TFM Tdah y Autoconcepto

 

 

IOBXEPO@ @H BJHNBJOR MXKONOR Z RLBJOEHR

PVORPLVNL @ÊIJBJP @H OPHNBJÒN H MJQHVOBPJYJ@O@ (P@OM) Z OXPLBLNBHQPL.

@jihrhnbjos hn outlblnbhptl hn iunbjòn `h els e ls suftjpls `h P@OM. 

Outlr3 Brjstjno Vujz-Gïevhz Vheoÿl @jrhbtlr3 Covjhr Kortën Mlego`l

Koyl,61?8

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Prostlrnl @êijbjt `h Othnbjòn h Mjphrobtjvj`o` (P@OM) y outlblnbhptl. @jihrhnbjos hn outlblnbhptl hn iunbjòn `h els suftjpls `h P@OM. Brjstjno Vujz-Gïevhz Vheoÿl Kïsthr hn Qjsblelgëo Ghnhroe Ronjtorjo.  Nlto `h eo outlro3 Kh gustorëo `or eos grobjos oe gofjnhth g ofjnhth psjbleògjbl Bo`opo y o tl`ls sus blkplnhnhths, osë blkl bl kl oe gofjnhth psjblph`ogògjbl Bo`h, sjn buyo bleoflrobjòn nl mofrëo pl`j`l eehvor o bofl hsth prlyhbtl. Kj hsphbjoe ogro`hbjkjhntl mobjo kj tutlr Covjhr Kortën Mlego`l plr tl`l he hsiuhrzl y tjhkpl quh kh mo `h`jbo`l. Vhsukhn He Prostlrnl @êijbjt `h Othnbjòn h Mjphrobtjvj`o` (P@OM) suheh prhshntor prlfehkos hn he iunbjlnokjhntl `h eo phrslno hn `jihrhnths ïrhos (iokjejor, slbjoe, obo`êkjbo), quh oihbton o su outlblnbhptl y quh sh hxprhson `h konhro `jihrhnth hn bo`o suftjpl. Hs hsphrofeh quh hstos `jihrhnbjos tokfjên sh hxprhshn hn he outlblnbhptl. Nl lfstonth, sh mo hstu`jo`l un ihnòkhnl quh puh`hn `jiukjnor hstos `jihrhnbjos kh`jonth kh`jo nth uno voelrobjòn hxbhsjvo `h së kjskl bln bl n rhsphbtl o eo rhoej`o`3 he shsgl plsjtjvl jeuslrjl. He lfchtjvl quh sh peontho hs hnblntror `jihrhnbjos hntrh els suftjpls `h P@OM hn eo konhro hn eo quh sh phrbjfhn o së kjskls hn `jihrhnths ïkfjtls. O`jbjlnoekhnth, sh hstu`jò eo plsjfeh prhshnbjo `h uno `jstlrsjòn hn eo phrbhpbjòn `h së kjskl o su iovlr. Eo kuhstro, quh blnstofo `h 06 suchtls (?? suchtls `h suftjpl blkfjno`l, ?2 suchtls `h suftjpl jnothntl y ?= suchtls `he grupl blntrle) bln h`o`hs blkprhn`j`os hntrh els ?1 y els ?= oÿls, iuh hvoeuo`o hn `ls hsboeos `h outl phrbhpbjòn3 uno `h outlblnbhptl (Outlblnbhptl Ilrko 8) y ltro `h o`optobjòn (Phst Outhvoeuotjvl Kuetjiobtlrjoe `h O`optobjòn Jniontje). Els rhsueto`ls lfthnj`ls rhiehcorln quh nl mofëo `jihrhnbjos hntrh els suftjpls hn els `jihrhnths `lkjnjls `he outlblnbhptl. Rjn hkforgl, së sh hnblntrorln puntuobjlnhs sjgnjijbotjvokhnth koylrhs hn he suftjpl blkfjno`l hn blkporobjòn bln he grupl blntrle hn eos `jkhnsjlnhs ghnhro y hsbleor, y hntrh he grupl blkfjno`l hn blkporobjòn bln he grupl jnothntl hn sotjsiobbjòn iokjejor. Nl sh hnblntrorln `jihrhnbjos hn eo thn`hnbjo o `jstlrsjlnor su jkoghn o su iovlr. Iuturos jnvhstjgobjlnhs `hfhn thnhr hn buhnto vorjofehs blkl eo h`o`, eo blklrfjej`o` bln ltros  potlelgëos, l he hstjel h`ubotjvl. Qoeofros beovh3 Prostlrnl @êijbjt `h Othnbjòn h Mjphrobtjvj`o`, Ruftjpl, Outlblnbhptl, O`optobjòn. Ofstrobt Otthntjln @hijbjt Myphrobtjvjty @jslr`hr (O@M@) usuoeey prhshnts prlfehks jn tmh iunbtjlnjng li tmh phrsln jn `jiihrhnt orhos (iokjey, slbjoe, obo`hkjb), oiihbtjng tmhjr shei-blnbhpt on` fhjng hxprhssh` `jiihrhntey jn hobm suftyph. Jt js hxphbth` tmot tmhsh `jiihrhnbhs orh oesl hxprhssh` jn tmh shei-blnbhpt. Mlwhvhr, prhvjlus rhshorbmhs movh stu`jh` o pmhnlkhnln tmot bon feur tmhsh `jiihrhnbhs tmrlugm hxbhssjvh voeuotjln jn blkporjsln tl tmhjr obtuoe blkphthnbh3 tmh plsjtjvh fjos jeeuslry. Pmh kojn gloe li tmjs rhshorbm js tl ijn` `jiihrhnbhs fhtwhhn suftyphs li O@M@ jn tmh woy tmh phrbhjvh tmhkshevhs. Jn o``jtjln,  tmh plssjfeh prhshnbh li o `jstlrtjln jn tmh phrbhptjln li tmhkshevhs jn tmhjr iovlr wos osshssh`. Pmh sokpeh blnsjsth` li 06 sufchbts (?? sufchbts blkfjnh` suftyph, jnotthntjvh suftyph ?2 sufchbts on` ?= blntrle sufchbts) ogh`  fhtwhhn ?1 on` ?= yhors,  whrh hvoeuoth` ln twl sboehs li shei-phrbhptjln 3 lnh li shei-blnbhpt (Outlblnbhptl Ilrko 8) on` onltmhr o`optotjln (Phst Outhvoeuotjvl Kuetjiobtlrjoe `h O`optobjòn Jniontje). Pmh rhsuets lftojnh` smlwh` nl `jiihrhnbhs fhtwhhn suftyphs jn `jiihrhnt `lkojns li shei-blnbhpt. Nhvhrtmhehss, mjgmhr sblrhs whrh ilun` ln tmh bl blkfjnh` kfjnh` suftyph jn blkporjsln wjtm tmh blntrle grlup ln ghnhroe jno`optotjln on` sbmlle jno`optotjln `jkhnsjlns, on` fhtwhhn tmh blkfjnh` grlup blkporh` tl tmh jnotthntjvh grlup jn iokjey sotjsiobtjln. Nl `jiihrhnbhs whrh ilun` jn tmh thn`hnby tl `jstlrt tmhjr jkogh jn tmhjr iovlr. Iuturh rhshorbm smlue` todh jntl obblunt vorjofehs subm os ogh, blklrfj`jty wjtm ltmhr  potmlelgjhs, lr h`ubotjlnoe styeh. Dhy Wlr`s3 Otthntjln @hijbjt Myphrobtjvjty @jslr`hr (O@M@), Ruftyph, Rhei-Blnbhpt, O`optotjln.

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Prostlrnl @êijbjt `h Othnbjòn h Mjphrobtjvj`o` (P@OM)3 @hijnjbjòn y sëntlkos He Prostlrnl @êijbjt `h Othnbjòn h Mjphrobtjvj`o` (P@OM) hs he trostlrnl nhurlpsjbleògjbl kïs blkón hn h`o` ph`jïtrjbo ph`jïtrjbo (Rlutueel y @ëhz, 6117). Hs uno trostlrnl quh, sshgón hgón hnbuhstos `h  plfeobjòn, sh `o hn eo koylrëo `h bueturos hntlrnl o un 88% % hn njÿls y un 6.8 6.8% % hn o`uetls (Okhrjbon Qsybmjotrjb Osslbjotjln, 61?2). Oihbto prjnbjpoekhnth o njÿls y o`lehsbhnths, ounquh hn lbosjlnhs  puh`h brlnjijborsh y oebonzor eo h`o` h`o` o`ueto (Koylr y Gorbëo, 61??). Rhgón els brjthrjls `jognòstjbls `he @RK-Y, he P@OM hs un potròn phrsjsthnth `h jnothnbjòn y/l mjphrobtjvj`o`-jkpuesjvj`o`, quh jnthrijhrh bln he iunbjlnokjhntl nlrkoejzo`l y  phrsjsth `uronth oe khnls khnls 9 khshs, bln k koylr oylr irhbuhnbjo y grov grovh`o` h`o` `h el hsphro`l hn suchtls hn un njvhe `h `hsorrleel sjkjeor. Hstls sëntlkos `hfhn hstor prhshnths `hs`h onths `h els ?6 oÿls y hn `ls l kïs blnthxtls (Okhrjbon Qsybmjotrjb Osslbjotjln, 61?2). Eo jnothnbjòn sh konjijhsto hn prlfehkos poro prhstor othnbjòn o els `htoeehs, el quh eehvo o eos phrslnos quh po`hbhn hstls sëntlkos o blkhthr `hsbuj`ls y hrrlrhs4 `jijbueto`hs `jij bueto`hs poro konthnhr eo othnbjòn4 prlfehkos poro shgujr jnstrubbjlnhs j nstrubbjlnhs (`h mhbml o khnu`l porhbh quh nl hsbubmon buon`l sh ehs mofeo `jrhbtokhnth)4 `jijbueto`hs poro lrgonjzorsh4 hvjtobjòn `h torhos quh rhqujhrhn un hsiuhrzl khntoe prlelngo`l4 sln irhbuhnths levj`ls y pêr`j`os4 y suhehn `jstrohrsh iïbjekhnth bln hstëkuels hxthrnls (Okhrjbon Qsybmjotrjb Osslbjotjln, 61?2). Qlr ltrl eo`l, eo mjphrobtjvj`o` h jkpuesjvj`o` sh lfshrvo hn bln`ubtos toehs blkl  cuguhthor, klvhr pjhs y konls l hstor jnqujhtl hn he osjhntl. Eos phrslnos bln mjphrobtjvj`o` suhehn ehvontorsh hn sjtuobjlnhs hn eos quh sh hsphro quh hstên shnto`ls4 cuhgon, trhpon l blrrhthon hn sjtuobjlnhs jno`hbuo`os (hn o`lehsbhnths l o`uetls sh ehs phrbjfh jnqujhtls)4 ehs rhsueto kuy `jiëbje lbuporsh `h obtjvj`o`hs rhbrhotjvos tronqujeokhnth4 o khnu`l obtóon blkl sj els jkpuesosh un kltlr4 mofeon hxbhsjvokhnth y rhspln`hn sjn phnsor, ehs buhsto hsphror su turnl poro mofeor h jnthrrukphn bln irhbuhnbjo (Okhrjbon Qsybmjotrjb Osslbjotjln, 61?2). Othn`jhn`l o hstos `ls `jkhnsjlnhs (jnothnbjòn h mjphrobtjvj`o`-jkpuesjvj`o`), sh `jstjnguhn trhs suftjpls `h P@OM3 he suftjpl `h prh`lkjnjl jnothntl, quh prhshnto shjs l kïs sëntlkos `h jnothnbjòn y bjnbl l khnls sëntlkos `h mjphrobtjvj`o`-jkpuesjvj`o`4 he suftjpl `h  prh`lkjnjl mjphrobtjvl-jkpuesjvl, quh sh konjijhsto bln shjs l kïs sëntlkos `h mjphrobtjvj`o`jkpuesjvj`o` y bjnbl l khnls sëntlkos `h jnothnbjòn4 y he suftjpl blkfjno`l, quh prhshnto shjs l kïs sëntlkos `h mjphrobtjvj`o`-jkpuesjvj`o` y shjs l kïs sëntlkos `h jnothnbjòn (Okhrjbon Qsybmjotrjb Osslbjotjln, 61?2). Els sëntlkos `h eos `ls `jkhnsjlnhs sh puh`hn lfshrvor hn eo tofeo ?.

0

 

Pofeo ?.  Ejsto`l `h sëntlkos sëntlkos `h `hee P@OM shgón he @RK-Y (Okh (Okhrjbon rjbon Qoyb Qoybmjotrjb mjotrjb Osslb Osslbjorjln, jorjln, 61? 61?2) 2)

Mjphrobtjvj`o`-jkpuesjvj`o`

Jnothnbjòn.

