With Conceptual art popularity deteriorating and classical skill-based ateliers emerging all over the country, learning ...
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Table of Contents Disclaimer About Dynamic Symmetry Art Help Keep This User's Guide and Website Free Donate to Dynamic Symmetry Art Today! My Personal Thank You What is Artistic Style? Why Compose? Without Design, There May Be Representation, But There Can Be No Art Kenyon Cox Kenyon Cox on Modern Art and Composition The Art of Seeing and Visual Literacy Teaching Visual Literacy in America (K12) How Well Can You Read a Drawing, Painting, or Photograph? Classical Art Training for the Photographer Bruce Barnbaum Composition in Photography Design and the 20th Century Modern Art Movement What Is an Atelier? The Importance of Looking Back Why I Reference Juliette Aristides Introduction to The Art of Composition What Is Classical SkillBased Design? The Gap Between Photography and Art The Difference Between a Fine Art Print and a Work of Art Feeling and Genius in Modern Art Why Rules Are Necessary For Learning Art and Design Breaking the Rules in Composition 2
15 Myths About Composition in Art and Photography My Recommendations for Artists and Photographers That Want to Learn the Art of Composition The Painter's Secret Geometry Dynamic Symmetry and the Root Rectangles (the Golden Section System of Design) Modern Artist's Fear of Dynamic Symmetry Learning How to Use Dynamic Symmetry Learning How to Analyze Drawings, Paintings, and Photographs Determining Grid Structure Determining Proportion Accuracy in Analyzing Art Why Design Grids Are Important for Learning Composition How to Create the Dynamic Symmetry Root Rectangles A Closer Look at the Rule of Thirds Why the Rule of Thirds Is Popular With Artists and Photographers The Rule of Thirds and the 21st Century Artist The Mechanics of a Rule of Thirds Grid Limitations of the Rule of Thirds The Mechanics of a Dynamic Symmetry Grid The Baroque, Sinister, and Reciprocal Diagonal Lines The Rule of Thirds Grid vs. The Dynamic Symmetry Grid (visual comparison) Advantages of Using a Dynamic Symmetry Grid The "Eyes" of a Grid Can Design Exist Without Diagonal Lines? Intuition in Composition (Master Artists) Charles Bouleau Armature vs. The Root Rectangle Armature Creating Additional Lines Within the Armature 3
Intuitive Knowledge in Composition (Master Photographers) Examples of Master Photographers Using the 1.5 Armature Bringing the 1.5 Rectangle Into the Golden Section System of Design Henri CartierBresson and the 1.5 Rectangle The Decisive Moment by Henri CartierBresson Misunderstanding the Decisive Moment Henri CartierBresson Setting the Scene The Root 2 Dynamic Symmetry Rectangle vs. The 1.5 Rectangle The Golden Section and the Phi Ratio (1.618) Melody and Harmony How to Create a Phi Rectangle (1.618) How to Create a Root Phi Rectangle The Phi Rectangle (1.618) vs. The 1.5 Rectangle A Simple Composition My Approach How to Make a Dynamic Symmetry Grid Overlay for Any Digital Camera Are Design Grids Necessary for Photography? A Complex Composition How Artists Create Divisions in a Drawing or Painting Using Calipers Overlapping Dynamic Symmetry Root Rectangles Dynamic Symmetry in Advertising Additional Information on Composition and Balance in Art The Use of Straight Lines in Composition The Vertical Line in Composition The Horizontal Line in Composition The Diagonal Line in Composition Rabatment in Composition 4
Rabatment: Taking It One Step Further Rabatment in Photography Secondary Rabatment The Importance of a Thumbnail Image in Composition FigureGround Relationship in Composition Horizontal vs. Vertical in Composition Simultaneous Contrast in Composition Separating Elements in Composition Echoing in Composition Juxtaposition in Composition Edge Distractions in Composition Edge Elements That Work in Composition Dutch Angle in Composition Gamut in Composition 90 Degree Angles in Composition The Arabesque in Composition Coincidences in Composition Radiating Lines in Composition Aspective View in Composition Perspective in Composition Gazing Direction in Composition Pointing Devices in Composition The Difference Between Pointing Devices and Leading Lines Breathing Room in Composition Aerial Perspective in Composition Ellipses in Composition Enclosures in Composition 5
Negative Shapes in Composition Notional Space in Composition Circular Composition Overlapping in Composition Hierarchy in Composition Greatest Area of Contrast in Composition Composition With One Subject Composition With Two Subjects Composition With Three Subjects The Problem With the Rule of Odds Composition With Figures in a Group Balance in Art and Composition Classical Balance in Composition Steelyard Principle in Composition Balance by Isolation in Composition Vertical and Horizontal Balance in Composition Entrance Into a Composition Exiting out of a Composition Value in Composition Value Pattern in Composition Final Thoughts Supplemental Information How to Create a Dynamic Symmetry Grid for Any Size Rectangle Additional Recommended Books and Audio Recordings Additional Dynamic Symmetry Examples 6
Disclaimer The Art of Composition: A Dynamic Symmetry User's Guide for the Modern Artist is an extensive collection of personal analytical notes (written over the past three years) that I wanted to share with other artists and photographers that have a passion for learning more about composition in art. Additionally, this user's guide was written to expand, clarify, and piece together information previously published in the books The Art of Composition: A Simple Application of Dynamic Symmetry by Michel Jacobs, The Elements of Dynamic Symmetry by Jay Hambidge, Geometry of Design by Kimberly Elam, The Painter's Secret Geometry by Charles Bouleau, Classical Drawing Atelier by Juliette Aristides, Classical Painting Atelier by Juliette Aristides, Pictorial Composition: An Introduction by Henry Rankin Poore, and the drawing DVD series by Barnstone Studios. The Art of Composition: A Dynamic Symmetry User's Guide for the Modern Artist is not intended for commercial distribution and should only serve as a free teaching aid for students who want to learn more about Dynamic Symmetry (and the 14 line armature of the rectangle) in art and photography. Because this user's guide is a collection of daily analytical notes and is always evolving, please check back weekly for updates. Finally, all critiques and analytical notes demonstrated in this user's guide should not be interpreted as criticism of one's work, but rather viewed as an attempt to teach the modern artist and photographer how to expand their visual literacy skills. About Dynamic Symmetry Art Dynamicsymmetryart.com is a comprehensive skillbased art learning resource for the serious artist, photographer, and graphic designer that wants to learn the genuine art of composition and improve their visual literacy skills. Unlike so many other art and photography websites that offer the same artless tips, tricks, and rules, dynamicsymmetryart.com is about separating fact from fiction, revealing the painter's secret geometry, and providing easytoapply design techniques for anyone that has a strong desire to create masterful work. Because of the 20th century Modern Art Movement in America, far too many artists and photographers have relied solely on their "feelings" and "instinct" to create compositions instead of developing real design skills through intellectual studies and careful application. As can be expected, this "creative" approach to design in art has caused disastrous results. For without the muchneeded knowledge on Dynamic Symmetry and the armature of the rectangle, as discussed in Charles Bouleau's book "The Painter's Secret Geometry," the contemporary artist and photographer can never reach their full artistic potential regardless of how much time they invest in their craft. 7
Help Keep This User's Guide and Website Free Donate to Dynamic Symmetry Art Today! The Art of Composition: A Dynamic Symmetry User's Guide for the Modern Artist is currently offered as a free download. If you find the information in this user's guide beneficial, help me to help you by making a small *donation of any amount using the PayPal donate button below. Your contribution allows me to offer this user's guide and all future updates at no cost. Additionally, your generous support helps to maintain this free website which includes design, research, and computer software expenses. *As a special thank you from Dynamic Symmetry Art and Barnstone Studios, with every donation of $5.00 or more, you will receive an exclusive 50minute preview of the video "The Golden Section: Unlocking the Secrets of Design" plus an additional 15% discount on any Barnstone Studios product. Thank You for Your Support!
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*The Art of Composition: A Dynamic Symmetry User’s Guide for the Modern Artist (a series of personal analytical notes) My Personal Thank You Thank you for downloading The Art of Composition: A Dynamic Symmetry User’s Guide for the Modern Artist. I hope you find the information useful and your passion for learning more about art and design never ends. For myself, studying geometry has been an obsession that started over eight years ago. This user's guide is a result of that "obsession" and has become, over time, a personal diary that I update when I discover new material that I want to share with my readers. Let me start by saying that this is not your typical book written on the topic of composition in art. While many contemporary artists and photographers will limit themselves to the everyday principles of design, if properly applied, Dynamic Symmetry will propel your art to uncharted territories that you never dreamed possible. Most artists, myself included, fear failure in their art. This fear is normal. However, when our fear prevents us from learning or developing new skills, it becomes counterproductive and damaging to our personal growth. Learning how to “see," also known as visual literacy, is a progressive process and isn't always easy. All of the techniques that I mention here require practice and some failure is inevitable along the way. Nonetheless, it's important to remember that we must welcome our failed attempts, learn from them, and move on. With that said, studying composition in art requires time, patience, and a desire to learn. Even though Dynamic Symmetry isn't hard, it does take effort. And despite my best intentions to provide as much information to help the reader master the art of composition, it's not possible to include everything on the topic in one book. In the past, Myron Barnstone has mentioned that it takes him two years to adequately teach a student the golden section system of design and how to apply it to their art. Because classical skillbased design can seem overwhelming at first, I have tried to give as many examples as possible to help the beginner with the process of analyzing compositions. The act of learning how to deconstruct and reconstruct art is a critical step in the learning process, and you should try to decode as many masterworks as time will allow. However, if you have any questions about design or any of the other composition techniques I mention in this guide, please drop me a note by clicking h ere . Help Other Artists and Photographers by Sharing This Link! http://www.dynamicsymmetryart.com/theartofcomposition.html 9
Prologue Every artist has their own style. From da Vinci to Degas, to Rembrandt to Renoir, you can easily identify their work. If you're a photographer interested in learning more about the art of photography, you might want to study the photographs of Henri CartierBresson, Alex Webb, Constantine Manos, Elliott Erwitt, or Vivian Maier. And while most everyone would agree these wellknown street photographers are masters of the same genre, their photos look nothing alike. One should never disregard or minimize the importance of design in their art as a characteristic of personal "style." Nor should style be confused with pictorial structure. Style is highly personal whereas creating effective pictorial structure requires the knowledge and application of universal composition principles. Indeed, all master artists and photographers, of every period, have their own stylistic differences, yet they all follow the same respectable system of design meaning Dynamic Symmetry and the armature of the rectangle. Not the Rule of Thirds. Because the Rule of Thirds is the most widely acknowledged and accepted composition concept in mainstream art and photography, I address the rule in great detail throughout this document. However, my objective for writing about the Rule of Thirds is not to encourage its use, but rather to demonstrate unequivocally to the reader that master artists, highly skilled photographers, and advertisers don't apply it to their work. As Myron Barnstone once said, "To only know one little system like the Rule of Thirds and none of the other rich design procedures that artists have used is to be povertystricken." I couldn’t agree more. The Rule of Thirds is not design. Design is a visual language that must be learned, mastered, and applied if an artist expects their work to mature fully. And even though Modern Art ideology doesn't encourage skillbased art training, by no means should the contemporary artist assume that classical art techniques, which are thousands of years old, are outdated or invalid. In truth, the Modern Art philosophies of "personal expression" and "creativity," which are so prevalent in today's culture, only have significance if one's "personal expression" is executed with a certain amount of artistic proficiency. Only then can an artist or photographer be truly "creative." Furthermore, despite the many misguided and romanticized claims that some people are born with the "gift" of understanding composition, while others are not, I can state with absolute certainty that these claims are erroneous. Composition in art is NOT intuitive, and nobody is born with the ability to grasp all the principles of classical skillbased art. Master artists take great strides to develop sophisticated designs, and it's highly unlikely, if not impossible, that anyone can create artwork with geometric precision or visual mastery based on intuition alone. With design being one of the least understood and lost skills in art today, learning the art of composition is more important than ever. The purpose of this user's guide is to reintroduce those lost skills and help artists achieve the highest level of quality in their work. Whether you draw, paint, sculpt, or take photographs, understanding and applying effective design techniques to art is not a luxury it's a necessity. 10
What is Artistic Style? Artistic style can loosely be defined as a combination of personal interest in a particular subject matter, the techniques the artist employs in their work, and the tools they use to execute their art. For example, I currently consider myself a landscape photographer. This is not my style, but rather the genre that I work within. However, my approach to photographing landscapes, the subject matter I choose, and the particular camera, lens, etc. depict my personal artistic style. It's a combination of these elements that make my images unique and identifiable to me. Over the years, I’ve had a large number of photographers ask me how they should go about developing their own artistic style. While there is no clear answer to such a complicated and personal question, my advice to them has always been the same. First master the art of composition and learn as much as you can about classical skillbased art. Then once you have invested the appropriate amount of time to learn the necessary skills in your chosen craft, you can explore the idea of artistic freedom and personal expression.
Sydney McGinley painting designed in a root 4 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle Master pastelist Sydney McGinley first developed her skills under the instruction of Myron Barnstone, then developed her own artistic style. McGinley is a signature member of the Pastel Society of America and designated as a Master Pastelist by this New York City organization. Related article: M yron Barnstone: An art career in perspective 11
Why Compose? When you're visiting an art gallery and a painting grabs your attention from across the room, have you ever asked yourself why? Is it the color arrangement, the subject matter, or the brush strokes? How about the medium used? Is it because the artist used watercolor or oils? While all of these artistic qualities can contribute to the success of a masterful work of art, more than likely, it was none of the above. It was probably the composition. All art forms require composition. Think of a musician like Mozart. He is conforming to a particular arrangement of notes so that his music is pleasing to our ears. A skillful writer will learn how to structure their sentences so the reader can move fluidly through the chapters in their book. An artist that draws, paints, or photographs will require an effective arrangement of subject, shape, color, and value to make their art more powerful, more compelling, and more expressive. A welldesigned work of art will achieve this goal. Henry Rankin Poore once said, "Composition is the mortar of the wall, as drawing and color are its rocks of defense. Without it, the stones are of little value and are but separate integrals having no unity." Undeniably, composition is the glue that binds all of the various elements together in a frame. A haphazard composition, solely created using one's intuition, won't be as effective as a carefully planned design. A successful work of art will draw the viewer in, let them wander for a period of time, and allow them to exit gracefully. Simply put, composition is the foundation of all art.
Edward Hopper, “Morning Sun,” designed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle
Michael C. Hayes, “Haven,” designed in a root 4 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle 12
Without Design, There May Be Representation, But There Can Be No Art Kenyon Cox There are many artists as well as photographers that read about Dynamic Symmetry and brush it off as unimportant, are intimidated by it, or think it's too complicated to use. And because most of us have been taught art based on Modern Art philosophies of the 20th century, the contemporary art student has a difficult time believing that composition in art isn't random or intuitive but rather planned and precise. However, design cannot successfully be ignored or reduced solely to human intuition if an artist ever expects to reach their full potential, master their craft, and produce a consistent body of work in their lifetime. As humans, we have the ability to view an entire picture at once, but we can't focus on every element at the same time. That is to say, we visually scan different areas of an image independently and then our brain pieces them together much like a jigsaw puzzle. For this reason, solid design principles must be applied to art for it to be successful. Without a properly composed picture, the viewer's eyes will roam aimlessly unable to makes sense of what the artist is ultimately trying to convey. Therefore, if a drawing, painting, or photograph doesn't contain a well constructed and intelligent design, it can't legitimately be considered a work of art. Related article: I f Everything is Art, Then Nothing is Art by Fred Ross Kenyon Cox on Modern Art and Composition
Painting above, by Kenyon Cox, designed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle Perhaps the greatest weakness of modern art is the relative neglect of what is ordinarily called composition, or what I prefer to call by the good old word design. The word composition means, of course, the putting together of the picture, and seems to imply a more or less mechanical assemblage of separately existing parts. The word design conveys the finer and truer idea of an original guiding thought, a principle of unity, out of which the parts and details of a picture are 13
developed by a natural and organic growth. You compose a pudding or a black draughtyou design a work of art. Yet the word composition is a convenient one, and one so commonly understood that I shall use it interchangeably with the word design. Whatever it is to be called, that the thing itself is rather out of fashion there can be no doubt. Our tendency has been to exalt the other parts of the art of painting at the expense of this fundamental one of design, and to decry and belittle composition as a thing of small or no importance. Indeed, if one may believe all one hears, its very existence has been denied; for a wellknown and justly admired American painter has been quoted as telling his pupils that "There is no such thing as composition." If he ever said so, one is left in doubt as to just what he could have meant. It is possible that he intended to say that there is no science of composition, and no valid rules for it, that design is, and must be, a matter of instinct and of unconscious creative action on the part of the artist. In that case, what is true in his statement is equally true of drawing and color and handling. In all these things the business of the artist is to create and to leave to others the task of finding out the reasons for the form of his creations. It is possible, in any art, to formulate principles to account for what has first been done, it is impossible, by the application of rules based on these principles, to create a new and vital work. This is not a reason for neglecting the study of the masterpieces of art, for ignorance was never yet creative. It is simply the statement, in another form, that the artist, however well trained, must be an artist born, and work as the artist has always worked. It is possible, also, that what was meant to be expressed was merely a personal preference for informal and expressive design over formal and monumental design; for the composition of the isolated easel picture over the composition of the great mural painting. If so, it was the expression of a preference so common in our time as to be nearly universal; a preference which has caused us to place on the walls of great public buildings pictures that seem to defy rather than to enrich the design of the surrounding architecture; a preference which has led to the writing of textbooks on composition that include in the list of their don’t’s nearly all the things which a study of the great masters would inculcate as things to do. Whatever else was meant, it is almost inconceivable that a literal denial of the existence of composition, or design, can have been intended, for that would have been the denial to the arts of the one thing they have in common, of the one great fundamental and unifying principle that makes art. Design is arrangement, is order, is selection. Design is the thing that makes a work of art a unit, that makes it a whole rather than a haphazard collection of unrelated things or a slice of unassimilated nature. It does not merely concern itself with great decorative compositions or arrangements of many figures; it is necessarily present in the simplest problems art can set itself. Suppose you are to paint a portrait head. There will be questions of drawing, of character and expression, of light and shade and color, of the handling of your material, to all of which you must find answers; but 14
before you can consider any of these things, there will be the initial question: where are you to place the head on your canvas? How far from the top and the bottom, how far from the left or righthand border. And what is the shape of your canvas to be, rectangular or circular or oval, and what shall be the proportion of height to width? This is the fundamental problem of design, the problem of the division of space. If you are going to do a little more of the figure, other problems will come into play. Shall you include the hands, and, if so, where shall you place them? That is the problem of the balancing of dominant and subordinate masses. What is the general silhouette of your figure, and where shall it cut the borders of your canvas? That is the problem of line. If you do not settle it intentionally and well it will settle itself accidentally and, in all probability, badly. The problems of design are essentially the same in everything you do; they only become more complicated as the subject becomes more complex. If you are to paint a stilllife, it is evident that you must arrange the objects somehow; they will not come together of themselves. You might, conceivably, begin a portrait and wait for a happy accident a spontaneous pose of the sitter to give you the arrangement of the hands: you cannot wait for the copper kettle and the dead fish to place themselves agreeably. And still, less can nature or accident determine your composition of a number of figures unless you rely entirely upon snapshots. If you have any intention, any story to tell, any idea to express, if it is no more than the idea of a crowd you must arrange your figures, well or ill. Even in landscape painting of the most naturalistic kind, where it is not uncommon today to accept what nature gives, abdicating the right to put in or leave out and retaining only that right of choosing an agreeable view which the photographer exercises equally with the painter even there, though you may reproduce a natural landscape as literally as you are able, you must determine where to cut it off. You must decide where to make the division between your chosen matter and the rest of nature which you reject, you must think whether your material will go best onto an upright canvas or an oblong one, and what are to be its proportions and dimensions. In that act, you are exercising the art of design. You cannot escape from design; you cannot avoid composing. You may compose badly but compose you must. And if the demands of design are fundamental they are also universal. It is not only your lines and masses that must be composed but your light and shade, your color, your very brush marks must be arranged; and the task of composition is not done until the last touch has been placed upon the canvas, although, for the sake of convenience, the term composition, or design, is generally limited to the arrangement of lines and masses, the arrangement of the other elements of the picture being considered separately. As design is the underlying and unifying principle of every work of art, so it is the classic principle, par excellence, the principle which makes for order and stability and clarity and all that the classic spirit holds most dear. It is conservative in its nature and tends to preserve the old molds even when new matter is put into them. It holds on to tradition and keeps up the 15
connection with the past. It changes, but it changes more slowly than almost any other element of art. Great and original power of design is more rare than any other of the powers of an artist, and a radically new form of design is very nearly inconceivable. Artists will make a thousand new observations of nature and almost entirely alter the contents of a work of art before they make any but slight changes in the pattern in which it is cast; and in all the history of painting the men are but a handful who have made any material addition to the resources of the designer. If in our own day we seem to have cut loose from tradition and to have lost our connection with the great design of the past it is not because we have suddenly acquired a surprising degree of designing power and are inventing a new and modern art of composition, but because most of us have forgotten altogether how to compose and are trying to get on without any design at all; the result being bad design and mere chaos.... To download the book “ The Classic Point of View” by Kenyon Cox, click h ere .
Drawing above, “Study for Ceiling Decoration,” by Kenyon Cox 16
The Art of Seeing and Visual Literacy Looking and seeing are not the same. Someone who is looking at an image (or work of art) is only picking up a few small details much like skimming text in a book. Someone who "sees" has the ability to decode all the elements of an image (or work of art). In other words, looking is passive while seeing is comprehensive. Art is a universal language and a form of communication. To become a visually literate artist, one must learn the language of art meaning the alphabet, the grammar, and the vocabulary of seeing. In simpler terms, a visually literate artist can read, write, and interpret the visual language. In modern times, becoming visually literate is more important than ever. Because of the Internet and technology, we have become a mediadriven culture that relies almost entirely on images. In fact, most people view images, on average, about 7.5 hours a day. Currently, our education system teaches textual literacy and computer literacy but neglects visual literacy as a core curriculum. Also, far too many artists aren't taught the visual language as part of their art educational program. This lack of knowledge prevents the student from ever reaching their full potential, and their overall body of work suffers dramatically. Therefore, if an artist can't read or write the visual language, they won't have the necessary skills to apply that knowledge to their own work, and effective communication through art becomes impossible.
