The Automotive Dictionary

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The

Automotive Dictionary a comprehensive reference handbook explaining terms and technologies related to the

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook

Foreword This ‘Automotive Dictionary’ has been created to provide all employees, suppliers, dealers and customers of Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. with a deeper understanding of Automotive Systems. It contains definitions of a wide variety of automotive terms, written in simple, jargon-free English.

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applications include, use for Product upgradation, future vehicle development, as self study for all our customer relations department, as a brief introduction to our non-engineering co-workers, and also help us all to be have basic knowledge related to our product It is our sincere desire that this dictionary will prove beneficial in promoting a greater understanding of Automotive Systems, and will thereby result in a greater degree of customer satisfaction. Like most of the Automotive OEMs and Suppliers, we have attempted (this is the first edition) to create a ‘The Automotive Dictionary’. However, there may still remain some errors and omissions; if you find any of these, or if you have any other comments or suggestions or additions regarding ‘The Automotive Dictionary’, please do not hesitate to bring them to our attention. Thank you!!!

The Corporate Quality Office Corporate Quality Office 2nd floor, Admin. Bldg., Automotive Sector, Akurli Road, Kandivli (E), Mumbai – 400 101 India Tel. :– (+91) 22 28467 068 / 322 / 650 CQO-Officers

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook

Notes

1. Not all entries in this dictionary will be applicable to our existing products & market, but they may be effective in helping us to satisfy curiosity, our own or that of a customer. 2. We have tried as far as possible to include generally used terminology, so that all english speakers may benefit from this dictionary. 3. If you require further detailed technical or product knowledge, you would be required to refer to some other resources, such as books, periodicals, audio/visual aids or technical manuals. 4. This book is intended for use such that it directly or indirectly benefits Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. only.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook Engine Hood (Bonnet)

Windshield

Wiper blade

Rear View Mirror (Outside)

Front Door

Door Handle (front)

Marker Lamp Cladding Fender Extension Grille

Headlamp

Bumper (Front)

Tyre & Wheel

Rear Door Window Wiper blade Door (Rear) Registration Plate (Provision for) Door Handle (rear) Cladding

Fuel Filler Door/Cap

Rear View Mirror (inside) AC Ventilator(s)

Tyre & Wheel

Footboard

Rear Lamp (Tail Lamp) Sunvisor(s) Windshield Instrument Panel Steering wheel

Grab Handle

Instruments AC Controls

Glove Box

Gear Shift Lever

Co-driver Seat

Driver Seat

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General 2x4 A common abbreviation for "two-wheel-drive". It is pronounced "two by four". 2WD Abbreviation for "two-wheel-drive". 4x4 A common abbreviation for "four-wheel-drive". It is pronounced "four by four". 4WD Abbreviation for "four-wheel-drive". ‘A’ A/C * Air Conditioner A/T * Automatic Transmission ABS * Anti-lock Brake System ACCELERATION DRAG (INERTIAL RESISTANCE) The resistance against acceleration. This type of drag is an important source of feedback to the driver, informing him or her of the acceleration response. ACCELERATION PERFORMANCE The index of engine performance is the vehicle's ability to accelerate. The time it takes a vehicle to accelerate from a dead stop to a certain speed, or to reach a certain distance, is called "takeoff acceleration." Acceleration from a constant speed is called "passing acceleration." * SS 1/4-mile Acceleration, Zero-to-four Acceleration ACCELERATOR PEDAL The pedal installed near the driver's right foot, and which allows the driver to control engine rpm, and thus vehicle speed. Accelerator pedals can be of either the ‘pendant’ type, which hangs down from above, or the ‘organ’ type, which is installed into the floor. ACEA Acronym for Association des Costructeurs de Automobile, the European professional association of petroleum industry engineers. ACEA was formed in response to European engine designer concerns that API standards were not responsive to their requirements and were overly focused on American engine designs. ACEA currently specifies engine oil requirements in three categories Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook A - Gasoline (Petrol) B - Passenger Car Diesel C – Commercial (Truck) Diesel ACID NUMBER A measure of the amount of Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) needed to neutralise all or part of the acidity of a petroleum product, i.e. how much free acid is contained in the product. ACIS Acoustic Control Induction System * Variable Induction Systems ACKERMAN STEERING A type of steering that is set so that the turning angle of the inside front wheel is greater than the angle of the outside front wheel. Most cars use this type of steering. This difference between the turning angles of the inner and outer front wheels not only influences how the turn is made, but also affects steering "feel," steering stability, and steering wheel return. * Turning Radius ACTIVE SUSPENSION SYSTEM Active suspension systems utilise power to move each wheel up and down to control body motion in response to road abnormalities. The system responds to inputs from the road and the driver. With active suspension, a vehicle can simultaneously provide the smooth ride of a soft suspension along with the superior handling associated with a firm suspension. Most active suspension systems use a high-pressure pump with hydraulic cylinders at each wheel to position the wheels with respect to the vehicle. Up and down motion of the wheels is actuated by electronically controlled valves. Other alternatives to power active suspension systems include electric motors or electro-magnets. In any system, sensors at each wheel determine vertical wheel position and the force of the road acting on the wheel. Some systems use "road preview" sensors (radar or laser) to provide information about road abnormalities before the front wheels reach them. Accelerometers tell the computer when the vehicle is accelerating, braking, or cornering. The computer uses complex algorithms to continuously process information and decide the position each wheel. Coil springs can be used at each wheel to avoid 'bottoming out' of the suspension in case of system failure, and can also reduce the power required to support the sprung weight of the vehicle. Outstanding ride and handling, even on rough road surfaces

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook ACTIVE TILT CONTROL Active tilt control applies force to 'wind up' the stabiliser bars in the front and rear suspension in order to resist body lean while cornering. Because active control is used only as needed, vehicle spring rates and stabiliser bar stiffness can be reduced, improving normal ride characteristics. In addition, this system has potential to increase low speed, off-road traction on 4WD vehicles. The control module receives a lateral acceleration signal from a body mounted accelerometer. The module directs pressure from a pump to hydraulic cylinders that replace stabiliser bar links. During cornering, the cylinders are actuated to wind-up the stabiliser bars, which increases resistance to body lean. The system is deactivated at slow speeds to increase driver comfort. Off-road traction is improved due to lower resistance from the stabiliser bars, allowing the front and rear wheels to better follow the surface of rough roads. Reduced vehicle lean and improved ride

ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL (INTELLIGENT CRUISE CONTROL) Adaptive cruise control (ACC) improves on traditional cruise control by allowing a vehicle to automatically follow another vehicle at a set (safe) distance. With ACC, the driver sets the system when their vehicle is at the desired interval from the lead vehicle. ACC maintains that spacing up to a maximum vehicle speed, also set by the driver. The driver must remain alert to override the system if necessary. When the distance to the lead vehicle and/or relative speed indicates a need for braking, some ACC concepts merely disengage the throttle (and enable a downshift) and give a warning to apply the brakes. Other concepts actually tap the brakes to warn the driver. When the lead vehicle changes lanes or exits (and the road is clear), the ACC will accelerate to the set speed (same as conventional cruise control). When actuated by the driver, a microwave radar unit or laser transceiver on the front determines the distance to the vehicle ahead and relative speed. The computer continually adjusts the throttle (and brake-tap system if so equipped). Braking can override the system at any time. Increased convenience and improved traffic flow on busy highways ADAPTIVE TRANSMISSION CONTROL (ATC) The Adaptive Transmission Control (ATC) system recognises individual styles of driving (e.g., aggressive versus relaxed) and adapts transmission shift Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook parameters accordingly. Two types of ATC are Adaptive Shift-Scheduling and Adaptive Shift-Quality Control. Adaptive shift scheduling uses information to assess driving style and decide when to upshift or downshift. It can also identify up-or downhill gradients, and recognise hard cornering; to inhibit shifts that might be annoying to the driver or affect vehicle stability. Adaptive shift-quality control uses information about the vehicle or environment, such as changes in the transmission due to wear, to improve the quality of shifts. This system can also adjust shift smoothness to suit driving style; eg, crisper shifts for aggressive driving or smoother shifts for normal driving. Adaptive Shift Scheduling uses a microprocessor to read signals from various sensors; with a complex algorithm (and ongoing memory) to 'decide' when to shift. For example, high lateral acceleration during cornering may prevent shifting even if the accelerator is suddenly depressed or released. This helps avoid potential loss of tire grip due to load reversal. Shift points can be based on calibration curves in memory. Adaptive Shift-Quality Control adjusts parameters that affect the speed and smoothness of the shift by interpreting data, including driveline feedback, from various sensors. Transmission shifting that is better suited to specific driver styles or operating conditions ADD * Automatic Disconnecting Differential ADDITIVE A material added to the base stock to improve its properties, characteristics or performance. ADJUSTABLE SHOULDER BELT ANCHOR (SEAT BELT HEIGHT ADJUSTER) A type of seat belt anchor that makes it possible to adjust the shoulder belt angle of the three-point seat belt to suit the physique of the wearer. The centre pillar anchor (in which the belt is housed) of a conventional, threepoint seat belt is fixed in place, and cannot be moved to suit passengers who are larger or smaller than average. However, the adjustable anchor can be raised or lowered by pressing a button. Thus the seat belt can be worn with greater comfort and safety. ADVANCED (SMART) RESTRAINT SYSTEMS Smart restraints provide more consistent protection for people of different sizes and positions in various vehicle crash situations. Traditional seat belts and air bags are set up to provide protection for a range of occupants and conditions by deploying or restraining in a 'fixed' manner. Advanced restraints systems consider variables such as occupant weight, seating position, seat belt usage, Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook and vehicle deceleration to control seat belt forces and deploy the air bag optimally. Also, air bags would be designed to not deploy at seating positions; which are unoccupied, where a rear-facing child seat is installed, or when an occupant is out of the normal seating position (too close to the air bag). Smart restraints could provide more consistent protection in a variety of real-world conditions, and reduce the potential for injuries due to deployment of air bags. A combination of sensors (ultrasonic, infrared or capacitive) provide the computer with information about occupant position, occupant weight, and seat track position. Accelerometers provide information about the collision. The computer uses this information to decide which restraints should be deployed and in what manner. Special hardware would be required to tailor deployment of restraints; e.g.: • Variable deployment air bag actuators -- allow air bag to fill at different speeds and to different volumes • Seat belt pre-tensioners -- tighten the seat belt at the beginning of the •

collision Seat belt load limiters -- allow the seat belt to extend with high loads during a collision Potential for increased safety and comfort, reduced repair costs

ADVANCED (SMART) POWER WINDOWS Smart power windows automatically stop closing and reverse direction when obstructions (such as a hand) are detected in the path of the closing window. A number of different technologies may be used to sense an obstruction. One concept monitors electric current and/or torque of the window regulator motor. Certain changes detected in the electrical current signify an obstruction, stopping or reversing the direction of the window. Another concept detects obstructions with a light curtain or infrared detector. The light curtain stops the motor before contact is made, further reducing potential for injury. Safety and convenience, particularly with features like one-touch closing, global window-closing, or automatic closing of a moonroof when rain is detected AERO SLIT BUMPER A bumper with openings-on both sides to allow air to flow in and out. When the wind created by the movement of the vehicle enters these openings, it can escape out the bottom, increasing straight-line stability at high speeds.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook AERO TOP A top that is constructed so that the entire section of the roof over the front seats can be removed. "Aero top" has roughly the same meaning as "targa top". AERODYNAMIC DRAG (CD, CW, CX) When a vehicle is in motion, air hits the body, generating a force (aerodynamic drag) which resists the forward movement of the vehicle. At low to medium speeds, aerodynamic drag has little effect on the vehicle, but I the speed increases, the drag increase dramatically. (CD is also symbolised as and C W and C X in some countries.) * Aerodynamic Performance, Drag Coefficient, Lift Coefficient AERODYNAMIC MIRROR A door mirror designed to reduce aerodynamic drag. This type of mirror also gives the vehicle a sporty look. AERODYNAMIC COMPONENTS Components that redirect air flow to improve vehicle aerodynamics by creating a downward force that causes the vehicle to hug the road. Aerodynamic components increase fuel efficiency at high speeds and reduce wind noise. They include such components as front and rear spoilers. AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE Aerodynamic performance includes a vehicle's reaction to various kinds of wind forces, such as the aerodynamic "drag", pushing against the vehicle from the front, and the forces pushing the vehicle upward, the so-called "lift". These are as abbreviated as CD and CL respectively. Body style influences these forces, which increase dramatically at higher speeds. A vehicle with a low drag coefficient experiences less power loss as it moves forward, giving greater fuel economy. A vehicle with a low lift coefficient has better stability at high speeds. Use of air spoilers is one way of improving a vehicle's aerodynamic performance. AFTER-BURN (AFTER-FIRE) An explosive noise in the exhaust system. After-burn occurs when partially unburned exhaust gas ignites in the exhaust pipe. The most common cause of after-burn is an ever-rich air-fuel mixture. This, in turn, is often caused by sudden deceleration, or by engine braking while descending a steep hill. Another common cause of after-burn is improper valve timing. * Backfire AIRBAG Air bags are fabric bags that quickly fill with gas to provide supplemental protection for vehicle passengers during some types of collisions. Front air bags for driver and front seat passengers are becoming standard on most cars and Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook light trucks sold in North America. Side impact air bags are becoming increasingly available. Air bags are most effective in protecting vehicle occupants who are properly belted. One or more sensors detect intensity and direction of vehicle deceleration that occurs during a collision. If there is sufficient acceleration and change in velocity (above a set limit) in the direction of protection (eg, frontal or lateral), appropriate airbags are deployed; e.g., front and/or side. Air bags begin to inflate within 25-20 milliseconds after the impact, and are fully deployed in 40 to 55 milliseconds. Improved occupant protection in some types of collisions. * Supplemental Restraint System (SRS) Airbag AIR CLEANER A device used to remove dirt, sand, and other foreign matter from the air that is sent to the engine. If dirt gets into the engine, it will get mixed with the engine oil, damaging the cylinders and piston rings. Also, if the filter element of the air cleaner becomes clogged, an insufficient amount of air will reach the engine, resulting in a lack of power. The air filter element must therefore be inspected and cleaned or replaced periodically. AIR CONDITIONER (A/C, "AIR CON") A device or system that adjusts the temperature inside the passenger compartment, cooling and dehumidifying it. It is also used for defogging the windows. If an unpleasant odour is detected when the air conditioner is first switched on, it may be due to dirt or dust that has become lodged inside the system and is being blown into the interior of the vehicle. Turning on the air conditioner should dissipate the odour by collecting the moisture from the air and expelling it into the atmosphere. AIR FLOW METER A device which measures the quantity of air flowing into the engine. Based on the data provided by the air flow meter, a computer controls the quantity of fuel injected into the intake manifold or intake ports, and the ignition timing. AIR-FUEL RATIO The proportion with which air and gasoline are mixed in the cylinders. To make it easier to start the engine, a richer" mixture (one with a higher concentration of gasoline) is used, while under most driving conditions, a leaner

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook "theoretical" mixture (one with a theoretical concentration of gasoline) is used to improve fuel economy and reduce exhaust emissions. AIR HORN A horn that is operated by compressed air. Compressed air activates a vibration plate to produce the sound. Air horns are usually used on large vehicles, such as trucks and buses. * Electric Horn AIR INTAKE AND EXHAUST SYSTEMS The components used to supply air to the engine, and channel exhaust gases from the engine to the outside. The intake system includes such components as the air cleaner, and the intake manifold that conducts the air-fuel mixture to the cylinders. The exhaust system includes the exhaust manifold, the muffler that controls exhaust noise, and the tail pipe. AIR INTAKES Openings around the vehicle body that permit air to enter to improve cooling, such as for the engine. To cool the engine of an MR (Midship-engine, Rearwheel-drive) vehicle, the air intakes are located on the sides of the body. For turbocharger cooling, air intake openings are installed on the engine hood. AIR PURIFIER A device for removing dust, smoke, unpleasant odors, and other impurities from the interior of a vehicle. When a vehicle is driven with the air conditioner on and the windows closed, odour and impurities in the air inside the vehicle, may create unpleasant odours. The air purifier removes these odours and other impurities. AIR SUSPENSION Suspension using air instead of metal springs to support the vehicle body. Air absorbs finer vibrations than metal springs, and can more easily adjust the vehicle to a uniform height. * Electronically Controlled Air Suspension, Electronically Modulated Suspension (EMS)

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook AIR VALVE A valve for regulating air intake. On vehicles with EFI, the air valve opens when the engine is cold, permitting an increased flow of air to the engine, and thereby raising the engine rpm. ALIGNMENT * Wheel Alignment ALIGNMENT CHANGE A general term for small changes in the installation angles of the suspension and wheels. These changes may be due to such factors as rolling, pitching, bouncing, etc., and include changes in camber, caster and toe-in. The greater the changes in alignment, the greater the vehicle instability and the more uneven the tyre wear. ALKALINITY (BASICITY) A measure of the ability of a lubricant to neutralise acids which are formed during the combustion process, most commonly from sulphur present in diesel fuels. Left uncontrolled, acids would cause corrosion within the engine. ALL-WEATHER TIRE A radial tyre that can be used in both summer and winter. All-weather tyres do not handle as well on snow-covered roads as snow tyres, but can be used as snow tyres on roads that are only lightly covered with snow. * Spiked Tyre, Studless Tyre ALTERNATOR A device, powered by the engine, which generates electricity. It provides power to the various electrical components and systems while the engine is running, and also keeps the battery charged. ALTERNATOR REGULATOR * Regulator ALTIMETER A gauge that shows vehicle altitude; it operates on the principle that air decreases as altitude increases. Off-road vehicles are often provided with an altimeter. ALUMINUM WHEELS ("MAG" WHEELS) Wheels made of aluminium alloy. The advantages of aluminium wheels include reduced weight and a large number of production designs. (Note: The "mag" wheels found on some ”sporty" cars look like the ultra-light magnesium wheels used on race cars, but are often made of aluminium alloy.) * Disc Wheel, Light-alloy Wheels

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook AMP Amplifier AMPLIFIER ("AMP") An electronic device that amplifies electrical signals. The most common type of amplifier found in an automobile takes weak electrical signals from the radio tuner, cassette deck, CD player, etc., and amplifies them so that the speakers can convert them to sound. An amplifier consists of a pre-amp (also called the "control amp"), which modulates the signal received from the tuner or player, and a power amp (also called the ”main amp"), which increases the gain (strength) of the signal before sending it to the loudspeakers. * A Complete AV System ANALOG METER A "traditional" round meter with a needle to indicate such data as vehicle speed, engine rpm, etc. ANGLE OF APPROACH Angle between ground and front bumper Front Bumper Front Ground

Approach Angle

ANGLE OF DEPARTURE Angle between ground and rear bumper Rear Bumper Rear Ground

Departure angle

API Acronym for the American Petroleum Institute – a professional association of petroleum industry engineers. API establishes standards for a wide range of products and services including those for automotive lubricants. ANTI-DIVE A suspension design and/or computer-controlled function that compensates for the tendency of the nose of a vehicle to "dive” (drop down momentarily) during braking. * Anti-lift, Anti-roll, Anti-squat Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook ANTIFOAM AGENT An additive used to suppress the foaming tendency of a lubricant in service. Foam can interfere with the efficient operation of lubricants, systems e.g. allowing air to enter hydraulic lines. Additionally, the mixing of air into the lubricant will accelerate oxidation and shorten oil life. Antifoaming agents are usually silicone-oil-based and act by disrupting the surface film around bubbles to prevent their formation. ANTIFREEZE A liquid chemical added to engine coolant to prevent the coolant from freezing in winter. Recent advances in antifreeze performance include protection at lower temperatures, rust protection, and the ability to be used year round. (This last type of coolant is called "long-life coolant," or LLC.) The main component of antifreeze is ethylene glycol, to which an anti-rust compound is added. When the coolant level drops too low, adding only water weakens the antifreeze and antirust properties, so when coolant is added, antifreeze should also be added in a concentration suitable to the temperature and the use to which the vehicle will be put. ANTI-GLARE MIRROR A rear-view mirror that protects the eyes from glare at night. The anti-glare mirror can suppress the level of light reflected from the headlamps of following vehicles. Conventional anti-glare mirrors use prisms for light refraction, but fewer mirrors use liquid crystals to reduce the amount of light transmitted. * Liquid Crystal Glare-proof Mirror ANTI- LIFT A suspension design and/or computer-controlled function that controls the tendency of the rear of the vehicle to rise during braking, by offsetting the tendency of the nose to dive. * Anti-dive, Anti-roll, Anti-squat ANTILOCK BRAKE SYSTEM (ABS) ABS keeps the wheels from fully locking up while braking -- to allow the driver to maintain steering control of the vehicle. Without ABS, too much force applied to the brake pedal can cause one or more wheels to stop turning (lock up) and begin skidding, reducing capability of the to steer along the intended path. With ABS, maximum force on the brake pedal slows each wheel only to the point of maximum braking -- without skidding. Since all wheels are still rolling, the vehicle maintains steering control within the limits of traction. Many light trucks use rear-wheel ABS which prevents rear wheel lock up.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook A computer-controlled braking system that automatically prevents the wheels from locking up during sudden braking. This improves directional stability. In a brake system without ABS, if the brakes are suddenly applied on a slippery road, the vehicle may skid and spin out of control. This loss of control occurs if the wheels lock up, causing a lack of steering control. To avoid losing control, the driver must pump the brakes, dividing the braking into several short bursts. This is called "cadence braking". However, in an emergency there may not be time to pump the brakes. With ABS, the computer determines how each of the four wheels is rotating when the brakes are applied, and automatically performs repeated "brake and release" operations. This prevents the wheels from locking up and allows the steering wheel to remain responsive, thereby keeping the vehicle from weaving and enabling a safe stop. This system also prevents the wheels from locking up and causing the vehicle to spin out if the brakes are applied too vigorously on a curve. ABS consists of an Electronic Control Unit (ECU) with microprocessor, hydraulic control unit (HCU) with pump and motor (to modulate brake line pressure), and wheel speed sensors for each wheel. If a wheel begins to lock up during braking, the computer senses a speed difference compared to the other wheels. The HCU reduces pressure to that brake until it begins to roll again. This occurs repeatedly (many times per second) during braking, making pumping of the brakes unnecessary. When the brake is applied firmly, each wheel is kept at maximum braking without locking up; to help the driver make best use of available traction. Stopping distances on snow and ice will generally be longer than on dry pavement. ABS provides the average driver with greater vehicle stability and control during severe braking, allowing the driver to steer away from a potential accident. * Traction Control System (TRC, TRAC) ANTI-ROLL A suspension design and/or computer-controlled function that compensates for the tendency of the vehicle to lean to the outside of the turn during cornering. * Anti-dive, Anti-lift, Anti-squat

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook ANTI-SQUAT A suspension design and/or computer-controlled function that compensates for the tendency of the rear of a vehicle to "squat" (drop down momentarily) when starting off or accelerating. * Anti-dive, Anti-lift, Anti-roll ANTI-STATIC SEAT A seat that prevents the occupant from being shocked by static electricity. This is accomplished by an electrically conductive material that is woven into the seat material. This material keeps the seat grounded and prevents the build-up of static electricity. ANTI-SUBMARINING SEATS Anti-submarining seats help reduce the risk of vehicle occupants sliding under the lap belt in a frontal collision; and may help position the occupant's torso for more effective restraint by the shoulder harness portion of the belt system, and by the airbag. The seat cushion frame is designed with a ramp structure that slopes upward toward the front of the seat. In a collision, the ramp portion presses against the occupant's pelvis and thighs to help keep the lower body from sliding downward and under the lap belt. Increased protection in a frontal collision ANTI-WEAR AGENT Additives, or their reaction products, which form thin, tenacious films on highly loaded parts, such as gear teeth, prevent metal-to-metal contact and the resulting corrosion. ASH Metallic deposits formed in the combustion chamber of an engine or other high temperature operating areas. Many ashes are abrasive and may lead to wear if not controlled. ASH (SULPHATED) The ash content of a lubricant, determined by burning the oil and then treating the residue with sulphuric acid and drying. Expressed as percentage by mass.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook ASPECT RATIO The "height" of a tyre divided by its width, and multiplied by 100. The smaller the aspect ratio, the lower and wider the tyre. Standard tyres have aspect ratios of between 70 and 80%, while low-aspect tyres generally have ratios in the neighbourhood of 65, 60, or even 50%. The aspect ratio must be considered in selecting a tyre, along with tyre width and wheel diameter. Aspect information is given on the sidewall of the tyre. * Low-aspect Tyre

ASSEMBLY A component consisting of two or more components or sub-assemblies. ATF Automatic Transmission Fluid. Fluids used in automatic, hydraulic transmissions in motor vehicles. ATF fluids must have carefully controlled characteristics if they are to perform correctly. Most major motor manufacturers specify fluids suitable for their transmission systems AUTOMATIC AIR CONDITIONER A type of air conditioner that automatically maintains a specified interior temperature, regardless of changes in the outside temperature. Sensors constantly monitor the temperature inside and outside the passenger compartment. When the driver sets a desired temperature, a computer automatically adjusts the temperatures based on this data, and sets the blower strength accordingly. AUTOMATIC DISCONNECTING DIFFERENTIAL (ADD) Simply flipping a switch permits the driver of a part-time four-wheel-drive vehicle to engage or disengage the propeller shaft from the drive shafts, changing between two-wheel and four-wheel drive. With ADD, it is therefore not necessary to get out of the vehicle to engage disengage the free-wheel hubs manually. * One-touch 2-4 Selector Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook AUTOMATIC HEADLIGHT SHUT-OFF SYSTEM A fail-safe device that prevents the headlights from being left on by mistake. If the headlights are left on when the ignition is turned off, the headlights and the taillights will turn off automatically once the driver's door is opened. AUTOMATIC RIDE CONTROL Automatic ride control adjusts vehicle shock absorber resistance (damping) in response to driver inputs such as steering and braking, and for changes in road surface. During manoeuvres such as hard braking or quick lane changes, the system increases suspension damping to improve dynamic stability. Damping is automatically decreased during steady driving, so that bumps and potholes are absorbed rather than being transmitted to the occupants. Some systems also allow the driver to select suspension settings; soft, normal or firm (sport) Most systems use switchable-rate shock absorbers (dampers). Different sensors may be used, depending on the complexity of the system. (1) A basic system, such as on the Thunderbird Super Coupe, measures steering wheel position and braking. The computer adjusts the damping of all shock absorbers equally. (2) A road-calibrated suspension system, also known as semi-active suspension, measures the position of individual road wheels as well as driver inputs. This type system (used on Continental and Taurus SHO) adjusts shock absorber damping independently for each wheel for the best combination of performance and ride. In vehicles equipped with a suspension-firmness switch, selecting a firm setting would cause the computer to choose heavy damping for most driving conditions, while the soft setting would result in light damping more often. Improved ride and handling AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION A transmission that automatically shifts gears in response to vehicle speed and acceleration. With an automatic transmission, the driver does not need to constantly shift gears, which makes driving in stop-and-go traffic and on hilly roads much easier. An automatic transmission is composed of a torque converter (which replaces the clutch of a manual transmission), and the transmission itself. A car with an automatic transmission is often simply called an "automatic". There are different kinds of automatic transmissions. Some have three speeds, some have four, and some have extra functions such as a lockup mechanism or overdrive. Some also have settings for improving fuel economy and reducing noise. * Manual Transmission (M/T), Transaxle Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION FLUID (ATF) A special type of oil used in an automatic transmission. Ordinary (manual) transmission oil must not be used if the use of ATF is specified. AUTOMATIC WIPERS Wipers with an interval switch that can be set by the driver in response to the amount of rain that is falling. To operate, set the wiper switch to INT (intermittent). AUTO-SHIFT MANUAL TRANSMISSION AND SELECT-SHIFT MANUAL TRANSMISSION • Select-Shift Manual (SSM): Select-Shift Manual controls allow the driver to change gears in a manual transmission without having to operate a clutch •

pedal. Auto-Shift Manual (ASM): Auto-Shift Manual automatically clutches and shifts a manual transmission. ASM operates similar to an automatic transmission (ie, has a drive position), but with performance and fuel efficiency associated with a manual. ASM can achieve better fuel economy than a conventional manual because it follows a shift schedule that is better than typical driver-selected shift points. Both SSM and ASM are essentially manual transmissions with additional hardware and software. The hydraulic clutch is controlled by computer rather than driver input. Electro-hydraulic actuators replace mechanical shift linkage. The shift control/ gear selector is

actually an electrical switch, with many possible forms; eg, the traditional Hpattern, or a control on a steering-column stalk to upshift or downshift. When operated by the driver, the shift control disengages the clutch, engages the new gear, and re-engages the clutch, all under control of the computer. The computer can also control engine speed -- through throttle, ignition or fuel intervention -- for smoother shifts. Potentially damaging shift commands can be countermanded by computer intervention. Fuel economy improvement with fun-to-drive manual shifting, and shift mode flexibility AUTO TILTAWAY STEERING WHEEL A steering wheel that automatically tilts up and out of the way when the ignition key is removed, making it easier for the driver to get in and out of the car. When the key is reinserted in the ignition and the steering wheel is pulled down by hand, the steering wheel returns to its original position. * Computer-controlled Tilt and Telescopic Steering (Preset Steering), Telescopic Steering Wheel, Tilt Steering Wheel

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook AXLE A shaft connecting the right and left wheels. The axle supports the weight of the vehicle and transmits power from the engine to the wheels. Steering knuckles are also installed on the front axles. The rear axle consists of an axle shaft and an axle housing. The load on the rear axle differs from vehicle to vehicle, so different methods are used to support the load. * Full-floating Axle, Semi-floating Rear Axle AXLE HOUSING A tube that houses the axle shafts. The axle housing runs from the right wheel to the left wheel. The housing and the axle shafts installed inside of it make up the axle. Both ends of the axle housing are mounted to the suspension and support the body. On an FR vehicle, the differential is installed at the center of the axle housing. AXLE SHAFTS Shafts that are installed inside the axle housing of a rigid suspension; the axle housing and the axle shafts together make up the axle. The shafts transmit the engine power from the differential to the wheels. One end of each shaft is connected to a differential side gear, and the other end to a wheel. ‘B’ BACKFIRE An explosive noise created by combustion in the intake manifold. Backfire has several causes, among them being: 1. The air-fuel mixture is too lean. This causes combustion to occur too slowly, which in turn allows burning gases to escape from the cylinders) into the intake manifold through the intake valve(s) after they have opened for next intake cycle. 2. The valve timing is incorrect. This allows burning gases to escape through the take valves as explained above. * After-burn BACKLASH The gap between the teeth of gears that mesh with each other. Large backlash, causes the teeth to hit each other, creating a lot of noise. In general, as gear teeth wear down, backlash noise increases.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook

BACK-UP LIGHTS (REVERSING LAMPS) Lights that light up when the vehicle backs up, giving a warning to the rear. These lights are usually white, to prevent them from being confused with the brake lamps. BALD SPOT An area on a tyre where the tread has worn too thin. When this occurs, the tyre reached the limit of its usefulness. On a tyre of a passenger vehicle, when tread wears down to less than 1.6 mm (0.06 in.) in thickness, some areas will appear to have less tread left than on the rest of the tyre. On truck tyres, bald spots appear when the tread wears down to less than 3.2 mm. So-called “Tread-wear indicators” are built into the tread to indicate when the tread has worn down too far. When the tyre tread has worn thin, the vehicle will be difficult to control on wet roads and may skid or hydroplane. This is a driving hazard, and bald tyres should always be replaced for this reason. BALL-NUT STEERING • Recirculating-ball Steering BASE NUMBER The amount of acid (usually hydrochloric) needed to fully neutralise a lubricant’s alkalinity, expressed as Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) equivalents i.e. KOH grams per litre. BASE STOCK The base fluid, usually a refined petroleum fraction or a synthetic fluid, into which additives are dissolved to produce the final lubricant. BATTERY A rechargeable electrical storage device used to power the starter, the ignition system, the lights, and other electrical equipment on a vehicle. The battery can carry out most of these functions even when the alternator (a type of generator used in automobiles) is shut off, because it stores the electricity that is generated by the alternator when the engine is running. The battery contains a liquid solution called “electrolyte", in which negative and positive lead plates, joined together by connectors, are immersed. The electrolyte and lead in the plates react chemically to generate electricity; when this occurs, we say that the battery is "discharging". The opposite process, called "charging", uses electricity to be stored in the battery again. The conventional automotive battery uses Lead (Pb) and lead peroxide (PbO 2) or zinc for the plates, and dilute sulphuric acid (H2 SO4 ) for the electrolyte. Standard battery output is about 12 volts and standard capacity is between 40 and 70 AH (ampere-hours). Since recent vehicles contain more and more advanced

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook electronic equipment, battery and alternator performance have become vital factors in automobile design. BATTERY SAVER The battery saver feature automatically turns off interior lights in a parked vehicle after a few minutes; to prevent the battery from being drained; eg, when a reading light is left burning, or a door is left ajar. If interior lights are left on while the ignition key is in the off position, a relay will be deactivated within 10-40 minutes to turn off power to the interior lights. Helps avoid being stranded due to a dead battery BEAD The portion of the tyre that contacts the rim of the wheel. The bead prevents tyre distortion and keeps the tyre from coming off the wheel. Steel wire similar to a bundle of piano wire is used as the core of the bead.

BED The deck at the rear of a truck, in which cargo is carried. BENCH SEAT A wide seat that can accommodate two or more persons. Most modern passenger cars have separate seats in the front, but vehicles such as taxis that need to seat three in the front use bench seats. BIAS COEFFICIENT An indicator of the performance of an LSD (Limited Slip Differential). The bias coefficient shows the proportion of torque that the LSD attempts to send to the opposite wheel when a drive wheel on one side begins spinning. A higher coefficient indicates a greater ability to get out when stuck in a hole, better cornering performance and better control on slippery roads.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook BIAS TIRE (BIAS-PLY TIRE) A tyre whose plies (layers) are built up with their cords running in alternate directions. This type of tyre is inferior to the radial tyre in both performance and endurance.

BLANKWASH COMPOUND A press-applied water/oil dilutable compound formulated to clean the blank and enhance formability. It is normally applied via roll coaster prior to introduction of the blank into the press. BLISTER A bubble in the paint. If water, oil and other impurities are not cleaned off the body surfaces before painting, they will prevent the paint from bonding to the surface of the metal, and the paint will swell to form blisters. Rust can also cause blisters; they are then called “corrosion blisters". BLOW-BY The process whereby unburned fuel and combustion products are blown past the piston rings into the crankcase rather than being fully expelled as exhaust. Blowby products contaminate and dilute lubricants, reducing the effectiveness. The problem is worse in older or poorly maintained diesel engines. BLOW-BY GAS Unburned gas and exhaust gas that escape from the combustion chambers into the crankcase, via the minute clearances between the pistons and the cylinder walls. Most blow-by gas is raw, unburned gas, that is released during compression, and consists of highly concentrated hydrocarbon (HC) gas. * Positive Crankshaft Ventilation System. (PCV) BLOWER A device composed of a motor, and a fan used to circulate air from the air conditioner and heater, in order to regulate the temperature of the interior of the passenger compartment. The blower speed can be set by a switch located on the control panel.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook BLOW-OUT It is when a tyre explodes like a balloon. Blow-outs are usually the result of damage to defects in the tyre itself, overheating of the tyre (which in turn is due to driving at high speeds on an under-inflated tyre), etc. * Flat Tyre BODY The outermost "shell" of a vehicle, made usually of pressed sheet steel, though some bodies are made of fibreglass other materials. Some steel bodies also have plastic or aluminium sections. Most passenger automobiles consist either of a body supported on a frame (that they have a "body-and-frame" construction), or they have a "monocoque" bodies, i.e., one without a separate frame on which the body is welded to the floor and mounted directly to the suspension via partial frames called "subframes", “stub frames", or "cradles". (A monocoque body is also called a “unitised" body; a vehicle with this type of construction can be said to have a "unibody" construction.) BODY RIGIDITY The resistance of the body of a vehicle to elastic deformation (bending and twisting). Body rigidity is closely related to such factors as noise, vibration, riding comfort, stability and controllability, and vehicle life. BOOST PRESSURE The pressure inside the intake manifold. Boost pressure is the difference from the atmospheric pressure, and is generally given in mmHg, kPa, kgf/cm2 , or psi. An engine without a turbocharger or supercharger usually has a boost pressure, which is lower than atmospheric pressure, and so is expressed as a negative number. The greater the boost, the greater the amount of air that can be sent to the engine, and thus the greater the engine power. A vehicle with a turbocharger or supercharger is usually provided with a boost pressure lamp or meter. BOOSTER CABLES (JUMPER CABLES) When a vehicle has a dead battery, booster cables can be used to connect the battery to the battery of another vehicle to start the engine. This is called "jumpstarting" the vehicle. Care must be taken in connecting booster cables. If the cables are connected in the wrong sequence or to the wrong terminals, electrical equipment may be damaged. Vehicles Owner’s Manual generally gives for the details on how to connect booster cables correctly. BORE The inside diameter of a cylinder, usually an engine cylinder. The ratio of bore to stroke (i.e., the diameter of the cylinder divided by the distance the piston Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook travels in the cylinder) determines whether an engine is a square, over-square (short-stroke), or long-stroke engine. High-speed engines, such as gasoline engines used in passenger cars, are usually square or over-square; engines that produce a lot of torque (rather than speed), such as diesel engines, are often of the long-stroke variety. BOUNDARY LUBRICATION Lubrication between two touching surfaces where the film of oil that normally is maintained to prevent metal-to-metal contact is broken. This usually occurs at very high load/low speed operation and extreme pressure (EP) additives are required to prevent equipment damage. BRAKE, BRAKING * Brakes, Engine Braking, Exhaust Brake, Parking Brake BRAKE BOOSTER A mechanism which uses the differences in pressure between intake manifold vacuum and atmospheric pressure to greatly increase braking pressure when the brake pedal is pressed. Use of a brake booster permits more effective braking with much less pedal effort. Since the engine produces vacuum ONLY when the engine is running, braking efficiency will decrease and may even be lost if the engine is shut off while the vehicle is moving. BRAKE CALIPER A component of a disc brake which clamps down on the disc rotor (which rotates with the wheel). Brake pads are mounted on the inside of the calliper, and are forced by hydraulic pressure to press against the disc rotor. This slows down the rotation of the disc, and therefore the wheel, causing the vehicle to slow down or stop also. BRAKE DRUM A cylindrical component in a drum brake that constantly rotates with the wheel. When the brake pedal is pressed, hydraulic pressure forces the brake shoes against the inside of the brake drum, causing the wheel to slow down or stop turning, thereby slowing or stopping the vehicle. BRAKE FLUID A special non-petroleum based fluid used in hydraulic brakes to transmit hydraulic pressure. Most brake fluid contains glycol, which has superior anti-rust properties, and which has a high boiling point to reduce the occurrence of vapour lock. BRAKE MASTER CYLINDER A mechanism that changes the mechanical force of the brake pedal into the hydraulic force needed to operate the brakes. Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook BRAKE NOISE A high screeching sound that comes from the brakes when the pedal is pressed. The sound is caused by the frictional material on the brake pads or brake shoes rubbing against the rotor or drum. The amount of brake noise produced differs depending on the quality of the pad or lining material, but the amount of noise normally has little relationship with braking performance, and some brake noise is to be expected. * Pad Wear Indicator BRAKE PADS A friction-creating component in a disc brake. Brake pads are installed on the inside surfaces of each brake calliper. When the brake pedal is pressed, the callipers clamp the pads against the disc rotors (which rotate with the wheels), thereby slowing or stopping the vehicle. BRAKE PULL (PULL TO ONE SIDE) A situation in which the vehicle veers to one side instead of stopping in a straight line when the brakes are applied. Brake pull occurs when the brakes are stronger on one side than on the other, and may be caused by improper brake adjustment. BRAKES A mechanism or system that is used to slow or stop a moving vehicle. The two main types of brakes used are drum brakes and disc brakes. Both use hydraulic pressure and are operated by a foot pedal. While the word "brakes" usually refers to the foot or service brakes (those used to slow or stop the vehicle), there is also the parking brake, which is used to lock the rear brakes to keep a parked vehicle from moving. * Engine Braking, Exhaust Brake BRAKE SHOE A crescent-shaped component which is installed inside a brake drum and which has a frictional material (called the "brake lining") applied to its outside surface. The brake drum of each wheel is provided with two brake shoes. When the brake pedal is pressed, hydraulic pressure forces the brake shoes against the inside of the brake drum, which rotates with the wheel. Frictional pressure between the brake shoes and the brake drum slows the rotation of the wheel, thereby slowing or stopping the vehicle. * Drum Brakes BRAKE VIBRATION When the brake pedal is pressed lightly at medium to high speeds, a pulsation of the brake pedal may be felt. This pulsation will be synchronised with the rotation of the wheels. Sometimes the instrument panel and steering wheel, and even the entire vehicle body may begin to vibrate. Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook In the case of disc brakes, this vibration may be caused by lateral run-out of the rotor, or uneven rotor wear. With drum brakes, the cause may be an out-ofround brake drum (that is, one having radial run-out) or a warped drum. (see "Run-out" for illustration.) BRAKE WARNING LAMP A lamp that lights up when the parking brake is set with the ignition switch on. If the lamp stays on after the parking brake has been released, the brake fluid may be low. BRAKING DISTANCE The distance that a vehicle travels from the time the brake pedal is depressed until the vehicle stops moving. Braking distance can be divided into two parts: 1) "free-running distance (the distance that the vehicle travels from the time the brake pedal is depressed until the brakes start to operate); and 2) "stopping distance” (the distance that the vehicle travels from the time the brakes start to operate until the vehicle comes to a complete halt). Major factors influencing braking distance are the original vehicle speed, the design of the tyres, and the nature and condition of the road surface * Hydroplaning BREAKER A layer of fabric in a tyre between the outer rubber tread and the inner carcass. The breaker absorbs shock from the road, and prevents damage to the tread from reaching the carcass. BREAKER POINTS ("POINTS"') * Ignition System BREAK-IN PERIOD In the past, a new car had to be driven carefully for a certain distance to "break in" the engine because running the engine at high rpm or under full load when new could damage it. New cars now do not require a specific break-in period (but see the vehicle's Owner's Manual for precautions to follow when driving a new car). BRIGHT STOCK A heavy (high viscosity) base stock with a low pour point. BROOKFIELD VISCOSITY Measurement of apparent viscosity as determined by a Brookfield Viscometer under controlled temperature and shear rates. BSA Acronym for British Standards Agency, the British standards organisation, which sets important standards for many industrial lubricants.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook BUCKET SEAT A seat for only one person, with deeper cushions and seat back, which seem to wrap around the body. A bucket seat fits the human body better than an ordinary seat, and also provides support to the sides of the body, especially during high-speed concerning. For this reason, bucket seats are often used in “sporty" cars and race cars. BUILT-IN PARKING BRAKE A parking brake mechanism built into the calipers of the disc brakes. Built-in parking brakes are used on relatively small cars. BUMPER A thick cushion or bar made of polypropylene or steel for absorbing the impact of a collision. This protects both the passengers and the vehicle body from harm. Recent advances in bumper design include the use of aerodynamic bumpers, which also improves the vehicle's appearance by helping the bumper to blend in with the body. * Super Olefin Bumper BUMPER GUARD A plate used on 4WD off-road vehicles to protect the bottom of the front bumper. ‘C’ CAB, CABIN * Passenger Compartment CAB-OVER TRUCK A truck with the driver and passenger space located over the engine. This is the most common truck design, and is used to make the cargo space as long as possible. A truck with one row of seats is called a "single cab truck", while one with two rows of seats is called a "double cab truck". CABRIOLET A convertible coupe CADENCE BRAKING * Antilock Brake System CAMBER One aspect of wheel alignment; the amount that the tops of the wheels are tilted outward or inward. When they are tilted inward, it is called "negative camber"; when they are tilted outward, "positive camber".

