical, nd s ing matter or oetry. ewman as rue ar oo deep hinker o y his hat monk’s mean ife
omething omantic, m¬ should e thereal, unreal, aginative, an scape rom he ealities f ife. y he poetry f he monastic ife, s s lear rom what e writes e ished hat ife lsewhere, o uggest like hose of he early monk-missionaries, ife pent in lemental n lose imple imple nd urroundings nd he arth—garden, wood nd contact with ield—as he piritual world, with t s well recisely ecause was not elf-conscious, had olemnity and eauty
denied rothy, o ore oisy, rtificial xistence, and herefore was s it heme or poetry s re ll the lementary orks nd motions ankind. f The onastic ife act hich as n he tuff f material poetry s orn, bjective, oetry. Newman’s phrase perhaps ittle nfor¬ Yet was tunate, or here both s o doubt hat Englishmen,
Catholic nd on-Catholic, ave had, t ince east 1 In his is essay Mission oj he Benedictine Order. 62
CHARACTERISTICS SOME BENEDICTINE Romantic Romantic the beginning f he movement, oman¬ tic onception monasticism. hat ay, f s o he
monastery ave words monk nd however ubcon¬ omething of he borne n heir minds ame am e sciously)
relation ctual monks monasteries f o he nd he Middle Ages or contemporary Europe hat he knights
•off •o Keats nd ennyson ore o he ontemporaries he greatest of he omantics, of S ir Walter Manny. merely most S ir Walter cott, was he nfluential f
eries eries a ong f ovelists nd oets who pictured en nd uperhuman, t nhuman nce nc e race f nd anatical, emote ethereal rom odernity nd s yet ubtly ttractive, nhabiting hat re ow
nd loisters f great the vy-clad uins efaced efaced he
monastic o ouses. hey ade erious ttempt to ationalize maginations, r o ransfer o uch uc h the iddle Ages he ommon uman nd eelings eelings failings. ess did ny distinction e¬ till hey he y draw tween he trictest nd most ontemplative odies f
religious nd hose hough not ere ere who, ax,, ax ess hey could magine n and austere. ngelic monk
hey y never eriously attempted o diabolical monk, but he human monk. imagine n ordinary e re till n
f f his spite eirs radition, nd he urselves monastic habit, he lerical ostume, unlike and ven he nun’s eil, omance, unlike till as ts ts ts escape- value, and brings with t a suggestion of he discipline and f midnight ffice. his n¬ of asting he nd doubtedly nfluences he common judgment as o what
the nd f hould e. ife ractices monks
f we
wish e o rue we we must ontent o o erre-a- ee terre, o be ealists, not romanticists. The as astt survivor
6 3
THE BENEDICTINES of he ncient Abbey f Westminster, he as astt medie¬ vall va monk, Dom igebert Buckley, was onnecting
link he he new English ongre¬ nd etween etween ld ld
old gations. e re hat Father Augustine Baker, one on e f he irst monks he ongregation f evived himself an antiquary, mightily and ought rom he an” venerable ld he ay f iving n he ld nfortunately, he ould hem ittle. monasteries. ell emembered, e hat t Westminster hey He aid,
rose t upper midnight, nd t had irst dish of powdered powdered eef, nd ex cold liced extt fter houlder of mutton oasted.1
And here s nother anger n pproaching
consideration monastic ife, ubde f he more nd more t s manner hought ervasive. f which most most orm in ts amiliar had ts origin n he on¬ hat he eformation. t s troversies troversies ollowed kind r ansenism, eparating f f uritanism he eligious nd ot eligious, acred actions nto
and profane, worldly and supernatural—a Manicheism
he which he s lien o impler onceptions f ll allen nto f Gospel. e ave he abit ot
s hole, regarding ur ife ut ividing t f
worldly, we into he eligious eligious nd he nd hough ell hat ur know nough nly ercentage f actions he ormer lass, et eell ee an elong o we whenever re ot irectly e¬ that we we mployed mployed n ight ight ligious work our hand hould not know what the th e doing. ome eligious eft s s esult, hink- hronological f he 1 Weldon, otes enedictine nglish nglish Congregation, C h. 8.
64
SOME BENEDICTINE CHARACTERISTICS
crs, nsympathetic o specially hose ho re he
Catholic hurch, nclined xpect re o f monas- han as r ticism ore t verr ve iven laimed o give. hey xpect monk—and ndeed eligious of any kind—to be occupied directly and permanently imes nd laces isibly with God, o e at ll apart orgetting, from he world—the world y he world forgot. uch ritics hen re ot hey he y atholics lmost r are lways hose ho ail o ppreciate ounsels, r f ivi¬ understand he ife f he ny sion etween ore erfect nd ess he erfect n Christian hat monasticism ife. hey magine pure is nly ound here here s omplete eparation hey s from he orld; oth isapprove f his
alll who an deal and ind ault with al hose have ailed
ully to ealize t n ractice.
