The Bedan Journal of Psychology 2016 Volume I

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ISSN -2244-5382

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Editorial Board Paul V. Hilario, Ph.D., RGC, RP Editor in Chief Alicia Karen C. Alcantara Associate Editors Roshelle S. Macatugob Associate Editors Editorial Board Members Augustina Sulastri, Ph.D Universitas Katolik Soegijapranata, Indonesia Margaret Sanapo, Ph.D Ritsumeikan University, Japan Roann Ramos, Ph.D RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany

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Created Annually by

San Beda College Alabang

Bedan Psychological Society 2016

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FOREWORD This issue includes the work of eighteen undergraduate students and their faculty co-authors of the Bachelor of Arts in Psychology and Bachelor of Science in Psychology for the Academic Year 2015 – 2016. The topics reflect the varied research interests and focus of the students and their advisers. Volume I includes both Experimental, and Mixed-Method studies The articles were written following the latest APA (American Psychological Association) format.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT With our sincerest gratitude, we, the graduating students of the Psychology Department Class 2016, would like to thank the following: Ψ To Dean Paul Hilario PhD, RGC, RP, RPm, Prof. Rodelando Ocampo, MA, Prof. Fatima Bullecer, MAEd, RGC, Prof. Juli-ann Alonzo, MS, RN, and Prof. Eva Castronuevo, MS, RGC, RP, RPm for their patience and unceasing mentorship that encouraged us to strive for excellence during the completion of our study and attain the highest possible standards set by the department, Ψ To all the participants who devoted their time and helped us with our data gathering, Ψ To our families and friends, for their undying support and understanding that sustained us throughout this challenging but fulfilling journey, Ψ To the Bedan Community, for nurturing our work values, keeping us grounded as Christ centered individuals and standing as a constant reminder of St. Benedict’s philosophy—Ora et Labora, Ψ To God the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, the source of our strength and inspiration, making all things possible not only in our college life but in all the aspects of our lives.

"O give thanks unto the LORD, for he is good: for his mercy endures forever...” — Psalm 107:1

Ut In Omnibus Glorificetur Deus!

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Dental Aesthetic and Self Confidence among Filipino Adolescents ALARCON, Glen Paula Ocampo, Rodelando

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Positive Feedback and Self -Regulation among Maritime College Students ALMASOL, Shaira Joy Ocampo, Rodelando

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Selfie Behavior and Narcissism among selected Females AMURAO, Rowena Marie Castronuevo, Eva

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Role Reversal: Guidance Counselors’ Coping Strategies and Professional Help Availment BANIQUED, Eryzhell Mhai Castronuevo, Eva

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Levels of Self- Monitoring, Self Expression and Selfie behavior among selected Filipino Youth CEDILLO, Mary Joyce Ocampo, Rodelando

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Dual Language Fluency and Math Word Problem Performance of Selected Students CRUZ, Martin Vince Bullecer, Ma. Fatima

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Emotional Intelligence and Conscientiousness as Predictors of Organizational Citizenship Behavior GARCIA, Angelo Ocampo, Rodelando

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Comparison of Text Messaging and Intimacy Level between American and Filipino teenagers LLANES, Jeff Marvin Castronuevo, Eva

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Relationship of Moral Intelligence and Competitiveness of Children in Political and Non-Political Families MACATUGOB, Roshelle Ocampo, Rodelando

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Pet Ownership and Online Porn Use MAGBITANG, Loren Albert Ocampo, Rodelando

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Image Color Manipulation and Levels of Prejudice MAGLASANG, Nathan Alonso-Balmonte, Juli-ann

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Effectiveness of Nonverbal Communication Modification on the Leadership Performance of Introverts MARIANO, Anthony Miguel Ocampo, Rodelando

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Selfie taking techniques and Body image of Adolescents PEREZ, Beatrice Ocampo, Rodelando

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Emotional Awareness and Eating Behavior of Obese People VILLANO, Michaela Castronuevo, Eva

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Dental Aesthetic and Self Confidence among Filipino Adolescents Alarcon, Glen Paula Ocampo, Rodelando ABSTRACT This study investigates the dental appearance and self confidence of Filipino adolescents. Mixed method design was used to identify their real life conceptual understanding, multi-level perspectives and cultural influences. A purposive sample of 319 male and female Filipino adolescent respondents were administered the Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ). PIDAQ surveys the patient's’ dental confidence (five items), social impact (nine items), psychological impact (five items), aesthetic concerns (four items) and patients’ belief (six items). Paired sample T-test was used to determine the results of participants in the first to fourth category of the questionnaire. Interview responses revealed that the treatments they went through boosted their confidence and self esteem. While those who were undergoing their treatment said that with every visit to the dentist, they get better and better in terms of self confidence. Also others are more comfortable with speaking and less conscious and insecure. Some respondents became more sociable and got a lot of good compliments. Keywords: Dental Aesthetic, Self Confidence, Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetic Questionnaire

Everyone has their own opinion on what they think is attractive. What is attractive is usually influenced by the people they surround themselves with. The influence may come from their close friends, or through the people they look up to, can affect their perception of what is attractive. Thus, having their own standards, people tend to squirm at the sight of what they perceive is attractive to them. That’s where the term beauty premium is coined. When people squirm at the presence of an attractive individual, they tend to just agree, they couldn’t think straight (Rosenblat, 2008). Modern society made people conscious of what they look like, making the generation today focus more on what is popular this is because media influences the self-confidence of an individual's perception to a higher degree about what is attractive. They feature what are the most popular trends of the season. With that, people try to change their appearance based on the trends up to date, while judged by others who did them wrongly. Some people try so hard to turn into perfection that the society draws, by turning into cosmetic surgery. People who have money go under the needle to reform or fix a part of their body. (Sung, 2005) One of the things they look at the mirror is their face then their mouth (Van Der Geld, 2007). Not everyone is blessed with a perfect occlusion. They find dissatisfaction with their teeth or malocclusion. Many desire to whiten and have better alignment of their teeth. Self confidence is very important in every aspect in life, especially in becoming successful. There are a lot of factors which can alter one’s self confidence. Someone with strong understanding and perception of one’s ability cannot be put down easily. However, those who have low self confidence can be put down easily. Individuals comparing themselves to someone they perceive is better than them may decrease their self confidence. Some upgrade their material things like in gadgets, cars, clothes and etc. While others focus on their physical appearance like on their hair, nose, in makeup and dental aesthetics. A study on the association of dental caries and weight status was conducted to Filipino children to investigate the association between the variables. The results were that underweight 7

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children were more associated with socioeconomic and demographic conditions. However, underweight and dental caries are public health issues that affect children in important phases of development. (Heinrich-Weltzien, Monse, Benzian, Heinrich & Kromeyer-Hauschild, 2012) Cultural belief, values and practices are often intertwined with the causes of diverse oral health. However, no adequate literature supports these cultural beliefs and practices. A research on different literatures throughout different ethnic groups was conducted by Butani, Weintraub & Barker. In the Philippines, very little published information about oral health beliefs or practices was available. A finding in which that parents’ (mostly the mother) fear dental treatment without anesthesia and personal negative experiences in the dental office prevented them from seeking care for their children. Among the people in poverty line, the cost is the most common reason for not seeking professional dental care. (Butani, Weintraub & Barker, 2008) Schools can provide health promotion in the most influential stages of children’s lives. (Kwan, Petersen, Pine & Borutta, 2005) With that, schools are enabling children to develop lifelong sustainable attitudes and skills. A study by Kwan, Petersen, Pine & Borutta (2005) focused on the global need of the importance of promoting oral health in schools. They also talked about the effects of poor oral health. It can affect the children's’ quality of life, their performance at school and their success in the later year. Petersen, Bourgeois, Ogawa, Estupinan-Day & Ndiaye described the influence of major sociobehavioral risk factors in oral health. Due to poor living conditions, the major risk factors relate to unhealthy lifestyle. To find out if dental aesthetics is a factor for low self- confidence in Filipino adolescents. Studies have conducted series of interview and questionnaire that focus on what are the factors that they dislike in their dental appearance. To assess the psychosocial impact of dental aesthetics on the emotional state of an individual, the mean values of Dental Self-Confidence were compared. This study will focus on dental aesthetic and self confidence. Will there be a need to reform a person’s dental appearance to build his self confidence. If an individual will perform better after a treatment has been done on them and will they gain more self confidence. How can someone cope with their inability to get the treatments they want for the betterment of their dental appearance. Dental Aesthetics Dental Aesthetic is having a sense of the beautiful of to the teeth. It is being concerned with appearance of your teeth. A study aimed to evaluate opinions of a group of professionals and a group of lay people, with or without cleft lip or palate, regarding the facial appearance of patients treated for orofacial clefting. The results showed that the lay people with a cleft rated facial aesthetics with significantly higher and had a low perceived need for further treatment then lay people without a cleft. While professionals rated facial aesthetics significantly lower and also had a lower perception of need for further treatment. (Foo, 2011) In Brazil, the daily life of school children was assessed to test the association between aesthetic impact due to malocclusion and biopsychosocial variables. Marques (2006) concluded that the aesthetic impact of malocclusion significantly affects the quality of life of school children. Self Confidence Self-Confidence is a feeling or belief in your powers and abilities. Those very feelings and beliefs about an individual can have a clear and direct impact on our outward actions. Agou (2008) examined the relationship between self esteem and oral health related quality of life. He found out that the impact of malocclusion on quality of life is substantial in children with low self esteem. In the oral health related quality of life, self esteem is an important factor. Students who had received orthodontic treatment had a higher self-confidence than those who had not undergone treatment. Those students who had great self perceived need for treatment were those who demonstrated a greater negative self evaluation of their own aesthetics. 8

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Dissatisfaction with dental appearance is a strong predictor for low self confidence. Students with low self esteem were those who avoided smiling to hide their teeth, having being teased about the appearance of their teeth and believed that having straight teeth improved ones popularity and success in life. (Badran, 2010) Most patients in this study were not satisfied with their dental appearance with a greater percentage of females expressing dissatisfaction than males. Unhappiness with tooth color and feelings of having protruding teeth also had a significant negative influence on patient satisfaction with general dental appearance. (Tin-Oo, Saddki & Hassan, 2011) Synthesis When faced with someone attractive or someone who they’re attracted to, some people squirm and loss focus. All of a sudden, their self confidence goes down. Individuals tend to compare themselves to someone who is successful and attractive. Cultural beliefs and socioeconomic and demographic conditions can affect a person’s dental health. A cultural belief in the Philippines is when a parent has fears of going to the dentist. This fear is passed over to their offspring. Thus, there is little knowledge on dental health. For the people in the poverty line, the price of an appointment is the common reason for not seeking dental care. Aesthetic is an important issue today’s society. It is used to define one’s character, ability and worth. People want to look our best to feel better about ourselves. Not everyone is guaranteed a perfect set of occlusion. General appearance, tooth color and tooth alignment are the factors which individuals are mostly concerned with the dental aesthetic. Dental aesthetic is the appearance of one’s occlusion, (Marques, 2006). Self Confidence is a feeling or belief in your powers and abilities. Those very feelings and beliefs about oneself can have a clear and direct impact on our outward actions. Students with low self esteem avoided smiling to hide their teeth. Children were teased because of their malocclusion. (Badran, 2010) Adolescents tend to be strongly concerned about their body image. Thus, plays an important role in psychological and social adjustment and educational success, (De Paula, Santos, Da Silva, Nunes, and Leles, 2009). Hence, the aim of this study was compare the effect of malocclusion, quality of life and self image on the psychosocial impact of dental aesthetics in a sample of adolescents. Does an individual who underwent treatment have higher self confidence than an individual who had not had a treatment? Is there a difference between an individual who had undergone a treatment and who had not? Is the person with treatment more proud of their teeth than the person who didn't have a treatment? Does the appearance of their dental occlusion affect their self confidence? Are they conscious with the appearance of their teeth? Does it matter in their future endeavors? Method Research Design The researcher used a mixed method research design. With this method, the researcher can focus on real life conceptual understanding, multi-level perspectives and cultural influences. A mixed method design integrates or combines qualitative and quantitative data to maximize the strengths and minimizing their weaknesses. According to Creswell (2015), mixed methods research provides strengths that offset the weaknesses of both qualitative and quantitative research. The researcher will connect the data by analyzing the dataset (quantitative survey) and analyzing the data from the qualitative questions. Participants and Sampling The researcher targeted 319 male and female Filipino adolescent respondents. The selected participants were those who have undergone treatments, such as cleaning, dental fillings 9