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook Most older passenger cars used positive camber, while most modern cars use zero camber or negative camber to improve cornering performance. * Caster, Toe-in CAMSHAFT A long shaft on which are mounted ovoid (egg-shaped) cams that change the rotational movement of the camshaft to a reciprocating (up-and-down) movement, in order to open and close the engine's intake and exhaust valves. Each cam's longer end pushes a valve to open, while its shorter end permits a spring to close the valve. CAPACITOR * Condenser CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) A compound of carbon (C) and oxygen (O), formed and released into the atmosphere whenever an animal breathes or a fuel is burnt. Carbon dioxide is of course created by the combustion of gasoline or diesel fuel in the engine of an auto or truck. While normal amounts of CO 2 are not harmful to animal life, and in fact are necessary in the photosynthesis of plants and trees, the release of too much C02 into the atmosphere is thought to contribute to the greenhouse effect. Note that carbon dioxide is different from carbon monoxide (CO), which is a poisonous gas. CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) A poisonous gas, carbon monoxide is a compound of carbon (C) and oxygen (O), and is found in the exhaust emissions of motor vehicles; its release into the atmosphere is regulated by law in many countries. CARBON RESIDUE Coked (generally blackened) material left after an oil has been subjected to very high temperatures under controlled conditions. CARBURETOR (CARBURETTOR) A device that mixes gasoline with air to produce the highly combustible air-fuel mixture that is needed to fuel the engine. As the venturi (the passage in the carburettor through which the air passes) gets narrower, the air flows faster and the pressure drops. At the narrowest part of the venturi, the fuel is drawn out from one or several nozzles, forming a mist as it mixes with the air. This atomised air-fuel mixture is then drawn into the cylinders for combustion. Besides creating the air-fuel mixture, the carburettor also acts as an automatic regulating device, increasing and decreasing air flow volume in accordance with increases and decreases in fuel volume as the accelerator pedal is depressed and released. * Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI), Central Injection (Ci)

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook CARBURETOR ICING When moisture freezes inside or around the carburettor, the engine can run roughly or have trouble starting. Icing occurs when moisture in the air cools and freezes around the throttle valve, due to the low temperatures caused by the vaporisation of gasoline. It can also be caused by snow getting into the engine compartment, then melting and re-freezing around the throttle body or carburettor. Icing tends to occur most often in cold, wet weather. CARCASS An important part of the tyre, the carcass is made of strong woven polyester, nylon, or steel. It is able to both withstand weight and shock, and prevent highpressure air from leaking from the tyre. The strength of the tyre is determined by the strength of the weave and the number of strands, or "cords", used in the carcass. A tyre with a diagonal weave is called a "bias tyre", while one with the weave going across the tyre is called a "radial tyre". CARGO SPACE The space for carrying luggage, cargo, or other miscellaneous items. On a passenger vehicle, this is often a separate compartment called the "trunk" or "boot". The cargo area of a van or wagon is inside the passenger compartment at the rear, and can often be enlarged by folding down the rear seats. CASTER One aspect of wheel alignment. When the wheel is seen from the side, the degree to which the inclination of the steering axis ("king-pin angle") varies from the true vertical is called the "caster". (In other words, it's the forward or backward tilt of the steering axis.) As a rule, increasing the caster increases straight-line stability, but it also makes it more difficult to turn the steering wheel. * Camber, Steering Axis Inclination (SAI),

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook CATALYTIC CONVERTER Exhaust gas contains various pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). A catalytic converter, installed in the exhaust pipe in front of the muffler, uses a catalyzing agent to clean such pollutants from the exhaust. There are two types of catalytic converter: 1) Catalytic Converter for Oxidation (CCO ) Breaks down carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) into carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and water (H20); 2) Three-way Catalytic Converter, also called Catalytic Converter for Reduction and Oxidation (CCRO ) Breaks down oxides of nitrogen (NOx) by the process of reduction, and also breaks down carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons as explained in 1) above. CAUTION PLATE A plate or label with warnings or directions related to vehicle care. A caution plate or label uses drawings and/or text to alert the driver and maintenance personnel to important items, and is affixed in highly visible locations. CCO (Catalytic Converter for Oxidation) * Catalytic Converter CCRO Three-way Catalytic Converter; Catalytic Converter for Reduction and Oxidation * Catalytic Converter CCS * Cruise Control System CD (CW , CX) Aerodynamic drag. * Aerodynamic Performance CENTER CONSOLE A rectangular construction located between the driver's seat and the front passenger seat. A console that includes both a built-in storage compartment (called the "console box") and the gearshift lever is called a "full console". A console that does not include the gearshift lever is called a "semiconsole". A console that is built into the rear seat is called a "rear console". CENTER DIFFERENTIAL A differential in a full-time 4WD vehicle that distributes driving power to the front and rear wheels, and also compensates for the difference between frontand rear-wheel rotational speed on curves.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook Using a centre differential on a full-time 4WD vehicle eliminates the tight-corner braking effect on sharp turns, helping the vehicle turn more smoothly even on dry, paved roads. The centre differential has helped to popularise full-time 4WD vehicles.

CENTER DIFFERENTIAL LOCK A mechanism on a full-time 4WD vehicle that temporarily locks the centre differential (that is, stops this differential from operating, so that it does not absorb the differences in rotational speed between the front and rear wheels), and forces it to transmit power to the front and rear wheels. On a full-time 4WD, the centre differential normally distributes power to the front and rear wheels, but if one wheel should get stuck in mud (for example) and begin to spin, the centre differential would send all the power to that wheel and none to the others. The centre differential lock prevents this problem: If a front wheel spins, for example, the locking mechanism causes power to go to the rear wheels to keep the vehicle from getting stuck. The centre lock differential may be either a manually locked mechanical lock or an automatically locking hydraulic lock with viscous coupling and wet multipledisc clutch. CENTER HIGH-MOUNT STOP LIGHT (CHMSL) * High-mount Stop Lamp CENTRAL INJECTION (Ci) An electronically controlled fuel injection system; it injects fuel into the throttle body from one injector (rather than injecting it into each intake port with several injectors, as with ordinary EFI). Because it injects only the necessary amount of fuels in response to engine rpm, central injection is more accurate and fuels efficient than a carburettor, which supplies fuel continuously. Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook CERAMICS The strength, light weight, and heat resistance of ceramics makes these materials a logical choice for turbocharger turbine blades and for the combustion chambers of diesel engines. Ceramics may someday replace metals as the material used in building engines. CERAMIC TURBINE A turbine (bladed wheel) made of some type of ceramic, and used in a turbocharger. A ceramic turbine is lighter than a metal turbine, and also more heat-resistant and durable at high temperatures. Because it is lighter, it begins rotating sooner than a metal turbine in response to exhaust thrust, reducing turbo lag and improving acceleration CHARCOAL CANISTER A container filled with activated charcoal to absorb gasoline vapours. Gasoline evaporates from the gasoline tank. and the carburettor; to prevent this vapour from being released into the atmosphere, the charcoal canister temporarily absorbs it, then returns it to the intake manifold for burning when the engine is running. Charcoal canisters are found only on vehicles having gasoline engines. CHARGE WARNING LAMP A lamp on the instrument panel that lights up to warn the driver if problems occur in the charging system while the engine is running. To prevent complications, the driver should stop and check the battery, or have the charging system inspected as soon as possible. CHASSIS The minimum components required to actually operate a vehicle. The chassis (pronounced "shassy" or" chassy") includes the frame, engine, drive train, suspension, brakes, wheels, and steering system. CHASSIS DYNAMOMETER An instrument used to simulate driving conditions in the laboratory. The vehicle is "driven" on the rollers of the chassis dynamometer. Conditions similar to actual driving conditions can be simulated for testing purposes by varying the rolling resistance of the rollers. CHATTER * Clutch Chatter (Judder, Shudder) CHECK ENGINE WARNING LAMP A lamp on the instrument panel that lights up to warn the driver of problems when the engine is running. It is very important to be aware of engine conditions at all times while the engine is running. CHILDPROOF LOCK, CHILD PROTECTOR * Child Security Lock

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook CHILD SEAT (INFANT SEAT) A removable auxiliary seat to hold an infant or small child. The child seat holds the child safely in place and keeps him or her from being thrown about while the vehicle is in motion or if the vehicle is involved in a collision. There are two types of child seat: one type is shaped to fit an infant's body, and the other to fit a child's body; both types are equipped with special restraining belts, and can be fastened to a front or rear seat with a seat belt. CHILD SECURITY LOCK (CHILDPROOF LOCK, CHILD PROTECTOR) A small nub or knob on the frame of a rear door that can be operated to prevent the door from being opened from the inside. It is usually found on four-door sedans. It disables the door-opening lever on inside of the door so that the door cannot be opened from the inside. CHIPPING Damage to the paint from small items, such as pebbles, which are thrown up from the road and hit the body of the vehicle. * Chip-resistant Paint CHIP-RESISTANT PAINT Paint that resists chipping caused by objects such as stones thrown up from the road. Both the thickness and the strength of the paint absorb the impact of flying objects, keeping the damage from getting through the paint to the body. Furthermore, even if chipping should occur, this type of paint is designed to prevent rust from spreading. CHMSL * Centre High-Mount Stop Light Ci * Central Injection CIRCUIT BREAKER A device that protects the wiring and electrical equipment in a circuit if excessive current flows through it, such as when there is a "short" (short circuit). Like a fuse, the circuit breaker prevents too much electrical current from flowing through the circuit; however, instead of using an easily fusible element which melts under heat, as in the case of a fuse, a circuit breaker breaks the circuit by opening like a relay. Circuit breakers are used especially in circuitry that draw too much current to be handled by a fuse, such as the circuitry of power windows and defoggers. * Fuse, Fusible Link CL - AERODYNAMIC LIFT. * Aerodynamic Performance Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook CLEARANCE DETECTION AND RANGING SYSTEM An obstacle-detection system equipped with ultrasonic wave sensors installed on the corner of each bumper. The time gap between the transmission of the ultrasonic waves from the sensors, and their reception after bouncing off an obstacle gives the vehicle's distance from the object. An electronic beeper or lamp warns the driver of the obstacle, making it easier to manoeuvre in tight spaces. The rear detection and ranging system is the same as the clearance detection and ranging system, but is installed only on the rear bumper of a vehicle. * Corner Sensor, Rear Detection and Ranging System CLEARANCE LAMPS (SIDE LIGHTS) Lights at the front and rear of a vehicle, showing the presence and width of the vehicle at night. The front clearance lamps are white or amber, while the rear ones are red. CLIMBING RESISTANCE The force, due to a vehicle's own weight, that tends to pull the vehicle downhill as it attempts to climb a grade or hill. CLIPPING POINT When a vehicle takes a curve at high speed, as in a car race, the "clipping point" is the nearest point to the inside of the curve that the driver aims at. The name comes from a race driver's practice of taking the curve as if shaving off the inside corner. CLOSE-RATIO GEARS A transmission design in which the gear ratios are set quite close to each other, to help keep engine rpm high in order to maintain power. Close-ratio gears are often used in sports cars with high-powered engines and manual transmissions. Note: Following table gives some of the close-ratio gear design vis-à-vis ordinary transmission CLOSE –RATIO GEARS

ORDINARY TRANSMISSION

3.074

3.566

st

1 gear 2

nd

gear

1.838

2.056

3

rd

gear

1.256

1.384

4

th

gear

1.000

1.000

5t gear

0.856

0.850

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook CLOUD POINT The temperature at which clouds of wax crystals starts to form within a lubricant while it is being slowly cooled. In operation these crystals would block oil-ways and reduce lubrication efficiency. CLUTCH On a vehicle with a manual transmission, the clutch isolates the engine from the transmission during starting, stopping, and gear shifting. Pressing the clutch pedal separates the flywheel of the engine (i.e., the rotating crankshaft) from the input shaft of the transmission; releasing the pedal reconnects the engine and transmission. The clutch is said to be "engaged" while the clutch pedal is not depressed and the engine is connected to the transmission. It is "disengaged" when the clutch pedal is depressed and the engine is isolated from the transmission. CLUTCH CHATTER (JUDDER, SHUDDER) When the vehicle starts off, the entire body of the vehicle will vibrate if the clutch disc is not clamped firmly between the flywheel and the pressure plate. This "chatter" can be caused by such problems as clutch wear and spring damage. CLUTCH COVER One component of the clutch. The clutch cover is installed on the flywheel (at the output end of the crankshaft), with the clutch disc and pressure plate inserted between them. A spring fixed to the clutch cover presses against the pressure plate, forcing the clutch disc to press against the flywheel. This prevents the clutch from slipping while it is engaged (i.e., while the clutch pedal is released). CLUTCH DISC A round flat plate located between the flywheel and pressure plate of the clutch. The clutch disc is splined to the transmission-input shaft and rotates together with it, as one unit. Its purpose is to transmit power from the engine to the transmission; to help it do this, both sides of the disc are covered with a frictional material.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook CLUTCH FLUID The fluid used in a hydraulic clutch to transmit power (hydraulic pressure). Brake fluid is generally used for this. CLUTCH PEDAL The pedal used to operate the clutch (in a vehicle with manual transmission). When the clutch pedal is depressed, the clutch is disengaged, and the gears can be shifted; when the pedal is released, the clutch re-engages, reconnecting the transmission with the engine . CLUTCH PRESSURE PLATE A round, flat metal plate that pushes the clutch disc against the flywheel. The section of the pressure plate that contacts the clutch disc is flat, and made of a heat- and wear-resistant material. CLUTCH RELEASE BEARING A device that transmits the movement of the clutch pedal to the clutch. This movement operates the diaphragm spring, disengaging and engaging the clutch. CLUTCH SLIPPAGE Inability of the pressure plate of the clutch to press firmly against the clutch disc. This is particularly noticeable while the vehicle is climbing a hill or accelerating, as the clutch cannot transmit full engine power to the transmission. Clutch slippage may be caused by such problems as lack of pressure from the clutch disc (due to oil on the disc, etc.) or clutch disc wear. CO * Carbon Monoxide CO2 * Carbon Dioxide COCKPIT * Passenger Compartment COEFFICIENT OF DRAG (CD, CW , CX) * Drag Coefficient COEFFICIENT OF LIFT (CL) * Lift Coefficient COIL-ON-PLUG IGNITION Coil-on-plug ignition system uses one ignition coil for each cylinder; attached to the spark plug. The system replaces remote ignition coils and high voltage ignition wires in a distributorless ignition system. 12 volt power is sent to each cylinder at the appropriate time by the electronic engine control module. An ignition coil on each spark plug converts 12 volts to 30,000 - 35,000 volts to fire the plug. Each plug fires only during the compression stroke (except when cranking), unlike

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook typical distributorless systems which fire a wasted spark during the exhaust stroke. More reliable and robust ignition system with a lower total weight

COIL SPRING A thin flexible rod that has been coiled into spiral for use in vehicle suspensions. Advantages over leaf springs include the ability to vary spring "hardness" (firmness) by changing the thickness of the rod, and the ability to change the way in which the spring contracts and expands by changing the orientation of the coil. COLD CRANKING SIMULATOR (CCS) A measuring device designed to simulate the condition within an engine at startup in cold temperatures and assess the suitability of the product for low temperature use. COLD SPECIFICATIONS ("COLD SPECS") Specifications for vehicles or vehicle equipment that has been especially designed for use in cold climates. Examples: A larger battery to improve starting and increase electrical system capacity; an improved electrical system and enhanced wiper performance; use of a special coolant that freezes at lower temperatures; an underbody guard under the engine to keep out snow; etc. COLD-START INJECTOR A device that injects fuel into the intake chamber to improve engine ' starting during cold weather. The cold-start injector only operates when the coolant falls below a specified temperature. COLUMN SHIFT A gearshift lever that is mounted on the steering column, in a similar manner to the turn signal lever. A column shift leaves more space for the front seat than the floor shift, and is commonly used in passenger vehicles with bench seats. COMBINATION METER (INSTRUMENT CLUSTER) The meters, gauges, and indicator and warning lights that are clustered together on the instrument panel directly in front of the driver. The main meters and indicator lights are the speedometer, tachometer, turn indicators, fuel gauge, and coolant temperature gauge. COMBUSTION CHAMBER One of the chambers inside the engine cylinder head where the air-fuel mixture is ignited. Normally, there is one combustion chamber for each cylinder. * Cylinder Head

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook COMPACT TWIN-CAM ENGINE An improved twin-cam engine with better performance in the low- and mediumspeed ranges. A compact twin-cam engine uses the latest technology, such as scissors gears, to connect the two camshafts. This mechanism permits a more compact combustion chamber, thereby increasing combustion efficiency and reducing engine weight. A conventional (i.e., sporty) twin-cam engine aims for greater power and response at higher rpm, and is used in vehicles intended for "sporty" driving. However, most engines used in models designed for average driving normally turn no more than 3000 rpm. The compact twin-cam engine is therefore designed to gain the advantages of a twin-cam engine in all engine speed ranges, from low to high, while operating more quietly at the same time. A vehicle with a compact twin-cam engine is easy to drive not only at high speeds on the expressway, but also in town. COMPRESSION RATIO The proportion of the total cylinder volume to the volume into which the air-fuel mixture is compressed. Compression ratios for gasoline engines usually fall into the range between 8:1 and 11: 1, while those for diesel engines are between 15:1 and 23: 1. This means that the air-fuel mixture in gasoline engines is compressed to between 1/8 and 1/11 of its original volume, while the mixture in diesel engines is compressed to between 1/15 and 1/23 of its original volume COMPUTER-CONTROLLED TILT-AND-TELESCOPIC STEERING (PRESET STEERING) Data on the steering wheel position (to what extent it is raised or lowered) is stored in computer memory, which automatically returns the steering wheel to the proper position when the key is put in the ignition. Unlike conventional tilt-and-telescopic systems, computer-controlled preset steering requires no manual adjustment: the driver can store the optimum position of the steering wheel in computer memory, after which the computer will automatically reset the steering wheel to that position whenever the key is inserted into the ignition. When the key is removed from the ignition, the steering wheel automatically swings up, out of the way, to make it easier for the driver to get out of and into the car. * Auto Tiltaway Steering Wheel, Driving Position Memory System, Telescopic Steering Wheel, Tilt Steering Wheel COMPUTER-CONTROLLED SYSTEM (CCS) A system which uses a microcomputer for general control of the engine, chassis, brakes, and other vehicle functions.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook CCS makes it possible to waste as little power as possible when transmitting engine power to the transmission and wheels, while at the same time maintaining high levels of controllability and stability, and improving fuel economy. * Electronically Controlled Transmission (ECT), Engine ECU (Engine Control Computer) CONCEALED WIPERS Windshield wipers that are hidden between the front windshield and the hood when not in use. Concealing the wipers in this way not only improves the appearance of the vehicle, but also improves the driver's vision and reduces fuel consumption somewhat by improving aerodynamics. This type of wiper system is now used on most "sporty" cars. CONCEPT CAR A vehicle that is developed from the ground up, and which employs new concepts throughout the entire vehicle. The concept car reflects the "spirit of the times" in its design, and is generally developed around a particular technological theme. Concept cars incorporate many innovative ideas and are usually unveiled to the public at motor shows (though they are not usually offered for sale). CONDENSER The most common name used for a capacitor in the automotive trade. An electrical component for temporarily storing small electrical charges. CONNECTING ROD A shaft or rod shaped like an I-beam that transmits piston movement to the crankshaft. The end attached to the piston pin is called the "small end", while the end connected to the crankshaft journal is called the "big end". A connecting rod must be able to withstand high pressures and tensile (pulling) forces. For this reason, it is made of a strong but light material for high durability and weight reduction. CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION (CVT) A Continuously Variable Transmission is an automatic that can select any desired drive ratio within its operating range; vs fixed ratios of traditional 3, 4, or 5speed (ratio) transmission. CVT continually selects an optimum final drive ratio (between engine and drive wheels) for all operating conditions, whether accelerating or cruising. Unlike conventional automatics, there are no perceptible shifts. During maximum acceleration, the drive ratio is adjusted to maintain peak engine horsepower. At a constant vehicle speed, the ratio is set to maintain an engine rpm which will support the required power. In summary, the CVT

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook provides smooth, fast acceleration and high cruising efficiency with the convenience of an automatic transmission. The most common CVT design uses a segmented metal V-belt running between two pulleys of variable diameter. Each pulley consists of a pair of cones that can be moved close together or further apart to adjust the diameter at which the belt operates. The pulley ratios are electronically controlled to select the best final drive ratio; based on throttle position, vehicle speed and engine speed. Performance, fuel perceptible shifts)

economy

and

smoother

operation

(with

no

CONTROL ARM One component of a four-link suspension (in the rear). The control arms help the suspension to withstand driving force, braking force, and lateral force. This type of suspension is constructed with a pair of control arms at both top and bottom, called the "upper control arms" and the "lower control arms". CONVERTIBLE A sedan or coupe with a folding cloth top or removable metal or plastic top. Cloth tops may be manually operated or may have an electric motor for raising and lowering the top. (A convertible with a cloth top is sometimes called a "rag top”.) * Cabriolet COOLANT Water, mixed with antifreeze and other additives, used to cool the engine. * Cooling System COOLANT LEVEL WARNING LAMP A lamp on the instrument panel to warn the driver when engine coolant (in the reservoir) is low. The reservoir should be refilled when this lamp comes on. COOLING FAN * Fan COOLING SYSTEM The great amount of heat generated by an engine must be dissipated to keep the engine from overheating. The two methods available to do this are air cooling and water cooling. Most passenger cars have water-cooled engines, which circulate coolant (water mixed with antifreeze, an anti-rust agent, and other additives) through an aircooled radiator, and from there through water jackets running through the engine block. This method maintains a stable engine temperature, and the coolant can be used to provide heat for the heater.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook Air-cooled engines are cooled by having air flow directly over the engine. This design is used for some small cars and most motorcycles. * Fan COPPER STRIP CORROSION A qualitative measure of the tendency of a lubricant to corrode pure copper, usually performed by immersing standard test strips of copper in the oil for a period under controlled conditions. CORNER SENSOR A sensor on the corner of a bumper, which can detect obstacles near the vehicle and sound a buzzer to warn the driver. When the vehicle approaches an object to within about 1 meter (about 3 feet), the buzzer sounds an intermittent beep, which changes to a continuous tone when the vehicle comes within about 30 cm (about 1 foot) of the obstacle. This type of sensor is especially useful for parallel parking. * Clearance Detection and Ranging System, Rear Detection and Ranging System CORNERING LAMPS Lamps whose operation is linked to the turn signal lever, and which shine in the direction of a turn. Cornering lamps operate only when the headlights are on, and turn off automatically when the steering wheel is returned to the straightahead position. They are provided to improve night-time visibility. CORROSION INHIBITOR Additive to protect metal surfaces from chemical attack by water and other corrosive materials, usually by forming a barrier layer. COUNTERSTEER A driving technique used on curves. When taking a curve, the driver turns the steering wheel slightly in the direction opposite the turn. For example, when the vehicle corners to the right, the rear tyres skid sideways (to the left), making the car point too much to the inside of the curve. The driver counters this by turning the steering wheel slightly to the left. COUPE A passenger car, usually for two persons, that is built lower to the ground than a sedan for a sportier look. "Coupe" (pronounced "koop") is from the French word "coupé" (koo-pay') meaning "cut off", and referred originally to a closed horse drawn carriage with seats for only two passengers. The modern coupe often has a hatchback in the rear instead of a trunk. COURTESY LAMP A lamp on the inside of a door. When the door is opened, the lamp comes on, lighting the foot area to help passengers get into and out of the car. At night it also acts as a warning to vehicles approaching from behind that the door is open. Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook COWL PANEL The narrow grilled panel between the front window and the hood, used to bring air into the vehicle. CRADLE * Sub-frame CRANK To start the engine. * Starter CRANKSHAFT The shaft in the engine that changes the reciprocating (up-and-down) motion of the pistons into rotational motion. For each up-and-down motion of the pistons (one-half of one full cycle of intake, compression, combustion, exhaust), the crankshaft makes one full turn. The result is that "engine rpm" actually means crankshaft rpm". CRDI Common Rail Direct Injection - developed jointly by Mercedes-Benz and Bosch. The conventional direct injection (DI) diesel engines must repeatedly generate fuel pressure for each injection, in CRDI engines the pressure is built up independent of the injection sequence and remains permanently available in the fuel line. In the CRDI system, the electronic engine management system continually adjusts the peak fuel pressure according to engine speed and throttle position. Sensor data from the camshaft and crankshaft provide the foundation for the electronic control unit to adapt the injection pressure precisely to demand. In other words, pressure generation and fuel injection are independent of each other, enabling fuel injection to be adapted to actual demand and consequently improving fuel efficiency and emission control. Critical to this process is a special accumulator that can maintain injection pressure at a constant high level of up to 1350 bar (19,845 psi). This is the task actually performed by the common rail, which is connected to all four injectors. At the end of each injector, a rapid-acting solenoid valve adjusts both the injection timing and the amount of fuel injected. A microcomputer controls each valve's opening and closing sequence. CREEP The slow, apparently spontaneous, movement of an automatic transmission vehicle when the engine is running and the shift select lever is set in any forward gear ("D", "2", "L") or reverse ("R"). Even when driving an automatic, the driver should keep the brake pedal firmly depressed when stopped to keep the vehicle from moving, even when stopped on level ground.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook CROSS-MEMBER Long, narrow supports which one side of the body or frame to the other, and whose purpose is to maintain body strength and rigidity. Cross-members include the front cross member, at the front of the body; the floor cross-member, attached to the floor; and others. CROSS-RATIOED GEARS An error for "close-ratio gears". * Close-ratio gears CRUISE CONTROL SYSTEM (CCS) A system, which automatically regulates vehicle speed, making it possible to drive without continually holding down the accelerator pedal. When driving at a constant speed, setting the cruise control switch to a certain speed keeps the vehicle speed constant at the set speed, even when going up and down hills. The set speed can also be raised and lowered. To ensure safety, pressing the brake pedal automatically cancels cruise control. Cruise control makes driving much more pleasant and comfortable when it is necessary to drive long distances at constant speeds. CRUSHABLE BODY A body in which the trunk and engine compartment are designed to collapse to absorb the force of a collision, helping to protect the passengers. This feature was designed for passenger safety, and is now used in most cars. CRYSTAL-PEARL MICA PAINT Pearl-mica paint with an increased amount of titanium; this helps it to attain a beautiful, pearl-like lustre. CW , CX * Aerodynamic Performance CYLINDER The bored-out part of the engine block in which the combustion of the air-fuel mixture occurs, moving the piston up and down. Mahindra Vehicles have engines with four cylinders, while the tractors have engines with four/three/two cylinders. * Cylinder Block, Cylinder Head CYLINDER BLOCK The main part of the engine; it is made of cast steel or aluminium alloy, and normally has four, six, or eight cylinders bored into it to hold the pistons. In addition, the block contains oil passages and coolant passages, and slots for the crankshaft bearings. CYLINDER HEAD Mounted above the cylinder block, the Shock Absorber cylinder head holds the intake and exhaust valves, and the combustion chambers in which the air fuel Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook mixture is exploded. In a gasoline engine, the spark plugs are also installed in the cylinder head. Intake ports to receive the air-fuel mixture and exhaust ports to expel the exhaust gases are also provided. The cylinder head is usually made of the same cast steel or aluminium alloy as the cylinder block. ‘D’ DAMPER * Shock Absorber DAMPING FORCE Force acting in the opposite direction to the direction that an object is moving. Shock absorbers, for example, provide resistance to control the movement of suspension springs. This resistance is one example of damping force. If the damping force is too large, the springs will not provide bounce, making for a rough ride. If the damping force is too small, on the other hand, the vehicle will bounce excessively. To give a sports car added stability in cornering, hard springs and shock absorbers with large damping force are used. DASH, DASH PANEL * Dashboard DASHBOARD ("DASH"', DASH PANEL, FASCIA) The panel, often padded, running across the

front

of

the

passenger

compartment, and containing the instrument cluster, the air conditioning controls and vents, the audio system controls, electrical wiring, the glove box, etc. Often loosely referred to as the "instrument panel". DEAD ANGLE A blind spot in the driver's field of vision. When the driver looks toward the rear of the vehicle, many areas are not visible even through the mirrors. Recent attempts to reduce dead angles include making pillars narrower to increase the driver's field of vision.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook DEAD BATTERY * Discharged Battery D-EFI * Electronic Fuel Injection DEFOGGER A device for removing "fog" (condensed moisture) from the inside of windows. The rear window defogger uses a heated filament, embedded in the glass, which sometimes does double duty as a radio antenna. * Defroster DEFROSTER A device for removing condensed moisture from the inside of windows. The front windshield is generally defrosted with a current of warm air from the heater or air conditioning system. * Defogger DELAYED ACCESSORY POWER Delayed accessory power continues electric power temporarily to certain convenience features after vehicle power has been turned off. Delayed accessories include radio and power windows, and possibly wipers, power moonroof and message centre. Delay time is up to 10 minutes after the key is turned off, as long as both front doors remain closed. Opening a front door turns off the delayed accessory power. For example, the feature allows the customer to close a forgotten window without reinserting the key. This system requires a timer and relay attached to some of the vehicle's electrical circuits. The timer activates a relay to close these circuits when appropriate. It later opens the circuits (turning off power) when a front door is opened, or the set time has elapsed. Increased convenience with accessories available for use after vehicle ignition key is removed. DEMULSIBILITY A measure of lubricants ability to separate from water after being mixed. DENSITY Mass per unit volume – a given size of a more dense material (such as lead) will be heavier than the same size of a less of a less dense material (such as water). DESIGNED PASSENGER CAPACITY The maximum number of persons that may ride safely in a vehicle. DETACHABLE SUN ROOF * Targa Top

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook DETERGENT An additive to keep engine parts clean and reduces build up of deposits that would reduce efficiency and impair operation. Detergents are often metallic soaps that also exhibit alkalinity. DETONATION Uncontrolled combustion of the end gases in the combustion chamber of a spark ignition engine resulting in ‘knocking’ or ‘pinking’. DIAGNOSTIC FUNCTIONS Functions for diagnosing various electronic and computer-controlled components and systems. The large amount of electronic equipment with which modern vehicles are often provided sometimes makes it difficult to find both the problem and the cause of the problem when these components and systems break down. To aid technicians in locating these kinds of malfunctions quickly and accurately, diagnostic functions are often added to the computers, and special sockets are provided for connecting test equipment. DIAPHRAGM SPRING A component of the clutch system. The diaphragm is the saucer-shaped spring that presses the pressure plate against the clutch disc to transmit engine power. A diaphragm-spring clutch -requires less pedal effort than a coil-spring clutch, and the spring does not lose power during high speed engine operation. DIESEL ENGINE An engine that runs on diesel fuel. In this type of engine, air is first compressed in the cylinders. This heats the air to a very high temperature. A mist of diesel fuel is then injected into the cylinders. The fuel ignites and a controlled explosion occurs. The basic construction of a diesel engine resembles that of a gasoline engine, but a diesel engine does not require spark plugs. Furthermore, combustion pressure is higher in a diesel engine than in a gasoline engine, and a diesel engine produces more noise and vibration and must have a sturdier construction. Newer diesel engines, however, have improved designs that reduce noise and vibration. A diesel engine features better fuel economy than a gasoline engine, and can be used to drive longer distances; for these reasons, diesel engines are more suited to commercial use. DIESEL INJECTION PUMP A pump, which supplies fuel to a diesel engine at the pressure, required for fuel injection. The pump automatically varies injection volume and injection timing in response to changes in engine load and rpm. DIFFERENTIAL A set of gears that reduces the rotational speed of the propeller shaft (in FR vehicles) or transaxle (in FF vehicles) for use by the drive wheels. Located Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook between the drive wheels, it also distributes power to both wheels in accordance with road conditions. For example, to keep the vehicle moving smoothly on turns, it provides for appropriate differences in wheel rotational speed depending on the sharpness of the curve.