isrepre¬ hey
sent ecause hey misunderstand, misunderstand nd still he misrepresentation. more reature f heir till eeper erhaps, ecause more Akin, nd er¬
eligious or sonal, s he hinkers esire mong
elf, simplification nd enunciation—not f or hat never horough, material can e oo but f atisfac¬ ntellectual ong or tions nd ccupations. e
Monism f pirit. he
ome om e ouls ndoubtedly re
ed but thus o God; here s danger est he n¬
compromising enunciation, nd he ogic f uch
intellectual ntolerance he nd imitations f ven ve n s ery holiest, may canonize uch ife, not nly s high eligious tate, ut he nly igh eligious
minds. nfirmity wice t s as state. astt f oble at east n onastic history as ifted nd oly
religious reformer proclaimed uch a doctrine. wice 65
THE BENEDICTINES
defend t monk what has has o allen o Benedictine seemed ut he ess oble ause, n ach ase he moral ictory as een ee n is. is . o etter xpositions
of Benedictine deals been deals and aims have ever ever been framed than he efences he enerable f Peter nd ean
Mabillon Mabillon gainst he ttacks aint ernard nd f
de Ranee. ind e ave With hese angers n ow o t ll s t ossible o onsider—the consider—if
ntimate f enedictine most haracteristics ife. he nstitute ithin hurch Clearly o an laim ore that ts way ife ife o he xercise f onduces
and virtue han nother, r hould growth f hat t
piritually eveloped haracter. attract more eveloped
or
ay, xcept perhaps n he broadest outline, can we that particular ttracts r ourishes artic¬ order
here peak¬ ular ype r emperament. s, humanly
ing, ing, great ea n he nd he eall f hance matter,
have heir natural ccidents of birth and environment upon hoice f ife. nters influence he oy who
a Benedictine ovitiate fter passing hrough Bene¬ dictine chool have assed would, or ll we an ee,
into he Jesuit novitiate, had his parents’ parents’ choice choice allen upon hat esuit chool; nd t oess oe ot eem ee m upon o uppose hat providence we re alled God’s
chool ave guides o enedictine hose ho n anima Benedictina. thers ome ecause naturaliter
een n rom they ave ee amiliar with Benedictines heir s ave amiliar ith youth, hey he y ight een ee n
Dominicans armelites. r
ut here re ertain
hat ene¬ positive very ualities r otentialities dictine novice should have, and here are undoubtedly
66
SOME CHARACTERISTICS BENEDICTINE
ind, ental ttitudes limates, certain f lmost which xist n Benedictine ouses. Perhaps n he irst place here s a kind of spiritual tolerance and ease, a spiritual elasticity and eceptivity. The monk normal lone, n ircumstances ircumstances s ever ever
a pioneer, forlorn e s on hope, an apostle. one e f a
family, nd f amily hat as ong unbroken and traditions; earn earn hat hings annot he as o lways be way, done n he est hat he orry cheme f things annot e hattered o its nd hen ebuilt, that e y arge umber f men s urrounded ike imself, ave imita¬ who, heir own deas nd hat tions, he est ntentions may e pposed nd pposed the orst ondoned he reater he hen ood f greater greater t. s member f am number equires am¬ ¬
ily ealize e onies o hat harity s ften etter than than eall nd ea acrifice; hat t s quarrelling n ll
small oat on ong voyage; hat he must ake from
others what hey ave, nd not demand rom hem
what hey ack; hat many hings re healed y ime.
As uperior, e may ave ealized hat ere, oo,
he cannot escape from he imitations of his he medium; s ith hat that that t n nd nd or is amily e
ead must work; hat neither hand nor ould xist without without he ody; hat he ndeed ndeed he ead r he s
f his efinite eave t e¬ hand ody od y nd annot hind or tear it in pieces or ransmute ransmute t nto something rich trange. and
These considerations may ee eem m obvious enough and
ommunities equally pplicable o ll eligious nd,
indeed, o gathering human eings. very f
n
measure hey re, not measure. but n he ame am e 67
THE BENEDICTINES more han ene¬ few eligious odies re remitical dictines; dictines; he vast vast majority re re ess domestic n genius,
and, as well ut,, ut re ncouraged s een ee n ointed s piritual amily with to egard hemselves ome
points f esemblance o natural ne ather han amily made upernatural. he ene¬ as natural s he dictine y is rofession member f ingle not f his amily, amily o-day and f hat definite to-morrow. ave aid hat ertain e piritual
ease s ypical f Benedictine ife.
t s ossible o
and conceive eligious s uperior is ubjects) hat upreme im s holding heir o pend nd e
or he urposes f spent heir nstitute s general uses is eaving he ssue o God; r gain oldiers, it s ossible onceive eligious uperior not o o much much igure f wise troke n he ather s f he
of oat, xacting mposing upon thers nd rom best) either them his own admittedly he best) hythm.
of hese conceptions s Saint Benedict’s. here should
be, rdinarily peaking, ctive ork n hich o upon o hem¬ monks, s a body, an e called pend t ounder’s selves, or as he dea de a hat he ife e within he walls hould ake direct uch uc h s o toll toll rom ll he most obust. f xcept aturally, ortunes f lmost the th e he ouse re t ow bb,, bb everything e must acrificed o ctive work; f he onks ll Church s ersecuted like thers) ust
keep he gospel live at all osts; but a arge eligious house n ormal imes hould not e ever¬ working ishly, njants perdus.