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or braces, from their dentist and those who did not. Participants were asked if they have gone to the dentist. The sampling method of the research is the purposive sample method. This is a type of sampling that is characterized as the judgmental sample. It selects based on the knowledge of the population. The subjects are selected because their characteristics and/or knowledge are qualified. Instrument The material used in the study is the Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ). The Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ) is a tool which gives very valuable information on aspects of the oral health-related quality of life. This self rating instrument was designed to assess the psychosocial impact of dental aesthetics in adolescents. The version used in this study contained four items on demographic information regarding name, age and gender. Twenty-eight items were clustered into five main groups; groups I–IV were based on the four factors of Klages et al. (2006) and group V included six questions on general beliefs regarding dental aesthetics. Group I focuses on dental self confidence, group II is about social impact, group III tackles psychological impact and group IV is aesthetic concerns. Sample questions included: “I am proud of my teeth” and “I am satisfied with the appearance of my teeth”. The questionnaire provided qualitative and quantitative questions. PIDAQ is a likert scale questionnaire with interview questions. Procedures The researcher printed out hard copies of the questionnaire. Then it is distributed to different groups of students that ranges from 13-19 years old. The questionnaires were given out to high school and college students. Filipino adolescents around Muntinlupa City were chosen through purposive sampling. The researcher selected male and female adolescents’ students in the schools in Muntinlupa city by using the purposive sampling method. Then, asked them if they were willing to participate and answer the survey questionnaire. The researcher informed the target participants if they would participate in a survey. After the participants have approved the procedures, the scales were given to them and they were instructed to respond to each of the item as honestly as possible. Then, the researcher double checked the questionnaires that were given back by the participants. A total of 319 questionnaires came back. Lastly, the researcher then tallied all the results of the survey and analyzed the data that were gathered through the whole survey. Participation was voluntary. Respondents were told that they can refuse to finish answering the survey-questionnaire if they feel like doing so: however, none of them failed to finish the questionnaires. Confidentiality of the information gathered most especially of their names was assured to the participants. Data Analysis In analyzing the results of the study, the researcher used simple frequency count and percentages. The collected data for the first part of the questionnaire was analyzed by using paired sample t test. Paired sample t-test is a statistical technique that is used to compare two population means in the case of two samples that are correlated. It is a comparison of two different methods of measurement or two different treatments where the measurements/ treatments are applied to the same subjects. The researcher will also use the IOTN as the researcher's reference for measuring dental aesthetics. The researcher used the qualitative results to support and explain the quantitative results. Descriptive statistics was also used to describe the basic features of the data collected in a study.

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Results Research Question No. 1: Is there a significant difference in self-confidence between respondents who underwent dental aesthetic treatment from respondents who did not? Table 1: frequency of people who didn't had treatments or had treatments

As shown from above, 59.52% of the respondents undergone treatments in regards with their dental health. The 40.48% had not gone to a dentist for any kind of treatment to fix or improve their dental aesthetic.

Table 2: Paired Samples Test: Dental self-confidence

For the results for Group I: Dental Aesthetics, the P-value of all questions are greater than the alpha (P>.05). I conclude that the null hypothesis is accepted. There is a statistically significantly difference to show that answers of individuals who had undergone treatment are different. Research Question No. 2: Does the appearance of their dental occlusion affect their selfconfidence? Patient’s Belief Another part of the questionnaire, the respondents were asked qualitative questions. This special part of the questionnaire asked the respondents who have had treatments what they felt or opinion after the treatment. Patient’s belief is a part of the questionnaire that asked the respondents their opinion whether the appearance of the teeth have a significant effect on general appearance. The first question asked if the treatment affected their life in any way. The treatment they underwent greatly affected their life. They think now they look more presentable. Some had said that having braces made them more confident as a person. The treatment boosted their confidence and self esteem. While those who were undergoing their treatment said that with every visit to the dentist, they get better and better in terms of self confidence. There are those who are excited for the finished outcome of their treatment. Others said that they improvements occurred like eating better and smiling better. However, there are others who are more comfortable with speaking and less conscious and insecure. Some respondents became more sociable and got a lot of good compliments. While others were happy with the results, it is not the same with the rest. One respondent 11

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said that it didn't affect his life. Some they found it hard to eat while going through the treatment. Another one said that it was costly. While another one said that it hurt so much that they claims that it gave a trauma. The second question was how they feel about having dental treatment done. Majority of the respondents were happy after they underwent with whatever treatment they underwent. Many were relieved, satisfied and happy. A lot felt more confident, comfortable, clean and good. However, some got hassled with the treatment because it was painful. Research Question No. 3: Are they conscious with the appearance of their teeth? General Appearance The third question a lot had answered that it does have a significant effect on general appearance. One has answered that he believes that teeth can highly affect a person’s appearance and having nice teeth can boost your appearance. Another answered that yes because it shows how you care about your mouth hygiene. It promotes that you are neat and clean and that you take care of yourself. Another said that being confident in smiling is a good way to pass positivity. Also, people tend to have more confidence if they have straight and beautiful teeth. They smile often or even always. They are not afraid to show off their beautiful smile. One believes that having beautiful teeth is a sign of a person having good hygiene. It makes you look more presentable and self caring and conscious. Whether you have a good set of teeth may affect the person’s confidence. It contributes to the general appearance of a person because it can be considered to be one of the great assets of a person. Another answered that even though it isn't obvious; they think that it has this subconscious effect. They are those who said that it does not promote dental health. Some had answered that it is not significant. Imperfections are not something to be ashamed but with society today, we are judged by appearance. While some had answered no, they still believe that somehow it is still significant. Dental Health The fourth question is if it can promote dental health. A lot had answered that it is a “peg” for how people take care of themselves. It shows that your teeth are healthy and you have well maintained oral hygiene. One answered that it can make other people conscious of what their teeth looks like and therefore making people feel like they also need to take care of their own teeth. Research Question No. 4: Does it matter in their future endeavors? Career The fifth question is if it can promote career. While a lot have answered yes, not all have supported their answers. A good number of respondents answered that they gained confidence with the straight and beautiful teeth. Yes, especially if you are a tourism student. It promotes good and proper appearance. It can attract attention if you have a beautiful smile. It can reflect on your hygiene and self grooming which can influence a job application or how your boss or colleagues view your health keeping habits. Since appearance is what they see first, it does affect the promotion of social success. Another participant answered with they are just being realistic and because employers opt for general appearance when it comes to accepting employees. It is very important when you aim for the entertainment industry. It makes you presentable which makes you worthy of a good career and presentable. They are those who answered that it does not because the main focus of a career 12

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excluding modeling is skill and that does not correlate with teeth appearance. Our teeth do not define who we become in our chosen career. Your career is determined by your work ethics performance and your hard work. Unless the people who hire you are judgmental, then it matters. One answered that you need skill not beauty, but you need to look decent. A good personality is what matters. Having intelligence and presentation can promote your career. Social success The sixth question is it can promote social success. You can socialize better if you have confidence in your smile. Having straight and beautiful teeth, you can freely show your smile to others without bothering what they might think. One answered yes because that is how our society sees it these days but when is appearance not going to matter. It can bring you higher poise than others while you are speaking. It creates a better appearance which can possibly boost someone’s social success. It makes people look somewhat attractive despite their discrepancy. A participant answers that unfortunately yes, it is in human nature to judge others based on their appearance. A better appearance can always be beneficial in any situation. Others have answered that it does not and it depends on the confidence of the person. What’s important is the personality of a person. It is your confidence and attitude skills that are important. As long as you are confident and have a pleasing charming personality is equal to public relations skills. It’s how you work and it depends upon your skills and determination in socializing and general appearance does not help completely at all. Conclusion and Recommendation Dental aesthetics has an effect on people's’ confidence. People will say that beauty is in the eye of the beholder or looks doesn’t matter. However, whatever people will say, looks affect a person subconsciously. Knowing that you look good or presentable puts a person at ease. It lessens the stress of how a person will conduct themselves. Those who had undergone orthodontic treatment had a higher self confidence than those who had not undergone treatment. There is a statistically significantly difference to show that answers of individuals who had undergone treatment are different. As the study was completed, it has come to the interest of the researcher that it would be better if the questionnaire is translated into Tagalog. Like other studies, PIDAQ is translated into their language to test their reliability and validity. References Agou, S., Locker, D., Streiner, D., & Tompson, B. (2015). Impact of self-esteem on the oralhealth related quality of life of children with malocclusion. Sciencedirect.com. Retrieved October 2008, from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889540608006392 Badran, S. (2010). The effect of malocclusion and self-perceived aesthetics on the self-esteem of a sample of Jordanian adolescents. The European Journal Of Orthodontics, 32(6), 638-644. doi:10.1093/ejo/cjq014 Bernabé, E., & Flores, C. (2015). Orthodontic Treatment Need in Peruvian Young Adults Evaluated Through Dental Aesthetic Index. The Angle Orthodontist. Retrieved 6 September 2015, from http://www.angle.org/doi/full/10.1043/0003-3219(2006)076 [0417:OTNIPY]2.0.CO;2 Biazevic, M., Rissotto, R., Michel-Crosato, E., Mendes, L., & Mendes, M. (2008). Relationship between oral health and its impact on quality of life among adolescents. Braz. Oral Res., 22(1), 36-42. doi:10.1590/s1806-83242008000100007 13