DIFFERENTIAL LOCK A device that can lock the differential to prevent it from providing a difference in wheel rotation speed. In a four-wheel-drive vehicle, if one of the drive wheels drops into a pothole, the differential will transmit all of the power to that wheel, causing it to spin. As a result, the other wheel will stop turning, and vehicle will not be able to get out of the hole. A lockable centre, rear, or front differential, found on 4WD vehicles, allows the differential to be locked in such cases. Locking the differential causes the power to be transmitted to the other wheels so that the vehicle can climb out of the hole on its own. * Centre Differential Lock DIGITAL COMBINATION METER A meter display panel in which signals from various sensors are converted by a computer into a digital display, such as numbers and bar graphs, showing vehicle speed (speedometer), engine rpm (tachometer), amount of fuel remaining in the tank (fuel gauge), coolant temperature (temperature gauge), etc. DIGITAL METER A meter or gauge, such as a speedometer, tachometer, fuel gauge, or water temperature gauge, which provides a highly visible digital display in the form numbers or a bar graph. (The other type of meter used in cars, the analog meter, uses a needle to indicate a value on a dial or scale.) Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook * Digital Combination Meter DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING AUDIO SYSTEM A Digital Signal Processing (DSP) system modifies audio signals digitally to achieve better control of sound quality. DSP can be used for standard functions such as volume, balance, fade and tone control, as well as AM and FM stereo decoding. It also allows advanced audio processing; such as concert hall emulation, sound shaping and adaptive noise reduction filtering. DSP requires a digital audio signal. Analog audio signals (such as cassette tapes or radio broadcasts) must be converted to digital through a converter. Digital sources include compact discs. After processing, the digital codes must be converted back to analog to be amplified and sent to the speakers. Digital Signal Processing allows better/ more consistent control over the audio signal, because processing is not dependent on material properties of linear circuit elements (which can vary with environment). In addition, many standard radio functions can be combined in one integrated circuit. DSP also allows features which would not be practical with linear circuits (eg, concert hall emulation which requires long delay times). Finally, DSP makes it easier to make software changes to tailor the product for customer needs. Improved audio sound, consistent performance, additional feature content, including programmable features (tailored to specific customers or markets) DIPSTICK * Oil Level Gauge DILUTION Contamination of the lubricant by unburned fuel leading to thinning and lowering of flash point. Usually caused by overly rich fuel: air ratios or blow-by in poorly maintained engines. DIN Acronym for Deutsche Industrie Norm, the German standards organisation. DIRECT INJECTION (DI) ENGINE Direct injection (DI) refers to fuel injected directly into the combustion chamber above the piston. Direct injection has long been used on large diesel engines. Smaller diesels are increasingly adopting direct injection (vs. indirect injection into a pre-chamber). Direct Injection can also be used in spark ignition (generally gasoline) engines instead of port fuel injection - for cleaner emissions, increased full throttle power, and potentially for lean-burn operation.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook Port Fuel Injection (PFI): By comparison, port fuel injection (used spark-ignition engines) have injectors in the intake port near the valve. During the intake stroke, fuel sprayed into the port enters the combustion chamber along with the air charge. Direct Injection: With Direct Injection Spark Ignition (DISI) engines, fuel is injected in one of two ways depending on operating conditions. Lean burn operation (at part throttle), injects fuel after the air has entered, causing higher fuel concentration near the injector and spark plug for easy ignition. This is known as stratified charge. The overall air/fuel ratio is lean; for better fuel consumption. At full power, fuel is injected at the same time as air (same as for conventional) to promote good mixing. Fuel evaporating in the combustion chamber cools the air slightly, for higher volumetric efficiency and power. Since all fuel being injected goes directly into the cylinder, it can be metered more precisely, promoting cleaner emissions. Better fuel efficiency and more power DIRECTIONAL INDICATORS * Turn Signals DISC BRAKE A type of brake having disc-shaped rotors that rotate with each wheel. Each brake disc is clamped by brake pads (via a calliper), which apply friction to slow or stop the vehicle. Disc brakes dissipate heat well and can be used for braking downhill with little danger of overheating. The pads also resist wear well, and provide stable braking. * Drum Brake DISC ROTOR A steel disc in a disc brake that rotates with the wheel. The rotor utilises pads that are squeezed from both sides by a calliper to provide the friction to stop the vehicle. Disc rotors may be made of a solid metal disc, or they may be ventilated discs, provided with radial vanes that allow air to pass through the rotor for better cooling. DISC WHEEL A wheel with an approximately disc- shaped centre insert welded to an outer rim. Disc wheels feature high endurance against the forces acting on the wheel. Since the wheel affects driving stability, the disc wheel must be designed for the vehicle on which it is to be used. Disc wheels are generally made of steel, or an aluminium alloy ("mag" wheels). Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook DISCHARGED BATTERY If the voltage of a battery has dropped so low that it can't start the engine, the battery is said to be discharged (or "dead" or on to slow or "flat"). A dead battery may be caused by an electrical drain, such as the headlights being left on for a long period of time with the engine stopped. It may also be caused by the simultaneous operation of too many electrical devices, such as the headlights and air conditioner, while the engine is idling. DISPERSANT An additive that prevent particles from conglomerating to form sludge and deposits. Dispersant keeps contaminants in suspension so that they can be flushed out when the oil is changed rather than settling in the sump. DISPLACEMENT (PISTON DISPLACEMENT) The volume of air in a cylinder that the piston displaces (pushes out or away) as it moves up and down, from bottom dead centre to top dead centre. The term "displacement" by itself usually refers to the total displacement of an engine (that is, the displacement of all cylinders combined). Displacement is normally measured in cubic centimetres (cc or cm3 ), litres, or cubic inches (cu. in. or in 3 ). DISTRIBUTOR A device that sends the high-voltage current, generated by the ignition coil, to the spark plug in each cylinder in the proper order. The engine can operate properly only if the timing for each cylinder's intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust stroke is correct. The distributor ensures this by maintaining proper ignition timing. DISTRIBUTOR CABLE * High-tension Cord DIVERSITY ANTENNA A diversity antenna system uses two antennas mounted at different locations on the vehicle and automatically chooses one that provides the better FM radio signal. The customer is therefore less likely to notice static or weak audio signals due to obstructions. An antenna system that uses two antennas. This prevents large objects (buildings, etc.) from blocking the radio waves received by the antennas, thus maintaining proper reception. A diversity antenna system is generally composed of a main antenna and a sub-antenna. Reception normally comes through the main antenna, but if the signal deteriorates due to interference, the system automatically switches over to the sub-antenna.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook Power lines, traffic lights and buildings can cause local areas of weak FM signals. When driving through such areas, a listener might notice decreased volume or increased noise or static; often when the vehicle is stopped for a traffic signal. With two antennas, there is a better chance that one of them will receive a clear signal. A circuit inside the radio automatically chooses the better signal. Better FM radio reception DOHC * Double Overhead Camshaft DOLBY NOISE REDUCTION (NR) A noise-reduction system developed by Dolby Laboratories (of the UK) to reduce noise on tape recordings. Normally, the noise level remains uniform in a recording, regardless of the recording level, so the lower the recording level, the more noticeable the noise. Noise is also more unpleasant at higher frequencies. The noise ratio is reduced by recording medium- and high-frequency sounds louder, then reducing them to normal for play-back. Note:

Dolby and the double-D symbol are trademarks of the Dolby Laboratories Licensing Corporation. DOOR LOCK LIGHT Lighting around the keyhole of a door to make the hole clearly visible at night. Pulling up the outside door handle on the driver's door causes this light to light up for a few seconds. DOOR MIRROR One type of outer mirror, mounted on the outside of the front doors. The mirror surface of a door mirror is larger than that of a fender mirror, making it easier for the driver to judge the distance and position of following vehicles. Door mirrors are also more fashionable than fender mirrors. For these reasons, most passenger cars now use door mirrors. DOOR TRIM The inside panel on the door. Door trim can be flat or moulded. Flat trim is made of padded rigid panels, with a covering material. Moulded trim is made of a moulded base material, formed as one piece. The arm rest is moulded trim, and gives a three-dimensional effect that can be used to create a more luxurious interior. * Moulded Door Trim DOOR-HAZARD WARNING LAMP A warning lamp on the instrument panel that lights when a door is not closed properly. In some models, a buzzer also sounds. Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook DOUBLE-CLUTCHING Depressing the clutch pedal twice when shifting gears. During normal downshifting with a manual transmission, the clutch pedal is depressed, held down until the transmission is in the lower gear, then released. In double clutching, however, the clutch pedal is depressed and held down while the transmission is shifted into neutral, then released. With the transmission in neutral, the accelerator pedal is depressed slightly, then the clutch pedal is depressed again. The transmission is shifted to the lower gear, then the clutch pedal is released. Double-clutching allows the rotational speed of the driving and driven gears to match, allowing smoother gear shifting. Modern transmissions use a synchromesh mechanism, however, which makes double clutching unnecessary. DOUBLE OVERHEAD CAMSHAFT (DOHC) Two camshafts mounted above the engine block to open and close the intake and exhaust valves. The standard DOHC arrangement uses two intake and two exhaust valves for each cylinder, and moves the valves directly via cams mounted on the camshaft. This design permits lighter valves than an SOHC (single overhead cam) design, which has only two valves per cylinder (one for intake and one for exhaust). It also allows more precise valve movement at high rpm's, and thus improves high-speed performance. For these reasons, the DOHC design is often used in high-speed, highperformance engines, and especially in engines for cars used in motor sports. DOHC engines are also called "twin-cam engines". * Compact Twin-cam Engine DOUBLE LOCKING The Double Locking feature makes it virtually impossible for an intruder to open a locked vehicle door without key or remote transmitter (keyfob); whether from outside or inside. Even after breaking a window, a thief could not unlock the doors; and would have to enter through the window to attempt to steal the vehicle. Double locking is activated by turning the key in a specific sequence (eg, toward locked position twice -- within 3 seconds). With remote keyless entry (RKE), Double Locking is activated by pressing the "lock" button twice. Double locking is deactivated by unlocking the door; either with remote transmitter or the vehicle key. To reduce the possibility of locking people in the vehicle, the double lock can be activated only when the ignition is off and the key removed.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook Increased security for parked vehicles (theft deterrent) DOWN-SHIFTING Changing to a lower gear, such as shifting from fourth gear to third gear. As lower gears have a higher gear ratio, downshifting can be used to improve acceleration, or to slow the vehicle on steep grades without using the brakes (this is called "engine braking"). DRAG COEFFICIENT (CD VALUE, COEFFICIENT OF DRAG) A numerical value (such as 0.65) represents the magnitude of the aerodynamic drag that works against the forward movement of the vehicle. The smaller the drag coefficient, the less the drag. Aerodynamic drag increases in proportion to the square of the speed of the vehicle, so a lower drag coefficient gives both better fuel economy at high speeds and increases maximum speed. To lower the drag coefficient, the vehicle body is made as smooth as possible, with projecting components either eliminated or made more aerodynamic. DRAWING COMPOUND A press-applied lubricant formulated to enhance formability and protect formed metal parts during interim inventory. DRIFT Excessive side slipping or skidding by the tires. In extreme cases, the rear wheels skid sideways so much that directional stability is lost and the vehicle goes in to a spin. Causes of drift include attempting to corner at a speed that is too high. DRIVABILITY (DRIVEABILITY) A driver's general how smoothly it "behaviour", and performance, etc.

evaluation of whether the vehicle responds as expected and runs. This evaluation covers the vehicle's general driving includes hesitation, surge, jerking (bucking), acceleration For the engine in particular, it covers such factors as poor

starting, rough idling, knocking, afterburn, and backfiring. DRIVE BY WIRE Drive by wire means that one or more of the primary vehicle systems operate with electronic controls (instead of a traditional mechanical linkage). An electronic signal transmits driver input to steering, throttle or brake input to an electronically-controlled steering gear, throttle-body, or brake system. The phrase "by wire" can apply to (brake by wire), steering (steer by wire) and transmission (shift by wire). It can also refer to a clutch or shift mechanism. An example of "drive by wire" is an electronically controlled throttle, in which the computer controls the relationship between the accelerator pedal and throttle

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook position to optimise actual throttle response. This can increase fuel economy, improve driveability, and reduce emissions. Drive by Wire uses electronically-controlled actuator(s), with sensors to detect driver input. Electronic throttle system senses driver input at the accelerator pedal. This signal commands the servo-actuated throttle body to control throttle position; using other information such as transmission shift schedules. Improved interior package due to smaller components, as well as reduce weight and better reliability; due to replacing mechanical hardware with electronic sensors, wires and actuators. DRIVE LINE * Power Train DRIVE SHAFT A shaft that transmits power from the differential to one of the drive wheels. The design of the drive shafts differs depending on the drive method and the suspension used. Note: In some countries, the word "drive shaft" is used to refer to the propeller shaft. * Axle Shaft DRIVE TRAIN * Power Train DRIVER ALERTNESS MONITORING Driver alertness monitoring is designed to detect when the driver's ability has become impaired, whether from inattention, drowsiness or intoxication. A simple system may merely sound an alarm. More complex systems could include warnings for impending collisions, or that the path of the vehicle is straying from the roadway. Two methods are proposed for monitor driver alertness: One uses infrared cameras that detect eye motions and compute trends that track driver vigilance. Another is to monitor driver-performance in maintaining the vehicle in its lane; using cameras which detect lane markers. Warns driver when not adequately alert DRIVING FORCE The force that moves the vehicle forward or backward, determined by such factors as engine torque and gear ratio.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook Larger gear ratios deliver greater driving force, but at identical gear ratios, more driving force is produced by an. engine with greater torque. DRIVING POSITION How the driver sits in the seat so that he is able to most comfortably reach all controls and pedals, the steering wheel, the gearshift lever, etc. The position the driver naturally adopts is related to his physique, desired degree of comfort, and other preferences. To allow the driver to make changes, adjustable controls are often provided for the seat and steering wheel, such as a seat sliding mechanism, a seat height adjuster, a tilt steering wheel, etc. DRIVING POSITION MEMORY SYSTEM Finding that one's preferred driving position and settings have been changed can be annoying for a driver. However, after someone else has driven a car equipped with this system, the driver can automatically reset the driver's seat and the mirrors to their original positions simply by pushing a button. Settings for adjustable items, such as the driver's seat and seat back, steering wheel, and door mirrors are all stored in computer memory. After another driver has changed any of these items, they can all be restored with the touch of a button. Settings for two drivers can be stored in computer memory, and the settings will remain in memory unless the battery cable is disconnected. * Auto Tiltaway Steering Wheel, Computer-controlled Tilt-and-telescopic Steering, Telescopic Steering Wheel, Tilt Steering Wheel DRIVING RESISTANCE The sum of the various resistance’s to which a moving vehicle is subjected, especially resistance from the air and the road. Driving resistance can be classified into air resistance, rolling resistance (from tires and road), climbing resistance, cornering resistance, etc. DUAL-ZONE / MULTI-ZONE TEMPERATURE CONTROL Zone temperature control of the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system allows the driver, as well as passengers in one or more zones of the vehicle, to select preferred HVAC air temperatures. Zone temperature selectors (in addition to the driver's control) are located within reach of occupants. HVAC systems extract heat from hot engine-coolant flowing through the heater core -- to warm air entering the cabin. Conventional systems typically control outlet temperature in one of the following ways: • HVAC air bypass -- Part of the HVAC air flows past the heater core (heating it), while the remainder by-passes it (with a temperaturecontrol door). All engine-coolant flows through the heater core. Heated and unheated air are combined at the outlet to achieve the desired temperature. Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook •

Engine coolant bypass -- All HVAC air flows past the heater core. A valve bypasses part of the heated engine coolant around the heater core, to control outlet air temperature (ie, more heated engine coolant flowing through the heater core results in warmer outlet air).

For zone systems, more complex solutions are required to deliver selected air temperatures: • HVAC air bypass -- HVAC air for the respective zones pass through

•

separate air ducts in the heater core. Control doors (for each zone) bypass part of the air (as above). Heated and unheated air are combined at the desired temperatures for the respective zones. Engine coolant bypass -- The heater core is divided into two separate coolant passages; one for each zone. Valves regulate outlet air temperature(s) by controlling fluid flow through each half of the heater core. HVAC air for each zone is directed through ducts in the heater core, with outlet air at the desired temperature. The driver, and passengers in each zone, can achieve more personalised temperature levels.

DRUM BRAKE A brake having a drum that rotates with the wheel. Depressing the brake pedal forces the brake shoes against the inside of the drum, slowing or stopping the vehicle. * Disc Brake DRUM-IN-DISC BRAKE A drum brake that is built into a disc brake. Drum-in-disc brakes are used in comparatively large passenger vehicles. DRYFILM LUBRICANT A solid film lubricant applied to the metal formulated to enhance formability DUAL AIR CONDITIONER An air conditioning system consisting of two independent air conditioners with separate controls; one for the front seat and one for the rear. This system not only increases cooling effectiveness in the rear, but also makes it possible to adjust front and rear temperatures separately in accordance with individual preferences. DUAL CARBURETORS ("DUAL CARBS") Two carburettors installed on one engine. Dual carburettors achieve higher power and improved engine response. They used to be installed mainly on sports car engines. Carburettors have been replaced by EFI in most modern production cars Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook * Carburettor DUAL-EXHAUST MANIFOLD An exhaust manifold with two ports for carrying exhaust gas from each cylinder, as well as two mufflers and two tail pipes. A dual-exhaust system reduces exhaust gas resistance, thereby increasing power, and is mainly used in highperformance engines. DUAL-LENS HEADLAMP A headlamp with two lenses. This type of headlamp has a sharper, more threedimensional appearance than a conventional headlamp, and lends greater elegance to the front mask of the vehicle. DUAL-MODE FOUR-WHEEL STEERING (DUAL-MODE 4WS) Four-wheel steering, switchable between 2WS and 4WS to control the rear wheel turning angle and direction. 4WS can also be switched between "normal" and "sport" modes. Normal mode provides better driving stability, while sport mode gives better response. In addition, a cancel mode is available for use when backing up, providing the more familiar 2WS for parking. * Speed-responsive Electronically Controlled 4WS DUAL OVERHEAD CAMS * Double Overhead Camshaft DUAL SLIDING SEAT A seat that can be adjusted to suit the physique and degree of comfort desired by the driver, making driving easier and less fatiguing. The seat can slide forward and back, and can be raised and lowered, and the length of the seat cushion can also be adjusted. A smaller driver can simply slide the seat forward and raise it, while a larger driver can slide it back and lower it. Various models have seats with various types of possible adjustments, some manual and some electrical. DUAL SLIDING SEAT WITH MEMORY An adjustable seat whose positions (forward and back, raised and lowered, and cushion length) can be stored in computer memory and retrieved at the touch of a switch. DUCK TAIL The rear of a trunk lid that is raised like a duck's tail and cut off plumb at the end. The duck tail design generally lowers wind resistance and reduces rear end lift.

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‘E’ EARTH Electrical ground * Ground EAST-WEST MOUNTING * Lateral Mounting EASY-ENTRY MECHANISM A spring-loaded mechanism that slides the front passenger seats as far forward as possible. It is activated by pulling a lever at the side of the seat or stepping down on a pedal at the back of the seat. This widely used device makes getting in and out of two door vehicles easier. ECM * Engine Control Module ECONOMY (ECON) A switch which causes the air conditioner to operate more economically by lowering the utilisation rate of the air conditioner compressor, and thus reducing the load on the engine. This in turn lowers fuel consumption. The air conditioner is normally switched from "A/C" to "ECON" after the passenger compartment has cooled down somewhat. ECSAINE SEAT COVERING A buckskin-like artificial leather seat covering made by bundling together tufts of extremely fine polyester fibre Ecsaine covering has the feel of natural leather, is resistant to water, does not shrink when dried, and does not harden like leather will. ECT * Electronically Controlled Transmission ECU * Electronic Control Unit EFFECTIVE TURNING RADIUS The turning radius of the farthest outside point on the vehicle body. This point effectively limits the vehicle's ability to turn close to obstructions such as guardrails and walls. The greater the distance from the front tires to the front of the car (that is, the greater the front overhang), the greater the effective turning radius, and the poorer the manoeuvrability of the vehicle. * Minimum Turning Radius EFI * Electronic Fuel Injection

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook EHC * Electronic Height Control EHPS * Electro-hydraulic Power Steering EIGHT-WAY ADJUSTABLE SEAT A seat with eight adjustment mechanisms, which provide the driver with a more comfortable ride than a standard seat.

EIGHT-WAY ADJUSTABLE SPORT SEAT A driver's seat with eight adjustment functions, providing superior holding during cornering. The eight adjustment functions include: 1) raising and lowering of the seat, 2) sliding the seat forward and backward, 3) 4) 5) 6)

multi-position reclining of the back, free-position reclining of the back, side support, lumbar support,

7) raising and lowering of the headrest, and 8) moving the headrest forward and backward. ELECTRIC HORN A horn that produces sound when an electromagnet vibrates a metal plate. ELECTRICALLY POWERED STEERING Electrically powered steering uses an electric motor to drive either the power steering hydraulic pump or to drive the steering linkage directly. The power steering function is therefore independent of engine speed, resulting in significant energy savings. Other advantages (dependent on specific vehicle expense, modular build with reduced vehicle assembly labour, and enhancement of steering feel. Corporate Quality Office

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Conventional power steering systems (by comparison) use an engine accessory belt to drive the pump, providing pressurised fluid that operates a piston in the power steering gear or actuator to assist the driver. • Electro-hydraulic steering: One electrically-powered steering concept uses a high-efficiency pump driven by an electric motor. Pump speed is regulated by an electronic controller to vary pump pressure and flow, providing steering efforts tailored for different driving situations (see VAPS). The pump can be run at low speed, or shut off completely, to provide energy savings during straight ahead driving (which is most of •

the time in most world markets). Direct Electric Steering: Another type uses an electric motor attached directly to the steering rack via a gear mechanism (no pump or fluid). A variety of motor types and gear drives are possible. A microprocessor controls steering dynamics and driver effort. Inputs include vehicle speed, and steering wheel torque, angular position, and turning rate. Energy savings/improved fuel economy, and potentially better steering feel, with reduced system complexity and improved system reliability.

ELECTRICALLY RETRACTABLE DOOR MIRROR A door mirror that can be folded in and out at the touch of a button. When the vehicle is parked in a narrow space, such as a parking tower, the door mirrors can be folded in by electric motors to prevent them from hitting walls or other cars. * Folding Door Mirror ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC POWER STEERING (EHPS) A type of power steering that is operated by an electric motor instead of by the engine. A computer controls hydraulic pressure in relation to vehicle speed, providing more stable steering response: At high vehicle speeds, EHPS reduces power assistance; at low speeds, EHPS increases assistance to make the steering wheel easier to turn. * Power Steering ELECTRONIC AIRBAG SYSTEM A system that uses a computer-generated signal to inflate an airbag when sensors detect an impact due to a collision. * Supplemental Restraint System (SRS) Airbag Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook ELECTRONICALLY CONTROLLED AIR SUSPENSION / ELECTRONIC AIR SUSPENSION Electronic air suspension provides the comfort of riding on air with adjustable spring rates, and capability to change ride height and load carrying ability. Under normal driving conditions, an electronic air suspension vehicle rides at the same height as a traditionally sprung vehicle. With a heavy load, ride height is automatically increased. On Mark VIII, the suspension lowers the ride height by 20 mm at highway speeds for improved aerodynamics, with about two-percent better fuel economy. Lower ride height can also improve on-centre feel of the steering, due to the change in suspension geometry (increased caster angle). On Expedition, the driver can lower the vehicle several inches for easier entry and exit (access mode). A suspension in which metal springs have been replaced with compressed air. The air is contained in a chamber mounted atop each shock absorber, and the pressure of the air in the chamber is computer controlled. The computer determines driving conditions and automatically adjusts the suspension hardness and vehicle height, providing a more comfortable ride even on sharp curves and bad roads. Instead of a coil or leaf spring, each corner of the vehicle is supported by an air spring (bladder) at each corner (shock absorbers are still required). With a constant quantity of air, each air bladder acts similarly to a normal spring. To increase vehicle ride height, more air is pumped into the bags by a pump. Air is released from the bags to decrease the height. Improved ride and handling and fuel economy; with ease in entering and leaving 'tall' vehicles. * Air Suspension, Electronically Modulated Suspension (EMS), Vehicle Height Adjuster ELECTRONIC AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION An electronic automatic transmission utilises an electronic control module to signal when to shift. The module also determines when to lockup and unlock the torque converter. By controlling these functions electronically, rather than mechanically, the transmission can be tuned for better driveability. Electronic automatic transmissions use computer-controlled solenoids to control primary functions (internal pressure; converter lockup; shift and clutch scheduling). through the transmission hydraulic system. By comparison, non-electronic transmissions rely on mechanical controls such as centrifugal weights and mechanical valves).

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook Improved driveability due to better control of transmission shifting ELECTRONICALLY MODULATED SUSPENSION (EMS) A computer-controlled system which automatically changes shock absorber firmness and vehicle height. On rough roads, vehicle posture is continually changing. In response to these changes, EMS controls shock absorber firmness and vehicle height to maintain a stable vehicle posture. The system also includes anti-roll control, which controls rolling of the body to the left or right while cornering, and anti-dive control, which reduces the tendency of the vehicle to nose-dive (lean forward) during sudden braking. Shock absorber firmness and vehicle height can be controlled by the driver; this means that the same vehicle can provide both riding comfort and "sporty" driving. * Electronically Controlled Air Suspension ELECTRONICALLY CONTROLLED HYDRAULIC-DRIVE COOLING FAN SYSTEM A computer-controlled system that operates a cooling fan hydraulically. This reduces the load on the engine, thereby improving fuel economy and reducing engine noise. ELECTRONICALLY CONTROL- LED TRANSMISSION (ECT) An automatic transmission in which electronic control technologies are utilised to control it. The ECT consists of: 1) Various sensors which detect the operating conditions of the vehicle, such as shift lever position ("range"), vehicle speed, engine load, etc. 2) An ECU (electronic control unit), called the "ECT ECU", a small computer which precisely controls the timing of up- and down-shifting of the transmission, based on the data (electronic signals) sent from the sensors. 3) The actuators, which are solenoid valves that control the shift valves in the automatic transmission, and actually control the shifting of the transmission from one gear to another. The ECT has the following features: • Improved drivability - e.g., smoother up- and down-shifting; • Improved fuel economy, since the ECU can shift the transmission into the gear most suited for the driving conditions; •

The driver can select the driving pattern he or she desires, such as Normal or Power; • Self-diagnosis can be carried out by the transmission (actually by the ECT ECU). Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook ELECTRONIC CONTROL UNIT (ECU) A name for any of several small computers that control various functions of an automobile. ECUs are the "brains" of the various electronic devices and systems that control the engine, ABS, ECT, and other systems. An ECU, often simply called a "computer", is composed of an input signal identifier, a microprocessor, an output signal transposer, and a power unit. One of the ECUs, the engine control unit is sometimes called the "engine control module" (ECM) or "engine control computer". ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTION (EFI) A computer-controlled fuel injection system. The EFI sensors continuously detect driving conditions and provide the appropriate air-fuel mixture to the cylinders. EFI provides better fuel economy than carburetion, improves engine performance, and reduces exhaust emissions. There are two main type of electronic fuel injection in use at present: D-EFI and L-EFI. 1) D-EFI : The "D" in "D-EFI" stands for "Druck", which is German for "pressure", and D- EFI can also be called "manifold pressure control type" EFI. This is because this type of EFI senses the amount of intake air based on the pressure (or rather, the strength of the vacuum) in the intake manifold. (DEFI was developed based on the D-Jetronic system of the German company Bosch.) 2) L-EFI : The "L" in "L-EFI" stands for the German "Luft" or "air", and L-EFI can also be called "air-flow control type" EFI. This is because this type of EFI directly senses the amount of air flowing into the intake manifold by means of an air flow meter. (L-EFI was developed based on Bosch's L-Jetronic system.) (D-EFI and L-EFI supersede a mechanical type of fuel injection once used called K- Jetronic, also from Bosch.) Note: EFI is now referred to as "MFI (multiport fuel injection)" or "SFI (sequential multiport fuel injection)" in the USA. * Ci ELECTRONIC HEIGHT CONTROL (EHC) Detects vehicle nose-diving or rear-end squat caused by the weight of passengers or cargo, and returns the vehicle to a level posture. For example, when passengers get into the rear seats and the trunk is heavily loaded, the rear of the vehicle sinks. This raises the front of the vehicle, upsetting vehicle balance, and causing the headlamp to shine upward. The EHC automatically compensates for this, and stabilises the vehicle for more level and pleasant ride. Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook ELECTRONIC MESSAGE CENTER The electronic message centre displays a text containing vehicle information and system warnings. The computer keeps track of fuel consumption, oil life, engine temperature, exterior lighting, charging system and various fluid levels. If trouble arises in any of these areas, a message alerting the driver is displayed. In addition, a systems check can be performed by the driver on other vehicle systems such as automatic ride control. A fluorescent or LCD text display is mounted in the centre or overhead console, or instrument cluster. A computer reads input from various systems; some systems are monitored continuously, while others only during a systems check. If a problem occurs in any of the continuouslymonitored systems, an appropriate warning (eg, check tail lamps) is displayed. Other vehicle system problems are identified when a systems check is performed. Customer convenience and early problem identification

ELECTRONIC MESSAGING Electronic messaging provides traffic and other warnings to the driver through an interface in the vehicle. Encoded traffic information is continually transmitted to the vehicle's FM radio. A dynamic warning information system being piloted in some regions could include warnings such as a train crossing, icy bridge, high wind, deer crossing or falling rocks. Its advantage is that current information (vs. blanket warnings) about specific hazardous conditions can be transmitted. Convenience information could also be displayed; eg, parking, food, gas, lodging, intersections and other items of interest. The electronic messaging system operates on various roadside-tovehicle communication systems. Two-way communication is possible over short distances between the vehicle and antennas along the roadway and at parking areas. A Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) system proposed as a standard for electronic toll collection could also be used for dynamic warnings. Other alternatives such as cellular telephone and FM radio band are being proposed for longer-distance communications. Improved convenience and safety with situation-specific information targeted to drivers ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION Roadway and bridge tolls can automatically be paid without slowing down. This eliminates lost time at tollbooths, and congestion that often precedes toll booths.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook A transponder mounted in the vehicle communicates by radio signals to antennas buried in the pavement or mounted at roadside. The appropriate fare is deducted by the transponder from a prepaid account. A typical unit on top of the dash or in the instrument panel is about the size of a deck of cards, with a display, keypad, and an audio signal for instant account balance. As part of a vehicle to roadside communications system, the transponder could also send and receive other information. Standards such as Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) are being developed for roadside-readers and in-vehicle tags. Time savings and convenience when paying tolls ELR * Emergency Locking Retractor EMERGENCY FLASHERS * Hazard Warning Lights EMERGENCY LOCKING RETRACTOR (ELR) This device, found on three-point seat belts, causes the belts to lock when pulled on sharply. During normal operation, the seat belt will extend and retract in response to the wearer's movements. During sudden braking, however, if the seat belt is pulled out faster than the permissible feed rate, the mechanism locks the belt, thus preventing the wearer from being thrown forward. EMERGENCY SPARE TYRE A compact spare tire for temporary use in an emergency. There are two types of emergency tire. The first and most common is the "temporary use tire" which is narrower than a standard tire and uses higher pressure. The second is the "space-saver tire" which collapses for storage and is inflated only when used. Note: This concept is currently not implemented in India, elsewhere, both types are for temporary emergency use only, and should be replaced with a standard tire as soon as possible. EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM The emission control system cleans pollutants from the exhaust gases. The components used for this include: 1) A catalytic converter for purifying the exhaust gases; 2) A PCV system for returning blow-by gases to the cylinders for combustion; 3) An EVAP system (a charcoal canister for separating evaporated gasoline vapour [HCI from air for reuse in combustion); and,

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook 4) An EGR (exhaust gas re-circulation) system for returning burnt gases to the cylinders in order to reduce the combustion temperature, thus reducing NOx. * Exhaust Emissions EMULSIFIER Additive that stabilises water/oil emulsions and prevents or retards separation. ENERGY-ABSORBING STEERING COLUMN A steering wheel and column that are designed to collapse in a collision, there by reducing injury to the driver. Several different methods are used for absorbing shock. The steering wheel itself may bend when struck by the driver's chest; energy absorbing material may also be used in the steering wheel pad. Another method uses a steering column that bends under impact. ENERGY-ABSORBING URETHANE BUMPER A shock-absorbent urethane bumper, which helps reduce the shock, felt by the passengers in a minor collision ENGINE (MOTOR) An engine or motor is a machine that produces power. In an "internal combustion engine" (usually simply called an "engine"), this is done by exploding an air-fuel mixture in several sealed cylinders. The force of these explosions is changed to motive power by pistons and a crankshaft. (An electric “motor" creates power by converting electricity to rotary motion. The word "motor" technically refers to this latter type of machine, though people often loosely refer to a automobile's engine as its "motor".) The source of motive power for most automobiles is an engine powered by gasoline or diesel fuel, though cars powered by electric motors are now being developed. In addition to the components that directly produce motive power, an engine also has various auxiliary components or systems such as: a lubrication system which uses engine oil to lubricate and cool the engine; a cooling system which dissipates the excess heat generated by the engine; etc.

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2-Cycle 4-Cycle

Engine

Reciprocating

Engines currently in use can be classified as follows:

Gasoline (Small Cars & Motorcycles) Diesel (Trucks) Gasoline (Passenger Cars & Small Trucks) Diesel (Trucks, Buses & Passenger Cars) LPG (Commercial Vehicles such as Taxis and Small Trucks)

Rotary

Passenger Cars

Turbine & other experimental

ENGINE BLOCK * Cylinder Block ENGINE BRAKING Using the engine instead of the brakes to slow the vehicle. In a manual transmission vehicle, this is usually done by releasing the accelerator pedal and downshifting. Engine braking causes a difference between wheel rpm, engine rpm, and transmission rpm, creating drag that causes the speed to drop. The lower the gear, the greater the effect. When driving downhill, "riding" the brake pedal will cause the brakes to overheat, reducing their effectiveness. For safety during extended downhill braking, the driver should combine use of the brakes with engine braking. Note: There is no device called an "engine brake", as some people seem to believe; engine braking is merely the effect described above. ENGINE CONTROL MODULE (ECM) The US term for Engine ECU. ENGINE ECU (ENGINE CONTROL COMPUTER) An ECU, or electronic control unit, is a small computer installed in a vehicle. There are several or many ECUs in most modern automobiles. The Engine ECU, or engine control computer, gathers data (information) such as intake air volume, coolant temperature, and engine rpm, and automatically adjusts the airfuel ratio and ignition timing based on this data. It does this in order to maintain optimal power, improve fuel economy, and reduce exhaust emissions under Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook varying engine conditions, such as acceleration and deceleration, differing rates of fuel consumption, and so forth. An engine control computer has three main functions: 1) Management of general engine functions, such as the control of fuel injection duration; electronic spark advance (ESA); control of ignition timing; idle speed control (ISC); etc. 2) Self-diagnosis; and 3) Activation of fail-safe and/or backup systems if a problem occurs. The Engine ECU also helps to carry out computerised control of a number of other electronically controlled systems, such as the ECT (electronically controlled transmission), ABS (anti-lock brake system), and many others. Note: The Engine ECU is called the "Engine Control Module" (ECM) in the USA. ENGINE MODEL CODE An alphanumeric code indicating engine specifications. For example, the first part of the code "NEF-3800-TCI" indicates the basic engine model type, while the second part indicates engine, followed by other features such as EGR, Turbo Charger, emission compliance, etc. (some other manufacturers also add further variations, such as whether it is a twin-cam engine, whether the engine is supercharged, etc.) Example

NEF

3800

TCI Features Engine Capacity Engine Family

ENGINE OIL Oil that is used to coat the moving parts inside the engine. This helps the pistons to move more smoothly, and seals the combustion chamber to prevent the leakage of gases during combustion. It also lubricated parts of the engine, carrying away carbon and accumulated foreign matter. In addition, it prevents the rust that would otherwise be caused by the moisture produced during combustion. Engine oils are available in many different "viscosities" (thickness) for different driving conditions and climactic conditions. The viscosity of an oil is often called its "weight", and is indicated by numbers such as SAE 10W-30 or SAE 20. The letters "SAE" stand for "Society of Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook Automotive Engineers", and show that the oil meets the SAE's viscosity standards, which are indicated by the numbers. The larger the number, the higher the viscosity (the thicker the oil) and the more heat the oil can withstand; the smaller the number, the lower the viscosity (the thinner the oil), and the more easily it can flow in cold weather. There are two types of engine oil used gasoline engines: multi-grade oils and single-grade oils. Multi-grade oils are indicated by code numbers such as SAE 2OW-50, while single-grade oils are shown by numbers such as SAE 30: • In multi-grade oils, the number before the "W" shows the oil's "weight" (viscosity) at - 200C (- 40F), while the number after the "W" shows its weight at1000C (2120F). Some examples of multi-grade oils are SAE 15W-40, SAE5W-30, etc. Since their viscosity is not affected very much by changes in temperature, multi-grade oils can normally be used throughout the year under ordinary climactic conditions. • Single-grade oils have only one code number; this number indicates the oil's viscosity at 1000C (2120F). Some examples of single-grade oils are SAE 20, SAE 30, etc. (Single-grade oil with a "W" in them - for example, SAE 2OW are for use in cold climates only, and are tested at - 200 C.) Engine oils are also classified according to their quality: the classification used is the one devised by the American Petroleum Institute (API) ; categories range from SA (pure petroleum oil with no additives), to SH (top-grade oil with various additives that ensure outstanding wear resistance and durability). API classifications for diesel engine oil range from CA (for use with very light loads) to CD (for use in turbo-charged diesel engines that require fuel high sulfur content). Note : When adding engine oil, always refer to the Vehicle's Owner's Manual, and use the oil of the recommended weight for the expected driving conditions and the anticipated climactic conditions. ENGINE PERFORMANCE GRAPH A graph that indicates engine rpm on the horizontal axis, and horsepower and torque on the vertical axis. Such a graph can also indicates how the fuel consumption rate changes; measurements are made at full throttle. ENGINE SPEED * Revolutions per Minute (RPM) ENGINE-SPEED-SENSING POWER STEERING This type of power steering changes the necessary steering effort based on engine rpm. At lower rpms, the necessary steering effort is reduced, while at higher rpms, the necessary steering effort is increased. For example, when the vehicle is moving slowly or just starting off, the engine rpm is low, so the necessary steering effort is decreased - in other words, the Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook steering wheel feels "lighter". At higher rpms (higher vehicle speeds), the necessary steering effort is increased (so the wheel feels "heavier") to ensure greater steering stability. * Vehicle-speed-sensing Power Steering, Progressive Power Steering ENGINE STALL Inadvertent or unforeseen stopping of the engine while the vehicle is in motion. Some possible causes include overheating of the engine, shifting by the driver into the wrong gear, and failure of the fuel system or electrical system. ENGINE UNDERGUARD A synthetic resin plate installed under the engine to prevent stones and other objects from flying up into the engine compartment. EP (EXTREME PRESSURE) Additive system where the lubricant deposits a solid film, usually of iron sulphide, onto the surface of components at high temperatures to provide boundary lubrication. EPA Environmental Protection Agency (American) ESTATE CAR * Station Wagon EVAP * Emission Control System EXHAUST BRAKE A type of braking system, found on diesel engines for trucks, which uses exhaust gas to build up rotational resistance in the engine, thus acting as a kind of brake. A valve, located in the exhaust pipe, closes to prevent exhaust gas from escaping. This causes pressure to build up in the exhaust system, slowing down the flow of exhaust gas out of the engine. This in turn causes the engine to run more slowly. EXHAUST EMISSION REGULATIONS (STANDARDS) Regulations or standards, which set maximum allowable levels for pollutants from automobile exhaust. In addition to the CO, HC, and NOx in exhaust gas, such regulations also set levels for other types of emissions, such as blowby gas, evaporated gas (hydrocarbon, or HC), and black smoke. In 1960, the first U.S. exhaust emission regulations set limits for the emission of CO and HC. Regulations become stricter every year, and now most industrialised countries have very strict exhaust emission regulations. EXHAUST EMISSION STANDARDS * Exhaust Emission Regulations