urther n act, e an o
and ay ay hat he monk who n ordinary circumstances
ny ork ith ea eall bsorbs ll takes o hich 68
SOME CHARACTERISTICS BENEDICTINE out is ime which burns nd ire his nergies nd s s of trength nd ealth, eparting rom hat
way f t s virtue or for him he alvation. not virtue s ack the monk, t might e or he missionary, o
time n hich o ttend ffice, he ead ertain
mix with is amount nd ommunity.
nd ence
there hould e n he enedictine monk
ertain
restfulness, ontentment, not n doing nothing but
in amiliar, ven monotonous nd he doing he he bility o unmoved nd ritual; n emain hysically hat tability which his n act, unexcited, o produce, Founder ade istinguishing nd n ccasion unique eligious ow. ust And ere, oo, aint rote s enedict is
Rule for he ordinary man, o he Benedictine climate does not attract or develop a particular ype of sanctity that s nd f he reatest o he ery eal alue Church—those Church—those onss f on hunder, nconventional, ven ve n
farouche, a John of he Cross, a Charles de Foucauld,
a dmirable nimitable, ho illiam oyle, f o
rivet men, he ttention nd ire he magination f and re ometimes aken by hose outside he Church most most pure quintessence f to e he anctity. s ed not merely y Such men hese are high, but by pecial ays. ratia equitur naturam—and n
their case we may hink hat heir nature was original and bnormal.
or hem he urea ediocritas f
the enedictine ommunity ould e m¬ ife n
possible.
or monk ust not e ntolerant r he
intransigent; must
and
nd
be eachable he he adaptable; for him anctity nd he art f iving iving n erms with many others are wo aspects of he on one e ask. atience, 69
THE BENEDICTINES widest in he word, he must ense f lways e monastic virtue. monk cannot throw himself utterly
into anything. he ines ines of his ife, he nterruptions of he day da y and he oss f energy aused y he office and piritual uties keep him n must lways heck. It part f is hat s bedience nd is overty f is he annot all is ife r is ime is is own.
70
VI
THE SPIRITUAL BENEDICTINE LIFE The Monastic Discipline. i. B u t must e is ise e
ittle considering he rom monk
as he he is o consider he supernatural aims which should him. n oes he ssence f he ene¬ mould hat dictine he monastic scesis ie? elf-discipline,
For ll scesis, owards Christians heir heir ffort
perfection, onsists n making at ne with hemselves the will of God, n putting off the old man and putting
on Christ, n osing heir ou oull o ind t, n making making of God, nd not f elf rom God, he agent eparate here are and centre of all nergy. B ut many kinds of souls and minds nd odies; tarr iffereth ta rom tar; the ather’s any ansions, nd t s ouse as ommon y ifferent possible o chieve he nd means, r o he ame eans—for n¬ ee uman telligence s very finite—under different aspects. What, Benedictine he piritual then, s he cheme f ife? Growth n oliness, ll gree, onsists n ub¬ will mitting our r ill o od’s, n killing mortifying
distinct our own rom his s God’s. rocess will will e s everal may onceived aking lace n ays;
and f, n ractice, hey he y re ound ntirely arely
7i
THE BENEDICTINES he preponderance f ne ver he th¬ separate, et ers ers marks ea eall etween he arious ifference ifference e¬
nstitutes hurch. ll ll gent ligious f he n he he e pirit, e of hange ust od’s oly ut ore ifferent can ca n ee asily he orkings he f
human gencies. First, hen, e ay magine oul s solating
s vacuum, itself rom ll ontagion, n r s f and may trip rom protected y very ntiseptic, we
eft othing ut uccessive s vil ill it ayers ill f his what s good. s he ohn f he way f aint
Cross, at east s he s generally t s he understood; way f e ndeed, f ll urely ontem¬ Ranee nd,
t as plative enitential rders; een ee n r alled subjective hough ssentially o an e ay, ay
more ubjective han another. gain, hole ind Or, he erson—body, nd
methodical spirit—may e ubjected o areful nd
raining nd runing ultivation ill system f nd amed, he he ormal. ecome as ven ve n the the ild I n his ay he hole an’s piritual nd n¬ f
tellectual ife s ne,, ne nd he s onsidered cheme under hich ll is re rought s ne ctivities
whole, a ynthesis, ulture. ere, gain, consistent something f his ort must nter nto nt o ny Christian hich s oth oral; ut training ntellectual nd
such way f roceeding was brought o erfection by wo r hree f he greatest rders f he Church
Middle during he ater Ages nd he Reformation epoch.