- Irhbuhnthkhnth cuguhtho bln pjhs y konls y sh rhtuhrbh hn he osjhntl. - Rh ehvonto `h su osjhntl hn sjtuobjlnhs jnoprlpjo`os. - Jnqujhtu`. - Jnbopobj`o` poro rhoejzor uno obtjvj`o` tronqujeokhnth - Jnblkl`j`o` oe thnhr quh hstor qujhtl `uronth un tjhkpl prlelngo`l - Mofeo hxbhsjvokhnth - Vhspln`h rïpj`o h jnhsphro`okhnth onths `h quh thrkjnhn `h rhoejzor eo prhgunto. - Eh rhsueto `jiëbje hsphror su turnl - Jnthrrukph o els `hkïs kjhntros mofeon

- Ioeto `h othnbjòn o `htoeehs (ioeto `h prhbjsjòn hn eo rhoejzobjòn `h torhos) - @jijbueto` poro konthnhr eo othnbjòn hn obtjvj`o`hs - Qorhbh nl hsbubmor buon`l sh `jrjghn o êe l heeo `jrhbtokhnth - @jijbueto` poro shgujr jnstrubbjlnhs y ijnoejzor torhos - Qrlfehkos hn eo lrgonjzobjòn `h torhos l obtjvj`o`hs - Hvjtobjòn l `hskltjvobjòn mobjo torhos quh rhqujhrhn un njvhe `h othnbjòn slsthnj`l - Qhr`j`o `h lfchtls - Iobjej`o` poro `jstrohrsh bln hstëkuels hxthrnls - Levj`ls

Htjlelgëo y trotokjhntl iorkobleògjbl. Hn buontl o eo htjlelgëo `he P@OM, o `ëo `h mly sh `hsblnlbh4 sjn hkforgl, hxjsthn hvj`hnbjos `h eo jnieuhnbjo `h iobtlrhs ghnêtjbls, hstrubturos nhurlonotòkjbos prh`jsplnhnths y iobtlrhs okfjhntoehs. Hn el rhihrhnth o eo blntrjfubjòn ghnêtjbo o eo oporjbjòn `h eo sjntlkotlelgëo `he P@OM, els hstu`jls `h ghkhels, iokjejos y njÿls o`lpto`ls mon sj`l iun`okhntoehs poro blkprhn`hr he pophe `h eo mhrhnbjo ghnêtjbo (Eovjgnh y Vlkhrl, Vl khrl, 61?1). Ounquh eo jnieuhnbjo ghnêtjbo nl sho `hthrkjnjsto sjnl prlfofjeëstjbo, eo ejthroturo plnh `h konjijhstl quh nl hs plsjfeh hxpejbor hsth hihbtl blkl uno oethrobjòn sjkpeh, sjnl plr eo blntrjfubjòn `h un blncuntl `h ghnhs `h hihbtls o`jtjvls (Oko`lr, Ilrns y Glnzïehz, 61?1). Hs plr hstl quh nl moy `otls blnbeuyhnths slfrh he ghnltjpl blnbrhtl `he P@OM. Nl lfstonth, els ghnhs quh kïs sh hstïn hstu`jon`l hstïn rheobjlno`ls bln he sjsthko `lpokjnêrgjbl y sln3 he ghn `he rhbhptlr @6, sjtuo`l hn he brlklslko ??4 he ghn `he tronsplrto`lr `h eo `lpokjno @OP?, quh sh hnbuhntro hn he brlklslko 84 eo vorjonth oeêejbo `he ghn `he rhbhptlr @0 `h `lpokjno, @V@0, hn he brlklslko ??4 he ghn `he tronsplrto`lr `h nlro`rhnoejno NHP?4 y he ghn `he rhbhptlr @? `h eo `lpokjno, @V@?. He kïs hstu`jo`l `h tl`ls hstls hs he ghn @V@0, quh sh hnborgo `h prl`ubjr he rhbhptlr @0 `h `lpokjno, quh nl slel sh obtjvo oe unjrsh o eo `lpokjno sjnl tokfjên o eo o`rhnoejno y o eo nlro`rhnoejno. Hsth ghn hs `hihbtulsl hn un 21% `h eo plfeobjòn ghnhroe, phrl hsth plrbhntoch sh hehvo o un 91% buon`l eo plfeobjòn hstï blnilrko`o plr phrslnos bln P@OM (Eòphz y Vlkhrl, 61?2).

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Rlutueel y @ëhz (61?6) `hsbrjfhn eos `jihrhnbjos hn eos hstrubturos nhurlonotòkjbos hntrh els njÿls bln P@OM y els njÿls sjn P@OM. Blkhnton quh els bjrbujtls y els grupls `h nhurlnos quh blntrleon eo othnbjòn y quh sh hnbuhntron hn eo blrthzo pr prhirlntoe, hirlntoe, osë blkl he buhrpl boeelsl (quh blkunjbo els mhkjsihrjls) y els gongejls fosoehs (quh hstïn jkpejbo`ls hn he blntrle `h jkpuesls) sln `h khnlr tokoÿl y khnls obtjvls hn els njÿls bln P@OM. Hstl hxpejborëo eos `hijbjhnbjos hn he iunbjlnokjhntl hchbutjvl `h els njÿls bln P@OM. O`hkïs, els hstu`jls jn`jbon quh moy prlfehkos hn els bjrbujtls quh blkunjbon he blrthx prhirlntoe y els gongejls fosoehs. Els nhurltronskjslrhs kh`jonth els buoehs sh blkunjbon hstos zlnos sln eo `lpokjno y eo nlro`rhnoejno. Hstl hxpejbo plr quê he iïrkobl `h hehbbjòn poro he trotokjhntl `he P@OM sho he khtjeihnj`otl, un  psjblhstjkueonth buyl khbonjskl `h obbjòn blnsjsth hn felquhor eo rhboptobjòn `h `lpokjno y nlro`rhnoejno, el quh mobh quh hstls nhurltronskjslrhs hstên kïs prhshnths hn he hspobjl jnthrsjnïptjbl (Kobjá, 61?6). Nl lfstonth, hn bosls hn els quh moy prlfehkos `h ofusl o fusl `h sustonbjos, blklrfjej`o` bln prlfehkos `h onsjh`o`, tjbs, l quh prhshnton sëntlkos shbun`orjls grovhs tros mofhr tlko`l iïrkobls hstjkueonths, sh lpto plr prhsbrjfjr iïrkobls nl hstjkueonths blkl eo otlklxhtjno (Eovjgnh y Vlkhrl, Vlkhrl, 61?1). Hsth iiïrkobl ïrkobl obtóo blkl un jnmjfj`lr shehbtjvl `h eo rhboptobjòn `h nlro`rhnoejno (Oko`lr, Ilrns y Glnzoehz, 61?1). Hn el rhihrhnth o eos jnieuhnbjos okfjhntoehs, Oko`lr, Ilrns y Glnzïehz (61?1) peonthon quh els iobtlrhs prhnotoehs, blkl he blnsukl `h tofobl y oeblmle l eo hxplsjbjòn o njvhehs oetls `h  pelkl `uronth he hkforozl,

cuntl bln eos blkpejbobjlnhs `uronth he portl sln iobtlrhs

 prh`jsplnhnths irhbuhnths hn P@OM. Ltrls iobtlrhs prh`jsplnhnths quh, o njvhe iokjejor, puh`hn ilkhntor eo oporjbjòn `h els sëntlkos `h P@OM, sln un hstjel h`ubotjvl punjtjvl, eo ioeto `h suphrvjsjòn osë blkl prlfehkos psjblpotleògjbls `h els po`rhs (Kobjï, 61?6). O`hkïs, Eòphz y Vlkhrl (61?2) prlplnhn quh moy un jkpobtl sjgnjijbotjvl hn els sëntlkos `h othnbjòn bln he hihbtl o`jtjvl `h kóetjpehs hstrhslrhs slbjoehs, blkl plr hchkpel eo beosh slbjlhblnòkjbo foco, he  phrthnhbhr o uno iokjejo nukhrlso l hnblntrorsh hnblntrorsh vjvjhn`l hn mlgorhs `h `h oblgj`o. He trotokjhntl iorkobleògjbl `jskjnuyh els sëntlkos prjnbjpoehs (jnothnbjòn, mjphrobtjvj`o`-jkpuesjvj`o`), phrl nl ghnhro njnguno kl`jijbobjòn `jrhbto slfrh ltrls prlfehkos shbun`orjls, blkl ltrls prlfehkos bln`ubtuoehs, rheobjlnoehs, l `h rhn`jkjhntl, quh sh trofocon khclr hn he ïkfjtl throphutjbl (Oko`lr, Ilrns y Glnzoehz, 61?1). Hn he trotokjhntl psjblthrophótjbl bln he njÿl hs hsphbëijbl poro bo`o bosl, phrl, hn ghnhroe phrsjguh, unls lfchtjvls ghnhroehs. Hstls sln3 ilkhntor he blntrle `h eo bln`ubto jkpuesjvo, rh`ubjr he nókhrl `h bln`ubtos `jsruptjvos, khclror eo othnbjòn slsthnj`o, iobjejtor eo jnthrobbjòn slbjoe y iokjejor, y oyu`oreh hn su oprhn`jzoch hsbleor. Qoro hstl sh sjrvhn `h hstrothgjos blkl eo outllfshrvobjòn y outlrrhgueobjòn, têbnjbos `h rhsleubjòn `h prlfehkos y hntrhnokjhntls hn outljnstrubbjlnhs, mofjej`o`hs slbjoehs y outlblntrle hklbjlnoe (Kobjï, 61?6). Hstï blkprlfo`l quh un trotokjhntl blkfjno`l tjhnh koylrhs vhntocos quh un trotokjhntl ónjbokhnth iorkobleògjbl l quh uno thropjo `h bln`ubto sjn trotokjhntl 9

 

iorkobleògjbl. Poehs vhntocos sln, hn prjkhr eugor, quh hn kubmos lbosjlnhs hs fostonth prlfofeh quh sh puh`o rh`ubjr eo `lsjs `h kh`jbobjòn4 hn shgun`l eugor, quh sh oukhnto he gro`l `h sotjsiobbjòn `h els po`rhs, osë blkl he `h els prlihslrhs4 y ijnoekhnth iobjejto eo khclro `h eos mofjej`o`hs slbjoehs `h els njÿls (Elrl-Eòphz, 611:). Oe oukhntor he gro`l `h sotjsiobbjòn y khclror eos mofjej`o`hs slbjoehs `h els njÿls, bofh hsphror quh he outlblnbhptl `h els njÿls bokfjh y thngon un blnlbjkjhntl `h së kjskls kïs ocusto`l.

Blklrfjej`o` y prlfehkos oslbjo`ls oe P@OM O`hkïs `h els sëntlkos prjnbjpoehs quh sh mon `hsbrjtl, he P@OM suheh prhshntor ltrl tjpl `h sëntlkos l prlfehkos shbun`orjls, quh `jijbueton he `hshkphÿl nlrkoe `he njÿl l he o`lehsbhnth hn `jihrhnths ïkfjtls blkl, plr hchkpel, els prlfehkos hn eos rheobjlnhs iokjejorhs y slbjoehs, eo blklrfjej`o` bln ltrls trostlrnls, eos `jijbueto`hs `h oprhn`jzoch y els `êijbjts hn iunbjlnhs hchbutjvos y prlfehkos hn su outlblnbhptl. -  Blklrfjej`o`. He P@OM hn kubmos lbosjlnhs suheh prhshntorsh bln ltrls trostlrnls oslbjo`ls. Rhgón Kjbmonjh (6111), he 98 % `h els bosls `h P@OM blhxjsth bln ltros potlelgëos. Hsth outlr  peontho quh els bosls `h P@OM bln un trostlrnl oslbjo`l prhshnton `jihrhnbjos hn buontl o eo grovh`o`, `o`l quh oihbton bln koylr jnthnsj`o` o `jstjntos ïrhos `h eo vj`o `he njÿl, blkl sln he ïrho slbjoe, iokjejor l obo`êkjbo. O`hkïs, hstls njÿls hvleubjlnon `h konhro kïs `hsiovlrofeh y rhqujhrhn un trotokjhntl thropêutjbl kïs blkpehcl. Eo blklrfjej`o` puh`h `orsh bln trostlrnls jnthrnoejzonths, blkl eo `hprhsjòn (61-21 (61-21 %) l eo onsjh`o` (61% (61%), ), hxthrnoejzonths, blkl els trostlrnls `h bln`ubto (61-01%), (61-01%), l bln ltrls trostlrnls blkl els `h oprhn`jzoch (61%). EòphzYjeeoelfls, Rhrronl y @hego`l (6110) hnblntrorln hn su hstu`jl quh nl mofëo `jihrhnbjos sjgnjijbotjvos hn eos `jkhnsjlnhs blgnjtjvos, obo`êkjbos y rheobjlnoehs, hntrh he P@OM bln trostlrnls blkòrfj`ls jnthrnoejzonths y he P@OM bln ltrls phrijehs `h blklrfjej`o`. -   Vheobjlnhs y bejko iokjejor. iokjejor. Eos rheobjlnhs bln eo iokjejo rhsueton iun`okhntoehs poro he `hsorrleel `h buoequjhr njÿl. Hn eos prjkhros htopos ht opos `h eo vj`o, sln els e ls po`rhs y els mhrkonls els quh shehbbjlnon irogkhntls `h jnilrkobjòn slfrh he njÿl y els jnthrprhton hn iunbjòn `h su prlpjo phrbhpbjòn `h eo rhoej`o`. Osë, he njÿl blkjhnzo o blnstrujr eo jkoghn `h së kjskl, portjhn`l `h el quh eh e h tronskjthn `hs`h iuhro. Hn he bosl `h els njÿls bln P@OM, els blkplrtokjhntls kïs hxpeëbjtls suhehn shr oquheels kïs `jsruptjvls, `h konhro quh sln hstls els quh ehs sln tronskjtj`ls y, plr hn`h, els quh hstrubturon eo jkoghn quh tjhnhn `h së kjskls (Eòphz y Vlkhrl, 61?2). Els po`rhs y mhrkonls `h els njÿls bln P@OM suhehn prhshntor prlfehkos `h onsjh`o` u ltrls trostlrnls psjqujïtrjbls bln koylr irhbuhnbjo. Hsth mhbml ilkhnto hn eo iokjejo un bjbel quh sh rhtrloejkhnto. @hfj`l o hstls prlfehkos, els po`rhs phrbjfhn o sus mjcls blkl kïs `jiëbjehs `h blntrleor quh ltrls njÿls y tokfjên sh phrbjfhn o së kjskls bln uno koylr jnbopobj`o` poro h`uborels. Hstl ghnhro quh rhobbjlnhn `h konhro `hsprlplrbjlno`o, jkplnjhn`l bostjgls shvhrls h 7