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Butani, Y., Weintraub, J., & Barker, J. (2008). Oral health-related cultural beliefs for four racial/ethnic groups: Assessment of the literature. BMC Oral Health, 8(1), 26. doi:10.1186/1472-6831-8-26 Creswell,. (2015). CHOOSING A MIXED METHODS DESIGN. Sage Pub. Retrieved 6 September2015,from http://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/10982_ Chapter_4.pdf De Paula, D., Santos, N., Da Silva, E., Nunes, M., and Leles, C. (2009). Psychosocial Impact Of Dental Esthetics On Quality Of Life In Adolescents. Angle.org. N.p., 2015.Web. 3 Sept. 2015. Eduardo Bernabé, Georgios Tsakos, Cesar Messias de Oliveira, and Aubrey Sheiham (2008) Impacts on Daily Performances Attributed to Malocclusions Using the Condition-Specific Feature of the Oral Impacts on Daily Performances Index. The Angle Orthodontist: March 2008, Vol. 78, No. 2, pp. 241-247. Eva Josefsson , Rune Lindsten , Lillemor R.-M. HALLBERG(2010) A qualitative study of the influence of poor dental aesthetics on the lives of young adults. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica Vol. 68, Iss. 1, 2010 Filippin, A., & Paccagnella, M. (2015). Family background, self-confidence and economic outcomes. Sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 6 September 2015, from http://www.science direct.com/science/article/pii/S0272775712000702 Foo, P. (2011). Adelaide Research and Scholarship: Facial aesthetics and psychosocial outcome assessment following treatment of non-syndromic cleft patients.Digital.library.adelaide. edu.au. Retrieved 30 August 2015, from https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/ handle/2440/65935 Hamamci, N., Basaran, G., & Uysal, E. (2009). Dental Aesthetic Index scores and perception of personal dental appearance among Turkish university students. The European Journal Of Orthodontics, 31(2), 168-173. doi:10.1093/ejo/cjn083 Hatfield, E., Roberts, D., Schmidt, L.(1980) "The Impact of Sex and Physical Attractiveness on an Initial Social Encounter." Recherchers De Psychologie Sociale (1980): 1-15. Web. . Heinrich-Weltzien, R., Monse, B., Benzian, H., Heinrich, J., & Kromeyer-Hauschild, K. (2012). Association of dental caries and weight status in 6- to 7-year-old Filipino children. Clin Oral Invest, 17(6), 1515-1523. doi:10.1007/s00784-012-0849-3 Jiang, H., Petersen, P., Tai, B., & Bian, Z. (2015). Self-assessed dental health, oral health practices, and general health behaviors in Chinese urban adolescents. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0001635050 0216982?journalCode=iode20#.VePRW_mqqko Klages U, Claus N, Wehrbein H, Zentner A. Development of a questionnaire for assessment of the psychosocial impact of dental aesthetics in young adults. European Journal of Orthodontics 2006;28:103-111. Kwan, S., Petersen, P., Pine, C., & Borutta, A. (2005). Health-promoting schools: an opportunity for oral health promotion. Bulletin Of The World Health Organization, 83(9), 677-685. doi:10.1590/S0042-96862005000900013 Little, A. C., & Mannion, H. (2006, November). Viewing attractive or unattractive same-sex individuals changes self-rated attractiveness and face preferences in women. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347206002697 Little, A. C., Jones, B. C., & DeBruine, L. M. (2011, May). Facial attractiveness: evolutionary based research | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. Retrieved from http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/366/1571/1638.short Marques, L., Ramos-Jorge, M., Paiva, S., & Pordeus, I. (2006). Malocclusion: Esthetic impact 14

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and quality of life among Brazilian schoolchildren. American Journal Of Orthodontics And Dentofacial Orthopedics, 129(3), 424-427. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.11.003 Onyeaso, C., & Begole, E. (2015). Relationship between index of complexity, outcome and need, dental aesthetic index, peer assessment rating index, and American Board of Orthodontics objective grading system. Sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 6 September 2015, from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889540606013217 Olson, Ingrid R.; Marshuetz, Christy. (2005) Facial Attractiveness Is Appraised in a Glance. Emotion, Vol 5(4), Dec 2005, 498-502 Patrick, H., Neighbors, C., & Knee, C. R.(2004) Appearance-Related Social Comparisons: The Role of Contingent Self- Esteem and Self- Perceptions of Attractiveness. Pers Soc Psychol Bull vol. 30 no. 4 501-514 Poonacha, K., Deshpande, S., & Shigli, A. (2010). Dental aesthetic index: Applicability in Indian population: A retrospective study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent, 28(1), 13. doi:10.4103/0970-4388.60483 Shivakumar, K., Chandu, G., Subba Reddy, V., & Shafiulla, M. (2009). Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among middle and high school children of Davangere city, India by using Dental Aesthetic Index. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent, 27(4), 211. doi:10.4103/0970-4388.57655 Tin-Oo, M., Saddki, N., & Hassan, N. (2011). Factors influencing patient satisfaction with dental appearance and treatments they desire to improve aesthetics. BMC Oral Health, 11(1), 6. doi:10.1186/1472-6831-11-6 Van der Geld, P., Oosterveld, P., & Kuijpers-Jagtman, A. (2008). Age-related changes of the dental aesthetic zone at rest and during spontaneous smiling and speech. The European Journal Of Orthodontics, 30(4), 366-373. doi:10.1093/ejo/cjn009 Petersen, P., Bourgeois, D., Ogawa, H., Estupinan-Day, S., & Ndiaye, C. (2005). The global burden of oral diseases and risks to oral health. Bulletin Of The World Health Organization, 83(9), 661-669. doi:10.1590/S0042-96862005000900011 Rosenblat, T. S. (2008), The Beauty Premium: Physical Attractiveness and Gender in Dictator Games. Negotiation Journal, 24: 465–481. doi: 10.1111/j.1571-9979.2008.00198.x Sung, Y. P.(2005) The Influence of Presumed Media Influence on Women’s Desire to be Thin Taylor, K. R. (2007, December). Effects of malocclusion and its treatment on the quality of life of adolescents. Retrieved from www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889540609004764 Van der Geld, P., Oosterveld, P., Van Heck, G., & Kuijpers-Jagtman, A. M.(2007) Smile Attractiveness. The Angle Orthodontist: September 2007, Vol. 77, No. 5, pp. 759-765. Wolfart, S., Thormann, H., Freitag, S. and Kern, M. (2005), Assessment of dental appearance following changes in incisor proportions. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 113: 159–165. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2005.00206.x

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Positive Feedback and Self-Regulation among Maritime College Students Almasol, Shaira Joy P. Rodel Ocampo ABSTRACT The study focused on the effects of positive feedback on the self-regulation of the 30 maritime college students using quantitative two-group quasi-experimental design. The participants of the study were selected using purposive sampling, based on the following criteria; all are BSMT students with ages ranging from 17-19 years old and less in exercising. Findings showed the homogeneity among two groups of participants, signifying comparability of the groups. Considering the pretest and posttest results, the control group's level of self-regulation remains the same while the experimental group's gained a p-value of 0.000, which is significant at 0.05 level of significance. This indicates that Positive feedback has an effect on the participant's selfregulation through the improved performance of the task (exercising) given to them. Keywords: positive feedback, exercise, self-regulation, homogenous, purposive sampling

Self-regulation is a characteristic that helps improve an individual performance and quality of work, enhancing over own abilities, by doing things on his/her own. Self-Regulation is monitoring personal behavior to meet set standards (Cook, 2006), a way to learn and evaluate or control personal urges and impulses. Marques, De Gucht, Leal & Maes (2014) revealed an unexplained chronic fatigue that affects a person's self-regulation because of the person's unstable physical activity, personal activity goals and other health related programs that's been done by their own. If an individual has other styles of self-regulation, then it would not be difficult for the individual to learn and achieve something new. People need self-regulation in order to improve skills and performance level. Muraven & Baumeister (2006) said that the problem with selfregulation is that it has a limited resource, it can consume a person's availability of monitoring or controlling owns strength. Further, she said that self-regulation must be intrinsic to a person to be able to achieve certain goals and it also involves the person's behavior to have self-control; behaviors without self-regulation neither requires self-control nor monitoring or controlling owns strength. Sirois (2015) findings provide the importance of self-regulation resources for predicting behaviors showing that the effects of consistent self-regulatory improve one's behavior. Maritime majors must be physically fit or healthy, for this is what their future work requires thus, it takes a lot of self-regulation to meet and maintain body fitness. The current study aimed to know the level of self-regulation among the control and experimental group and determine the participant's level of self-regulation in terms of their pretest and posttest results. Further, the current study delved into knowing whether or not, a positive feedback would increase the experimental group's self-regulation. Positive Feedback Gibbs and Simpson (2004) regard the concern of rearranging formative assessment and positive feedback within a broad framework that involves self‐ regulation of motivation and behavior as well as of cognition. Gibbs & Simpson (2004) showed that if students receive positive feedback often and regularly, it enables better monitoring and self‐ regulation of progress by students. The study of Schelfhout, Dochy & Janssens (2004) stated the factors between motivating students are self‐ regulated learning and coaching the learning processes have been expanded. An effective positive feedback improves the learning and teaching but also the facilitating between schools and universities (Poulos & Mahony, 2008). Zhao (2010) in his study, the findings showed that the learners used more teacher than peer feedback. However, 16

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Zacharias (2013) argued students often complained of teacher's positive feedback of generally and mostly in contradictory to student ideas. Self-Regulation Kelley, Wagner & Heatherton (2015) stated that self-regulation permits people to control their thoughts, behaviors, emotions and desires, and it also includes a balance between the strength of an impulse and an individual's ability to restrain the desired behavior. When learning becomes self-regulated, the more students take control over their learning and the less dependent on external support when they are assigned in regulatory activities (Zimmerman & Schunk, 2008). Baumeister, Gailliot, DeWall & Oaten (2006) said that regular exercises of selfregulation can make huge improvements that will make people less vulnerable. Elliot (2006) stated that approach motivation is a part of self-regulation and energization of behavior. The study of Hagger, Wood, Stiff & Chatzisarantis (2010) found that self-regulation is an important element of psychosocial theories of exercise behavior and lack of self-regulatory skills are related to low adherence to health-related exercise while presenting a strength-energy model of self-control as an explanation of self-regulation in exercise, further said that it also provides original research and aimed at understanding exercise behavior while helping develop recommendations for exercise. Synthesis Most of the self-regulation and positive feedback studies are school and student related. The articles showed that positive feedback was always involved when it comes to school-related activities. Self-regulation helps people to improve skills and abilities and reach their goals (Baumeister et al, 2006; Zimmerman & Schunk 2008; Hagger et al, 2010). Positive feedback is commonly used for generalization of people (Zacharias, 2013), but most say that positive feedback really improves an individual's performance (Gibbs & Simpson 2004; Badger et al, 2006; Schelfhout et al, 2004; Mahony & Poulos 2008; Zhao 2010). The current study inquires on knowing the following: What is the control group and experimental group's level of self-regulation in terms of the pretest and posttest results? What is the difference between the control group and experimental groups’ level of self-regulation in terms of their pretest and posttest results? What is the effect of positive feedback on the level of self-regulation of the experimental group? Method Research Design The researcher used a quantitative two-group quasi-experimental design. It was used to test an experimental factor which is the positive feedback that is subjected to be given as treatment with a factor which is self-regulation that is kept constant and it is a series of actions and carefully observed results to learn about that certain goal; both groups were pretested and post tested, the only difference was that one group was administered with a treatment (Heffner, 2015). It suited the topic because it helped discovered that the two groups were different after the agenda of the researcher. Participants and Sampling The subjects of the study were selected on the basis of some criterion: who have a low level of self-regulation and do not engage much in exercising with 30 participants were all maritime transportation college students on the same school, in which they are recognized in the Status of Maritime Higher Education Institutions for SY 2015-2016 located in Las Piñas City chosen by the use of purposive sampling which consists of 15 male and 15 female with ages ranging from 17-19 years old. 17