rom Or, gain, we may ma y urn way he ndividual
soul with ts aculties and ts ecesses, and way rom 72
THE BENEDICTINE SPIRITUAL LIFE
any scheme of he Christian world, and ake he good, t the ery ood, Christian ife s may e ived ere below, ry o ive hat y iving t t, nd rust we within within what our onduct shall ecome outward ug¬ his gests. s he scesis of aint Benedict. is ast Rule ays down he framework of he eligious ife— prayer ll egulated or he ndividual y nd work, he e¬ obedience. hese, e ays, re he ools f
ligious ife, and he might add, with he Church when
rdains riest, mitare uod s he ou ractas; o hings ou ouch. yourself esemble he pure ovice
and lder like re ound y his ramework, ut with he ifference hat o he t s ule ovice
set rom onstraining im, omething ithout, l¬ most ostile, ertainly hile o he erfect ard,
the xternal ule nd ven he xternal om¬ om ¬
art imself mand re nd s is wn ill. f
The ule ll nd ts bservances re onsecrated, and he y ulfilling illing¬ onk, ith hat ains, he y ness bedience, e an, is race f advancement. o use again he pregnant phrase of the
liturgy, ercipiendo equirit, ine t quaerendo ine ine percipit.
who t s hat monk ollows mpossible
Saint Benedict’s Rule s est e the egular ife f can hould get earer od. ot o
ne tep te p will
lead o he ext, e ass nperceived nd ill f rom darkness darkness ight, s Prologue himself, o ill, he ule ays, he is is heart s pened nd e uns of he f he ommandments G od in ath f ith unspeakably delightful. he love Benedictine scesis, therefore, oe not nitial enun¬ oess im t n material
ciation, nor at he mposition of a consistent universal 73
THE BENEDICTINES
culture n he ind nd oul.
ts im s ather
by ober y riction nd ssimilation, se, o quilibrium r establish ind f n hich ctive
intellectual orks nd nterests re hemselves spiritual nd ecome long iscipline piritualized,
with ll he he he owers nd ffections f oul.
would, ome om e Benedictine n part, gree with modern hinkers who urge what religious hey he y ave alled n he double olarity eligious ife—of ther-worldli- detachment, nd f t¬ ness nd his-worldliness nd tachment.1 t east he utlook as enedictine’s
aking hings s and always ee een n bjective, hey he y re, not orcing hem nt nto o categories or ooking upon hem
t s his as lements n re-arranged cheme, nd that ives im is is ndependence—good ometimes,
here hould e omething sometimes ad. lways
him, omething omething otential, o spontaneous bout eady
respond o what e eets.
s.this hat t as ed
s strangers o egard him omething unprofessional
r t ot among he lergy, lergy, east ertainly o e classed mong he cclesiastical gens e metier. They t ave istakenly, may may ven ve n imes elt, hat ven
with ifference. ave his eliefs were eld hey
surely t hat elt, imes, n he rdinary ffairs and ffections ife e s umanist—nihil u¬ f
putat—along with Saint manism e lienum Bede nd aint eter he enerable the th e enerable nd with great octor f he Mabillon, nd hat Church, Saint Francis f ales. n so Benedictine pirit, 1 cf von n Hugel, Eternal Life, p. 98 cf.. Baron vo 98..
74
THE BENEDICTINE SPIRITUAL LIFE 2. Benedictine Prayer. The question as ften ee een n sked nd nswered:
enedictine onks Are ontemplativesp
ontemplative mbigu¬ The word s unfortunately ous.
ontemplation s, n eanings, ne f ts
or high, nd, technical eligious erm n ense, extraordinary though ot iraculous) egree f prayer, hich ttains od ithout n he oul o
ntellectual n which using nd ny epresentations, the s onscious od’s ction upon nd n oul f
her.
his rayer s ree f God, hich s ift
given when certain not necessarily degree of ancti- fying grace r ove f G od s which eached, nd no
hen y nd efforts, ven ssisted rdinary race the nfused irtues, can of hemselves attain. ndeed,
while it s he ommon ommon opinion hat he hreshold erm) (to borrow psychological s f contemplation
crossed y ouls ouls piritual ome ome t n arly tage f who o growth, thers, ave dvanced ven anctity never ross t n his ife.
Clearly, if a contemplative be be taken to mean on one e who
o his egree f rayer, r ne elong¬ has ttained an ing o nstitute hat ims irectly t t r ounts upon ttaining ttaining o t ooner r ater n his ife, not
even he most igorously secluded orders—Carthusians uns—could or armelite e alled ontemplative,
t ase ase om¬ om ¬ for would eem ee m he hat ven n uch munities he umber f hose ho each or ho ewarded by) n proportion s are uch rayer mall whole whole ody. to he On he ther and, here s egree f prayer
75
THE BENEDICTINES which n God’s ordinary rovidence an e eached
e and hould imed y ny oul triving fter t
s prayer ontem¬ perfection. t which esembles distinct r plation, n hat no epresentation ct ct f the made, but which he upernatural le¬ le ¬ will s n
not irectly erceived his ment s r xperienced.