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook EXHAUST EMISSIONS (EXHAUST GASES) The gases that are discharged from the exhaust pipe. In addition to the burnt remains of gasoline (or diesel fuel), exhaust gases also contain raw, unburned gas (HC), and blow-by gas. Exhaust gases are a major source of environmental pollution, as they contain many harmful and/or noxious substances, such as CO (carbon monoxide), HC (hydrocarbons), and NOx (oxides of nitrogen), which must be filtered out by the exhaust system before being released into the atmosphere. EXHAUST MANIFOLD The set of tubes that channel the exhaust gases from each cylinder to the exhaust pipe. It is shaped to ensure a smooth flow of exhaust gases. Most V6 and 8 engines have two exhaust manifolds. * Intake Manifold EXHAUST PIPE The pipe that carries engine exhaust from the exhaust manifolds) to the muffler. EXHAUST TEMPERATURE WARNING LAMP A lamp that comes on if the catalytic converter becomes abnormally hot. If this lamp comes on, the vehicle should be stopped and the engine allowed to idle in order to cool down. The vehicle should not be parked over dry grass or other flammable material. After the engine cools off, it is usually safe to continue driving, as long as the lamp stays off. EXHAUST VALVES Valves that open to discharge exhaust gases from the cylinders after engine combustion. The exhaust valves open during the exhaust cycle, and remain closed during intake, compression, and combustion cycles. * Intake Valves ‘F’ FACELIFT * Minor Change FADE Brakes sometimes "fade" (that is, they lose their effectiveness) after repeated use going down long, steep hills. Fade is caused by the overheating of the brake lining and brake pads due to friction, which causes them to lose their friction force. Engine braking can be used when going down steep hills to prevent fading.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook FAIL-SAFE The word "fail-safe" comes from the expression "fail to a safe condition". Failsafe functions prevent accidents in the event of equipment failure. One example of a fail-safe system is the dual brake system. Should one system fail, the other system can still stop the vehicle safely. Fail-safe functions are incorporated into most computer-controlled systems. In the event of failure, the computer automatically shuts down the failing system or component and switches over to a backup system or component. FAIL-SAFE COOLING SYSTEM A fail-safe cooling system allows a vehicle to be driven under limited power in the event that engine coolant is lost. In case of a ruptured hose, the engine operates in an emergency mode with limited power for driving a short distance (10-50 miles depending on the system). This eliminates the cost and inconvenience of having the vehicle towed to a service station, and does not leave the customer stranded. If the coolant level sensor reads below a critical amount, the EEC module switches the engine to an emergency limp-home mode, in which only half of the cylinders get fuel. With only half the cylinders firing, the engine generates much less heat because it is operating at low power. The cylinders alternate between even- and odd-firing pistons. The engine is able to move the vehicle at moderate speeds (up to about 50 mph). Customer is not stranded in case of coolant system failure FAN (COOLING FAN) A fan located either in front of or behind the radiator, which increases the flow of air through the radiator, keeping the radiator cool even if the vehicle is moving slowly. The fan may be driven by the engine crankshaft or by an electric motor. * Cooling System FAN BELT A canvas-covered belt with embedded fabric threads, which transmits the rotation of the crankshaft to the engine-cooling fan. At the same time, it also operates the alternator and the water pump. FASCIA This word is used to mean both "dashboard" and "front mask FASTIDLE A temporary increase in engine rpm immediately after starting, while the engine is still cold. This is done automatically to warm up the engine and help it run more smoothly.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook FENDER (WING, GUARD) The body panel covering each wheel. FENDER APRON Main components of the front body of the vehicle, the fender aprons serve as frames on the inside of the fenders. The aprons also act as mud guards for the left and right wheel housings and support the suspension. Other equipment, such as the battery, is also mounted on the apron. FENDER MIRROR A mirror mounted on the front of the fender. Fender mirrors are located far from the driver, so their reflecting surfaces are made convex to provide a wide field of vision Some fender mirrors have an electric remote control switch to adjust the mirror angle. Most cars now use door mirrors instead of fender mirrors, but the advantages of the fender mirror include lower wind resistance and less head movement required to see behind the vehicle. FF * Front-engine, Front-wheel-drive FIBER REINFORCED PLASTIC (FRP) A sturdy, lightweight, plastic material that is reinforced with glass fibres. It is easy to design and machine, which is why it is preferred for use on race car bodies. FINAL GEARS The last set of reduction gears in the power train that transmits power to the wheels; they are composed of the drive pinion and the ring gear (annulus gear). The final gears are built into the differential, and reduce the rpm of the propeller shaft (in FR vehicles) or the transmission (in FF vehicles), increasing torque. The reduction ratio specifications shown in vehicle specifications are obtained by dividing the drive pinion (propeller shaft) rpm by the ring gear (axle shaft) rpm. FINAL GEAR RATIO * Reduction Gear Ratio FL * Fusible Link FLARE * Smoke Flare FLASH POINT Minimum temperature at which a material will support instantaneous combustion (a flash) but before it will burn continuously (fire point). Materials stored or handled above their flash points should be treated with care as they may ignite

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook explosively if exposed to even the slightest spark – even a static electricity discharge. FLAT BATTERY * Discharged Battery FLAT SPOT When a vehicle is left standing or parked for a long time, flat spots on the tires remain when the vehicle starts moving. This distortion may remain for the first 5 to15 minutes of driving, vibration to the body and steering wheel. It is caused by the especially in nylon tires. The tendency to develop flat spots is pronounced in cold weather, when a tire needs more time to

transmitting fibers found much more return to a

"normal" shape. FLOODING THE ENGINE Giving too much gas (i.e., depressing the accelerator pedal too long or too often) when trying to start a balky engine. (This occurs only in vehicles having a carburetted engine.) If too much gasoline is fed to the carburettor, the engine will not be able to start due to an over-rich air-fuel mixture. If this occurs, the best thing to do is shut off the ignition for several minutes and refrain from pumping the accelerator pedal. This will let the excess gasoline evaporate from the intake system, after which the engine might start if there is no other malfunction present. FLYWHEEL A heavy metal disc mounted at the rear end of the crankshaft to help the crankshaft turn smoothly. The crankshaft is turned by the pistons, which are moved up and down by the explosion of the air-fuel mixture in each cylinder. Some unevenness is inherent in this process, so a flywheel is used to add the inertia provided by its own weight, thereby making the crankshaft rotate more evenly and the engine run more smoothly. FOG LAMPS Auxiliary lamps for use when the driver's field of vision is not clear, such as in fog or rain. Headlamps are the main lights used for normal driving and illuminate the road a greater distance ahead, but fog lamps have wider beams that shine only 20 to 40 meters (60 to 1 20 feet) ahead. Fog lamps can be white or amber, but are usually amber because this provides better visibility to oncoming traffic. FOLD-DOWN SEAT A rear seat which folds forward, connecting the passenger compartment with the trunk. This allows more luggage space, and is especially convenient for carrying bulky or long objects, such as bicycles, lumber, etc.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook FOLDING DOOR MIRROR A door mirror that can be folded against the door when not in use. This helps to protect the mirror in a car wash and in narrow parking spaces. Recently, an electrically retractable mirror has become quite popular in some countries. FOOT BRAKES (SERVICE BRAKES) The brakes that are normally used to slow or stop a vehicle. These are usually simply called the "brakes", but may be called the "foot brakes" to distinguish them from the parking brake. FOUR-SPEED AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION WITH OVERDRIVE This is a three-speed automatic transmission with an overdrive gear added. An overdrive gear is any gear with a gear ratio smaller than 1:1 (for example, 1:0.85). This gives less torque but greater speed. Using overdrive when driving at steady medium to high speeds permits the engine to operate at lower rpms, reducing fuel consumption and lowering engine noise. FOUR-STROKE ENGINE The pistons in a four-stroke engine make two "round trips" (four up-and-down strokes) each time the engine makes one complete cycle of intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust. An engine in which the pistons make one round trip for each engine cycle (from in-take to exhaust) is called a "two-stroke engine". The valve mechanism on a four-stroke engine is more complex, making the engine more complex also. FOUR-VALVE ENGINE An engine in which each cylinder has four valves: two for the intake of air-fuel mixture and two for discharging burnt gases. Most twin-cam engines are of this type. The four-valve design ensures a smoother flow of air-fuel mixture into the combustion chamber and exhaust gas out of the chamber. Each valve can also be made smaller and thus lighter, improving engine response. Sometimes the total valve count is used the name, so a four-cylinder engine with four valves per cylinder is also called a 16-valve engine" and a sixcylinder engine make engine, a "24-valve engine". Furthermore, since these are twin-cam engines, they are also referred to as "twin-cam 16" and "twin-cam 24" engines. FOUR-WAY ELECTRIC VERTICAL SEAT ADJUSTER This type of seat adjuster raises and lowers both the front and rear of the driver's seat cushion independently. To increase comfort and reduce fatigue, the front and rear of the seat can be electrically raised and lowered. (A conventional vertical seat adjuster can change seat height and vary the angle of the seat back, but this system can adjust the cushion angle separately, eliminating the need to re-adjust the seat back angle.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook FOUR-WHEEL ABS * Anti-lock Brake System FOUR-WHEEL DRIVE (4WD) In a 4WD vehicle, power is transmitted to all four wheels. In conventional 2WD (two-wheel drive) vehicles, power is transmitted to only two wheels, either those at the front or those at the rear. Power in 4WD vehicle, however, goes to all four wheels, providing more stability on curves and slippery roads. Furthermore, if one wheel gets stuck in a hole and begins to spin, an LSD (limited-slip differential) allows only the wheel that is not stuck to turn, thereby helping the vehicle get out of the hole. The major disadvantage of 4WD vehicles is greater fuel consumption, due to the weight of the extra components needed. The major types of 4WD vehicles are: 1) Part-time 4WD, which can be switched between 2WD and 4WD; 2) full-time 4WD, which always stays in the 4WD mode; and 3) stand-by (or flexible) full-time 4WD, which automatically switches between 2WD and 4WD depending on driving conditions. FOUR-WHEEL STEERING (4WS) Steering in which both the front and rear wheels turn to change vehicle direction. (In conventional steering, of course, only the front wheels turn to change direction.) In 4WS, the rear wheels respond not only to the degree the steering wheel is turned, as in front-wheel steering, but also to vehicle speed. At medium and high speeds, the rear wheels of a 4WS vehicle turn in the direction of the turn, helping to change lanes smoothly and take S-curves with greater stability. At low speeds, however, the rear wheels turn in the opposite direction, producing a minimum turning radius that is 0.5 meter (1 1/2 ft.) smaller than that of an average medium-class vehicle, thus making it easier to turn in tight spaces. The smaller turning radius also makes cornering on narrow roads easier, and reduces the likelihood of hitting the curb or damaging the body. * Dual-mode 4WS FR * Front-engine, Rear-wheel-drive Vehicle FRAME The "skeleton" of the vehicle, on which the engine, transmission, body and suspension are mounted. Frames have various shapes, including the H-frame, Yframe, and perimeter frame. The frame helps prevent road vibration and noise from being transmitted to the body, and gives a more comfortable ride. However, frames add extra weight, so modern passenger cars are generally made with a light, shock-absorbent

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook monocoque body instead of a frame. Frames are used for trucks, vans, and large sedans. FRAME NUMBER A number used to identify a vehicle in some countries. Some countries also use a Vehicle Identification Number (VIN). A frame number is an identification number stamped on the body or the frame and each vehicle is given a serial number. It consists of a basic model code and a serial number:

MMXDB

0012345 WMI (World Manufacturer Identification)

VIS (Vehicle Indicator Section)

* Nameplate FREE-WHEEL HUB A mechanism that disconnects the non- driving wheels from the axle to operate a part-time 4WD vehicle in two-wheel drive. All four wheels are connected to the axles when the vehicle is driving in 4WD. After the changeover to 2WD, components such as the differential, axle shaft, and propeller shaft would continue rotating along with the wheels. The free-wheel hubs disconnect the wheels from axle shaft, eliminating this unnecessary rotation and resulting in reduced drive noise and fuel consumption. FRICTION Resistance to motion of one object over or through another, usually evidenced as heat. Friction depends on the smoothness of the surfaces in contact and the force with which they are being pressed together. Lubricants act to reduce friction by coming between two surfaces and creating a very smooth interface. They also act to carry friction-derived heat away from surfaces. FRONT CONFIRMATION MIRROR A mirror that is used to check the area immediately in front of vehicles with a limited field of forward vision, such as large trucks and buses. FRONT-ENGINE, FRONT-WHEEL-DRIVE (FF) VEHICLE A vehicle with its engine located in the front and which drives the front wheels, causing the vehicle to be pulled forward by the front wheels rather than being Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook pushed Compared with rear-wheel drive, front wheel drive provides greater straight-line stability, and side winds don't affect vehicle handling as much. The propeller shaft tunnel found in the centre of the floor on rear-wheel-drive vehicles is also not needed, giving more interior leg-room. However, having the engine, transmission, and differential all at the front of the vehicle makes the nose very heavy, so the steering wheel tends to be slightly "heavier" (i.e. After the necessary steering effort increases) than on rear-wheel-drive vehicles. FRONT-ENGINE, REAR-WHEEL-DRIVE (FR) VEHICLE A vehicle having the engine in the front, and a propeller shaft which transmits power to the rear axle and rear wheels. Having the engine, transmission, and differential dispersed throughout the vehicle distributes the weight evenly, making the steering wheel easy to handle. On the other hand, the propeller shaft requires a tunnel through the floor, making rear leg-room less spacious than in a FF vehicle. FRONT MASK The nose of the vehicle around the headlamps and radiator grille. FRONT SPOILER A skirt installed under the front bumper. At high speeds, the front spoiler reduces lift and improves straight-line stability. FRONTAL COLLISION WARNING A Frontal Collision Warning system warns the driver when it detects objects in the path of the vehicle; e.g., a vehicle slowing ahead. Some systems can also apply braking to help avoid a collision. The collision warning system has several advantages over human performance in helping to avoid collisions. These including constant attention (e.g., to the vehicle ahead), and reacting more quickly to situations. The vehicle is fitted with a forward-looking sensor (such as radar or laser), similar to one used for adaptive cruise control. A camera may also be used for additional input. The combined information provides a reliable picture of the road ahead, and may be used to support other functions such vision enhancement. Reduced risk of a frontal collision due to inattention or conditions with poor visibility FRP * Fibre-reinforced Plastic FUEL CELL A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that converts chemical energy from hydrogen (or other fuel) and an oxidant directly into electricity. Electricity from fuel cells could power electric motors at each wheel of future vehicles. Fuel cells Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook consist of a fuel supply (typically hydrogen), an oxidant (typically oxygen from air), two porous electrodes (anode and cathode), and an electrolyte (between the electrodes). A catalyst (eg, platinum) speeds up reactions. A single fuel cell is several millimetres thick. To power a vehicle, fuel cells are connected in series to provide appropriate operating voltage. Fuel cells work on the reverse of the electrolysis principle (a familiar high school science project) which separates water into hydrogen and oxygen by passing an electric current between two electrodes. Conversely, fuel cells combine hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity and water. In a typical fuel cell, hydrogen fed to the anode is catalytically oxidised to produce hydrogen ions (H+) and electrons (e -). Electrons flow through an electrical load (e.g., electric motor) into the cathode. Hydrogen ions flowing from anode through electrolyte to cathode complete the circuit. Oxygen fed to the cathode combines with hydrogen ions and electrons to produce water. Hydrogen fuel can be stored on-board the vehicle as compressed gas, cryogenic liquid, or metal hydride. It can also be in the form of a hydrocarbon (eg, gasoline or methanol)-- stored in a conventional tank and converted to a hydrogen-rich gas by catalytic reaction. An environmentally-friendly vehicle that doesn't deplete fossil fuel reserves. A direct hydrogen fuel cell-powered vehicle would be a true zero-emission vehicle; water being the only by-product. And there is a virtually unlimited potential supply of hydrogen to be distilled from water (although currently very costly). While a fuel cell vehicle powered by converted gasoline or methanol would not have true zero-emissions, its projected fuel economy would be two and a half times that of a conventionally-powered vehicle. FUEL EVAPORATION SEPARATOR Parking an automobile in direct sunlight with a full tank of fuel could cause the volume of fuel to expand beyond the tank's capacity. The fuel evaporation separator prevents the fuel from flowing directly into the charcoal canister if this occurs. * Fuel System. FUEL FILTER A filter that uses a special type of filter paper to remove water and impurities from the fuel before the fuel reaches the engine. if these were not removed, they would prevent the fuel from burning correctly or clog narrow passages in the fuel system or engine, causing the engine to run roughly.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook FUEL LID (FUEL DOOR) A small hinged door or panel covering the gas cap. It is opened by a lever near the driver's seat. FUEL PUMP A pump that pumps fuel from the fuel tank to the engine. The fuel pump may be operated by the camshaft or by an electric motor. Engines using carburettor generally use a camshaft-driven pump, while EFI engines use an electric pump. The electric pump may be installed in the fuel tank or somewhere along the fuel line. FUEL SEDIMENTER A device in a diesel vehicle to separate water from the fuel. A warning lamp lights if the water in the sedimenter exceeds a specified level. A fuel sedimenter must be used because diesel fuel absorbs moisture from the air easily, and the water would collect in the fuel tank, impairing engine operation. FUEL SYSTEM An important automotive system that feeds fuel (gasoline or diesel fuel) to the engine to be burned in the cylinders. The main component of the fuel system of a gasoline engine is the carburettor, or computer-controlled EFI (electronic fuel injection) system. The main fuelsystem component of a diesel engine is the fuel injection pump. FUEL TANK (“GAS TANK”) A tank for holding fuel. It is constructed of plastic or steel plating with strong anti-rust properties. A fuel sender is located inside the tank; it measures the amount of fuel remaining in the tank. Baffles are built into the tank to prevent the fuel from sloshing around when the vehicle takes off or stops. FULL-AREA WIPING SYSTEM A windshield wiper system which maintains a uniform wiping angle, regardless of the wiping speed selected. Conventional wiping systems are set for a wiping angle that is actually smaller than adequate, in order to compensate for overrun of the wipers at high wiper speeds. However, this leaves large unwiped areas when the wipers are operating at low speeds. The full-area wiping system overcomes this problem by decreasing the wiping angle at high wiper speeds to compensate for the overrun, while increasing the angle at low wiper speeds to ensure that more of the windshield is wiped. This improves the driver's field of view at all wiper speeds. FULL-FLOATING AXLE A type of axle in which the weight of the entire vehicle is supported on the axle housing (the tube containing the axle shaft). The axle shaft itself serves only to transmit driving force, and therefore is not required to withstand excessive forces (vehicle weight, shock from the road, torsion and bending, etc.). For this Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook reason, the full-floating axle is especially suited to vehicles that must carry heavy loads, and so is often used on trucks. * Semi-floating Rear Axle FULL MODEL CHANGE Major changes in a pre-existing model's body, chassis, and/or engine design, accompanied by marked improvements in function and performance. Less drastic changes in only some of these areas are called "minor changes". FULL-TIME 4WD A vehicle in which power is always transmitted to all four wheels. Full-time 4WD vehicles are provided with a centre differential, which compensates for the difference in rotational speed that is created between the front and rear wheels when the vehicle corners. Sometimes 2WD vehicles can be seen squealing their tires when taking off, but this does not occur with 4WD vehicles, because power is distributed to all four wheels, providing better traction and reducing this waste of power. Wheels also spin less on slippery roads, ensuring greater driving safety. In some 4WD vehicles, the centre differential may cause difficulty when one wheel spins, such as when it is caught in a pothole. To solve this problem, recent full time 4WD vehicles use a differential lock that sends most of the power to the other wheels when the difference in rotational speed exceeds a certain limit. This prevents the wheel that is stuck from spinning, and helps the vehicle get out of the hole. FULLY CONCEALED WIPERS Wipers in which the wiper arms and blades are stored between the front windshield and the hood panel and are completely hidden when not in use. This design improves both the driver's view and the appearance of the vehicle. Wipers that conceal only the wiper arms are called "semi-concealed wipers". FUSE A safety device that is installed in an electrical circuit. If a current that is greater than the rated capacity of the fuse flows through the fuse, the fuse "blows out"; that is, the element in the fuse heats up and melts. This breaks the circuit, stopping the flow of current. This prevents the circuit from overheating due to the electrical overload. Fuses and fuse blocks are installed in several places in an automobile: for example, under the instrument panel, in the engine compartment, etc. * Circuit Breaker, Fusible Link FUSIBLE LINK (FL) A high-capacity fuse. There are two types of fusible link used at present: the cartridge type and the link type. * Circuit Breaker, Fuse

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook FWD * Front-wheel drive. ‘G’ GARNISH Decorative items which are used to improve vehicle appearance, and which may also be used to protect functional parts. Some examples are found on the pillars inside the passenger compartment and on the outside of the quarter pillars; others are the decorative plates (rear garnish) found between the rear combination lamps. * Interior Trim GAS A gaseous substance, such as oxygen, nitrogen, natural gas etc.. Also, slang for gasoline" and for "accelerator pedal". GASOLINE ("GAS", PETROL) The most common fuel used in automobiles. Gasoline is a mixture of hydrocarbons such as hexane, heptane, and octane, with other fuels and additives often being added. Gasoline is manufactured by removing sulphur and other impurities from crude oil to produce naphtha. Additives are then i-nixed in to create gasoline. Gasoline with a high octane rating is called "premium" or "high-test" gasoline, while that with a lower rating is referred to as "regular" gasoline. GASOLINE ENGINE The most widely used type of internal combustion engine for automobiles. In this type of engine, air and gasoline are mixed together (creating the so-called "airfuel mixture"), then sent to each cylinder, where an electric spark from a spark plug causes the mixture to ignite and explode. This drives the piston downward, rotating the crankshaft, which in turn rotates the wheels of the vehicle. A gasoline engine is smaller and lighter than other types of engines, and produces a lot of power. In addition, it is relatively quiet and vibration free. This type of engine is so widely used that the words "automobile engine" are almost synonymous with “gasoline engine". Gasoline engines can be classified into twocycle and four-cycle reciprocating engines and rotary engines. * Diesel Engine, Engine, Gas Turbine GAS TANK * Fuel Tank GAS TURBINE ENGINE An engine that uses a compressor to pump a combustible gas into the combustion chamber at high pressure. This gas is burnt, and the resulting highCorporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook velocity, high-pressure heated gas turns a turbine (a bladed wheel), which in turn produces power. The recent oil crises have encouraged more research on engines that use fuels other than gasoline, and a number have been developed, including the gas turbine. This type of engine is lighter and more compact than the a standard internal combustion engine, and operates by rotary motion only, so it obtains greater power with less vibration. GAUGE (METER) Analog gauges and meters use rotating needles to display the status of various automotive components and systems; digital gauges and meters use LEDs or LCD displays to show the same information. Most gauges and meters are located on the instrument panel in front of the driver. GEAR BOX * Transmission GEAR JUMP-OUT When the transmission gears slip into neutral on a manual transmission vehicle. The main cause is incomplete gear engagement by the driver, but it can also be caused by wear or damage to various components of the transmission. Jump-out must often occurs under these conditions during acceleration, deceleration, and when driving on rough roads. GEAR RATIO Engine (crankshaft) rpm divided by transmission rpm. Engine power cannot normally be used directly by the wheels, so to convert this into power that can be actually used by the vehicle, various "speed gears" (the driving gears) in the transmission are meshed with various output gears (driven gears) to control the gear ratio; that is, to vary the relationship between the engine speed and the output speed of the transmission. For example, in fourth gear, there is roughly a one-to-one ratio between engine rpm and transmission rpm (that is, the rotational speed of the crankshaft and that of the transmission output shaft). However, in first (low) or second gear, there is a higher gear ratio (for example, 1:4.5, 1:3.0, etc.), which provides the torque needed for climbing hills. (in other words, a lower gear lowers the output rpm and increases the torque.) Fifth gear (overdrive), on the other hand, has a gear ratio that is less than one (for example, 1:0.85), providing less torque but more speed. Note: Gear ratios are normally expressed without the " 1 ". Thus, a gear ratio of 1:4.5 is usually given simply as "4.5".

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook GEAR SHIFT LEVER A lever for changing gears. This is called the "shift selector lever" on an automatic transmission. GLOBAL WINDOW OPENING/CLOSING Global window operation allows all the vehicle's windows to be open or closed with a single command from outside of the vehicle. In its simplest form, the key is inserted in the door and turned past lock position to close all windows and sunroof. Other options for opening or closing are the key fob or one-touch operation. Whether activated by switch or remote, a relay closes all motor circuits to simultaneously open or close the windows. In the case of one-touch operation, the relay remains closed long enough for all the windows to open or close. If the vehicle has multiplex wiring, a signal is sent to each window motor. Advanced (smart) window regulators must be fitted to reverse the window motors safely in case of an obstruction. Greater convenience GLOVE BOX (GLOVE COMPARTMENT) A small storage compartment in the dash in front of the front passenger seat. The glove box was originally created as a place to store driving gloves, a necessity in the days when automobiles were often open to the weather and had no heater; today, however, the glove box finds greater use as a storage place for maps, cassette tapes, etc. GLOW PLUG A heating plug used to improve the starting of diesel engines. When it is turned on, the plug warms the air in the combustion chamber, thereby promoting ignition and combustion. Turning on the ignition (starter) switch sends electric current to the plug and causes it to start heating. The proper way to start a diesel engine is to turn on the switch, wait until the plug heats up completely, and then start the engine. GLOW PLUG RELAY The electric circuit that supplies current to the diesel engine glow plug. Its purpose is to protect the starter switch from over-currents. GLOBAL POSITIONING NAVIGATION SYSTEM (GPS) A system that uses signals from a satellite to pinpoint the position of a vehicle, displays the information in detail on a display monitor in the vehicle. This system can also indicate possible routes and distances to the destination. As this system has a smaller margin of error than conventional navigation systems, it can more accurately give one's position. Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook GOVERNOR A mechanism that governs another mechanism. One example is the governor of a diesel injection pump, which automatically controls the engine speed and output by adjusting the fuel injection volume in accordance with the load on the engine and the throttle opening. GRADE A set of fairly minor variations in a vehicle model, usually identified by a two- or three-letter code or by a special word. The code or word is often displayed on the body of the vehicle. (Examples: "STD", "DX”, "LE", etc.). A number of variations in the same model are possible in terms of equipment and specifications, and a variety of grades allows each customer to choose the vehicle most suited to his or her expected pattern of use, budget, and individual preferences. GRAPHIC EQUALISER An audio device that divides sound into a number of sound ranges, and allows the tone quality of each range to be separately adjusted. Most audio equipment makes only a rough adjustment of overall tone quality for high (treble) or low (bass) tone, but a graphic equaliser makes much finer adjustments possible. GRAPHITE PAINT A special paint used to bring out depth and give a solid "feel" to the body. Mica is mixed into a colour base, then graphite pigment, made from carbon, is mixed in. When seen from straight on, this type of paint makes the car look bright with its mica sparkle and graphite lustre. Seen from an angle, the darkness of the carbon seems to float up and dampen the sparkle, adding depth and "quietness" to the colour. GREASE A semi-viscous petroleum-based substance used to lubricate various parts of an automobile. Because it doesn't run off as easily as a liquid lubricant, such as oil, it can lubricate for a longer time. Its main drawback is its inability to get into small spaces as easily as oil. GRILLE * Radiator Grille GRIP The firmness of the contact between the road surface and the tires. A larger or wider tire usually has a better grip than a smaller tire. The better the grip, the less likely a car is to skid. Road surface conditions and vehicle suspension design also affect grip. GROSS HORSEPOWER Engine power measured using the only essential equipment required to run the engine (e.g., fuel pump, oil pump, and water pump). Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook Usually, however, current new-car brochures list the "net" horsepower of an engine, in which the output of the engine is measured under the same conditions as when the engine is actually installed on a vehicle. Net horsepower is about 10 to 15% less than gross horsepower. GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT The weight of a vehicle when fully loaded with driver, passengers, all optional equipment, and luggage. Gross weight is calculated using an average weight for each passenger, which may differ depending on the country. Laden gross weight is the gross weight with the maximum load added. GROUND CLEARANCE The distance from the ground to the lowest part of the vehicle. In general, lower ground clearance gives a lower centre of gravity, thus improving stability. GUARD * Fender GULL-WING DOOR A door that opens upward, pivoting at the centre of the roof. As the name implies, when they are open, gull-wing doors resemble the wings of a seagull in flight. This type of door makes it easier to get in and out of the car, especially in tight places. ‘H’ HALF-CLUTCH Depressing the clutch pedal slightly to cause the clutch to partially disengage. This technique can be used to make fine adjustments in speed when starting, cornering, and driving at low speeds. HALOGEN HEADLAMPS Headlamps using halogen bulbs. Halogen bulbs have a halogen gas (a gas such as iodine or bromine) sealed inside the bulb to raise the filament to an extremely high temperature and produce a bright white light. The bulb retains its original brilliance for almost its entire life. HANDS-FREE TELEPHONE A telephone that can be used without holding the receiver. Most such systems have a microphone installed in the centre of the steering wheel and use the radio speakers for sound. HARDTOP Originally, a "hardtop" was any car that had a solid roof, such as one made of metal, as opposed to a "soft top", which had a roof made of cloth. Now, however, "hardtop" simply means a passenger car with no centre pillars (posts Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook in the middle of the body, between the front and doors). Sometimes a hardtop will have centre pillars, but even then, it will not have frames around the side windows. HARSHNESS An NVH problem; resembles the sensation that would be felt by the driver if one of this tires were to be hit with it. The tires transmit both shock and noise from the road, due to such conditions as general surface roughness, bumps and potholes, and seams in the pavement. In general, wider tires and higher tire pressure produce greater harshness. * Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) HATCHBACK (LIFTBACK) A coupe with a door in the rear that swings upward. The rear seat folds down to create a large cargo space. HAZARD WARNING LIGHTS Emergency flashers that are used when the vehicle could be a danger to traffic, such as during a breakdown on a busy highway. Turning on the hazard warning lamp switch causes the turn signal lamps at each end of the vehicle to flash simultaneously as a warning to passing cars. * Parking Lights HC * Hydrocarbons HEADLAMPS (HEADLIGHTS) Lights at the front of a vehicle for illuminating the road when driving at night. According to the highway transportation law of one typical country, the high beams must be capable of making obstacles visible at night from a distance of 100 meters (330 ft.), and the low beams from 40 meters (130 ft.). HEAD * Cylinder Head HEADS-UP DISPLAY The head-up display (HUD) system allows the driver to view pertinent vehicle information without looking away from the road. Gauge and indicator images are projected on the windshield in front of the driver. HUDs typically include (at a minimum) turn signal indicators, high beam indicator, and a warning to check gauges. These gauge and warning displays can be turned off when desired to minimise the possibility of distraction. Systems can be designed to display other head-up information; vehicle speed being the most common addition. The display information is produced in an area within the instrument panel. It is projected (through a series of lenses and mirrors) upward through a small window on the top of the instrument panel onto the windshield. A special coating on a portion of the windshield may be used Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook to properly reflect the information toward the driver. Potentially greater safety and convenience because the driver does not have to look down at the instrument panel as often to view vehicle gauges. * Holographic Heads-up Display HEAT-CONDUCTIVE GLASS * Heated Glass HEATED GLASS (HEAT-CONDUCTIVE GLASS) Window glass in which electrically conductive ink is imprinted onto the surface of the glass and then plated with a metal such as nickel or copper. An electric current is passed through the filament thus created to heat the glass and melt snow or evaporate moisture that is blocking the driver's view. Heat conductive glass is often used for the rear window. * Rear Window Defogger HEATED WINDSHIELD A heating filament is imbedded in the sides and bottom of the front windshield to melt snow and prevent the wipers from freezing in place. A timer switch operated from the driver’s seat allows the glass to be heated for 20 minutes. HEATER Of the four common types of heaters (hot water, electric, exhaust gas, and combustion), most passenger vehicles use the first: that is, the type that employs engine coolant which has been warmed by the engine. After the engine has heated the coolant, it passes through a heat exchanger. Outside air is forced through the heat exchanger and transmits the heat to the passenger compartment. The heater unit is composed of: 1) a heater core, which takes heat from the engine coolant and uses it to warm the air passing through it; and 2) a damper, which adjusts the volume of air sent to the heater core. HEIGHT CONTROL * Electronic Height Control HIGH-BEAM INDICATOR LAMP A lamp on the instrument panel that lights to remind the driver that the headlamps are on high beam. HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE HEAD LAMPS High Intensity Discharge (HID) head lamps provide a brighter, whiter light for increased forward visibility. They produce about three times as much light as conventional halogen bulbs and have a distinct appearance. Also, they are more durable than filament based bulbs, and require 40-60% less power to operate.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook HID head lamps use electrical energy to excite an inert gas. A quartz glass capsule, filled with xenon gas, receives a momentary high voltage charge from an integral ignitor, causing an arc between the two electrodes to light. Once the arc is stabilised, it runs at 80 volts, supplied by a remote ballast. A reflector housing and lens direct the light at the roadway. Discharge lighting has been used in street lamps and stadium lighting for decades, but the technology is relatively new to automobiles. Better night visibility, increased headlamp durability, increased safety and improved styling HIGH-MOUNT BRAKE LIGHT * High-mount Stop Lamp HIGH-MOUNT STOP LAMP A single brake light installed in the middle of the rear end of the vehicle. The high-mount stop lamp is installed at a higher position than standard brake lights, so that it shines at the level of the eyes of the driver in the following vehicle ; this ensures better visibility. All US-spec passenger cars now require high-mount stop lamps. HIGH-OCTANE GASOLINE Gasoline with a higher octane rating than regular gasoline. High-octane gasoline is used in high-performance engines to improve fuel consumption and thus engine performance. High-octane gasoline is often called "super", "premium", etc. HIGH-STRENGTH SHEET STEEL Among the different kinds of sheet steel used to construct vehicle bodies, high strength sheet steel is especially resistant to stretching. Since high-strength sheet steel can be made thinner than standard sheet steel, it helps to reduce vehicle weight. HIGH-TENSION CORDS (RESISTIVE CORDS) One of several electrical cords used to carry the high voltage generated by the ignition coil. High-tension cords carry voltage from the ignition coil to the distributor, and from the distributor to each of the spark plugs. * Spark Plug Cable HILL-CLIMBING PERFORMANCE An indication of how steep a grade a vehicle can climb. It is a measure of the steepest grade that a vehicle can climb on a dry, paved road. The gross weight of the vehicle is used to calculate this. (For a passenger car, "gross weight" is the actual weight of the vehicle itself plus 55 kg, multiplied by the designed passenger capacity.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook Hill-climbing performance is given as tan ? , which is the height of the hill divided by the horizontal distance from the top of the hill to the starting point of the vehicle. The larger this number, the steeper the grade the vehicle can climb. HOLOGRAPHIC HEADS-UP DISPLAY A system that projects a vehicle speed display onto the windshield in front of the driver. It also displays warning lamps whenever they light up. This makes it unnecessary for the driver to look down at the instrument panel to check speed or other vehicle conditions. The apparent "distance" from the display to the driver's eyes can also be adjusted, making the display easier to read for near- or farsighted persons. HORIZONTALLY-OPPOSED ENGINE An engine designed with the crankshaft in the centre and the cylinders set horizontally, facing each other. This engine design is lower and wider than a standard engine. * In-line Engine, V-engine HORN PAD The pad in the centre of the steering wheel that contains the horn switch and driver's airbag. HORSEPOWER (HP) A unit of measure for engine output. One horsepower in the US/British system is the force required to lift 33,000 lbs. a distance of 1 foot in 1 minute. One metric horsepower is the force needed to lift 75 kg a distance of 1 meter in 1 second, and is abbreviated "PS" (which stands for the German "Pferdestärke", meaning "horsepower"). (1 hp = 1.01 4 PS; 1 PS = 0.986 hp) Horsepower is measured in two kinds of engine output tests. The gross power test measures the horsepower of the engine alone, while the net power test measure the horsepower of an engine with the muffler, radiator, and other components needed for actual operation on a vehicle. The current practice is to indicate net horsepower. In countries that use the metric system, there is now a trend to express engine out-put in kilowatts (kW), rather than in PS (1 kW = 1.36 PS; 1 PS = 0.735 kW). * Net Horsepower, Gross Horsepower pressure HOT-AIR INTAKE SYSTEM A system that heats the engine intake air when the outside temperature is low. This system collects heated air from around the exhaust manifold and sends it to the air cleaner. It has been devised to prevent common cold-weather problems, such as poor fuel atomisation, and carburettor icing due to condensation of moisture in the intake air.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook HYBRID CAR A car with more than one power source. A hybrid car attempts to utilise the advantages of each available power source and avoid their disadvantages. Some examples of hybrid cars are those using both an internal-combustion engine and an electric motor; an engine and a flywheel; an electric motor and a flywheel; and a gas turbine and a flywheel. HYDRAULIC BRAKE BOOSTER A device, which increases the hydraulic pressure to the brakes, thereby increasing braking effectiveness and reducing the amount of foot pressure required to operate the brake pedal. HYDRAULIC CONTROL SYSTEM Any system that controls a component of another system by means of hydraulic (oil) pressure. One important example is the planetary gear unit of the automatic transmission, which carries out the actual gear shifting using hydraulic pressure (rather than by a mechanical means as in a manual transmission). HYDRAULIC MULTI-PLATE CLUTCH TYPE CENTER CONTROL SYSTEM

DIFFERENTIAL

A four-wheel-drive system for vehicles with an automatic transmission. The system senses vehicle speed, throttle opening, and differences in front and rear tire rotational speed, and based on this data, automatically controls the distribution of power to the front and rear wheels. This computer-controlled system also has a multi-disc hydraulic clutch that prevents the tight-corner braking phenomenon. In addition, if one of the wheels starts to get stuck in mud (for example), extra drive power is supplied to the wheel that is not spinning to help the vehicle escape. HYDRAULIC STRUT MOUNT The top of the suspension that attaches to the body (that is, the suspension mount) is provided with a fluid chamber. This helps the suspension to absorb shocks, thereby reducing the vibrations and noise that are transmitted to the body. HYDROCARBONS (HC) Organic compounds formed from carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). These compounds have become a serious problem as the cause of photochemical smog. There are three major sources of hydrocarbons: Engine exhaust, fuel evaporation, and poor combustion caused by blow-by gas. * Emission Control System

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook HYDRCRACK (HC) Refining process that produces synthetic base stocks with improved characteristics. Such base stocks typically have exceptionally high stability and viscosity indexes. HYDROFINISHING A refinery process that saturates base stock by treating them with hydrogen to improve their stability. HYDROPLANING When a vehicle is driven at high speeds on wet roads, the tires tend to "float" off the surface slightly, causing the steering and brakes to lose their effectiveness. Higher speed, deeper water, and lower tire pressure all contribute to hydroplaning and should be taken into consideration when driving in the rain. * Braking Distance ‘I’ ICING * Carburettor Icing IDLE-UP MECHANISM A device that increases engine idling speed in response to increased engine load. When the engine is idling and the air conditioner comes on, the extra load on the engine can result in a stall. The idle-up mechanism automatically therefore raises engine rpm to keep the engine running smoothly. The idle-up mechanism also operates during increased loads (due to the use of power steering, electrical equipment, etc.). IDLING Slow engine rotation with the vehicle stopped and the accelerator released. To conserve fuel and reduce exhaust emissions, idle speed is generally set to the lowest speed from which the engine will still accelerate smoothly. In addition, a fast-idle mechanism is used to raise the idle speed to warm up the engine more quickly. IDLING VIBRATION Engine vibration during idling causes an intermittent trembling throughout the vehicle, such as in the body, steering wheel, and the gearshift lever. This trembling becomes more obvious when the idle speed is set low. IGNITER (IGNITION MODULE) An electrical or electronic device that controls the operation of the ignition coil. In vehicles, the igniter is a transistorised controller composed of electronic circuits.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook IGNITION COIL An electrical device that generates the high-voltage current needed for engine ignition. IGNITION KEY CHIMES If the driver turns the engine off and opens the door with the key still in the ignition, these chimes will sound a warning to remind the driver to remove the key. IGNITION MODULE * Igniter IGNITION KEY LIGHTING Lighting around the ignition key switch. For a few moments after the door has closed, a circular green light illuminates the ignition, making it easier to insert the key at night. IGNITION SWITCH The switch that is used to start and shut off the engine. Normally, it has four positions: LOCK, ACC (accessories), ON, and START. This switch is generally combined with a steering wheel lock mechanism. On engine vehicles, the ignition switch is called the "starter switch" (diesel engines have no ignition system). IGNITION SYSTEM The system on gasoline and LPG engines that causes a spark to ignite the airfuel mixture in each cylinder for engine combustion. The ignition system is composed of the ignition coil, which generates high-voltage current; the distributor, which sends this current to the spark plugs; the high-tension cables, which carry this current; and the spark plugs, which produce sparks in the cylinders, causing combustion of the compressed air-fuel mixture to occur. A diesel engine has no ignition system, as the fuel self-ignites due to the heat that is produced when the air is compressed. ILLUMINATED ENTRY SYSTEM A lighting system that lights up the ignition switch and foot space for easy vehicle entry and exit. When using a vehicle at night, the driver may have difficulty in stepping into the vehicle or finding the ignition switch. With the illuminated entry system, simply pulling the outside door handle on the driver's door lights up the door lock. At the same time, the foot lamps, ignition switch lamp, and interior lamps come on. The lamps stay on for several seconds after the door is closed, then automatically go off. INDEPENDENT DOUBLE- WISHBONE SUSPENSION A type of suspension using both upper and lower control arms to support the wheels. The resemblance of the control arm to the shape of a bird's breastbone gives it the name "wishbone".