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Instruments The study used the Exercise Self-Regulation Questionnaire (ESRQ) developed by Deci & Ryan (2004). The ESRQ is a Likert type which accommodated of 16 scaled items. Research has established that the measure had the respondent’s ability to self-regulate their learning environments and the questions about why students do various physical related behaviors. Its validity had established the other aspects related to the ESRQ (self-evaluation, task strategies, help seeking, time management, goal setting and environment structuring). Scoring states negative numbers reflected that an individual is extrinsically motivated for change: (e.g. External Regulation = -2, Introjected Regulation = -1) while the positive numbers reflected that intrinsic motivation is primarily involved in an individual’s behavior: (e.g. Identified Regulation = 1, Intrinsic Regulation = 2). The average Cronbach’s alpha for those who are extrinsically motivated for change is α = .79. The average Cronbach’s alpha for the intrinsically motivated in behavior is α = .90. The ESRQ Scoring: Extrinsically motivated = -8.5, thus the mean is calculated low in level of self-regulation if the score range is high and it is calculated high in level of self-regulation if the score range is low. Intrinsically motivated = 11.3, thus the mean is calculated high in level of self-regulation if the score range is high and it is calculated low in level of self-regulation if the score range is low. Procedures I. Pretest First, the researcher made sure that the room was adequate for the experiment and the Exercise Self-Regulation Questionnaire was distributed to 60 subjects from different sections. The subjects answered The Exercise Self-Regulation Questionnaire. Then, the researcher instructed the 60 subjects that they can use their first name or alias on the questionnaire. After finishing the test, the researcher collected the questionnaires to know who among the subjects were qualified to participate in the research. All of the 30 qualified and selected subjects were given instructions and assigned whether they will be on the control group or experimental group. Lastly, the researcher oriented and assured that the subjects were willing to do the experiment. II. Experiment Procedure Engagement in exercise without positive feedback First, the researcher instructed the 15 participants that they can use their first name and/or alias on the questionnaire. The subjects were instructed to add the researcher on their Facebook accounts & for assurance the researcher provided a piece of paper to where the subjects wrote their Facebook accounts and can only be unfriended when the researcher instructed that the subjects can do it. Then, the researcher taught the subjects personally an arm & leg stretching techniques to avoid muscle pains and also the proper exercises which were given 13mins. & 30 secs. to try and do the 3 simple exercises which were jumping jacks, lunges (left & right, 30 secs. each), and squats. When the subjects got the proper exercise and were told to stop, the subjects were instructed that the exercise should be performed 1 min. per exercise with a 30-second break interval on each shift of exercise and it had to be 3 sets for their remaining 7 days to do it. Thereafter, the researcher instructed the subjects about the follow-up through Facebook for the remaining 7 days regarding their exercise. After giving the last instructions, the researcher would be thankful for the participation of the subjects. Engagement in exercise with positive feedback First, the researcher instructed the 15 subjects that they can use their first name and/or alias on the questionnaire. The subjects were instructed to add the researcher to their Facebook 18

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accounts & for assurance the researcher provided a piece of paper to where the subjects wrote their Facebook accounts and can only be unfriended when the researcher instructed that the subjects can do it. Then, the researcher taught the subjects personally an arm & leg stretching techniques to avoid muscle pains and also the proper exercises which were given 13mins. & 30 secs. to try and do the 3 simple exercises which were jumping jacks, lunges (left & right, 30 secs. each), and squats. When the subjects got the proper exercise, the researcher gave positive feedbacks on the group and was told to stop, the subjects were instructed that the exercise should be performed 1 min. per exercise with a 30-second break interval on each shift of exercise and it had to be 3 sets for their remaining 7 days to do it. Thereafter, the researcher instructed the subjects about the follow-up through Facebook for the remaining 7 days regarding their exercise. After giving the last instructions, the researcher would be thankful for the participation of the subjects. III. Posttest First, the researcher met with the 15 subjects of the experimental group and went with the same procedure with an intervention for all of the subjects. After performing the exercises, the researcher gave the last positive feedback that the subjects will receive and gave The Exercise Self-Regulatory Questionnaires in which they answered the questionnaires. All the answered questionnaires by the subjects were collected and they were instructed to unfriend the researcher to have privacy again. Then, the researcher met with the 15 subjects of the control group and went with the same procedure. After performing the exercises, the researcher gave the Exercise Self-Regulatory Questionnaires in which they answered the questionnaires. Thereafter, the researcher collected the answered questionnaires by the subjects and the subjects were instructed to unfriend the researcher to have their privacy again. After the last procedure on both groups, the researcher gathered all the 30 subjects & thanked the subjects for participating and gave snacks to show the researcher's appreciation. Statistical Analysis The data gathered were analyzed using Mean, Relative Autonomy Index (RAI) and Independent T-test. Mean was used in calculating the subjects’ level of self-regulation style where it shows what kind is an individual's dominant at (engagement in exercise without positive feedback and engagement in exercise with positive feedback) by averaging the responses to each of the subscale item and compared the difference between the results. Relative Autonomy Index (RAI) was used for the analyses of scores by calculating the individual's subscale scores. Independent T-test was used to compare means between two groups where there is a significant difference between the control and experimental group’s level of self-regulation in terms of their pretest and posttest results. Dependent T-test was used to know if positive feedback has significant effect on the control and experimental group’s level of self-regulation.

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Results/Discussion This section shows the data results, interpretation and discussion of the findings. What is the control group and experimental group's level of self-regulation in terms of the pretest and posttest results?

Table 1 shows the control group's pretest results with a mean score of x = -8.59, and a standard deviation of SD = 0.28 and the experimental group's pretest results with a mean score of x = -8.62, and a standard deviation of SD = 0.26. These pretest results indicate low level of selfregulation of the two groups, implying that in the context of exercising, the two groups are comparable. These posttest results reveal a mean score of x = -8.28, and a standard deviation of SD = 1.51, for the control group, and a mean score of x = 6.46, and a standard deviation of SD = 1.23 for the experimental group. These pretest results of both groups is explained by the results of the study of Hagger et al (2010) self-regulation in exercise behavior that lack of self-regulatory skills are connected with low adherence to health-related exercise. These posttest results of the two groups show that the treatment, which is the positive feedback is effective. When learning becomes self-regulated, more students take control over their learning and the less dependent on external support when they are assigned to engage in regulatory activities (Zimmerman & Schunk, 2004). What is the difference between the control group and experimental group's level of selfregulation in terms of the pretest and posttest results?

Table 2 shows the control group and experimental group’s results with a mean difference of x = .026, and a p-value of 0.396, which is not significant at 0.05 at level of significance. These results indicate that the two groups are homogenous and are therefore comparable. On the other hand, the posttest results reveal a mean difference of x = 14, and a p-value of .000, which is significant at 0.05 at level of significance for the control and experimental group. These results indicate that there was a difference between the two groups after giving the treatment which is positive feedback. After giving the intervention in form of positive feedback, the comparison between the means showed a significant difference, suggesting that, the intervention indeed has an effect on 20

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the participants’ level of self-regulation. Baumeister et al (2006) were correct in saying that regular exercises of self-regulation can greatly make improvements by making people less vulnerable. These posttest results of control and experimental group was supported by the results of the study conducted by Gibbs & Simpson (2004) which showed that if students receive positive feedback often and regularly, it will enable better monitoring and self‐ regulation of the student progress. What is the effect of positive feedback on the level of self-regulation of the experimental group?

Table 3 shows the control group's pretest and posttest results with a mean difference of x = .313, and implies that the group who didn’t receive any treatment which is the positive feedback has no significant effects on the control group’s self-regulation. Furthermore, the table 3 also shows the experimental group's pretest and posttest results with a mean difference of x = .000, and implies that positive feedback has a significant effect on the experimental group’s selfregulation. Deliberating that the control group's self-regulation is still low in the posttest results while after giving the experimental group a treatment, their level of self-regulation increased, gaining a p-value of 0.000, which is significant at 0.05 (even at 0.01). These significant results indicate that positive feedback has an effect on the experimental group’s level of self-regulation. Positive feedback enables better monitoring and self-regulation (Gibbs and Simpson, 2004). Discussion As what is previously stated, the two groups were homogenous in terms of the pretest results, making them worthy of comparing. The control group and experimental group’s selfregulation were both low in terms of their pretest and posttest results. It proved the study of Zhao (2010) that the learners used more teacher than peer feedback. Due to the knowledge of the subjects that the researcher was older, the intervention which is positive feedback gave more wake or effect on the subjects’ performance. Positive feedback improves not only the learning but also teaching and facilitating between schools and universities (Poulos & Mahony, 2008). Both the control and experimental group’s pretest showed that it is in the level of low in self-regulation while in the posttest, the control group’s level of self-regulation is still in the level of low in level of self-regulation and after giving the experimental group a treatment which is positive feedback, it showed that the level of self-regulation from low became high. Conclusion and Recommendation Positive feedback is one of the great sources for individuals who are doing a lot of task that needs to be done properly. It is also a great source of improving one's focus on the given task and it helps the one who's responsible for the task to give more time on doing his or her work appropriately. Positive feedback is really helpful information to an individual who wants to improve the performance level or quality of his/her own work. The participants of the experimental group who were given positive feedback improved 21

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their self-regulation and achieved a high level of it compared to the participants of the control group who were not given self-regulation did not improved so they achieved a low body image level only. The control and experimental group showed a significant difference after giving the treatment. The use of positive feedback to improve the self-regulation of an individual is effective. The researcher recommends that if the young adults have low in level of self-regulation, there should be at least one self-regulation they may have without them actually aware of like in the way of how they handle their academics, right time on eating, and if there are other situations they are focused on. Positive feedback can improve an individual's performance because it would help them to strive for more and reach the goal that they needed to achieve. This is a great way to improve an individual's abilities by delivering positive feedback to an individual to increase the performance and quality of work. Receiving a positive feedback also improves an individual's self-regulation, and self-regulation is a huge help for an individual's achievements to be easier in the future. Future researchers should find more participants for the study and if the future researchers want to be careful, the laboratory is the proper setting to conduct the study to avoid extraneous variables. It is also a must to make sure that the young adults should not be taking physical education classes or simply not doing any exercise at all. References: Baumeister, R., Gailliot, M., et al (2006). Self-Regulation and Personality: How Interventions Increase Regulatory Success, and How Depletion Moderates the Effects of Traits on Behavior. In Journal of Personality. 74(6), 1,773-1,082 Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (2004). The Exercise Self-Regulation Questionnaire. ESRQ. Elliot, A. (2006). The Hierarchical Model of Approach-Avoidance Motivation. Motivation and Emotion, 30(2), 111-116 Gibbs, G. & Simpson, C. (2004). Conditions Under Which Assessment Supports Students’ Learning. Learning and Teaching in Higher Education, 3(1), 3-31 Hagger, M., Wood, C., et al (2010). Self-Regulation and Self-Control in Exercise: The Strength-Energy Model. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 3(1), Heffner, C. (2015). Quasi-Experimental Design. Retrieved from http://allpsych.com/research methods/quasi-experimental design/ Marques, De Gucht, Leal & Maes (2014). Effects of a Self-Regulation Based Physical Activity Program (The "4-STEPS") for Unexplained Chronic Fatigue: A Randomized Control Trial. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 22, 187-196 Muraven et al (2006). Self-Regulation and Depletion of Limited Resources: Does Self-Control Resemble a Muscle?. Psychological Bulletin, 123(2), 247-259 Poulos, A., & Mahony, M. J. (2008). Effectiveness of Feedback: The Students’ Perspective. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 33(2), 143-15 Schelfhout, W., Dochy, F., et al (2004). The Use of Self, Peer and Teacher Assessment as a Feedback System in a Learning Environment Aimed at Fostering Skills of Cooperation in an Entrepreneurial Context. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 29(2), Sirois, F. (2015). A Self-Regulation Resource Model of Self-Compassion and Health Behavior Intentions in Emerging Adults. Preventive Medicine Reports, 2, 218-222 Quasi. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved August 09, 2015, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.cin/browse/quasi Zacharias, N. T. (2013). Teacher and Student Attitude Toward Teacher Feedback. RELC Journal A Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 38(1), 38-52 22