Dot Bunn painting designed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle 17
Linda Adair, “Anathema,” designed in a root 4 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle Teaching Visual Literacy in America (K12) Due to the recent revival of classical skillbased art education in America, the lessons required to become a visually literate artist are currently taught starting at the early age of five (kindergarten) and continue through the student's high school years (K12). By the ninth grade, the student is introduced to the golden section, the Fibonacci spiral, the armature of the rectangle, and other design tools to learn the basic skills necessary for analyzing (deconstructing and reconstructing) a master artist's work. Below are several images from the ninthgrade lesson "Composition Study with Chardin" from the website The Da Vinci Initiative. Related article: A rt Can’t Be Taught ? by Mandy Theis Hallenius Related article: C lassical Training in Art Opens Creative Choices b y Sharon Kilarsk Related article: T he Road to Visual Literacy b y Myron Barnstone Related article: T he Da Vinci Initiative b y Brandon Kralik
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Painting above by high school student trained using skillbased art techniques 19
Drawings above by high school students trained using skillbased art techniques 20
Middle school student drawing from observation (The Da Vinci Initiative) How Well Can You Read a Drawing, Painting, or Photograph? Below is a simple test containing fifteen questions about the painting "Madonna of the Pilgrims" by Caravaggio that will help determine your current level of knowledge on composition as well as your ability to read a work of art. These questions form the core building blocks of the visual language and every artist, regardless of the medium used, should be able to answer most, if not all, of them effortlessly.
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What Dynamic Symmetry rectangle does Caravaggio use for the painting? In the Dynamic Symmetry grid, can you locate the main diagonal lines and their reciprocals? What is the dominant diagonal line in the painting? The Baroque or the Sinister? Where in the painting is the greatest area of contrast? Which figures are designed in the rabatment of the rectangle? What diagonal line is repeated more often than any other? The Baroque or the Sinister? Where is the dominant vertical and horizontal line in the painting? What specific areas in the composition demonstrate good figureground relationship? Can you outline all the coincidences, radiating lines, and arabesques? Can you locate all the pointing devices in the composition? Is the painting designed using classical balance or the principle of the steelyard? Can you break down all the figures and surrounding elements into simple geometric shapes? Can you determine the limited number of directions (gamut) Caravaggio is using in his design? Can you identify the nine components of light and shadow? These include the highlight, light (halo surrounding the highlight), local light, light halftone, middle halftone, dark halftone, form shadow, core shadow, and dark accent. Can you determine the location of the light source based on the highlights, the cast shadows, and the form shadows? Classical Art Training for the Photographer
Throughout this document, I repeatedly separate the artist from the photographer. This distinction in labels isn't accidental or derogatory. In truth, most photographers aren't taught in the same manner or to the same capacity as the classically trained artist. For example, the classically trained artist must first learn how to draw before they move on to any other aspect of art education. Through the act of drawing, one learns how to see, interpret, and express their vision successfully. In contrast, far too many photographers restrict their education to the technical aspects of photography and rarely, if ever, study the art of composition. Additionally, photographers will often assume that if they learn how to produce a "fine art print," it's considered a work of art. Unfortunately, this isn't always the case. The definition of a "fine art print," by today's standards, is usually limited to the technical characteristics of the physical print and doesn't always consider the artistic components of design, visual balance, figureground relationship, etc. With this in mind, if a photographer wants to learn how to create images that are considered "art," or at least artistic in nature, they will have to study classical skillbased art techniques and transfer that knowledge to the act of taking photos. 22
Regrettably, most photography books and websites only discuss the subjective and technological aspects of image making and almost never acknowledge the necessary design skills required for becoming a highly trained artist. Related article: D rawing Is the Heart by Juliette Aristides Related article: F ilm vs. Digital (A Pointless Debate)
Photograph by Magnum master photographer Carolyn Drake In the image above, notice how Magnum photographer Carolyn Drake uses the armature of the 1.5 rectangle to create dynamic energy in her composition. Despite what most contemporary photographers are taught, relying solely on intuition to take photographs isn't enough to a create a master level body of work. Real design skills will always be required. 23
Bruce Barnbaum Composition in Photography (from the book T he Art of Photography ) "When a photograph is well composed, viewers first see the elements that the artist wants them to see most prominently and remember longest. Next, they notice the elements of secondary importance, and finally the elements of subordinate interest. With good composition, the artist leads viewers through the photograph in a controlled manner. There is nothing haphazard about seeing a photograph. Composition is the artist’s way of bringing order into a nonordered world. In essence, this is what the dictionary definition calls for. This definition helps explain why a magnificent scene often fails to translate into a fine photograph. The scene may be quite complex. The eye accepts this, darting about and selecting the most important bits of information, then filling in the rest. But a photograph or any other work of visual art must organize that information. If it fails to do so, the viewer’s eye roams about aimlessly, unable to find the artist’s statement because there is none. The scene has not been composed, but merely selected. The photograph is not a work of art, but merely a recording of the scene with one critical defect: it lacks the presence of the real scene." To download the book T he Art of Photography , click h ere .
Bruce Barnbaum, “Fallen Sequoias” 24
Design and the 20th Century Modern Art Movement In the early 1940s, formal design was pushed out of the art educational system, along with all classical skillbased training, by the Modern Art movement in America. As a result, after the second World War, very few artists in this country were trained in the art of composition, and by the 1980s over 1500 years of accrued technical skills were on the verge of becoming extinct. Unfortunately, this lack of education and knowledge of design principles is still prevalent today. For this reason, it's not surprising to hear that the 20th century is considered the worst period in the history of art. As Fred Ross states in the article Good Art, Bad Art, "Threequarters of the 20th century will go down in art history as a great wasteland of insanity a nightmarish blip in the long road of the development of human logic, and reason and art, from which we are only just starting to awake." Despite the negative impact of the last century, the art world is slowly changing. With modern Conceptual art popularity deteriorating and classical skillbased ateliers emerging all over the country, the next generation of artists is finally able to acquire the muchneeded training that will allow them to create masterful art. In fact, if the current trend in the art industry continues, within the next ten years, learning design will be one of the most sought out and demanded "lost" skills in art education. Related article: A rtist Robert Florczak: Classical Ideals Give Culture Depth by S. Kilarski Related article: T he Failure of Art Education in America "Atelier training is no longer a dying tradition. More studios are opening across the country than I can keep track of, and the number of students, once just a handful, is now in the thousands. Despite every reason why this movement might remain small, it continues to grow." Juliette Aristides, L essons in Classical Painting
Paintings above by WilliamAdolphe Bouguereau, Jackson Pollock, and Ray Wanda Totanes (15yearold Da Vinci Initiative student) 25
What Is an Atelier? Atelier is a French word that means a workshop or studio used by an artist or designer. The history of the contemporary atelier goes back to the nineteenthcentury French painter JeanLéon Gérôme. Many American artists which include Kenyon Cox, Abbott Handerson Thayer, and William McGregor Paxton studied at Gérôme’s studio. Once trained, Paxton brought Gérôme’s teachings back to America and later taught the artist R.H. Ives Gammel, who then trained Richard Lack. Lack started his own school in 1969. Related article: T he Atelier Approach to Art Education b y Fred Ross Related article: J uliette Aristides on TRAC with the Atelier Movement b y Brandon Kralik
Richard Lack critiquing James Childs’ Cast Drawing (1973).
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The Importance of Looking Back One of the core beliefs of modernism is that a work of art can't be derivative for it to be original. Of course, anyone with a little common sense would know there is no validity in such an irrational philosophy. All of the necessary skills required to become an accomplished artist (drawing, modeling, composition, canvas preparation, color theory, paint control, etc.) are, in fact, derivative. Sadly, many contemporary artists don't recognize or acknowledge any connection to the art of the past. As a matter of fact, modernday art teachings encourage the idea of creating art based solely on instinct rather than learned skills. This "teach by not teaching" approach to education prohibits the student from flourishing and the modern artist is forever stuck in a state of creative primitivism. Therefore, if the modern artist ever expects to advance in their work, they must first learn and master the skills of those that have come before them and use that acquired knowledge, along with their own unique creativity and intuition, to create art that will add value to the longstanding tradition of classical art. Related article: O ne Question with Juliette Aristides
Peter Paul Rubens, “Venus, Cupid, Bacchus, and Ceres,” designed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle 27
Why I Reference Juliette Aristides I refer to Juliette Aristides repeatedly throughout this document. There are several reasons for this. Firstly, she is one of my favorite modern master artists. I find her work to be of extraordinary quality and the subject matter of her art appeals to me on a personal level. Secondly, her books are easy to read and contain a lot of valuable information for all artists, including photographers. And thirdly, she is one of only a few modern master artists that will speak openly about design in art. The majority of artists that use Dynamic Symmetry, or the 14 line armature of the rectangle, refuse to discuss it and, sometimes, intentionally go out of their way to avoid the topic altogether. Below are several reasons why I believe most master artists won’t talk about design in their art. The Illusion of Spontaneity Many modern master artists won't talk about design because they would like to maintain the illusion that composition happens intuitively and spontaneously which of course, it doesn't. A masterful work of art will always require an understanding of solid design principles as well as the knowhow to apply those principles to one's art. The Artist's Competitive Edge A trained master artist fully understands that employing Dynamic Symmetry, or the 14 line armature of the rectangle, in a composition elevates their work above other competitors that don't use it or know how to apply it to their art. All things being equal, an artist that uses a structured system of design, in comparison to an artist that relies solely on intuition, can mean the difference between a masterpiece and an unsuccessful work of art. Related article: J uliette Aristides on Composition Classical Drawing Atelier
Juliette Aristides painting designed in a 1.5 rectangle 28
Introduction to The Art of Composition Whether you are picking up a pencil, brush, or camera for the first time, or you have been an artist for many years, there is valuable information in this user's guide for everyone. Not only does this manual have a vast amount of material on Dynamic Symmetry, but it also has the most comprehensive collection of advanced composition tips anywhere on the Internet. The principles outlined in this PDF document form the basic building blocks of art that, through the artist's unique vision, intuition, and training, can be applied with infinite variety. Additionally, because there is a significant amount of knowledge involved in the study of classical skillbased art, this is a continuously evolving document that will help any artist achieve their personal goals, put them on the most productive path for creating masterful compositions, and allow them to learn at their own pace. As a result of studying design religiously for over eight years, I believe that learning the art of composition is a never ending journey but will reward those that are willing to put the time and effort into their studies. All things considered, the more desire you have to learn and the more foundational skills you acquire over time, the better your artwork will become.
Juliette Aristides, painting designed using the armature of the rectangle, from the DVD "Secrets of Classical Painting" 29
What Is Classical SkillBased Design? On most photography and art websites today, anyone can easily find recommended tips, tricks, and rules for composition. For example, we have all heard of the Rule of Odds, the Rule of Space, the Rule of Thirds, Centered Composition, Leading Lines, and so on. And with anything new, these rules and tips, which are simple to apply, might seem fun and exciting at first. However, much like playing the game of tictactoe when you were a child, the novelty wears off quickly, and the artist hits a plateau with their work that they can't get past. Unfortunately, these often misinterpreted and unfounded "beginner level" concepts, which are usually applied independently to a composition, are far too restricting for the serious artist to exercise with any authority, flexibility, or expertise to a drawing, painting, or photograph. In turn, this lack of flexibility limits an individual's artistic style and makes it difficult for the viewer to distinguish one artist's work from another. For this reason, master artists and photographers don't use the Rule of Thirds, or any of the other socalled modern "rules," in their compositions. In classical skillbased design, there are professional terms like Baroque diagonal, Sinister diagonal, gamut, coincidences, radiating lines, figureground relationship, classical balance, steelyard principle, aspective view, arabesques, reciprocals, root rectangles, the armature, golden section series rectangles, etc. Unlike the presentday "rules" in composition, classical skillbased design is an integrated set of design principles that work together and will allow the artist to create stunning works of art that have theme, variation, and harmony. In the photographs below, notice how all the compositions that use Leading Lines, the Rule of Thirds, and the Rule of Odds look identical (have a cookiecutter appearance) despite the difference in artist or subject matter. Leading Lines
The Rule of Thirds
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The Rule of Odds
The Gap Between Photography and Art There has always been a knowledge gap between photography and art. However, more than ever, that gap has continued to grow. Since the advent of the digital camera in the mid90s, the majority of modern day photographers are preoccupied with cameras, camera accessories, and postprocessing software. For this reason, most photography websites are overly saturated with redundant information on why one camera is better than another and rarely write informative articles on the actual art of photography. Photographers that spend all their time debating which camera is best for taking pictures aren't artists they're technicians. These “technicians” create pie charts and graphs on why one lens is sharper than another lens, write copious amounts of reviews on the new breed of mirrorless cameras, and continuously over analyze the importance of camera sensor pixel counts. To put my point in its proper perspective, rarely do you hear master artists talk about the brushes or canvas they use to paint a masterpiece. A photographer that is always worried about whether or not they have the latest camera, lens, or post processing software upgrade is constantly in a state of distraction and denial. If you're a trained artist, you can take an excellent photograph with a $50.00 film camera just as easily as you can with a $7000.00 Leica. Additionally, dumping endless amounts of money and time into image making "tools" will do nothing to improve your art. Click h ere for a demo video.
Related article: 5 Approaches to Composition in Photography (And Why They Won't Teach You Anything About Design) 31
"CartierBresson's photographs are the most obvious manifestation of his fascination with geometry. Many commentators have entertained themselves by applying patterns of construction to his images, and certainly their composition fully conforms to the laws of the "golden section." From the book "Discoveries."
Segment from the book "The Decisive Moment" that was initially omitted
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The Difference Between a Fine Art Print and a Work of Art Most photographers have the ability and the technical knowhow to create a fine art print. Meaning the image has the correct exposure, it's sharp, has good highlight and shadow detail, etc. However, mastering these technical qualities of a photograph are not enough to call it a work of art. A work of art, regardless of the medium used or mastery of technique has to have a respectable composition one that can stand up to close analysis. For example, even though Ansel Adams could produce a photographic print that was technically superior to a Henri CartierBresson image, Adams couldn't compete with Bresson's ability to create a visual masterpiece. Bresson was a highly trained draftsman as well as a brilliant designer and understood how to use and apply Dynamic Symmetry to all of his photos. As a result of his knowledge and training in classical art techniques, Bresson produced a massive and consistent body of photographs in his lifetime all of which were considered "works of art."
Ansel Adams, “Rose and Driftwood.” Even though Ansel Adams was a master darkroom technician, he couldn’t compete with Henri CartierBresson when it came to design. 33
Henri CartierBresson photograph demonstrating a masterful landscape Feeling and Genius in Modern Art Many artists today are only concerned with creating art based on their "feelings" rather than creating art with skill. For example, how many times have you gone to a modern art gallery, looked at a work of "art" and just didn't get it? Unfortunately, in cases like this, regardless of what the artist might have felt while creating their art, the impact of their work is greatly diminished because they didn't acquire the necessary skills to communicate those "feelings" effectively to the viewer. In other words, their message or intent gets lost in the translation. In the book "Nature's Harmonic Unity," Samuel Colman states "Proportion is a principle in Nature which is a purely mathematical one and to be rightly interpreted by man through the means of geometry; therefore geometry is not only the gateway to science, but it is also a noble portal opening wide into the realms of art. Still, to a great majority of artists, and to the world at large, the effort to relate science with art is now looked upon with the greatest disfavor and even repugnance, and this accounts in a measure for the overwhelming percentage of immature work which characterizes all branches of art in our times. The architect, the sculptor, the painter, etc., each places too much confidence in what he is pleased to call his "feeling" or "genius" without considering the fact that this feeling or genius would not only become more profound, but capable of a larger expression, were the mind endowed with fuller knowledge of the laws of beauty. Furthermore, the eye becomes better trained under the influences of the exact study of geometry, and thus the student is able more readily to recognize and more justly to appreciate the various charms of Nature." To download the book “Nature’s Harmonic Unity,” by Samuel Colman, click h ere . 34
Michael Dumas, “High Summer,” designed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle Why Rules Are Necessary For Learning Art and Design As an artist, not having the skills to grasp the basic principles of design would be like the average person not having the ability to read. The artist can't interpret the compositional structure in paintings by Edgar Degas, Peter Paul Rubens, Vincent van Gogh, Leonardo da Vinci or any other master artist past or present. In other words, they would look at their work, not have the capacity to analyze it, and, in turn, can't learn from it. This inability not to be able to decode design is equivalent to a musician not being able to read music. It's crippling. I read a lot of articles about design on photography and art websites and most of them sound the same. Even someone as famous as Ken Rockwell once wrote in one of his articles on composition that “rules in art suck." Believe it or not, this is the general attitude regarding rules in photography and art today because many modern artists feel that rules inhibit creativity. For example, Bruce Barnbaum, author of the book "The Art of Photography," once stated that “Rules are foolish, arbitrary, mindless things that raise you quickly to a level of acceptable mediocrity, that prevent you from progressing further.” 35
Regrettably, not only does Barnbaum's statement advocate visual illiteracy, but it also has no validity when it comes to creating a successful work of art. After all, if rules are foolish, arbitrary, and mindless, how come so many master artists followed strict rules when it came to designing their art? Should we call Leonardo da Vinci foolish, mindless, and refer to his work as mediocre because he used the golden section? I should hope not. Interestingly enough, I have analyzed several of Barnbaum's photographs, and it would appear that he is applying classical design principles. Unfortunately, because far too many artists don’t have any training or knowledge on how to use Dynamic Symmetry, they indiscriminately toss out all the rules in art. Again, from the book "The Art of Photography," Barnbaum also lists the rules to avoid. He states "Several of the most wellknown rules, the rule of thirds, the rule of avoiding a horizon in the center of the image, the rule of having an image read from left to right, the rule of not placing the center of interest in the center of the image, and so many others are undesirable constraints with no validity." While Barnbaum's explanation is technically accurate, it can easily be misconstrued by the untrained artist. For instance, nowhere in his book does he mention anything about classical design techniques, Dynamic Symmetry, or the 14 line armature of the rectangle. Consequently, if a photographer or artist doesn't understand the authentic rules of design, or know how to apply them effectively to their work, they will become stuck, and their passion will outweigh their ability to perform. As the British painter Sir Joshua Reynolds once said, “Rules are not the fetters of genius, they are the fetters of men with no genius.”
Briton Rivière, “Requiescat,” 1888 designed in a root 2 rectangle 36
Breaking the Rules in Composition At one time or another, we have all read an article on composition that offered an extensive list of "tips" and "tricks" on how to better compose our art, only to be told at the very end to "break the rules." Unfortunately, this type of bad "creative" advice happens more often than it should because far too many artists and photographers haven't been taught the techniques of classical skillbased design. So, when in doubt, they throw the rules out. Additionally, many modern artists and photographers will also assume a master artist is "breaking the rules" of design when a piece of artwork falls outside of their knowledge on composition. For example, I recently came across an article written by an author that claimed Leonardo da Vinci was "pushing the Rule of Thirds to the limit" because one of his drawings didn't line up with a Rule of Thirds grid. Curious as to how they came to that conclusion, I analyzed the piece further only to discover that da Vinci was, in fact, using root rectangles and, therefore, not breaking any rules. Regrettably, this lack of knowledge of real design principles limits the analytical abilities of the modern artist, and in turn, they come to incorrect conclusions about the artistic methods of master artists, past or present, and the best practices for creating a respectable body of work. In my experience, after studying thousands of masterworks, I haven't found one example of any master artist "breaking the rules" of design. And because Dynamic Symmetry is such a flexible system for creating adept compositions, an artist can create endless amounts of variety in their work while staying within the boundaries of a respectable design system. Below image by an artist inappropriately applying the Rule of Thirds to a Leonardo da Vinci drawing. The article's analysis stated that da Vinci was "pushing the Rule of Thirds to the limit."
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15 Myths About Composition in Art and Photography With composition being one of the most popular and least understood topics in art and photography today, it's necessary to discuss many of the myths that prevent artists and photographers from reaching their goals in creating successful and masterful compositions. In my experience, 99% of the information written about design on art and photography websites is either misinterpreted or entirely incorrect. Below are fifteen myths about composition in art and photography that never seem to die. 1. Composition in art is intuitive (or random) Because of the 20th century Modern Art movement in America, many artists and photographers have been falsely led to believe that composition in art is intuitive when in fact, it's not. Master artists take great strides to develop intricate designs that go down multiple tiers, and it's simply not possible for anyone to create artwork with geometric precision based on intuition alone. And even though intuition does play an important role in one's style, it's not enough to create masterful compositions. All art, regardless of the medium used, requires the knowledge and application of respectable design principles, and randomly placing elements in a composition will not result in a consistent or respectable body of work. Click here for a demo video from Myron Barnstone.
Painting by Max Ginsburg designed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle 38
2. Composition can't be taught Any artist or photographer that claims composition can't be taught is either intentionally being misleading or simply uninformed. Composition can be taught and has been taught for hundreds, if not thousands of years. In fact, in Eastern European schools, children at the age of seven are highly educated in the principles of design (Dynamic Symmetry and the armature of the rectangle). Unfortunately, because so many modern artists aren't trained in design or offered actual design information in their education, whether it be at the university they attended, workshops they have taken, or books they have read, it's naturally assumed it's something that can't be learned. However, despite the many romanticized claims by a lot of modern artists, nobody is born with the ability to grasp all the principles of design. Learning composition is a skill in art that needs to be studied, mastered, and applied.
Painting by Edgar Degas designed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle 3. Some people are born with the "gift" of composition, while others are not The idea that some people are born with the "gift" of understanding composition while others are not is pure nonsense. Design is a visual language, and nobody is born with the capacity to grasp all the concepts and techniques in creating masterful art. I have analyzed 1000's of masterpieces, and they all contain universal design principles that were learned and applied by the artist at some point in their career. 39
Furthermore, in my experience, those that claim they are born with this "gift" continually demonstrate a lack of understanding of composition when you analyze their art. In other words, their body of work isn't consistent or visually strong because they haven't studied or applied the fundamental principles of design. P hotograph below by Henri CartierBresson.
Henri CartierBresson was considered to be the greatest photographer that ever lived. This title is rightfully earned. However, Bresson wasn't born with the "gift" of understanding composition. In the early part of his life, he was trained as an artist and designer by Andre Lhote. Lhote himself also happened to be one of the greatest designers of the 20th century. Is that a coincidence? Not at all. Bresson knew, because of his classical skillbased training with Lhote, how to compose his images successfully within the 1.5 rectangle to create "instant drawings" and build one of the most impressive collections of photographs in his lifetime.