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook Double-wishbone suspension keeps the wheels closer to vertical than does conventional strut suspension, thereby reducing sway. Softer springs can also be used, giving a more comfortable ride. This system also allows engineers greater freedom in changing the location of springs and shock absorbers. INDEPENDENT SUSPENSION Suspension in which each wheel is supported by a separate arm, with the arms being indirectly connected to the body via the springs. Independent suspension achieves a more comfortable ride because the movements of one wheel do not affect the opposite wheel. Some types of independent suspension are the strut type, the wishbone type, the trailing-arm type, and the semitrailing arm type. The most common type used in small- and medium-sized passenger cars is MacPherson strut suspension * Rigid Axle Suspension INDICATOR LAMPS Lamps that inform the driver of vehicle conditions, such as whether the head lamps are on high beam, whether the turn signals are operating, etc. * Warning Lamps INERTIAL RESISTANCE * Acceleration Drag INFANT SEAT * Child Seat INFINITE DOOR CHECK The Infinite Door Check is a mechanical-hydraulic device designed to hold the door open at any position along its swing path. Traditionally, vehicles equipped with mechanical door checks (or detents) hold the door only at half open or fully open positions; the door will not stay in place at other positions. Infinite door check, by holding the door open at any position, enables customers to protect their own vehicle and avoid denting or chipping the paint of adjacent vehicles in tight parking spaces. It also allows the occupant to position the door at any convenient position when entering or exiting, even when the vehicle is parked on an incline. The IDC makes use of a phenomenon called stiction. Stiction is defined as the ratio of static to dynamic friction. The IDC mechanism utilises patented valving technology to amplify the dynamic force to overcome static friction, which makes the door easy to move once it is in motion, but holds the door position when it is released or stopped. Easier entry and exiting from the vehicle, and reduced likelihood of damage to the door edge or to adjacent vehicles.

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INHIBITOR An additive that improves performance by reducing undesirable chemical reaction or rusting. INTERACTIVE VEHICLE DYNAMICS (IVD) Interactive Vehicle Dynamics is designed to minimise loss of vehicle control due to loss of traction. The IVD system could be activated when a vehicle is taking a turn too quickly, or when encountering an icy patch. The system compares the driver's intended direction (from the steering wheel angle) to the actual vehicle path, which is inferred from accelerometers and wheel-speed sensors. If the actual path is different from that intended (e.g., when the vehicle is understeering or oversteering, or on slippery road conditions), the IVD controller applies braking at selected wheel(s) and reduces engine torque if required to correct the situation. The system is designed to make the best use of available traction to keep the vehicle on the intended path and minimise loss of control. Increased driver control, handling performance and safety

INTELLIGENT VEHICLE HIGHWAY SYSTEM (IVHS) The Intelligent Vehicle Highway System (IVHS) provides a variety of information to the vehicle and driver through co-operation of automotive electronics, communications, controls and systems engineering technologies. IVHS has two areas of interest to car and truck makers: • telematics, and

•

• active safety warning and control systems. Several features have been identified: Telematics • Navigation systems • •

•

Traffic messaging Emergency messaging and security tracking (e.g. RESCURESCURemote Emergency Satellite Cellular Unit)

• Short range communications/ automatic toll collection) Active Safety Warning and Control Systems: • Collision warning/avoidance • Backup and parking aids • • •

Side vision aid Vision enhancement (All weather/night vision) Adaptive cruise control

•

Lane departure control

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook Many features could share technologies or components. Some are described separately in this guide. Increased comfort and safety through exchange of real-time information on highway conditions and vehicle operating environment ILSAC Acronym for International Lubricant Standardisation and Approval Committee. INJECTION NOZZLES In gasoline engines with electronic fuel injection (EFI), these are nozzles that inject fuel near the intake ports of the combustion chambers. In diesel engines, an injection pump first sends the fuel under high pressure to the nozzles, which turn the fuel into a spray and inject it into the combustion chambers. INJECTION PUMP A pump that supplies fuel to the diesel engine. The pump controls the injection quantity in response to engine rpm and the throttle opening, sending fuel under high pressure to the injection nozzle of each cylinder. IN-LINE ENGINE An engine whose cylinders are arranged in a straight line. This design can be used to reduce engine width, but it increases engine length. An engine with four cylinders arranged in a straight line is called a "straightfour" engine. One with six cylinders in a row is called a "straight-six" engine. * Horizontally Opposed Engine, V-Engine INNER LINER The layer of rubber on the inside of a tubeless tyre. (The inner liner replaces the tube found in old-style tubed tyres.) This type of tyre is lighter than a tubed tyre, and if it receives a small puncture, the inner liner can close up the hole to prevent sudden air loss. INSTRUMENT CLUSTER The area on the instrument panel in which most meters and gauges are located. * Combination Meter INSTRUMENT PANEL The portion of the dashboard in front of the driver's seat which houses the various meters, warning lamps, radio, stereo, air conditioner blower outlets, and other features. Sometimes loosely used to mean the entire dashboard. * Combination Meter INSOLUBLES Contaminants found in used engine oils such as dust, wear particles or oxidised products. Often measured by reference to matter remaining insoluble after

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook mixing with pentane or benzene, which dissolve organic materials in different ways. INSULATORS Insulators prevent heat, sound, and vibration from being transmitted to the interior of the vehicle. Exhaust pipe heat insulators are made of heat insulating material. Hood silencers, floor mats, and other parts are made of sound insulating material. Engine mounts are made from a rubber insulating material, which prevents engine vibrations from being transmitted to the interior of the vehicle. INTAKE MANIFOLD A system of pipes that directs air (or air-fuel mixture in a gasoline engine) to each cylinder. The manifold must distribute air to each cylinder equally and smoothly. * Exhaust Manifold INTAKE PORT Part of the cylinder head; the intake ports directs the air-fuel mixture from the intake manifold into the cylinders. The design of the intake manifold and intake ports greatly influences both intake efficiency and combustion efficiency. INTAKE VALVES The intake valves allow the air-fuel mixture to be drawn into the cylinder. The valves open to receive the mixture, then remain closed during compression and combustion. * Exhaust Valves INTER-COOLER A device that cools the air that is sent from the turbocharger or supercharger to the engine. The turbocharger sends out hot compressed air. Since the density of hot air decreases as the air expands, if the air is sent to the engine without first being cooled, the resulting combustion efficiency would be less than desired. So the inter-cooler cools the hot air, thereby sending a greater amount of highdensity air to the engine. This increases turbocharger efficiency. Lowering the air temperature also reduces knocking. Both air-cooled and water-cooled inter-coolers are used. As a large volume of air is needed, the inter-cooler may be installed in front of the radiator or in the air scoops on the hood. * Air Intake INTERIOR TRIM A general name for ornamental and/or functional fixtures that are found inside the vehicle such as door panels, seat cover fabric, instrument panel covering, protective strips on quarterpillars, knobs, etc.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook Trim can be roughly classified as foam trim, injection-moulded trim, and stretch fabric trim (e.g., for roof headliners, etc.). * Garnish INTERIOR VOLUME One specification in a vehicle classification method promulgated in 1976 by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency of the United States) to classify vehicles according to fuel consumption. Vehicles are divided into five classes of passenger vehicles, three classes of wagons, and four classes of trucks. These classifications are based on purpose of usage, interior volume, and other factors. Types

Passenger Vehicles

Wagons

Trucks

Two-seater

Small station wagon

Small pick –up

Mini-compact car

Mid-size station wagon

Standard pick-up

Sub-compact car

Large station wagon

Special purposevehicle

Mid-size car

Cab-chassis (truck without bed)

Large car

Van **

NOTES: The above classification system may differ somewhat depending on whether it is fuel economy, emission standards, or safety standards that is being considered. ** In recent years, there have been negotiations by manufacturers with the US government as to whether vans should be considered passenger vehicles or trucks. Recently, to complicate the issue, so-called "mini-vans" have also appeared on the market. At the moment, it appears that some types of vans are considered passenger vehicles in some cases, and trucks in other cases. INTERMITTENT WIPERS "Intermittent" indicates that the wipers stop for a uniform interval of time after each pass across the window. This function is used for light precipitation, such as drizzle or fog. On some models, the driver can select the length of the interval, so there is no need to continually turn the wipers on and off.

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‘J’ JASO Acronym for Japanese Standards Organisation. Most often encountered in standards for motorcycle oils – both two and four stroke. There are currently three two stroke performance ratings FA, FB and FC with the last being the highest performance. JASO has recently established a standard for four stroke motorcycle engines, which are not compatible with modern passenger car lubricants due to the presence of friction modifiers in the oils, which interfere with the operation of immersed clutches in most motorcycle engines. JUDDER * Clutch Chatter JUMPER CABLES * Booster Cables JUMP-OUT * Gear Jump-out JUMP START * Booster Cables (Jumper Cables) ‘K’ KEY-CONFINE PREVENTION FUNCTION This prevents the ignition key from being locked in the car, by keeping the doors from locking if the driver should inadvertently try to lock the doors with the key still in the ignition. KEYLESS ENTRY Keyless entry makes it possible to open the doors and trunk without using a key. A coded signal is transmitted by a small hand-held remote control unit that utilises either radio waves or infrared rays. The system can be operated only when the code matches the one in the on-board computer's memory. * Remote Control Door Lock KEY-LINKED POWER DOOR LOCK A power door lock system that locks or unlocks all doors when the driver's door is locked or unlocked. When the driver exits the vehicle and locks the driver's door, all the doors lock simultaneously KICKBACK When a front tire hits a rough spot in the road, the shock will be transmitted to the steering wheel, causing it to jerk. This is called "kickback". Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook KICK-DOWN A driving technique used with an automatic transmission to increase speed quickly, such as when passing. Suddenly pressing the accelerator pedal to the floor automatically causes the transmission to change to a lower, more powerful gear. This technique gives the quick acceleration necessary for passing and for changing lanes on an expressway. KINEMATIC VISCOSITY The measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow (essentially its thickness or thinness) under gravity at standard temperatures, usually 40 and 100 degrees Celsius. KINGPIN ANGLE * Steering Axis Inclination KNOCK CONTROL SYSTEM A computer-controlled system that suppresses the knocking that is produced by the engine. Knocking is caused by abnormal combustion, and if it is untreated, it can cause damage to engine components such as valves, pistons, and spark plugs. The knock control system uses sensors installed in the cylinder block to detect knocking. A computer then attempts to return the combustion to normal by delaying the ignition timing as well as by other methods. KNOCKING (PINGING) A sharp metallic clicking from the engine, caused by sudden acceleration in a gear that is too high. This is due to the spontaneous combustion of unburned gas that occurs before the spark plug produces the spark. This exploding gas hits against the piston, creating the "knocking" sound. Severe knocking causes an uncomfortable vibration that could even damage engine components such as valves, pistons, or spark plugs. KNUCKLE ARM A joint on the steering linkage t hat connects a tie rod with a front wheel (one tie rod for each wheel). The knuckle arms transmit the movement of the tie rods (and thus of the steering wheel) to change the vehicle's direction. ‘L’ LAMINATED GLASS Window glass that is made by pressing together two sheets of glass with a strong transparent film between them. Mainly used in windshields, it is not easily pierced even when cracked by rocks kicked up from the wheels of other vehicles. Even if it breaks, laminated glass does not shatter, and the driver's field of vision is not seriously impaired. Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook * Tempered Glass, Zone-tempered Glass LANDS The areas of a piston between the grooves (rings) LAP BELT * Two-point Seatbelt LATERAL ACCELERATION FORCE (LATERAL G'S) When a vehicle makes a turn, the lateral acceleration is the centrifugal force which causes the vehicle to tend to continue moving in a straight line; these "lateral G's" attempt to pull the vehicle's occupants to the side as the vehicle turns This force can cause the car to lean and even slip sideways. Lateral acceleration force increases with speed, so caution is required when cornering sharply LATERAL CONTROL ARM * Lateral Rod LATERAL MOUNTING (EAST- WEST MOUNTING) Side-to-side mounting of a component, especially an engine. Engines on FF (front-engine, front-wheel-drive) vehicles are usually laterally mounted. * Longitudinal Mounting LATERAL ROD (LATERAL CONTROL ARM) One kind of control arm used in link suspensions. The lateral rod gives support against lateral forces. To fix the lateral position of the axle, the lateral rod is connected laterally from the axle to the body. LCD * Liquid Crystal Display LEAD Toxic heavy metal present in tetramethyl lead, which is added to ‘leaded’ petrol to improve its octane rating. Expelled as lead salts with exhaust, the metal will damage catalytic converters and has been shown to have detrimental health and environmental effects. Metallic and alloyed lead is also used in sleeve bearings and bushings where the metal’s natural lubricating ability is useful. LEADING-ARM SUSPENSION A type of front suspension in which the arms linking the body and front suspension are connected behind the wheels. * Trailing-arm Suspension LEADING-TRAILING BRAKES One type of drum brake. The leading-trailing brake combines a leading shoe and a trailing shoe to obtain the same braking efficiency whether the vehicle is moving forward or in reverse.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook LEAF-SPRING SUSPENSION A type of rigid-axle suspension using leaf springs. The leaf springs run parallel to the body; they are connected to the axles in the middle of the springs, and the ends of the springs are connected to the body. The benefit of leaf springs is that the vehicle can carry heavy loads. At present, leaf springs are used mostly on heavy-duty vehicles designed for carrying cargo. LEAN BURN ENGINE A lean burn engine is designed to operate with a very lean air fuel ratio during light load conditions. Most modern gasoline engines are controlled to run at chemically correct (stoichiometric) air fuel ratio (about 14.7 to 1) to make the three-way catalyst operate at high efficiency, thus reducing tailpipe emissions. Lean burn engines mix more air with the fuel when full power is not needed, resulting in better fuel economy. Air/fuel ratio in lean burn engines can be as high as 20 to 1. When full power is needed, such as during acceleration or hill climbing, a lean burn engine reverts to a stoichiometric (14.7 /1) ratio or richer (ie, lower than 14.7). A very lean mixture of air and gasoline will not ignite as easily as a stoichiometric mixture when a spark is introduced. Several methods can be employed to achieve lean burn; including high temperature, high turbulence, and stratification (high concentration of fuel vapour near the spark plug). Lean burn engines are often designed with high intake swirl to increase turbulence. Direct injection is one way to provide stratification. Since more air is taken in, the throttle plate can be opened wider for a given power, and losses associated with pumping are reduced. Lean operation also results in higher combustion efficiency and lower heat losses, for better fuel economy. Note; Current three-way catalysts are designed to optimise NOx reduction at close to stoichiometric ratio. Lean burn engines generally cannot meet strict NOx emissions standards using a three-way catalyst. If a lean NOx catalyst becomes available, it may be possible to use lean burn while meeting NOx emission standards. Better fuel efficiency without sacrificing engine power

LED * Light-Emitting Diode LED HIGH-MOUNT STOP LAMP A brake lamp that is mounted high at the center rear of the vehicle to supplement the normal right and left brake lamps. For illumination, it uses LEDs (light-emitting diodes), which resist vibration and last longer than conventional Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook bulbs. Recently, high-mount stop lamps have been built into the rear spoiler, combining safety with a sporty style that has become quite popular. L-EFI * Electronic Fuel Injection LIFT COEFFICIENT (CL) A measurement of one kind of wind resistance that is generated by the movement of the vehicle. Lift coefficient indicates the force that pushes the vehicle upward. LIFTBACK (HATCHBACK) A passenger car in which the trunk forms part of the passenger compartment. The rear door lifts open for easy loading and unloading of luggage. LIGHT-ALLOY WHEELS Disc wheels made of alloys such as aluminium. In addition to reducing vehicle weight, aluminium wheels add a sporty touch to the car. LIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM A computer-controlled system that senses the ambient level of light and automatically turns the headlights and taillights on and off in accordance with it. LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (LED) A semiconductive material that emits light when stimulated. LEDs are long-life diodes that resist vibration better than ordinary light bulbs, and which operate at lower voltages. LEDs are used in high-mount stop lamps and in meters and gauges. LIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM The light management system automatically changes the headlamp pattern in response to different driving conditions. The pattern is based on vehicle speed, steering wheel position and oncoming traffic (manual switching between high and low beams for oncoming traffic is not required). Another feature is shifting of the light pattern in the direction of the turns for improved visibility in curves. At city driving speeds, the light pattern is broader to better illuminate the sides of the roadway. A microprocessor gathers data from various vehicle inputs (eg, speed) in order to alter the beam pattern. The system also monitors positions of several vehicle controls; e.g., turn signal switch, high beam switch, brake pedal and wiper switches. The computer selects one of several headlamp patterns. The desired light pattern is produced by multiple bulbs which gradually ramp on or off. A switch allows the driver to revert to the conventional low/high beam system. Improved forward visibility at night, greater convenience

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook LIGHTS-ON WARNING BUZZER A buzzer that sounds when the driver opens the door without turning off the lights. This buzzer will continue to sound even after the driver turns off the engine and locks the ignition until the lights are turned off. LIMITED-SLIP DIFFERENTIAL (LSD) A type of differential that directs the driving force to the other (non-spinning) wheel if either of the drive wheels starts to spin. (A standard differential is designed to absorb the difference in speed between the wheels, such as on curves, but cannot direct driving force to the other wheel, in case one wheel spins.) The LSD is especially useful on unpaved roads, to prevent the wheels from getting stuck in the mud or a hole in the road. LIMOUSINE ("LIMO") A luxury passenger car with a glass partition separating the front and rear seats. Some limousines can seat six to eight passengers, and so-called "stretch limos" have extremely long bodies. LINK SUSPENSION One type of rigid-axle suspension, in which the axle is connected to the body by several arms or linkages The suspension uses springs to control bounce, and the arms control longitudinal (front-rear) movement, as well as lateral (side-to-side) movement. * Rigid Axle Suspension LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD) A display system using liquid crystals to create a thin, light image on a screen. This system takes advantage of the ability of liquid crystal to change their reflexive properties and light permeability properties in response to changes in electrical voltage. Because a liquid crystal display is much lighter and more compact than a cathode ray tube (CRT), consumes much less energy, and gives off less heat, it is often used for gauges, meters, and computer screens. LIQUID CRYSTAL GLARE-PROOF MIRROR A rear-view mirror that can suppress glare from the headlights of following vehicles at the flip of a switch. This type of mirror takes advantage of the light permeability properties of liquid crystal, which change in response to electrical voltage. LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS A gasoline engine can be made to run on liquefied petroleum gas by means of a few simple modifications. An LPG engine provides less power than a gasoline engine but gives better fuel economy. Since most gas stations do not carry LPG, owning an LPG vehicle is still somewhat inconvenient. Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook LLC * Long Life Coolant LOAD-SENSING PROPORTIONING VALVE (LSPV) The LSPV mechanism adjusts the braking effectiveness between the front and rear wheels in response to the load on the rear wheels, preventing the rear wheels from locking and skidding. This adjustment is especially important for trucks, which have a very large difference in front and rear wheel weight depending on whether they are loaded or empty. LOCK-TO-LOCK The full rotational range of the steering wheel. The lock-to-lock value is determined by turning the steering wheel completely in one direction, then counting the number of rotations needed to turn it from that point until it is turned completely in the other direction. The term is used as in "Lock-to is two and one-half turns". In general, a steering wheel with a smaller lock-to-lock value has greater sensitivity. LOCK-UP CLUTCH A mechanism, which causes the torque converter to transmit power directly from the engine to the automatic transmission, effectively bypassing the torque converter. Normally, the torque converter uses oil to transmit torque indirectly to the transmission, but this results in some power loss. To reduce this loss, a clutch inside the torque converter directly connects the engine with the transmission after the vehicle reaches a certain speed.

This improves both performance and fuel economy.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook LONGITUDINAL MOUNTING Forward-rear mounting of a component, lock. Especially Engines in FR (frontengine, rear-wheel-drive) vehicles are usually longitudinally mounted. * Lateral Mounting (East-West Mounting) LONG LIFE COOLANT Coolant that can be used all year round. The cooling and rust prevention properties of LLC last longer than those of other coolants with anti-freeze. When the coolant is low, a 30% concentration (50% in cold areas) should be added. LONG-STROKE ENGINE An engine in which the stroke (distance the piston travels up and down in the cylinder) is greater than the cylinder bore (inner diameter). Long-stroke engines produce more torque at low speeds, and handle more easily in city traffic. The long-stroke design is, for this reason, often used for diesel engines. LOW-ASPECT TIRE (WIDE TIRE) Low-aspect tires have a low side wall height relative to the tread width. Decreasing the aspect increases the amount of contact that a tire can make with the road, Improving cornering stability. However, because increasing the width more than a standard amount can create an overload on the axle and can cause interference between the tire and the housing, use of such tires is prohibited in some countries. * Aspect Ratio, Tire Size LOW-FUEL WARNING LAMP The low-fuel warning lamp lights up to warn the driver when the fuel level is low. It operates only when the ignition switch is on. It normally lights up when less than 10 litres (2.6 US gallons) of fuel remain in the fuel tank, though it may occasionally also light up when there is more than 10 litres in the tank; this is usually caused by the vehicle leaning to one side and causing a false reading to be taken by the fuel gauge LOW TYRE PRESSURE WARNING A low tyre pressure warning system alerts the driver if the air pressure in a tire becomes too low. Typically, a light on the instrument panel will be illuminated to warn of the low-pressure condition. Two common implementations exist for this warning. The first uses pressure sensors in each wheel to periodically transmit pressure data to a receiver in the vehicle. If the tyre pressure falls below a preset level, a warning light is illuminated. In some applications, the pressure in each tire can be read inside the vehicle. The pressure-sensing system is particularly useful for vehicles with run-flat tires that do not go flat when losing pressure.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook Another implementation uses four-wheel anti-lock brake hardware (ABS); including wheel-speed sensors and a computer that processes the signals. If a tyre has low pressure, it will turn faster than the other wheels (i.e. more revolutions for a given distance). Wheel speed differences are used to detect low pressure, and a warning light will alert the driver in about 3 miles. Automatically alerts drivers of low tyre pressure

LPG ENGINE * Liquid Petroleum Gas Engine LUBRICATION The control of friction and consequent wear by the placement of a friction reducing substance, which may be a fluid or solid, between two moving surfaces. LSD * Limited Slip Differential LSPV * Load-sensing Proportioning Valve LUBRICATION SYSTEM To prevent engine seizure, reduce heat and wear, and keep the engine running more smoothly, the lubrication system puts a film of oil on all moving parts and surfaces that make contact with metal. Included in this system are the oil pump, oil filter, oil strainer, and oil pan. LUGGAGE SPACE The trunk of a liftback. Liftbacks have been designed to utilise luggage space very effectively. One model has collapsible rear seats to connect the trunk with the back seat area, thereby providing more space for long items such as skis. Both passenger cars and commercial vehicles are designed with as much luggage space as possible to provide a more convenient vehicle, both for such everyday uses as shopping, and for recreation. In a sedan, the luggage space is called the "trunk" or "boot". LUGGING THE ENGINE A problem that occurs when, for example, you drive up a hill in a gear that is too high for that hill (that is, when the transmission is not sending enough torque to the driving wheels to pull the vehicle up the slope). When this occurs, the engine knocks and seems to lose power, and the vehicle may jerk violently as it attempts to climb the hill. LUMBAR SUPPORT An adjustable lower back support in the seat back. Adjusting the lumbar support to fit the occupant reduces fatigue on long trips. Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook

‘M’ MACPHERSON STRUT SUSPENSION Named after its designer, Earle S. MacPherson, this has become synonymous with in dependent suspension. * Strut-type Coil-spring Suspension MAG WHEEL * Disc wheel MAINTENANCE-FREE Maintenance includes both periodic inspection and adjustment, neither of which is required by a maintenance-free component or system. Periodic inspection and adjustment have always been required for the engine and chassis, but recent developments in engineering and improved component performance have made it possible to greatly reduce wear in a number of areas, thereby increasing the number of maintenance-free components used in an automobile. Batteries and platinum spark plugs are both good examples of "maintenancefree" parts. (This doesn't mean, however, that everything is 100% maintenance free. Naturally, minimal inspection is necessary, along with periodic inspection as required by law.) MAINTENANCE-FREE BATTERY A battery that doesn't need to be refilled with water periodically, and whose natural discharge (the "leakage" of electricity from a battery over time) has also been reduced. Both of these factors make it possible to use this type of battery "off the shelf", even after it has been stored for a fairly long period of time. MAKE The "brand" of a vehicle; for example, "M&M" MANUAL TRANSMISSION (M/T) A transmission in which the driver shifts the transmission gears manually. The clutch pedal must be pressed when this is done, or the gears may not mesh properly. * Automatic Transmission, Synchromesh MASTER CYLINDER * Brake Master Cylinder MAXIMUM PAYLOAD The maximum weight of cargo that can be carried by trucks and commercial vehicles. To maintain highway safety, the highway transportation laws of many

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook countries set the maximum allowable payload for each model, and these limits are often posted on the vehicle and stated in new vehicle brochures. MAXIMUM POWER The greatest amount of power that an engine can produce. Engine power is indicated in kilowatts (kW), PS (metric horsepower), or US horsepower, which represents engine performance. In general, peak rpm for a gasoline engine ranges from 5,000 to 7,000 rpm, and from 3,000 to 4,500 rpm for a diesel engine. Maximum power is influenced by such limits as acceleration capacity and maximum speed. * Red Zone MAXIMUM SPEED The highest speed a vehicle can attain, measured in km/h (kilometres per hour) or mph (miles per hour). MAXIMUM TORQUE The greatest amount of torque that can be produced by an engine. Maximum torque is one important indicator of engine performance, and is listed in new vehicle brochures in kilogram-meters kgf/m), Newton-meters (N-m), or footpounds, (ft-lbf). As torque affects acceleration and climbing capacity, the maximum torque generated per engine rpm varies according to vehicle use: In general, truck engines are designed to produce their maximum torque in low- rpm ranges, while sports cars are designed to produce maximum torque in high-rpm ranges. MEMORY PROFILE SYSTEM The Memory Profile System offers different drivers the ability to set into memory their preferred positions for several comfort and convenience features. A driver is identified; eg, by a unique key-fob or entry code, and the vehicle systems automatically adjust to his or her presets. Depending on the vehicle, some of the following features can be included in the memory profile: • Seat position • • •

Steering wheel position (tilt/telescope) Mirror positions Seatbelt "D" ring height

• • • •

Pedal positions Radio station presets Power steering assist level Ride firmness

Additionally, the profile can include features desired to be inactive (or active), such as automatic door locking.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook A driver records a personal profile by first adjusting everything in the vehicle the way he or she likes it. Pressing and holding a numbered memory button on the door records the profile onto a computer chip. Later, the driver can restore the vehicle to their personal preferences by touching the numbered button or with a specific key fob or keyless entry code. Various actuators are required to adjust the settings on the vehicle systems. Improved comfort and convenience, features automatically set to individual driver's preferences METALLIC PAINT Paint that has aluminium powder mixed in with it, giving it a metallic sparkle. A clear finish gives this type of paint a high lustre. * Micaceous Iron Oxide Paint, Pearl-Mica Paint, Solid Paint METER LIGHTING CONTROL (RHEOSTAT) A control that is used to adjust the lighting on the instrument panel. METER * Gauge METRIC HORSEPOWER (PS) * Horsepower MFI * Multiport Fuel Injection MICACEOUS IRON OXIDE (MIO) PAINT A type of paint with hexagonal crystalline flakes. The appearance of the paint changes, in response to the changes in the amount of light: it will appear to sparkle brightly in the sun, while giving a softer sparkle in the shade. MIDSHIP ENGINE An engine located in the centre of the vehicle. The M&M MR2 is a good example of a vehicle with a midship engine. * Midship-engine, Rear-wheel-drive (MR), Vehicle; Front-engine, Front-wheeldrive (FF) Vehicle; Front-engine, Rear-wheel-drive (FR) Vehicle MIDSHIP-ENGINE, REAR-DRIVE (MR) VEHICLE The engine in an MR vehicle is located in the centre of the body, and drives the rear wheels. Putting the heaviest component, the engine, in the centre in this way balances the load evenly and gives greater stability. However, the engine takes up so much space that this design can only be used for two-seaters, so it is mainly employed in sport cars.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook MILL OIL A mill applied oil primarily used for the preservation of sheet metal. MINIMUM TURNING RADIUS The radius of a circle made by the outer front wheel when the vehicle turns with the steering wheel turned all the way to the left or right. The minimum turning radius is determined mainly by the wheelbase (distance between front and rear wheels), the front tread (distance between left and right wheels), and the maximum turning angle of the wheels. In general, the smaller the turning radius, the easier it is to get in and out of tight parking spaces. * Effective Turning Radius MINOR CHANGE A relatively small model change. "Minor changes" commonly include such modifications as partial changes in the engine, chassis, transmission, or overall vehicle design, but may occasionally include a new engine or body style as well. * Model Change MIO PAINT * Micaceous Iron Oxide Paint MIST WIPER A wiper function in which the wipers operate once when the wiper lever is pulled forward, and stop when the lever is released. MODEL CHANGE Generally used to mean "full model change". A full model change involves major improvements in function and performance, as well as major changes in styling, to vehicles already on the market. Less drastic changes are called "minor changes" (or "facelifts"). Full model changes incorporate overall changes in the engine, chassis and body styling. Passenger cars generally introduce full model changes every four to six years. Minor changes are made every two or three years to introduce partial changes in interior and exterior appearance and local changes in performance. * Minor Change MODEL CODE * Vehicle Model Code MOULDED DOOR TRIM A seamless panel that is used to line the inside of the door. The armrest is built into the moulded door trim. MOULDING (MOLDING) Strips of materials such as plastic, aluminium, or stainless steel, which are used both inside and outside a vehicle to emphasise the vehicle's appearance and protect the body. Some typical examples include: the side protection moulding, used to protect the door panels; the wheel arch moulding, used to protect the Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook fenders; and the rocker panel moulding, used to protect the rocker panels from stones and other debris thrown up by the wheels. * Protection Moulding MONOCOQUE BODY A frame and body combined, into a single unit. Eliminating the frame gives more interior space and lightens the vehicle , so most cars now use a monocoque body. A monocoque body is also called a "unitised body"; the term "unibody construction" is also used. * Sub-frame MOON ROOF A sunroof that is covered with a glass panel. * Sun Roof MR * Midship-engine, Rear-drive (MR) Vehicle MUFFLER (SILENCER) A device that reduces exhaust noise. The muffler, a large elliptical cylinder, is located midway along the exhaust pipe. MULTI-ADJUSTABLE POWER SEAT A seat in which all positions can be electrically adjusted at the touch of a single switch for greater driving comfort. MULTIGRADE OIL An oil to which additives (viscosity index improvers) have been added to reduce the oil’s natural thinning at higher temperatures. This allows oils to be made thinner to allow easy cold starting without them becoming so thin as to be ineffective at full operating temperatures. Thinner oils are increasingly preferred as they reduce internal drag in the engine and improve efficiency. Modern engine tolerances are now low enough not to need thick oils to prevent leaks. MULTI-PLATE LSD One type of Limited Slip Differential. If the wheel on one side loses traction and spins, the multi-plate LSD uses the frictional force created by the plates to transmit power to the wheel that is not receiving it (i.e., the wheel that is spinning). MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION Multiplex Communication permits electronically-controlled components to communicate with each other by sending digital information that allows sharing of common data, sensors and/or actuators. Multiplexing can eliminate a great deal of vehicle wiring, and also saves on redundant sensors and actuators.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook The multiplexing system consists of a network of computer-based modules, and their local sensors and actuators. When components need to communicate, a computer sends a digital signal over the multiplex bus with the appropriate information. An example is the power doorlock/ window system. On conventional systems control switches on the driver's door are wired directly to actuators in other locations; resulting in numerous wires running through the driver's door. In a Multiplex system a door module sends the necessary information/command (over one or two wires) to operate the appropriate actuator. For example, when the power window switch on the driver's-side is pressed to open the passenger-side window, the computer sends a digital signal to the passenger-window motor module -- vs. directly closing the window motor circuit as with a conventional system. Greater reliability results from less wiring, along with reduced cost and weight. Multiplexing also allows for better vehicle diagnostics and reduced warranty costs. MULTIPORT FUEL INJECTION (MFI) A US term for electronic fuel injection (EFI). ‘N’ NAMEPLATE A label or plate mounted inside the engine compartment. The nameplate shows the vehicle's make (manufacturer), model code, VIN (Vehicle Identification Number), and other important information. NAVIGATION SYSTEM In-vehicle navigation provides directions to get to a desired destination. Instructions can be delivered by voice, graphic icons (such as arrows), a scrolling video map, or a combination. To begin, the driver inputs a desired destination (often from a menu). The computer accesses a database and plans the route. Instructions are fed to the driver as the vehicle approaches pertinent intersections. If the driver deviates from the intended route, the computer selects an alternate route and delivers new instructions. For a navigation system to deliver timely instructions, the computer must know the location of the vehicle. Usually, a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver in the vehicle is used to locate the vehicle. In some systems, dead reckoning is used, either on its own or in conjunction with GPS. Dead reckoning uses wheel speed sensors and/or accelerometers to infer vehicle movement and track the location of the vehicle. Dead reckoning, when used with GPS, improves accuracy and provides more precise route instructions than GPS alone. Once the current, or starting point, Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook and destination are known, the computer accesses a street-map database to plan the route. The data can either be stored on-board the vehicle in the form of a CD-ROM, or off-board; i.e., accessed from a remote computer; e.g., by cellular phone. A potential advanced feature option is when up-to-the-minute traffic information is assessed from a central location to plan the best route. Convenience and security NET HORSEPOWER One measurement of engine horsepower, and the one that is usually shown in new car brochures. To measure net horsepower, all equipment, such as exhaust pipes, cooling fan, and air cleaner, are installed on the engine, and the engine is run on a test bench. (The engine's power can also be measured with all accessories removed; the results are then given as gross horsepower). Net horsepower is less than gross horsepower due to the load that the accessories put on the engine. NEUTRAL One of the "gears" (gear combinations) in a transmission. In neutral, power is not transmitted to the wheels. Neutral is indicated with an "N" on the shift lever. NEUTRAL START SWITCH A switch in an automatic transmission vehicle that does not allow the engine to start unless the shift lever is in "N" or "P". If the engine were to be started with the transmission in gear, the vehicle could start moving immediately. The neutral start switch prevents this, thereby ensuring safer operation. NEUTRAL STEER A steering characteristic in which a uniform turning radius is maintained even when the vehicle accelerates. There are actually no vehicles produced with neutral steer, but this expression is used when referring to vehicles that are close to this ideal. That is, they go where the driver points them when cornering. * Understeer, Oversteer NEUTRAL BASE STOCK The most commonly used base stocks. Produced by vacuum distillation or crude oil and subsequent finishing processes. NEUTRALISATION NUMBER A measure of the alkalinity or acidity of an oil – the number is the amount, in milligrams, of acid or alkali that must be added to neutralise the oil.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook NEWTONIAN FLOW Occurs in liquids where the rate of shear is directly proportional to the shearing force. This is the case with most base stocks. However, oils that contain viscosity index and flow improvers exhibit non-Newtonian flow. NITRATION Results when nitrogen oxides, formed from atmospheric gases during the combustion process in an internal combustion engine, attack an oil, usually leading to thickening and deposit formation. NLGI Acronym for National Lubricating Grease Institute, American professional body most often encountered in selection of the appropriate thickness of grease e.g. NLGI 2. NOISE, VIBRATION, AND HARSHNESS (NVH) A general term to refer to such problems as vehicle noise vibration and harshness. * Harshness NON-RETRACTING (NR) SEAT BELT A two-point seat belt that buckles across the lap only, and is commonly used in the centre rear seat. NOSEDIVE When the brakes are applied, the nose (front end) of the car sinks downward. This often occurs during hard braking. * Rear-end Squat NOx * Oxides of Nitrogen NR * Non-retracing Seat Belt NVH * Noise, Vibration, and Harshness ‘O’ 02 SENSOR A sensor that measures the concentration of 02 (oxygen) in the exhaust emissions. Measuring the amount of oxygen in the exhaust enables the engine control computer to adjust the air-fuel ratio for the best mixture and to use the catalytic converter most effectively.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook OCTANE RATING Gasoline is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, such as hexane (C6Hl4 ), heptane (C7 H16), and octane (C8 Hl8 ), as well as various other additives. The octane number, or rating, shows how much octane there is in a particular gasoline in comparison to other types of hydrocarbon. The higher the octane rating, the less knocking there will be; fuel with a higher octane rating generally provides smoother engine performance. Gasoline with a higher octane rating is called by various names, such as "premium", super", etc. (in comparison, "regular" gasoline is gasoline with a lower octane rating.) OD * Overdrive ODOMETER The odometer is built into the speedometer dial and shows the total distance travelled by the vehicle since its date of manufacture. Unlike the trip meter, the odometer cannot be reset to zero. OFF-ROAD Driving on an unpaved road or on rough, road-less terrain. Since such terrain is rougher than a paved road, it is easier for the vehicle to slip and slide on loose earth, fall into ruts and potholes, etc. This makes vehicle control more difficult and puts a greater strain on the suspension. Four-wheel-drive vehicles are most commonly used off-road for these reasons. OH * Overhaul OHC * Overhead Camshaft OHV * Overhead Valve OIL CONSUMPTION RATE This refers to the amount of oil that enters the combustion chamber and is burnt up. The lower the oil consumption rates, the better. OIL COOLER An oil cooler is used on some vehicles to prevent the oil from overheating, which can occur when driving at high speeds over long distances. There are two types of oil cooler: one utilises engine coolant, and the other is air-cooled. OIL FILTER When engine oil is used for a long time, carbon, metal shavings, and other matter get mixed in with the oil and can damage the pistons, cylinders and other