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Zhao, H. (2010). Investigating Learners’ Use and Understanding of Peer and Teacher Feedback on Writing: A Comparative Study in a Chinese English Writing Classroom. Assessing Writing, 15(1), 3-17 Zimmerman, B. & Schunk, D. (2008). Self-Regulating Intellectual Process and Outcomes: A Social Cognitive Perspective. Motivation, Emotion, and Cognition. Integrative Perspectives on Intellectual Functioning and Development, 22(3), 323-349

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Selfie Behavior and Narcissism among selected Females Amurao, Rowena Marie Castronuevo, Eva ABSTRACT This study examines the relationship between Selfie Behavior and Narcissism among selected Females. Using Descriptive Correlational, a sample of 100 female Facebook and Instagram users’ ages 12 – 24 years old who have a habit of uploading 70 selfies a week were chosen to participate. Through online, the participants answered a self-administered 20 item questionnaire to measure their selfie behavior and NPI (Narcissistic Personality Inventory) to measure their narcissism. Results got a mean score of 15.01 on the selfie scale which would fall under the high average level of selfie behavior. In the NPI the respondents garnered a mean score of 16.04 which is under the category of borderline narcissism. The results of this study shows a correlation between selfie behavior and narcissism with r = .84 significant at p .05). Therefore, Emotional Intelligence shows very weak correlation and almost shows that OCB and EQ are not correlated, Conscientiousness on the other hand only plays a minor role to predict Organizational citizenship Behavior of an individual. Keywords: Emotional Intelligence, Conscientiousness, Organizational citizenship behavior

Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) has usually been used as a predictor of many variables, especially those involving workplace setting. Organizational Citizenship Behavior is being used to size the efficiency of an employee. In this age, organizations need to restructure, and need individuals who are enthusiastic to donate to successful change and leaders who can successfully bring about change. But what does it take to have an OCB? Not all people possess an OCB, there are people who will not help, and let other people be, is it because they think about their self first before others? Which most people with high conscientiousness do, or because they have low Emotional Intelligence. OCB is altruism in an organizational setting. According to Bergeron (2007) employees sometimes hurt their career or their physical body by helping the organization. How can people not hurt their self by helping other people, are we conscious about it? High conscientiousness means high awareness of oneself and emotional intelligence is the awareness of how other feels. it sound opposite does it, but this two might be the factors to have a balance OCB. Today millions of companies accepts applicants and use different kinds of psychological test, and intelligence test, and OCB test, but still there are people who in the workplace with low OCB, The research think that there is something missing to predict OCB, the research aims to find what predicts OCB. Finding the factors or variables that defines Organizational Citizenship Behavior will help to filter applicants and employees from companies and organizations. Emotional Intelligence Sharma (2011) showed that EQ is understood as a part of the nature in a workplace. The more a person socializes or participates, the higher the EQ will be. The study of Edmond-Kiger, Connie, Tucker, and Yost (2006) showed that Emotional Intelligence has no connection in having a low GPA and EQ can be use to improve leadership skills. In Liptak’s (2005) study, emotional intelligence seems to be an excellent framework to use in helping college students find a job and succeed in the workplace. At the same year, Oginska-Bulik (2005) conducted a similar study about Emotional Intelligence and Occupational Stress. The results confirmed an essential, but not very strong, role of emotional intelligence in perceiving occupational stress and preventing employees of human services from negative health outcomes. In a research conducted by Hutchison and Hurley (2013) it was found that bullying affects the performance of an employee and how he or she cares for others. In another study by 62

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Webb (2014) found that worker perceptions that the commitment and well being of a person does not correlate with each other. In a study used by Bradberry and Su (2006) it said that selfawareness, self-regulation, social awareness and relationship management are the four pre content of emotional intelligence appraisal. Relationship management was more powerful to use as a predictor for leader job performance than the other three pre content and social awareness has no link to leader job performance. Conscientiousness According to Altuntas and Baykal (2009), nurses had higher than average level of trust in their managers and coworkers and they trusted more in their managers and co-workers than their institutions. The Organizational Citizenship Level Scale indicated that the behavior most frequently demonstrated by the nurses was conscientiousness, followed by courtesy and civic virtue, whereas sportsmanship was displayed to an average extent. In a similar study conducted by Abraham (2004) the result showed that the selfconfidence, and emotional resilience can promote superior performance, if positive feedback is delivered in an informative manner, and can mitigate the adverse effects of negative feedback. In a similar study conducted by Lee, Yang, Wan, & Chen (2010), the results indicated that the interaction between conscientiousness and friendship networks explains a significant incremental amount of the variance in employee individual contextual performance. The study of Peng and Zhou (2009) about social cynicism and perceived interpersonal justice supported the researcher’s hypothesis that higher levels of social cynicism lead to lower perception of interpersonal justice. Organizational Citizenship Behavior The study of Zehir, Müceldili, Altindağ, Şehitoğlu, & Zehir (2014) showed a positive relationship on OCB. Ethical climate was found to be a weak mediator in the relationship between charismatic leadership and OCB. A similar study was conducted by Lou and Liu (2014), the results indicated that situational leadership and employee readiness matches had a positive effect on OCB. However, 1 match in which the leader had a coaching role and the employee required detailed directions, was a partial match and was not significantly related to OCB. In another similar study was administered by Lu (2014) The results showed that ethical leadership had a significant main effect on both OCBO and OCBI. In addition, cognitive trust had no significant mediating effect on the relationships between ethical leadership and OCBO and ethical leadership and OCBI, but affective trust fully mediated these relationships. Huang, Wang, & Xie (2014) found that the followers’ identification with the leader mediated the influence on organizational citizenship behavior. We also found that perceived group leader’s reputation moderated the relationship between LMX and identification with the leader, in that the relationship was stronger for individuals scoring high on perceived group leader’s reputation than it was for those scoring low. A similar study was done by Marshall (2012) which showed other common, historical forms of organizational citizenship behavior were deemed irrelevant in this context, and a set of new behaviors that bad not surfaced in previous research emerged. Synthesis The different studies have shown the relation of each variable to each other. Regarding the initial variable, Emotional Intelligence; it is indicated that Emotional Intelligence have an impact on mental well-being. Emotional Intelligence was also known to be useful in workplace setting. Emotional Intelligence did not have any relationship with GPA. With Emotional Intelligence and Occupational Stress, EQ has an essential, but not very strong, role of emotional intelligence in perceiving occupational stress and preventing employees of human services from 63

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negative health outcomes. Emotional Intelligence also affects leadership capability, that lacking EQ erodes the social climate of organization and care provided. Perhaps one of the highlights of the studies regarding Emotional Intelligence is the idea that mental well-Being, which EQ has an impact on, does not have any bearing on worker satisfaction or commitment to the leader or the organization. However, if EQ were to precede Organizational Citizenship Behavior, it would indicate a chance for EQ to predict the OC since EQ is different from Mental-Well Being. Since EQ also has the Emotional Competencies Model: Self-Awareness, Self-Regulation, Social Awareness, and Relationship Management, which Mental-Being may only possess the SelfAwareness part, but Social Awareness and Relationship Management may have a bearing on Organizational Citizenship Behavior, which makes it likely that EQ would be useful in being the variable that may predict Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Conscientiousness is shown to have a relationship on performance and along with emotional honesty, self-confidence, and emotional resilience. Furthermore, Conscientiousness and Friendship Networks also possess a significant relationship. It is also said that Conscientiousness plays a role in relationship management and interpersonal justice. With having Conscientiousness having a link with aspects of Emotional Intelligence, having the two variables would be a good predictor of Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Instead of Proactive Behavior, specifying how Organizational Citizenship Behavior as the chosen variable would be a fit in an industrial setting over Proactive Behavior. Furthermore, Organizational Citizenship Behavior was said to have a relation with situational readiness and charismatic leadership. OCB as what was mentioned, was a mediator of leadership, what lacks is the connection of EI that will precede OCB to other variables. Since Emotional Intelligence has a link with Conscientiousness although two different variables altogether, would be the likely independent variables since the aim of the study is to know the predictive ability of Emotional Intelligence and Conscientiousness over Organizational Citizenship Behavior. This study aims to determine the predictive ability of Conscientiousness, Emotional intelligence to the Organizational Citizenship Behavior of the corporate workers in the Philippines. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions: (1) What are the levels of Conscientiousness, Emotional Intelligence and Organizational Citizenship Behavior of the respondents? (2) Is there a significant relationship between Conscientiousness and Organizational Citizenship Behavior? (3) Is there a significant relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Organizational Citizenship Behavior? And (4) what independent variable predicts OCB better? Method Research Design The research used Correlational and quantitative research design which uses numerical data in gathering data for big amount of respondents. According to Sheldon (2009), quantitative research provides a measure of how many people think, feel or behave in a certain way and uses statistical analysis to determine the results. If you want to know how many of your customers support a change in a product or service - and how strongly they support it — so that the researcher can determine whether you have a business case for making that change, you would use quantitative research. Participants The researcher used homogeneous sampling technique. The researcher chose A total of 200 participants who work in a commerce setting. The chosen age bracket would be 22- 50 who work in a commerce setting, (e.g., Accounting, Marketing, Finance, etc.). The following respondent were chosen because of their life experience with the organizational setting at work. The respondents were randomly chosen for every specific places of office. 64

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Instrument For Conscientiousness, the researcher used HEXACO Personality Inventory Revised (HEXACO-PI-R) (Ashton & Lee, 2009) and the HEXACO-60 a 60-item questionnaire in Likert Scale format will be used; sample items would be, “I rarely hold a grudge, even against people who have badly wronged me.” and “I feel reasonably satisfied with myself overall.” And it has a high Cronbach Alphas ranging from (.76) to (.80) namely: Honesty-Humility (.76), Emotionality (.80), Extraversion (.80), Agreeableness (.77), Conscientiousness (.76), and Openness to Experience (.78). For Emotional Intelligence, The researcher used Emotional Intelligence scale (Salovey, P. & Mayer, J. D. (1990). in this test 33 item questionnaire in Likert scale format will be used; sample items would be, “I know when to speak about my personal problems to others” and “Other people find it easy to confide in me” An internal consistency analysis showed a Cronbach’s alpha of (0.90) for the 33-item scale. For Organizational Citizenship Behavior, the researcher used Organizational Citizenship Behavior Checklist (OCB-C) (Fox, Spector, Goh, Bruursema, & Kessler, 2012) and the OCB-C a 42-item questionnaire in Likert scale format was used; sample items would be, “Helped co-worker with personal matter such as moving, childcare, car problems, etc.” And it has a high Cronbach Alphas of (.97).