Andre Lhote painting designed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle 40
4. Design systems, design grids, and rules in composition kill creativity Creating art using design grids and applying “rules” in composition do not kill creativity. In fact, the opposite is true. Because of the Modern Art movement in America, the term "creativity" became inconsequential in the art world and was mistakenly interpreted as "do whatever feels good" or create art "spontaneously." However, creating a successful work of art requires more than just doing what feels good or being spontaneous, and without acquiring the knowledge of timetested design principles, any creativity or spontaneity an artist feels can never be adequately expressed. As Juliette Aristides states in her book Classical Drawing Atelier , “Without understanding the elements of design, artists have to rely solely on their intuition when composing a picture. While intuition and feeling are, of course, a major defining element for an artist, they alone are not enough to consistently achieve a mastery of composition that rivals that of nature. Intuition and feeling without the knowledge and judgment of design principles are a liability in art— for without the knowledge and the knowhow of design principles, the composition can easily appear chaotic and disjointed.”
Painting by Travis Seymour designed in a root 5 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle 41
5. Design systems and design grids make art appear too rigid Utilizing an authentic design system to create art does not make a work of art too rigid. The definition of rigid is "unable to bend or be forced out of shape, not flexible, and not able to be changed or adapted." Using Dynamic Symmetry offers an infinite amount of variety, is extremely flexible, and will allow an artist to make various changes before a final composition is completed. Unfortunately, many modern artists mistakenly use the word "rigid," when they really mean structure. However, a masterpiece must always have a logical structure that efficiently utilizes the geometry of the rectangle the artist chose for their composition. Otherwise, their art will appear chaotic and ultimately fail. The drawing below, by John Singer Sargent, is designed in a root 3 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle. Even at the preliminary stages of a painting, a master artist will always apply reliable design principles to their art.
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Painting below, “Consolidation” by Lucas Bononi, designed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle. The vertical and horizontal divisions in yellow represent all the divisions inherent to the root 2 Dynamic symmetry rectangle.
6. Photographers don't need to study design because they shoot on the fly Many photographers assume that they don't have to learn design because they don't have the time to construct elaborate compositions like a master painter. While there is some truth that taking photographs is intuitive in nature, the photographer must always administer the same design principles to their images that a master artist would apply on the canvas. Otherwise, the photograph cannot be considered art. Wife of Henri CartierBresson, Martine Franck once said that "Composition in photography is in a way intuitive because you don't have the time, but obviously, you have to recognize all the elements. It's a familiarity that comes with art training." It's not surprising that Franck happens to be one of the greatest female photographers that ever lived. Not only was she a master photographer, but she was also an exceptional designer. Photographs below, by Martine Franck, using the armature of the 1.5 rectangle.
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7. The Rule of Thirds is the best system of design for photographers and artists The Rule of Thirds is not the best system of design. In fact, it's not a system of design at all. It's simply the most familiar and easily understood "rule" or "guideline" on composition in photography and art circles today. The reality is, most photography and art website articles only recommend the Rule of Thirds because many artists aren't familiar with any other systems of design and, unfortunately, because Dynamic Symmetry isn't well known, the Rule of Thirds has become the dominant approach to composition. Despite its overwhelming popularity, primarily because the concept is so simple, the Rule of Thirds is not a practical tool for creating respectable designs and master artists don't use it in their art. Also, because the Rule of Thirds grid doesn’t incorporate diagonal lines or consider harmonic divisions in a given square or rectangle, it forces the artist to rely heavily on intuition, increasing the chances that the composition will appear disjointed and static. As Jay Hambidge once said, “Design created within rectangles which do not possess Dynamic Symmetry, the qualities of life and growth, are always flat and dead.”
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The photograph above, from the website Digital Photography School, demonstrates a poorly composed image using the Rule of Thirds grid. The dark lamp on the far lefthand side is a distraction known as edgeflicker. If you cover the lamp with your thumb, the flaw becomes more apparent. Additionally, the large area of dead space on the far righthand side is unnecessary and doesn't add any visual support to the portrait. A wellcomposed image will have a dominant horizontal, dominant vertical, and a dominant diagonal line. In this image, the lamp becomes the dominant vertical because of the dark value (even though it should be the woman). The dominant horizontal is the surface of the table. However, because the table is so close to the edge of the frame, it's also considered edge flicker, therefore, adding no structural support to the image. There is no dominant diagonal line.
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The photograph above, from the website Digital Photography School, is another example of a poorly composed image using the Rule of Thirds grid. The large area of dead space on the far lefthand side gives the viewer the feeling that the building on the right is going to tip over. Also, the horizontal and vertical divisions create a static image making the photograph appear lifeless. The photograph below would have been better composed using the Dynamic Symmetry armature instead of using the Rule of Thirds grid. On the lefthand side, there is too much dead space that creates a visual imbalance. Furthermore, the overlapping of the bird and the background is poorly constructed. Overlapping elements accurately in a composition is critical for creating the illusion of the third dimension on a twodimensional surface.
8. The Rule of Thirds is used everywhere in advertising The Rule of Thirds is not used everywhere in advertising. A trained master artist or designer in advertising will use Dynamic Symmetry or the armature of a rectangle because it will give their work variation, theme, and harmony. I talk more about Dynamic Symmetry used in advertising at the end of this user's guide.
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CocaCola advertisement designed in a root 3 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle 9. The Rule of Thirds grid is derived from the Golden Section rectangle (1.618) The Rule of Thirds doesn't have anything to do with the golden section and stretching a Phi rectangle (1.618) to fit the dimensions of a 1.5 rectangle (digital camera sensor/35mm film) isn't the proper way to design. That is to say, whenever you see a golden section spiral grid overlaid on top of a 1.5 rectangle, like in the example below, it's safe to assume that the artist or photographer isn't properly trained in design. A more effective alternative would have been to design the image using the Dynamic Symmetry armature of the 1.5 rectangle. Also, waiting for another figure to appear on the lefthand side would create a stronger sense of balance in the overall composition as well as give the viewer an improved feeling of depth and scale of the landscape.
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A Master Photographer's Approach In the image below, notice how master photographer Harry Gruyaert breaks his composition by using a dominant vertical (the lamp post) and a dominant horizontal (the ocean) that conforms with the armature of the 1.5 rectangle. These distinct and well thought out divisions divide the rectangle into repeated forms that contain theme and variation. Also, note how the figure in black edges up against another vertical inherent to the armature.
10. The Rule of Thirds gives the artist freedom to be creative with their compositions The Rule of Thirds doesn't allow an artist any freedom with creativity. In fact, it's a dead end composition tool right from the start. Because the Rule of Thirds doesn't offer any flexibility and is extremely repetitious, every artist that employs this famous grid into their work is burdened with the reality that every composition is identical regardless of the subject or scene. In other words, there is no harmonious variety from one piece of art to another. Painting below, by Anna Rose Bain, designed in a root Phi Dynamic Symmetry rectangle.
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11. The Rule of Thirds origin can be traced back to classical and Renaissance paintings The Rule of Thirds doesn’t have anything to do with classical painting. It was first documented in the book "Remarks on Rural Scenery," by John Thomas Smith in 1797. However, ironically speaking, even though John Thomas Smith briefly wrote about the concept of the "Rule of Thirds," after analyzing some of Smith's engravings, it would appear that he is using Dynamic Symmetry. 12. You should avoid placing your subject in the center of a composition There is absolutely nothing wrong with placing a subject in the center of a composition as long as there are supporting elements that balance out the whole. The overwhelming popularity of the Rule of Thirds grid is inappropriately based on this myth and, unfortunately, has steered artists in the wrong direction for creating strong compositions in their art. Below is a good example of bad advice from an untrained photographer. In the book "Digital Photography Composition for Dummies," the author states that an artist should "break the habit" of placing the subject in the center of the frame. However, because the Rule of Thirds grid pulls your subject out of the center, it's all too easy for an artist to create imbalances in their compositions, leaving unnecessary dead space on either side. "The most common composition guideline is the rule of thirds, which refers to the photographic technique of dividing your frame into thirds horizontally and vertically to determine which areas have the most aesthetic quality. By placing key elements on a frame's thirds, you can create compositions that are easy to look at and can break the habit of placing your subject in the center. Getting your subject out of the frame's center produces more interesting, dynamic results." From the book Digital Photography Composition for Dummies.
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An example (above) demonstrating a poorly composed photograph that is imbalanced, leaving areas of dead space on the lefthand side of the image Below is a photograph by Vivian Maier that successfully demonstrates the technique of placing a subject in the center of the frame. The image works because the composition is broken down into repeated forms meaning multiple squares (4) inside the mother square. By carefully considering the overall design, a knowledgeable photographer can place their subject in the center of the frame and create a dynamic image.
13. You need to be great at math to master the art of composition Using calculators and understanding math is not a requirement for learning composition because design in art is a physical geometry. As long as an artist knows how to intersect a diagonal line with another diagonal line at 90 degrees, that's all the math they need to know. In fact, you can create all the root rectangles in the Dynamic Symmetry system of design with a square and a piece of string. Painting below, by John Singer Sargent, designed using the armature of the 1.5 and overlapped root 4 rectangles. 50
14. Famous photographer quotes are a great source for learning composition With the recent rise in popularity of blogging and free online ebooks, many writers will use famous photographer quotes as a guide to teaching the art of composition. However, most of these books are solely written with the intent of boosting social media stats and have almost nothing to do with real design. The fact is, learning composition in art requires time, years of research, and a clear understanding of classical design principles. In contrast, publishing a free ebook that contains an endless list of contradictory photographer's quotes requires no effort at all. More importantly, most photographers quotes are overromanticized claims that have little to do with timetested knowledge on composition. To give an example, the famous Magnum photographer Robert Capa once said, "If your photos aren't good enough, you aren't close enough." This quote is false. The distance a photographer is from their subject doesn't have anything to do with the success of an image. In the photograph below by Henri CartierBresson, you can see that his subject, the little girl running up the stairs, is a substantial distance from where he is positioned. However, the photograph is considered a masterpiece by many photographers and art critics because of the complex and beautiful composition. The photo is designed using exceptional figureground relationship and two overlapped root 4 Dynamic Symmetry rectangles.
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15. Photographers can learn everything they need to know about composition from photography websites Absolutely not. Photography websites are basically graveyards for those that want to learn real art and design skills. Most, if not all, of the mainstream photography sites (PetaPixel, The Art of Photography, Digital Photography School, Streethunters.net, erickimphotography.com, etc.) only have an interest in making money by selling cameras, camera accessories, and photography software or producing an endless stream of daily blog posts and YouTube videos to boost social media stats and manipulate Google SEO rankings. None of these objectives have anything to do with mastering the art of composition or becoming a successful and wellrespected artist.
Photographs by Ted Forbes from the website The Art of Photography. The images above lack the necessary design skills and qualities that make up a wellcomposed, artistic photograph. 52
My Recommendations for Artists and Photographers That Want to Learn the Art of Composition All the products that I recommend throughout this user’s guide I personally own. They are the most comprehensive, highest quality books and DVDs available to learn more about design in art and photography. If you have any questions about any of the products listed, please feel free to drop me an email at d
[email protected] .
Related article: C lassical Drawing Atelier: Introduction by Juliette Aristides Related article: C lassical Painting Atelier: Introduction by Juliette Aristides
When you make a $5.00 or more d onation to support Dynamic Symmetry Art, you will receive an additional 15% off Drawing Systems Class 7 &10 and a 50minute preview of Barnstone Studios video “Unlocking the Secrets of Design.” To download a demo video of Lesson 7, click h ere . To make a donation, click h ere . 53
Canon of Design Discounted Packages
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The Painter's Secret Geometry In the past, designs by master artists were kept hidden from the public and were only passed down from a master to their apprentice. This tradition of secrecy is still very much alive today. In fact, there are a lot of modern master artists that will not speak openly about how they design their art and often times, when asked, will flat out deny it. Much like the magician that won't reveal how they perform their illusions, the artist has always carefully guarded the most important element when it comes to creating masterful art that being composition. This philosophy is known as the "painter's secret geometry." And because very few people have the ability to decode design, it's not difficult for the artist to fool the unsuspecting public while maintaining the "illusion" that great art is intuitive and spontaneous, even though it's not. However, times are changing. Because of Myron Barnstone, Juliette Aristides, and several other modern artists that teach classical skillbased art, this historically undisclosed information is finally becoming more widespread. Hopefully, in time and with some persistence, this knowledge on design techniques will reach an even larger audience because of the Internet, this website, and other artists who are more forthright about how they create their compositions.
Dan Thompson, "Persian Archer," designed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle 55
Dynamic Symmetry and the Root Rectangles (the Golden Section System of Design) Juliette Aristides states in her book Classical Drawing Atelier that a beautiful drawing, painting, or photograph is equivalent to a beautiful song. They all contain rhythm, melody, and harmony and, when combined, create a sense of theme and variation. All of these elements are used in music to create tension and resolution, and a great work of art will do the same. Dynamic Symmetry will allow the artist to create a work of art that can be considered “visual music.” Dynamic Symmetry (also known as the golden section system of design) is a system of geometric design that has been employed for 2500 years or longer. The system of design uses dynamic rectangles described in the Jay Hambidge books The Elements of Dynamic Symmetry , Dynamic Symmetry in Composition as Used by the Artists , and The Greek Vase . Michel Jacobs also wrote a book in 1926 on Dynamic Symmetry called The Art of Composition: A Simple Application of Dynamic Symmetry . Click h ere for a demo by Myron Barnstone (from lesson 10 of his drawing DVD series).
WilliamAdolphe Bouguereau, “B aigneuse,” designed in a Phi rectangle 56
Dynamic Symmetry analysis from the book “Dynamic Symmetry in Composition as Used by the Artists” by Jay Hambidge 57
Nick Alm, "Girl at a Piano," designed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle Modern Artist's Fear of Dynamic Symmetry Many modern artists that aren't familiar with Dynamic Symmetry are under the impression that it's too complicated to use and requires extensive math skills to learn. Fortunately, this isn't true. If an artist is willing to take the time to study a few basic principles of design, it will improve their work dramatically. Also, because Dynamic Symmetry is a physical geometry, it doesn't require complicated calculations or any background knowledge in mathematics. Related article: A n Email Addressing the Practical Use of Dynamic Symmetry in Art
Dot Bunn, “Pumpkin Girl,” designed in a Phi rectangle 58
Learning How to Use Dynamic Symmetry To start learning more about composition using Dynamic Symmetry, I highly recommend reading Michel Jacobs book The Art of Composition: A Simple Application of Dynamic Symmetry . This book was written in 1926 and is perfect for the beginner who wants to learn the basics of Dynamic Symmetry and how to apply it to their art. From there, I would purchase lessons 7 and 10 from the Myron Barnstone DVD drawing series. Both of these lessons on Dynamic Symmetry contain an endless amount of knowledge on design. Finally, I also highly recommend the book Geometry of Design by Kimberly Elam (First Edition). To download any of the books mentioned above, click on the highlighted links. Related article: 5 Easy Steps for Learning Composition in Art and Photography
Painting above by Jing An designed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle
Myron Barnstone teaches the principles of design known as Dynamic Symmetry 59
Learning How to Analyze Drawings, Paintings, and Photographs In Kimberly Elam's book Geometry of Design , second edition, she states that "Geometric analysis identifies the proportioning systems and regulating lines that contribute to the cohesive composition of a work of art, a building, a product, or a work of graphic design. While this analysis does not examine the concept, the culture, or the medium, it does reveal compositional principles and often confirms the positive intuitive response of the viewer through quantifiable means of proportion and alignment. The value of geometric analysis is in the discovery of underlying ideas and principles of design that were used by the artist, architect, or designer. These are the key ideas of composition that guide design, and the arrangement of elements within a composition provide insight into the decisions that were made. The process of geometric analysis is one of investigation, experimentation, and discovery. Le Corbusier's idea of regulating lines is important in geometric analysis because they identify interrelationships that are essential in cohesive compositions. Some works may not conform to classic proportioning systems but will have a series of interrelationships that can be analyzed with regulating lines. These lines can reveal alignments between elements, organizational principles, and visual directions." Learning how to analyze a master artist's work requires time, patience, and persistence. In the past, I have had several readers contact me to say that they couldn't detect any formal composition used in a work of art therefore, it must have been created intuitively. Usually, this assumption results in error. Since many masterful designs trickle down multiple tiers, the methodology of the artist isn't always apparent on the first level of a design scheme. Additionally, decoding complex compositions can become even harder for the beginner student because a lot of artists stack and overlap Dynamic Symmetry rectangles in their work. One mistake I often see made by artists is that they will lay a Rule of Thirds grid on top of a masterpiece and come to the conclusion that the artist must have used that design scheme because some of the elements line up. However, even though parts of the artwork might line up with the Rule of Thirds grid, this is not always a clear or accurate indicator that the artist used that design method. Further analysis is usually required. Becoming proficient at analyzing composition is much like learning a new language; it takes time, effort, and the right skills. For instance, if someone handed me a book written in German, I wouldn't be able to read it in a few days. I would have to be taught the language first. Learning how to "read" a work of art isn't any different. The artist needs to be taught the language of design to understand art. 60
I have been analyzing drawings, paintings, and photographs for many years, and I'm still discovering new information every day. Not to be misunderstood, I'm not saying that an artist has to spend that much time researching design, but I do suggest taking the time to at least understand the basics of good pictorial structure. Once the fundamental principles of composition are learned, an artist can then decide if they want to pursue their studies further. Related article: P riceless Advice: A Personal Email from Myron Barnstone
Above image is an example of an artist oversimplifying design by laying a Rule of Thirds grid on top of a Chardin painting Determining Grid Structure When practicing analyzing works of art, it's best to start by defining the hierarchy of lines. In other words, look for the dominant vertical, horizontal, and diagonal line in the picture. This will help speed up the process of discovery and will allow you to decipher what design scheme and golden section grid (or root rectangle) the artist chose for their composition. In the painting below, by Terje Adler Mork, I located the dominant horizontal, vertical, and diagonal line and learned that the artist is using a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle. Also, notice that the angles of the subject match the angles of the root 2 rectangle. This demonstrates the notion that an artist will let the angles of their subject dictate the rectangle they choose for their final design. If you continue to break the painting down into smaller root 2 rectangles, you will discover that it's primarily designed on the theme of 3. 61
In the painting below, “Christ in the House of Martha and Mary,” you can see how Diego Velazquez is composing in a root 3 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle. If you continue to break down each root 3, you will find additional divisions on the theme of three. These repeated divisions create theme, variation, and a constant visual rhythm throughout the entire design.
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In the image below, you can see that If you continue to break down the root 3 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle, you will find more divisions that are inherent to the root 3. To see a demo video of this process by Myron Barnstone, from the DVD “Unlocking the Secrets of Design,” click h ere .
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Painting below, "A World of Possibilities" by Anna Rose Bain, designed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle. If you continue to break down each root 2 rectangle, as shown in the bottom series of images, more divisions inherent to the root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle become increasingly apparent.
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Drawings below by master artist Dot Bunn demonstrating the use of a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle. The yellow, green, and red lines indicated in the drawing show distinct divisions and angles inherent to the root 2 rectangle. If you continue to break down each rectangle, you will find more divisions based on the root 2.
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Dot Bunn painting designed in a root 4 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle “Surely the gift of being creative is a wonderful thing, but talent comes from hard work and discipline. The final painting that leaves my easel has a carefully designed structure that guides my choices throughout the process. Great design is my starting point, and many of my paintings had numerous drawings done before the brush touched the surface. We fool ourselves if we think that it is possible to produce meaningful work without learning the skills and lessons of the masters. Although I have my favorites when it comes to subject matter, I believe that all things can be made beautiful if your goal is to apply the principles of composition and the management of color to your work. It is not objects that I strive to paint but the essence of light that surrounds and washes over them.” Dot Bunn 66
The painting below, by Vincent Van Gogh, is designed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle. The lines indicated in yellow, on the lower righthand side image, are all divisions inherent to the root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle on the theme of 2. If you continue to break down the rectangle further, you will find more divisions on the theme of 2.
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The painting above, by Juliette Aristides, is designed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle. The smaller rectangles in yellow and red (bottom lefthand corner) demonstrate the process of deconstructing art. Notice how the dominant horizontal line in the painting is determined by the division of the smaller root 2 rectangle (red). In my experience, it’s best to start analyzing artwork composed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle because it’s easier to visualize the divisional breaks as you go down multiple tiers in a design scheme. 68
Determining Proportion The proportion of a work of art is pivotal to a composition because it will determine the series of visual relationships between the length and the width of the rectangle as well as the inherent subdivisions. Very few people have the ability to identify proportions of a rectangle by simple observation usually, analysis and measurement are required. To calculate the proportion of a work of art or any image, divide the larger number by the smaller number, and that will give you the proportions of the rectangle. For example, in the painting below, by Eric Armusik titled "Father Time," the dimensions are 18x24. If you divide the number 24 by 18, the proportions are a 1.3 rectangle.
Accuracy in Analyzing Art During the process of analyzing art, it's not uncommon to question whether your outcome is correct. However, even though your primary goal is, of course, to determine how the artist designed their work, it’s also about fine tuning your visual literacy skills. In other words, you can still make excellent progress even if you're not 100% correct in your final analysis. It’s important to allow yourself the freedom to explore alternate design methods. For example, in the book Geometry of Design , Kimberly Elam analyzes the print “Tauromaquia 20” by the artist Goya. As seen in the image below, notice how some elements line up with the Phi rectangle, but not precisely. Because the composition contains a strong vertical, and the Phi rectangle golden section division doesn’t precisely line up, it would suggest other design schemes might have been used. Continuing the analytical process using other grids would make sense in this particular instance. 69
Image above, “Tauromaquia 20” by Goya, from the book G eometry of Design by Kimberly Elam. Even though some of the elements line up with the Phi rectangle overlay, the dominant vertical (the pole) suggests an alternative design scheme.