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook moving parts, causing engine seizure. The oil filter removes foreign matter such as this. OIL GALLERIES The passages that bring engine oil to the various parts of the engine. The galleries channel the oil through such engine parts as the cylinder block, the camshafts), and engine rpm, the rocker arms. OIL LEVEL GAUGE (DIPSTICK) A metal strip with graduations ("hashmarks") on the end, and which is used to check the amount of engine oil in the oil pan. The gauge is marked "F" (full) and "L" (low). If the level is between "F" and "L", the engine has the proper amount of oil. The oil level should be checked with the vehicle on a level surface before the engine is started or at least 5 minutes after the engine has been turned off. OIL LEVEL WARNING LAMP A lamp on the instrument panel which lights to warn the driver if the engine oil level has dropped too low or if there is a problem in the lubrication system; it operates only while the engine is running. * Oil Pressure Warning Lamp OIL PAN A receptacle for holding engine oil, located below the engine. To control sloshing of the oil, one section of the oil pan is made deeper and provided with baffles. OIL PRESSURE REGULATOR To prevent excessive oil pressure at high engine rpm, this regulator adjusts the amount of oil supplied to the engine. When the pump pressure rises above a certain level, a relief valve, inside the regulator opens and returns the excess oil to the oil pan. OIL PRESSURE WARNING LAMP If there is a drop in oil pressure while the engine is running, a lamp on the instrument panel lights to warn the driver. This problem should be taken care of immediately, as the oil referred to here is that used to lubricate and cool the engine; low oil pressure means insufficient lubrication and cooling, and could lead to damage to the engine or engine seizure. * Oil Level Warning Lamp OIL PUMP The oil pump circulates oil inside the engine. It pumps up oil from the oil pan and sends the oil under pressure to the moving parts of the engine, such as bearings, pistons, camshafts, and valves. ONE-BOX CAR A type of vehicle in which the engine compartment, passenger compartment, and luggage compartment are all combined; that is, the body can be conceptualised as a single large "box". Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook This design makes optimal use of vehicle space, making it possible to load the vehicle with the maximum possible number of passengers or the most cargo possible. * "Two-box Car", "Three-box Car" ONE-TOUCH 2-4 SELECTOR A mechanism that can switch between 2WD (two-wheel drive) and 4WD (fourwheel drive) at the touch of a button, even while the vehicle is in motion. (This switch is available on part-time 4WD vehicles.) This selector is operated by simply pushing a button, so the driver can continue driving safely while switching over, (there is no necessity of leaning down to pull a lever, which would be dangerous while driving.) This means that the driver can easily switch from 2WD to 4WD when the road changes from a paved road to a rough, unpaved road, or when the vehicle suddenly hits an iced-over section of road. * Automatic Disconnecting Differential ONE-TOUCH POWER WINDOW A power window that automatically opens or closes all the way at the touch of a switch. (There is no need to hold the switch down as with a conventional power window.) However, the window can also be partially opened or closed by holding the switch down, if the driver so prefers. OPTION Non-standard equipment that is available, usually at extra cost, at customer request when ordering a vehicle. Examples include a sunroof, CD player, and aluminium ("mag") wheels. Some options must be factory installed, and cannot be added by the dealer. OUTPUT How much power an engine produces. * Horsepower OVER-SQUARE ENGINE The inner diameter (bore) of the cylinders in this kind of engine is greater than the distance that the piston moves up and down inside the cylinders (stroke), so it is also called a "short-stroke engine". The short stroke makes this engine more suited to operation at higher rpm, and it provides higher output, than other types of engine, and is common in passenger vehicles. * Long-stroke Engine, Square Engine OVERCHARGING A malfunction of the charging system in which the battery is charged beyond its capacity; excessive overcharging can damage the battery. Overcharging could be caused by a bad voltage regulator. Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook * Regulator OVERDRIVE (OD) In an automatic transmission, overdrive refers to a high-speed gear that has a gear ratio of less than 1:1. In general, 3rd gear has a ratio of 1 : 1, and overdrive about1 :0.8. The smaller the gear ratio is, the higher the rpm of the driven gear is so the same vehicle speed can be maintained at a lower engine rpm; this improves fuel economy and reduces engine noises. OVERHANG The ends of the vehicle up to the axles. The front overhang is the distance from the centre of the front axle to the front end of the vehicle, and the rear overhang is the distance from the centre of the rear axle to the rear end of the vehicle. OVERHAUL (OH) To carefully disassemble, inspect and test, adjust or repair, and reassemble, a component or assembly. In a major overhaul, the whole vehicle is inspected and repaired; other common types of overhaul are engine and transmission overhauls. OVERHEAD CAMSHAFT (OHC) ENGINE An engine in which the camshaft is mounted above the cylinder head, rather than below it. In overhead camshaft engines, the cams on the camshaft open and close the intake and exhaust valves directly or via short rocker arms, rather than via long push rods as in the case of overhead valve (OHV) engines. If only one camshaft is used to operate the both the intake and exhaust valves, it is called a "single overhead camshaft" (SOHC) arrangement; if there is one camshaft for the intake valves and one for the exhaust valves, it is called "double overhead camshaft" (DOHC). OVERHEAD VALVE (OHV) ENGINE Many years ago, many automobile engines had intake and exhaust valves located to the side of the cylinder block rather than above it. These were called "side-valve engines". In contrast to this, engines with their valves located above the cylinders were called "overhead valve (OHV) engines". In overhead valve engines, the valves were operated by camshafts that were located below the cylinders, via long push rods. (These were what engines threw when they "threw a rod".) In a further refinement, the camshaft was moved to the top of the engine (in the cylinder head); this new type of engine was then called an "overhead camshaft" (OHC) engine. Overhead camshaft engines with two camshafts, the latest development in this process, are called "double overhead camshaft" (DOHC) engines.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook The historical accidents outlined above explain why overhead camshaft engines, while technically also overhead valve engines, are contrasted with overhead valve engines as if they were something totally different. OVERHEATING An abnormally high engine temperature, as indicated when the needle of the water temperature gauge moves into the red zone. Continued overheating can cause the coolant to boil and result in engine seizure. Overheating has several possible causes: a bad thermostat, a plugged radiator, insufficient coolant, a bad water pump, etc. OVERREVVING Raising engine rpm too high, either with the accelerator or by downshifting too Overrevving puts the tachometer needle into the red zone and may cause engine damage. * Overrun OVERRUN Exceeding the engine's maximum recommended output. In general, this means exceeding the permissible engine speed, as indicated when the needle of the tachometer enters the red zone. Overrunning the engine for even a short length of time may result in engine damage. * Overrevving OVERSTEER Steering that causes the vehicle to veer to the inside of the turn when speeding up on a curve. Oversteer enables the driver to turn the steering wheel less when cornering, and is often used on racing cars. The opposite design - understeer, is used in passenger vehicles. * Reverse Steer, Neutral Steer OXIDATION Naturally occurring process where atmospheric oxygen attacks oils, leading to darkening, thickening and deposit formation. Like all chemical reactions, oxidation accelerates exponentially with temperature and is thus more of a problem under high operating temperatures. OXIDATION INHIBITOR (ANTIOXIDANT) Additive that reduces oxidation usually by reacting with oxygen radicals before they can attack the oil. OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NOx) The term "oxides of nitrogen" more commonly abbreviated as NOx , refers generally to NO (nitrogen monoxide) and N02 (nitrogen dioxide), which are chemical compounds of nitrogen and oxygen that are formed when fuel is burned. These chemicals have become a serious problem as causes of photochemical smog. Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook The higher the temperature at which gasoline is burned, the more NOx is produced. Unfortunately, however, trying to control the production of NOx by lowering the combustion temperature also results in lowered engine performance. For this reason, a balance must be found between the two requirements (less NOx and more power). ‘P’ P & B VALVE * Proportioning & Bypass Valve PAD WEAR INDICATOR A piece of metal which generates a high-pitched screeching noise to alert the driver that the brake pads of a disc brake have worn down to their limit. PAINT The vehicle body is covered with several layers of paint to protect and beautify it. These consist of a primer coating, an intermediate coating, and a finish coating, with a type of paint especially suited for each. * Metallic Paint, Micaceous Iron Oxide (MIO) Paint, Pearl-Mica paint PANORAMIC DIGITAL METER A large, panoramic display of meters and gauges, in which these are displayed in four colours (red, yellow, orange, and bluegreen) for better visibility. * Digital Combination Meter PARKING BRAKE A type of brake used to keep the vehicle from rolling when it is parked. The standard parking brake locks the rear wheels to keep the car from moving. Most parking brakes are operated by a lever installed between the driver's seat and the passenger seat. The pedal type parking brake is a foot operated brake installed to the left of the brake pedal on some cars with an automatic transmission. To set the brake after parking, the driver steps on the pedal. Pulling on the brake release knob disengages it. The advantages of a pedal type brake include more console space between the front seats, as well as ease of setting the brake reliably with one's foot. * Built-in Parking Brake PARKING LIGHTS (LAMPS) Lights at the front and rear that indicate the presence of a stopped vehicle. Depending on the country, front lamps may be white or amber, and rear lamps are red. On some older vehicles, the parking lights could be operated in two ways; 1) by turning on a separate parking light switch, which caused only the parking lights to go on; and Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook 2) by turning on the headlight switch one clickstop (rather than the usual two), causing the parking lights and instrument lights to go on together. On newer vehicles, only the second method is normally available. * Hazard Warning Lights PART NUMBER A number used to precisely identify a part or sub-assembly. PART-TIME 4WD A four-wheel drive system that allows the driver to manually change between two-wheel and four-wheel drive, in accordance with road conditions. For ordinary driving, the driver can use two-wheel drive, in which all power goes to the rear wheels (or the two front wheels in a FF vehicle). On rough or snow – covered roads, the driver can use a switch to change to4Wd for greater stability. The transmission then transmits power to the transfer (auxiliary transmission), which sends this power to the other two wheels. Part-time 4WD does not have a centre differential to compensate for the difference between the front and rear turning radii on curves, so it cannot prevent the tight-corner braking phenomenon. (A full-time 4WD vehicle, on the other hand, is equipped with a centre differential to prevent this.) For this reason, it is best to use 2WD when driving a part-time 4WD vehicle on dry pavement to prevent the tight-corner braking effect. * 4WD, Full-time 4WD, Stand-by 4WD, Flexible Full-time 4WD. PASSENGER COMPARTMENT (CAB, "'COCKPIT") The enclosed part of a vehicle in which the driver and passengers ride; generally called the "cab" on a truck, and the "cockpit" in a race car. PASSIVE ANTI-THEFT SYSTEM (PATS) Passive Anti-Theft Systems (PATS) protects against theft by requiring a specially-coded ignition key. The vehicle starts and operates only with the correct key that matches the sensor in the vehicle; thwarting attempts to hotwire the ignition. An indicator lamp on provides feedback to the driver that the system is working. A miniature transponder with integrated circuit and antenna is embedded in the ignition key. A wireless radio-frequency transmission transfers the code between the key and vehicle. If the codes match, the module sends a signal through the wiring system to the engine electronic control; allowing the engine to start. There are 72 x 1024 (million-billion) possible codes, so every Ford can have a unique code. New PATS keys for replacements or spares can be encode by dealerships. Increased protection against vehicle theft

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook PATTERN NOISE Noise generated by grooves cut into the tread of the tyres. PCV * Positive Crankcase Ventilation PEARL-MICA PAINT A paint containing mica chips and having a pearl-like lustre. * Metallic Paint, Micaceous Iron Oxide Paint, Solid Paint PEDAL TRAVEL The distance that a pedal (such as the accelerator pedal) moves in relation to the floor or some other reference point. PERCOLATION Boiling of the gasoline inside the carburettor. This occurs when the temperature rises too high in the engine compartment. When this happens, the vaporised gasoline in the carburettor flows into the intake manifold. This produces an overly rich air-fuel mixture, which causes the engine to stall and become very hard to restart until it cools down. PERFORMANCE ROD A reinforcement rod for protecting the vehicle body from distortion caused by bending and twisting forces. Performance rods are used around the front and rear suspension. PERIMETER FRAME A type of frame in which the side members of the frame run around the edge of the passenger compartment floor, and a cross- member crosses in the middle. This design permits a lower floor, increasing interior height. PERSONAL LAMP The dome light illuminates the entire passenger compartment, but a personal lamp illuminates only -a limited area for such lighting needs as map reading. PETROL * Gasoline PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL Photovoltaic panels contain cells that convert sunlight into electricity. While solar powered vehicles are not currently feasible for production, solar panels can be used to power some vehicle components; e.g., run a fan to exhaust hot interior air when the vehicle is parked in the sun., or to recharge the vehicle's battery. Photovoltaic panels can be integrated into the hood, roof, sunroof, deck-lid or spoiler. Photovoltaic cells use energy from incoming photons to excite electrons. These electrons produce a very small amount of electrical energy in the cell. Power produced depends on the total cell area; many cells are required to run a small electric motor, or to trickle charge the battery. . Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook Modern solar cells are able to convert about 40% of the energy of sunlight to electricity. Supplemental power source to power additional customer features PILLAR The posts holding up the roof. The pillars at both sides of the front windshield are called "front pillars" (or "A pillars"), the pillars between the front and rear seats centre pillars" (or "B pillars"), and those in the rear "quarter pillars" (or "C pillars"). PINHOLES Small holes in the paint that looks as if they were made with a pin. Pinholes may be caused by oil or other impurities that have found their way into the paint during baking. In resin paint, pinholes may be caused by impurities in the resin. PISTON A smooth cylindrical-shaped piece of metal that fits into an engine cylinder and reciprocates (goes up and down) inside it. The piston compresses the air-fuel mixture as it moves up, then moves down due to combustion, transmitting the force of the combustion through the connecting rod to the crankshaft. PISTON DISPLACEMENT * Displacement PISTON RING The piston rings seal the gap between the piston and the cylinder wall, preventing the air-fuel mixture from leaking through. The rings are installed in grooves around outside of the piston. Piston rings include two compression rings that prevent the air-fuel mixture from escaping, and an oil control ring which wipes excess oil from the cylinder wall. PISTON STROKE The distance that a piston moves vertically inside the cylinder. The ratio between stroke and bore (inner diameter of the cylinder) plays an important role in determining engine characteristics. * Bore PITCH A condition in which the front and rear of the vehicle oscillate up and down like a seesaw. Naturally, the greater the pitching the less comfortable the ride. Pitching is less common on vehicles with longer wheel bases. * Roll, Yaw

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook PLANETARY GEAR UNIT The mechanism that carries out the actual shifting of gears in an automatic transmission. The unit contains three essential components, called the "sun gear", the “planetary pinions", and the "ring gear". The sun gear is on the central axis of the gear train. The planetary pinions mesh with and rotate around the sun gear, while simultaneously "walking" around the inside the ring gear. In other words, the pinions mesh both with the ring gear on the outside and the sun gear on the inside. By locking a particular gear in the unit, the transmission can select among the various gears, such as 1st, overdrive, or reverse. PLATINUM-TIPPED SPARK PLUG The spark plug with platinum-covered electrodes. Platinum-tipped plugs last much longer than standard plugs, and also provide a better spark. They must be replaced every 100,000 km (60,000 miles), but require no inspection or adjustment in between. PLUG * Spark Plug PLY Below the tread of a tyre is the carcass cord, made of cloth. The number of plies in a tyre indicates how many layers of carcass are used, which is directly related to the tyre strength. POINTS The breaker points in the distributor. * Ignition system POLISHING Removal of the surface finishing (honing) on cylinder linings as a result of ring sticking or abrasive particles. Leads to high oil consumption and poor efficiency. POLYPROPYLENE (PP) Polypropylene is a strongly shock-absorbent polymer (synthetic resin) used in resin bumpers. Polypropylene resist shock, heat, and other damage, and its lightweight help reduce overall vehicle weight, and employed for making bumpers. POSITIVE CRANKCASE VENTILATION (PCV) Blow-by gas and unburned gas can leak past the piston rings from the cylinders into the crankcase during the combustion (power) stroke. The PCV system returns this gas to the cylinders to be re-burned, thus reduces the amount of pollutants that are released into the atmosphere. * Emission Control System

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook POUR POINT The lowest temperature at which an oil will continue to flow and, thus, below which it becomes useless as a lubricant. POUR POINT DEPRESSANT Additive that lowers the pour point, usually by inhibiting the formation of wax crystals in the oil. POWER ADJUSTABLE SHOULDER BELT ANCHOR A seat belt anchor that can be raised or lowered with an electric motor to adjust the shoulder belt to the wearer's size. The standard shoulder belt anchor has several fixed positions to which it can be manually adjusted; this system, however, uses a switch to set the anchor to any position in the area of movement. Seatbelt adjustment is therefore convenient, especially when combined with the "automatic adjusting" memory system, by means of which the most comfortable driving position can be stored in computer memory and retrieved at the touch of a button. * Adjustable Shoulder Belt Anchor POWER ANTENNA An antenna that can be raised and lowered by means of a switch inside the car. To prevent antennas from being broken off by vandals, some cars now use power antennas that automatically retract when the ignition switch is turned off. POWER DOOR LOCK A lock which uses electric motors or solenoids to lock and unlock all doors with a control switch located by the driver's seat. POWER EASY-ACCESS SYSTEM When the key is removed from the ignition, the driver's seat and the steering wheel automatically move to permit easier exit from and entry into the car. Removing the key causes the steering wheel to tilt up and the seat to slide back. Putting the key back in the ignition causes the seat and steering wheel to return to their original positions. There are several mechanisms and systems similar to this on various automobiles, all having different names and features. Some are mechanical and some are computer-controlled, and some are integrated with other "memory" systems, such as the "memory auto tilt-away steering column". The "automatic adjusting system" in the stores not only two drivers' favoured steering wheel positions, but also their favoured seat positions, mirror positions, etc., in a computer system - and all retrievable at the touch of a button. * Power Adjustable Shoulder Belt Anchor

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook POWER LOCKING HUB A free-wheel hub that can be locked and unlocked by means of a switch inside the vehicle. The power-locking hub can be switched while the vehicle is in motion, but the 2WD mode can't be switched to 4WD unless the vehicle is moving at a speed of less than 20 km/h (12 mph). POWER OVERSTEER In a high-powered vehicle, if the accelerator is depressed too suddenly while the vehicle is going around a curve on a slippery road, the drive wheels will receive too much torque, causing the vehicle to start slipping sideways. This phenomenon is called "power oversteer", and occurs because the large amount of torque reduces the traction of the tyres. (In the case of FR and large 4WD vehicles, both of which are driven completely or partially by the rear wheels, the rear wheels will slide sideways, causing the vehicle to spin out towards the outside of the curve.) POWER REMOTE-CONTROL DOOR MIRROR A door mirror that can be adjusted by remote control from the driver's seat for greatest visibility. Both mirrors can be raised and lowered, and turned left and right independently. This is done by motors, which are operated by a switch located near the driver. POWER SEAT A seat provided with electric motors for adjusting the seat angle and position. This allows the driver to adjust the seat to the most comfortable posture for driving. By operating just one switch, the driver can move the seat forward and back, and up and down, power and can also adjust the angle of the seat back. Some seats also have a headrest that can be moved up and down and forward and back. POWER SLIDING DOOR A sliding door on a van that is opened and closed by an electric motor. Another mechanism, called an "easy closer", also securely closes an improperly closed sliding door. POWER STEERING A steering system that has a built-in shaft hydraulic mechanism that provides steering assist; that is, it helps the driver turn the steering wheel more easily. This mechanism also reduces the effort required to turn the wheel while parking, and reduces the shock transmitted to the steering wheel from the road. POWER TAKE-OFF (PTO) A mechanism that is used to operate such equipment as pumps and winches on a crane, dump truck, fire truck, and other vehicles. The PTO may be driven by the drive train, or by the engine directly.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook POWER TILT-AND-SLIDE SUN ROOF A slide mechanism that opens and closes the roof panel, and a tilt mechanism that raises and lowers the rear edge of the roof panel; each is operated by an electric motor. The slide mechanism can be operated while driving to let in sunlight and wind, and the tilt mechanism to ventilate the interior of the vehicle. POWER-TO-WEIGHT RATIO Vehicle weight divided by maximum power output. The power-to-weight ratio shows how much weight the vehicle has per unit of output (kg/PS or lb/hp). The lower this number is, the better the acceleration and hill climbing performance. POWER TRAIN (DRIVE TRAIN) All of the components that create power or transmit it to wheels. The power train includes: the engine, the clutch or torque converter, the transmission or transaxle, the propeller shaft or drive shafts, the differential, and the axle shaft. Some manufacturers distinguish between “power train" and "drive train", calling everything from the engine to the wheels the "drivetrain", while the engine, transmission/transaxle and clutch only are called the "powertrain". In such cases, the rest of the drive train (propeller shaft/drive shafts, differential, axle shaft, hubs, etc.) is called the "driveline". POWER WINDOW A window that can be opened and closed by means of a switch. The driver's window can be opened completely without the necessity of holding down the switch. POWER WINDOW LOCK The front and rear passenger windows can be opened or closed and locked in position by a switch from the driver's seat. When driving with small children, it is recommended that this switch be kept in the locked driving position. PP * Polypropylene Bumper PPS * Progressive Power Steering PRE-HEATER A device that heats the air in the combustion chamber of a diesel engine to improve startability. One method used to do this is to heat the air with a glow plug. PRELUBE A mill applied oil primarily used for the preservation of sheet metal that is formulated to enhance formability. PREMIUM GASOLINE * High-octane Gasoline Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook PREPHOSPHATED A phosphate surface treatment used together with wet lubricants to enhance formability and corrosion protection. PRESET STEERING * Computer Controlled Tilt & Telescopic Steering PRESSURE PLATE * Clutch Pressure Plate PRESSURE REGULATOR A common type of valve used to adjust pressure. On an EFI engine, the pressure regulator maintains constant fuel pressure at the fuel injectors. Pressure regulators are also used on LPG engines and on air brake systems. PRETENSIONER MECHANISM A mechanism that instantaneously winds up the slack (looseness) in a seat belt in the event of collision. Any shock from the front of the vehicle, above a predetermined level, is detected by sensors, causing the seat belts to instantaneously wind up any slack, thereby increasing the belt's effectiveness. PRINTED ANTENNA An antenna wire printed on a window, usually the rear window. PROGRESSIVE POWER STEERING (PPS) A power steering system in which a computer changes the steering responsiveness in accordance with vehicle speed. With this system, the steering wheel handles easily at low speeds such as during parking, becomes progressively harder to turn as vehicle speed increases, providing greater stability at high speeds. PPS responds not only to speed, but also to resistance from the road, thereby providing greater stability both on rough roads and at high speeds. It gives a greater feeling of unity between vehicle and driver than is possible with conventional power steering. * Engine-speed-sensing Power Steering, Vehicle-speed-sensing Power Steering PROJECTOR HEADLAMPS In this type of headlamp, the light source is focused on a smaller area, while still providing good lighting. This type of headlamp is made with an elliptical reflector plate and concave lens, which refract (bend) the light rays and cause them to shine forward. Concentrating the light into a smaller area in this way reduces reflection of the light due to rain, etc., thereby reducing glare. PROPELLER SHAFT On a vehicle, the propeller shaft transmits power from the transmission to the differential, which in turn transmits power to the rear wheels. Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook Since the propeller shaft links the transmission and differential, the shaft may have two or three joints to compensate for roughness in the road, which can cause changes in the relative positions of the transmission and differential. Recent design favours the two-section shaft, which lowers road noise. Note: In some countries, the propeller shaft is called the "drive shaft". * Transmission Differential PROPORTIONING VALVE (P VALVE) The P valve adjusts the hydraulic pressure that is sent to the rear wheels when the brakes are applied, giving the vehicle greater stability during braking. A vehicle nose-dives when the brakes are applied suddenly, reducing vehicle weight on the rear wheels. This would cause the rear wheels to lock up and skid, but the P valve adjusts the hydraulic pressure to the rear brakes to prevent this from occurring. * Load-sensing Proportioning Valve (LSPV) PROPORTIONING & BYPASS VALVE A valve that controls brake pressure with a 1) proportioning valve (P valve); and 2) a bypass valve (B valve), which causes brake fluid to bypass the P valve in the event that the front brakes fail. This prevents a drop in hydraulic pressure to the rear brakes, enabling the vehicle stop. PROTECTION MOULDING Synthetic rubber or plastic moulding installed on the side of the car where the body panels bulges outward. Protection moulding both protects the body from damage and serves as decoration. PROTOTYPE A vehicle made for test production before actual production and sales of the new model begin. A prototype can be used to test and analyse the vehicle's functioning and performance. The actual production model then reflects the results of the prototype study. Some prototypes, called "concept cars", are developed to participate in motor shows and are not made with a definite production period in mind. PS The abbreviation for the German "Pferdestärke", or "metric horsepower". (1PS = 0.7355 kW = 0.986 hp.) * Horsepower PTO * Power Take-off PULL TO ONE SIDE * Brake Pull

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook PULSATION DAMPER A device used to absorb minute surges in the fuel pressure in an EFI engine; it is sometimes necessary if the pressure regulator alone can't handle them. This helps to keep the air-fuel ratio from changing and prevents noise due to the pulsation of fuel in the fuel lines. * Pressure Regulator PULSATION EFFECT Every time an intake valve opens or closes, the air pressure in the intake manifold fluctuates. This creates a pulsation in the air flow in the intake manifold. The residual fluctuation from the previous intake and the fluctuation from the succeeding intake coincide, creating an increase in pressure in the intake manifold. This helps to increase the flow of air into the engine, boosting engine performance. PUSH ROD Push rods operate the valves in an OHV engine. In response to cam movement, each push rod transmits camshaft rotation to the rocker arm as up-and-down movement. Push rods are required on OHV engines because of the distance between the camshaft and the valves. P VALVE * Proportioning Valve ‘Q’ QUARTER PANEL A section of body panel, above the front and rear tyres. QUARTER PILLAR * Pillar ‘R’ RACK-AND PINION STEERING A pinion gear at the end of the steering shaft transmits steering wheel rotation to a serrated bar called the steering rack, which crosses the steering shaft and goes to the front wheels. This type of steering system provides a for sharp, direct response due to the direct gear connection, and is now standard on * Re-circulating-ball Steering RADIAL TYRE A type of tyre developed for high-speed driving. The carcass of a tyre is made of woven layers of material, called cords, which help the tyre to hold the Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook pressurised air inside. The carcass of a radial tyre has a weave that runs across the tyre (i.e., radially). Radial tyres grip the road surface better than bias tyres, they corner better, and they last longer. Their only drawback is that provide a slightly less comfortable ride than bias tyres. However, most passenger cars use radial tyres because of improved road conditions and the increasing availability of high-speed highways. RADIATOR A device that cools the engine coolant. The radiator is generally installed behind the front grille to provide optimal contact with outside air. Air is forced through the radiator both by a fan and by the airflow created by the ward motion of the vehicle. The coolant is carried through a network of small tubes in the radiator; this provides maximum contact with the cool outside air, which passes through the radiator to dissipate the heat. RADIATOR GRILLE A grid in the nose of a vehicle, in front of the radiator. The grille permits air to flow into the engine compartment. The grille originally served to prevent stones from flying up and hitting the radiator. Today it also serves as a key element in vehicle design, and helps to give a particular model its characteristic look. RADIUS ROD * Strut Bar RAG TOP A convertible with a cloth top. REAR COMBINATION LAMP The tail lamp, brake lamp, turn signal lamp, they back-up lamp, and parking lamp, all combined into one unit (one for each side). REAR DETECTION AND RANGING SYSTEM A system that uses ultrasonic sensors mounted on the rear bumper to warn the driver of obstacles behind the vehicle and to indicate their distance. The system only operates when the transmission is shifted into reverse. * Clearance Detection and Ranging System Corner Sensor REAR-END SQUAT The rear end of the vehicle sinks towards the road surface during take-off or acceleration. * Nose Dive REAR-ENGINE, REAR-WHEEL-DRIVE VEHICLE (RR VEHICLE) A vehicle in which the engine is located in the rear and drives the rear wheels. This type of vehicle has more passenger space as it loses less floor space to the propeller shaft "hump" found in an FR (front- engine, rear-wheel-drive) vehicle.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook However, this arrangement is coming to be used less than in the past because the weight of the engine rests on the rear wheels, giving the vehicle a tendency to oversteer. REAR LIGHT FAILURE WARNING LAMP A warning lamp on the instrument panel which lights up if a tail lamp or brake light bulb is burnt out. This lamp only operates if the ignition is on. REAR MONITOR A monitor system that uses a camera mounted in the rear spoiler to display a portion of the area behind the vehicle on a screen. This helps the driver detect obstacles behind the vehicle. REAR SPOILER A type of "wing" mounted at the rear of the vehicle. The rear spoiler changes the direction of the air flowing from the roof, reducing both the wind resistance and the lift force that are applied to the rear of the car. REAR WINDOW DEFOGGER A heating filament bonded to the inside of the rear window glass to remove "fog". On cold or rainy days, windows become fogged up easily, causing poor visibility. A fine nickel-chrome wire is imprinted on the inside of the glass. Current is passed through the wire, generating heat and removing fog from the glass. The defogger also helps to remove snow and water droplets from the outside surface of the window. * Heated Glass REBUILT PARTS Used parts that are repaired to like-new condition and resold. RECIPROCATING ENGINE (PISTON ENGINE) An engine in which the pistons move up and down (reciprocate) inside cylinders, turning the crankshaft. Two types of reciprocating engines are the gasoline engine and the diesel engine. (Another type of engine is the Wankel or rotary engine, which creates power using rotary rather than reciprocating motion.) RECIRCULATING-BALL STEERING A steering system that uses a number of small steel balls installed in the steering gear which transmits steering wheel rotation to the wheels. The balls in this gear help the steering wheel to turn very easily and smoothly, and reduce kickback. RECLINING SEAT A seat with a back that can be tilted backward and forward.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook RECREATIONAL VEHICLE (RV) A type of vehicle primarily suited to out door leisure activities. Generally, 4WD vehicles, such as vans and pickup trucks, are used as RVs. Some are equipped with such appliances as refrigerators and televisions. REDUCTION GEAR RATIO (FINAL GEAR RATIO) The gear ratio of the two gears that transmit power from the transmission to the axles. A small drive gear turns a large driven gear, which causes the rpm to drop but increases the torque. The driven gear has three to four times as many teeth as the driving that transmits power from the transmission. (These two gears are also gear called the final gears, so the reduction gear ratio is also called the "final gear ratio".) RED ZONE The area on the tachometer, coloured red, which shows that the engine rpm has risen too high. If the needle goes into the red zone, damage to the engine may result. Bringing engine rpm up into the red zone is called "over-revving" the engine; one must be especially careful when racing the engine or when down-shifting at high speeds, as these actions tend to cause over-revving. REFINING A series of physical and chemical processes that convert crude oils into a wide range of products – including LPG, Petrol, Kerosene, Jet fuel, Diesel, Fuel Oil, Bitumen, Waxes and lubricant base stocks. RE-REFINING Process for recycling used oils to a near virgin state. REGULAR GASOLINE Gasoline used in ordinary automotive engines. "Regular" gasoline has a lower octane rating than high-octane ("super") gasoline, which is used in highperformance cars. * Octane Rating REGULATOR (VOLTAGE REGULATOR) An electrical device that controls alternator output to maintain a constant voltage level, adjusted to suit the amount of electricity being used. The most common type of regulator in current use is the IC regulator, which use semiconductor circuits called IC's (integrated circuits). RELAY An electrically or electronically operated switch. In one common type of relay, an electric current operates an electromagnet, which opens or closes an electrical switch. This in turn controls some other electrical device RELEASE BEARING * Clutch Release Bearing Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook REMOTE-CONTROL CONVENIENCE FEATURES This system allows vehicle owners to control certain functions of their automobile by calling an automated service with a touch tone phone. Addressable functions can include opening or closing windows or sunroof; unlocking the doors (e.g., to retrieve keys locked inside), disabling the engine (in case of vehicle theft), or other functions. The service could also be used for locating a parked vehicle (e.g., flash lights or sound horn), setting the vehicle's clock, or configuring certain features. The vehicle owner calls an automated voice response system with a touch tone phone, enters a personal identification number (PIN), and selects the desired function is selected from the menu. A pager signal (command) is sent to a receiver in the vehicle, and the vehicle controller executes the requested function. Paging technology also allows text messages sent from a telephone or computer to be displayed in the vehicle. Increased convenience and vehicle security, theft deterrent and vehicle recovery REMOTE-CONTROL DOOR LOCK A system used to lock and unlock the car doors by remote control. A transmitter, which may be built into the ignition key, transmits a signal, which operates the lock. The radio antenna picks up this signal, and the doors are locked or unlocked. The signal can be received from a distance of up to 1-meter (3 feet). This system is especially convenient for unlocking the doors in the dark or when your hands are full. REMOTE-CONTROL DOOR MIRROR A door mirror which can be operated from the driver's seat by a switch. Some fender mirrors are also remotely controlled. REMOTE LIGHTING SYSTEM Remote lighting system removes the sources of light from the lamp fixture and locates it in a remote collector assembly. Light is transmitted to the various fixtures and accessories via fibre optics or light pipes. The advantages of remote lighting include reduced power consumption, greater durability, and more flexibility in packaging and styling lamp fixtures. A halogen bulb or a high-efficiency light source (e.g. high-intensity discharge light) is located in a light collector assembly. There are several possible configurations or architectures. One is the multi-beam setup pictured, in which the remote-lighting system controls one function. Another concept is central lighting, in which light from a single remote source is distributed to perform multiple functions (i.e., head lamps, turn signals, etc.) and controlled by light valves (i.e., on/off function). Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook Increased lighting efficiency and reliability; as well as greater styling flexibility RESERVOIR Reservoirs store fluid that overflows due to an increase in volume when the fluid is heated. Reservoirs are provided for storing brake fluid, clutch fluid, and coolant. RESISTIVE CORD * Spark Plug Cable RESPONSE "Response" has two meanings: 1) "acceleration response", or how quickly the engine speed rises when the accelerator pedal is pressed; and 2) "steering response", or how quickly the vehicle changes direction when the steering wheel is turned. RETRACTABLE DOOR MIRROR * Electrically Retractable Door Mirror, Folding Door Mirror RETRACTABLE HEADLIGHTS Retractable headlights move up for use and down for storage when not in use. Retracting the headlights during the daytime both reduces wind resistance and provides sleeker styling. REV LIMIT The limit of permissible engine rpm. In an EFI engine, exceeding the rev limit causes the fuel supply to be cut off to protect the engine. REVERSE AID/PARKING AID Reverse Aid/Parking Aid is a short-range collision-warning system to aid in reversing and parking manoeuvres. As the vehicle approaches pedestrians, or other vehicles or obstacles, an audible beep warning sounds. The frequency of beeping increases as the obstacle is neared, until it becomes a solid tone when closer the vehicle is closer than a set distance; eg; about 8 inches (20 cm). Reversing aid uses sensors on the rear only. Parking aid uses sensors front and rear. Low-cost, high-performance sensors such as ultrasonic range sensors are fitted to the vehicle. Generally, more than one sensor is used to form a detection zone as wide as the vehicle. A microprocessor monitors the sensors and emits a signal to help the driver reverse or park more easily and with greater safely. Easier and safer reversing and parking manoeuvres, especially for vehicles where drivers have limited view at the front, rear, or corners of the vehicle.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook REVERSE STEER (US-OS CHARACTERISTIC) A steering characteristic in which understeer (US) changes to oversteer (OS) midway through a tight curve. To make driving easier, most cars are designed to have understeer, in which the vehicle steers further to the outside than the driver actually intends. This is because, when a curve is too sharp, reverse steer causes the steering characteristics to change from understeer to oversteer, a somewhat dangerous situation. The point at which this occurs is called the "reverse point". * Neutral Steer REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE (RPM) The unit of measurement used to indicate the number of rotations an engine (i.e., the crankshaft) makes in one minute. The tachometer shows engine rotational speed in thousands of revolutions per minute. RPM is also called "engine speed". RHEOSTAT A variable resistor. * Meter Lighting Control RIDING COMFORT "Riding comfort" is used in two senses: 1) in the broad sense of general passenger comfort inside the vehicle; and 2) in the narrow sense of the ability of the vehicle to absorb vibration, thus providing a better ride. The wider meaning relates to the vehicle interior; for example, NVH (noise, vibration, and harshness), seat comfort, placement of driving controls, lights, visibility, and ventilation. In other words, all of the factors that go into making passengers “liking to ride the vehicle car!" The narrower, technical meaning of riding comfort refers to how well the vehicle shields the passengers from unpleasant vibrations transmitted from poor road surfaces. RIGID-AXLE SUSPENSION A type of suspension that joins the body to the axles. The axles are insulated from the body by springs. This type of Suspension is simple and sturdy, but the movements of the right and left wheels affect each other, causing the vehicle to lean to one side when theroad is uneven. RIGIDITY When weight or force is applied to any object may distort (bend and twist). This is called "elastic deformation". "Rigidity" is the degree of resistance to this distortion. In the case of an automobile, the rigidity of body and/or frame affects such factors as the riding comfort, driving stability, and controllability. RIM The outside circumference of a disc wheel, having a roughly U-shaped cross section. The tyre is attached to the rim. Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook * Disc Wheel RING STICK Sticking of the rings on the piston of an internal combustion engine of a reciprocating compression leading to wear and loss of power. Usually caused by a build-up of deposits in the ring grooves. ROAD CLEARANCE * Ground Clearance ROAD HOLDING The ability of a vehicle to stay on the road. Road holding ability depends on many factors; the tyres (the amount of contact between the tread and the road; the tread pattern; tread wear); the design of the suspension; the quality of the shock absorbers; the vehicle tread (the distance between the left and right tyres); etc. On a bumpy, unpaved, winding road, the vehicle bounces up and down, sways from side to side, and may slip and slide. If these movements are too severe, the ride will be very uncomfortable and it will become difficult to keep the vehicle on the road. However, if the vehicle has good road holding ability, the rear end of the vehicle won't bounce around, it will be easier to keep the vehicle on the road, and the ride will be more comfortable. ROAD NOISE Noise transmitted from the road to the vehicle. Road noise is caused by tyre contact with the ground. Noise caused by body vibration from shock transmitted from road unevenness through the suspension to the body is also called, "road noise". ROCKER ARM In an overhead valve (OHV) engine, one of the levers that transmit the movement of the cams to the valves. When a cam pushes the rocker arm, the rocker arm pushes the corresponding valve open. Some overhead camshaft (OHC) engines do not use rocker arms; instead, the cams operate the valves directly.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook ROLL Lateral (side-to-side) oscillation of the vehicle body. Roll is felt most on curves that cause severe leaning of the vehicle body. * Pitch, Yaw

ROLL BAR A bar rising from the floor on each side of the front seats and running across the ceiling to reinforce the roof and prevent it from being crushed if the vehicle rolls over. Cars used for racing, such as rally cars and touring cars, usually have roll bars. ROLLING RESISTANCE Resistance to forward movement created by the tyres as they roll down the road. This type of resistance is influenced by such factors as tyre pressure, tyre deformation, and wheel bearing wear. As vehicle speed increases, rolling resistance also increases (but can be lowered by using more rigid radial tyres.) ROOF DRIP A gutter running around the edges of the roof to prevent water from dripping into the car. ROOF HEADLINING The lining of the ceiling. A thin cushioning material is used for the headlining, and currently in many models, the headlining is also covered with cloth to give a softer interior "atmosphere". There are several types of headlining: panelling attached directly to the roof is called a "panelled ceiling"; a stitched covering suspended from the roof is called a “suspended ceiling"; and a ceiling made with a moulded backing is called a "moulded ceiling". ROTARY ENGINE (WANKEL ENGINE) In a rotary engine, a triangular rotor is rotated to directly produce power (rather than converting the up-and-down motion of pistons into power, as in a Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook reciprocating engine). This type of engine does not require the complicated valve system of a reciprocating engine and so needs fewer parts, resulting in less noise and vibration. However, some fuel remains unburned in a rotary engine and the engine uses a large amount of lubricating oil. Because of this, the engine is not economical and is not much used. RPM * Revolutions per Minute RR * Rear-engine, Rear-wheel-drive Vehicle RUN-ON (DIESELING) An undesirable situation in which the engine continues to run after the ignition switch has been turned off. Run-on occurs in an engine that has overheated after being driven at high speeds for a long period of time. The residual unburned gases in the engine ignite in reaction to the overheated spark plugs and carbon built up in the combustion chambers, causing combustion to continue. RUN-OUT Any kind of deformity of a round object (a wheel, a tyre, a brake disc, etc.). There are several types of run-out, as shown in the illustration below:

RUNOUT

Radial

Out of Round

Off Centre (eccentric)

Lateral (Axial)

Warpage

Nonperpendicularity

RV * Recreational Vehicle

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‘S’ SAE Acronym for Society of Automotive Engineer, American professional body most common seen in relation to Viscosity grades e.g. SAE 10W-30 SAFETY PAD Impact-absorbent padding installed on the instrument panel and in the centre of the steering wheel. The safety pads help to protect the driver and front passenger from injury in the event of a collision. A typical safety pad is made of urethane foam with a metal panel insert. The metal panel is made of an energy-absorbent material, and the urethane foam absorbs the dispersed energy. SAI * Steering Axis Inclination SANDWICHED VIBRATION - CONTROL PANEL A panel with a sheet of vibration-damping material, such as asphalt, sandwiched between two steel plates. This reduces vibration and noise to all areas of the vehicle. It is installed in such places as the dash panel, the cowl panel, and the rear wheel housings. * Vibration-damping Sheet Steel SATELLITE SWITCHES Switches for equipment such as audio and air conditioning, positioned within easy reach of the driver. SCISSORS GEAR A set of camshaft gears designed to prevent gear noise due to the backlash that occurs with conventional gears. A pair of gears rotating in the same direction on the same axis uses a spring to maintain full contact with both the leading and trailing teeth of the opposite gear.