hass ha requendy ee een n alled ctive ontemplation, nd
it s learly not estricted o ny eligious but order, is ttainable y eligious, riests, nd aymen like; y hose though recisely ecause t s ttainable
who are not eligious, t should a fortiori come within cope f eligious ife. the th e
B ut he ommon estriction f he erm on¬ templative o ew igidly nclosed rders men f and women orresponds o piritual acts. peaking orm f in eneral, ertain ife lmost lways re re¬ ¬
cedes nd ccompanies he ift f nfused on¬ on ¬ templation, r perhaps t would e more orrect o
say hat he Holy pirit eads destined hose who re
his ertain gift paths bstrac¬ y for f ife—great tion f ife, ong hours f rayer nd harp odily
with hese austerities, he ossibility f ugmenting
almost without hese onditions re ound imit. in certain orders—Carthusians, Trappists, Poor Clares, hey ay Carmelites—and onsequently ightly e eason called ontemplative rders, hough he ctual heir he name hey did for cquiring was was ecause not ropose s heir ny or e¬ bject ctive work ligion. onditions were Whether n pecial hese erified erified Saint enedict’s onastery annot, f wn ourse,
be ecided with ny ertainty. 76
ost f hose who
THE LIFE BENEDICTINE SPIRITUAL
Rule is¬ have meditated on he would robably e o hink hat t oe oess not escribe ife posed which bstracted nd ustere s was or ts o re he ge o-day. Carthusian nd Trappist ives erhaps aint Benedict’s wn eeling hat while many im¬ like self) who were alled o he highest degree f prayer would eceive needful preparation n he monas¬ ll tery of he Rule, et thers would eed ee d omething more ustere, ay ccount or he affling ather he he rom ommunity references references o passing o eremitical nd Rule s document or ife, ife, o he beginners. ny ase, e n ust uppose hat e
assumed hat the overwhelming majority of his monks would ive and ie under he Rule, nd attain under it, r t east e ble o ttain, o hat high egree
hem. of humility and ov ove e o which he called here hen, Saint ntended is is,, no doubt hat Benedict is
spire piritual monks o o hat egree n he ife which orresponds o n dvanced egree f active” contemplation.
or his, ertain f oo, onditions
re ecessary. ertain mount bstraction life f
usterity uietness is needed, ertain nd f ife, a onsiderable ime iven ach ay o mental rayer and eading. hese conditions, hough pres¬ piritual
ases or he ecular ecular riest ent n ndividual nd many of he more modern eligious nstitutions given
part ramework to ctive works, re re not f he f aily ife. he must their ndividual reate ppor¬ tunities or imself, r y eans xtraordinary f works f irtue upply or n ays. hem ther heir resence s Rule; But urely guaranteed y he no as f ommon ne ho ny nowledge he
77
THE THE BENEDICTINES prayer an read aint Benedict’s Catholic eaching on words, owever arelessly, without eceiving he m¬ pression hat is onks ere ntended o e on-- on hey templatives, nd n his ense, f ould e faithful o heir ounder’s dea de a n hat s urely oint, an ssential enedictine onks ven ve n n he
entury twentieth must e ontemplatives. hey re by heir rofession ledged e n o men f prayer a way hat not all called priesthood re bound; o he
they are bound by heir profession o spend more ime in he direct adoration of God han are ecular priests and many eligious; hey an no scape more rom that bligation han hey he y an scape rom bedience; it his heirs eparate ocation s hat makes n he
Church, and whatever works hey may do,, hey must do
do n addition o, not nstead of, heir heir primary duty of ocal prolonged rayer, nd ental. Undoubt ndoubtedl edly y he majority f Benedictines hrough¬ out world, s s he onsidered ither ndividuals r
maintain y heir he till ives communities, ecular monastic radition. ontemplative rayer, n he sense xplained learly he nd roposed bove, was onastic by by he eaders he evival n he irst f half he ineteenth entury, y he ounders f f ongregation f f the rimitive bservance, o-
he lesmes and of Beuron. evived old English con¬ gregation n he arly eventeenth entury began ts
life with a magnificent radition of contemplation and martyrdom, he present onstitutions ay own nd
explicidy hat he monks hall e rue contemplatives. ome ouses l¬ It may e hat n here here nd here n most every ountry commitments ave ee een n nherited
78
THE SPIRITUAL LIFE BENEDICTINE from other ays, r he natural evelopment f good ill more han as one on t bsorbs ts due work
he particular general place n place ife f a house, but n may ay hat monastery where we perhaps n very the Office nd ts djuncts re arried out with o l¬ emnity and re common he work f he whole com¬
nothing an e eriously he ac¬ munity, wrong, or
or his sser¬ rifice f working hours eeded s n tion f or ouse nd ndividual he aramount upernatural nd he ontemplative. claims f he
The Appeal o 3. Tradition.