Image above, “Tauromaquia 20” by Goya, from the book G eometry of Design by Kimberly Elam with a 5x5 grid overlay 70
Above images demonstrating several alternative design schemes Why Design Grids Are Important for Learning Composition I occasionally visit photography websites to get a general idea how other photographers react to using grids as a way of creating or analyzing compositions in their photographs. Some of the responses have been positive and others negative. I expect this. However, one comment that is repeated more often than any other is, "What's the point of laying a grid over a photograph once it's taken?" Placing design grids on top of photos, or any work of art, is an important part of the learning process, and it's a way for the student to increase their visual literacy. In addition, it's a valuable tool that will allow the artist to detect why some of their images are successful, while others fail. This form of analysis, better known as deconstructing art, is essential for artistic training and any artist that isn't willing to put the time or effort into this method of study will find it difficult to progress in their work. 71
Harry Gruyaert photograph designed using the 1.5 armature Related article: G reat Compositions: Alfred Eisenstaedt The Measurements of the Dynamic Symmetry Root Rectangles: 25 Root rectangles are rectangles whose dimensions are based on the ratio of the square root of the numbers 2, 3, 4 and 5 to 1. For example, a root 2 rectangle is a rectangle whose height is 1.41 times bigger than its width. A root 3 rectangle is a rectangle whose height is 1.73 times bigger than its width. A root 4 rectangle is two squares side by side because the square root of 4 equals 2. A root 5 rectangle is a rectangle whose height is 2.23 times bigger than its width. Click here for a PDF of all the root rectangles. Related video: M yron Barnstone discusses the root rectangles Related video: D ynamic Symmetry in Fine Art Sculpture Related book: D ynamic Symmetry: A Primer by Christine Herter ( highly recommended)
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How to Create the Dynamic Symmetry Root Rectangles The Root 2 Rectangle: To create a root 2 rectangle, draw a square. Then draw the diagonal of the square, as seen in the example above (line A to B). Swing that line down to the baseline of the square (shown in the red curve that extends from B to C. That will give you the 1.41 Root 2 (approx). Painting below by Dot Bunn designed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle.
The Root 3 Rectangle: To create a root 3 rectangle, measure the diagonal line (A to D) and swing that line (green) from D to E. That will give you the 1.73 Root 3 rectangle (approx). Painting below by Julie Tsang designed in a root 3 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle.
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The Root 4 Rectangle: To create a root 4 rectangle, measure the diagonal line from A to F and swing that line down from F to G. This rectangle is important for photographers that don't crop their images and use the 1.5 rectangle of their film or camera sensor. Master photographers design by overlapping two root 4 rectangles as well as using the armatures of the 1.5 rectangle. Painting below by Daniel Gerhartz, “Guelaguetza,” designed in a root 4 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle.
Designing in a square using two root 4 Dynamic Symmetry rectangles Even though the possibilities of designing in a square are practically endless, a common practice among master artists is to place two root 4 Dynamic Symmetry rectangles side by side or stack one on top of the other. In the example below by Sandro Botticelli, you can see how he is using two root 4 Dynamic Symmetry rectangles side by side for his circular composition. To learn more about designing in a square, I recommend reading the book The Art of Composition: A Simple Application of Dynamic Symmetry by Michel Jacobs. 74
Image from the book The Art of Composition: A Simple Application of Dynamic Symmetry demonstrating how to design in a square The Root 5 Rectangle: To create a root 5 rectangle, measure the diagonal line from A to H, then swing that line down from H to I. That will give you the 2.23 Root 5 rectangle (approx). The root 5 rectangle is the only rectangle in the Dynamic Symmetry system of design where the root rectangles and the Phi rectangles merge. For example, in the image below, notice that the root 5 rectangle has two overlapped Phi rectangles within it, and they both share the same square. 75
Leonardo da Vinci, "Annunciation," designed in a root 5 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle (with overlapping Phi rectangles) A Closer Look at the Rule of Thirds The Rule of Thirds was first documented by John Thomas Smith in 1797. In his book "Remarks on Rural Scenery," Smith quotes a 1783 work by Sir Joshua Reynolds, in which Reynolds discusses, in unquantified terms, the balance of dark and light in a painting. Smith then continues with an expansion on the idea, naming it the "Rule of Thirds." Joshua Reynolds stated that "Two distinct, equal lights, should never appear in the same picture. One should be principal, and the rest subordinate, both in dimension and degree. Unequal parts and gradations lead the attention easily from part to part, while parts of equal appearance hold it awkwardly suspended, as if unable to determine which of those parts is to be considered as the subordinate. And to give the utmost force and solidity to your work, some part of the picture should be as light, and some as dark as possible. These two extremes are then to be harmonized and reconciled to each other." 76
So, from Joshua Reynold's statement, John Thomas Smith came to the conclusion that the principles of design could be reduced to the simple explanation of value distribution. Smith states, "Analogous to this "Rule of Thirds," if I may be allowed so to call it, I have presumed to think that, in connecting or in breaking the various lines of a picture, it would likewise be a good rule to do it, in general, by a similar scheme of proportion. For example, in a design of landscape, to determine the sky at about twothirds; or else at about onethird, so that the material objects might occupy the other two: Again, twothirds of one element, (as of water) to one third of another element (as of land); and then both together to make but one third of the picture, of which the two other thirds should go for the sky and aerial perspectives. This rule would likewise apply in breaking a length of wall, or any other too great continuation of line that it may be found necessary to break by crossing or hiding it with some other object. In short, in applying this invention, generally speaking, or to any other case, whether of light, shade, form, or color, I have found the ratio of about twothirds to onethird, or of one to two, a much better and more harmonizing proportion, than the precise formal half, the toofarextending fourfifths—and, in short, than any other proportion whatever. I should think myself honored by the opinion of any gentleman on this point; but until I shall by better informed, shall conclude this general proportion of two and one to be the most picturesque medium in all cases of breaking or otherwise qualifying straight lines and masses and groups as Hogarth's line is agreed to be the most beautiful, (or, in other words, the most picturesque) medium of curves." Hence, the Rule of Thirds was born. However, the confusion and lack of credibility with this "one size fits all" approach to composition is unavoidable because Joshua Reynolds is referring to the distribution of values between light and dark and the greatest area of contrast, not the divisional breaks of the square or rectangle. These are two separate and distinct principles. Moreover, the Rule of Thirds analogy isn't considering the dimensions of the rectangle used in a work of art. In other words, there isn't anything wrong with creating divisions at the half or fourfifths point as long as all the elements in a composition are balanced and harmonized. For example, you can break a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle on the theme of 2 and all the dividing lines are at half divisions. In conclusion, after reading "Remarks on Rural Scenery" and analyzing some of John Thomas Smith’s engravings, it's evident that the Rule of Thirds is, at best, a "beginner" level design concept. What's more, because the Rule of Thirds doesn't incorporate diagonal lines into the design scheme, applying the grid to a work of art tends to produce compositions that lack energy, theme, variation, and harmony. Creating great art will always require the application of respectable design principles and anything less is denying oneself the ultimate satisfaction of creating work that is worthy of respect, admiration, integrity, and longevity. 77
Why the Rule of Thirds Is Popular With Artists and Photographers Even though the Rule of Thirds doesn't offer an artist much in terms of creative value, you might be asking yourself, “why is this rule so popular?” There are several reasons: The first reason is due to the lack of written material available on design. Finding worthwhile content on Dynamic Symmetry and the golden section is incredibly difficult, as well as the required effort of piecing the information together so that it makes sense to the artist. In my experience, it's taken me more than five years to find the best available resources for learning composition and a lot more time analyzing masterworks. In contrast, finding articles on the Rule of Thirds is easy. The second reason the Rule of Thirds is so popular is that it's easy to use and doesn't require any effort, skill, or knowledge. For example, all the photographer or artist has to do is place their main subject in one of the four crosshairs and bang, an instant masterpiece. However, realistically speaking, that is rarely the case. Creating successful compositions in art requires more than a simple one level tictactoe grid can provide. The photographs below demonstrate how Martine Franck is using the armature of the 1.5 rectangle to give her image dynamic movement. Notice how the woman and little girl's limbs match the angles of the armature.
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The Rule of Thirds and the 21st Century Artist Due to organizations like the Art Renewal Center and The Da Vinci Initiative, as well as the deterioration and lack of interest in modern Conceptual art, classical art training has gained widespread popularity over the past sixteen years. In fact, art ateliers are having a difficult time keeping up with the evergrowing demands of the modern art student and their desire for skillbased training. Because of this rebirth of classical art appreciation, the generic composition concepts (the Rule of Thirds, the Rule of Odds, the Rule of Space, etc.) that have become so popular over the past 25 years are dying off quickly. For this simple reason, if the 21stcentury artist or photographer expects to remain competitive in these rapidly changing times, the knowledge and application of skillbased design will be a requirement.
Dot Bunn painting designed in a root 3 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle 79
The Mechanics of a Rule of Thirds Grid Contemporary photographers and artists are often more familiar with the Rule of Thirds than Dynamic Symmetry. And even though I don't recommend using the Rule of Thirds for composition in art, it's still important to at least explain the concept for the purpose of comparison. The Rule of Thirds states that when a rectangle or square is divided into thirds horizontally and vertically, the four intersecting points within the composition are the most effective areas of interest. The artist or photographer can then place the essential elements of their subject in or near one or more of the intersections called "eyes." These positioned elements in a design don't need to land exactly on the "eyes" to be effective. Below is an example of the Rule of Thirds grid.
Limitations of the Rule of Thirds The Rule of Thirds doesn't incorporate diagonal lines into the design grid While there isn't anything wrong with creating divisions on thirds in a design, the use of additional diagonal lines are critical to the success of any work of art whether it's a drawing, painting, or photograph. Because the Rule of Thirds doesn't incorporate diagonal lines into the design grid, an artist can't determine the best position to place their subject within the intersecting points called "eyes." Regrettably, this limitation forces the photographer or artist to "guess" most of the time. You can't use the Rule of Thirds grid to analyze master artist's work Because master artists designs are far more complex than the Rule of Thirds grid, you can't analyze or learn anything from their art. In other words, you don't have any resources available to study. To become more proficient at visual literacy, you have to possess the necessary skills to be able to decode composition, color theory, and so on. Once you master these skills, you can discover how other master artists design their work and apply that knowledge to your own art. 80
Images above compare the Rule of Thirds grid vs. the armature of the rectangle
Images above show an analysis using the armature of the square/rectangle as discussed in the book “The Painter’s Secret Geometry” by Charles Bouleau In the book Geometry of Design second edition, Kimberly Elam introduces the concept of the Rule of Thirds as a tool for analyzing art. While I do think Elam’s book is most certainly worth purchasing, I don’t agree with her suggestion of using the Rule of Thirds grid to analyze art. For example, in the painting above, “Ghent, Evening” by Albert Baertsoen, observe how the Rule of Thirds grid only shows four divisions in the composition. In contrast, when you analyze the painting using the armature of the square/rectangle, as discussed in the book The Painter’s Secret Geometry by Charles Bouleau, you will discover that the design is far more sophisticated. To learn more about the armature of the rectangle, click h ere . 81
The Rule of Thirds creates imbalances in a composition If an artist isn't careful, it's easy to create imbalances in a composition using a Rule of Thirds grid. Because the Rule of Thirds design concept pulls your subject out of the center of the frame (regardless of the artist's intention) and off to one side, it's not uncommon to disregard what remains in the other half or twothirds of the image. Many photographers and artists assume that as long as they have their subject in a particular crosshair, it's good design. Unfortunately, this is rarely the case. Balance in design is critical to the success of any work of art and leaving areas of dead space on one side gives the viewer a sense of imbalance. The Mechanics of a Dynamic Symmetry Grid Below is an image demonstrating the breakdown of a Dynamic Symmetry grid. Notice how the original position of the four red intersecting "eyes" as well as the horizontal (green) and vertical (red) divisions of the Rule of Thirds grid change when you apply the Dynamic Symmetry armature to the same 1.5 rectangle as shown above.
The Baroque, Sinister, and Reciprocal Diagonal Lines In the image below, the green line is called the Baroque diagonal. It runs from the lower lefthand corner of the rectangle to the upper righthand corner. The red line is the Sinister diagonal. It runs from the lower righthand corner of the rectangle to the upper lefthand corner. The four yellow lines are the reciprocal diagonals. They intersect the Baroque and Sinister diagonals at exactly 90 degrees. 82
By using the Baroque, Sinister, and reciprocal diagonals, the Dynamic Symmetry grid can grow infinitely, allowing for increasingly powerful designs. Also, by intersecting the main diagonal lines at 90 degrees with the rectangle’s reciprocal diagonal lines, many smaller versions of the main rectangle appear. These guidelines, in turn, help create theme, variation, and harmony in the final image.
The painting below by Caravaggio is designed using the Sinister diagonal line (yellow) and the reciprocal (green) of the root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle. Notice how Caravaggio repeats these diagonal lines throughout the design.
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Edgar Degas, “Woman at Her Bath,” designed using the Baroque diagonal The Rule of Thirds Grid vs. The Dynamic Symmetry Grid (visual comparison)
Advantages of Using a Dynamic Symmetry Grid Unlike the Rule of Thirds, Dynamic Symmetry incorporates diagonal lines into the design grid. These additional lines give the artist greater flexibility when framing a subject and create a more visually compelling dynamic image. Also, Dynamic Symmetry helps photographers and artists create harmonious divisions (in the rectangle of their choice) that will create a picture that contains theme, harmony, and variation. This flexibility, in turn, creates an opportunity to introduce more variety into an artist's work. In the paintings below by Juliette Aristides, notice how she uses the armature of the 1.5 rectangle to give her artwork a feeling of dynamic energy. If you look closely, you will see that Aristides is using the diagonal lines created by the armature of the rectangle to give her subjects gazing direction as well as visual movement. Photographers can apply the same design principles to their photographs in the same fashion a master painter will implement a design on the canvas. 84
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The painting below by Emile Munier demonstrates the use of the Dynamic Symmetry armature in composition. Notice how the diagonal lines inherent to the 1.5 rectangle create a visual path for the viewer. The gazing direction of the little girl and both cats follow the angles of the Sinister and Baroque diagonal line. Also, observe how Munier used the armature to create dominant vertical and horizontal divisions in the design.
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The "Eyes" of a Grid Because the location of the "eyes" on both grids (the Rule of Thirds and Dynamic Symmetry) are physically close in distance, artists and photographers sometimes assume that they are interchangeable. This assumption would be incorrect. Even though there isn't a drastic change in location of the "eyes" from one grid to the other, the horizontal and vertical divisions are entirely different. Also, because the Rule of Thirds grid doesn't incorporate diagonal lines into the design scheme, there aren't any visual markers for the artist to place the angles of their subject effectively in a work of art. In other words, a master painter will let the angles inherent to their subject dictate the rectangle they choose for their composition.
Euan Uglow, "The Diagonal," designed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle 87
Can Design Exist Without Diagonal Lines? When you consider how a Dynamic Symmetry grid is constructed, it begs the question, "Can design exist without diagonal lines?" In Dynamic Symmetry, the answer would be no. Because all of the golden section divisions (vertical and horizontal) are created by intersecting two diagonal lines at 90 degrees, it's not possible to create an armature without them. Below is an image comparing the Rule of Thirds grid to the armature of a rectangle. Notice how the intersecting diagonal lines in the Rule of Thirds grid are not at 90 degrees. The 90degree intersections are the key to great design and the backbone of every Dynamic Symmetry rectangle in the golden section system of design.
Photograph by Helen Levitt designed using the armature of the 1.5 rectangle 88
Photograph, “The Gentlemen from Memphis,” by Teresa Pilcher Even though the photographer might not have considered the Dynamic Symmetry armature of the 1.5 rectangle when photographing the subject above, it’s always good practice to analyze your work in post processing to see how strong the composition is in your images. This process of analyzing art helps refine the visual literacy skills of the photographer and increases the chance for more “keepers” in the future. 89
Painting below, "Faith in the Wilderness" by Jon deMartin, designed in a root 4 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle. Every horizontal and vertical division is precisely calculated by the artist.
Intuition in Composition (Master Artists) Despite what contemporary artists are taught, master painters don't approach a canvas and produce a masterpiece (intuitively) on the spot. They take many steps prior in preparation. These steps include drawing, designing, and creating various sketches known as posters that include gestures, expressions, tones, and color composition. Outside of the classically trained artist, in today's culture, this method of producing art is frowned upon because it's not considered spontaneous or original. In contrast, artist of the past approached a painting in the same fashion and with the same strategy as they would in designing a piece of architecture they would have design plans already drawn out long before any work began. This carefully planned process increased the chances of success in creating a beautiful and structurally sound piece of art. There are several ways a modern master artist will create a composition. The first method involves drawing out the armature (grid) on a piece of paper or canvas first, then draw the subject, elements, and spaces within the preconceived framework. For example, in Juliette Aristides new video Secrets of Classical Painting , before she begins to paint the live model she has already mapped out the design armature on her canvas. An alternative approach entails drawing out all your elements first, then place all the components in your design. To give an illustration, once the artist has decided on an idea for a work of art, they can set up their composition and then move their subjects (already drawn) around the armature (grid) of the rectangle until they decide on a final design that will give their work theme, variation, and harmony. Many artists today, like Daniel Gerhartz , use a computer for their designs to make this process more efficient. 90
In summary, there are too many visual problems to resolve before creating a masterpiece without any prior planning and artists that rely solely on intuition to create compositions are bound to fail. Master artists will always use design systems based on the golden section and rely heavily on compasses, rulers, tsquares, calipers, and computers to create their art. A great work of art will always require skills, plans, and knowledge of solid design principles. Click here for a demo video demonstrating how to design in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle. Related article: I ntuition in Composition: A Topic I Will Never Debate
Henri FantinLatour preliminary sketches in root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangles 91
Henri FantinLatour, 1865, final painting from preliminary sketch in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle
Painting above by Kristie Bruzneak demonstrating intense preparatory work before a final composition 92
Preliminary and final drawing above by Gwendolyn Stine, former student of Myron Barnstone 93
Preliminary drawings above by Edgar Degas. Even though the sketch lines are faint, you can still see how Degas is using the armature of the root 2 Dynamic Symmetry to place particular vertical, horizontal, and diagonal divisions in the composition. 94
Drawings above demonstrate how Degas is breaking down the root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle to create additional divisions 95
Images below by master artist Dot Bunn demonstrating the different stages of creating a successful work of art. Dot draws out the elements first, then decides on the size of the rectangle based on the dominant angles of her subject. Proceeding in this manner will help avoid the errors associated with the “tail wagging the dog” design concept that Myron Barnstone discusses in his drawing DVD lectures.
Dot Bunn painting designed in a root Phi Dynamic Symmetry rectangle 96
Henri FantinLatour additional preliminary sketches 97
Henri FantinLatour additional preliminary sketches 98
Charles Bouleau Armature vs. The Root Rectangle Armature (for artists that draw and paint) In the book “The Painter’s Secret Geometry,” Charles Bouleau talks about the armature of the rectangle when building a composition in art. Bouleau states that “The lines that cross within a picture, starting from the corners and from the simple divisions of the sides, have been called in this book the ‘armature’ of the geometrical figure formed in and by the picture. The word can suggest any kind of supporting framework, as for instance the leading of stainedglass windows. But, falling in with the taste of the painters for musical analogies, I am recalling another sense which the word ‘armature’ has in French, that of a key signature—an idea which illuminates what I have in mind by stressing the impersonal, objective necessity of that inner framework which emerges from the form itself and not from the artist’s choice. He may, in accordance with his idea of art, arrange his picture upon the musical consonances or the golden proportion, or inscribe open or closed curves within the area—in all this he is free; the armature, on the contrary, is given him: he will make more or less use of it, but will never be able to do without it entirely.” He then goes on to say that “To understand clearly what is meant by the armature of the rectangle, it should be noted that the presence of the diagonals does not in every picture leap to the eye. Far from it: it is enough that their points of intersection, or the horizontals or verticals drawn through these to the sides of the picture should supply the construction of the picture with its foundations. When the points have been chosen in this way, the painter withdraws these diagonals, as the builder his scaffolding.”
Above image demonstrates the basic armature discussed in the “Painter’s Secret Geometry” 99
However, it's important to point out that even though Bouleau’s description of the armature, as discussed in the book The Painter’s Secret Geometry , is constructed differently than the Dynamic Symmetry root rectangles, previously mentioned at the beginning of this user’s guide, both contain the same harmonic divisions. For example, in the drawing below by Tenaya Sims, notice how the grid she employs looks different than a root rectangle grid (there are no vertical or horizontal lines). Nonetheless, when you lay a root 3 Dynamic Symmetry grid over the identical drawing and continue to break it down further, you will see it produces the same harmonic divisions. For more information on this process and application, I highly recommend Juliette Aristides book C lassical Painting Atelier .
To learn how to create the Charles Bouleau armature grid, click h ere .
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Paintings above by Niccolo dell’Abbate and Diego Velázquez using the armature of the rectangle for their compositions 101
Painting above by Juliette Aristides 102
Below is a painting, by Sydney McGinley, that demonstrates the process of analyzing art using the armature of the rectangle, as discussed in the book The Painter’s Secret Geometry by Charles Bouleau. Notice when two diagonal lines intersect, a vertical or horizontal line can be drawn to create a precise division in a composition. As mentioned at the beginning of this user's guide, while learning how to analyze art is not always easy, it’s a critical step in the process of becoming a visually literate artist.
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In the painting above, you can continue to break it down further creating additional vertical and horizontal divisions “The combination of the rectangle and its diagonals provide a simple means of determining harmonic divisions, for when fourteen diagonal lines are superimposed upon a rectangle, a compositional grid is formed; the intersections of these diagonal lines determine the location of the harmonic divisions. This armature provides the limits of composition, and within these limits, compositions can be varied endlessly. This is the musical scale of composition.” Juliette Aristides C lassical Painting Atelier Creating Additional Lines Within the Armature Even though the basic armature of the rectangle (as mentioned above) only contains 14 diagonal lines, this in no way restricts the artist from creating more to suit their artistic vision. To illustrate this point further, because the artist or designer can create vertical and horizontal lines from any two intersecting diagonal points, they can then use these new divisions as anchors in their composition to draw added supporting diagonal lines. 107
Painting above, “The Bathers” by JeanHonoré Fragonard, demonstrating the use of additional lines created by the underlying armature of the rectangle. Notice that the four red circles indicate the diagonal crossing lines used to create two more vertical lines in the composition. 108
In the painting above, “Diana Returning from Hunt,” notice how Peter Paul Rubens creates additional vertical, horizontal, and diagonal lines from the intersecting points of the main armature. If you continue to break down the design, you will discover other essential elements that precisely fall into place. 109
In the painting below, titled “Woman Cleaning Turnips,” you can see how JeanBaptisteSiméon Chardin is using markers (created from the vertical and horizontal divisions within the armature) as anchors for additional diagonal lines to support all of the compositional elements in his final design.