Procedures In order for the researcher to gather his data, He went to the following several steps: First, The researcher asked his contacts if he can give survey to their offices. Second, He went to the office and inspect the place where the respondents are and observing if the respondents are capable to answer the survey. Third, the researcher distributed the survey to the respondents. Fourth, the researcher explained everything to respondents. Fifth, the researcher collected the questionnaire and thanks everyone who participated. Data Analysis The Researcher used Inferential Statistics as a statistical tool for it would be making calculation about number of population from observation and analyses from a sample. The Data collected from the questionnaires was studied through the statistical method called multiple linear regression analysis. Multiple Linear Regression analysis provides the relation between the predictive variable: Emotional intelligence and Conscientiousness to the criterion variable: Organizational Citizenship behavior. The researcher used the SPSS (statistical product and service solution) software for windows v.20, as the statistical tool in analyzing the data that was met. The SPSS results of the Grand Mean of the respondents concerning with each variable, the correlation of each independent variable to organizational citizenship behavior, the variables each coefficients, the ANOVA of each model, and P-P Plot compares the empirical cumulative distribution function of a data set with a specified theoretical cumulative distribution function., And scatter plot to coordinate the display values for typically two or more variables for a set of data. The basis for the degree of the variable of the respondents and their levels will be displayed the table below.

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Data Evaluation Of All Tests RESPONDENTS

RANGE

INTERPRETATION

STRONGLY AGREE

4.50-5.00

VERY HIGH

MODERATELY AGREE

3.50-4.49

HIGH

AGREE

2.49-3.49

AGREE

MODERATELY DISAGREE

1.50-2.49

LOW

STRONGLY DISAGREE

1.00-1.49

VERY LOW

Results Degree of Emotional Intelligence, Conscientiousness and Organizational Citizenship Behavior of the respondents. The Table below will show the degree of each variable of the respondents. It will also show the alpha coefficients of each Variable. VARIABLE

GRAND MEAN INTERPRETATION

α

Conscientiousness

3.22

AVERAGE

0.76

EQ

3.62

AVERAGE

0.90

OCB

2.92

LOW

0.97

* N = 200 The table shown above gives the levels of, grand mean, and internal consistency Reliability Coefficient (alphas) for conscientiousness, Emotional Intelligence (EQ) and Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). Conscientiousness EQ PEARSON R OF OCB .16

.09

SIGNIFICANCE

.012

.099

N

200

200

Conscientiousness and Organizational Citizenship Behavior The significance of conscientiousness from OCB is .012. Conscientiousness has weak but positive correlation with (r=.16) as a result. The Conscientiousness questionnaire that was used has a Cronbach alpha of (α= .76) based on the reliability statistics.

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Emotional Intelligence and Organizational Citizenship Behavior As what the results has given, the significance of the EQ is .099. The results of the correlation of these variables is (r=.09) weak but positive correlation as well. the Emotional Intelligence questionnaire used is Emotional Intelligence scale that consist 33 questions with the Cronbach Alpha of (α=.90) based on the reliability statistics. Conscientiousness and Emotional Intelligence as a predictor of Organizational Citizenship Behavior The main reason of this research is to know if Conscientiousness and EQ can predict the OCB of an individual. to elaborate more about the prediction, the summary result would be included. MODEL R

R square ADJUSTED R square STD. Error of the Estimate

1

.167a .028

.018

.61953

2

.160

.021

.61875

.026

a. Predictors: (Constant), Conscientiousness b. Predictors: (Constant), Conscientiousness and Emotional Intelligence MODEL EQ

CONSCIENTIOUSNESS

UNSTANDARDIZED COEFFICIENTS B .057

.157

STANDARDIZED COEFFICIENTS

t

Sig

.080

.707

.481

.076

1.998 .047

The Model Summary would illustrate on what the predictive model (EQ and Conscientiousness) would do and how it will affect the variable that is being predicted which is the Organizational Citizenship Behavior. There are two models that were used in the prediction process. The first model was OCB as the constant variable while the predictor is Conscientiousness alone, while the second model is Conscientiousness with EQ. Considering the R of both models, they showed a result of (.16) which posits that Conscientiousness and Emotional Intelligence would have a 16% variability with Organizational Citizenship Behavior. What the study was aiming to answer was “Do levels of Conscientiousness and emotional intelligence predict the levels of Organizational Citizenship Behavior?” By considering the R Square of the regression model 1: conscientiousness and emotional intelligence, garnering a result of .16, by converting to percentage, the result would report that 16% of the total variability in Organizational Commitment is explained by the said regression model. Having the predictive model 1: Conscientiousness and Emotional Intelligence, the results showed that the significance level is not significant for Emotional Intelligence (p > .05) alone and Conscientiousness is significant (p < .05). Both t scores for conscientiousness and emotional intelligence are both low since it does not really make up what Organizational Citizenship Behavior is all about. What is worth noting is that Conscientiousness may play a part, though low, unlike the Emotional Intelligence itself which really does not. Considering the Unstandardized Coefficients, for every .057 increase in Emotional Intelligence, Organizational Citizenship Behavior will increase or decrease by the same manner. If we’re to consider

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Conscientiousness, for every .157 increase, it would affect the increase or decrease of Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Considering the significance level of each, one of the two variables contain a slight contribution to the prediction of Organizational Citizenship Behavior which is the Conscientiousness while the Emotional Intelligence does not give much bearing to the variable that is being predicted. Discussion The purpose of the study was to determine if having Organizational Citizenship Behavior is correlated to Emotional Intelligence and Conscientiousness. By considering how Emotional Intelligence plays a role to Organizational Citizenship Behavior and how Conscientiousness plays a role also to Organizational Citizenship Behavior. And how the two independent variables would predict Organizational Citizenship Behavior as a model. Using purposive sampling, a total of 200 respondents were gathered who works in a commerce setting because they are the ones who are usually found in the corporate industrial setting. What the researcher has found was that Emotional Intelligence has no significant and weak correlation with Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Conscientiousness having a significant but weak correlation with Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Only Conscientiousness proved to have the power to predict Organizational Citizenship Behavior despite how low it is. Considering the two models put together as a model showed that there is a very low contribution to the dependent variable with regards to predicting it. It would make sense to consider that Emotional Intelligence is a construct that is responsible for the regulation of emotions which focuses on the intrapersonal aspect, primarily Self-Awareness and Self-Regulation. Organizational Citizenship Behavior on the other hand is regarding an organizational culture and how it responds to the interpersonal aspects of the organization. One is intrapersonal while the other is interpersonal. It would show that there is a bit of diverging of the two construct. Conscientiousness on the other hand would somehow explain that being well-organized would constitute to a feeling of responsibility with the other people in the company because having the thought in mind, if the employees are doing well in the organization, the company itself would flourish. Conscientiousness would contribute, on a low scale, to having such behavior. Regarding the study’s limitations, it is worth noting that Emotional Intelligence has four sub-factors which are Self-Awareness, Self-Regulation, Social Awareness, and Relationship Management; while there is a sense of interpersonal in it, this is not however, connected to the organization. It is just between the person and another person, without having the connection with the organization. The sub factors would somehow explain what each sub factor can do, though it may not be as relevant since this study already considered it as a whole. Conscientiousness does contribute to the success of an organization and it would make sense because having high organizational citizenship behavior would contribute to the success of an organization. The model itself only has 16% of the variability; 84% was not covered by this research and recommends future research to be done that will cover the other unknown variables that accounts for Organizational Citizenship Behavior as a whole. The model does not have much predictive ability and would consider to have other constructs. It is worth noting that the constructs under HEXACO might be a good place to start in doing research because Conscientiousness, one of the sub factors of it, did have a correlation despite how weak it is. The constructs to be done research with must tackle something along the subject of motivation. Conclusion and Recommendation Present research used two variables such as Conscientiousness and Emotional Intelligence in predicting Organizational Citizenship Behavior of people who work in commerce 68

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setting. Organizational citizenship involves something more with the culture of an organization than what the intrapersonal aspects would provide. Emotional Intelligence has no significance or bearing to Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Conscientiousness only plays a minor part as what the results have shown. The model is not feasible to consider in the prediction of Organizational Citizenship Behavior. References Altuntas, S., & Baykal, U. (2010). Relationship between nurses’ organizational trust levels and their organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 42(2), 186-194. Bradberry, T. R., & Su, L. D. (2006). Ability-versus skill-based assessment of emotional intelligence. Psicothema, 18(Suplemento), 59-66. Clarke, N. (2006). Developing emotional intelligence through workplace learning: findings from a case study in healthcare. Human Resource Development International, 9(4), 447-465. Edmond-Kiger, C., Tucker, M. L., & Yost, C. A. (2006). Emotional Intelligence: From the Classroom to the Workplace. Management Accounting Quarterly,7(2). Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace: A Critical Review - Zeidner - 2004 - Applied Psychology - Wiley Online Library. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2004.00176.x/abstract Fox, S., & Spector, P. E. (2008). Organizational Citizenship Behavior Checklist (OCB-C). Layola University Chicago, USA. Huang, J., Wang, L., & Xie, J. (2014). Leader-member exchange and organizational citizenship behavior: The roles of identification with leader and leader's reputation. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal,42(10), 1699-1711. Hyde, R. E., & Weathington, B. L. (2006). The congruence of personal life values and work attitudes. Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs, 132(2), 151-190. Jiang, C., Wang, D., & Zhou, F. (2009). Personality traits and job performance in local government organizations in China. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 37(4), 451-457. Liptak, J. J. (2005). Using emotional intelligence to help college students succeed in the workplace. Journal of Employment Counseling, 42(4), 171-178. Lee, Y. H., Yang, L. S., Wan, K. M., & Chen, G. H. (2010). Interactive effects of personality and friendship networks on contextual performance. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 38(2), 197-208. Lu, X. (2014). Ethical leadership and organizational citizenship behavior: The mediating roles of cognitive and affective trust. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 42(3), 379-389. METU | Graduate School Of Social Sciences | Multiple Linear Regression Analysis. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://sbe.metu.edu.tr/multiple-linear-regression-analysis. Multiple Linear Regression Analysis. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPHModules/BS/BS704_Multivariable/BS704_Multivariable7.html Hyde, R. E., & Weathington, B. L. (2006). The congruence of personal life values and work attitudes. Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs, 132(2), 151-190. Simple Linear Regression. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPHModules/BS/BS704-EP713_MultivariableMethods/BS704EP713_MultivariableMethods2.htm Yunus, N. H., Ishak, N. A., Mustapha, R. M. R., & Othman, A. K. (2010). Displaying Employees’ Organisational Citizenship Behaviour at the Workplace: The Impact of

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Superior's Emotional Intelligence and Moderating Impact of Leader-Member Exchange. Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective, 14(1-2), 13-23. Zeidner, M., Matthews, G., & Roberts, R. D. (2004). Emotional intelligence in the workplace: A critical review. Applied Psychology, 53(3), 371-399. Zehir, C., Müceldili, B., Altindağ, E., Şehitoğlu, Y., & Zehir, S. (2014). Charismatic leadership and organizational citizenship behavior: The mediating role of ethical climate. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal,42(8), 1365-1375.