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SCRUB RADIUS ("SCRUB") * Steering Offset SEALED BEAM HEADLAMPS A headlight in which the lens, reflector plate, and filament are built into a single, sealed unit filled with an inert gas. This type of headlamp is large, has a good light distribution pattern, and provides good visibility. * Halogen Headlamps SEAT BELT Seat belts keep passengers from being thrown out of their seats and becoming injured in the event of sudden braking or a collision. The two-point seat belt is worn across the wearer's lap, while the three-point seat belt restrains the wearer across both the lap, chest, and one shoulder. Many countries have laws that require persons in the front seat (and sometimes in the rear seats also) to wear seat belts. SEAT BELT PRETENSIONER A seatbelt pretensioner tightens the seatbelt in the first milliseconds of an accident to better keep the occupant in position. With a tightened belt, an occupant is less likely to strike interior surfaces, such as the roof structure or steering wheel. It also may restrain the occupant from contacting the airbag before it is fully deployed, further reducing the risk of injury. A collision sensor, often the same sensor used to trigger the airbags, detects the beginning of a collision. A signal from the sensor activates a mechanical or pyrotechnic pretensioning device located at a belt anchoring point. The pretensioner takes up slack in the belt system until a predetermined force is reached,. The belt remains tight around the occupant for the duration of the collision. Increased safety for belted occupants in some types of collisions. * Pretensioner Mechanism SEAT BELT TONGUE PLATE The metal part on the end of the seat belt. Inserting the tongue plate into the buckle on the other strap of the seat belt locks the belt. SEAT BELT WARNING LAMP A lamp that lights up if the driver's seat belt is not buckled when the ignition switch is turned on. This is to remind the driver to fasten the belt. SEAT BELT WITH MECHANICAL TENSION-REDUCING ADJUSTER A mechanical system that reduces the force of the seat belt pulling against the wearer. This prevents overtightening, providing greater comfort. The seatbelt Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook wind-up mechanism has both a strong and a weak spring, to adjust tension. While the seatbelt is being worn, the weak spring is used to keep the belt from pulling against the wearer's body. The strong spring is used when the seat belt winds up or is pulled out. Naturally, the seat belt locks in an emergency to safeguard the wearer. In some models, the mechanism used to change between the strong and weak spring may be operated by an electric switch. SEAT BELT WITH POWER TENSION-REDUCING ADJUSTER A type of seat belt in which belt tension can be adjusted by the wearer by means of a switch in the buckle. SEAT SLIDE ADJUSTER A seat adjuster that allows the passenger to adjust the seat position by operating the seat slide [ever. The lever is located at the bottom of the seat and can be used to slide forward and back, and to lock it in place. SEDAN The most typical type of passenger car. A sedan is a "three-box car", in which the luggage compartment (trunk or boot) is separated from the passenger compartment. A sedan also has two rows of seats, one in front and one in the rear, and can seat from four to six passengers. Sedans are generally classified by the number of doors that they have as "two-door sedans" or "four- door sedans". SELF-IGNITION Ignition of the air-fuel mixture that is due to any cause other than a spark (for example, ignition due to carbon deposits in the cylinder). SEMI-CONCEALED WIPERS Concealed windshield wipers in which only the wiper arms are hidden between the hood and the windshield when not in use. (Wipers that are completely hidden are called "fully concealed wipers".) Concealing the wipers when not in use not only provides a clearer field of vision, but also improves vehicle appearance. SEMI-FLOATING REAR AXLE One method of supporting vehicle weight the seat on the rear axle. Most rigidaxle passenger vehicles use this method as it is of simple construction. The wheel is mounted directly on the rear axle and weight is distributed equally between the rear axle shafts and the axle housing. * Full-floating Axle SEMI-TRAILING-ARM SUSPENSION One type of independent suspension. The lower arms, which support the rear suspension, are located in front of the wheels, and the axes along which the arms move are positioned at an angle, relative to the body centreline.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook Semi-trailing-arm suspension is often used for the rear suspension of an automatic transmission vehicle. * Independent Suspension SEQUENTIAL MULTIPORT FUEL INJECTION A US term for Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI). SERVICE BRAKES * Foot Brakes SFI * Sequential Multiport Fuel Injection SHAKE Vibration of the body, seats, and steering wheel when the vehicle is operating at high speeds. Shake is caused by such problems as wheel imbalance; this is because wheel vibration due to this imbalance is transmitted to, and amplified by, the body and engine, which results in shaking of the vehicle. * Shimmy SHEAR STABILITY The measure of a Viscosity Index Improvers (VII) resistance to the shearing forces in the engine. VIIs with low shear stability will quickly break down, resulting in a thinning of the oil. SHIFTING SHOCK A small jolt that may be sensed when an automatic transmission shifts gears. SHIFT LOCK SYSTEM WITH KEY INTERLOCK This prevents sudden vehicle take-off due to improper operation of the shift lever on an automatic transmission vehicle. Two safety functions are provided for automatic transmissions: 1) Shift lock prevents the transmission from being shifted out of Park ("P") unless the brake pedal is depressed; and 2) the key interlock device prevents the key from being removed from the ignition unless the shift lever is in "P". SHIFT POINT The points (in time) at which an automatic transmission automatically shifts gears are called "shift points". These depend on the vehicle speed and the throttle opening, as well as on the engine and transmission used. SHIFT POSITION DISPLAY * Shift Position Indicator Lamp.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook SHIFT POSITION INDICATORLAMP A lamp on the instrument panel which shows the range (shift lever position) into which the driver has shifted the transmission (automatic transmission models only). SHIMMY Steering wheel vibration caused by lateral shaking of the front wheels. Shimmy is most often caused by wheel imbalance and by driving on rough roads. * Shake SHOCK (ABSORBER (DAMPER) One component of the suspension system. The springs continue to bounce up and down after a shock is received from the road. The shock absorbers, which are generally filled with a special fluid, help to be damp (restrain) the bouncing of the springs thereby providing a smoother ride. SHORT-STROKE ENGINE * Bore SHOULDER BELT GUIDE A guide for the upper section of a three-point seat belt, attached to the upper belt anchor. The guide can be used to adjust the angle at which the belt crosses the shoulder, making it easier for people of smaller stature to wear the belt even with the seat moved forward. SHUDDER * Clutch Chatter SIDE AIRBAGS A side air bag is mounted outboard of occupants and inflates to cushion occupants in the event of a side-impact collision. Some side air bags are designed for protecting the head and neck, others for hip and chest, and others for chest ,head ,and neck. Because side air bags are generally smaller in volume than front bags, and there is less crush space on the sides of a vehicle (compared to the front), they must deploy more quickly. Airbags that protect the passenger's upper body in the event of a side collision. Side airbag equipment includes bags, inflators, and collision sensors inside the doors. In a collision, the airbags would, deployed from the armrests and cover the area from the arm rest to the roof with a thin, mat-like airbag. Side air bags can be fitted in the door trim panel, in the moulding above the door, or in the outboard edge of the seatback. They are inflated when an inertial sensor detects a side impact collision. Greater protection in side impact collisions

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook SIDE DOOR BEAM A strong metal bar built into the door to provide protection in event of a collision from the side. In front or rear-end collisions, the trunk and engine compartment deform to absorb shock, but in collisions from the side, only the doors offer protection. Side door beams provide greater protection in such cases. SIDE LIGHTS * Clearance Lamps SIDE MEMBER The parts of the frame that run from the front to the rear of the vehicle on each side. Side members are made from square pipe and keep the frame from twisting or bending. SIDE SUPPORT Supports that are located on the left and right edges of the seat cushion and seat back to support the upper body of the passenger, especially when the vehicle corners or makes tight turns. Some seats have adjustable supports so passengers can modify them to accommodate their own physique and comfort requirements. SIDE VISORS Strips of metal or plastic installed above side windows. These provide additional shade on sunny days and allow the windows to be opened slightly for ventilation on rainy days without fear of letting rain enter the vehicle. SIDE VISION AID (BLIND SPOT DETECTION SYSTEM) Side vision aid alerts the driver if another vehicle is in the blind spot when changing lanes. Blind spots are the obscured areas immediately to the left and right sides of vehicles, behind the driver's peripheral view. When the driver activates the turn signal, an indicator, typically located on the side-view mirror, signals whether or not a vehicle is in the blind spot. The side vision aid supplements the driver's view to the side and rear from windows and mirrors, to permit safe lane changes. Active infrared detectors are mounted on each side of the vehicle, e.g., near taillights or side mirrors. These detectors "look" into the next lane to see if a vehicle is there. When the driver activates the turn signal, an indicator (usually an LED) appears, indicating whether the lane is occupied or unoccupied; or that the system has malfunctioned. Potential increase in safety and accident avoidance when changing lanes

SIDEWALL The side of the tyre. Information, such as tyre size and manufacturer, is printed on the sidewall. Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook SILENCER * Muffler SINGLE OVERHEAD CAMSHAFT (SOHC) ENGINE An engine with a single camshaft mounted over the cylinder head for opening and closing both the intake and exhaust valves. Another type of OHC engine, called DOHC (dual overhead camshaft) or "twin cam", uses two independent camshafts, one to operate the intake valves, and one to operate the exhaust valves. SIXTY/FORTY (60/40) SEAT A rear seat whose back is separated into two sections, each of which can be folded down independently. One half of the seat can be used for Passengers while the other can be collapsed to form a continuous cargo space with the trunk. This design is especially convenient for family travel and for carrying long items, such as skis, lumber, etc. Collapsing both sides of the seat joins the back seat with the trunk to allow the vehicle to handle large amounts of cargo. SLIDING SUN ROOF A sun roof with one panel that slides back for storage or removal. The sliding sun roof can be operated manually or automatically. SLIT-BEAM STOP LAMP A stop lamp (brake light) that is long and very narrow, such as the stop lamp on a rear spoiler. The slit-beam stop lamp, like the high-mount stop lamp, is more visible from the rear, and can help prevent rear end collisions. * High-mount Stop Lamp SLUDGE A dark mud like residue that collects in the cooler parts of an engine, such as the sump, as a result of the build up of deposits. May block pumps and oil ways. Controlled by dispersants that keep deposits in suspension and prevent them from congealing. SMART WIPERS Smart wipers are windshield wiper systems that can determine when and how the windshield wipers operate, based on moisture on the windshield. Smart wipers do not require the driver to continually adjust wiper speed or delay interval. This system is an enhancement to vehicle-speed-dependent interval wipers (which increase the frequency of strokes with vehicle speed). Smart wipers work by sensing moisture on the windshield. One alternative is an optical sensor with light source that works as shown in the diagram. When moisture is detected on the windshield, the controller starts the wipers continually selecting appropriate wiper settings depending on moisture measured. Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook Increase safety and convenience through reduced driver adjustments

SMOKE FLARE An emergency signalling device that produces smoke and sparks for about five minutes. The smoke flare can be used to warn of a vehicle's presence if it breaks down on an expressway, at a railway crossing, etc. SNOW CHAINS * Tyre Chains SNOW TYRE A tyre with features such as a larger surface area and a special tread pattern, all of which have been designed to reduce skidding on snow-covered roads. Grooves in a snow tyre are wider and deeper than on a standard tyre, and snow tyres softer tread blocks that make it harder for snow to become embedded in the grooves. SOHC * Single Overhead Camshaft Engine SOLAR-ENERGY ABSORBING GLASS Glass impregnated with small amounts of metal such as iron, nickel, or cobalt. As sunlight passes through, the glass absorbs rays of longer wavelengths near the infrared end of the spectrum. This is because light of longer wavelengths produces more heat, so this keeps the passenger compartment cooler in direct sunlight. SOLID PAINT A type of paint containing a pigment without aluminum flakes. The colour of the body is therefore determined solely by the light reflected from the film on the surface of the paint. * Metallic Paint, Micaceous Iron Oxide Paint, Pearl-mica Paint SOLVENT EXTRACTION Most common process for purification of base stocks during refining. Removes less stable components. SOLVENT REFINING A process where solvents, such as furfural and phenol, are used to remove base stocks from heavy crude oil fractions. SPACE SAVER TYRE * Emergency Spare Tyre SPARK PLUG A device that creates sparks which ignite the compressed air-fuel mixture in the cylinders. Spark plugs are installed in the cylinder head and protrude into the cylinders. High voltage current from the ignition coil causes sparks to jump Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook between the electrodes and ignite the air-fuel mixture. Spark plugs are not used in diesel engines as the high temperatures resulting from the compression of the air in the cylinders causes "spontaneous" combustion of the diesel fuel. SPARK PLUG CABLES The high-tension cords that carry high-voltage current from the distributor to the spark plugs. SPEAKER A device that converts electrical signals to sound. The speaker receives electrical signals, then uses an electromagnet to vibrate a panel to output the sound. Speaker types vary according to the method of sound reproduction used: Tweeter

For high-range diameter).

sounds

(most

have

a

small

Squawker

For mid-range sounds.

Woofer

For low-range sounds (most have a large diameter).

Full-range 1

For sounds in all ranges

SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION A measure of the fuel economy that can be attained by a vehicle; usually, it is simply called "fuel consumption". There are two ways of measuring specific fuel consumption: 1) The distance a vehicle can travel on a certain amount of fuel; or 2) The amount of fuel consumed by a vehicle to travel a specific distance. In the first case, fuel consumption is usually given in kilometres per litre (km/I ) or miles per gallon (mpg). In the second case, it is usually given as litres per 100 kilometres. A "10-mode" fuel consumption test is used in some countries to measure hypothetical city driving, while a "15mode" fuel consumption test may be used to measure hypothetical suburban driving. Differences in road conditions and driving techniques can cause wide variations in fuel consumption, so these measurements serve only as guidelines. (To calculate the fuel consumption for your own car, in km/I, or mpg, fill the tank completely and measure the distance driven until you fill the tank again. Divide the amount of fuel used by the number of kilometres or miles driven.) An engine performance graph indicates fuel consumption by showing the weight of the fuel consumed, in grams, for each horsepower developed per hour (g/PS*h). SPECIFICATIONS ("SPECS") A detailed description of materials, dimensions, etc. Specifications include such items as vehicle model code, vehicle dimensions, designed passenger capacity, Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook performance, etc. Specifications are vital to ensure that the desired vehicles are built correctly, and they are needed to order vehicles accurately. SPECS * Specifications SPEED-SENSITIVE INTERMITTENT WIPERS Wipers that automatically adjust the wiping interval to the vehicle speed. (The faster the vehicle moves, the faster the wipers move.) This arrangement improves visibility at high vehicle speeds, and eliminates unnecessary wiping at lower speeds. SPIKED TYRE A tyre having spikes or studs in the tread to reduce skidding on icy or snowcovered roads. Due to the dust, noise, and road damage they create, sales of spiked tyres are not permitted in some countries. SPLIT-PORT INDUCTION (SPI) Split port induction uses two intake runners leading to a single port and intake valve for each cylinder. One of the runners is open at all engine speeds, while the other opens only at higher speeds. This allows increased mixing of the intake charge at lower engine speeds, with unrestricted engine breathing at high speeds. Peak power is increased while fuel economy, emissions and cold start-up are improved during normal operation. The low speed intake ports are located low in the head, creating a tangential flow path into the cylinder. The geometry produces a high degree of swirl more effectively mixing the air and fuel to for combustion. At higher engine speeds (above 2500-3000 rpm) butterfly valves open (see illustration) for airflow through both ports. The high-speed ports can be tuned for efficiency. Increased power, better emissions and fuel economy SPOILERS Wing-shaped components mounted on the body of a vehicle to increase stability by redirecting the airflow generated by the forward motion of the vehicle. Redirecting the airflow in this way creates a force, which pushes the vehicle down against the road, increasing vehicle stability. In addition, spoilers help to increase fuel efficiency and reduce wind noise. Air spoilers include roof spoilers, spoilers under the front bumper, and rear spoilers.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION Combustion (of the air-fuel mixture in the cylinders of a diesel engine) due to the heat created by the compressed air in the cylinders. * Self-ignition SPORTS CAR A high-performance car with greater power, better handling, better acceleration, and a higher top speed than an ordinary passenger car. There are no clear standards for determining when a car is a "sports car", but sports cars fall somewhere between cars built purely for speed (race cars) and fast passenger cars. A "sporty" car would be a fast passenger car with the styling of a sports car. SPORTS SEAT A seat with cushions for the hips, sides, and back, that can be adjusted to suit driver physique and desired comfort. A sports seat holds the body firmly in place during hard cornering, and is generally provided on "sporty" cars. SPORTY CAR Although there are no clear standards, one could probably safely say that a "sporty" car is a fast passenger car with the styling of a sports car. SPRING A component of the suspension system. Springs absorb vibrations and shocks from the road and prevent most of them from reaching the body. There are several types of springs, including plate-shaped leaf springs, rod-shaped torsion bars, and spiral coiled springs. SPRUNG WEIGHT * Unsprung Weight SQUARE ENGINE An engine whose stroke (distance the piston moves up and down in the cylinder) and bore (inner diameter) are equal. A square engine has characteristics midway between long-stroke and short-stroke engines. * Bore SRS (SRS AIRBAG) * Supplemental Restraint System Airbag SS 1/4-MILE ACCELERATION A method of measuring vehicle acceleration performance. One quarter of a mile is about 400 meters, so this would be "O-to400-meter acceleration" in the metric system. It is also called "zero to four", "SS" stands for "standing start", so "zero to four" indicates the time it takes a car to go a quarter mile from a dead stop. * Zero-to-four Acceleration Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook STABILITY How well a vehicle performs the basic movements required of it without deviating from the course set by the driver: driving in a straight line, cornering, etc. Stability is determined by such factors as suspension design, body strength, location of the vehicle's centre of gravity, and the performance of suspension springs and shock absorbers. The main elements of handling and stability are: a. Straight-line stability • No rear-end squat during vehicle takeoff • Straight-line stability in side winds and on bad roads b. Cornering • No vehicle roll • Steering stability STABILISER(S) Steel rods attached to the suspension to counter body -roll. When the wheels on only one side of the vehicle go over a bump, or when the vehicle goes around a curve, the force that attempts to return the stabiliser to its original position counters body roll. STALL * Engine Stall STAND-BY 4WD A 4WD vehicle with viscous coupling, and which runs in 2WD under normal conditions, but automatically changes over to 4WD on slippery surfaces. This type of vehicle is flexible because it can automatically switch between 2WD and 4WD, thereby providing both vehicle stability and fuel economy. * Full-time 4WD, Part-time 4WD STANDING WAVE A "wave" that travels around the circumference of a tyre when the vehicle is travelling at high speeds. When the vehicle is in motion, the tyre constantly flexes as a new section of the tread comes into contact with the road surface. Later, when this section leaves the road surface, the pressure of the air inside the tyre and the elasticity of the tyre attempt to restore the tread and carcass to their original state. At higher speeds, the tyre rotates too quickly to allow enough time for this. This process causes undulations in the tread which are referred to as "standing waves". The majority of the energy locked up in the standing waves is converted into heat, which sharply raises the tyre temperature. Under certain circumstances, the heat build-up can even destroy the tyre in the space of a few minutes by causing separation of the tread from the carcass (this is called a "blow-out").

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook Generally, the maximum permissible speed for a passenger car tyre is determined by the vehicle speed at which a standing wave arises: e.g., approximately 150 km/h (93 mph) for a bias-ply tyre. (This value is smaller if the tyre pressure is lower.) A radial-ply tyre, on the other hand, can withstand higher vehicle speeds since its carcass is securely held by rigid belts, and is less subject to deformation. STARTER A mechanism that starts the engine. The starter is attached to the engine cylinder block and engages with the ring gear on the flywheel. Turning on the ignition switch activates the electric motor in the starter, which "turns over" or "cranks" the engine (rotates the crankshaft, to which the flywheel is attached). This causes the engine to begin operating; cranking stops when the engine is capable of running on its own. STATIC ELECTRICITY A small electrical shock that may be felt when an electrical conductor such as metal is touched. In an automobile, a door is a good example of this; this occurs because of the difference in electrical potential that is produced when your clothing rubs against the seat. In order to avoid this startling shock, you can ground yourself by touching a metal part of the vehicle while (not after!) exiting. STATIC STEERING * Stationary Steering STATION WAGON (ESTATE CAR) A "two-box car", in which the rear seats are not separated from the cargo space. These seats can fold down to form a continuation of the deck of the cargo space. Also, the roof does not slope down over the rear, as in a sedan, but continues straight back until it reaches the rear of the vehicle. STATIONARY STEERING - (STATIC STEERING) Turning the steering wheel with the vehicle stopped. This is often done while parking or turning around in a tight space. On a vehicle without power steering, stationary steering requires more effort as the steering wheel is harder to turn when the vehicle is stopped than when it is moving. STEEL WHEELS Disc wheels made of pressed plate steel. Many cars use them because they are sturdy and cost less than the more light-weight aluminium- or magnesium-alloy ("mag") wheels. STEEL-BELTED RADIAL TIRE A tyre with rows of fine steel wires built into the tread. These radials have better cornering performance and resist wear better than textile radials, which are made with nylon and polyester fibres. Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook STEERING AXIS INCLINATION (KING PIN ANGLE) One aspect of wheel alignment. The axis around which the wheel rotates as it turns to the left or right is called the "steering axis". Looking at the front wheels from the front, the "steering axis inclination" (SAI) is the degree to which the steering axis varies from the true vertical. The inclination of the steering axis (which was once an actual component called the "kingpin") determines the force with which the wheel will attempt to return to the straight-ahead position after a turn. The distance between 1) the point at which line drawn through the steering axis meets the ground, and 2) the point at which he wheel centreline meets the ground is called the "offset" or "scrub radius". A smaller offset makes the steering wheel easier to turn.

STEERING COLUMN A shaft that transmits steering wheel rotation to the steering gears. The steering column is made up of the main shaft, and the column tube (attached to the body). In a collision, the column tube collapses, absorbing and reducing the shock that otherwise would be directly applied to the driver.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook STEERING GEARS Gears that change steering wheel rotation to straight-line, lateral movements, and then transmit those movements to the wheels, thereby changing the direction in which the wheels point. These gears also help to make the steering wheel easier to turn. * Rack-and-pinion Steering, Re-circulating ball Steering STEERING LINKAGE The components that transmit the movement of the steering wheel from the steering gears to the tyres. The linkage is made up of rods and arms. STEERING MAIN SHAFT A shaft that transmits steering wheel rotation to the steering gears. Some shafts are designed to collapse in a collision in order to reduce the impact applied to the driver. STEERING SYSTEM A system, consisting of a steering wheel, steering column, steering gears, steering linkage, etc., used to change vehicle direction. * Steering Column, Steering Gears, Steering Linkage, Steering Main Shaft, Steering Wheel Pad; Rack-and-pinion Steering, Re-circulating-ball Steering, Power Steering, Progressive Power Steering STEERING WHEEL LOCK A device used to prevent vehicle theft by locking the steering wheel shaft when the vehicle is parked. The standard method is to use a pawl that fits into a groove in the steering main shaft when the ignition key is removed. The steering main shaft lock can only be released by turning the ignition switch. STEERING WHEEL PAD The centre of the steering wheel, which is generally where the horn button is situated. * Safety Pad STICK SHIFT * Manual Transmission STRAIGHT-FOUR ENGINE * In-line Engine STRAIGHT-SIX ENGINE * In-line Engine STOKE (St) The unit used most commonly in hundredths (or centistoke) to measure a fluid’s viscosity.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook STROKE The distance that one component moves linearly in relation to another component. * Bore, Piston Stroke, Pedal Stroke STRUT BAR A bar supporting the axle on a strut suspension. Strut bars bear the longitudinal forces that act on the suspension. STRUT-TYPE COIL-SPRING SUSPENSION This widely used type of suspension consists of coil springs mounted on the shock absorbers. This arrangement provides for a smooth ride, as it reduces shock from the road surface. * MacPherson Strut Suspension; Coil Spring, Shock Absorber, Strut Bar STUB FRAME * Sub-frame STUDDED TYRE * Spiked Tyre STUDLESS TYRE Tyres with a unique tread pattern made of a rubber that does not harden at low temperatures. Studless tyres help to prevent the vehicle from skidding and sliding on frozen surfaces even without the use of spikes. * Spiked Tyre SUB-ASSEMBLY A component made by joining two or more smaller parts by welding, bolts, crimping, etc. SUB-FRAME (STUB FRAME) A small frame used on vehicles with monocoque bodies. It carries the front suspension and/or differential carrier. The sub-frame is attached to the body with rubber mounts, insulating the body from vibrations coming from the road surface. The sub-frame also improves vehicle stability and control. SUN ROOF A panel in the middle of the roof that can be opened and closed for ventilation, and to let sunlight in. Some panels open by sliding, while others utilise a removable panel. When the panel is made of glass, it is called a “moon roof”. SUN ROOF MONITORING SYSTEM A system that causes a buzzer to sound if the engine is turned off with the sun roof left open. SUN ROOF VISOR A wind deflector panel installed at the front of the sun roof opening.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook When the sun roof is open, the visor reduces wind noise and keeps wind from rushing into the passenger compartment. SUPER OLEFIN BUMPER Super olefin polymer (SOP) is a new material developed is used in bumpers to give them a mirror suspension and/or the engine, or the rear smooth finish. It also makes them lighter and more shock-resistant than conventional urethane bumpers. As this material can be recycled, it also reflects environmental concerns. SUPER-STRUT SUSPENSION A suspension that uses two lower arms rather than one. The location(s) at which the super-strut suspension is connected to the wheels improves road-holding performance. This type of suspension also improves cornering stability and provides sportier handling. In addition, it reduces the fluctuations in power that are transmitted from the tyres to the steering wheel, thus improving straightline stability. SUPERCHARGER A supercharger is an air pump or compressor that forces pressurised air into the cylinders during the intake stroke of the engine. Increased density intake air, along with additional fuel, increases power. The term supercharger is generally applied to engine-driven compressors, but can also include exhaust-gas-driven turbochargers, which are discussed separately. Mechanical superchargers a do not have the lag associated with turbochargers. A mechanism that uses the engine to force it is large amounts of air into the cylinders in order to increase power. A supercharger utilises a compressor run by the crankshaft to force air into the cylinders. Increasing the volume of air pumped into the cylinders increases the amount of fuel supplied, so a supercharger can provide more power than a non-super- charged engine with the same displacement. Since the supercharger uses power directly from the engine, depressing the accelerator gives an immediate response. (A turbocharger uses the engine's exhaust gases to do the same job as a super-charger, but its response is a little slower. This delay is known as "turbo lag.") Mechanically driven superchargers receive power from the crankshaft via a belt or chain-drive. The supercharger mechanism can be either a positive displacement type (e.g., Roots or scroll compressor), or airfoil based (e.g., centrifugal compressor). Since the supercharger speed is proportional to engine speed, pressure builds instantly, giving power on demand (i.e., no lag). Operating a supercharger continually can hurt fuel economy, so some superchargers have a clutch to disengage the compressor when high power is not demanded. Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook

Increased power "on-demand" for a given sized engine SUPPLEMENTAL RESTRAINT SYSTEM (SRS) AIRBAG In the event of a collision, the supplemental restraint system causes an airbag to inflate instantaneously to supplement the seat belt in reducing driver impact against the steering wheel. In vehicles with only one airbag, the bag is located under the safety pad in the centre of the steering wheel. Some models also have an airbag on the passenger's side in the front; this airbag is located above the glove box. Airbags help the seat belt hold the driver (and front passenger if there are two air- bags) in place during a collision. * Electronic Airbag System SUSPENSION BALL JOINT A joint that connects the suspension arm to the axles (steering knuckles) and serves as a hinge, absorbing changes in position when the wheel turns or moves up and down. SUSPENSION A system of bars, struts, springs etc., which supports the body and connects it with the wheels. It also improves riding comfort by absorbing road shocks. The two main types of suspension are "rigid axle-suspension", which connects the axles with the wheels, and "independent suspension", which is installed separately on each wheel and moves independently. Independent Suspension

Rigid Axle Suspension

MacPherson Strut

Parallel Leaf Spring

Double Wishbone

Transversal Leaf Spring

Coil Spring

De Dion

Pneumatic Cylinder

4-Link

Torsion Bar

Leading Arm with Lateral Load Trailing Arm with Lateral Load

Diagonal Link Full Trailing Arm Semi Trailing Arm

Trailing Arm with Twist Beam (also called “Semi-Rigid Axle Suspension”)

Swing Axle Dual Link Multi-Link

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook SYNCROMESH MECHANISM A mechanism in a manual transmission that fits between a forward gear and its clutch hub and synchronises their rotational speeds to ensure smoother shifting. If a mechanism such as this were not provided, gear crunching would occur when the transmission was downshifted (from fourth gear to third, for example), because the rotational speeds of the gear and clutch hub would not be the same, and the gears would not engage well. However, in reality, a rotating synchroniser ring between the gear and the clutch hub makes them rotate at nearly the same speed, providing smoother, quieter shifting. (Note that the clutch hub mentioned here has nothing to do with the clutch used to disengage the transmission from the engine; the clutch hubs are used in shifting the transmission and are located inside the transmission itself.) SYNTHETIC BASE STOCK Lubricating base stock made by a series of chemical reactions to produce a finished material with controlled and predictable properties. Includes a wide range of chemicals, such as esters, PAOs, hydrocracked polyglycols and other complex copolymers. ‘T’ TACHOMETER A gauge showing engine speed (that is, the engine rpm, or number of revolutions made by the engine crankshaft each minute). The size of the current or the frequency of the electrical pulses generated by the distributor or ignition coil is proportional to the engine rpm. The tachometer relies on this relationship to measure engine rpm. To help prevent engine damage due to overrunning of the engine, the tachometer is marked with a red zone to indicate dangerously high engine speeds. TAIL LAMPS * Rear Combination Lamp TAPPET * Valve Lifter TARGA TOP (DETACHABLE SUN ROOF) A removable roof section located over the front seats. Convertibles are vehicles with removable tops, but more recently roofs with a removable section over the front seats only have become popular. Another popular style is the T-bar roof, which has removable panels, leaving only a T-shaped bar down the middle. T-BAR ROOF A roof whose left and right panels can be removed, leaving only the centre section running from front to rear. Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook Removing the roof panels gives the same feeling as driving in an open car. With the panels removed, the roof resembles the letter T, giving the design its name. TELESCOPIC STEERING WHEEL An adjustable steering wheel that can be moved closer to or farther from the driver. The steering column can be telescoped in or out, making it possible for the steering wheel to be pulled out or pushed in about 4 cm (1/2 in.). The driver can use this with the slide-seat mechanism and seat reclining mechanism to coordinate the seat position and steering wheel distance for the most comfortable driving position. * Auto-Tiltaway Steering Wheel, Tilt Steering Wheel TEMPERED GLASS Tempered glass is about four times stronger than normal glass and crumbles, rather than shattering, when broken. It is mostly used for the side and rear windows. * Laminated Glass, Zone-tempered Glass TEMPORARY-USE TYRE One type of emergency tyre that can be used to replace a flat tyre. To conserve trunk space and lighten the vehicle, this type of tyre is made narrower than a standard tyre. To identify the tyre as non-standard, the wheel is painted yellow. A temporary-use tyre should be replaced as soon as possible with a normal tyre. * Emergency Spare Tyre TEN-MODE DRIVING PATTERN This is a method or schedule for driving a vehicle to measure its fuel consumption under certain fixed conditions; for example, warming up, accelerating, cruising decelerating, stopping, accelerating, etc. Various countries use various different driving patterns. * Ten-mode Fuel Economy Rating TEN-MODE FUEL ECONOMY RATING This is a method used to rate the fuel economy (fuel consumption) of vehicles in some countries. It is calculated based on the ten-mode driving pattern. Under this method, fuel consumption is measured under the same conditions for cars using the ten-mode method, so results are often used to compare the fuel efficiency of one type of car to that of another. This rating method gives only an ideal result, however; under actual driving conditions fuel economy is often not as good as ideal standard. For this reason, it gives only a rough indication of the fuel economy that can be achieved by a vehicle under normal conditions.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook THEATRE LIGHTING / ILLUMINATED ENTRY Theatre lighting is an enhancement to the illuminated entry feature. Illuminated entry can turn on interior lights when a door is opened, the remote key transmits an unlock-signal, or the customer lifts a door handle. Theatre lighting: • • •

ramps up the lights when the door is opened, keeps lights on for about 20 seconds after the door is closed, and dims the lights gradually over a period of about 2 seconds. An electronic circuit detects the various signals that turn on the interior lights. With Ford's implementation of theatre lighting, the circuit sends power to the lights according to the profile shown in the illustration above. Other illuminated entry features remain unchanged. A more pleasant and dramatic entry and exit experience

THERMOSTAT A device that senses and automatically adjusts the temperature of the engine coolant (in vehicles with water-cooled engines). THREE-BOX CAR A vehicle that can be conceptually divided into three "boxes": the engine compartment, the passenger compartment, and the luggage compartment. A standard sedan is a three-box car. * "One-box Car", "Two-box Car" THREE-POINT SEAT BELT A seat belt that is composed of a lap belt combined with a shoulder belt, and is fastened at three points. This is the standard seat belt found in the front seats of many vehicles. THROTTLE BODY The component in an EFI engine that controls the volume of air taken into the engine. The throttle body is connected to the accelerator pedal, and is composed of such parts as the throttle valve (which controls air intake volume) and the throttle position sensor (which detects changes in the throttle valve opening). THROTTLE POSITION SENSOR A sensor in an EFI engine that detects the opening of the throttle valve. Based on signals from this sensor, the engine control computer controls the amount of fuel injected into the intake ports and also the ignition timing. THROTTLE VALVE A butterfly valve that adjusts the volume of air taken into the engine, opening and closing in response to accelerator pedal pressure. When the throttle valve

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook opens, engine rpm increases. (Note that the accelerator pedal is also sometimes loosely referred to as the "throttle".) TIGHT-CORNER BRAKING EFFECT (PHENOMENON) When a part-time 4WD vehicle operating in four-wheel drive turns a sharp corner on a dry, paved road, it reacts as if it had been braked. This is because the turning radius of the front tyres is greater than that of the rear tyres, so the front tires must travel a greater distance than the rear tyres, and thus must turn faster. However, as there is no centre differential to absorb this difference in speed, the resulting sensation (to the driver) is similar to that when the brake pedal is depressed. This effect is not a sign of a malfunction, but because it makes driving somewhat difficult, it would be best to avoid driving a part-time 4WD vehicle in the 4WD mode on dry, paved roads. (Full-time 4WD vehicles do not have this problem because they are equipped with a centre differential, which absorbs differences in front and rear tyre rotational speeds.) TIGHT-CORNER BRAKING PHENOMENON * Tight-corner Braking Effect TILT CAB A truck cab that tilts forward to expose the engine for inspection and repair. TILT METER A meter indicating the degree of vehicle tilt to front and rear and left and right, as determined by the movement of a weight inside the meter. Tilt meters are often provided on off-road vehicles, such as 4WD trucks and vans. TILT STEERING WHEEL A steering wheel whose angle can be adjusted to suit the driver's physique and preferred driving position. A tilt steering wheel may be designed to be operated manually, with a lever, or electrically, with a switch. * Auto Tiltaway Steering Wheel, Telescopic Steering Wheel TIME LAG A slight delay that occurs before are something takes effect or produces results. For example, the time between the moment the driver depresses the accelerator and the moment he feels the turbocharger begin to operate is called "turbo lag". This type of time lag occurs because exhaust gas is used to turn the turbine wheel, and some time is required for the gas to begin turning the comparatively heavy wheel. A small time lag can also occur during braking and other functions.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook TIME-ADJUSTABLE INTERMITTENT WIPERS Intermittent wipers for which the time between each pass across the windshield is infinitely variable. Conventional intermittent wipers operate at uniform intervals, but timeadjustable wipers have a switch with variable settings between 3 & 12 seconds, which allows them to be adjusted to better suit driving conditions. TIMING BELT A toothed belt that meshes with the teeth on a timing pulley and transmits the crankshaft rotation to the camshaft timing pulley. Timing belts on cars are usually made of rubber or rubber-clad canvas. TIMING GEAR (TIMING PULLEY) The timing gear synchronises the camshaft rotation with the piston movement to open and close the engine valves at the proper time. TINTED WINDSHIELD A windshield with a tinted band at the top. Tinting helps protect passengers from the glare of the sun. TYRE (TIRE) The tyres not only support vehicle weight, but also transmit power and braking force to the road surface, and allow the vehicle to change direction. Tyres also absorb shock from the road, thus improving riding comfort. Tyres are classified according to their construction as either bias tyres or radial tyres. Today most passenger vehicles are equipped with radial tyres.

TYRE CHAINS (SNOW CHAINS) Chains that can be wrapped around the tyres to allow a vehicle to be driven on ice and snow without slipping. Chains can be classified by material into metal Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook chains, and non-metal chains, such as rubber and urethane. By shape, chains can be classified into square-mesh chains, which emphasise the prevention of forward skidding, and lozenge-mesh and diagonal mesh chains, which emphasise the prevention of sideways skidding. Tyre chains must be mounted at least on the tyres of the drive, wheels (the front wheels of FF vehicles, and rear wheels of FR vehicles), though it is advisable to equip all four tyres with chains. TYRE PRESSURE The air pressure inside a tyre. Tyre pressure is an important factor in achieving optimal tyre performance. Over-inflated tyres can cause a number of problems, such as a bumpy ride or excessive wear on the tyre surfaces that contact the road. Under-inflated tyres provide a comfortable ride, but may overheat, and normal wear may occur on both shoulders of tyres. For recommended tyre pressures, see the relevant Owner's Manual or tyre label pasted to the side of the door or centre pillar. TYRE ROTATION To extend their life, tyres must be rotated" (i.e., their relative positions on the vehicle must be changed) periodically. This is done because front and rear tyres wear differently, and at different rates, and rotating them in this way promotes more even wear. It is generally recommended that tyres be rotated every 10,000 to 12,000 km (6,250 to 7,500 miles). See the relevant Owner's Manual for specific recommendations. TYRE SIZE Tyres come in various sizes, and provide various levels of performance. These are indicated by codes which are stamped on the tyres. The following gives size and performance codes for vehicle tyres: 185 / 60 R 14 82 H Maximum permissible speed (Q = 160 km/h; S = 180 km/h: H =210 km/h) Maximum permissible load (78 = 425 kg; 80 = 450 kg; 82 = 475 kg) Rim diameter (in inches) Radial tyre code Tyre aspect ratio (tire height ÷ width × 100 Tyre width (in mm)

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook TOE (TOE-ANGLE) * Toe-in or toe-out. TOE-IN One element of wheel alignment. If the front wheels could be seen from directly overhead, they would be seen to point slightly inward in front. Since front wheels are generally given a slight outward slant at the top (this is called "positive camber"), which causes them to attempt to roll to the outside as they rotate, toe-in corrects this tendency. * Wheel Alignment TOE-OUT The opposite of toe-in. TORQUE The force that causes an object to rotate. Torque in the automotive world refers to: 1) the rotational force generated by the engine; and 2) the amount of force needed to turn or tighten a bolt, nut, or screw. The torque that is generated by the engine is created by the combustion of the air-fuel mixture, which turns the crankshaft. The higher the combustion pressure, and the greater the distance the pistons travel in the cylinders, the greater the torque that is generated. Greater torque gives a vehicle greater power to move forward, and enables it to move forward tenaciously when climbing a hill or carrying a heavy load. In general, the fewer fluctuations in torque, the easier the vehicle is to drive. Torque is generally measured in "kg-m" (kilogram-meters), "N-m" (Newton meters), or "ft-lb" (foot-pounds); smaller units of torque are "kg-cm" (kilogramcentimetres) and "in-lb" (inch-pounds). (Recently, the letter "f" [standing for "force"] has been added to these units, creating "kgf-m", "kgf-cm", "ft-lbf", and "in-lbf" [but not "Nf-m"]. The size of the units remains the same, however.) * Horsepower TORQUE CONVERTER A device used in conjunction with an automatic transmission, which both transmits torque and multiplies it, via transmission fluid. This "torque" is that force which is developed by the engine, and transmitted by the torque converter to the automatic transmission. The engine's crankshaft rotates the "pump impeller" (inside the torque converter), creating a flow of transmission fluid. This causes the "turbine runner" (facing the pump impeller in the torque converter) to rotate. This rotation is, in turn transmitted to the automatic transmission, causing the torque (but not the engine speed) to increase. Since power is transmitted to the automatic transmission hydraulically rather than

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook mechanically, as with a manual transmission, the vehicle can be stopped with the transmission in gear and the engine will not stall. TORQUE GRAPH The torque developed by an engine changes depending on the engine rpm; a torque graph indicates this change. Engines are divided into low-speed engines and high-speed engines, depending on where on the graph maximum torque is produced. Other conditions being equal, the greater the torque, the greater the climbing and acceleration power of the vehicle. (See the entry Engine Performance Graph for an example of a torque graph.) TORQUE-SENSING LSD An LSD (limited-slip differential) that takes advantage of the frictional force between the thrust washers and the teeth of the worm gears to transmit torque to the non-spinning wheel when the other wheel is spinning. A torque-sensing LSD is able to transmit greater torque than a conventional LSD and gives greater control on curves.