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In the images above, you can see how Chardin has created additional diagonal lines from the white markers Intuitive Knowledge in Composition (Master Photographers) Everyone’s a photographer. From your average soccer mom taking pictures of her kid playing on the field to grandma taking snapshots of her grandkids on Sunday visits, we all take pictures at some point in our life. However, while everyone takes photographs, producing images that can be considered art is far more challenging. Because many pictures are snapped on the fly, it's naturally assumed that composition must be intuitive. While intuition does play a significant role in creating great photos, intuitive knowledge is far more valuable for taking images that can be considered works of art. 111
Intuition can be defined as the natural ability to draw a conclusion based on instinct or feeling, rather than conscious reasoning. By contrast, intuitive knowledge in composition comes from studying design principles until you’re able to recognize it quickly while you're taking pictures. In other words, you're training yourself to become visually literate. Henri CartierBresson described this familiarity as the “decisive moment.” And while many photographers recognize Henri CartierBresson as being one of the greatest photographers that ever lived, very few amateurs understand his knowledge and background training in design. Examples of Master Photographers Using the 1.5 Armature In the pages that follow, I've included a significant number of examples that demonstrate how master photographers employ specific elements of the 1.5 armature as well as other design techniques to create successful compositions. It's important to point out that highly trained photographers, much like CartierBresson, tend to memorize specific vertical, horizontal, and diagonal divisions that relate to the 1.5 armature of the rectangle which therefore eliminates the need to crop their images in post production. Additionally, the photographer that reads this user's guide thoroughly should notice recurring design schemes in all of the master photographers images and practice applying some of these techniques to their own work. In my experience, far too many photographers are reluctant to learn classical design skills relying solely on intuition to create compositions. This illadvised practice and irrational attitude towards learning new art skills is painfully obvious in every genre of photography today whether it be landscape, portraiture, fashion, street photography, etc. If you're not a photographer and want to skip this section, click h ere . Related video: M yron Barnstone discusses Henri CartierBresson Related video: H ow to Talk to Strangers 7 Tips for Photographing People
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Photograph above by D avid Alan Harvey u sing the armature of the 1.5 rectangle 113
Photograph above by D avid Alan Harvey demonstrating the viewer’s visual path with the armature grid removed 114
Photograph above by A lex Webb using the basic armature of the 1.5 rectangle to create a simple, yet effective, design. Additionally, notice how the composition is divided into multiple 1.5 rectangles one standing vertical, and the other horizontal. 115
Photograph above by C onstantine Manos using a few simple divisions of the 1.5 armature 116
Photograph above by C onstantine Manos from the book A merican Color 2. Notice how Manos is repeating the Sinister Diagonal to create a visual rhythm in a 1.5 rectangle. 117
Photograph above by C onstantine Manos from the book A merican Color . Notice how Manos is only using two lines from the 1.5 armature to break the image. 118
Photograph above by C onstantine Manos from the book A Greek Portfolio . The white lines are derived from the armature of the 1.5 rectangle. 119
Photograph above by Dennis Stock using the armature of the 1.5 rectangle 120
Photograph above by D avid Alan Harvey , from the book D ivided Soul , employing the S teelyard principle as well as the armature of the 1.5 rectangle 121
Photograph above by D avid Alan Harvey designed using the armature of the 1.5 rectangle 122
Photograph above by D avid Alan Harvey d emonstrating the use of dominant vertical, horizontal, and diagonal lines derived from the armature of the 1.5 rectangle 123
Photograph above by Gilles Peress dividing his composition by using two lines of the 1.5 armature, along with figureground relationship, to create a masterful image 124
Photograph above by L arry Towell d emonstrating the use of dominant vertical and diagonal lines from the armature of the 1.5 rectangle as well as the Steelyard principle 125
Photograph above by Martine Franck demonstrating the use of dominant vertical, horizontal, and diagonal lines derived from the armature of the 1.5 rectangle 126
Photograph above by M artine Franck demonstrating the use of dominant vertical, horizontal, and diagonal lines from the armature of the 1.5 rectangle 127
Photograph above by B runo Barbey demonstrating the use of dominant vertical, horizontal, and diagonal lines from the armature of the 1.5 rectangle 128
Philip Jones Griffith repeating the Baroque diagonal throughout the design 129
Photograph above by E d Peters designed using the armature of the 1.5 rectangle 130
Photograph above by T homas Dworzak designed using the armature of the 1.5 rectangle 131
Photograph above by M irko Saviane designed using the armature of the 1.5 rectangle 132
Photograph above by D imitri Mellos designed using the armature of the 1.5 rectangle
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Bringing the 1.5 Rectangle Into the Golden Section System of Design Because the 1.5 rectangle (a square and a half) isn't a golden section rectangle, to harness it and bring it into the golden section system of design, you have to use the armature of the rectangle as well as overlap two root 4 Dynamic Symmetry rectangles. In the painting below titled "Self Portrait" by Pablo Picasso, notice how he uses the armature of the 1.5 rectangle as well as the overlapped root 4 Dynamic Symmetry rectangles for his design. To learn more about overlapping root rectangles, I recommend purchasing Myron Barnstones’ lessons 7 and 10 of his drawing DVD series.
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Jon deMartin designing in a 1.5 rectangle using the armature and two overlapped root 4 Dynamic Symmetry rectangles 135
Dot Bunn, a former student of Myron Barnstone, designing in a 1.5 rectangle using the armature and overlapped root 4 Dynamic Symmetry rectangles 136
Painting above, “The Entombment of Christ” by Caravaggio, designed in a 1.5 rectangle
Image above demonstrating a more sophisticated breakdown from the book “The Painter’s Secret Geometry” by Charles Bouleau 137
In the image above, from the book Geometry of Design second edition, Kimberly Elam overlays a golden section grid (1.618) on the painting “Bathing at Asnieres” by GeorgesPierre Seurat. However, because the picture is closer to a 1.5 rectangle than a Phi rectangle, applying the 1.5 armature as well as overlapped root 4 Dynamic symmetry rectangles might have been a better choice for analysis. Also, it's important to point out that the righthand side of the painting is cut compared to the original below. This inappropriate clipping, of course, will change the analytical results.
Painting above, “Bathing at Asnieres” by GeorgesPierre Seurat, demonstrating the use of the 1.5 armature. Notice how the main figure falls center of the vertical division (in red). 138
Henri CartierBresson and the 1.5 Rectangle It has been written by many authors on most of the popular photography websites like The Art of Photography and Petapixel that Henri CartierBresson used the Rule of Thirds grid for his compositions. This analytical claim is false. Bresson, because of his classical skillbased art training with Andre Lhote, never would have limited his designs by using a tool that didn't have any flexibility. In truth, he created his photographs using the armature of the 1.5 and overlapped root 4 Dynamic Symmetry rectangles.
Photograph by Henri CartierBresson creating major divisions using overlapped root 4 Dynamic Symmetry rectangles
Photograph by Henri CartierBresson creating major divisions using the armature of the 1.5 rectangle 139
Photograph by Henri CartierBresson creating a dominant horizontal using the bottom edge of the root 4 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle 140
Photograph by Henri CartierBresson creating major divisions using the armature of the 1.5 rectangle 141
Photograph by Henri CartierBresson creating major divisions using overlapped root 4 Dynamic Symmetry rectangles 142
Photograph by Henri CartierBresson creating major divisions using the armature of the 1.5 rectangle 143
The Decisive Moment by Henri CartierBresson If a photograph is to communicate its subject in all its intensity, the relationship of forms must be rigorously established. Photography implies the recognition of a rhythm in the world of real things. What the eye does is to find and focus on the particular subject within the mass of reality; what the camera does is simply to register upon film the decision made by the eye. We look and perceive a photograph as we do a painting, in its entirety and all in one glance. In a photograph, composition is the result of a simultaneous coalition, the organic coordination of elements seen by the eye. One does not add composition as though it were an afterthought superimposed on the basic subject material, since it is impossible to separate content from form. Composition must have its own inevitability about it. In photography there is a new kind of plasticity, the product of instantaneous lines made by movements of the subject. We work in unison with movement as though it were a presentiment on the way in which life itself unfolds. But inside movement there is one moment at which the elements in motion are in balance. Photography must seize upon this moment and hold immobile the equilibrium of it. The photographer’s eye is perpetually evaluating. A photographer can bring coincidence of line simply by moving his head a fraction of a millimeter. He can modify perspectives by a slight bending of the knees. By placing the camera closer to or farther from the subject, he draws a detail – and it can be subordinated, or it can be tyrannized by it. But he composes a picture in very nearly the same amount of time it takes to click the shutter, at the speed of a reflex action. Sometimes it happens that you stall, delay, wait for something to happen. Sometimes you have the feeling that here are all the makings of a picture – except for just one thing that seems to be missing. But what one thing? Perhaps someone suddenly walks into your range of view. You follow his progress through the viewfinder. You wait and wait, and then finally you press the button – and you depart with the feeling (though you don’t know why) that you’ve really got something. Later, to substantiate this, you can take a print of this picture, trace it on the geometric figures which come up under analysis, and you’ll observe that, if the shutter was released at the decisive moment, you have instinctively fixed a geometric pattern without which the photograph would have been both formless and lifeless. Misunderstanding the Decisive Moment Depending on what photography website you go to, you will find different interpretations of the “decisive moment.” However, one mistake I see repeated often is that many photographers will assume a photograph is a "decisive moment" as long as it tells an effective story or displays a clear message that translates to the viewer. Unfortunately, this interpretation isn’t always correct. In other words, just because a street photographer captured a moment in time that tells 144
a particular narrative, that doesn’t mean it encompasses the full definition of a decisive moment. A precise and deliberate design must always be present. For example, as noted in the paragraphs above, Henri CartierBresson discusses perspective, coincidences, organic elements that balance, relationships of forms, and the act of analyzing his photographs after they’ve been taken. These considerations are those of the visually literate artist and are thoroughly discussed throughout this user’s guide.
In the photograph above, observe how Henri CartierBresson uses the armature of the 1.5 rectangle along with superb overlapping of figures 145
Henri CartierBresson Setting the Scene Henri CartierBresson was famous for seeking out a landscape (or background) to compose his subject within before taking photographs. In a sense, he was setting a trap for his "prey." This previsualization technique allowed him to determine the best composition prior to snapping the shutter and helped guarantee a more favorable result when it came time to edit his contact sheets. However, for this technique to work effectively, it requires the photographer to have a thorough understanding of classical design principles and a tremendous amount of patience. In the photographs below, notice how Bresson composes a picture before his subject appears in the frame.
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The Root 2 Dynamic Symmetry Rectangle vs. The 1.5 Rectangle Because the root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle (1.4142) and the 1.5 rectangle are so close in physical dimensions, many photographers and artists assume that there is little difference between the two. This assumption would be incorrect. When you visually compare the two rectangles and their associated armatures side by side, the distinction becomes clear.
Examples of Paintings and Drawings Designed in a Root 2 Dynamic Symmetry Rectangle
Pablo Picasso, "First Communion," designed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle Related video: M yron Barnstone analyzes the First Communion painting by Pablo Picasso 147
Nick Alm, "Girl on a Bar Stool," designed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle The vertical and horizontal divisions in yellow are created by the root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle on the theme of 2 and 3. All these divisions are precisely calculated by the artist. Also, notice how Nick Alm is using the diagonal lines inherent to the root 2 Dynamic Symmetry to fit his subject. Click h ere for a demo. Related article: N ick Alm: Derived From Empathy
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In the example below, notice how Martinho Correia uses the angles of his subject to dictate the Dynamic Symmetry rectangle he chose for the final design. The red line indicates the Baroque reciprocal of the root 2 rectangle. The yellow lines demonstrate how the artist is repeating the Baroque reciprocal throughout the composition to achieve a gamut.
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In the example below, the vertical and horizontal divisions in yellow are created by the root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle on the theme of 2 and 3.
Painting below, by Jon deMartin, designed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle. The vertical and horizontal divisions in yellow are created by the root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle on the theme of 2 and 3.
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The Golden Section and the Phi Ratio (1.618) by Robert Levy designer of The Golden Divider for Arts (adapted by dynamicsymmetryart.com) Man has always tried to measure and quantify the world surrounding him. To do this, he has used the measurements and proportions of his own body. Until the French Revolution of 1789 (birth of the metric system), the whole world measured their environment in hand spans, palms, handbreadths, feet, and cubits. These five measures have the following particularity: the sum of two adjacent measures is equivalent to the following measure (hand span + palm = handbreadth; handbreadth + foot = cubit) and the relation between two adjacent measures is constant, and equivalent to the number 1.618: hand span x 1.618 = palm, palm x 1.618 = handbreadth, handbreadth x 1.618 = foot and foot x 1.618 = cubit. The cubit (or Egyptian royal cubit) was equivalent to 52.9 cm (after the reform under the 26th dynasty of the Pharaohs). While Euclid (300 BC) already spoke of this relation of two lengths in his Elements, this proportion was named Divine Proportion by Luca Pacioli, a mathematician and contemporary of Leonardo da Vinci (1509), much later the Golden Section by the German philosopher and mathematician Adolf Zeising around 1850 and finally the Golden Ratio in 1932, by the Romanian diplomat Matila Ghyka. Undoubtedly first used in geometry, the Golden Ratio, (called φ or Phi in honor of the Greek architect of the Parthenon, Phidias) represents a constant relation between two sizes of the same nature, such as lengths, surfaces, volumes, or numbers. 151
Phi is an irrational number and signifies (1+√5)/2, i.e. a value approximating to 1.618. For hundreds, even thousands of years, the Golden Ratio has served to define ideal proportions between two geometric or mathematical entities. It is on the border of these two domains and symbolizes their joining. It represents a benchmark for harmonious proportions, and while it has been used (or revealed) primarily in architecture and painting, it is also found in fields as diverse as science, physics, nature, music, finance, and acoustics. Until the 19th century, it is almost certain that the Golden Ratio was used in history in a deductive (conscious) manner, but practically no writing substantiates this. Its deliberate use has nevertheless remained secret and been transmitted from generation to generation by certain trades such as architects, the ‘compagnons’ (apprentice craftsmen) or the great painters: some even called it the Ratio of the Initiated. Nowadays the Ratio is no longer as secret as it once was in history. But it remains no less mythical, and still retains an air of mysticism and mystery for some people. Its conscious application in domains such as architecture, painting, sculpture, industrial aesthetics, crafts, interior design and decoration, landscaping, marketing, and many other fields is well established. As the Golden Ratio represents (for many) the ideal of harmony in proportions, many of the buildings constructed around us contain these ratios, and a large number of advertising logos are designed on this principle as well. Click here for a demo video by Myron Barnstone. Related article: J uliette Aristides and the Divine Proportion
Alphonse Mucha, designed in a Phi rectangle (1.618) 152
Example from the M yron Barnstone drawing DVD series demonstrating the Phi rectangle 153
Melody and Harmony From the book T he Golden Section by Scott Olsen Harmonics (number in time) was one of four disciplines studied in the Pythagorean Quadrivium, together with Arithmetic (pure number), Geometry (number in space), and Spherics (number in space and time). The golden section is a theme common to all. In the Platonic tradition, the intention was to lift the soul out of the realm of mere opinion (doxa), by attunement with the ratios and proportions contained in the harmonies and rhythms of music. This allows the soul to pass into the Intelligible realm of knowledge (episteme), moving through the realm of mathematical reasoning (dianoia) up into direct intuition (noesis) of the world of pure Forms, the ratios themselves. The structure of both rhythm and harmony is based upon ratio. The most simple and pleasing musical intervals, the octave (2:1) and the fifth (3:2), are the first Fibonacci approximations to the golden section. The series continues with the major and minor sixths (5:3 and 8:5). The scale itself holds the next step (13:8), for astonishingly, if we include the octave, musicians play eight notes in a scale, taken from thirteen chromatic notes. Finally, simple major and minor chords consist of the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 8th notes of the scale. The golden section has been used by composers from Dufay (opposite top after Sandresky) to Bach, Bartok, and Sibelius, as a way of structuring a work of music. Russian musicologist Sabaneev discovered in 1925 that the golden section particularly appears in compositions by Beethoven (97% of works), Haydn (97%), Arensky (95%), Chopin (92%, including almost all of his Etudes), Schubert (91%), Mozart (91%), and Scriabin (90%).
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How to Create a Phi Rectangle (1.618) To create a Phi rectangle, start by drawing a square. From the center (bottom) of the square, draw a diagonal line that meets the top righthandside corner. Next, using a compass, swing the arc outward and down to the base of the square. Finally, draw the remaining lines to complete the rectangle as shown in the diagram below.
John Singer Sargent, “Garden Study of the Vickers Children,” designed in a Phi rectangle 155
Painting by Sidney McGinley designed in a Phi rectangle How to Create a Root Phi Rectangle One of the most popular rectangles among portrait painters is the root Phi. To create a root Phi rectangle, swing a line up from the bottom righthand corner of a Phi rectangle (1.618) to the top. Where the arc meets the horizontal edge frame of the Phi rectangle, drop a vertical line down. See diagram below.
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Anna Rose Bain, “The Artist at Work,” designed in a root Phi rectangle The Phi Rectangle (1.618) vs. The 1.5 Rectangle Many articles written on photography websites claim that the Rule of Thirds grid is derived from the golden section rectangle (Phi 1.618). This isn't the case. Also, because many photographers only use the Rule of Thirds and aren't aware of any other design systems, they will stretch the Phi rectangle to fit the shape of a 1.5 rectangle in hopes that it will give them a better composition. Unfortunately, by extending the Phi rectangle past its original physical dimensions, it changes the armature and the 90degree intersecting diagonal lines. Simply put, once expanded, it's no longer a Phi rectangle. Below is an example showing the difference between the Phi rectangle and the 1.5 rectangle. Even though the dimensions of the two rectangles are close in size, notice the armature that each creates is drastically different.
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In the photographs below, Eric Kim incorrectly overlays the Phi rectangle 1.618 (in red) on top of the 1.5 rectangle in his free ebooks on photography composition. This common error, which I see repeatedly on many of the popular social media driven photography websites, is due to a lack of understanding and training in the basics of classical design techniques.
Photograph by Henri CartierBresson designed using the armature of the 1.5 rectangle 158
Photograph by Henri CartierBresson designed using the armature of the 1.5 rectangle 159
In the image below, from the blog post “Street Photography Composition Lesson #3, Diagonals," you can see how Eric Kim is incorrectly applying the two intersecting lines, the diagonal and its reciprocal, to the Henri CartierBresson photograph. These two intersecting lines (red) are not at precisely 90 degrees. Regrettably, this miscalculation in analysis will inhibit the student’s ability to learn design effectively.
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Henri CartierBresson photograph designed using the armature of the 1.5 rectangle
The image above demonstrates how Henri CartierBresson uses the armature of the 1.5 rectangle to give his image dynamic movement. The lines in yellow indicate the vertical, horizontal, and diagonal lines of the 1.5 armature. Also, notice how these lines follow the direction of the subject’s limbs and body position. 161
Photograph above demonstrating an incorrect intersection of the Sinister diagonal with its reciprocal from Eric Kim’s Street Photography Composition Manual
Image above from Eric Kim’s Street Photography Composition Manual incorrectly describing how to create a golden section rectangle/trianglethe instructions don't take into consideration the dimensions of the mother rectangle. Furthermore, as mentioned prior, the 1.5 rectangle is not a golden section rectangle. 162
Images above demonstrate the different triangles created using a golden section rectangle and the 1.5 armature
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Images above from the Rule of Thirds video by Ted Forbes. In the video, Forbes incorrectly explains how the "eyes" of the Rule of Thirds grid are golden section divisions. Unfortunately, most of the popular photography websites, like The Art of Composition, only offer subjective or misinterpreted information on composition and have almost nothing to do with art. 164
Below are several examples by Gwendolyn Stine correctly using the Dynamic Symmetry Phi (1.618) rectangle
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Master draftsman Gwendolyn Stine uses the Sinister diagonal (in red) as the dominant direction in the gamut of her drawing above A Simple Composition The artist can create a successful composition at any level of complexity. Most times, photographers have to keep things simple by breaking images only using a few lines. However, I want to stress the point that even though photographers tend to create less complex designs than a painter, taking an image that is considered a "work of art" is incredibly difficult. Below is a photograph by Werner Bischof demonstrating a simple design only using two lines to divide his image into repeating forms. The 1.5 diagram (in orange and blue) shows the divisions and how he created theme and variation. The orange segments indicate 1.5 rectangles broken down into smaller versions that alternate between vertical and horizontal.
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In the photograph below by Henri CartierBresson, notice how he uses the basic armature of the 1.5 rectangle to give his image visual movement. The yellow arrow lines on the far right photograph follow the angles of the grid's armature.
At first glance, the composition in the photograph below by Cristina Garcia Rodero might seem simple to the casual viewer. However, when you take a moment to analyze it further, you will see how the design was executed with a high degree of mastery. A welltrained photographer, one that has studied art and design principles, knows what to look for when taking photographs.
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Cristina Garcia Rodero using the armature of the 1.5 rectangle
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Helen Levitt photograph designed using the armature of the 1.5 rectangle My Approach When I photograph, I always try to keep the design as simple as possible limiting the major divisions to the armature of the 1.5 rectangle. Sometimes you can incorporate the diagonal lines precisely in your compositions. However, because photographers can't formalize elements like an artist that draws or paints, that isn't always possible. Also, always try to shoot full frame (no cropping). This practice will force you to get comfortable photographing using your chosen format, and you will create a more consistent body of images over time. In contrast, if you're always cropping your photos to various sizes, you will never be able to create a unified portfolio, and the geometry of your rectangle is continuously changing.
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In the photograph above, I kept the design simple by using two dominant lines the vertical and horizontal derived from the armature of the 1.5 rectangle. The man’s red shirt also enhances the figureground relationship. 171
In the photograph above, you can see how I’m using specific divisions derived from the armature of the 1.5 rectangle. William Eggleston was famous for using this design technique because it allowed him to photograph mundane subjects and make them look interesting. 172
How to Make a Dynamic Symmetry Grid Overlay for Any Digital Camera One of the benefits of shooting digital in modern times is having the ability to preview your subject or scene before you take the image. Most digital cameras available today have a setting known as "live view" mode. This feature will allow a photographer to look at the LCD screen on the backside of the camera while they're in the act of photographing. Even though most digital cameras have a Rule of Thirds grid view option as part of the camera's available features, none offer the Dynamic Symmetry armature grid. To get around this shortcoming, I've outlined a quick three step process that will allow any photographer to create a Dynamic Symmetry grid to apply safely to their LCD screen. Step 1 In the design program of your choice, create a page filled with the Dynamic Symmetry grids. The number of grids displayed will vary depending on the size of your LCD screen on the back of your camera. For myself, because I'm shooting with a Leica M240, I created a page that has four across and three down (see below image).