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Comparison of Text Messaging and Intimacy Level between American and Filipino teenagers Llanes, Jeff Marvin Castronuevo, Eva ABSTRACT The study aims to compare texting and intimacy level between American and Filipino citizens. A quantitative research method was used for this study. One hundred Filipino teenagers and thirty American teenagers who are in a relationship for at least three months to one year were used to be the respondents of the study. The respondents were given Passionate Love Scale (PLS) by Elaine Hatfield and Text Frequency Test that was made by the researcher The results were interpreted using Mann-Whitney U Test and suggest that there is a significant difference (p=0.004) on the intimacy level of the respondents when they are grouped according to culture, namely Americans and Filipinos. Keywords: Text Messaging Behavior, Intimacy Level, Cultural Comparison Texting is the easiest way of communication today. Just like what Bill O’Reilly said “Texting is addicting. Once you get emotionally involved with constant outside stimulation assaulting your brain, it is hard to stop looking at your machine every two minutes. Without rapid fire words appearing on a screen, you feel bored, not part of the action.” This study allows the readers to know the difference of one culture to another in terms of intimacy—felt, gave and reciprocated by a person and how intimate can a person be. From the simplest type of mobile phone to the latest smart phones, people can send a text message to anyone, anywhere and anytime. As stated by the Oxford Business Group (2014) with the second-largest population in South-east Asia after Indonesia, the Philippines has a large consumer base for its mobile market. Penetration in 2012 reached 106%, or 102.3m subscribers, according to a report by PwC. Filipinos are also among the world’s most prolific texters, accounting for 10% of global SMS messages. That is why the Philippines is known to be the ‘Texting Capital’ of the world which means that Filipinos made texting as part of their lives. Thus making people depend on texting whenever they want to talk to someone or fixing things in a relationship. Texting Texting is, compared to other way of communication, a new medium, and there is an absence of rules and guidelines for interaction. This absence may ultimately cause conflict in relationships, specifically those of romantic relationship. There is no established etiquette for acceptable message length, response time, or frequency of interaction (Klein, 2012). Therefore users interpret texting etiquette based on their past experience and social cues from their partner. Texting plays a big part in a relationship—wherein partners communicate with each other just to talk about anything. Relationship is defined as a connection between two people. As the generation is slowly taken away by technology, it evolves to an easier life. Teenagers used their mobile phones to contact each other, especially those who are in an intimate relationship. A study made by Miller-Ott (2012) stated that mobile phones play an important role in romantic relationships, although they can be a source of uncertainty and conflict in relationships. For the Filipinos, (Pertierra, 2005) mobile phones allow absent subjects to exercise a daily presence in their communities of origin; also help relational partners stay connected, expectations that partners will always be available and accessible to one another may decrease the quality of their relationships. Also, another study which is made by Coyne (2011) stated that people address the 71

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communication technologies within romantic relationships are using to communicate with one another, the frequency of use, and the association between the use of these technologies and couple's positive and negative communication. Instant Messaging Instant messaging is one of the many ways to easily communicate with other people without seeing them personally. A research done by Hu (2006) showed young, nonfamilyrelated pairs of friends who live close to each other were more likely to use mobile media. Instant messages and SMS are the same thing. SMS is a text messaging service component of phone, web, or mobile communication systems. Reid (2004) aid that the increasingly widespread use of text -messaging has led to the questioning of the social and psychological effects of this novel communication medium. The researcher also said that there are two types of people, those who prefer texting (‘Texters’) and those who prefer talking on their mobiles (‘Talkers’). Mobile Phone Mobile phone usage in the US, especially for text messaging, has been slow to develop. Phones were expensive and all the plans needed to activate them. Given the presence of landlines everywhere, together with declining costs of long-distance calls, mobile phones were recognized as a luxury through much of the 1990s. Readily-available computers, not mobile phones, were the natural choice for electronically-mediated communication. Email and instant messages were “free” (once internet access was paid for), while text messaging on a mobile phone was an additional cost. Given a choice of technologies for communicating with friends and relatives, 24% of American teenagers chose IM (Instant Messaging), while 51% preferred landline phones, 12% are for voice calls on mobile phones, 5% selected email, and only 3% chose text messaging (Lenhart, Madden, & Hitlin, 2005). Intimacy Every country has a different culture from another country; thus making opinions differ from one another. Countries all over the world express love for family, friends and intimate partners in different ways. Cultural differences in gender-role ideology and individualism— collectivism were hypothesized to differentially contribute to self-disclosure and responsiveness, and in turn, intimacy (Marshall, 2008). Within the Western psychological literature, intimacy is often conceptualized as resulting from self-disclosure (Sprecher & Hendrick, 2004). Self-disclosure and coherence also interacted to influence intimacy where a tendency toward self-disclosure contributes to intimacy to a greater extent at low levels of coherence (Bauminger, Finzi-Dottan, Chason, & Har-Even, 2008). However, intimacy can be reciprocated. There are people adhere to the norm of reciprocity in their other relationships, in romantic relationships they accept substantial imbalances (Nelson, 2004). Synthesis Most studies that are made by the researchers are focused on teenagers that use instant messaging and texting as a way of communication and staying connected to their friends and loved ones. The articles showed how instant messaging, chatting and simply texting are significant to romantic relationships. Miller-Ott and her team (2012) stated that mobile phones play an important role in romantic relationships, although they can be a source of uncertainty and conflict in relationships. Although mobile phones help relational partners stay connected, expectations that partners will always be available and accessible to one another may decrease the quality of their relationships. Also, another study which is made by Coyne in 2011 stated that people address the communication technologies within romantic relationships are using to communicate with one another, the frequency of use, and the association between the use of these technologies and couple's positive and negative communication. 72

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All these studies have been performed in the western countries, showing that text messaging has significance in romantic relationship. The Philippines is known to be the ‘Texting Capital’ of the world so, the researcher aims to perform a study to test if the results that will be gathered are the same or different with the other countries, Also to know how text messaging affects relationships in positive and negative ways. With that, the researcher found out that there is minimal study about behavioral comparison between Filipino and American citizens on text messaging in relation to romantic relationship. Existing researches surrounding this study has included the importance and effects of text messaging to relationship between friends and intimate partners. Therefore, this study attempts to discover the difference between Filipino citizens and American citizens in relation to the comparison between the text messaging behavior and intimacy level. Specifically, the study aims to answer the following questions:(1) How often does the individual texts his/her partner or another person? (2) What is the level of intimacy of the individual's relationship with his/her partner when grouped by culture? (3) Is there significant difference in intimacy level when people are grouped by culture? Method Research Design The researcher aimed to discover the difference between Filipino culture and American culture, in relation with the difference in intimacy and texting behavior of the two cultures. The researcher used a descriptive type of quantitative research wherein the researcher describe the difference between the texting behavior and intimacy level of the two cultures that are being compared. To gather data, the researcher used a questionnaire to discover the significant differences in intimacy and texting behavior when people are grouped by culture. Text messaging on this study was measured by its frequency – how often does the respondent texts; and intimate relationship was measured by the level of intimacy of the respondent towards their partner. Thus the result of the questionnaires showed the difference among the cultures. Participants and Sampling In this study, the researcher used purposive sampling. The target participants were one hundred Filipino teenagers in the Philippines and one hundred Filipino teenagers that grew up in America and a citizen of the said country. The age of the respondents in this study were ranging from seventeen to nineteen years old—so that the respondents would not be too mature and too serious to be thinking about the future and would not be too immature and treating their relationship easy like playing around. Each respondent should be in an intimate relationship for at least 3 months to one year. The researcher will only get one among the couple as a respondent for the study. There are one hundred Filipino teenagers and only thirty American teenagers returned the survey. Instruments The tool used to measure the level of intimacy of the respondents is called Passionate Love Scale (PLS) by Elaine Hatfield (1978). It is a 15 or 30-item Likert-type scale with responses ranging from not at all to definitely true. To interpret the scores, the answers were added and if the respondent got a score between 86-105 then the respondent is passionate, 66-85 is average, 45-65 is cool and 15-44 is extremely cool. The scale taps emotional, cognitive and behavioral aspects. The scale is proven reliable through the test made at the University of Wisconsin. The researchers have found that PLS has a coefficient alpha of .94 for the longer version and .91 for the shorter one. The responses to the PLS were subjected to the principal factoring, with multiple correlations used as communality estimates. The scale was highly correlated with other measures of love and intimacy. Sample questions included: “I would feel deep despair if (the person I love passionately) left me.” and “I have an endless appetite for 73

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affection from (the person I love passionately).” Text frequency test is a checklist that was constructed by the researcher. The test was made to measure how often does the respondent sends his partner a message using his mobile phone. Procedure The researcher made an online survey for the convenience of the respondents of the study coming from the United States and some province of the Philippines using Google forms. On the header of the online survey the researcher wrote an introduction about the researcher’s basic information and the topic of the study. The researcher indicated on the header the assurance to all the respondents that all of the answers are confidential. After making the survey, the researcher gathered respondents for the study. For the Filipino teenagers in the Philippines, the researcher looked for one hundred participants who are qualified to be a respondent in the study. The researcher used some help from the relatives and friends who are in the different provinces of the Philippines. For the respondents in the United States, the researcher contacted some friends and relatives residing in the states and asked for some help to look for one hundred and ten qualified teenagers to be a respondent in the study and those relatives and friends referred teenagers to the researcher. The researcher then personally contacted the respondents through electronic mails and social media to ask the respondents to answer the online survey. The researcher let the participants take the tests in their convenience—first test that the participants took was the Text frequency scale that also includes the demographic profile of the respondent and after was the Passionate Love Scale. For the Filipino respondents who are in Muntinlupa, the researcher personally conducted the test and for the American respondents and other respondents coming from Cebu, Davao and Baguio, the researcher sent an email or a private message containing the URL of the online survey. After gathering all the data needed in the study, the researcher scored and interpreted the data with the given interpretation of the scales used. Then organized and tallied all the data using tables. Data Analysis The gathered data were analyzed through the use of Mann-Whitney U Test for the comparison of the differences in behavior between Filipino and American citizens in consideration of unequal number of the respondents used in the study. This technique is used to test for significant differences between two independent groups on a continuous measure. It converts the scores on the continuous variables to ranks across the two groups. It evaluates whether the ranks of the two groups differ significantly such as in this case, the intimacy level of the Filipinos and Americans. Since the actual scores are converted to ranks, the distribution of scores does not matter anymore. Results and Discussion The gathered results were from the survey handed by the researcher to the respondents and the online survey made by the researcher. Out of the 130 respondents targeted, only 30 responded from the Philippines.