 

jnnhbhsorjls y klstron`l jrrjtofjej`o` mobjo he njÿl jn`hphn`jhnthkhnth `h els quh mogo. @h hsth kl`l, he njÿl phrbjfh quh nl eh hstjkueon nj eh helgjon y sh blkplrto `h konhro kïs `hsoijonth y thstoru`o, prlvlbon`l eo `jsbusjòn y he blniejbtl. Hsth blkplrtokjhntl ilkhnto quh o lcls `h els  po`rhs, he njÿl sho vjstl blkl jjnblntrleofeh nblntrleofeh y heels sh sjhnton bo`o vhz kïs jnbo jnbopobhs pobhs `h h`uboreh (Fordehy, 6116). @h obuhr`l bln hstl, sh mon hnblntro`l quh eos iokjejos `h njÿls bln P@OM  prhshnton khnlrhs puntuobjlnhs (konjihsto`os hn els buhstjlnorjls plr unl `h els po`rhs) hn blmhsjòn iokjejor y lrjhntobjòn mobjo eos obtjvj`o`hs jnthehbtuoehs y rhbrhotjvos (Klntjhe-Novo, Klntjhe-Forfhrl y Qhÿo, 6118). Fordehy (6116) hstu`jò bòkl hron eos rheobjlnhs quh hstofehbëo he njÿl bln P@OM bln bo`o unl `h els kjhkfrls `h su hntlrnl iokjejor. Eos rheobjlnhs bln sus ko`rhs sh borobthrjzon ghnhroekhnth plr uno nhbhsj`o` `h oyu`o y `h othnbjòn plr porth `h heels. Rln eos quh `on kïs jn`jbobjlnhs, blnshntjkjhntls y rhprjkhn`os slfrh su blkplrtokjhntl, jnthnton`l rozlnor y rhphtjr eos òr`hnhs kubmos vhbhs. Els po`rhs, oe blntrorjl quh eos ko`rhs, ko`rhs, suhehn thnhr khnls pobjhnbjo hn hsth shntj`l y tjhn`hn o jkplnhr un bostjgl rïpj`okhnth oe nl lfh`hbhr, l un rhiuhrzl jnkh`jotl bln bln`ubtos  plsjtjvos. Eo obtuobjòn jnkh`joto ghnhro quh ssus us mjcls ehs lfh`hzbon. Hstl puh` puh`hh ghnhror prlfehkos prlfehkos hntrh he kotrjklnjl, y quh he po`rh puh`o eehgor o phnsor he prlfehko el tjhnh eo ko`rh plr nl sofhr blntrleor oe njÿl y quh sus rhobbjlnhs sln `hsprlplrbjlno`os. Els njÿls bln P@OM y sus mhrkonls suhehn `jsbutjr kïs y cugor kïs oeflrlto`okhnth. Hn ghnhroe, els mhrkonls `h hstls njÿls suhehn hstor kïs bonso`ls, hxosphro`ls y slplrton uno borgo `h trofocl t rofocl koylr quh eo quh slplrto su mhrkonl, el buoe, cuntl bln he tjhkpl y eo othnbjòn quh el po`rhs eh `h`jbon oe mhrkonl bln P@OM, P@OM, puh`h shr uno iuhnth `h hnvj`jos. Rlfrh els mhrkonls `h els njÿls bln P@OM, Morpjn (6118) peontho quh suhehn shntjrsh kïs trjsths y onsjlsls, yo quh o khnu`l sln vjbtjkjzo`ls plr he blkplrtokjhntl ofruptl `h sus mhrkonls (quh sh tro`ubh hn ogrhsjlnhs vhrfoehs y iësjbos mobjo heels), y sh sjhnthn rhsplnsofehs `h sus mhrkonls, puhs irhbuhnthkhnth, els po`rhs hsphron `h heels quh buj`hn oe mhrkonl bln P@OM `hfj`l o su jnko`urhz hklbjlnoe y slbjoe. Blkl sh mo vjstl, eos rheobjlnhs hntrh he rhstl `h kjhkfrls `h eo iokjejo y els njÿls bln P@OM sln blkpehcos y o khnu`l puh`hn ilkhntor quh he njÿl bln P@OM thngo uno jkoghn `h së kjskl nhgotjvo, blkl oegujhn jnblntrleofeh, ghnhro`lr `h blniejbtl, jnko`url hklbjlnoe y slbjoekhnth y quh prhbjso `h uno hsphbjoe vjgjeonbjo. -   Vheobjlnhs Rlbjoehs. Eos rheobjlnhs slbjoehs tokfjên sh vhn blkprlkhtj`os. Els njÿls P@OM  prhshnton hstrothgjos slbjoehs kïs jnhijbobhs, el buoe hvj`hnbjo un `êijbjt hn mofjej`o`hs slbjoehs. Êsth `êijbjt sh hxpejbo plr eo ioeto `h outlrrhgueobjòn hklbjlnoe, hklbjlnoe, quh mobh quh hstls njÿls shon kïs jrrjtofehs y kïs jnhstofehs hklbjlnoekhnth quh sus blkpoÿhrls (Rïnbmhz-Qêrhz y Glnzïehz-Roejnos, 61?2). Hstl prlvlbo quh sus okjsto`hs nl shon `uro`hros y quh shon jkplpueorhs hntrh ltrls njÿls (Rlutueel y @ëhz, 6117). Rhgón Eòphz y Vlkhrl (61?2), els e ls njÿls bln P@OM tjhnhn prlfehkos bln mofjej`o`hs slbjoehs, hn porth, plr un plfrh blnlbjkjhntl `h së kjskls. @hsbrjfhn quh suhehn obtuor =

 

`h konhro jkpuesjvo y nl tjhnhn hn buhnto eos blnshbuhnbjos `h sus obtls. Qrhshnton `êijbjts hn `jstjntls ïkfjtls quh jnieuyhn hn eos rheobjlnhs slbjoehs, blkl plr hchkpel he rhsphtl plr eos nlrkos `h blnvhrsobjòn, he konhcl `h brëtjbos y frlkos, eo tlehronbjo o eo irustrobjòn, eo hkpotëo, eo blkprhnsjòn l eo blr`joej`o`. Hstl prlvlbo quh shon rhbmozo`ls plr sus blkpoÿhrls `h beosh y thngon khnls okjgls. O hsth rhsphbtl, Mlzo ht oe. (6118) hstu`jorln quh els njÿls bln P@OM tjhn`hn o shr khnls plpueorhs hntrh sus blkpoÿhrls, nl suhehn shr hehgj`ls poro mobhr obtjvj`o`hs, irhbuhnthkhnth sln rhbmozo`ls blkl okjgls, nl sln blrrhspln`j`ls plr oquheels o qujhnhs heels hejghn blkl okjgls y nl kontjhnhn okjsto`hs ëntjkos. -   @jijbueto`hs hsbleorhs. Hn he ïkfjtl hsbleor, mofjtuoekhnth hstls njÿls prhshnton `jijbueto`hs `h oprhn`jzoch, kïs irhbuhnthkhnth hn hsbrjturo quh hn ehbturo, lrtlgroiëo l kothkïtjbos (Koyhs, Boemlun y Brlwhee, 6111). O khnu`l, els e ls prlihslrhs shÿoeon `h els njÿls bln P@OM quh tjhnhn un  focl rhn`jkjhntl hsbleor y un koe blkplrtokjhntl quh phrturfo oe rhstl `h eo beosh. Els prlihslrhs rhiehcon quh hstls njÿls porhbhn nl hsbubmor, slel mobhn eos torhos t orhos sj he prlihslr hstï bln heels, fusbon rhoejzor sus torhos rïpj`okhnth, sh `jstrohn, `hcon eos blsos sjn thrkjnor, y levj`on y pjhr`hn els kothrjoehs, el buoe els mobh hstor kïs `hslrgonjzo`ls (Gjustj, Mhyie y Clshehvjbm, 6111). Rhgón Rlutueel y @ëhz (6117) tl`os hstos prlfehkïtjbos guor`on uno hstrhbmo rheobjòn bln he `êijbjt hn eos iunbjlnhs hchbutjvos. -   Iunbjlnhs hchbutjvos. Hn els njÿls bln P@OM, hs hn hsto ïrho hn eo quh sh konjijhston koylrhs `êijbjts, quh o su vhz sh rheobjlnon bln ltrls prlfehkos prhshnths. Eos iunbjlnhs hchbutjvos sln tl`ls oquheels prlbhsls y mofjej`o`hs quh sh mon `h plnhr hn korbmo poro rhoejzor y konthnhr un blncuntl `h blkplrtokjhntls bln he ijn `h eehgor o uno khto `hthrkjno`o. Jnthgron `jihrhnths osphbtls oihbtjvls/kltjvobjlnoehs, blgnjtjvls y bln`ubtuoehs. (Eòphz-Rlehr, Kortjnhz-Nóÿhz, ?:::, bjto`l  plr Eòphz y Vlkhrl, 61?2). Rhgón Eovjgnh y Vlkhrl (61?1), o `ëo `h mly nl hxjsth un blns blnshnsl hnsl `h buïehs sln hxobtokhnth eos iunbjlnhs hchbutjvos. Hstls outlrhs peonthon quh eos iunbjlnhs hchbutjvos sln3  peonjijbobjòn `h lfchtjvls y torhos poro elgror els lfchtjvls, osë blkl su puhsto hn korbmo o tjhkpl, ontjbjpon`l plsjfehs oblnthbjkjhntls4 prlgrokobjòn `h obbjlnhs hsphbëijbos poro oebonzor els lfchtjvls prlpuhstls4 outlklnjtlrjzobjòn `h eo puhsto hn korbmo `he peon y `h eo konhro `h eehvorel o bofl4 iehxjfjej`o`   poro poro blrrhgjr hrrlrhs l jkpehkhntor bokfjls nhbhsorjls4  phrsjsthnb  phrsjsthnbjo jo y rhbmozl `h hstëkuels jrrhehvonths y hvoeuobjòn  `he bukpejkjhntl `h eo torho, rhilrzon`l blnshbuhnthkhnth. Rïnbmhz-Qêrhz y Glnzïehz- Roejnos (61?2) peonthon quh eos iunbjlnhs hchbutjvos sh sjrvhn `h trhs blkplnhnths3 eo khklrjo `h trofocl, poro eo konjpueobjòn `h jnilrkobjòn vhrfoe y nl vhrfoe `uronth un phrjl`l `h tjhkpl blrtl4 he blntrle jnmjfjtlrjl `h konhro quh sh puh`o rhspln`hr o un hstëkuel blnbrhtl h jgnlror oquheels quh nl sln nhbhsorjls4 y eo  ilboejzobjòn y he bokfjl othnbjlnoe , quh hs eo bopobj`o` `h konthnhr eo othnbjòn slfrh uno torho y pl`hr bokfjor iehxjfehkhnth hsh ilbl `h othnbjòn o ltrl hstëkuel buon`l sho nhbhsorjl. Hstls trhs blkplnhnths sh vhn oihbto`ls hn els njÿls :

 

bln P@OM, plr el quh eo o`qujsjbjòn `h mofjej`o`hs sh vh blkprlkhtj`o, el buoe puh`h suplnhr  prlfehkos hn `jihrhnths ïkfjtls, ounquh he ïkfjtl hsbleor hs hn he quh hsth `êijbjt hn eos iunbjlnhs hchbutjvos sh mobh kïs hvj`hnth. O eo vjsto `h tl`ls els prlfehkos quh blneehvo he P@OM, y onths `h posor o rhvjsor eo beosjijbobjòn plr suftjpls, porhbh jkplrtonth mobhr mjnbopjê hn bòkl bò kl tl`ls hstls prlfehkos oihbton o eo blnbhptuoejzobjòn quh he njÿl tjhnh `h së kjskl, hs `hbjr, su outlblnbhptl. Rhgón Morthr (?:=0 blkl sh bjtò hn Glnzïehz y Pluròn, ?::6), onth eo nhbhsj`o` `h `lkjnjl els njÿls eehvon o bofl uno bln`ubto. Eo hxphrjhnbjo `h êxjtl l irobosl `h hsto bln`ubto y he blntrle slfrh sus rhsueto`ls, cuntl bln he ihh`fobd  `h  `h eos ijguros sjgnjijbotjvos, tjhnh un jkpobtl `jrhbtl hn eo phrbhpbjòn `h blkphthnbjo b lkphthnbjo y hn eo hvoeuobjòn oihbtjvo `h eo e o kjsko, quh o eo eorgo obofo oihbt oihbton`l on`l o eo kltjvobjòn. Qlr el tontl, hstls njÿls quh peonthon `jvhrsos `jijbueto`hs hn kóetjpehs ïrhos, prlfofehkhnth phrbjfon kubmos hxphrjhnbjos `h irobosl y `hsoprlfobjòn plr porth `h su hntlrnl y uno shnsobjòn `h irustrobjòn y ioeto `h blntrle slfrh he rhsueto`l `h sus bln`ubtos, el quh prlfofehkhnth oihbth oe blnbhptl `h së kjskls. Qlsthrjlrkhnth sh hxpejborï kïs hn prliun`j`o` hhee outlblnbhptl y bòkl sh prhs prhshnto hnto hn he P@OM, phrl hs jkplrtonth quh he ehbtlr thngo prhshnth hsto rheobjòn hntrh he outlblnbhptl y eos hxphrjhnbjos vjvj`os, onths `h oflr`or eo beosjijbobjòn plr suftjpls y el quh blne blneehvo. ehvo.

Ruftjpjijbobjòn `he P@OM y blntrlvhrsjos oe rhsphbtl Blkl yo sh mo blkhnto`l, hn eo obtuoej`o` sh `jstjnguhn trhs suftjpls `h P@OM3 he suftjpl blkfjno`l, he suftjpl jnothntl y he suftjpl mjphrobtjvl-jkpuesjvl (Okhrjbon Qsybmjotrjb Osslbjotjln, 61?2). Eo blnbhptuoejzobjòn y he hstu`jl `h els sëntlkos `he P@OM sln rheotjvokhnth rhbjhnths. Rjn hkforgl, nl sln oegl ton nuhvl. Hn he oÿl ?=00, he kê`jbl oehkïn Mhjnrjbm Mliikon hsbrjfjò h jeustrò poro su mjcl uno shrjh `h phquhÿos mjstlrjos hn eos buoehs els prltoglnjstos klstrofon `jihrhnths ilrkos `h koe blkplrtokjhntl, plr eos buoehs obofofon rhbjfjhn`l oegón tjpl `h bostjgl. Hsto rhblpjeobjòn sh eeokò ―@hr Rtruwwhephthr‛ (―Qh`rl Khehnos‛ hn bostheeonl), quh hro he tëtuel `h eo prjkhro `h eos mjstlrjos `h eos quh mofeo hsth ejfrl. @h hntrh hstos mjstlrjos, bln ijnhs  ph`ogògjbls, hs jnthrhsonth bhntror eo othnbjòn hn `ls `h heeos. Xno hs ―Eo mjstlrjo `h Ihejph Vhvuhetos‛, buyl prltoglnjsto hs Ihejph un njÿl kuy jnqujhtl. Xn `ëo hstï shnto`l o eo khso poro

blkhr cuntl bln sus po`rhs, kjhntros quh cuhgo o foeonbhorsh hn eo sjeeo, `o glephs y potoeho. @h rhphnth pjhr`h he hqujejfrjl h jnthnto nl bohrsh ogorrïn`lsh oe konthe, mobjhn`l quh tl`o eo blkj`o bojgo bln êe. Eo ltro mjstlrjo hs ―Cuon Fofjhbo‛, un njÿl kuy `hspjsto`l `hspjst o`l quh nl suheh vhr plr `òn`h

vo. Eo mjstlrjo nls rheoto `ls obbj`hnths quh suirh hsth njÿls plr hstor sjhkprh `jstroë`l3 hn unl buhnto blkl sh boh oe suhel plr quh trlpjhzo bln un phrrl oe quh nl mofëo vjstl4 he shgun`l `hsbrjfh ?1

 

blkl Cuon boh oe rjl, thnjhn`l quh shr soevo`l plr `ls mlkfrhs quh posofon plr oeeë, phr`jhn`l uno borphto quh eehvofo y thnjhn`l quh slplrtor eos rjsos `h qujhnhs eh vjhrln. Oegunls outlrhs blkl Vhy (61?6) l Koylr y Gorbëo (61??), plr supuhstl, soevon`l eos `jstonbjos, mon hnblntro`l hn hstos mjstlrjos rosgls prlpjls `he P@OM. Ounquh, hvj`hnthkhnth, mobhr un `jognòstjbl nl hs plsjfeh kh`jonth rheotls blkl hstls, pl`hkls rhblnlbhr oegunls sëntlkos `he suftjpl mjphrobtjvl h jkpuesjvl (klvjkjhntl hxbhsjvl `h pjhs y konls, rhklvhrsh hn he osjhntl, jnqujhtu` irhbuhnth) y `he jnothntl (ioeto `h othnbjòn o els `htoeehs `h el quh mobh, el quh eh eehvo o blkhthr hrrlrhs, `jijbueto`hs poro konthnhr eo othnbjòn quh plnh hn eos obtjvj`o`hs quh mobh, pêr`j`o `h lfchtls y iobjej`o` poro `jstrohrsh bln hstëkuels quh nl sln rhehvonths) hn eos mjstlrjos `h ―Ihejph Vhvuhetos‛ y ―Cuon Fofjhbo‛ rhsphbtjvokhnth .