Step 2 Print the page of Dynamic Symmetry grids on a sheet of Staples repositionable window decal paper. You can find this product at your local Staples store or Amazon.com. Step 3 Once printed, let the sheet dry for 20 mins to allow the ink to stabilize. After the sheet is completely dry, cut and peel the perfectly sized grid and lay it over your LCD screen on the back of your camera. The decal can be pulled off easily at any time. 173
Are Design Grids Necessary for Photography? The application of a design grid on top of your camera’s LCD screen is not necessary for taking great pictures. Much like training wheels help a child from falling over when they're learning how to ride a bike, grids aid the beginner in creating strong, respectable compositions. In many ways, the grids will help improve your visual literacy skills as an artist and photographer. However, once the photographer has grasped the basics of good design, using this crutch can be used sparingly or avoided altogether. To give an example, when I take landscape photos, I always use a grid because time is not a factor when I'm composing my shot. The grids allow me to create a more precise composition. However, when I’m photographing people or street photography, for obvious reasons, I don’t find it practical. Whether or not you use the design grids attached to the back of your camera is totally up to you it simply becomes a matter of personal preference. With that said, one point I want to stress once again is that it’s always good practice to lay the grid over your images once they have been taken. This analysis after the fact will help you narrow down your choices and allow you to select the best photographs from your contact sheets or when you’re processing your photos in Lightroom. 174
A Complex Composition In the painting below by William Bouguereau, you can see how he uses Dynamic Symmetry to create a sophisticated design. On the surface it appears simple, but further analysis reveals it can be broken down on many levels each additional tier adding a degree of complexity. While most photographers may never wish to create this many levels of design in their work, it’s helpful to recognize the possibilities and realize that composition is more than basic intuition.
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Painting above, “Distant Thoughts” by Robert Florczak, designed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle. Notice how Florczak is using divisions of the root 2 as well as rabatment in his composition. To learn more about rabatment in composition, click h ere .
Painting above by modern artist Daniel Sprick applying the basic armature (in black) to create a hierarchy of divisions. If you continue to break down the armature further, using vertical and horizontal lines, it becomes apparent how the overall design was executed. 176
The painting above, “The Artist in his Studio” by Johannes Vermeer, demonstrates an extremely complex design. The main armature in white, as discussed in Charles Bouleau’s book “The Painter’s Secret Geometry,” lays the foundation for the additional divisions indicated in yellow. 177
How Artists Create Divisions in a Drawing or Painting Using Calipers Master artists of the past used a tool called a caliper for creating divisions in their compositions. A caliper is an instrument used for measuring external and internal dimensions, having two hinged legs that resemble a compass. A caliper can be opened to exact measurements regardless of how narrow or wide it's physically expanded. This convenience allows the artist to move rapidly across a canvas and plot particular golden section divisions. To learn more about golden section calipers, please visit T he Golden Divider for Arts website.
Photograph above from the video “Unlocking the Secrets of Design” by Myron Barnstone
Overlapping Dynamic Symmetry Root Rectangles Another design method that many master artists use in their drawings and paintings involves overlapping Dynamic Symmetry root rectangles in a single composition. Overlapping root rectangles is an advanced technique that should only be studied after you have learned the other essential information I have provided. For further details, I recommend purchasing lessons 7 & 10 from Myron Barnstones’ drawing DVD series. Click h ere for a demo. 178
The painting below, by Henri FantinLatour titled "White Rockets and Fruit," is designed in an overlapped root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle. When you overlap two root 2 rectangles, you get a grid of six root 2 rectangles.
Drawing above, by a student of B arnstone Studios , showing two overlapped root 4 Dynamic Symmetry rectangles (green and red) in a 1.5 179
Above image from the book “The Art of Composition: A Simple Application of Dynamic Symmetry” demonstrating overlapping root 2 rectangles Dynamic Symmetry in Advertising Despite what you might read on many photography and art websites, advertisers don't use the Rule of Thirds for their designs. Even something simple as a movie poster is quite complicated and requires a design system that can give the artist the ability to create something visually unified. To give an example, CocaCola hired some of the best draftsmen in the world, including Norman Rockwell, to design their ads. On the surface, advertisements might seem simple, but when you start analyzing them carefully, you will discover how complex they really are. The golden section system of design is everywhere, but very few people realize it.
CocaCola advertisement designed in a Phi rectangle (1.618) 180
CocaCola advertisement designed in a root 3 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle
CocaCola advertisement designed using the armature of the 1.5 rectangle 181
Additional Information on Composition and Balance in Art The Limited Alphabet of Marks an Artist Will Use in Composition The point The vertical line The horizontal line The diagonal line The arc (curve) Each Mark Represents a Mood in Composition The horizontal line equals calm and relaxed The vertical line equals firm and upright The diagonal line is aggressive and more powerful than the horizontal and vertical line The curve is an enclosure it cups and holds The Use of Straight Lines in Composition Artists use straight lines in the early design stages of creating art more often than curves because you can formalize, measure, and relate a straight line easier than you can a curved line. Using straight lines also allows the artist to place all their composition elements in a design grid accurately. In the images below, notice how John Singer Sargent uses straight lines to formalize all of his drawings. Straight lines give a work of art visual power. Formalize means that an artist will refine, exaggerate, modify, alter, and order what they are looking at; in other words, they aren't copying what they see.
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Drawings below by Luca Cambiaso demonstrating how to formalize using straight lines. Notice how he is breaking everything down into simple threedimensional geometric shapes.
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Below image by Sydney McGinley demonstrating the use of straight lines in a drawing
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Sydney McGinley using radiating lines in the drawing above. To learn more about radiating lines, click h ere .
Drawing above by a former student of Myron Barnstone demonstrating the use of straight lines 185
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Drawing above by a former student of Myron Barnstone demonstrating the use of straight lines 186
Self Portrait by Claudia Rilling, a former student of Myron Barnstone The Vertical Line in Composition In a composition, the vertical line is more important than any other. The vertical line separates man (upright) from animal (on all fours), can stand alone without any other support (unlike the horizontal and diagonal line) and demonstrates the direction of gravity. To create a wellbalanced vertical composition, the dominant vertical must be bisected by a horizontal or diagonal line to prevent the eye from quickly leaving the picture. For example, in the painting below by Kenyon Cox, notice how the implied horizontal line (the back edge of the chair and the position of the woman’s hands) bisects the dominant vertical line (the leg of the chair and the position of the woman’s dominant arm) in the composition. To learn more about the book “ The Classic Point of View” by Kenyon Cox, click h ere . 187
In the painting below, by John Singer Sargent, observe how the dominant diagonal line bisects the dominant vertical line in the composition. This precise bisection of only two lines creates a strong sense of balance and sets up the design for repeated patterns and calculated parallel intervals throughout the entire compositional scheme.
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Another example below demonstrates how the four major horizontal lines in the background (yellow) break the dominant vertical (white) in the portrait of Miss Elsie Palmer by John Singer Sargent. In addition, the diagonal lines (green) created by the position of the girl’s arms also help to balance the painting. These two opposing forces, along with the dominant vertical, give the viewer a sense of visual harmony.
The Horizontal Line in Composition While the vertical is generally considered the figure painter’s line, the horizontal is known among artists as the landscape painter's line. To create a successful design in a work of art using a dominant horizontal, a vertical or diagonal line must be introduced to balance out the whole. Without a strong vertical or diagonal line, the artist runs into the danger of slicing the image in half with no visual element to keep the viewer from leaving the frame too abruptly. For example, in the painting below called “Golgatha” by Julio Reyes, notice how the dominant horizontal line (white) that cuts the rectangle equally on both sides is offset by the strong vertical figure (yellow). Also, observe how the artist is using the steelyard principle to balance out the figure with the background elements. To learn more about the steelyard principle, click h ere . 189
The painting below, “Villa Torlonia, Fountain,” by John Singer Sargent demonstrates how the dominant horizontal line (white) is balanced by the vertical (yellow) and diagonal line (green).
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The Diagonal Line in Composition The diagonal line in a composition is considered to be the most dynamic line and suggests movement along that path. Whether you're working with a Dynamic Symmetry root rectangle or the harmonic armature, the diagonal line will start the construction of a design regardless of its complexity. Additionally, When you run two diagonal lines from corner to corner in a square or rectangle, the intersection of these lines will locate the center of the composition. The center of the picture is important because the eye will naturally seek it out.
In the painting above, by William Bouguereau, observe how the two intersecting diagonal lines create an important vertical division in the composition 191
Painting above, “Christ Carrying the Cross” by Hieronymus Bosch, demonstrating the use of diagonal lines to create dynamic energy in a composition 192
Painting above by Jacob Collins. Notice how the woman’s leg and face rest on the Baroque and Sinister diagonal lines in the composition.
In the painting above, by Elizabeth Gardner, observe how the two main diagonal lines and the central vertical lay the foundation for the overall design 193
When you continue to break down the painting above into a simple grid, you can see how additional diagonal lines further support the composition "The first step in analyzing pictures is finding the first or most commanding and necessary line. After you find this thread, the whole composition will unravel and a reason for each stitch will be disclosed." Henry Rankin Poore
Painting above, “Deliverance” by Teresa Elliott, demonstrating the importance of the diagonal line in composition 194
Rabatment in Composition In Kimberly Elam's book Geometry of Design , she refers to rabatment as the "lazy man's golden section." Rabatment is a design method that consists of overlapping squares in a horizontal or vertical rectangle, regardless of the dimensions, and the resulting horizontal and vertical lines give the artist a compositional structure to work within. All horizontal rectangles have a left and right rabatment, and all vertical rectangles have a top and bottom rabatment. However, an important point to remember is that rabatment is only one design principle in a much larger system. Other design techniques must be employed in order to make this compositional method successful. In the image below, the root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle demonstrates a rabatment on the left (green) and right (orange) hand sides.
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George Bellows, “Both Members of This Club,” painting demonstrating rabatment used in composition
In the painting above by Alphonse Mucha, notice how he fits the circle perfectly in the upper square of the vertical Phi rectangle, demonstrating the use of rabatment. Click h ere for a demo. 196
Painting above, by John Singer Sargent, demonstrating the use of rabatment in composition. The black and yellow overlapping squares show the use of rabatment on both sides of the horizontal rectangle.
Painting above, by John Singer Sargent, demonstrating the use of rabatment in composition. The white and yellow overlapping squares show the use of rabatment at the top and bottom edges of the vertical rectangle. 197
Rabatment: Taking It One Step Further In the book “The Painter’s Secret Geometry,” Charles Bouleau describes in more detail the sophisticated use of rabatment for design. He states that “Another way of constructing a picture, derived with equal naturalness from the rectangle, is ‘rabatment,' or rotation, of the short sides upon the long. When they placed the rectangle horizontally, the painters were obliged, for reasons of balance, to arrange a square to the right and another to the left, and these naturally overlapped in part, so that in this very simple scheme there are, inscribed in the frame, two squares which overlap more or less according as to whether the rectangle is more or less elongated. These squares, in turn, make their diagonals felt, and the crossing of these creates at the center a small square standing on one of its corners, its size varying in proportion to the overlapping of the two large squares. The combinations resulting from this procedure differ very widely. Sometimes the lines of construction vanish, giving place to the verticals and horizontals drawn through the corners of the small central square, which may by themselves establish a whole composition; sometimes, again, these verticals and horizontals create fresh lines of construction by their intersection with the diagonals of the squares. Finally, this scheme can be superimposed on the diagonals of the rectangle whose intersection with the diagonals of the squares introduces still further variants."
Image above demonstrating the use of rabatment in composition from the book “The Painter’s Secret Geometry” by Charles Bouleau 198
In the painting below, “Death of Marat” by JacquesLouis David, notice how the use of rabatment starts the process of design. If you continue to break down each square, you will find more divisions and diagonal lines that fall within the overall compositional scheme. For more information, I highly recommend the book “The Painter’s Secret Geometry” by Charles Bouleau.
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The images above further demonstrate the process of analyzing the piece “Death of Marat” by JacquesLouis David. As you continue to break down the painting, notice how every vertical and horizontal division is precisely calculated by the artist.
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Painting above, “The Continence of Scipio” by Nicolas Poussin, demonstrating the use of rabatment in composition 201
Painting above, “Odalisque with Slave” by JeanAugusteDominique Ingres, demonstrating rabatment in composition 202
Painting above, “The Boy in the Red Vest” by Paul Cezanne, demonstrates the use of diagonal lines derived from rabatment in design To download the book Cezanne’s Composition, click here
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Rabatment in Photography In the landscape photograph below, I employed multiple design techniques which include the use of rabatment. I also created a dominant vertical on the lefthand side using the "eyes" of the 1.5 armature and created a focal point with the street lamp by making use of the lower righthand side "eye."
Secondary Rabatment When you overlap two rabatment squares in a rectangle, it creates another rectangle (vertical) in the center. For example, in the horizontal root 2 Dynamic symmetry rectangle below, notice how the overlapped rabatment squares create another rectangle (vertical in yellow and green) in the center.
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In the image below, from Kimberly Elam's book Geometry of Design , notice how the center rectangle encloses individual elements of Degas's painting "Racehorses at Longchamp." The blue rabatment square touches the tree tops and the white rabatment square touches the center horse's feet.
Painting above, “Parnassus” by Nicolas Poussin, demonstrating the use of secondary rabatment in composition 205
Painting above, “Parnassus” by Nicolas Poussin, demonstrating further analysis of secondary rabatment in composition The Importance of a Thumbnail Image in Composition One way to quickly check the composition in your art, whether it's a drawing, painting, or photograph, is to bring the image down to the size of a thumbnail or postage stamp. A welldesigned picture will look just as good small as it does enlarged because, when it's reduced in size, all the specific details are minimized, and the underlying structure becomes apparent. In contrast, if you shrink your image down and everything blurs together, the chances are high that the design isn't successful. You should be able to see a dominant horizontal, vertical, and diagonal line regardless of the size. For example, in the painting below, by John Singer Sargent, notice how the composition remains apparent despite the scale of the image. In the smallest pictures, you can still see the underlying design that makes this painting a masterful work of art.
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Below is a series of images by a street photographer from Streethunters.net. Notice how the uncompelling compositions become apparent when the photographs are reduced in size. The photos lack structure and the elements within the frame blend, leaving no visual path for the viewer to follow. Unlike the masters of the past, many street photographers today don't possess the basic knowledge of composition and tend to only focus on the narrative. Unfortunately, without solid design, the visual story is less engaging and, most times, the impact is completely lost.
FigureGround Relationship in Composition Figureground relationship in composition is a technique master artists use to separate their subject (figure) clearly from the background (ground). By having a distinct separation between the subject and individual elements in a design, it makes it easier for the viewer to read the artist's intent. The best way to achieve an effective figureground relationship is to have a dark subject on a light background or a light subject on a dark background. To give an example, in the painting below, "The Woodcutter" by Winslow Homer, notice how the figureground relationship between the dark figure of the man and the brightly lit sky helps identify the most important element in the composition and draws the viewer's eye immediately to the figure. 207
Photograph below by David Alan Harvey demonstrating exceptional figureground relationship
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Photographs above by Henri CartierBresson demonstrating figureground relationship and a superb organization of vertical and horizontal lines 209
The photographs above by master photographer Constantine Manos demonstrate an effective use of figureground relationship in design 210
Photographs above by Mirko Saviane demonstrating exceptional figureground relationship “I started as a painter, and this background has definitely influenced my style. I think I’m attracted to silhouettes and shadows; this characterizes my photographic language in general but is especially apparent in this project. My attention to shadow makes the reality I depict here more graphic and pictorial, while the depersonalization caused by my protagonists’ silhouettes enhances the interplay between light, color, and shadow in the scenes, which helps the observer to catapult himself into this beautifully colored world.” 211
In the photograph above by Jay Maisel, you can see the importance of proper placement of your figures in a composition. While I find the picture to be interesting in content and mood, better placement of the figure in relationship to its background would have improved the photo tremendously. In most cases, the difference between a good photograph and a masterpiece can be a matter of millimeters. 212
The photograph above, from the Hardcore Street Photography group, demonstrates an ineffective figureground relationship. Unfortunately, the lack of separation between the dark shades of the figure and the background make the two elements merge and appear as one. To learn more about figureground relationship in composition, download the video “Classical Design for Photographers” by clicking h ere . 213
Horizontal vs. Vertical in Composition At times, many artists and photographers are unsure whether they should choose a horizontal or vertical frame for their compositions. If you shoot medium format negatives or you're an artist that primarily designs in a square, the question is irrelevant. However, if you are working with any dimensions wider than a square, meaning a rectangle, this dilemma needs to be addressed. Even though there is no simple answer, it's best always to consider your subject, the mood you want to portray, and the elements you want to lock into your chosen rectangle. In the images below by Martine Franck, Henri CartierBresson, and Erich Lessing, notice how they use their subject and the supporting elements within the frame to determine whether they shoot horizontally or vertically. For example, the top image of the girl laying on the ground is horizontal, along with the lines created by the row of cars. This repeated pattern of horizontal lines creates a visual rhythm. The same can be said for the photograph in the second row. The figure is lying horizontally, echoing the top and bottom horizontals of the rectangle as well as the surface the subject is lying on. The subjects and mood of the scene successfully fit the chosen format.
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The photograph above, by Henri CartierBresson, demonstrates a visual rhythm in the composition created by using repeated horizontal lines and gazing direction 215
The photographs above, by Henri CartierBresson, demonstrate effective vertical compositions 216
In the images below, notice how Erich Lessing is using vertical elements to tie in with the vertical frame he chose for his composition. In the top picture, the shower post becomes the dominant vertical. In the photograph below, the man is the dominant vertical, and the doorway and wall become a subordinate echo that creates a visual rhythm.
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Simultaneous Contrast in Composition Simultaneous contrast in composition means that the intensity of a particular value will change depending on the nearby value. For example, in the diagram below, from the book "Photography Composition and Design" by Tavis Leaf Glover, notice how the figure's neutral gray value looks darker on the white background and appears lighter against the black background.
Separating Elements in Composition Separating elements (or shapes) in a composition allow the viewer to identify the subjects and their relationships to each other clearly. For example, in the image below by Constantine Manos notice how all the figures in the design are easily detectable due to the negative space in between each figure and element. There aren't any confusing overlaps, and you can determine the gender of the figures despite the fact that most of them are only shadows.
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Photograph above by Magnum master photographer Alex Webb. Notice how every element in the picture is clearly defined. As a photographer, being aware of visual overlaps, effective figureground relationship, coincidences and a solid design using the armature of the 1.5 rectangle, as well as overlapping two root 4 Dynamic Symmetry rectangles, are all traits of a highly trained artist. 219
While the photograph above is an interesting concept, the composition is far too cluttered to express the idea with any visual coherency. All of the elements in the photograph are located at the center of the image and lack adequate separation as well as clear overlapping. Moving in front of the subject might have helped to separate the figure and the background elements more effectively. 220
The photograph above, by D imitris Makrygiannakis, demonstrates an excellent separation of gures as well as strong gure-ground relationship 221
The photograph above, by D imitris Makrygiannakis, demonstrates a simple, but e ective, composition. Notice how some of the major horizontal and vertical divisions fall on the intersecting points, called “eyes,” in the 1.5 Dynamic Symmetry armature. 222
The photograph above, by Dimitris Makrygiannakis, is not as successful as the other two mentioned previously. The overlapping of figures on the righthand side lack clear separation and, in turn, weaken the illusion of the third dimension. To learn more about proper overlapping in composition, click h ere . 223
While I find the photograph above to be an interesting concept (from the Hardcore Street Photography group), the poor overlap of the figures on the far lefthand side confuse the viewer and hurt the overall composition. Unfortunately, sometimes one bad element in a design can ruin an image. 224
The illustration below, by Norman Rockwell, shows a clear separation of figures, proper overlapping, and a wellexecuted design. Also, note how Rockwell is using arcs to create a curvilinear flow in his composition. My recommendation for photographers, who want to fine tune their visual literacy skills, is to study paintings more so than photographs.
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Echoing in Composition Echoing is a technique used by artists to create recurring themes in their images by repeating patterns, symbols, or ideas in the foreground and background. Many street photographers like Henri CartierBresson, Elliott Erwitt, and Craig Semetko use this approach to create a surreal and sometimes humorous effect. In the image below by Craig Semetko, notice how he is echoing the motif of the couples intimately engaged with each other.
A good example of using echoing in composition to express humor can be found in the photograph below by Elliott Erwitt. Notice how Erwitt echoes the shape of the bird with the shape of the water faucet. This technique in photography is very difficult to achieve and requires an artist with a great eye, a sense of humor, and a quick finger.
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In the photograph below, Henri CartierBresson uses echoing in a random street scene to create interest and dynamic energy. The two women, who look the same age and are dressed similarly, echo the two statuelike figures that also appear identical to each other, on the secondfloor balcony of the stone building.
Juxtaposition in Composition Juxtaposition in composition is a technique used by many master photographers that combine several elements in a frame to create a surrealist effect or visual story. Henri CartierBresson was famous for using this concept early on in his career. In the photographs below, notice how CartierBresson and Richard Kalvar use juxtaposition to create dreamlike and humorous narratives.
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Photograph below, by modern street photographer Nick Turpin, demonstrating the use of juxtaposition in composition to create humor.
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In the same photograph above, observe how Nick uses the Sinister diagonal (yellow), of the 1.5 Dynamic Symmetry armature, in his composition to create an ominous effect. If the shadow of the plane were composed on the Baroque diagonal, the impact wouldn’t have been as great. Capturing photographs like this are extremely challenging and require a high level of visual literacy. Edge Distractions in Composition Being observant of the edges of your compositional frame is vital to the overall success of a design. Photographers, more than painters, have a difficult time with edge distractions because, subconsciously, it’s easy to block out the visual elements around our subject. For this reason, sometimes when previewing our processed images in post production, we notice details in the photos that we didn't see when we first snapped the shot. An effective way to avoid this problem is to visually scan the edge of the frame before you decide on a final composition.