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Research Question #1: How often does the individual texts his/her partner or another person? Table 1. Number of text messages sent per day Number of text sent per day Grouping Total American Filipino f % f % f % 7 23.3% 30 30% 37 28.26% 0 – 30 3 10% 15 15% 18 13.85% 30 – 60 9 30% 7 7% 16 12.31% 60 – 90 4 13.3% 10 10% 14 10.77% 90 – 120 7 20% 38 38% 45 34.61% 120 and above 30 23.1% 100 76.9% 130 100% Total The table above shows that the range of text messages sent by Filipino teenagers in the Philippines who is in a relationship send ninety (90) to one hundred twenty (120) or more text messages per day and Filipino teenagers who grew up in the United states send sixty (60) to ninety (90) text messages per day. As stated by Coyne (2011), couples take advantage of technology as shown in the frequency of their use and make it as one of the ways, whether negative or positive, of communication towards each other. The more they communicate with each other, the more they use their mobile phones to text or call each other. Americans preferred other ways of communication rather than just texting their partner or their friends that is why they send an average number of text messages and lesser than the Filipinos. Lenhart, Madden, & Hitlin (2005) study also stated that only 3% of the American teenagers chose text messaging as a way of communication and a big percentage was in favor of landline phones. Table 2. Recipients of messages Recipient

Grouping American

f Boyfriend/Girlfriend 16 1 Parents 6 Relatives 7 Friends 30 Total

% 53.3% 3.3% 20% 23.3% 23.1%

Total

Filipino f 65 17 2 16 100

% 65% 17% 2% 16% 76.9%

f % 81 62.31% 18 13.85% 8 6.15% 23 17.69% 130 100%

As shown on the table above, having a 65% from the total number of answers of the respondents coming from the Philippines and a 53.3% from the respondents coming from the United States the most people who received text messages are the respondent’s intimate partner. Intimate partners tend to communicate all the time to keep in touch and update each other about anything or just simply talk to each other. A study made by Miller-Ott (2012) stated that mobile phones play an important role in romantic relationships, although they can be a source of uncertainty and conflict in relationships. There is an absence of rules and guidelines for interaction that is uncertainty and conflicts can occur in a relationship. Teenagers nowadays made technology as part of their daily lives. They use every single way to reach each other and tell stories about almost everything they see around them. Teenagers 75

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have unending stories to their friends. (Hu 2006) nonfamily-related pairs of friends, living close to each other were more likely to use mobile media. Research Question #2: What is the level of intimacy of the individual's relationship with his/her partner when grouped by culture? Table 3. Level of Intimacy among American and Filipino Citizens Intimacy Grouping Total American f

% Extremely Passionate (106 – 135) 5 3.8% 7 5.4% Passionate ( 86 – 105) 11 8.5% Average (66 – 85) 4 3.1% Cool (45 – 65) 3 2.3% Extremely Cool (15 – 44) 30 23.1% Total

Filipino f 43 25 18 11 3 100

% 33.1% 19.2% 13.8% 8.5% 2.3% 76.9%

f 48 32 29 15 6 130

% 36.9% 24.6% 22.3% 11.5% 4.6% 100%

The results of the computation were shown on the table above. Based on the results, the level of intimacy that got the highest percentage was Extremely Passionate with 36.9% from the total population of the respondents. the other level of intimacy were 24.6% for Passionate, 22.3% for Average, 11.5% for Cool, and 4.6% for Extremely Cool. Most of the Filipinos in the Philippines were on the extremely passionate level with a forty three total respondents and an equivalent of 33.1% from the total number of the respondents coming from the Philippines. The Filipinos from the United States were on the Average level with a total of eleven respondents and an equivalent of 8.5%. The two countries have different cultures, the Philippines has a family-oriented culture wherein Filipino teenagers, for example, when they reach 18 or legal age they can still depend on their parents while American culture is the opposite like when a teenager reaches legal age, he or she must be independent and look for a job to support his or herself. Filipino parents are very close to their children to the point that they are willing to support their children even if they are already grownups while American parents are different in a way that they are a little distant to their children, they are teaching their children how to be independent and to stand in their own feet. Nelson (2004) stated that there are people adhere to the norm of reciprocity in their other relationships which simply means that people can reciprocate what they have experienced to other people. The children who grew up on the Philippine setting then they will also do what they have experienced growing up. That is why teenagers who grew up in the Philippines are extremely passionate because they were raised in an extremely passionate way. While teenagers who grew up in the United States are on the average side, it is because they have experienced being raise in an average way wherein American parents treated them as an adult once they reached the age of eighteen and also American parents are not as warmth as Filipino parents can be to their children.

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Research Question #3: Is there significant difference in intimacy level when people are grouped by culture? Table 4. Significant Differences intimacy Mann-Whitney U

995.500

Wilcoxon W

1460.500

Z

-2.903

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)

.004

The Z value of -2.903 with a significance level of p=0.004 shows that there is a significant difference on the intimacy level of the respondents when they are grouped according to culture, namely Americans and Filipinos. The p value of 0.004 is < 0.05 significance level which shows that there is really a significant difference between the two. The respondents that grew up in a Philippine culture were extremely passionate towards their partner in an intimate relationship. Extremely passionate, based on the Passionate Love Scale, is when men and women are wildly in love, they can’t stop thinking about the other, their hearts pound, their pulses race, and they find it impossible to keep away from the objects of their desire—even when pursuit is dangerous or foolish. As for the respondents that grew up in a western culture, specifically American culture, most of the respondents are on the average scores and according to the interpretation average scores are people who experience such bursts of passionate feeling on occasions. A study made by Marshall (2008) stated that cultural differences in gender-role ideology and individualism were hypothesized to contribute to self-disclosure and responsiveness, and in turn, intimacy. People who you are usually open to their relationship partners are the ones who are passionate toward their significant partner and for those who are not or uncomfortable to open up to their partners are the ones who are not that passionate in a relationship. Like what Sprecher & Hendrick (2004) stated, intimacy is often conceptualized as resulting from selfdisclosure – revealing personal feelings, thoughts, and experiences to another person. Conclusion and Recommendation Texting behavior and intimacy behavior between two cultures are significantly different for several reasons. Teenagers that grew up in the United States often text their relatives from other countries so that they can stay in touch and it is in their culture that they call their friends and partners, who are living near them, instead of sending them text messages. On the other hand, teenagers that grew up in the Philippines often text their significant other with the same intentions—to stay in touch but it is in our culture that we show our respect, love and care to our relatives physically. While the effort of texting and sending long messages towards our significant partner is one way of showing our love and care for them. People have tendency to reciprocate everything they have experienced from the past. The feelings we have received from somebody can be passed on to another person the same way we felt it. Being family oriented people is a part of the Philippine culture wherein each member of the family is close to one another and that nobody is forced to move out of the house and be independent once they reached legal age. On the other hand, American culture teaches more on being independent which gives people a hard time on disclosing themselves to others. That is why we tend to reciprocate the love we have received from our parents to our partners. The researcher recommends that Filipinos should lessen the amount of text messages they send every day and that they should not make mobile phones as a big part of their lives because 77

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text messages and mobile phones are sometimes the cause of major conflict within two persons. Another recommendation is that, as stated that people tend to reciprocate things that they have experienced and received, therefore people should learn to reciprocate good things towards other people. And since there is a minimal study comparing different cultures about their texting behavior and intimacy behavior, the researcher recommends to use a wider range of respondents—coming from the different countries and different landmass that also use text messaging as a major way of communication will be a great help for the study. The researcher also recommends to use adolescent couples as respondents of the study and an equal number of respondents coming from the different countries. References: Bauminger, N., Finzi-Dottan, R., Chason, S., & Har-Even, D. (2008). Intimacy in adolescent friendship: The roles of attachment, coherence, and self-disclosure. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 25(3), 409-428. Retrieved from http://spr.sagepub.com/content/25/1/143.short Coyne, S., Stockdale, L., Busby, D., Iverson, B., & Grant, D. (2011). “I luv u :)!”: A Descriptive Study of the Media Use of Individuals in Romantic Relationships. Family Relations, 60(2), 150–162. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2010.00639.x/abstract Faulkner, X., & Culwin, F. (2004). When fingers do the talking: A study of text messaging. 17(2),167-185. Retrieved from http://iwc.oxfordjournals.org/content/17/2/167.short Hu, Y., Wood, J., Smith, V., & Westbrook, N. (2006). Friendships through IM: Examining the Relationship between Instant Messaging and Intimacy. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10(1). Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2004.tb00231.x/full#ss4 Klein, A. (2012, August 22). Text Messaging: Effects on Romantic Relationships and Social Behavior. Lenhart, A., Ling, R., Campbell, S., & Purcel, K. (2010). Teens and Mobile Phones: Text Messaging Explodes as Teens Embrace It as the Centerpiece of Their Communication Strategies with Friends. Retrieved from http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED525059 Ling, R., & Baron, N. (2007). Text Messaging and IM Linguistic Comparison of American College Data. Journal Of Language and Social Psychology, 26(3), 291-298. Retrieved from http://jls.sagepub.com/content/26/3/291.short Marshall, T. (2008). Cultural Differences in Intimacy: The Influence of Gender-Role Ideology and Individualism Collectivism. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 25(1), 143-168. Retrieved from http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/3290/1/Cultural Differences in Intimacy.pdf Measurement Instrument Database for the Social Sciences. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.midss.org/content/passionate-love-scale-pls Miller-Ott, A., Kelly, L., & Duran, R. (2012). The Effects of Cell Phone Usage Rules on Satisfaction in Romantic Relationships. Communication Quarterly, 17-34. Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01463373.2012.642263 Nelson, M. (2004). Reciprocity and Romance. Qualitative Sociology, 27(4), 439-459. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:QUAS.0000049242.21417.d8 Pertierra, R. (2005). MOBILE PHONES, IDENTITY AND DISCURSIVE INTIMACY. Human Technology, 1(1), 23-44. Retrieved from http://www.humantechnology.jyu.fi/archives/abstracts/pertierra05.html> Reid, D., & Reid, F. (2004). Insights into the Social and Psychological Effects of SMS Text Messaging. The Social and Psychological Effects of Text.Retrieved from 78

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http://www.ebusinessforum.gr/old/content/downloads/Reidetal_SocialEffectsOfTextMessa ging.pdf Sprecher, S., & Hendrick, S. (2004). Self-Disclosure in Intimate Relationships: Associations with Individual and Relationship Characteristics Over Time. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(6), 857-877. Retrieved from http://guilfordjournals.com/doi/abs/10.1521/jscp.23.6.857.54803 The Philippines is set to continue expanding 3G and 4G LTE coverage. (2014, April 18). Retrieved from: http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/news/Philippines-set-continueexpanding-3g-and-4g-lte-coverage

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Relationship of Moral Intelligence and Competitiveness of Children in Political and Non-Political Families Macatugob, Roshelle Ocampo, Rodelando ABSTRACT The study investigated the relationship of moral intelligence and competitiveness of children in political families and non-political families. The respondents in the study were from a political family (N = 119) and non political family (N = 119) in Guiuan, Eastern Samar and were chosen through purposive sampling. Descriptive-correlational method was utilized to examine the moral intelligence and competitiveness of the respondents. The results of the study have shown that there is a high level of moral intelligence and a below average competitiveness in children from political family. Furthermore, it showed that there is a medium level of moral intelligence and average competitiveness in children from non-political family. The results of the study also yielded that there is a significant difference (p