The great n Benedictine istory, ndeed danger s
ll eligious history history nd n hings in ll human, as
f s¬ been elaxation iscipline, bservance, bservance, f f monasteries nd pirations, f deals. ndividual on¬ gregations, whole whole nstitute ave now grown, and he eclined ervour. elaxation now n as ometimes
s eculiarly been poken f enedictine anger, perhaps ecause f aint Benedict’s tudied modera¬ nd Benedictine f ife tion he ong radition n dignified many enturies t urroundings, which or
n majority f ountries as drawn drawn ts least nd he
recruits ducated rom mong he lasses nd hose
at east y ts wn in olerably asy ircumstances, r training as ssimilated hem lasses. ut o hose in act elaxation he ane f high s ll ndeavour, the phantom hat omes efore uin ll he n hings
religious. Against relaxation, wherever found, here are are many
79
THE BENEDICTINES
spiritual ut t s nstructive o onsider afeguards. he afeguard eculiarly Benedictine. ost what s other eligious rders ave igid ode egisla¬ f tion he whole ody nd dministered y binding he direction of a uperior with central control under gain universal urisdiction. nd gain n Benedic¬ tine istory—at Cluny, Citeaux, n t. ustina t t Padua—this xpedient has ee ried, but n he ast een n entralized such odies ave ither eclined lways in heir urn or eparated rom he Black Monks. If s attempted, here s he Rule; no centralization
but here here here nterpretation. s he ifficulty f e egard he Rule s binding ll onks both n can its ositive recepts nd n ts missions, s xactly
oess code of canon we may regard as oe aw; r t s he ermon n he s body we may egard Mount,
y we eaching which o e nspired nd which of ollow, ach way. may n is own gained ertain mount The econd endency as ground n ecent imes, perhaps ather mplicidy of
ressed ome, t ogically ould orms deny hat ny raditional ractices r works r of government were necessary or Benedictine monks; than xplicidy.
there would, n ffect, e Benedictine oul, but no
Benedictine body. he irst endency has e-appeared whenever reform ha hass been been written Rule n he air. that can be easserted and kept s ight he dark n
to he umbling hose adrift n eas f eligious on¬ t omething nd nd s ma¬ ixed troversy; isible terial. oc ac ut ivas. oth Saint nd Bernard
the bbot f rappe ule a ttributed o he n
giving o n Mabil- almost magical ower, t, act, s
80
THE BENEDICTINE SPIRITUAL LIFE
ecognized, lmost Ion cutely n etaphysical m¬ portance. The normal Benedictine way was obly resented
by Mabillon himself. t he guidance s nlightened
Abbot, ollowing of he he est raditions f hose who have gone efore, and earned n ll Benedictine history f ast. his s new he hat ody od y f things each nd ld” hat he bbot s o o is
aw monks; divine he must his he know; hat s and n his way very Benedictine house where here
hat keep is ood-will as n ts midst orce may it or estore t t ll imes.
ore han And herefore erhaps enedictines, any eligious, must raise men f other know nd
renown, and heir fathers n generations. hey heir
will not find hem speaking at variance. hey hem¬ must know upon, selves well, nd hink eeply heir rom t what t ndeed Rule, and endeavour o draw contains) he heart f heir ery Founder’s wisdom. They must go ack eyond aint Benedict, where he aint asil he sends hem, o nd assian nd
Egyptian monks. hey must must ollow he Rule hrough the ges, with Paul arnfrid nd Calmet nd D e- latte.
Again nd gain n he assage enturies f
saint r octor tand will out with he unmistakable family ikeness—Saint Gregory he Great reat,, from whom Benedictines may lways earn earn heir primary duty f hatever ow nd t e prayer hould elated o hey he y may e alled o o ouls; aint Bede work or the Venerable “in his person and his writings, as ruly the pattern f Benedictine s s aint Thomas f
81
THE BENEDICTINES Dominican,” 1 he irst great Benedictine scholar; Saint
Peter he who eform Venerable, ould t nce nd Blois, defend; Louis f who erhaps han ny more other eligious writer s Benedictine n oc¬ ypically trine and pirit; he aintly and humble Mabillon, he aurists; mong f our greatest f he nd, hose own he Father ace n odern world, he mystic ight Augustine aker, t irst o ngular nd ar¬ row, but n eality ree ull f warmth; he and nd two great relates o n ersonal oliness like nd and intellectual ower, Archbishop Ullathorne Bishop Hedley. goes And hey he y must ollow monachism wherever t hass gone, ll developments, or ha hrough ts phases and
why, where t ailed and mark where t mark hone and endeavour o t ompare he iving ollow here; he he ew thing with Rule, but ever orce wine
into an old bottle. hey must be willing o ake what is est rom thers nd make t he heir wn—for nown he greatest enedictines ave lways us¬ many ands—but toms f hey he y must make t heir ry wn, own s we we o make nother’s nother’s irtues our not y ishing e ther r magining urselves o
individualities with other powers han hose we know so well n imitation and ailure, but n making with what re nd s d¬ e what e ave omething mirable—because s God’s much part f esign—as ee broad. anything we can hey must ealize hat
perhaps other he han within ody od y they more ny or erfection Church, ave wofold erfection 1 Newman.
82
SPIRITUAL LIFE BENEDICTINE THE
of spects) heoretical nd he wo o trive or, he practical, ormal, hat he aterial nd he nd though he ormer, he aterial nd ractical, he individual’s n hatever ircum¬ rowth irtue n stances he s placed, s he more mmediately vital, he other, he heoretical perfection f heir ife n ll ts bearings, can have he greater consequences or hem¬ selves nd thers. bedience o he om¬ mmediate or he oment, mand heir e afety ill lways but will ot arry lways. he ltimate e¬ hem
with he Abbot, sponsibility ies but heir bedience must e hat f know ational eings who an he truth t. repared, hen hey ee hey ust e
not o criticize, but o reate.