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The photograph above, by Jay Maisel, demonstrates how edge distractions can pull the viewer's attention away from the most important element in a design and ruin a great image. Clearly, the man on the far right should be the dominant subject of the composition. However, because he is so close to the edge of the frame, and the "edge distraction" is located near the center, the subject becomes a supporting element only not the primary interest of attraction. Furthermore, because the figure is so close in value to the shadow, an optimum figureground relationship is lost.
In the photograph above, notice how cropping out the edge distraction changes the entire mood, viewer direction, and the composition of the image. Lightening the values of the figure would have helped separate the man from the deep red shadow. 230
The photograph above, from the Hardcore Street Photography group, demonstrates how edge distractions can draw the viewer’s attention away from the main focal point in a composition. The green element on the lefthand side is too strong for the other values in the picture, and the top edges of the billboard are unnecessary distractions. Additionally, a slight adjustment in body position and moving closer to the wall would have improved the composition to create a more impressive visual effect. 231
Edge Elements That Work in Composition While being aware of edge distractions is necessary for creating a successful work of art, it’s also important to discuss what qualities or elements that might sit on the edge of the frame that can actually improve your compositions. In the photograph below, by Henri CartierBresson, it might be easy to state that the girl in the lower righthand corner of the rectangle is an edge distraction. However, this conclusion would be incorrect. Here's why. If we begin at the top of the picture, our eyes will travel along a welldesigned visual path. For example, starting with the boy on the far lefthand side of the photograph, our eyes will then move to the girl standing on the post, back down to the boy on the street, back up to the other girl on the post, and back down to the boy on the street. Finally, we are forced to exit the scene because the girl walking away from the group of kids (the subject on the edge of the frame) is pulling us in that direction. Much like a musician beating a drum, Bresson is creating a visual rhythm throughout the composition by using a repetitious up and down motion.
Photograph by Henri CartierBresson 232
In the photograph above, notice how Henri CartierBresson pays close attention to all of the edges of the frame and creates a masterful design. Even the tight crop of the lettering on the side of the train is executed with a high degree of compositional accuracy. A highly skilled and visually literate photographer will always be mindful of the edges before snapping the shutter. 233
Photograph by Richard Kalvar demonstrating effective edge cuts with lettering and a sharply designed composition 234
Dutch Angle in Composition The term Dutch angle is a concept used in composition that refers to tilting the camera to place all of your pictorial elements on a diagonal line. Essentially, this design method produces an image that would be akin to tilting your head to one side. The Dutch angle concept became popular in the 80’s and 90’s and slowly died out over the last 1520 years. The biggest drawback to using the Dutch angle technique in composition is that you eliminate any chance of visual balance because there aren’t any horizontal or vertical lines to keep your eye contained in the picture. For example, in the photograph below by Gary Winogrand, notice how the image only contains diagonal lines. This lack of vertical and horizontal stability in the design forces the viewer to exit the photo almost immediately. “A picture should be able to hang from its exact middle. A perfect composition will not cause the viewer to turn his head to a false angle in the picture. Pictures that stand the test of time demand this.” Henry Rankin Poore
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Gamut in Composition Gamut in composition means the artist is using a limited number of directions in their drawing, painting, or photograph. By limiting the amount of directions an artist uses, it won't overwhelm and confuse the viewer. Generally speaking, most master artists will only use 57 different directions in a work of art. Also, in a masterpiece, those directions will come from a Dynamic Symmetry grid. Painting below, "Spring Breeze" by William Adolphe Bouguereau, demonstrating a limited number of directions. Click h ere for a demo.
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Drawing below, "EverBrooding" by Niamh Butler, designed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle. Notice how Niamh is using the Sinister diagonal (Blue), the Baroque diagonal (Green), and the Sinister reciprocal (Yellow) as his overall gamut.
Photograph below by Carolyn Drake, from Magnum Photos, using a limited number of directions to give her composition a visual rhythm. Notice how Drake is repeating the Sinister diagonal (green) more than any other line in the design. Also, note how she is using the vertical and diagonal lines of the armature (yellow) to give the viewer a clear path to lead their eye around the image (bottom photograph).
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90 Degree Angles in Composition Because the armatures of the Dynamic Symmetry rectangles are constructed by intersecting two lines at exactly 90 degrees, artists will reinforce their design by repeating 90degree angles in their compositions. In the painting below, notice how Terje Adler Mork echoes the 90degree angle several times to give the image visual strength and dynamic energy.
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The photograph below, by Annie Leibovitz, demonstrates the repeated use of 90degree angles
The Arabesque in Composition An arabesque, also known as the "line of continuity," collects, organizes, and relates different elements in a composition. An arabesque can be used to tie in the background with the foreground or connect specific components together in a design to create a sense of unity. A welldesigned arabesque will allow the viewer's eyes to move fluidly (without hesitation) through a composition in a drawing, painting, or photograph. William Adolphe Bouguereau uses the arabesque effectively in the painting below.
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Example from the M yron Barnstone drawing DVD series demonstrating the arabesque in a F rancisco Zúñiga d rawing 240
Example from the M yron Barnstone drawing DVD series demonstrating the arabesque 241
Photograph above by Annie Leibovitz demonstrating an effective arabesque
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Jon deMartin drawing demonstrating the arabesque "The compound curve containing the “S” line has perfect balance, and can easily be created in the standing figure. It has an element of grace, and affords the same delight as the interweaving curves of a dance or the fascinating spirals of wafting smoke. Classic landscapes in which many elements are introduced (or any subjects in which scattered elements are to be swept together) are controlled and dependent upon this principle. An absolute line is not a necessity, but points of attraction which the eye can easily follow are essential. Many simple subjects owe their force and distinction entirely to a bold sweeping curved line." Henry Rankin Poore
Dmitry Sevryukov, designed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle demonstrating the arabesque 243
In the photograph above, by Annie Leibovitz, notice how the arabesque is echoed several times throughout the design. This repeated movement creates a visual rhythm and helps keep the viewer from exiting the composition abruptly. Coincidences in Composition A coincidence in composition is a technique that artists use to tie specific elements (coincide) together at pointtopoint relationships to give the eye a visual path to follow. The more coincidences you have going in a particular direction, the quicker the eye will move along that path. Also, a coincidence allows the artist to direct the viewer to read their work in a certain way, while at the same time emphasizing what they feel are the most important directions in a design. For example, in the painting below “Girl on Stairs” by Laura Theresa AlmaTadema, you can see how she uses coincidences effectively to relate and tie together specific elements in the design to give the viewer a feeling of unity and visual rhythm.
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Drawings above by former students of B arnstone Studios demonstrating the use of coincidences in design 245
John Singer Sargent, “Brigadier Archibald Campbell Douglas,” demonstrating the use of coincidences Radiating Lines in Composition Radiating lines are used by master artists in composition to tie specific elements together from a single point, much like the spokes on the wheel of a bicycle. Using radiating lines creates a sense of unity and allows the eye to travel within the work of art smoothly. In the drawing below by Edgar Degas, you can see how he uses radiating lines (which fall within an arc) to tie angles and elements together to give the illusion of movement. Also, notice how the angles in the radiating lines match the angles in the limbs of the figure.
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Painting above, “Marriage of Bacchus and Ariadne” by Tintoretto, demonstrating the use of radiating lines from the pivot point of the composition 247
Edward Little, "Drapery," demonstrating the use of radiating lines in a composition
Painting above by Franz Anton Maulbertsch demonstrating the use of radiating lines 248
Painting above, “Sacred and Profane Love” by Titian, demonstrating the use of radiating lines generated from the armature of the rectangle
Painting above, “Transfiguration” by Raphael, demonstrating the use of radiating lines generated from rabatment of the rectangle 249
Painting above, by Sandro Botticelli, demonstrating the use of radiating lines to tie elements together from one determined division (in blue) within the armature of the rectangle 250
The photograph above, by Henri CartierBresson, demonstrating the use of radiating lines 251
Aspective View in Composition Aspective view means you are showing the most identifiable parts of the subject which provide the viewer a maximum amount of information from different angles. For example, in the painting below by WilliamAdolphe Bouguereau, notice how he shows three sides of the female nude simultaneously. Employing aspective view in a composition also helps to enhance the illusion of the third dimension on a twodimensional surface.
WilliamAdolphe Bouguereau, “Biblis,” designed in a Phi rectangle 252
Perspective in Composition Perspective in composition is drawing or painting solid objects on a twodimensional surface to give the correct impression of their height, width, depth, and position in relation to each other when viewed from a particular point. Many beginners, who are learning how to draw, tend to be inconsistent in their ability to render linear perspective. A few concepts to keep in mind when determining perspective are eye level, horizon line, and vanishing point. To render a drawing or painting accurately, the artist needs to identify a fixed point from which to view the scene or subject. Eye level is the position in which you are observing the scene. You can be lower, higher, or directly at eye level. In other words, if you were taking pictures of children at play, you might tend to get lower, so you're at their eye level. If you were standing up and photographing the same scene, you would be looking down at eye level. The horizon line is the line, imaginary at times, that runs across the picture at your eye level. A good example of this would be looking at the ocean and where the sky meets. The vanishing point in a composition is the location where the angles in a picture converge. Generally speaking, the vanishing point will be located along the horizon. To learn more about perspective, download the book P erspective Made Easy by clicking h ere .
Albert Gleizes, 1910, La Femme aux Phlox (Woman with Phlox) demonstrating multiple viewpoints in the same scene (Cubism) 253
John Singer Sargent, "An Artist in His Studio," demonstrating one point perspective. His subject is slightly below eye level. Gazing Direction in Composition Gazing direction in a composition is the direction a subject is looking at in a scene. When creating a design, the artist should make sure that the gazing direction makes sense to the overall balance of the frame. For example, in the painting below, "A Wolf in Sheep's Clothing" by Tiffany Vargas, notice how the gazing direction and the position of the main subject (looking away from the other figures in the composition) enhance the feeling of isolation and loneliness. Also, observe how the dark subordinate figures on the right are walking in the opposite direction of the dominant figure. These opposing directions create an even sense of balance and mood in the overall design.
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In the painting below, by Henri FantinLatour, notice how the gazing direction and the angles of the woman’s limbs create a circular motion in the composition. This calculated visual path, set up by the artist in the preliminary drawing phase, creates a dynamic energy in the design and allows the viewer to move around the picture fluidly without hesitation.
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The painting above, “The Waterseller of Seville” by Diego Velázquez, demonstrates the use of gazing direction to create a visual path for the viewer to follow. Also, observe how the basic armature of the rectangle and the diagonal lines lock the composition firmly in place. 256
The painting above, “A Mad Tea Party” by G regory Hildebrandt, d emonstrates how gazing direction can lead the viewer around and through a design
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In the charcoal and pastel drawing below, "Self Portrait in Coitus" by Susan Hauptman, notice how the gazing direction of the man on the far left leads the viewer's eyes to the main subject in the center of the frame. Also, observe how the gazing direction matches the Baroque reciprocal in the root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle.
Pointing Devices in Composition Artists use pointing devices (cues) to give the viewer a visual path to follow in their compositions. If designed correctly, visual pointers will allow the viewer to enter the frame at a predetermined location and move around the piece in a calculated pattern as well as enable them to exit without hesitation or too abruptly. The Difference Between Pointing Devices and Leading Lines Many artists and photographers will often confuse pointing devices with leading lines. While on the surface they might seem similar, when you take the time to study the techniques more carefully, you will discover there is a clear distinction between the two concepts. The most noticeable difference is that leading lines tend to draw the viewer to one focal point, were as pointing devices move the eye around the entire image. 258
For example, in the painting below by WilliamAdolphe Bouguereau, notice how he uses pointing devices to lead us along a predetermined path within the design. Unlike leading lines, these subliminal visual pointers keep our attention inside the frame for a longer period of time.
Photograph above demonstrating the use of leading lines 259
The photograph above, from the Digital Photography School, demonstrates the use of leading lines in a composition. Observe how the image draws the viewer to only one point in the design creating a cookiecutter appearance. And while there is nothing wrong with creating images applying single point perspective, most compositions require two or more vanishing points (twopoint perspective) to be rendered realistically. The painting below, by Juliette Aristides, shows the use of leading lines. However, unlike the photographer, the artist can diminish individual elements of a drawing or painting while enhancing others. For example, notice how the two figures walking towards the viewer (along with aerial perspective) reduce the arrowhead effect of single point perspective caused by the converging lines of the railroad tracks. To learn more about aerial perspective, click h ere .
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Breathing Room in Composition Breathing room in a composition is the space between the subject and the top and bottom edges of your square/rectangle, as well as the left and righthand sides. In most cases, you will want to leave enough room so that your subject doesn't feel restrained by placing it too close to an edge. For example, in the painting below by George Angelini, notice how the primary element (the woman in the chair) has enough space on the lefthand side of the frame so that the viewer doesn't get the feeling of being claustrophobic. This effect is achieved by placing the subject's back closer to the righthand edge of the rectangle, and therefore, almost doubling the space on the lefthand side.
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Aerial Perspective in Composition Aerial perspective is a technique that artists use in their drawings and paintings to give the illusion of the third dimension on a twodimensional piece of paper or canvas. This method will create depth and atmosphere in your art. The way to achieve this effect is to keep your values, contrast, and details that are closest to the viewer stronger, while diminishing the values, contrast, and details the further you go back into the picture. The concept of aerial perspective happens naturally in the world around us due to particles of dust and moisture in the air. These dust and water particles reduce visual contrast starting from the foreground and continuing to the background. The further back our line of sight goes, the more muted our visual perception becomes. A good example of this natural phenomenon can be found on a foggy day after a rain storm. Below are a few examples of how master artists use the technique of aerial perspective in their artwork. In the painting below, "Cardsharps" by Caravaggio, notice how the two figures closest to the viewer have the highest amount of contrast and detail as well as strongest values. The man furthest in the background has muted values, lower contrast, and less detail to create the illusion of depth.
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“Leonardo da Vinci analyzed aerial perspective with an astonishing precision, and expounded scientifically what the French miniaturists, and after them Piero della Francesca and others, had expressed instinctively: ‘Perspective is divided into three parts, of which the first deals only with the line drawing of bodies; the second with the toning down of colours as they recede into the distance; the third with the laws of distinctness of bodies at various distances.” Charles Bouleau: T he Painter's Secret Geometry : A Study of Composition in Art
Photograph above by Annie Leibovitz demonstrating aerial perspective in composition 263
In the landscape painting below, “View from the Grounds of Penrhyn Castle Looking towards NantFfrancon" by George Fennel Robson, observe how the values, details, colors, and contrast appear more muted the further you go back into the scene. This image demonstrates the use of aerial perspective to enhance the illusion of the third dimension on a twodimensional surface.
Drawing above by Michael Grimaldi demonstrating aerial perspective
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Painting above by Michael Grimaldi demonstrating aerial perspective Ellipses in Composition Ellipses used in a composition are regular oval shapes that connect and tie together specific elements to create a sense of unity and a fluid visual movement for the viewer. In the painting below, "A Young Woman Seated at the Virginal," notice how Vermeer uses ellipses in the shapes and shadows of his subject to create a circular rhythm in his design.
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In the painting below, "The Birth of Venus," notice how William Adolphe Bouguereau uses ellipses to tie important elements together.
WilliamAdolphe Bouguereau, "The Birth of Venus," designed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle 266
Photograph by Henri CartierBresson using e llipses and the 1.5 armature in his composition 267
Enclosures in Composition An enclosure in a composition unifies and ties together specific elements by locking them into simple geometric shapes. For example, in the below painting "The Morning Toilet" by JeanBaptisteSimeon Chardin, notice how the two figures, the woman and child, are combined by enclosing them in simple geometric shapes the triangle.
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In the images above, J eanBaptisteSimeon C hardin creates triangular geometric shapes by using the armature of the rectangle 269
Example above, “A Stag at Sharkey's” by George Bellows, from the book C lassical Drawing Atelier by Juliette Aristides demonstrating the use of basic geometric shapes in a composition 270
Leonardo da Vinci using simple geometric shapes to enclose his figures Negative Shapes in Composition Negative shapes in composition refer to the space that surrounds a particular figure or object. While many artists and photographers tend to use the phrase negative space, I find the word "shape" is better suited for fine tuning your visual literacy skills. However, regardless of your terminology, it's important to keep in mind that sometimes negative shapes can overpower the positive elements in a design if the artist isn’t careful or aware. A delicate balance is required.
Painting above, “The Governess,” by Jean Baptiste Simeon Chardin demonstrates the use of negative shapes in a composition 271
Painting above by Norman Lundin demonstrating strong negative shapes Notional Space in Composition Notional space is the vertical and horizontal space (enclosure) around a particular element in a drawing, painting, or photograph. Determining the notional space allows the artist to measure and plot that particular element on a grid as well as create relationships between other parts in the overall design. For example, in the plant drawing below, notice how Rudi Elert is using notional space around each leaf to measure and place everything in an organized fashion on the grid he chose for his design.
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Dot Bunn, “Six Pumpkins,” demonstrating the use of notional space. Designed in a root 4 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle.
Example of notional space used in drawing the figure from the Da Vinci Initiative 273
Circular Composition Circular composition is a technique used by master artists to tie together, in a circular fashion, specific elements in a drawing or painting. This design approach is one of the more easily recognized techniques utilized in a work of art. In the picture below, by Anthony van Dyck called "Christ Crowned with Thorns," notice how the figures are enclosed in multiple circles to carry the viewer's eyes around the canvas several times before exiting.
One important thing to note is that circular composition doesn't always have to be literal it can be implied. In the painting below, "Whistler's Mother" by James McNeill Whistler, notice how the artist uses rectangular shapes to create a circular movement. The picture frames on the wall as well as the curtains on the left keep the viewer's eyes into the painting and solidify the intended circular composition.
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Raphael, “The Deposition,” designed in a circle 275
Painting above, “The Queen’s Government” by Peter Paul Rubens, emphasizing circular composition 276
Overlapping in Composition The technique of overlapping in a composition is how all of the elements in a drawing, painting, or photograph overlap each other to help create the illusion of the third dimension. Generally speaking, you want to strive for a 1/3, 1/2, 2/3, or Phi ratio overlap. If the elements become too close together, it tends to flatten out the design and destroys the illusion of depth and space for the viewer. The example below demonstrates the effect when two or more elements touch.
In the painting below, by master artist Jeff Hein, you can see how important overlapping objects and figures in a painting can be when trying to create the illusion of the third dimension.
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In the photograph above by Henri CartierBresson, you can see how he has mastered the technique of overlapping to give his picture a strong threedimensional feel. Also, notice the precise spacing between the figures and how it creates dynamic movement as well as a series of arabesques throughout the whole design. This mastery of photography is a combination of learning classical skillbased design techniques, quick reflexes, and a certain amount of intuition. 278
The photographs above were taken by a former student at the Barnstone Studios. The careful arrangement and overlapping of bottles, which took several hours to achieve, was necessary to produce visually compelling images. Also, notice how the successful overlapping of the bottles helps create the illusion of the third dimension and provides several dynamic arabesques in the composition. 279
Photographs above by a former student at the Barnstone Studios 280
In the image below, from the book "Greek Portfolio," notice how Constantine Manos applies overlapping successfully to give his photograph a threedimensional look. A photographer can achieve this effect by being alert of their body position in relation to their subject or subjects. In other words, a slight shift in body position from right to left or up and down can change the overall illusion of the third dimension and can, many times, mean the difference between a work of art and a failed image.
Hierarchy in Composition Obtaining a visual hierarchy in a composition is a major step in creating a masterful design. As humans, we have the ability to view an entire picture at once, but we can't focus on every element at the same time. For example, if we were to look at a landscape painting, we might start by looking at a large tree in the foreground. Then our eyes will move to another element near the tree in the middle ground, then continue to look further off into the background, and then back to the tree in the foreground. Our eyes are always striving to seek order. In composition, a visual hierarchy can be created by using theme and variation through the use of line and value. For this reason, artists use a limited number of directions in a drawing or painting, also known as a gamut. Artists achieve a gamut by enhancing one direction while suppressing another. As Andre Lhote once said, "Exaggeration, diminution, and suppression are the three operations which the artist must constantly practice whether it is a matter of lines, values, colors, or surfaces." 281
In most works of art, there is a dominant vertical, dominant horizontal, and a dominant diagonal line. These dominant lines define the highest level of a hierarchy in a composition. In the painting below, you can see how Anna Rose Bain is creating a simple hierarchy in her design as indicated by the vertical (red), diagonal (yellow), and horizontal (green) lines.
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The hierarchy of lines created from the bottom portion of the overlapped root 4 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle
Painting above by Mary Cassatt establishing a hierarchy with three dominant lines. For a demo video by Myron Barnstone, click h ere . To learn more about the Barnstone series of DVDs and instant downloads, click on the link below.
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Michael Grimaldi drawing above demonstrating a hierarchy of lines designed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle 284
Greatest Area of Contrast in Composition The greatest area of contrast (GAC) in a composition is the location in the picture where the viewer's eyes are usually drawn first. Generally speaking, this is where the lightest light meets the darkest dark because heavily contrasting areas tend to demand immediate attention. A common practice with master artists is to place the most relevant subject (or element) on or near the GAC to give the viewer a sense of priority. For example, in the painting below, "Judith Beheading Holofernes" by Caravaggio, notice how Judith is the primary subject and happens to be ideally located in the most luminous area of the painting. The white shirt contrasts sharply with the dark background and the shadows cast by her face.
Another example demonstrating the greatest area of contrast in a work of art can be found in the painting "Girl Interrupted at Her Music" by Johannes Vermeer (below). The seated girl is clearly the primary focus of the image, and the GAC works beautifully to convey her importance. The white scarf around her head creates a strong contrast against the teacher's dark clothing due to the intense light shining in from the window on the left. 285
Caravaggio, "The Incredulity of Saint Thomas," demonstrating the greatest area of contrast (below)
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Drawing above, by Michael Grimaldi, demonstrating the use of (GAC) greatest area of contrast in composition 287
In the photograph below, from fstoppers.com, notice how the greatest area of contrast in the composition immediately attracts the viewer's eyes to the top right edge of the frame instead of where it should be (on the woman). This strong visual pull is due to the extreme contrast between the brightly lit object and dark background. If you cover the area with your thumb, you will notice your attention is brought back to the main subject in the image.