TORQUE-WEIGHT RATIO The weight of a vehicle divided by the maximum possible torque developed by its engine. The torque-weight ratio gives an indication of the vehicle's acceleration power. The smaller this ratio, the greater the vehicle's climbing and acceleration power.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook TORSION BAR SPRING A torsion bar spring (usually simply called a "torsion bar") is part of the suspension. It is a spring-steel rod that uses its torsional elasticity to return to its original state once it has been twisted. One end of the torsion bar is anchored to the frame or other structural member of the body, and the other end to a component, such as a suspension arm, that is subjected to a torsional load. Torsion bars are light, and simpler than coil springs, and so are often used in the front suspension of small cars. They are also used as stabiliser bars. TORSION BEAM SUSPENSION One type of rigid-axle suspension. Torsion beam suspension uses a trailing arm connected to a crossbeam. This arrangement prevents the front-end squat that occurs during sudden braking. TOTAL DISPLACEMENT The displacement of one cylinder multiplied by the total number of cylinders in the engine. Total displacement, expressed in cubic centimetres (cc), litres, or cubic inches (cu. in.), has a major influence on horsepower. In some countries, automobile taxes are based on total displacement and vehicle size. TOWING HOOKS Hooks used to attach towing cables to a vehicle. In general, these hooks are attached near the bottom of the front and rear bumpers. When towing a vehicle with hooks on both sides, each hook must be connected to the hook on the same side of the towing vehicle. These hooks can also be used the pull a vehicle out of a ditch or heavy mud. TRAC * Traction Control TRACTION The adhesive friction of the rotating tyres on the surface of the road. Traction transmits the power from the engine to the road, pulling the vehicle forward. Traction can be increased by using "stickier" tyres (tyres with a better grip), or by increasing torque (i.e., downshifting). TRACTION CONTROL SYSTEM (TRC, TRAC) Traction control is designed to prevent a vehicle's wheels from spinning on slippery surfaces. It shares many of the mechanical and electronic elements of anti-lock brakes (ABS). Each wheel "searches" for optimum traction several times a second and adjustment are made accordingly. All-Speed Traction Control is designed to prevent wheel spin at any driving speed. Another system, Traction Assist, works only at speeds below about 25 mph. It is used primarily to avoid wheel spin when accelerating from a stop on slippery Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook surfaces. The traction control system reduces wheel spinning caused by overrevving of the engine on icy or snowy roads, thereby enabling smoother takeoffs. Ordinarily, the driver must carefully regulate accelerator pressure when cornering or taking off on slippery roads. However, the TRC uses a computer to control the engine output when the wheels spin, enabling optimal take-off and acceleration for the given conditions, and improving safety. At the same time, it also controls the brake system to reduce the torque transmitted to the road. As a result, the TRC allows maximum tyre grip, ensuring greater stability on slippery roads. Note: This traction control system is abbreviated "TRAC" in North America, and "TRC" elsewhere. The computer detects incipient wheel-spin, based on reading relative wheel speeds. Wheel-spin is then controlled by one or a combination of the following: • brake application at one or more wheels • • •

closing the throttle retarding the spark fuel cut-out

• leaner air/fuel ratio These actions reduce the torque at any spinning wheel to improve traction. Better use of available traction on slippery surfaces. * Antilock Brake System (ABS) TRACTIVE POWER A measure of the weight that can be pulled with a device such as a winch TRAILING-ARM SUSPENSION A type of independent suspension. The arm that supports each rear wheel is attached at a support point in front of the wheel. Trailing-arm suspensions are classified as full-trailing or semi-trailing, depending on the orientation of installation (relative to the forward direction of the vehicle). Some FF vehicles use this type of rear suspension because of its simple construction and its resistance to changes in toe-in and tread. * Semi-Trailing Arm Suspension TRAILING TWIST-BEAM SUSPENSION A type of rigid-axle suspension. The right and left trailing arms are connected to a twist beam inside the axle beam. Since the twist beam can twist, it helps maintain good tyre-to-ground contact. TRANNY * Transmission Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook TRANSAXLE A transmission and differential combined into one unit; used with FF vehicles. TRANSFER The mechanism on 4WD vehicles that transmits power from the transmission to both the front and rear wheels. On a part-time 4WD vehicle, the transfer can also be used to switch between 2WD and 4WD. TRANSFER GEAR RATIO On a 4WD vehicle, the transfer distributes power from the transmission to the front and rear wheels. Most transfers on part-time 4WD vehicles have one gear for high speeds and another gear for low speeds. The transfer gear ratio is the ratio between these two gears. The driver can operate the transfer with a transfer gearshift lever located beside the gearshift lever. TRANSMISSION A component of the drive train that receives power (in the form of rotation) from the engine and transmits it to the drive wheels. Before it transmits the power, however, it changes the direction of the rotation (forward or reverse) and/or the "speed " of this rotation (that is, the gear ratio and torque). It does this in such a way as to most nearly suit the driving conditions. There are two types of transmission: manual and automatic. Automatic transmissions can be further broken down into hydraulically controlled and electronically controlled types. TRC * Traction Control TREAD "Tread" has two meanings in automotive use: 1) The distance between the centres of the left and right tyres. A wider tread improves riding comfort as well as controllability and stability. 2) The layer of rubber on the surface of a tyre. Tyre tread usually has grooves cut into it to improve traction and to allow water to drain away. TREAD PATTERN The pattern of grooves cut into the tyre tread. Tread pattern not only determines driving, turning, and stopping performance, but is also related to characteristics such as tyre wear, noise, rolling resistance, and riding comfort. There are several basic tread patterns: •

The rib pattern consists of several parallel zigzag grooves that run along the circumference of the tyre. This pattern is best suited for travelling on paved roads at high speeds, and is used for a wide variety

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook

•

of vehicles, from passenger cars to buses and trucks. The 'rib pattern helps to suppress road noise. The grooves in the lug pattern run at roughly right angles to the tyre circumference. Frequently used on construction machinery and truck tyres, this tread pattern is suited for use on unpaved roads. The lug pattern provides good traction and improved braking performance. In this pattern, the tread is divided into independent blocks. These are

•

often seen on snow tyres, as the blocks improve traction, braking and controllability. The composite pattern combines various other patterns to provide the advantages of each.

TREAD WEAR INDICATOR * Bald Spot TRIBOLOGY The study of the lubrication and of the interaction between moving surfaces. TRIM * Interior Trim TRIP METER An odometer that can be set to zero by a reset button. A trip meter with two mileage indicators is called a "twin trip meter". This is convenient on a long trip, because one meter can be used, for example, to record the distance driven since the gas tank was last filled, while the other can be used to record the total distance driven, or the distance between one landmark and the next. TRUNK LID OPENER A switch or latch handle near the driver's seat used to open the trunk (boot) lid from inside the car. To prevent theft, some trunk lid openers can be made inoperable. TSOP * Super Olefin Bumper TUBELESS TYRE A tyre that does not use an inner tube. A thin rubber inner liner is put on the inside of the tyre in place of the tube to prevent air from leaking through minute cracks in the tyre. The inner liner also helps reduce air leakage if an object such as a nail punctures the tyre. A tyre with a tube is called "tubed tyre". TUCK-IN A factor in cornering performance and found especially in FF vehicles. Suddenly releasing the accelerator on a curve causes the car to steer more sharply to the inside of the curve than the driver would expect. Recent advances in automotive technology have curbed the tendency of vehicles to tuck in; this normally makes

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook steering correction unnecessary, thereby providing more stable driving performance. TUNE-UP An engine must periodically be "tuned up" to adjust and maintain its performance. A tune-up can include changing the spark plugs, setting the ignition timing, adjusting the idle speed, adjusting the valve clearance, etc. (Tuning up an engine is a regular part of ordinary maintenance; "tuning" an engine or suspension, on the other hand, means to alter its performance for racing.) TUNER Equipment that receives signals (radio waves) that are broadcast by radio and television stations. When a radio tuner is set to the desired frequency, it changes the radio waves that it receives into electrical signals, which are then in turn converted to sound by the speakers. TUNGSTEN LAMP The type of bulb used in ordinary headlights. It uses a tungsten filament, which is filled with a gas such as argon or nitrogen to keep the tungsten from deteriorating due to oxidation. TURBOCHARGER A turbocharger is basically an air pump that is designed to utilise some of the fuel's energy that would otherwise be wasted in the form of exhaust gases. These gases drive a turbine wheel, which is coupled to a compressor wheel by means of a shaft. This compressor wheel is driven at high speeds, forcing more air into the cylinders. Since turbochargers use the wasted energy of the exhaust gases, the power output of the engine can be increased with less power loss. In addition, a smaller engine can be used to output more power than with an unturbocharged engine. Since the exhaust gas turns the turbine wheel like wind turning a windmill, there is a lag (called "turbo lag") between the time the turbocharger is activated and the time it actually begins operating at full power; once it starts producing the extra power, however, it provides a great increase in acceleration. Furthermore, since air is forced into the engine without putting any additional load on the engine, more fuel can be burned, resulting in an increase in engine output.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook A supercharger performs the same function as a turbocharger, but a supercharger is directly powered by the engine, i.e., by the crankshaft, rather than by exhaust gas.

TURBO LAG The lapse between the time the accelerator pedal is depressed and the time the turbocharger effect is felt. Because the turbocharger uses exhaust gas to rotate the turbine wheel, turbine rotation does not increase immediately when engine speed is increased; this is "turbo lag". Turbine wheels are now being made both smaller to reduce turbo lag, or twin turbochargers are used. TURN SIGNAL INDICATORS A pair of lamps on the instrument panel that flash to let the driver know that the turn signals or hazard lamps are operating. * Turn Signals (Turn Signal Lamps TURN SIGNALS (TURN SIGNAL LAMPS) Lights at each end of the vehicle that flash to show that the driver intends to turn or change lanes. The turn signals are operated by a turn signal lever, which turns on a flasher, usually located on the steering column. The flasher in turn causes the left or right turn signals to blink. * Hazard Warning Lights TURNING RADIUS The distance (r) from the centre of a turn (0) to the steering linkage (S). Changes in this distance cause the wheel or turning angles (α and β) to change proportionally. If the left and right front wheels were to turn exactly the same amount when the vehicle cornered, the wheels wouldn't turn around the centre of the same circle, and turns couldn't be made smoothly – in other words, sideCorporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook slipping would occur. To prevent this, a small difference is created in the turning angles of the left and right tyres so they will turn around the centre of the same circle. This is done by so arranging the steering linkage that the turning angle of the outside wheel is slightly smaller than that of the inside wheel (α < β). This makes the turning radius of the outside wheel slightly longer than that of the inside wheel (r1 > r2), ensuring that both wheels turn around the same centre. Doing this prevents the uneven tyre wear and various power losses that would otherwise occur as the inside front tyre slipped or skidded sideways while turning (grey area in figure a.)

TWIN TURBOS Two turbochargers installed on one engine. Exhaust gas is used to rotate the turbine wheel of a turbocharger, but if the engine rpm does not rise high enough, the turbocharger effect will not be produced. Also, a time lag also exists between the moment the driver depresses the accelerator, and the moment he begins to feel the turbocharger effect. The twin turbo engine was designed with these problems in mind. Providing two smaller turbochargers(rather than one Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook larger one) allows the turbine wheels to start turning sooner, providing the turbo effect at a lower engine rpm, and decreasing turbo lag. * Turbo Lag TWIN-CAM ENGINE * Double Overhead Camshaft TWIN-ENTRY TURBO In most turbochargers, there is a single passage which channels exhaust gas to the turbine wheel and causes it to rotate. The twin-entry turbo, however, has two passages for this. Having two passages helps maintain a smooth flow of exhaust gas through the turbocharger, improves turbine rotation efficiency, and increases power. In addition, it improves response by reducing turbo lag. TWO-BARREL CARBURETOR A carburettor with two air passages, called "barrels". The two-barrel design improves fuel economy under normal driving conditions and increases engine power at high speeds. This type of carburettor uses only one barrel at low rpm's, as the amount of air needed by the engine is low. At high rpm's, the other barrel opens automatically to provide more air and thus greater power. * Air-fuel Ratio TWO-BOX CAR A vehicle that can be conceptually divided into two "boxes": 1) the engine compartment; and 2) the passenger compartment and cargo space. A station wagon is a good example of a two-box car. * "One-box Car", "Three-box Car" TWO-CYCLE ENGINE A two-cycle engine completes one full sequence of intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust as the piston goes up and down once (one up-stroke plus one down stroke equals two cycles). (By contrast, in the other common design, a four-cycle engine, one full sequence of intake through exhaust requires two round trips piston to be completed.) Since a two-cycle engine produces twice as many explosions, it has such advantages as producing more power for the same displacement and less engine weight. However, fuel economy and low-speed torque suffer in comparison. Currently, the two-cycle design is used for engines comparatively small displacement, such as those for motorcycles and mini-compact cars. TWO-POINT SEATBELT (LAP BELT) This type of seat belt is used in the rear seats of passenger cars, and in passenger vehicles such as buses * Three Point Seatbelt Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook TWO-WAY AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION An automatic transmission with a lock-up clutch in the torque converter. (The lock-up clutch directly links the transmission with the engine, as if the torque converter were not there; see Lock-up Clutch.) "Two-way" means that engine power can be transmitted directly in this way, as well as through the torque converter in the normal way. When a vehicle with this type of transmission is being driven above a medium speed, the lock-up clutch engages automatically, the and power is transmitted directly to the transmission, just as in the case of a of the manual transmission. This design reduces power loss and improves fuel economy. At low speeds, on the other hand, power is transmitted through the torque converter as usual to provide greater torque. This means that this type of transmission is able to combine the benefits of a manual transmission with the convenience of an automatic transmission. TWO-WHEEL DRIVE (2WD, 2 X 4) The most common drive configuration: two wheels (either the front or the rear wheels) are used to move the vehicle. The three types of two-wheel drive usually are: 1) FF (front-engine, front-wheel-drive); 2) FR (front-engine, rear-wheel-drive); and 3) MR (mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive) ‘U’ U-BOLT A U-shaped bolt used to attach leaf springs to the axle; mainly used on trucks to join the chassis frame to the main sills. UNDERSTEER Steering that tends to cause the vehicle to go wide when speeding up in a turn. * Oversteer UNIBODY CONSTRUCTION (UNITIZED BODY) * Monocoque Body

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook UNVERSAL JOINT One of the joints on the propeller shaft; its purpose is to absorb changes in the angle of the propeller shaft vis-a-vis the transmission and differential so that it can transmit power smoothly, quietly, and with as little loss as possible, from the transmission to the differential. There are several type of universal joint, as shown below: Hooke”s Joint

Universal joint

Flexible joint

Constant velocity joint

Tripod Type

Birfield (Rzeppa) Type

The function of the propeller shaft is to transmit power from the transmission to differential. The transmission is normally installed on the chassis or frame, and the differential and the rear axle are supported by the suspension. Therefore, the position of the differential in relation to the transmission constantly changes, in accordance with the road surface conditions and the size of the load. The propeller shaft must be designed in such a way that it transmits power smoothly from the transmission to the differential without being affected by such changes. For this purpose, a universal joint is installed at each end of the propeller shaft to absorb vertical changes in the angle of the suspension. Moreover, a sleeve yoke is incorporated to absorb changes in the distance between the transmission and the differential. UNLEADED GASOLINE In many countries, the most commonly used type of gasoline at present. A common method of raising the octane rating of gasoline used to be to mix lead compounds (tetraethyl lead or alkyl lead) with the gasoline. However, newer methods of raising the octane rating without adding lead have now been developed; these methods not only improve engine performance, but are more “environmentally friendly". UNSPRUNG WEIGHT The tyres, wheels, axles, and other weight located (functionally speaking) below the suspension. Less unsprung weight transmits less vibration from the road surface, giving a more comfortable ride. Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook URETHANE BUMPER A bumper containing urethane, a highly shock-absorbent polyurethane. The bumper is attached to a reinforcement panel which holds it to the body. ‘V’ V-6 ENGINE * V-Engine V-8 ENGINE * V-Engine V-BELT A belt with a V-shaped cross-section. This design provides greater contact between belt and pulley, and transmits power more reliably. The engine V-belt transmits crankshaft rotation to the fan, alternator, and water pump. VACUUM SENSOR A sensor that is used mainly in engines equipped with D-type EFI to detect the intake manifold "pressure" (actually a vacuum). This sensor sends signals to the Engine ECU (a small computer, called the Engine Control Module in the US), which determines the optimal fuel injection volume based on this data. This helps both to improve fuel economy and to reduce unwanted exhaust emissions. VALVE A device that opens and closes to control the flow of gases or liquids. Typical examples are the intake valves, which control the flow of air into the engine cylinders, and the exhaust valves, which control the flow of burned gas out of the cylinders. VALVE LIFTER (TAPPET) A tubular component of the intake and exhaust valves. Each lifter makes contact with a cam lob on the camshaft. As the cam rotates, it pushes on the valve lifter, causing the valve to move up and down. VALVE SPRING The valve springs push against the intake and exhaust valves, closing the valves. Each valve opens and closes in response to cam movement, opening when the lobe (the oblong part) of the cam compresses the spring. As the cam releases the spring, the spring forces the valve closed. The valve springs also serve to support the valves. VAN A vehicle in which the passenger compartment and luggage compartment are combined. The seats can be folded down for carrying luggage and folded up for carrying passengers. Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook VAPOUR LOCK A situation in which a fluid begins to boil or otherwise evaporate inside its hydraulic tubing. The resultant vapour compresses under pressure, preventing the hydraulic system from properly transmitting pressure. In the brake system, for example, frictional heat can cause the fluid in the brake lines to boil, giving rise to bubbles in the fluid. Depressing the brake pedal compresses these bubbles, causing the pedal to feel “spongy" (that is, to offer little resistance). Vapour lock can be caused by using the brakes too much while going down a long hill, making it very important to use the engine to help brake the vehicle. * Engine Braking VARIABLE ASSIST POWER STEERING (VAPS) Variable Assist Power Steering changes the power assist depending on vehicle speed. At low speeds, steering assist is greater, resulting in lower efforts for lowspeed turns and parking. At freeway speeds, assist is reduced, resulting in relatively higher efforts for better road feel from the steering wheel. Some systems, such as used on Continental, allow the driver to select among different steering-assist modes (levels). Most production power steering systems use a hydraulic pump driven by the engine. To reduce the power assist, the flow of power steering fluid to the steering gear is restricted. Some systems can switch between two flow levels for low or high assist. Other systems have multiple levels to provide smoother transitions and better steering feel at intermediate speeds. An alternative to restricting fluid flow is an electrical-powered system which can also provide multiple levels of assist. Combination of reduced steering effort and good road feel VEHICLE EMERGENCY-MESSAGING SYSTEM (VEMS) This system allows the driver to push a single button in an emergency to contact a service centre, which dispatches appropriate emergency services. Ford's system, first installed in the Continental, is called Remote Emergency Satellite Cellular Unit (RESCU). The system allows the occupants to talk to a service centre representative via cellular phone, and also transmits the following information: • Type of alarm (roadside assistance or medical emergency) • • •

Vehicle identification number Vehicle location Last recorded speed and direction of the vehicle

•

Time associated with the last recorded position

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook • Call-back phone number of the vehicle's cellular phone The voice channel allows the centre to provide the following services: • Maintain direct voice contact until emergency help arrives • Notify pre-designated family contacts or friends in case of emergency • Provide estimated time of arrival of roadside assistance • Call back to confirm resolution of the problem A possible enhancement to VEMS is automatic activation of the system when the vehicle's airbags are deployed. The RESCU system includes a cellular telephone that dials the RESCU Response Centre in Irving, Texas. Vehicle location is determined through a global positioning system (GPS) receiver in the vehicle. Vehicle position and speed are continuously fed to the RESCU computer, which determines the direction of the vehicle. RESCU can be manually activated through one of two buttons on the overhead console; one for roadside assistance, the other for police or medical emergency. Some systems include automatic activation when an airbag is deployed (RESCU does not automatically activate). Once the system is activated, a voice channel is opened while data is transmitted to the centre and displayed on the computer of the person at the service centre who talks to the driver. The service centre assesses the emergency and relays the message either to the local 911 system, or to the roadside assistance centre. In case the driver is unable to speak, the emergency is immediately relayed to 911. The driver can press a cancel button if the system is activated by mistake. Safety and security; with customer not able to obtain help quickly in case of accident or other emergency VARIABLE INDUCTION SYSTEMS There are two types of variable air induction systems: 1. Variable Induction System (VIS) Passages in the intake manifold are opened or closed by a computer in response to engine rpm, thus ensuring an efficient intake of air into the cylinders - one which more closely matches engine conditions. At low and medium speeds, the so-called "induction passages" are closed by air control valves, constricting the intake manifold and causing the air to move at a higher velocity into the cylinders. This improves air intake efficiency at these speeds. At high speeds, the internal resistance would become so great that the engine would begin to lose power, so the air control valves are opened. This increases the effective diameter of the intake manifold, reducing intake air resistance. Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook 2. Acoustic Control Induction System (ACIS). The effective length of the intake manifold is increased or decreased by the opening and closing of air control valve(s) in accordance with engine conditions. At low speeds and under small loads, or at high speeds and large loads, the valves are open, shortening the intake manifold; at high speeds and small loads, or at low speeds and large, the valves are closed, lengthening the intake manifold. VARIABLE VALVE TIMING (VVT) Variable valve timing allows the point at which an engine's valves open and close to change with operating conditions -- such as engine speed and throttle position. In addition to changing the valve timing with respect to the crankshaft, some systems also change the duration the valve is open and the extent to which it opens (ie, lift) Varying these parameters allows the engine to operate more efficiently at all engine speeds while maintaining good driveability. A system that adjusts the timing of the opening and closing of the intake and exhaust valves, as well as the degree of valve opening, in response to engine rpm. This helps to stabilise engine output and idling. Traditionally, camshafts open and close intake and exhaust valves at fixed points in the engine cycle, regardless of engine speed or throttle position. Variable valve timing can employ several mechanisms to change valve opening and closing. It can affect either the intake valves and/or the exhaust valves, depending on the design. Some methods include advancing or retarding the cams or valves (with respect to crankshaft angle), or activating additional camshafts or rocker arms. Improved power, fuel economy and emissions (depending on the system) VARNISH (LACQUERS) Thin, insoluble film forming on engine parts which leads to ring sticking and fouling of close tolerance parts. Primarily occurs in high temperature areas and can be controlled by detergents. VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (VIN) A number used to identify a vehicle globally. Many countries use a frame number. A VIN number is given to each vehicle in accordance with the laws governing vehicles. Each VIN number, given by Mahindra, consists of letters, numbers and symbols. VIN numbers are used in almost all the countries at the present:

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook Each VIN consists of a WMI (World Manufacturer Identifier), VDS (Vehicle Description Section) and VIS (Vehicle Indicator Section) in this order; seventeen characters and numbers are used in total, as shown below:

MA1

PH4DD X2D10053 WMI (World Manufacturer Identification)

VDS (Vehicle Description Section)

VIS (Vehicle Indicator Section)

(Refer M&M’s drawing # 0028181, for the details of the each digits) * Name Plate VEHICLE MODEL CODE A code used to ensure that the specifications of a vehicle match those that were requested. The model code used by Mahindra has the following form:

B X 5 2 6 M G N Special Features (Optional) Special Features Body Options Seating Options Drive (2WD/4WD) Transmission Speed (4 Sp/5 Sp) Type of Engine Product Family VEHICLE-SPEED-RESPONSIVE AUTOMATIC DOOR LOCK A system which ensures the automatic locking of all doors when the vehicle speed exceeds a certain speed (e.g., 20 km/h or 12 mph). This system uses the vehicle's speed sensor to detect when the vehicle has exceeded a set speed, and activates an electric switch to lock the doors VEHICLE-SPEED-SENSING POWER STEERING A type of power steering which changes the amount of steering assist in response to vehicle speed. The steering wheel turns much more easily at low speeds, such as when parking, but high-speed response is better, providing greater stability. Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook * Engine-speed-sensing Power Steering, Progressive Power Steering VISION ENHANCEMENT SYSTEM (ALL-WEATHER/NIGHT VISION) All-weather/night vision provides the driver with information about objects in the path of the vehicle that could not normally be seen at night or in adverse conditions. It is especially helpful for identifying pedestrians and animals crossing in front of the vehicle. Some systems can also display information about the roadway, such as the proximity of upcoming vehicles and changes in the road. The information is generally displayed in the driver's normal field of vision. All-weather/night vision systems can use either radar or infrared lights/receiver on the front of the vehicle. Data is fed into a computer which continually processes the information and creates an image displayed in front of the driver. Potential capability includes ability to distinguish between other vehicles or obstructions and non-threatening objects, reducing the possibility of false alarms. Safety and improved vision at night, or during adverse conditions. V-ENGINE An engine whose cylinder block is arranged Model name in two "banks", forming a "V" shape. For the same number of cylinders, this arrangement reduces the engine's height and length in comparison to an in-line engine. Engines with six cylinders and eight cylinders are called V-6 and V-8 engines, respectively. * In-line Engine, Horizontally Opposed Engine VENTILATED DISC BRAKES Disc brakes that have a greater ability to dissipate heat than ordinary solid disc brakes. Friction causes brakes to become hot, leading to problems such as vapour lock and possible brake failure. Ventilated disc brakes use double disc rotors, between which air passages are provided; air flows through these passages, improving heat dissipation. VENTILATOR A device that brings fresh air into the vehicle and expels stale air. Most ventilators blow in fresh air through the air conditioner blower ports on the dashboard. Stale air is forced out by this through small passages in the doors quarter pillars, and other openings. VENTURI Narrow air passages in the carburettor. The strong suction generated by the venturi causes fuel to be drawn down into the barrel of the carburettor, where it mixes with the air. The resultant air-fuel mixture then enters the intake manifold, where it is sent to the cylinders for combustion. The venturi may be

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook made either with a cross section of a fixed size (a "fixed venturi") or with a cross section of a size that varies with air flow volume (a "variable venturi”). VERTICAL SEAT ADJUSTER A seat adjuster that is used to adjust the driver's seat to a comfortable height for driving. The adjuster can raise and lower the entire and seat cushion, or raise and lower the front and rear of the cushion separately. VIBRATION-DAMPING SHEET STEEL Sheet steel that is used in the vehicle body to damp (reduce) vibration. The composite type 6ses a layer of high polymer resin sandwiched between two steel sheets. The simple type uses a single steel sheet with special vibration-damping materials imbedded in it. The composite type is standard because it is more cost-effective. VIN * Vehicle Identification Number VISCOSITY A measure of a liquid’s resistance to flow – its thickness, in simple terms. VISCOSITY INDEX (VI) The rate at which a liquid’s viscosity changes with temperature, usually decreasing. The higher the VI the less change occurs. VISCOSITY INDEX IMPROVER (VII) Additive that improves the Viscosity Index of an oil. Usually a complex polymer that interacts with the oil molecules to reduce the mobility at a rate which increases with temperature thereby reducing the oil tendency to become less viscous or thinner. VISCOUS COUPLING A device that couples two components together via oil rather than mechanically One type of viscous coupling takes advantage of the viscosity (thickness) of oil to distribute engine torque to the front and rear wheels in 4WD vehicles. * Viscous LSD VISCOUS LSD When a wheel on one side of a vehicle Station Wagon starts spinning, the viscous LSD (limited slip differential) uses a viscous coupling to send power to the wheel on the opposite side. This prevents wheels from spinning on slippery road surfaces, and provides greater traction. Straight-line stability is also improved at high speeds, and cornering is easier on slippery surfaces. VOICE ACTIVATION Voice activated control systems allow the occupants to use voice commands to control a variety of vehicle systems and features. Voice activation works with such features as cellular telephone, audio system, navigation, climate control, Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook and other electronically-controlled systems. At present, primary controls and those crucial to safety are not candidates. Voice activation system can reduce accidents by minimising the time the driver's hands are off the wheel and eyes are off the road. Voice activated control systems interface with other systems through multiplexing networks. Voice commands are processed by the computer and an appropriate signal sent to the commanded device. The system is designed to work with any spoken voice, without requiring training for each individual user. By comparison, current voice activation systems for cellular phones are limited in functionality (i.e., able to recognise only a small number of commands), and must be trained to recognise the voice of the user. Potential safety advantage and improved convenience VOLATILITY A measure of the oils resistance to evaporation, which would require more frequent top up to replace the lost lubricant. VOLTAGE REGULATOR * Regulator VVT * Variable Valve Timing ‘W’ WAGON * Station Wagon WALK-THROUGH VAN A van with a high ceiling so the driver can walk from the driver's seat to the rear area. This means that the driver does not need to get out of the vehicle to go to the rear of the vehicle. WANKEL ENGINE * Rotary Engine WARM-UP Running a cold engine at idle speed until it is warm enough to run normally. When the engine is cold, gasoline does not vaporise well and engine oil is too thick (its viscosity is too high) to get into and lubricate small spaces in the engine. These factors cause the engine to run rough until the engine warms up to its normal operating temperature.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook WARNING LAMPS Lamps, such as the low-fuel warning lamp, that are located on the instrument panel, and provide the driver with information necessary for driving, or problems with the engine, brakes, oil, etc. * Indicator Lamps WASHER FLUID Liquid used by the window washer to clean the windshield. The main ingredient is alcohol, but the fluid also contains a mixture of soap, water, and an anti-rust compound. It is designed not to damage rubber or paint. WASHER MOTOR A small motor that pumps washer fluid to the washer nozzle. The washer motor is installed at the bottom of the washer fluid tank. WASHER NOZZLE A nozzle from which washer fluid is sprayed. Normally, a windshield has two nozzles, one at each side of the engine hood. They are often hidden in the grid panel that lies directly in front of the windshield. WASTE GATE VALVE To prevent engine breakdown due to excessive boost pressure generated by the turbocharger, this regulator valve prevents the pressure from rising above a specific setting. Exhaust gas turns the turbocharger turbine. A by-pass valve in the exhaust gas passage opens to let out excess exhaust gas, thereby regulating turbine speed. * Turbocharger WATER JACKET A collection of water passages for engine coolant, which removes the heat generated by the engine. The water jacket runs inside the cylinder block and cylinder head. The water pump sends coolant from the radiator to the water jacket to cool the engine, after which the coolant flows back to the radiator. WATER PUMP A pump that circulates engine coolant. The water pump is installed at the front of the engine block and is operated by the engine. WATER TEMPERATURE GAUGE A gauge showing the engine coolant temperature when the ignition switch is on. If the indicator needle goes into the red (HOT) zone, the engine is in danger of overheating, and the driver should stop open the hood, and wait with the engine idling until the coolant temperature goes down. WAX Applying wax to the vehicle body protects the body, increases the lustre of the paint, and prevents dirt from sticking to the body. Wax should be applied to the body -once a month, or whenever water no longer beads s up on the body. The Corporate Quality Office

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook vehicle should be washed before wax is applied, and the body temperature should not be higher than 350 C (950 F). Higher temperatures may cause spotting of the wax. Waxes containing rubbing compound are good for getting the surface clean, but may also remove some of the paint and decrease its lustre, so waxes without rubbing compound are preferable. WEAR INDICATOR * Bald Spot WEATHER STRIP Rubber strips installed around the doors, trunk, and windows, to keep out dust, water, and noise. WEDGE SHAPE A vehicle design with a low nose and a raised rear. At high speeds, the vehicle is pressed down against the road and the weight on tyres increases. This causes the vehicle to "hug the road". Since the design is related to speed, it is most often used for sports cars and race cars. WET MULTIPLE-DISC CLUTCH A clutch that is used in place of a centre differential in some 4WD vehicles; also, a type of clutch used in automatic transmissions. WHEEL * Disc Wheel WHEEL ALIGNMENT The angle of installation of the wheels relative to the ground and the suspension. Wheel alignment affects stability and controllability, and also affects tyre wear. The various alignment angles are called camber", "caster", "toe-in", and "toe out". WHEEL BALANCE There are two types of wheel balance commonly used: static and dynamic. • Static balance means the balance of the wheel while it is at rest ("static"); further more, this is balance in the radial direction (that is, as seen when looking at the wheel face-on). If a wheel with static imbalance is mounted on a shaft and held vertically, the e wheel will rotate until it comes to rest with the heavy spot (the spot that is causing the imbalance) at the bottom.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook •

Dynamic balance is the balance of the wheel while it is rotating; this is balance in the lateral (side-to-side) direction. A wheel with dynamic imbalance will be seen to wobble or shimmy when viewed edge-on.

WHEEL BALANCING Unbalanced wheels can cause body vibration (shake) and steering wheel vibration (flutter), degrading steering stability and controllability and preventing a comfortable ride. To avoid these problems, wheel balance must be checked before tyres are installed. To do this, lead weights are attached at various places on the wheel rim to achieve the proper wheel balance; this process is called "wheel balancing". WHEEL BASE The distance between the front and rear axles. Lengthening the wheel base provides a more comfortable ride and increases interior space, but at the same time, the convenience of a smaller turning radius is lost. WHEEL CYLINDER One of the parts of a drum brake. Depressing the brake pedal causes hydraulic pressure to act on the wheel cylinder of each wheel. The wheel cylinder then forces the brake shoes against the brake drum. WHEEL HOUSING A cavity inside the body that houses a wheel. The front wheel housing must be large enough to provide room for the wheels to turn to the right and left. WHEEL OFFSET One dimension of a wheel. Wheel offset is the distance from the installation surface of the wheel to an imaginary line that runs down the centre of the wheel rim. WHITE SMOKE White smoke comes out of the tailpipe of every kind of vehicle on occasion, but it is especially seen in vehicles with diesel engines.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook A diesel engine generally emits white smoke when running at low temperatures, when starting, or when driving at high altitudes. This smoke indicates poor combustion and that unburned fuel remains in the exhaust. White smoke is undesirable because it contains HC (hydrocarbons) and their oxides. WIDE TYRE * Low-aspect Tyre WINCH A device that moves or pulls objects by winding up a cable. The end of the cable can be attached to a the tree or other fixed object to pull a vehicle out when it is stuck in sand or snow, etc. Winches may be either manual or motor powered. They are mainly used on off-road 4WD vehicles. WIND DEFLECTORS Wind deflectors change the direction of wind flow around the vehicle. They are often installed on the tops of large trucks to reduce wind drag. They are also installed on the front edge of sunroofs to prevent wind from rushing into the vehicle when the sunroof is open. WIND NOISE An unpleasant noise that is created when travelling at high speeds by components such as door mirrors that protrude from the body of the vehicle and disturb the flow of air around the body. This problem can be alleviated by streamlining the body. WINDOW REGULATOR A mechanism used for opening and closing a car window. It is often handcranked, but is also available with an electric motor. WINDSCREEN * Windshield WINDSHIELD The front window of a vehicle. * Windshield Glass WINDSHIELD GLASS Government safety standards in many countries require safety glass to be used for vehicle windows. Standards for front window are especially strict, stipulating that the glass used must be not easily pierced and if cracked must not obstruct the driver's field of vision". The types of safety glass used for vehicles include laminated glass, tempered glass, and zone-tempered glass WINDSHIELD WIPER WITH WASHER Pressing the washer "on" switch will activate the washer motor. This causes the wipers to spray washer fluid onto the windshield, and then make two or three passes to clean it.

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook WINDSHIELD WIPERS Rubber blades that clear rainwater and dirt from the windshield to maintain the driver's field of vision. Some vehicles also have wipers on the back windows and headlights. * Fully-concealed Wipers WING * Fender WIPER ARM The rod that connects the wiper blade to the wiper motor via a linkage. WIPER BLADE A rubber "blade" which wipes the windshield. It fits into a metal holder on the windshield wiper, and is curved to follow the curvature of the windshield. The rubber blade loses its wiping effectiveness with age, and could scratch the glass if it is used over a long time period, so wiper blades should be changed periodically. WIPER DE-ICER A heated wire imbedded in the bottom of the windshield. This wire heats the windshield to prevent the wiper blades from freezing to the windshield. WIPER LINK A linkage, which converts the rotation of the wiper motor to the back-and-forth movement of the wiper blades. ‘Y’ YAW Oscillation of the vehicle body to the left or right, especially while turning. One cause of this is the vehicle's aerodynamic characteristics; other possible causes include poor wheel alignment unbalanced wheels, improper tyre pressure, and too much play in the steering system. Severe yaw can be dangerous, as it can cause the driver to lose control of the vehicle. * Roll, Pitch

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The Automotive Dictionary – Reference Handbook Y-FRAME The ends of the this type of frame are shaped like the letter Y. In a collision, the Y shapes absorb shock, to reduce the impact applied to passengers. This design is often used on trucks and "one-box" wagons, which do not have a hood. ‘Z’ ZERO-TO-FOUR ACCELERATION A standard method of measuring vehicle acceleration in countries using the metric system. "Zero-to-four" means acceleration from a standing stop ("zero") to 400 meters ("four"), with the resulting time being given in seconds. Other methods of showing acceleration performance are to measure the time required to accelerate from a standing stop to a certain speed (e.g., 0 km/h to 100 km/h), and to determine the passing acceleration by measuring the time required to accelerate from a uniform cruising speed to a certain higher speed (e.g., 40 km/h to 70 km/h). * SS Y4-mile Acceleration, Acceleration Performance ZONE-TEMPERED GLASS Tempering strengthens glass by preventing cracks from spreading and thus maintaining the driver's field of vision. In zone-tempered glass, only the centre section of the windshield is tempered. * Tempered Glass, Laminated Glass ZINC (ZDP) Zinc dithiophosphate (ZDP) is the most commonly used anti-wear / oxidant additive in engine oils.

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