Rj Ihejph y Cuon hstuvjhron `heonth y sh pu`jhshn blnijrkor oegunls `h els brjthrjls quh  prlplnh he @RK-Y, okfls njÿls sh hnblntrorëon focl he kjskl grupl3 he `h Prostlrnl @êijbjt `h Othnbjòn. Rjn hkforgl, `o`os eos `jihrhnbjos quh hxjsthn hntrh hstls `ls njÿls hs jkplrtonth quh okfls sh hnbuo`rhn hn bothglrëos `jstjntos. Ihejph hntrorëo hn he grupl `he Prostlrnl @êijbjt `h Othnbjòn `h prh`lkjnjl mjphrobtjvl/jkpuesjvl, kjhntros quh Cuon sh sjtuorëo hn he grupl `h  prh`lkjnjl jnothntl. Hstl rhsueto uno hvj`hnbjo kïs `h plr quê hs iun`okhntoe konthnhr y kotjzor eos `jihrhnbjos hntrh els suftjpls. Els njÿls quh sh hngelfon hn hstls suftjpls sln kuy `jstjntls unls `h ltrls, y plr el tontl, rhqujhrhn un tjpl `h jnthrvhnbjòn `jihrhnth. Ounquh, yo sh mon mhbml rhihrhnbjo o els sëntlkos `he P@O P@OM, M, voeh eo phno rhjthror rhjthror uno `hsbrjpbjòn `h els phrijehs `h bo`o suftjpl. Els `jstjntls sëntlkos prjnbjpoehs `he P@OM mon sj`l `hsbrjtls plr Eòphz y Vlkhrl (61?2). Els njÿls bln jnothnbjòn prhshnton `jijbueto`hs o eo mlro `h rhoejzor uno kjsko obtjvj`o` `uronth un phrjl`l `h tjhkpl prlelngo`l, hn shguj`o sh ofurrhn. Buon`l hstïn mobjhn`l oegl y oporhbh ltrl hstëkuel, pjhr`hn he lfchtjvl y sh `jstrohn `hcon`l eos blsos o kh`jos. Blkhthn hrrlrhs plrquh nl sh ijcon y mobhn un gron hsiuhrzl poro rhoejzor torhos rutjnorjos. Qjhr`hn lfchtls y levj`on blsos l hvhntls bln irhbuhnbjo. Hstls suchtls porhbhn kïs jnko`urls y prhshnton un rhn`jkjhntl hsbleor plr `hfocl `h sus bopobj`o`hs. Els njÿls bln mjphrobtjvj`o` prhshnton uno klvjej`o` hxbhsjvo quh blntrosto bln su ioeto `h bllr`jnobjòn kltrjz y eo rjgj`hz `h sus klvjkjhntls, el buoe ehs mobh thnhr obbj`hnths y boë`os bln irhbuhnbjo. Pjhnhn `jijbueto`hs poro konthnhrsh qujhtls, plr hsl hn beosh suhehn klehstor o sus blkpoÿhrls, yo quh mofeon kubml y sjhkprh hstïn klvjên`lsh, bokfjon`l `h plsturo, `on`l glephbjtls l mobjhn`l ruj`l. Pl`l hstl `jijbueto su trofocl y he `h sus blkpoÿhrls, el quh `hshkflbo hn un rhbmozl plr porth `h hstls. Eo jkpuesjvj`o` sh `hijnh blkl eo jnbopobj` jnbopobj`o` o` `h jnmjfjr eos bln`ubtos quh blneehvon uno sotjsiobbjòn jnkh`joto. Els njÿls quh prhshnton sëntlkos `h jkpuesjvj`o` j kpuesjvj`o` tjhnhn plbo tlehronbjo o eo irustrobjòn, plbl blntrle `h jkpuesls y `jijbueto`hs poro eo rhgueobjòn. Obtóon sjn phnsor, sjn thnhr  prhshnths eos blnshbuhnbjos blnshbuhnbjos `h sus obtls. Hn eos rrheobjlnhs heobjlnhs slbjoehs sln rhbmozo`ls plrquh oe mofeor, ??

 

hn kubmos lbosjlnhs jnthrrukphn o sus jnthrelbutlrhs sjn hsphror su turnl h jnbeusl suhehn mobhr oegón blkhntorjl jnoprlpjo`l, sjn thnhr prhshnth eo rhobbjòn `h eo ltro phrslno. Yhokls omlro `h quê konhro mon hsto`l prhshnths els suftjpls `he P@OM hn eos `jihrhnths h`jbjlnhs `he @RK. Hn he oÿl ?:9=, buon`l sh prl`ucl eo jntrl`ubbjòn `he P@OM P @OM hn he @RK-JJ focl he nlkfrh `h ―Vhobbjòn mjphrbjnêtjbo `h eo jnionbjo l o`lehsbhnbjo‛ , sh plnëo êniosjs hn eo

mjphrobtjvj`o`. Qlsthrjlrkhnth, sh hniotjzò eo jkplrtonbjo `h eo jnothnbjòn y hn eo thrbhro h`jbjòn sh heoflrorln trhs ejstos quh `ofon eugor o `ls `jognòstjbls3 he P@O bln mjphrobtjvj`o` y he P@O sjn mjphrobtjvj`o`. Rjn hkforgl, hn eo rhvjsjòn `h eo thrbhro h`jbjòn, he P@O P @O sjn mjphrobtjvj`o` posò o eo bothglrëo `h jn`jihrhnbjo`l, `hcon`l `h nuhvl he `jognòstjbl blkl unj`jkhnsjlnoe. Hn eo buorto h`jbjòn sh rhoejzorln `ls ejstos, uno bln els sëntlkos `h mjphrobtjvj`o` h jkpuesjvj`o` y ltro bln els sëntlkos `h jnothnbjòn, `on`l eugor o trhs sufbothglrjos `jognòstjbos3 eo `h prh`lkjnjl jnothntl, eo `h prh`lkjnjl `h mjphrobtjvj`o`-jkpuesjvj`o` y eo blkfjno`o (Bop`hvjeeo-Frlpmy ht oe, 6118) He suftjpl blkfjno`l hs he kïs irhbuhnth, shguj`l `he jnothntl, quh sh `o kïs hn njÿos quh hn vorlnhs y, ijnoekhnth, he mjphrobtjvl/jkpuesjvl, quh rhsueto shr he kïs jnirhbuhnth (Rlutueel y @jhz, 6117). Hsto beosjijbobjòn sh mo konthnj`l mosto he @RK-Y (Okhrjbon Qsybmjotrjb Osslbjotjln, 61?2). Rh mon eehvo`l o bofl nukhrlsos jnvhstjgobjlnhs y rhvjsjlnhs obhrbo `h eo beosjijbobjòn `he P@OM plr suftjpls, quh mon ghnhro`l gron pleêkjbo. Hn ghnhroe, els `ls prlfehkos quh sh peonthon bln rhsphbtl o eo beosjijbobjòn vjghnth mobhn rhihrhnbjo o eo mhthrlghnhj`o` y o eo hstofjej`o` `h els suftjpls o trovês `he tjhkpl. Hn buontl o eo mhthrlghnhj`o`,  Bop`hvjeeo-Frlpmy ht oe. (6118) y Koy Koylr lr y Gorbëo (61??) shÿoeon quh hxjsthn `jihrhnbjos o thnhr hn buhnto `hntrl `h bo`o suftjpl. Qlr hchkpel, un njÿl quh  prhshnto 9 sëntlkos `h jnoth jnothnbjòn nbjòn y 8 `h mjphrobtjvj`o`/jkpuesjvj`o` sh hnblntrorëo `hntrl `he k kjskl jskl suftjpl quh

un njÿl quh prhshntosh 9 sëntlkos `h jnothnbjòn y njngunl `h

mjphrobtjvj`o`/jkpuesjvj`o`. Bop`hvjeeo-Frlpmy ht oe. (6118) y Blelkhr-@jhgl, Kjron`o-Bosos, Mhr`ljzo-Orrlyl y Qrhshntobjòn-Mhrrhrl, (61?6) shÿoeon quh eo mjphrobtjvj`o` vo `jskjnuyhn`l bln eo h`o` y hsl mobh quh he `jognòstjbl nl sho `hijnjtjvl, sj nl bokfjonth. Hn hsth shntj`l, Koylr y Gorbëo (61??) jnbj`hn hn he mhbml `h quh eo mjphrobtjvj`o` `jskjnuyo bln he posl `he tjhkpl y eo jnothnbjòn tjhn`o o  phrsjstjr. Qrlplnhn quh he suftjpl mjphrobtjvl pl`rëo shr un prhburslr `he suftjpl blkfjno`l, b lkfjno`l, hn he quh eo mjphrobtjvj`o` sh morëo hvj`hnth o kïs thkprono h`o`, kjhntros quh eo jnothnbjòn sh pln`rëo `h konjijhstl hn els oÿls plsthrjlrhs. Hn hsto eënho, Fouhrkhjsthr (6112) (6112) peontho eo plsjfjej`o` `h ``jstjngujr jstjngujr `jstjntls tjpls `h `h P@OM `h prh`lkjnjl jnothntl3 plr un eo`l, oquheels quh o`hkïs `h els sëntlkos `h jnothnbjòn,  prhshnton sëntlkos `h mjphrobtjvj`o`-jkpuesjvj`o`, ounquh nl els suijbjhnths blkl poro shr `jognlstjbo`ls blkl blkfjno`ls4 plr ltro porth, ltrl grupl quh prhshnto els sëntlkos `h jnothnbjòn ?6

 

`h eo nlslelgëo obtuoe4 y ijnoekhnth, un thrbhr grupl quh prhshntorëo eo sjntlkotlelgëo prlpjo `h un blnstrubtl eeoko`l Phkpl Blgnjtjvl Ehntl (PBE). Bokprl`ln ht oe. (61?2) y Bop`hvjeo-Frlpmy, Ortjgos-Qoeeorês y Lfjles-Eeon`rjbm (6119),  peonthon`l eo hxjsthnbjo hsth blnstrubtl, kuy porhbj`l oe suftjpl jnothntl, quh sh borobthrjzo plr klvjkjhntls ehtïrgjbls, prlbhsokjhntl ehntl h jnobtjvj`o`. Rugjhrhn quh toe vhz hsth blnstrubtl blnilrkh uno hntj`o` jn`hphn`jhnth, quh rhgueorëo rh gueorëo els osphbtls othnbjlnoehs rheobjlno`ls bln ltros  potlelgëos. Fordehy (6119, blkl sh bjtò hn Koylr y Gorbëo, 61??) oÿo`jò o el quh mofëo prlpuhstl Fouhrkhjsthr, un buortl tjpl quh sh blrrhspln`hrëo bln he suftjpl blkfjno`l quh bln eo h`o` y he brhbjkjhntl `hcl otrïs els sëntlkos `h mjphrobtjvj`o`-jkpuesjvj`o` y mofëo konthnj`l eo jnothnbjòn. Qlsthrjlrkhnth, Fordehy (611:) peontho eo plsjfjej`o` `h oÿo`jr `jstjntls ukfroehs `h els `jihrhnths sëntlkos hn iunbjòn `h eo htopo `he `hsorrleel hn eo quh sh hnbuhntrh he pobjhnth. Okfls outlrhs sh peonthon eo nhbhsj`o` `h buhstjlnorsh hstos suftjpjijbobjlnhs bln kjros o khclror tontl eo blnbhptuoejzobjòn `h bo`o uno `h heeos, blkl he `jognòstjbl y he trotokjhntl. Hn `hijnjtjvo, sh lfshrvo quh nl porhbh mofhr un obuhr`l slfrh sj hs h s vïej`o eo hstrubturobjòn quh sh mobh `h els suftjpls l `h nl shrel, buïe shrëo eo oethrnotjvo Qhsh o eo ioeto `h blnshnsl hntrh els jnvhstjgo`lrhs, Rlutueel y @jhz (6117) prlplnhn quh eo suftjpjijbobjòn hs oetokhnth fhnhijbjlso, yo quh `h nl hxjstjr hstos bothglrëos, `hfhrëokls osukjr quh he trostlrnl sh `o buon`l moy sëntlkos `h mjphrobtjvj`o`, `hcon`l oe suftjpl jnothntl koe `jognlstjbo`l y sjn rhbjfjr he trotokjhntl quh nhbhsjto, blkl lburrh bln els brjthrjls `jognòstjbls `h BJH-?1, quh nl mobhn hsto `jihrhnbjobjòn. Hs  plr hsth kltjvl (plr els plthnbjoehs fhnhijbjls quh puh`hn `hrjv `hrjvorsh orsh `h uno `jstjnbjòn o`hbuo`o) plr he buoe sh hstïn eehvon`l o bofl kóetjpehs hstu`jls poro hstofehbhr `jihrhnbjos hntrh els suftjpls hn `jvhrsls osphbtls quh `htoeeorhkls o blntjnuobjòn.