And our o t was ot mere hance hat irst
vision f monasticism was n England overed with with names f able. great houses, t was he uper¬
ficial covering hat held he deeper ruth, hat t s n the ndividual great bbey hat he Benedic¬ lame of most een, nd tine ife an e est nd ompletely
e that that he present must lways earn rom nd n¬
spired y he ision f he ast. 4. The Abbey nd he Mon\. We have passed in his brief essay, o far as eemed
possible, from a view of Benedictine monachism from he ages, o a view een ee n from within without, een ee n n and he present ay. not e out f lace t t may
more, in he onclusion o go utside nc nce e and ook
for moment t Benedictine nd monas¬ he monk tery as hey exist all over he world.
83
THE BENEDICTINES
normal abbey, at east after a ife of om The ome e gen¬
n he district, ur¬ erations, will e otable bject y ts rounds n rounded wn nd arm and. this he most bbeys, modern n Kansas r ennsyl¬
vania, re t ne ith he erman nd nglish houses of every age, and with Monte hat¬ Cassino. ever buildings xternal he may he work f monks demand, he'centre, rchitecturally as well as or pur¬
poses of administration, will e he monastery proper, normally grouped ound ne r more loister-garths n on normally or courts. one e side of the main cloister the orth) hurch, ever ere tands he bbey with chapel r parish hurch, but omething f he
cathedral n ts rchitecture, nd point which he o all he ead. ines f plan nd levation
e In he hurch he ivine ffice will elebrated he hours hroughout he ay, ear n, ear at ixed out. ome om e nd he aily onventual arts f t,
ccompaniment nd Mass, ll e ts ill ung, f ceremonies ceremonies will mark t with a olemnity and apparel
enedictine iturgy abbey hould e ome f he n pecial way, way, where many will come come who n he ordinary run hope hope ee of heir ife an nly o he are ssentials worship. tream f raise, lways of Christian his flowing nd omparable as aint Benedict eminds us) he verlasting horus f ith dominations nd powers, s n xceedingly mpressive. n he tself and ot ound ichness lsewhere.
ours, Europe he ound bbeys oldest ame am e f f with he ame am e salms nd ersicles nd hymns hat we ow o he ame ing, was eing ung melodies
when he ews were hat made he ows or young
8 4
SPIRITUAL LIFE BENEDICTINE THE Agincourt, when he Armada was ighting he Eng¬
when Napoleon ending orward he lish oasts, was
Guard hen attle f arne t aterloo, he he hanging was doubtful. n he Benedictine ound f prayer nothing ssential s new; he salms must e
the ood f he wentieth century as hey were f he Christians f Corinth; Egyptian olitary and he irst
the hymns and rayers may ave ee een n ung n aint athedral oth t Ambrose’s ilan; hey ere familiar ur orbears o n lastonbury nd est¬ minster.
Besides ll monastic buildings will he hurch, he
he cloisters, he efectory, have a dignity, a presence. e the ibrary—all hese ay imple, but hey he y will not e ordid nor evere onfined. t s o part nor enedictine radition hat hould e. ut of hey
f none he ther uildings hould ave he ich¬ ness ness f he hurch. hould not e o are hey s the Cistercian houses houses or he Trappist, but he hey y hould
not, n he other hand, have he magnificence f he f avia. Charterhouse e And he ndividual onk—how an e e¬
deal nd et not mpossible? aint Benedict scribed, says f is ovice-master he Rule hat he hould n eeks eeks G od have are o ee f he ovice n ery truth, f e s evoted he ffice, o o bedience, hings; he od ody y f he Rule to to unpleasant nd rom hree We annot help gathering hat hese irtues— devotion, bedience and humility—are he spects n¬
der which aint der Benedict most eadily aw he whole complex f monastic uties. he must, hen, monk evotion, s ll ll have nd hat not merely eligious
85
THE BENEDICTINES
and priests must have it, but called ou and outt by an and d ocused he Divine nd hat ot s upon Office, merely o e ead s form f rayer n he reviary, ut common xercise f he monastic amily. he ew¬ comer s a tage n who wh o egarded he Office merely the wa way y olitary rayer, like with o urer, more him onsolation ho ound is is n xtra-liturgical prayer, r who wh o ooked or he ime when e hould be preaching instead of singing singing in choir, would clearly not ulfil aint Benedict’s wish.
B ut esides his e must av ave e ertain endencies, part natural, art e must e y upernatural. is¬ is ¬
position ociable—neither ociable—neither omineering or ndivid¬
ust e e aturally hatt s, willing o pend is whole ife n on one e stable, ha place, he midst f ingle ociety, work n n ne in will erhaps hange ur¬ which e ee o reat the e half-century of his monastic ife. ing th e must be ready o ive ommon ll is ife, with ommon n meals an and d a host of mall permissions o be got. n easy life? erhaps f lives he compared an and d calculated nd nd nd by tress train rivation enury, t would not be considered a hard hard ife. erhaps f ul ulll advantage ere aken nd p¬ f very oophole ife. portunity, t might e alled hysically ven ve n But t may be ound wh hard enough or hose hose who o re not alled o t y nd t an e made oble God,
ualistic ualistic or evolutionary.