Composition With One Subject To effectively compose a single element within a square or rectangle, there are three options that an artist can employ in their work. The first approach entails having the subject touch the edges of the frame. For example, in the painting below by Edgar Degas called "The Invalid," notice how the woman's arms touch both sides of the rectangle.
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Norman Rockwell painting designed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle (with one subject). The yellow arrows at the bottom lefthand side of the rectangle indicate how Rockwell is using the edges to frame the composition. 289
The second approach involves using an oppositional mass or line as a means of connecting the subject to the edges of the frame. For example, in the painting below by John Singer Sargent called "Portrait of Madame X," notice how the dark shadows, the table, and the arc of the table connect the figure to the edges of the frame. Also, notice how Sargent reinforces this connection by having the figure's left hand touch the table.
Painting above, “The Lacemaker,” by Johannes Vermeer demonstrating how to attach the figure to the edges of the rectangle by using mass and lines 290
The third option involves the use of CHIAROSCURO using a gradation of light and dark in a pictorial composition. In the painting below, "Self Portrait" by Juliette Aristides, notice how the transition from light to dark (from the portrait to the edges) tie the figure to the sides of the rectangle (in addition to her arms touching). Photographers would use the technique called "dodging and burning" for the same effect.
Painting above by Juliette Aristides demonstrating chiaroscuro 291
Composition With Two Subjects Composing two subjects in a composition can be more challenging than any other design scheme, especially when both elements appear to be equally important. In the case of employing two figures, an artist must decide a hierarchy and choose which subject will be dominant and which will be subordinate. There are several techniques an artist can use to minimize this challenge. Using Light Values An artist can use light values to draw attention to the dominant subject in a composition of two figures. For example, in the painting below by Mary Cassatt, notice how the little girl's face has lighter values than the woman on the left. This intentionally highlighted area draws the viewer's eyes directly to the little girl first, and then back to the woman.
Using Subject Position Another technique for composing two subjects in a composition involves the use of physical location. In other words, depending on where both of the figures are placed in a design determines which subject is the most dominant of the two. For example, in the movie poster "Before We Go," notice how Chris Evans becomes the primary element (out of the two figures) due to his physical location. Because Evans is positioned closer to the viewer, he immediately becomes the main focal point and the entrance into the composition. 292
In the painting above, “Mrs. Henry Phipps and Her Grandson Winston” by John Singer Sargent, the child is the dominant figure in the composition. The hierarchy between these two elements is obtained by using the greatest area of contrast, aerial perspective, figure location, and the dramatically outstretched position of the child’s arm. These combined techniques draw the viewer’s attention to the little boy first. 293
In the painting above, by Norman Rockwell, it’s apparent that the man on the left (yellow) is the subordinate of the two figures. The repeated use of the Sinister diagonal, as well as gazing direction, pointing devices, and the dominant vertical (red), reinforces the visual hierarchy of the two figures. 294
In the painting above, “Fishing Hole” by Morgan Weistling, gazing direction, gamut, and facial expression reinforces the notion that the boy catching the fish is the focal point (of the two figures) in the composition. 295
Composition With Three Subjects One of the most common and extremely effective techniques used in composing three subjects in a composition requires grouping two of the three elements together, by close physical proximity to one another, and overlapping them. This method isolates the main subject from the other two elements (that appear as one) and creates a sense of harmonious balance. For example, in the painting below, by Diego Velazquez called "Christ Contemplated by the Christian Soul," notice how the two figures on the right are tightly grouped together, while the figure of Christ is far removed on the left.
The Problem With the Rule of Odds On the Art of Photography website, Ted Forbes says that “The Rule of Odds states that framing your subject with 2 surrounding objects (thus creating an odd number of 3) suggests balance and harmony visually. We tend to prefer balance and feel comfortable with these groupings of 3. Groups of 2 or 4 can sometimes create a sense of competition whereas the odd groupings tend to balance that a bit. This is a very subjective rule, but it does create balance.” However, simply grouping an odd number of elements together in a composition is not enough to create balance and harmony.
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For example, notice how the compositions in the photographs below appear lifeless. Do they follow the “Rule of Odds” concept? Yes. Are they well balanced and harmonized? Absolutely not. In fact, all of the elements in the compositions are lumped together making it impossible to determine a visual hierarchy. And much like all the contemporary “rules” in composition, the Rule of Odds concept is inherently flawed.
The photographs above are flat and uninteresting despite the fact that they meet the definition of the Rule of Odds 297
"The main object always has the most attraction. This usually follows without thought. Its presence becomes known because it is so interesting. Figures which are less interesting, which will combine with the subject proper, are what artists long for. Those things which are not of sufficient interest to be worthwhile in themselves are, owing to their lesser significance, of the utmost importance to the main subject." Henry Rankin Poore
The painting above is intelligently designed using three figures. Notice how the artist is using figure placement to create simple geometric shapes and a clear visual path for the viewer. 298
In the painting above, “The Dressmaker” by Morgan Weistling, notice how the two figures on the lefthand side are separated from the dominant figure on the right. This clear separation forces the viewer to see the two characters as one unit, therefore, creating a sense of balance in the composition. 299
Painting above, “Blue Hour,” by Max Klinger showing how to effectively group three figures in a composition. Notice how Klinger uses the armature, repeated triangular shapes, gazing direction, and a clear visual hierarchy to create harmony and balance in his design. Composition With Figures in a Group When composing figures in a group, the best shapes to design in are the oval and the pyramid. Both of these shapes give the viewer a clear focal point as well as define the relationship between the elements and their background in the composition. 300
To create a more attractive arrangement of figures in a design, it's always a good idea to have two separate groups one large and one small. The artist can then decide which group they want to put their principal figure within. If the dominant figure is placed in the larger group, the smaller group has to be subordinate by utilizing value, light, or pose. If the figure is placed in the smaller group, or completely separated from both groups, the isolation effect will be sufficient. In the painting below, by William Adolphe Bouguereau, notice how the main figure (Christ) is isolated from the other two groups; the smaller group on the left, and the larger group on the right. Also, observe how the figures are arranged and visually tied together in an oval shape.
Painting below, “Supper at Emmaus” by Caravaggio, grouping the figures using an oval shape
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The painting above, “The Danaides” by John William Waterhouse, demonstrates an efficient arrangement of figures in a composition. Notice how the placement of the three central figures creates a triangular shape. Also, observe how the grouping of elements establishes a visual hierarchy the woman on the left (with her breast exposed) becomes an important focal point. 302
Balance in Art and Composition ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Balance in art is when all the elements that make up a picture are equal or in the correct proportions. Every picture is a collection of items and every item has a given value. The value of an item depends on its visual attraction and that attraction varies depending on where it is placed in the picture. An item near the edge of a picture has more visual weight than the same item that falls near the middle. Space without any detail in a picture still possess attraction by gradation. An item in an empty space has more visual weight than the same item grouped with other items. An item in the foreground has less weight than the same item in the background. A black item on white or vice versa has more attention than the same element on grey.
Achieving balance in a work of art is essential. While most people have an innate sense of balance when it comes to pictorial composition, trying to create or fix balance in a design requires knowledge and skills. I recently read a blog post from B&H photo where the author claimed that "there is nothing wrong with an unbalanced shot unless your goal is a balanced one!" I strongly disagree. A master artist will continually strive to find balance in their work and intentionally creating an unbalanced drawing, painting, or photograph doesn't make any sense. After all, why would any artist strive to create bad art and an unsuccessful composition? A simple way to analyze balance in a work of art is to take any picture, drive a vertical and horizontal line through the center finding the middle or pivot point and weigh the various elements that surround it. A wellbalanced work of art will show a pleasant distribution of all the components around the central axis. In the painting below, by Johannes Vermeer called the "Procuress," notice how all the elements are balanced around the central division: The woman's right hand acts as the pivot around all the other items in the painting.
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"Solid composition is an essential component for any painting intended to pass the test of time. The goal is always balance. Balance is a sense of harmonya cohesion of diverse parts into a statement where nothing feels extraneous and nothing can be moved without upsetting the whole." Juliette Aristides from "Lessons in Classical Painting."
Unknown artist, designed in a root 3 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle Classical Balance in Composition Classical balance requires equal measure on each side of a central figure or object as well as the top and bottom. For example, in the painting "Madonna di San Sisto" by Raphael Sanzio (below) you can see that the central figure (Madonna and Christ) are balanced by the two other figures on the left (Saint Sixtus) and right (Saint Barbara) as well as the two cherub below (on the bottom edge of the picture). Classical balance gives the painting equal balance across the entire image. 304
If you were to visualize the painting as a scale, it would look like the image below. If you notice both items on each side of the scale are equal in weight. So you can say that it's perfectly balanced. For each item in the painting above, there must be a corresponding element that keeps the balance from tipping. One thing to remember is that every item in a picture has a degree of pulling power, much like a magnet. While each piece draws attention to itself, it takes away from every other item proportionately.
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In the image below, "Coronation of the Virgin" by Diego Velazquez, notice how he uses classical balance to compose the painting. All of the elements that surround the Virgin Mary are equally balanced on the right and left as well as the top and bottom.
Steelyard Principle in Composition When the subject of a picture is on one side of the middle, it must be close to a pivot point. If it departs from the center, it must be balanced by a small weight element on the other side to create a visual balance. If you were to look at an actual scale, this is what the principle would look like visually (see below).
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Painting above, “Mr. and Mrs. Andrews” by Thomas Gainsborough, demonstrating the steelyard principle from the book P ictorial Composition: An Introduction by Henry Rankin Poore. Notice how the figures on the lefthand side of the central vertical are balanced by the trees and the haystack on the righthand side. 307
Painting above, “A Dutch Courtyard” by Pieter de Hooch, demonstrating the steelyard principle from the book P ictorial Composition: An Introduction by Henry Rankin Poore 308
In every composition, the eye will be first drawn to a central point of interest, which may be on one side of the image, then proceed to scan the opposite side looking for another element to receive it. If there isn't any object on the other end, it will give the viewer a feeling of imbalance. Artists that use the Rule of Thirds grid for composition should take note of the steelyard principle because the Rule of Thirds pulls the subject away from the center and off to one side. For this reason, it's easy to create imbalances in a picture. In the painting below, "Breezing Up (A Fair Wind)" by Winslow Homer, notice how the small sailboat on the far righthand side of the picture balances out the larger mass on the left.
Creating balance in a composition doesn't always require another subject. Artists can use patches of color or value to weigh out all of the elements in a design. In the painting below, "Lost on the Grand Banks" by Winslow Homer, notice how the small patches of black and white values on the surface of the water (on the lefthand side) balance out the other larger elements on the right. If you cover the small sections of contrasting values with your thumb, you will notice how the visual balance changes.
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In the painting below, "The Fog Warning" by Winslow Homer, notice how the small ship on the righthand side of the image balances out the larger boat on the lefthand side.
In the painting below by Caravaggio, called “Beheading of Saint John the Baptist,” notice how he is using the steelyard principle in his design. If you cover the circled area on the righthand side with your thumb, you will immediately discover that the composition feels unbalanced.
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Painting above, by Henri FantinLatour, demonstrating the use of the steelyard principle through the application of value. In the bottom image, notice that when you remove the subtle highlight on the glass, the balance of the composition changes drastically. 311
Photograph by Henri CartierBresson using the steelyard principle
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Balance by Isolation in Composition Much like the steelyard principle, balance by isolation identifies the primary subject in a work of art by clearly separating it from other elements in a composition. For example, in the image below, "Racehorses in a Landscape" by Edgar Degas, notice how the one horseman to the far right of the frame is completely isolated from the larger group to the left. This isolation effect is not only a result of the main subject being separated from the larger group but also because most of the riders in the larger group are moving forward, while the horseman to the right is facing away (as if he was leaving the scene), thereby enhancing the feeling of isolation. This distinct separation is an indicator that the one particular horseman is an important focal point in the design.
Vertical and Horizontal Balance in Composition Two dominant lines can start a composition if they cross or touch. Once the horizontal and vertical lines join or intersect, the artist has to find balance in the remaining areas that surround the pivot point of the picture. In the painting below, "White PeonyTender Thoughts" by Dmitry Kalyuzhny, notice how the dominant vertical and horizontal line divide the image while the rest of the elements balance out the picture as a whole. The painting is designed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle on the theme of 2. 313
Entrance Into a Composition In any work of art, an immediate attraction is fundamental to its success. In a sense, the picture should be like an open window or door for the viewer without anything blocking the visual path. In design, there is a hierarchy of elements. In other words, there must be one dominant area that your viewer is first drawn to, while the remaining elements are there to balance out and lead the eye through the whole. If there is a particular part in the composition that stops this visual flow, it can destroy the overall structure. In any composition that has a deep perspective, it's always best to enter with a series of diagonal lines that create a winding effect. A dirt road in a landscape that bends and winds around a particular path would be a good example. If you were to formalize this road into straight lines, it would resemble a zigzag. However, not every work of art can use the winding element or zigzag, in which case a visual accent or spot will suffice. This principle of perspective recession can be utilized in all works of art including portraits and multiple figure pictures, not just landscapes. 314
In the painting below, by Daniel Gerhartz, notice how the use of zigzag lines lead the viewer into the picture and then guides them to the most important element in the entire painting the brown building.
Exiting out of a Composition Exiting out of a composition is just as important as entering. The exit has to have a logical direction as well as a visually pleasing path. If an element in the design causes the viewer to leave the painting abruptly, without seeing other relevant parts, the overall success of the piece is diminished. If you're dealing with a portrait that has nothing but a dark background, the viewer is forced to back out of the picture. However, a portrait can have a more subtle way of exiting the picture. In the painting below, "Girl Reading a Letter at an Open Window" by Johannes Vermeer, the girl reading the letter is the dominant subject in the composition. Once our eye leaves the girl, it travels up the curtain on the right, circles to the red curtain near the top of the window frame, back to the letter, rotates around the girl's arm, head, and finally exits through the window. Vermeer intentionally designed his composition so that the viewer will first find the most relevant subject, then follow an intended visual path (which circles the girl several times) before the eye leaves the design.
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In the painting below, “Return from the Market” by JeanBaptisteSimeon Chardin, notice the visual path the artist has intentionally created using gazing direction and visual pointers. The viewer is first drawn to the main subject the woman carrying the bag. After the initial entry into the picture, the gazing direction of the woman leads our eyes down to the element that is sticking out of the shopping bag (known as a pointing device). From there, it takes us to the woman in the doorway (with her back up against the edge of the frame) and out of the picture. The gazing direction of the woman in the door also reinforces the viewer’s exit.
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Painting above, by Michael Grimaldi, demonstrating the entrance and exit out of a composition. Notice how Grimaldi uses the greatest area of contrast, gazing direction, and pointing devices to intentionally lead the viewer on a distinct path throughout the picture.
In the drawing above, observe how Michael Grimaldi uses the dark values at the bottom of the picture as an entrance point while using the angles of the doorway and the antenna on the radio as pointing devices. These pointers lead the viewer to the girl standing on the righthand side of the frame. Also, notice how the girl’s gazing direction reinforces an exit out of the design. 317
"When a subject demands a rugged form, you might exchange the sinuous line for an abrupt and forcible zigzag. In such an arrangement, the eye is pulled sharply across spaces from one object to another, if the space itself contains little of interest." Henry Rankin Poore
Painting above, by Kexin Di, demonstrating the use of zig zag lines to effectively lead the viewer through the composition 318
Value in Composition The term value refers to the range of tones between black and white. A good example of value used in composition can be found in a black and white photograph. Even though there is a total absence of all color, much of what makes the scene recognizable remains unbroken. In a successful work of art, the values will reveal the light source, the time of day, the shape of objects, and the depth of space. The photograph below, by Bruce Barnbaum, demonstrates an excellent range of black and white values.
Value Pattern in Composition Value pattern in composition provides a visual structure for a drawing, painting, or photograph. The value pattern can be high in contrast, or it can be subtle. The artistic mastery of value pattern in a work of art will determine its overall efficiency in conveying a unified message for the viewer. The image below, from the book "Composition" by Arthur Dow, demonstrates an effective high contrast value pattern.
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“Value pattern (the abstract treatment of lights and darks) elevates a subject from a statement of fact to a meditation on the largest principles in art. It is a painterly way of seeing that enables artists to capture the essential visual truths of nature that lie behind the myriad details." Juliette Aristides, “Lessons in Classical Painting.” Final Thoughts I'm sure after reading this user's guide you might feel overwhelmed with the amount of information I've provided. However, one thing to keep in mind is that creating great art, whether it be a drawing, painting, sculpture, or photograph isn't easy. If it were, it wouldn't have attracted great minds like da Vinci, Picasso, Degas, and so on. Furthermore, I hope that you continue with your studies, take the time to learn how to analyze master artworks and bring those studies and knowledge into your own art. After all, there is no greater reward than producing a work of art that you can feel proud of for many years to come. Above all, never stop believing in yourself and always push forward. Mastering the art of composition will require a perseverance and the desire to be the best. I know you have it in you. Good luck! James W. Cowman 320
Supplemental Information Charles Bouleau's Harmonic Armature for Composition (for artists that draw and paint) The armature of a rectangle is another alternative for designing a drawing or painting (not a photograph). This armature is constructed differently than what I have been describing in the Dynamic Symmetry system of design, but both systems provide the same harmonic divisions. In Dynamic Symmetry, to create the armature of a rectangle you intersect two lines, the Baroque or Sinister diagonal with its reciprocal at precisely 90 degrees. With this alternative method, described in Charles Bouleau's book "The Painter's Secret Geometry," you will be using the rectangle and fourteen diagonal lines to create harmonic divisions in a compositional grid. Within the limits of the armature, an artist can create an endless amount of designs. To learn how to build this grid see below. Step 1. Start with any size rectangle or square. Draw two diagonal lines (green) that connect the opposite corners of the rectangle. Where the two diagonal lines intersect, that will be the center of your rectangle or square.
Step 2. Draw two diagonal lines from the center of the top down to the lower corners of the rectangle. The intersection of these two lines (blue) with the green lines divides the rectangle at the onethird division (horizontally/vertically) as well as the twothirds division (horizontally/vertically).
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Step 3. Draw two diagonal lines from the top of the rectangle corners down to the midpoint of the rectangle (red lines). The intersection of the diagonal lines divide the rectangle at the onequarter mark both horizontally and vertically and the onehalf division horizontally.
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Step 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for the remaining three sides. Your rectangle should look like the image below.
Step 5. Draw a diagonal line from the midpoint at the top of the rectangle to the midpoint of each side (yellow lines). Repeat the process for the bottom half of the rectangle. The armature of the rectangle is now finished.
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The finished armature below is the visual equivalent to the musical scale of a composition.
In the painting below, "The Astronomer" by Johannes Vermeer, notice how he used the diagonal lines (the armature) of the frame to create a stunning work of art.
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How to Create a Dynamic Symmetry Grid for Any Size Rectangle You can create an armature for any rectangle regardless of the size it doesn't have to be a golden section series or root rectangle. Start with any size rectangle you are using to design your image. For this demonstration, I will be using the 1.5 rectangle; the same format of digital camera sensors and 35mm film.
Draw a diagonal line from the lower lefthand corner to the upper righthand corner of your rectangle (image below).
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From the lower righthand side of your rectangle, draw a diagonal line starting at the bottom righthand corner and intersect it at 90 degrees to the diagonal you drew in the previous step (image below).
Drop a vertical line down from the point where your 90degree intersecting diagonal touches the top of your rectangle frame.
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Repeat the process for the lefthand side of the rectangle. Draw a diagonal line from the lower righthand corner that extends to the upper lefthand corner of the mother rectangle. Then draw another diagonal from the lower lefthand corner that intersects the diagonal you just drew at 90 degrees. At the top of the mother rectangle, drop another vertical line down. One thing to note is, both of the smaller rectangles inside the mother rectangle are also 1.5 rectangles.
From the top lefthand side of the rectangle, draw a diagonal line that extends down to the righthand corner of the smaller 1.5 rectangle. From the top righthand side of the rectangle, draw another diagonal line down and connect it to the lefthand corner of the smaller rectangle. Both of these lines will also intersect the main diagonal lines at 90 degrees.
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The final step is to add two horizontal lines at the intersecting points where the two vertical lines intersect with the main two diagonal lines in the mother rectangle. Your 1.5 armature is complete.
Additional Recommended Books and Audio Recordings (Click on the links to download) Pictorial Composition: And the Critical Judgment of Pictures Henry Rankin Poore Colour Control Frank Morley Fletcher The Geometry of Art and Life Matila Ghyka The Golden Section Scott Olsen The Classic Point of View Kenyon Cox A Treatise on Landscape Painting Andre Lhote Art and Illusion E. H. Gombrich Geometry of Greek Vases L.D. Caskey Sacred Geometry Robert Lawlor Old Masters and New Kenyon Cox W.M. Hunt’s Talks on Art Suggested Donation Interview with Juliette Aristides The Art Renewal Center Interview with Juliette Aristides
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Additional Dynamic Symmetry Examples This section contains examples of possible Dynamic Symmetry design schemes by many of today’s top master artists. Of course, always keep in mind that there could be other compositional grids employed by the artist. You may wish to use these samples as a starting point for analyzing art to increase your visual literacy skills.
Aidan BarkerHill, "Climbing the Cathedral," designed in a root 4 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle
Allen Douglas, "Kong," designed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle 329
Dirk Dzimirsky, "Happy Birthday, Tristesse," designed in a 1.5 rectangle
Anders Fernbach, "Ushanka," designed in a Phi rectangle 330
Edgar Degas, designed in a root 3 Dynamic Symmetry
Hans von Aachen, "Bacchus, Ceres and Cupid," designed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle 331
Norman Rockwell, "She Gave Me a Parker 61," designed in a root 3 Dynamic Symmetry Rectangle
Alberto Giacometti, SelfPortrait, 1918, designed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle 332
Tenaya Sims, "Semillas," designed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle
Morgan Weistling, "Olivia's Coop,” designed in a root 2 Dynamic Symmetry rectangle *The Art of Composition: A Dynamic Symmetry User's Guide for the Modern Artist is not intended for commercial distribution or sale and should only be used as a free teaching guide for students who want to learn more about Dynamic Symmetry in art and photography. Because this user's guide is a collection of daily analytical notes and is always evolving, please check back weekly for updates. Finally, all critiques and analytical notes demonstrated in this user's guide should not be interpreted as criticism of one's work, but rather viewed as an attempt to teach the modern artist and photographer how to expand their visual literacy skills. 333