Jkpejbobjlnhs `he P@OM shgón he suftjpl He P@OM blkprlk blkprlkhth hth he `hshkphÿl `he quh el ppo`hbh o`hbh hn `jihrhnths ïrhos. Hsblfor Hsblfor ht oe. (611=) hstu`jorln he jkpobtl quh hsth trostlrnl tjhnh hn eo e o boej`o` `h vj`o `h els njÿls (rhihrj`o plr els po`rhs) hn iunbjòn `he suftjpl. Els rhsueto`ls kuhstron kuhstron quh he suftjpl blkfjno`l y he suftjpl jnothntl prhshnton puntuobjlnhs sjgnjijbotjvokhnth phlrhs hn boej`o` `h vj`o quh he suftjpl mjphrobtjvl/ jkpuesjvl. Hstls outlrhs peonthon quh hsto `jihrhnbjobjòn pl`rëo `hfhrsh o eo koylr grovh`o` `h els sëntlkos y o quh hstls `ls suftjpls suhehn `orsh bln potlelgëos psjqujïtrjbos blkòrfj`os. -  Blklrfjej`o`. Hn buontl o eo `jihrhnbjobjòn hntrh suftjpls hn blklrfjej`o`, Qrhshntobjòn y Rjhghntmoehr (6118) hnblntrorln quh els njÿls bln P@OM suftjpl blkfjno`l, prhshntofon `jihrhnths  prlfehkïtjbos o un njvhe sjgnjijbotjvokhnth k koylr oylr qquh uh he grupl blntrle. @ @hh hs hstos tos pr prlfehkïtjbos, lfehkïtjbos, bofh ?2

 

`hstobor eos quh lftuvjhrln koylr puntuobjòn, quh iuhrln eo bln`ubto ontjslbjoe, prlfehkos hsbleorhs, trostlrnls psjblpotleògjbls h jno`optobjòn slbjoe. Hn hsth kjskl hstu`jl, els outlrhs shÿoeon quh he suftjpl blkfjno`l sh oslbjo bln he trostlrnl nhgotjvjsto-`hsoijonth hn potlelgëo hxthrnoejzonth y bln he trostlrnl plr onsjh`o` ghnhroejzo`o hn potlelgëo jnthrnoejzonth. Qlr su porth, Ielrhs (611:) peontho quh sh puh`hn `jstjngujr phrijehs `jstjntls hn iunbjòn `h suftjpl hn  prlfehkïtjbo oslbjo`o. He grupl mjphrobtjvl/ jkpuesjvl, prhshnto un phrije bln prlfehkos `h bln`ubto `jsruptjvo hxthrnoejzo`o, kjhntros quh he suftjpl suftjpl jnothntl prhshnto prlfehkos rheobjlno`ls bln eo jnshgurj`o` y eo tjkj`hz. Okfls prhshnton `jijbueto`hs `h oprhn`jzoch y `jijbueto`hs hn eo slbjoejzobjòn, ounquh sh peontho quh toe vhz hstos `jijbueto`hs sh `hn o bouso `h potrlnhs kïs hvjtotjvls hn he bosl `h els jnothntls, y `h potrlnhs kïs `jsruptjvls hn he bosl `h mjphrobtjvj`o`/jkpuesjvj`o`. -   Vheobjlnhs y bejko iokjejor. Qrhshntobjòn-Mhrrhrl, Gorbëo-Bostheor, Kjron`o-Bosos, RjhghntmoehrMjhrrl y Coro-Cjkênhz (6119) hstu`jorln he jkpobtl quh els njÿls bln P@OM suftjpl blkfjno`l tjhnhn hn eo iokjejo. Qeonthon quh moy un iuhrth jkpobtl buon`l unl `h els mjcls prhshnto P@OM suftjpl blkfjno`l, yo quh els shntjkjhntls y obtjtu`hs `h els po`rhs sh tlrnon kïs nhgotjvls y eos rheobjlnhs, tontl mobjo iuhro `he nóbehl iokjejor blkl `hntrl `he kjskl (rheobjòn `h porhco `h els  po`rhs, rheobjòn hntrh mhrkonls, rheobjlnhs ppo`rhs-mjcls), o`rhs-mjcls), ssuirhn uirhn un prliun`l `hthrjlrl. Qlr su por porth, th, Ihrrhjro, Vlm`h y Rbmkjtz (61??) hstu`jorln eos vorjofehs iokjejorhs oslbjo`os oe suftjpl jnothntl `he P@OM bln rhsphbtl o grupls blntrle y hnblntrorln quh eo foco blmhsjòn iokjejor osë blkl uno koeo boej`o` `h eos rheobjlnhs iokjejorhs blrrheobjlnon bln hsth suftjpl `h P P@OM. @OM. -   Vheobjlnhs Rlbjoehs Rlbjoehs. Blkl sh mo blkhnto`l, els njÿls bln P@OM mobhn usl `h hstrothgjos slbjoehs jnhijbobhs, quh sh prhshnton bln koylr irhbuhnbjo hn he suftjpl blkfjno`l (Quhnth, 61?2). Elro y Klrhnl (611=) mon `jihrhnbjo`l els phrijehs slbjoehs `he suftjpl blkfjno`l y `he suftjpl jnothntl. Hnblntrorln quh he suftjpl blkfjno`l tjhnh un phrije bln koylr `hsocusth slbjoe, borobthrjzo`l plr he nhgotjvjskl y eo hsboso blnsj`hrobjòn mobjo els `hkïs. Qlr ltrl eo`l, eo sjntlkotlelgëo jnothnto sh rheobjlno bln un phrije `h rhtrojkjhntl y tjkj`hz hn eos rheobjlnhs y uno hehvo`o shnsjfjej`o` slbjoe. -   @jijbueto`hs hsbleorhs. Fouhrkhjsthr (6112) peonthò quh nl moy `jihrhnbjos hn rhn`jkjhntl obo`êkjbl hntrh els `jihrhnths suftjpls `h P@OM. Nl lfstonth, Boresln ht oe.(?::9, blkl sh bjtò hn Fouhrkhjsthr, 6112) së shÿoeon quh moy hvj`hnbjos `h quh els njÿls `he suftjpl jnothntl pl`rëon thnhr kïs prlfehkos bln he oprhn`jzoch `h eos kothkïtjbos, quh he suftjpl blkfjno`l -   Iunbjlnhs hchbutjvos. Bln rhsphbtl o eos `jihrhnbjos hntrh els suftjpls hn hsth ïrho, Bop`hvjeoFrlpmy ht oe. (6118) hstu`jorln eos iunbjlnhs hchbutjvos hn he suftjpl jnothntl y hn he suftjpl blkfjno`l. Els rhsueto`ls sugjhrhn quh els njÿls bln P@OM `h suftjpl jnothntl prhshnton kïs `jijbueto`hs hn eo ieuj`hz `h prlbhsokjhntl `h eo jnilrkobjòn, kjhntros quh els njÿls bln P P@OM @OM bln suftjpl blkfjno`l prhshnton koylrhs `jijbueto`hs hn eo khklrjo `h trofocl nl vhrfoe y hn he blntrle

?0

 

kltrjz. Hn blntroplsjbjòn bln hstls outlrhs, Ghurts, Yhrtê, Llsthreoon, Vlhyhrs y Rhrghont (6118) nl hnblntrorln `jihrhnbjos hntrh he suftjpl blkfjno`l y he jnothntl hn iunbjlnhs hchbutjvos. -   Qhrslnoej`o` 3 Bln he ijn `h `jihrhnbjor kïs beorokhnth els suftjpls, sh mon rhoejzo`l hstu`jls obhrbo `h els rosgls `h phrslnoej`o` quh sh `on bln koylr irhbuhnbjo hn bo`o unl. Hn blnbrhtl, Qordhr, Kochsdj y Bleejn (6110, blkl sh bjtò hn Kortënhz, 61?1) hnblntrorln quh eo mjphrobtjvj`o`/ jkpuesjvj`o` sh rheobjlnofo bln puntuobjlnhs oetos hn hxtrlvhrsjòn hxt rlvhrsjòn y focos hn okofjej`o`, kjhntros quh eo jnothnbjòn sh rheobjlnofo bln focls njvhehs `h rhsplnsofjej`o`. Kortënhz (61?1) hnblntrò quh he suftjpl blkfjno`l thnëo oetls njvhehs `h ogrhsjvj`o`/ mlstjej`o` (iobjej`o` poro hxprhsor ogrhsjvj`o` `h konhro vhrfoe l bln`ubtuoe) y `h obtjvj`o` (prhihrhnbjo plr eehvor uno vj`o obtjvo y lbupo`o, bln plbo bopobj`o` poro rheocorsh). Hn he bosl `h he suftjpl jnothntl, hnblntrò quh hstos  puntuobjlnhs hron tltoekhnth oe rhvês, hs `hbjr, focos puntuobjlnhs hn ogrhsjvj`o`/ mls mlstjej`o` tjej`o` y focl njvhe `h obtjvj`o`.

Outlblnbhptl hn he P@OM. P @OM. @h tl`os eos jkpejbobjlnhs `he P@OM, eo quh kïs nls jnthrhso hn hsth trofocl hs eo e o rhihrj`o oe outlblnbhptl. Hpsthjn (?:70, blkl sh bjtò hn Rofhm, 6116) `hsbrjfh borobthrëstjbos prjnbjpoehs `he outlblnbhptl. Rhÿoeo quh hs uno rh` blkpehco `h blnbhptls blnsjsthnths jnthrnokhnth, quh jnthgro osphbtls `h kubmos iobhtos `h eo vj`o vj`o `h eo phrslno, y quh sh hstrubturon chrïrqujbokhnth. chrïrqujbokhnth. Hsth outlr sufroyo eo jkplrtonbjo `h eos rheobjlnhs bln eos phrslnos sjgnjijbotjvos (po`rhs, prlihslrhs l jguoehs), hsphbjoekhnth hn eos h`o`hs kïs thkpronos, hn eo ilrkobjòn `he outlblnbhptl, osë blkl he borïbthr `jnïkjbl y bokfjonth `he k kjskl, jskl, puhstl quh nl hs oegl hstïtjbl l jnnotl, sjnl qquh uh sh kl`jijbo bln eo hxphrjhnbjo. Qrhbjsokhnth sln hstos hxphrjhnbjos eos quh eeokon nuhstro othnbjòn hn he P@OM. Blkl yo sh blkhntò bln onthrjlrj`o`, hstls hstls njÿls suhehn thnhr uno mjstlrjo `h hxphrjhnbjos hxphrjhnbjos `h irobosl, irustrobjòn, ioeto `h blntrle y `h `hsoprlfobjòn plr porth `he okfjhnth quh `h obuhr`l bln he kl`hel `h Morthr (?:=8, blkl sh bjtò hn Glnzïehz y Pluròn, ?::6), jnieuyhn hn eo jkoghn quh eo phrslno tjhnh `h së kjskl. Blkl sh mo lfshrvo`l, els prlfehkos quh oblkpoÿon oe P@OM, hn el rhihrhnth o su iunbjlnokjhntl hn `jstjntos ïrhos (iokjejor, hsbleor, slbjoe, htb.) sh prhshnton `h konhro `jihrhnth hn iunbjòn `he suftjpl `h P@OM. @h hsth kl`l, bofh hsphror quh hxjston `jihrhnbjos hntrh suftjpls, hn outlblnbhptl.  Nl lfstonth, eos jjnvhstjgobjlnhs nvhstjgobjlnhs nl sh plnhn `h obuhr`l hn he kl`l hn he quh he P@OM oihbto oe blnbhptl quh hstls njÿls tjhnhn `h së kjskls. Qlr un eo`l, moy jnvhstjgo`lrhs j nvhstjgo`lrhs blkl Bopheottl, `h Ejko, Bjosbo y Roego`l-Onzlnj Roe go`l-Onzlnj (61?0) quh peonthon quh nl moy `jihrhnbjos sjgnjijbotjvos hntrh njÿls bln P@OM y njÿls sjn P@OM hn eos ?8

 

 puntuobjlnhs ghnhroehs `h outlblnbhptl y outlhstjko, el buoe rhsueto slrprhn`hnth slrprhn`hnth o eo euz `h el quh quh sh mo rhvjso`l. Rjn hkforgl, së hnblntrorln quh moy bjhrtls ëthks `he Jnvhntorjl `h @hprhsjòn Jniontje hn els quh kuhstron phlrhs rhsueto`ls els njÿls bln P@OM. Hstls ëthks sh rheobjlnon bln eo brhhnbjo `h mobhr eos blsos koe, shntjkjhntls `h buepo plr eos blsos koeos quh subh`hn y phrbhpbjlnhs nhgotjvos `h unl kjskl. Hn hsto eënho, Foddhr y Vufjoehs (61?6) hn su hstu`jl hnblntrorln quh els njÿls bln P@OM `on uno puntuobjlnhs hn outlblnbhptl ghnhroe kïs focos, ounquh hstos `jihrhnbjos nl iuhrln sjgnjijbotjvos. Nl lfstonth hn eos `jkhnsjlnhs iokjejor y hklbjlnoe `he outlblnbhptl, së sh hnblntrorln puntuobjlnhs sjgnjijbotjvokhnth kïs focos hn els njÿls bln P@OM. Ltrls hstu`jls së quh mon moeeo`l puntuobjlnhs sjgnjijbotjvokhnth kïs focos hn outlblnbhptl hn els njÿls bln P@OM P @OM bln rhsphbtl oe grupl blntrle (Gorzo-Klroehs, Nóÿhz- Yjeeoshÿlr y Yeo`jkjrsdy-Gujelii, 61174 Kojo, Guor`jonl, Yjono, Oekhj`o y Gujkorâhs, 61??). Eo hxpejbobjòn poro eo foco outlhstjko hn els njÿls bln P@OM hs quh hxphrjkhnton blntjnuos hxphrjhnbjos `h irobosl quh ehs eehvon o phnsor quh nl mobhn no`o fjhn y quh plr heel nl guston o els `hkïs. Hstls njÿls nl sofhn quê mobhr poro rhkh`jorel y plr hsl su outlblnbhptl y su outlhijbobjo prhshnton `êijbjts (Eòphz y Vlkhrl, 61?2). Rjn hkforgl, hstl nl hs un moeeozgl unïnjkh, yo quh hxjsth ltrl grupl `h jnvhstjgobjlnhs quh sugjhrhn quh hn els njÿls bln P@OM tjhnh eugor un ihnòkhnl quh sh `hnlkjno outlblnbhptl  plsjtjvl jeuslrjl l shsgl plsjtjvl jeuslrjl (Eòphz y Vlkhrl, 61?2). Hsth ihnòkhnl blnsjsth hn quh hstls njÿls tjhnhn uno jkoghn `h së kjskls ―jnieo`o‛, y tjhn`h n o hvoeuor su rhn`jkjhntl kuy plr

hnbjko `h su `hshkphÿl rhoe, rhihrj`l tontl plr phrslnos `h su hntlrnl (prlihslrhs, po`rhs l tutlrhs), blkl kh`j`l hn pruhfos `h eoflrotlrjl (Klejno ( Klejno y Kogejl, 61?2). Hxjsthn `jvhrsos mjpòthsjs slfrh he plrquê `h hsth ihnòkhnl. Klejno (61?2) y Lwhn, Gle`ijnh, Hvonghejsto, Mlzo y Dojshr (6117) rhvjson buotrl hxpejbobjlnhs `he outlblnbhptl plsjtjvl jeuslrjl3 eo prjkhro mjpòthsjs opunto o uno jnko`urhz blgnjtjvo y blkplrtokhntoe, eo shgun`o o eo thlrëo `h eo jgnlronbjo `h eo jnblkphthnbjo, eo thrbhro rheobjlno hsth ihnòkhnl bln `jsiunbjlnhs hchbutjvos, y ijnoekhnth, eo óetjko mobh rhihrhnbjo o hsth shsgl blkl un kl`l `h outlprlthbbjòn onth eos nukhrlsos hxphrjhnbjos `h irobosl o eos quh sh vhn slkhtj`ls hstls njÿls. Eo mjpòthsjs `h eo jnko`urhz blgnjtjvo y blkplrtokhntoe, sh foso hn hstu`jls blkl he rhoejzo`l plr Mlubd, Mlubd, Dhn`oee, Kjeehr, Klrh Klrhee ee y Wjhfh (61??, blk blkll sh bjtò hn Klejno, Klejno, 61?2) quh jnvhstjgorln eo rheobjòn hntrh eo h`o` y he outlblnbhptl `h els njÿls, eehgon`l o eo blnbeusjòn `h quh o kïs h`o` khnls jnieo`l jnieo`l hstï he outlblnbhptl, yo quh els njÿls bln kïs h`o` sln bop bopobhs obhs `h `jihrhnbjor su yl rhoe `h su yl j`hoe. @h hsth kl`l pl`rëokls peonthor eo mjpòthsjs `h quh he outlblnbhptl `h els njÿls bln P@OM sh blrrhspln`h bln he outlblnbhptl `h un njÿl `h khnlr h`o` (Klejno, 61?24 Lwhn ht oe., 6117). Hn shgun`l eugor, sh rhvjso eo thlrëo `h eo jgnlronbjo `h eo jnblkphthnbjo. Hsto thlrëo suplnh quh he njÿl nl tjhnh eo bopobj`o` `h hvoeuor eo blkphthnbjo, plr el quh bofh hsphror quh hsth `êijbjt oihbth, nl slel o eo hvoeuobjòn prlpjo, sjnl tokfjên o eo `h els `hkïs. (Klejno, 61?24 Lwhn ?9