y o ives race. hose hose enough whom God or, monk’s piritual welfare nd above ll ll,, f he he uffer, e spiritual evel f is monastery re ot o must must e man f rayer. e e willing o
86
THE BENEDICTINE SPIRITUAL LIFE
ervice spend ome hours f ach ay 1 n he irect which oe oess not mmediately enefit he ouls of God thers nd hich urtails of is ctive ork o considerable degree. e must ealize hat as a monk s is ay’s iece-work, he wes his raise o God his erviiutis ensum; hat, part rom xceptional circumstances, t s not a question whether missionary erves God better han he oes; or eacher or tudent this prayer, iturgical what s r ontemplative, G od
f him s enedictine monk, eculiar wants he
talent that s his, he especial ewel which Benedictines
pay nto he reasury of he Church. And ecause prayer s he primary duty f monks, the Benedictine and his critics have here a est which, pplied if ver onsiderable pace f ime nd n
ordinary circumstances, s both desirable and nfallible.
The monk who s constant in his attendance in choir,
bsent nly rom is or bedience, nd aithful n may practice f prayer, eell ee hat he an ook o God for ll he help hat s ever ailing o who hose
are illing he particular lace hat God’s isposition n e an eell ee hat is ife ill
or wills hem.
time anctify im.
his, urely, s is eace, he
Pax f is eeling hat otto, he ecurity ecurity n e ot e earching ut or imself need erpetually hat comes from knowing he peace some better way, the of his, nd not magined ome om e gar- will God. 1 Te ncluding onventual akes ome om e hree ffice, ass,
and half hours n he ordinary and weekday; dd o his t east rayer, half-an-hour’s rivate alf-an-hour’s piritual eading and an d Mass—over ive ours irect ervice f he he priest’s rivate God.
87
BENEDICTINES THE
est, ome quiet, windless ife, den de n f backwater f is hat ecura quies, t escia allere vita which as
s come o eadily o he ind he ptest escrip¬
tion f monasticism. or e¬ nd hese re him he ginnings f ife—a onsciousness, ver growing more spiritual, hat he oul s n God’s ower nd ight; ill obedience obedience o he od ade angible nd f clear; he egular ife, hose rdinances oth up¬ nd pose reate oliness.
5. Conclusion.
hen, s he eculiar alue ene¬ What, f he
dictine life as an objective, visible visible thing in he Church world and n he o-day? eligious rders, we ll ll hey o, most aluable, not or what but realize, re hey y are, n he widest, most piritual for what he ense. Thus ontemplative rders he trictly ave n n¬ ar eyond he with whom fluence ircle mall hey come irect re n ea eall ense nto ontact. ontact. hey he f hristianity nd witnesses, artyrs o ruth
to he ossibilities f human nature ssisted y grace. The ere act f xistence s n heir nspiration weaker ouls to n moments f espair r doubt r ll ll dedicated lassitude. All eligious, riests, nd
to igh eligious hare n his ny deal nfluence t are s in heir measure; but not with his hat we ut concerned ere, ather ith he articular s¬ pects—moral nd ntellectual—of he ull hristian hat are life emphasized y Benedictines n he orm of he ife he hey y ead.
Here, urely, t he he s alance, bjectivity f
88
THE SPIRITUAL LIFE BENEDICTINE their greatest alue. ife hat as he ndividualism, the elf-conscious, ubjective, he nalytic, he he
sub-conscious, he or elf-expression nd elf- esire realization—all he endencies mplied by hese words, which re ew-minted ife hemselves oinage—are oinage—are
more han n he world f among us o-day nowhere religion. hey epresent who will deny?) ravings and discoveries hat he Church must ake cognizance
nd hen heir e of atisfy laims re hown o legitimate, legitimate, but hey re not he whole f ife. t s ommonplace e ive Similarly, hat n
a world of ceaseless activity and lu lux x and novelty, and it but hat annot e his as ts ounterpart n he
life of he spirit, and produces n he heart and mind a esdessness, desire and hanging, o e moving feeling hat with ll he hanging world we re n new the brink of discovering ome alvation, way f
and hat he ld must go. contrast o his, monachism presents In Benedictine
bjective orm f ife, ane, trong, nchanging an from year o year, a ife ife of work and iturgical prayer which an e een ee n nd eard, ived n onditions
hat s best n he asic which aim at representing all family y ll human our¬ ife f Christianity, ided
tesies, t s nothing ecret everences nd ffections. but or soteric, nor an mpossibility, an ordered orm
ordinary ife. t s eligious ife which s ree of from all experimental. t s he hat s doctrinaire r
or ll ll with ll ll Christian ife writ arge o ee, he non-Christian elements emoved hat are normally n¬
terwoven with world. he devout ife s ived n he The message of Saint Benedict s imple nd irect.
89
THE BENEDICTINES Work, bey, keep ilent, raise God n ommon, and
wish pray pray lone, nter if ou o o Him he hurch and ray. It s or o ee o t hat hey re Benedictines ommentary n he ule, emembering hat living s hey ope ave av e y just o heir own ouls iving the egular ife, o y xample hey he y ay, n heir what mall mall measure oever t may be, have something
he f heir of ame am e nfluence verr ve ontemporaries to-day hat predecessors had ve and heir verr haotic
pagan pagan Europe.
90
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