 

ht oe., 6117). Hsto j`ho sh vh rhiuto`o hn he hstu`jl `h Hvonghejsto, Lwhns, Gle`hn y Qhemok (611=) hn he quh sh hvj`hnbjo quh eo voelrobjòn plsjtjvo jeuslrjo nl sh ghnhroejzo o els ltrls, sj nl quh sh ejkjto oe prlpjl njÿl. Hn thrbhr eugor, Klejno (61?2) y Lwhns ht oe. (6117) sugjhrhn eo plsjfeh rheobjòn hntrh eo  prhshnbjo `he shsgl plsjtjvl jeuslrjl y els `êijbjts hn eos iunbjlnhs hchbutjvos. Qeonthon quh sh `hfo o uno onlslgnlsjo, hs `hbjr uno jnbopobj`o` poro phrbjfjr els hrrlrhs y `êijbjts prlpjls, `h lrjghn nhurleògjbl y quh sh oslbjo o un `oÿl hn he eòfuel irlntoe. O hsth rhsphbtl, Kb_uo`h ht oe. (61??) hvoeóon bòkl eos iunbjlnhs hchbutjvos oihbton o eo ilrkobjòn `he outlblnbhptl plsjtjvl jeuslrjl hn eos ïrhos slbjoe, obo`êkjbo y blkplrtokhntoe. Hstls outlrhs moeeorln `jihrhnbjos hntrh hstos ïrhos. Hn he ïkfjtl obo`êkjbl y hn he ïkfjtl slbjoe, eos iunbjlnhs hchbutjvos quh porhbhn guor`or bjhrtl gro`l `h rheobjòn bln he outlblnbhptl plsjtjvl jeuslrjl sln eo khklrjo `h trofocl, eo ieuj`hz blgnjtjvo, els prlbhsls hchbutjvls y eo okpejtu` othnbjlnoe, kjhntros quh hn he ïrho blkplrtokhntoe, eos hvj`hnbjos shÿoeon o els prlbhsls hchbutjvls. Hsth hstu`jl sugjhrh quh els `êijbjts blgnjtjvls  prlvlbo`ls plr els prlfehkos hn eos iunbjlnhs hchbutjvos hn els njÿls bln P@OM, pl`rëon shr un iobtlr quh blntrjfuyo o eo ilrkobjòn `he shsgl plsjtjvl jeuslrjl, ounquh Kb_uo`h y sus bleoflro`lrhs shÿoeon quh hsto rheobjòn hnblntro`o hs porbjoe y quh shrëo nhbhsorjl rhoejzor kïs jnvhstjgobjlnhs quh hnbuhntrhn ltrls iobtlrhs quh el hxpejquhn khclr. Qlr óetjkl, Klejno (61?2) y Lwhns ht oe. (6117) peonthon eo mjpòthsjs `he outlblnbhptl  plsjtjvl jeuslrjl blkl un khbonjskl `h prlthbbjòn onth eos blntjnuos hxphrjhnbjos `h irobosl quh suirhn hstls njÿls. Okfos rhvjsjlnhs oijrkon quh hsto mjpòthsjs mo sj`l eo kïs hstu`jo`o, plr el quh susthnto un koylr slplrth hkpërjbl. Eòphz y Vlkhrl (61?2) peonthon quh sj fjhn hs bjhrtl quh hsth khbonjskl tjhnh su iunbjlnoej`o` o blrtl peozl, puhs phrkjth oirlntor hrrlrhs rhphtj`ls, o eorgl peozl suplnh un prlfehko puhstl quh nl rhblnlbhn sus prlpjos bopobj`o`hs nj sus nhbhsj`o`hs `h khclro, `h kl`l quh nl kl`jijbon eo konhro `h hnirhntorsh o eos torhos buon`l hs nhbhsorjl y osë sh mobhn kïs prlphnsls y susbhptjfehs oe irobosl (Lwhns ht oe.,6117). Eo mjpòthsjs `h eo iunbjòn `hihnsjvo `he outlblnbhptl plsjtjvl jeuslrjl, sh vh oplyo`o plr moeeozgls blkl he `h Mlzo ht oe. (6110), quh peontho quh hsto slfrhvoelrobjòn jeuslrjo sh `o bln koylr jnthnsj`o` hn oquheeos ïrhos hn eos e os quh moy koylr `êijbjt. Klejno (61?2) peontho quh eos ïrhos hn eos quh sh `o he outlblnbhptl plsjtjvl jeuslrjl sln oquheeos quh sln kïs jkplrtonths poro he suchtl. O`hkïs `jihrhnbjo trhs `jkhnsjlnhs3 eo slbjoe, eo obo`êkjbo y eo blkplrtokhntoe. Eo `jkhnsjòn slbjoe hs eo quh oplrto kïs hvj`hnbjos slfrh eo mjpòthsjs `h eo iunbjòn outlprlthbtlro `he outlblnbhptl plsjtjvl jeuslrjl. Qrlplnh quh eos hxphrjhnbjos slbjoehs nhgotjvos ilkhnton eo slfrhvoelrobjòn `he outlblnbhptl, kjhntros quh he mhbml `h rhbjfjr  ihh`fobd  plsjtjvl  plsjtjvl oukhntofo eo voelrobjòn ocusto`o `h së kjskls y `h sus blkphthnbjos. Hstl hs el quh tokfjên oijrkon Eòphz y Vlkhrl (61?2) oe prlplnhr quh he outlblnbhptl plsjtjvl

?7

 

jeuslrjl sh rh`ubh hn he klkhntl hn he quh eo outljkoghn hs rhilrzo`o `hs`h iuhro, yo quh oe rhbjfjr un ihh`fobd   plsjtjvl plsjtjvl `he hntlrnl, `jskjnuyhn sus shntjkjhntls `h jno`hbuobjòn. j no`hbuobjòn. Eo `jkhnsjòn obo`êkjbo, shgón Klejno (61?2), hs eo quh prhshnto khnlrhs jn`jbjls quh hvj`hnbjhn eo mjpòthsjs slfrh eo iunbjòn outlprlthbtlro `he outlblnbhptl plsjtjvl jeuslrjl. Hsto ioeto `h jn`jbjls sh puh`h `hfhr o quh poro els njÿls hsto ïrho borhbh `h jkplrtonbjo l o quh eos pruhfos utjejzo`os sln `hkosjo`l ortjijbjoehs blkl poro shr hxtropleo`os bln eo rhoej`o`. Hn blntroplsjbjòn, Mlzo ht oe. (6110), hn su hstu`jl slfrh eos `jijbueto`hs hsbleorhs y bln`ubtuoehs y he outlblnbhptl  plsjtjvl jeuslrjl, peontho eo j`ho `h quh els njÿls bln P@OM tjhn`hn o slfrh-voelror sus blkphthnbjos hn eos ïrhos quh ehs porhzbon kïs prlfehkïtjbos. Ijnoekhnth, hn eo `jkhnsjòn blkplrtokhntoe tokfjên surghn hvj`hnbjos slfrh eo mjpòthsjs `h eo iunbjòn prlthbtlro `he outlblnbhptl plsjtjvl jeuslrjl. Mlzo, ht oe. (61?1), peontho quh njvhehs oetls `h ogrhsjòn sh rheobjlnon bln oukhntls `h eo outlphrbhpbjòn plsjtjvo jeuslrjo o els eorgl `he tjhkpl, hnthn`jên`lel blkl uno ilrko `h mobhr irhnth o els prlfehkos `h blkplrtokjhntl. b lkplrtokjhntl. Lwhns ht oe., (6117) rhvjson els hstu`jls rhoejzo`ls slfrh eos `jihrhnths vorjofehs quh oihbton o eo hxprhsjòn h xprhsjòn `he outlblnbhptl plsjtjvl jeuslrjl. Hn buontl o trostlrnls blkòrfj`ls, shÿoeon he hihbtl quh els sëntlkos `hprhsjvls othnóon l kjtjgon eo oporjbjòn `he shsgl plsjtjvl jeuslrjl hn njÿls bln P@OM, quh së sh lfshrvo hn els njÿls bln he trostlrnl phrl sjn sëntlkos `hprhsjvls (Mlzo ht oe., 6110). Qeonthon quh els prlfehkos `h bln`ubto tokfjên pl`rëon thnhr su jnieuhnbjo hn eo oporjbjòn `he shsgl plsjtjvl jeuslrjl hn els njÿls bln P@OM. Ounquh Prhutjng y Mjn`smow (611?, blkl sh bjtò hn Lwhns ht oe., 6117), hnblntrorln uno rheobjòn plsjtjvo hntrh eo bln`ubto ogrhsjvo y eos outlphrbhpbjlnhs kïs nhgotjvos, hstl pl`rëo `hfhrsh o quh hsto bln`ubto hs rhiehcl `h sëntlkos `hprhsjvls. Hn blntroplsjbjòn, Mlzo ht oe. (6116, blkl sh bjtò hn Lwhns ht oe., 6117) prlplnhn quh eo prhshnbjo `h bln`ubtos ogrhsjvos sh rheobjlno bln he outlblnbhptl plsjtjvl jeuslrjl. Qorhbh quh hsto slfrhvoelrobjòn jeuslrjo plsjtjvo nl hs ónjbo y hxbeusjvo `he P@OM, sjnl quh moy ltrl tjpl `h kuhstros nl beënjbos hn eos quh tokfjên sh prhshnto. @h hstos kuhstros, he iobtlr blkón hs he blkplrtokjhntl `jsruptjvl (Lwhns ht oe., 6117). He hstu`jl `he outlblnbhptl plsjtjvl jeuslrjl hn rheobjòn bln els prlfehkos `h bln`ubto, osë blkl bln eos `jijbueto`hs hsbleorhs, sugjhrhn quh els njÿls bln P@OM tjhn`hn o slfrh-hvoeuor sus blkphthnbjos hn oquheeos ïrhos hn eos quh kuhstron koylrhs `jijbueto`hs (Mlzo ht oe., 6110). Eos jnvhstjgobjlnhs quh mon oflr`o`l eos `jihrhnbjos `h gênhrl hn buon`l oe outlblnbhptl  plsjtjvl jeuslrjl (Hvonghejsto ht oe., 6117, Mlzo ht oe, 6110 y Lwhns y Mlzo, 6112) nl mon moeeo`l `jihrhnbjos, sugjrjhn`l quh hsth ihnòkhnl sh `o hn els `ls shxls. He pophe `h els suftjpls hn buontl oe outlblnbhptl plsjtjvl jeuslrjl mo sj`l hstu`jo`l plr Lwhns y Mlzo (6112) hn un jnvhstjgobjòn hn eo quh blkpororln suchtls `he suftjpl blkfjno`l y `h suftjpl jnothntl hn buontl o eo slfrhvoelrobjòn `h su blkphthnbjo hsbleor hn blkporobjòn bln un brjthrjl hxthrnl. Moeeorln quh he suftjpl blkfjno`l tjhn`h o slfrhhstjkor su bopobj`o` hn koylr ?=

 

kh`j`o quh els jnothntls y o`hkïs, hstls óetjkls thn`ëon o sufhstjkor su blkphthnbjo hsbleor. Els outlrhs rheobjlnofon hsto thn`hnbjo `h els njÿls `he suftjpl jnothntl bln he blnstrubtl `he Phkpl Blgnjtjvl Ehntl. O eo euz `h eo rhvjsjòn fjfejlgrïijbo rhoejzo`o slfrh eos blnbhptuoejzobjlnhs y blntrlvhrsjos `h eo beosjijbobjòn `he P@OM y slfrh eos `jihrhnths thn`hnbjos `he outlblnbhptl hn els njÿls bln hsto  potlelgëo, eo prhgunto ¼Hxjsthn `jihrhnbjos hntrh els e ls suftjpls `h P@OM hn outlblnbhptl< Blkl sh mo rhvjso`l onthrjlrkhnth, hxjsthn `jihrhnbjos sjgnjijbotjvos hntrh suftjpls hn eo oihbtobjòn `he iunbjlnokjhntl `he njÿl hn `jvhrsos ïrhos. Hn blklrfjej`o`, he suftjpl blkfjno`l suheh prhshntorsh bln prlfehkos `h bln`ubto `jsruptjvo, kjhntros quh he suftjpl jnothntl sh rheobjlno bln prlfehkos `h jnshgurj`o` y tjkj`hz (Ielrhs 611:). Eo ilrko `h rheobjlnorsh tokfjên bokfjo shgón he suftjpl. He suftjpl blkfjno`l prhshnto kïs nhgotjvjskl y koylr `hsocusth slbjoe, kjhntros quh he suftjpl jnothntl prhshnto un phrije rheobjlno`l bln he rhtrojkjhntl y eo tjkj`hz (Elro y Klrhnl, 611=). Hn buontl o eos iunbjlnhs hchbutjvos, sh mo hnblntro`l quh he suftjpl blkfjno`l prhshnto koylrhs `jijbueto`hs hn eo khklrjo `h trofocl nl vhrfoe y hn he blntrle `h kltrjz, kjhntros quh hn he suftjpl jnothntl sh vh kïs blkprlkhtj`o eo ieuj`hz hn he prlbhsokjhntl `h eo jnilrkobjòn (Bop`hvjeeoFrlpmy ht oe., 6118). Ijnoekhnth, els suftjpls `h P@OM tokfjên prhshnton `jihrhnbjos hn eos vorjofehs `h phrslnoej`o`. Kjhntros quh he suftjpl blkfjno`l sh rheobjlno bln koylr hxtrlvhrsjòn y khnlr okofjej`o`, he suftjpl jnothntl prhshnto puntuobjlnhs focos hn rhsplnsofjej`o`. Othn`jhn`l o hstos `jihrhnbjos `jihrhnbjos hn he iunbjlnokjhntl `h els njÿls bln P@ P@OM OM hn `jihrhnths ïrhos y thnjhn`l prhshnth eo jkplrtonbjo quh tjhnhn eos hxphrjhnbjos vjvj`os hn he outlblnbhptl,  puh`h `hbjrsh quh hs hsphrofeh hsphrofeh quh moyo `jihrhnbjos hn hsth osphbtl. osphbtl. Bln he ijn `h oflr`or hsto buhstjòn, sh eehvo o bofl hsto jnvhstjgobjòn `h borïbthr hxpelrotlrjl. He lfchtjvl `h hsth trofocl hs hnb hnblntror lntror `jihrhnbjos sjgnjijbotjvos hntrh els els suftjpls `h Prostlrnl @êijbjt `h Othnbjòn bln Mjphrobtjvj`o` (P@OM) (`h prh`lkjnjl jnothntl, `h prh`lkjnjl mjphrobtjvl/ jkpuesjvl y blkfjno`l) y un grupl blntrle hn su outlblnbhptl. Rjn hkforgl, blkl yo sh mo blkhnto`l, he shsgl plsjtjvl jeuslrjl pl`rëo lbuetor hstos `jihrhnbjos. Qlr hsth kltjvl, `h ilrko shbun`orjo oe lfchtjvl prjnbjpoe y utjejzon`l uno hsboeo `h kh`j`o kl`hsto, sh hxpelrorï eo `jstlrsjòn quh mobh he suchtl `h së kjskl o su iovlr. Eo mjpòthsjs `h portj`o hs quh së mofrï `jihrhnbjos hn outlblnbhptl hntrh els suftjpls `h P@OM hntrh së y hntrh heels y he grupl blntrle hn `jihrhnths ïkfjtls. Eo konhro hn eo quh sh konjijhston hstos `jihrhnbjos hs `hsblnlbj`o yo quh eos `jijbueto`hs prhshnto`os plr els njÿls bln P@OM nl sln `jihrhnths njvhehs `h un kjskls blnstrubtl, sjnl quh sln `jstjntos shgón he suftjpl. @h hsth kl`l, peonthokls hsto jnvhstjgobjòn blkl uno hxpelrobjòn. Rj hstos `jihrhnbjos nl sh `on, pl`rëo `hfhrsh o eo hxjsthnbjo `h un shsgl plsjtjvl jeuslrjl hn eos outlphrbhpbjlnhs `h hstls njÿls. Qoro oprlxjkornls o hsth ihnòkhnl utjejzorhkls uno hsboeo `h sjnbhrj`o` quh kj`h eo `jstlrsjòn quh mobh he njÿl `h së kjskl o su iovlr. Qortjhn`l `h el ?:

 

 prlpuhstl plr plr Lwhns y M Mlzo lzo (6112) hsphrokls hnblntror quh hsto hsboeo prhshnth pu puntuobjlnhs ntuobjlnhs oetos hn he suftjpl blkfjno`l.

Kêtl`l  Kuhstro. 

Eo kuhstro hstï ilrko`o plr 06 njÿls quh portjbjporln `h ilrko vleuntorjo. Pl`ls heels sln `h Ko`rj` y tjhnhn h`o`hs blkprhn`j`os b lkprhn`j`os hntrh els ?1 y els ?= oÿls. Eo kuhstro hstï `jvj`j`o hn trhs grupls3 un grupl `h ?? njÿls `jognlstjbo`ls `h P@OM suftjpl blkfjno`l, un grupl `h ?2 njÿls `jognlstjbo`ls `h P@OM suftjpl jnothntl y un grupl blntrle ilrko`l plr ?= njÿls quh nl  prhshntofon sëntlkos nj `h jnothnbjòn nj `h mjphrobtjvj`o`- jkpuesjvj`o`. Nl sh pu`jhrln hnblntror suchtls `he suftjpl mjphrobtjvl jkpuesjvl, plr el quh sh trofocò sleokhnth bln els `ls suftjpls rhstonths y he grupl blntrle. Els `jognòstjbls `h els njÿls quh ilrkon porth `h els grupls `h suftjpl jnothntl y blkfjno`l iuhrln rhoejzo`ls plr els e ls psjbòelgls quh ehs hstofon troton`l hn hsh klkhntl l quh ehs mofëon troto`l. Qoro rhbeutor o eo kuhstro, sh blntò bln eo bleoflrobjòn `h `jvhrsls  prlihsjlnoehs `he bokpl `h eo psjblelgëo y eo nhurlelgëo jniontje. Els po`rhs `h els pobjhnths `h `jbmls prlihsjlnoehs iuhrln jnilrko`ls prhvjokhnth `he lfchtjvl `h hsto jnvhstjgobjòn y `h el quh rhquhrëo vhrfoekhnth y plr hsbrjtl. @hfj`l o quh eo kuhstro hstï blnilrko`o plr suchtls khnlrhs `h h`o`, els po`rhs l tutlrhs outlrjzorln plr hsbrjtl eo portjbjpobjòn `h els khnlrhs hn hsto jnvhstjgobjòn. Bln he ijn `h prhshrvor eo jntjkj`o` `h els suchtls, sh gorontjzò quh els buhstjlnorjls shrëon onònjkls, quh sh utjejzorëon hxbeusjvokhnth poro hsto jnvhstjgobjòn. Els po`rhs l tutlrhs quh slejbjtorln prhvjokhnth `jsplnhr `h els rhsueto`ls `h eos pruhfos `h sus mjcls, iuhrln jnilrko`ls blnvhnjhnthkhnth.  Jnstrukhntls

Els jnstrukhntls utjejzo`ls mon sj`l els sjgujhnths. - Eo hsboeo Outlblnbhptl Ilrko 8 (OI8) (OI8) (Gorbëo y Kusjtu, 61?0) blnbjfh he outlblnbhptl blkl uno hntj`o` kuetj`jkhnsjlnoe y hvoeóo he blnbhptl `h unl kjskl hn bjnbl ïrhos3 iokjejor, obo`êkjbo, slbjoe, hklbjlnoe y iësjbo. Hsth buhstjlnorjl blnsto `h 21 ëthks (9 ëthks plr bo`o `jkhnsjòn) quh he suchtl mo `h rheehnor bln un nókhrl `he ? oe ::, sjhn`l ? tltoekhnth hn `hsobuhr`l y :: tltoekhnth `h obuhr`l. Eo ijofjej`o` gelfoe `h eo hsboeo hs `h 1.=0, kjhntros quh eo `h eo hsboeo iokjejor iuh 1.=1, eo obo`êkjbo 1.==, eo slbjoe 1.72, eo hklbjlnoe 1.72 y eo iësjbo 1.7=. - He Phst Outlhvoeuotjvl Kuetjiobtlrjoe `h O`optobjln Jniontje (POKOJ)  kj`h eo o`optobjòn ghnhroe, phrslnoe, hsbleor, slbjoe y iokjejor. @h hsth hst h buhstjlnorjl othn`hrhkls ónjbokhnth o eo hsboeo Qrl-jkoghn, quh hs un brjthrjl `h sjnbhrj`o` quh jnilrko `h eo `jstlrsjòn `h els rhsueto`ls o bouso `h uno hxtrhko voelrobjòn phrslnoe-slbjoe. Eo pruhfo mo thnj`l un oetl ën`jbh `h ijofjej`o` ghnhroe (1.=7). 61

 

Rh eehvò o bofl un onïejsjs `h eo ijofjej`o` `he buhstjlnorjl OI8 hhnn eo kuhstro `h hsto jnvhstjgobjòn. Rh blnsj`hro quh he ën`jbh `h ijofjej`o` (Blnsjsthnbjo jnthrno `he thst) hs fuhnl o portjr `h uno puntuobjòn `h 1,91, y kuy fuhnl o portjr `h 1,=1. Qlr el quh pl`hkls lfshrvor hn els rhsueto`ls `h ijofjej`o` `h nuhstro hsboeo, tlkon`l tl`ls els ëthks, pl`hkls blnsj`hror quh lfthnhkls un ën`jbh `h ijofjej`o` kuy fuhnl (Oepmo `h Brlnfobm ; 1,=0=). Rh onoejzò tokfjên eo ijofjej`o` `h bo`o unl `h els bjnbl iobtlrhs quh blkplnhn `jbmo hsboeo. Eo ijofjej`o` `he iobtlr  Outlblnbhptl  Outlblnbhp tl Obo`êkjbl hs kuy fuhno (Oepmo `h Brlnfobm ; 1,=27), kjhntros quh eo ijofjej`o` `h

els iobtlrhs Outlblnbhptl Rlbjoe Rlbjoe (Oepmo `h Brlnfobm ; 1,7?0) , Outlblnbhptl Outlblnbhptl Hklbjlnoe (Oepmo `h Brlnfobm ; 1,7?8) , , Outlblnbhptl Iokjejor (Oepmo `h Brlnfobm ; 1,77?)   y  Outlblnbh  Outlblnbhptl ptl Iësjbl (Oepmo `h Brlnfobm ; 1,9=7) hs fuhno.  Nl sh sh eehvò o bo bofl fl eo pru pruhfo hfo `h ijofjej`o` `he POKOJ bln eo kuhstro `h hsth hs hstu`jl, tu`jl, plrquh eo blrrhbbjòn `h êsth thst sh mobh `h ilrko hehbtrònjbo.  Qrlbh`jkjhntl  Qrlbh`jkjh ntl

Els buhstjlnorjls utjejzo`ls iuhrln poso`ls plr eo jnvhstjgo`lro phrslnoekhnth l plr els throphutos, hn oegunls bosls `h els njÿls bln P@OM. Els po`rhs l tutlrhs `h els suchtls iuhrln `hfj`okhnth jnilrko`ls `he lfchtjvl `h eo jnvhstjgobjòn y `h el quh suplnëo portjbjpor hn heeo, onths `h `or eo outlrjzobjòn hsbrjto poro eo portjbjpobjòn `h sus mjcls hn hsto jnvhstjgobjòn. Qlsthrjlrkhnth, hn uno mofjtobjòn hn eo quh sòel hstofon he njÿl y eo jnvhstjgo`lro l su throphuto, sh hxpejbò  frhvhkhnth eo jnvhstjgobjòn y eo e o konhro `h rhspln`hr o els buhstjlnorjls. Pros hsto hxpejbobjòn els njÿls rheehnorln els buhstjlnorjls focl eo suphrvjsjòn `h eo jnvhstjgo`lro l su throphuto. Vhsueto`ls Onths `h blkhnzor bln els onïejsjs poro blntrostor eos mjpòthsjs lfchtl `h hstu`jl `h hsto jnvhstjgobjòn, sh eehvorln o bofl eos pruhfos nhbhsorjos poro sofhr sj eo kuhstro bukpeëo els rhqujsjtls `h nlrkoej`o` y mlklghnhj`o` `h vorjonzos hn eos e os vorjofehs lfchtl `h hstu`jl.  Outlblnbhptl Ilrko Ilrko 8 (OI8) (OI8)

Oe hxokjnor eo nlrkoej`o` `h eo kuhstro rhsphbtl o eos vorjofehs hvoeuo`os plr he OI8, hnblntrokls quh hn els `jihrhnths grupls hn els quh sh `jvj`h eo kuhstro, moy hsboeos hn els quh eo `jstrjfubjòn nl bukpeh he supuhstl `h nlrkoej`o`, shgón he hsto`ëstjbl `h blntrosth Rmopjrl-Wjed buyo sjgnjijbobjòn hn `jbmos lbosjlnhs hro khnlr quh 1,18. Hstls bosls hsphbjoehs sln els sjgujhnths3 hn he grupl `he Ruftjpl Blkfjno`l, he  Outlblnbh  Outlblnbhptl ptl iokjejor4 hn he grupl `he Ruftjpl Jnothntl, he  Outlblnbhptl  Outlblnbhp tl iokjejor4 y hn he grupl `he Ruftjpl Blntrle, els iobtlrhs `h  Outlblnbh  Outlblnbhptl ptl slbjoe y   Outlblnbhptl  Outlblnbhp tl iokjejor.

Hn buontl o oquheeos ltros hsboeos hn eos quh së sh bukpejò he brjthrjl `h nlrkoej`o` sh  prlbh`jò plsthrjlrkhnth o rhoejzor pruhfos `h mlklghnhj`o` `h eo vorjonzo. Hn hsth bosl, `jbmo 6?

 

 pruhfo nls phrkjth obhptor eo mjpòthsjs nueo `h jguoe`o` `h vorjonzos poro tl`ls els suftjpls `h P@OM hn eos vorjofehs Outlblnbhptl Obo`êkjbl (Ehvhnh3 I;1,0:9, ge ;6, ;6, p;1,9?2) y Outlblnbhptl  Outlblnbhptl ;6, p;1,=07).  Hn he bosl `he  Outlblnbh  Iësjbl (Ehvhnh3 I;1,?99,  ge ;6,  Outlblnbhptl ptl Hklbjlnoe (Ehvhnh3 I;0,9:9, ge ;6, ;6, p;1,1?8) , , nl sh puh`h osukjr osukjr mlklghnhj`o` `h vorjonz vorjonzos os plrquh eo sjgnjijbobjòn hs khnlr quh 1,18. He blntrosth `h kh`jos hntrh els `jvhrsls grupls hn eos hsboeos quh bukpejhrln els rhqujsjtls `h nlrkoej`o` y `h mlklghnhj`o` `h eos vorjonzos, sh eehvò o bofl kh`jonth he prlbh`jkjhntl ONLYO. Els rhsueto`ls rhvheon quh nl moy `jihrhnbjos hsto`ëstjbokhnth sjgnjijbotjvos hntrh els trhs grupls hn eos `jkhnsjlnhs  Outlblnbhp  Outlblnbhptl tl Obo`êkjbl Obo`êkjbl  (I;6,6?0, ge;6, p;1,?62)  y  Outlblnbhptl  Iësjbl (I;1,?10, ge;6, p;1,:1?)

Blkl yo shÿoeokls onthrjlrkhnth, bln eos hsboeos quh nl suphrorln he brjthrjl `h nlrkoej`o`, sh lptò plr eo utjejzobjòn `h pruhfos nl porokêtrjbos, hn blnbrhtl eo pruhfo `h DrusdoeeWoeejs poro eos hsboeos Outlblnbhp  Outlblnbhptl tl Iokjejor Iokjejor (Bmj buo`ro`l;1,806, ge;6, p;1,792)  y Outlblnbhptl  (Bmj buo`ro`l;1.:?=, ge;6, p;1.926). Rh rhburrjò oe kjskl prlbh`jkjhntl poro prlbh`hr oe Rlbjoe  (Bmj blntrosth `h kh`jos hntrh ls grupls hn eo hsboeo `h  Outlblnbh  Outlblnbhptl ptl Hklbjlnoe (Bmj buo`ro`l;1.7::, ge;6, p;1.97?),  quh ounquh së bukpeh he supuhstl `h nlrkoej`o`, nl bukpeh he brjthrjl `h mlklghnhj`o` `h vorjonzos. Els rhsueto`ls `h hstos pruhfos nl rhvheon `jihrhnbjos sjgnjijbotjvos hntrh els trhs grupls. Hn eo tofeo 6 sh rhblghn eos kh`jos y `hsvjobjlnhs tëpjbos `h eos puntuobjlnhs `h bo`o grupl hn eos hsboeos `h outlblnbhptl. Pofeo 6.  Kh`jos y `hsvjobjlnh `hsvjobjlnhss tëpjbos `h eeos os puntuob puntuobjlnhs jlnhs hn o outlblnbh utlblnbhptl ptl hn els `j `jihrhnths ihrhnths gru grupls. pls. 

Blkfjno`l

Jnothntl

Blntrle

Pltoe

Yorjofehs

K

@P

K

@P

K

@P

K

@P

O.Obo`êkjbl

9,6=

6,?9

9,07

?,9:

7,8:

?,72

9,=:8

?,=:?

O.Rlbjoe

=,61

?,00

7,=0

?,0=

=,27

?,08

=,?92

?,02:

O.Hklbjlnoe

9,?:

6,99

9,:7

?,62

9,6:

6,16

9,072

?,::6

O.Iokjejor

=,76

?,07

=,82

?,7:

==,99 ,99

?,20

=,920

?,0=9

O.Ijsjbl

7,0=

?,08

7,60

?,=9

7,?7

?,:?

7,67?

?,70:

 Nlto3 K; Kh`jo. @P; @hsvjobjòn @hsvjobjòn tëpjbo

Phst Outlhvoeuotjvl Kuetjiobtlrjoe `h O`optobjln Jniontje (POKOJ)

Oe slkhthr o eos `jstjntos hsboeos `h quh blnsto hsth thst o eo hxpelrobjòn hsto`ëstjbo phrtjnhnth poro hvoeuor sj bukpeëon he brjthrjl `h nlrkoej`o` `h eo `jstrjfubjòn, pu`l lfshrvorsh quh, hxbhptuo`o eo 66

 

hsboeo `h Rotjsiobbjòn bln eo h`ubobjòn pothrno, njnguno `h heeos el sotjsiobëo, toe y blkl quh`ofo rhiehco`l hn els rhsueto`ls orrlco`ls plr he hsto`ëstjbl `h blntrosth Rmopjrl-Wjed4 hn bo`o uno `h hstos hsboeos, hxjstëo oe khnls un grupl quh prhshntofo un njvhe `h sjgnjijbobjòn jnihrjlr oe 1.18, njvhe `h sjgnjijbobjòn prhijco`l. O eo vjsto `h heel, sh lptò plr hxokjnor eo prhshnbjo `h `jihrhnbjos hntrh eos kh`jos blrrhspln`jhnths o els `jstjntls grupls, rhburrjhn`l oe usl, hn he bosl `h hstos vorjofehs, vorjofehs, `h pruhfos nl porokêtrjbos, hn blnbrhtl eo pruhfo `h Drusdoe-Woeejs. Blkl blnshbuhnbjo `h hstls onïejsjs, pu`jhrln oprhbjorsh `jihrhnbjos hsto`ëstjbokhnth sjgnjijbotjvos hn eos sjgujhnths hsboeos3  Jno`optobjòn Ghnhroe   (Bmj-Buo`ro`l; 9,1?6 9,1?6,, ge;6, p;1,10:), plr el quh sh prlbh`jò oe bln blntrosth trosth

hntrh els grupls `h `ls hn `ls  ‐ kh`jonth kh`jonth eo pruhfo `h Konn-Wmjtnhy ‐   poro pl`hr j`hntjijbor hntrh buïehs `h els grupls sh hstofehbëo eo `jihrhnbjo sjgnjijbotjvo, utjejzon`l eo blrrhbbjòn Flnihrrlnj (@hportokhntl `h Rlbjlelgëo JY, 61?6) poro ijcor he njvhe nj vhe `h sjgnjijbotjvj`o` (hn hsth bosl, sjhn`l un tltoe `h trhs eos blkporobjlnhs ``ls ls o `ls, thn`rëokls3 1,18 / 2 ; 1,1?9). Rjgujhn`l hsth  prlbh`jkjhntl, pu`l blkprlforsh quh eo blkporobjòn hntrh he grupl Blkfjno`l y he Blntrle oebonzofo njvhehs `h sjgnjijbotjvj`o` (S;-6,0?6, p;1,1?9 ).  (Bmj-Buo`ro`l;9,9?0, ge;6, p;1,127).@h nuhvl, eo pruhfo `h Konn-Wmjtnhy  Jno`optobjòn Hsbleor  Hsbleor  (Bmj-Buo`ro`l;9,9?0,  pusl `h konjijhstl eo hxjsthnbjo `h `jihrhnbjos `jihrhnbjos sjgnjijbotjvos hntrh he grupl Blkfjno`l Blkfjno`l y he Blntrle (S;-6,2=8, p;1,1?7).  Jnsotjsiobbjòn Iokjejor   (Bmj-Buo`ro`l;7,80:, ge;6, p;1,162). Hn hsh bosl, eo blkporobjòn `h

grupls `h `ls hn `ls o trovês `h eo e o pruhfo `h Konn-Wmjtnhy rhvheò `jihrhnbjos sjgnjijbotjvos hn hsto vorjofeh hntrh els grupls Blkfjno`l h Jnothntl (S;-6,==9, (S; -6,==9, p;1,10). Hn he rhstl `h eos hsboeos o eos quh sh ehs opejbl eo pruhfo nl porokêtrjbo `h Drusdoe-Woeejs plr nl suphror he brjthrjl `h nlrkoej`o`, nl sh moeeorln `jihrhnbjos sjgnjijbotjvos3  Jno`optobjòn Qhrslnoe   (Bmj-Buo`ro`l;6,=26, ge;6, p;1,602)4  Jno`optobjòn Rlbjoe   (BmjBuo`ro`l;6,109, ge;6, p;;.291)4  Jnsotjsiobbjòn Mhrkonls Mhrkonls (Bmj-Buo`ro`l;?,6:?, ge;6, p;1,860)4 Rotjsiobbjòn bln H`ubobjòn Kothrno (Bmj-Buo`ro`l;711, ge;6, p;1,718)4 @jsbrhp  @jsbrhponbjo onbjo H`ubotjvo H`ubotjvo 

(Bmj-Buo`ro`l;2,70= , ge;6, p;1,?82)4 y Qrljkoghn (Bmj-Buo`ro`l;1,110, ge;6, p;1,::=). Eo ónjbo hsboeo `he POKOJ P OKOJ quh bukpeëo els brjthrjls `h nlrkoej`o` voelro`ls o trovês `he hsto`ëstjbl `h blntrosth Rmopjrl-Wjed, rhsuetò shr eo `h Rotjsiobbbjòn H`ubobjòn Qothrno, hn eo quh o`hkïs sh bukpeëo he brjthrjl `h mlklghnhj`o` `h vorjonzos (Ehvhnh3 I;1,??8, ge;6, p;1,=:6). Eo plsthrjlr blkporobjòn `h kh`jos o trovês `h un ONLYO pusl `h konjijhstl eo oushnbjo `h `jihrhnbjos hsto`ëstjbokhnth sjgnjijbotjvos (I;1,1:?, ge;6, p;1,:?2). Hn eo tofeo 2 quh`on rhblgj`os eos kh`jos y `hsvjobjlnhs tëpjbos `h eos puntuobjlnhs hn jno`optobjòn hn jno`optobjòn. 62

 

Pofeo 2.  Kh`jos y `hsvjobjlnh `hsvjobjlnhss tëpjbos `h eeos os puntuob puntuobjlnhs jlnhs hn jn jno`optob o`optobjòn jòn hn els ` `jihrhnths jihrhnths gru grupls pls 

Blkfjno`l

Jnothntl

Blntrle

Pltoe

Yorjofehs

K

@P

K

@P

K

@P

K

@P

Jn. Ghnhroe

0,29

?.9:1

2,2?

?,7:7

6,7=

?,282

2,29

?,97:

Jn. Qhrslnoe

2,90

?,=10

6,:6

?,00?

6,81

?,6:8

6,:2

?,861

Jn. Hsbleor

0,72

?,:16

0,?8

?,=?:

2,19

?,68:

2,=2

?,72=

Jn. Rlbjoe

0,?=

?,===

2,2=

6,166

2,22

?,6=2

2,87

?,9::

Jns. iokjejor

2,=6

6,676

?,2?

?,?1:

6,9?

6,288

6,86

6,611

Jns. mhrkonls

?,:?

6,689

6,80

6,666

?,=:

6,1=2

6,?1

6,?2:

Rot. H`. po`rh

0,?=

?,996

0,09

?,819

0,6=

?,706

0,2?

?,9?8

Rot. H`. ko`rh

0,90

?,897

0,=8

?,19=

0,00

?,810

0,96

?,27=

@js.H`ubotjvo Qrljkoghn

2,72 2,1:

6,?:8 6,00

6,?8 2,1=

6,621 6,29

6,66 2,19

6,108 6,00

6,91 2,171

6,?:= 6,286

 Nlto3 K; Kh`jo. @P; @hsvjobjòn @hsvjobjòn tëpjbo

@jsbusjòn Hn hsth trofocl sh mon oflr`o`l `ls buhstjlnhs quh hstïn rl`ho`os `h blntrlvhrsjos. Qlr un eo`l, sh peonthon prhguntos hntlrnl o eo voej`hz `h els suftjpls `h P@OM obtuoekhnth vjghnths hn he @RK-Y (quh tokfjên el hstofon hn he @RK-JY). @jstjntls outlrhs (Fordehy, 611:4 Fouhrkhjsthr, 61124 Bop`hvjee-Frlpmy ht oe., 61184 Koylr y Gorbëo, 61??) peonthon `jihrhnths lpbjlnhs oethrnotjvos o eo beosjijbobjòn obtuoe, yo quh bosj tl`ls blnbeuyhn quh shgón hsto beosjijbobjòn hs kuy `jiëbje quh els njÿls bln P@OM puh`on hnbocor blkpehtokhnth hn bo`o suftjpl. Qlr ltrl eo`l, eo ltro buhstjòn quh sh oflr`o, mobh rhihrhnbjo oe outlblnbhptl `h els njÿls bln P@OM. Rj fjhn hs bjhrtl quh hsth trostlrnl suheh prhshntorsh irhbuhnthkhnth oblkpoÿo`l `h uno shrjh `h vjvhnbjos quh hs hsphrofeh quh oihbthn o eo jkoghn quh els njÿls nj ÿls bln P@OM tjhnhn `h së kjskls, nl hstï kuy beorl quh hihbtl ghnhron hn su outlblnbhptl. @jvhrsls outlrhs peonthon quh hxjsth uno thn`hnbjo hn els njÿls bln P@OM o slfrhvoelror eo phrbhpbjòn `h së kjskls, oe quh `hnlkjnon shsgl  plsjtjvl jeuslrjl, hn `jihrhnths `lkjnjls (Mlzo ht oe., 61104 Klejno, 61?24 Lwhns ht oe., 6117), kjhntros quh ltrls outlrhs peonthon quh tjhn`hn o sufvoelrorsh o së kjskls onth eos phrbhpbjlnhs `h irobosl (Gorzo-Klroehs, Nóÿhz- Yjeeoshÿlr y Yeo`jkjrsdy-Gujelii, 61174 Kojo, Guor`jonl, Yjono, Oekhj`o y Gujkorâhs, 61??). Eo ioeto `h obuhr`l o hsth rhsphbtl porhbh hstor `hrjvo`o `h ejkjtobjlnhs khtl`leògjbos `h eos jnvhstjgobjlnhs, osë blkl `h uno ioeto `h obuhr`l slfrh he jnstrukhntl `h kh`j`o (Mlzo ht oe., o e., 6110). 60

 

Onth hstos `jsbrhponbjos, hsto jnvhstjgobjòn sh peontho blkl un hstu`jl hxpelrotlrjl quh  plnh hn rheobjòn hstos `ls buhstjlnhs. Qortjkls `h eo j`ho `h quh els suftjpls `h P@OM prhshntorïn `jihrhnbjos sjgnjijbotjvos hn outlblnbhptl hn eos `jstjntos ïrhos. Onth eo plsjfjej`o` `h quh he shsgl  plsjtjvl jeuslrjl pu`jhro `jsjpor hstos `jihrhnbjos, sh kj`jò he gro` gro`ll hn he qu quhh he suchtl `jstlrsjlno su jkoghn o su iovlr, kh`jonth uno hsboeo `h sjnbhrj`o`. Qoro hstl sh rhblgjhrln eos rhspuhs rhspuhstos tos quh eels ls suchtls `jhrln oe

buhstjlnorjl `h

outlblnbhptl OI8, poro ghnhror uno puntuobjòn `h outlblnbhptl hn `jihrhnths `jkhnsjlnhs (obo`êkjbo, slbjoe, hklbjlnoe, iokjejor y iësjbo) y `he POKOJ, poro rhblghr uno kh`j`o o`jbjlnoe slfrh bòkl hstls njÿls sh ocuston o els e ls `jihrhnths ïkfjtls. O`hkïs, hn hsth thst sh prhstò othnbjòn o eo sufhsboeo `h sjnbhrj`o` Qrljkoghn, quh kj`h he gro`l hn he quh he suchtl quh blnthsto o eo pruhfo `jstlrsjlnïn`leo o su iovlr hn rheobjòn bln eo rhoej`o`. Eo mjpòthsjs `h portj`o hs quh së mofrï `jihrhnbjos hntrh els suftjpls `h P@OM hntrh së y hntrh heels y he grupl blntrle hn eos hsboeos `he OI8 ( Outlblnbhp  Outlblnbhptl tl Obo`êkjbl, Obo`êkjbl, Outlblnbhptl   Outlblnbhptl Rlbjoe, Rlbjoe,  Outlblnbhptl  Outlblnbhp tl Hklbjlnoe, Outlblnbhptl Iokjejor y  Outlblnbhptl Iësjbl) y hn eos sufhsboeos `he

POKOJ ( Jno`optobjòn  Jno`optobjòn Ghnhroe, Jno`optobjòn Qhrslnoe, Jno`optobjòn Hsbleor, Jno`optobjòn Rlbjoe,  Jnsotjsiobbjòn iokjejor, Jnsotjsiobbjòn bln els mhrkonls, Jno`hbuo`o h`ubobjòn `he po`rh,  Jno`hbuo`o h`ubobjòn `h eo ko`rh y @jsbrhponb @jsbrhponbjo jo H`ubotjvo). Rh `hsblnlbh eo konhro hn eo quh

sh konjijhston hstos `jihrhnbjos, yo quh eos `jijbueto`hs prhshnto`os plr els njÿls bln P@OM nl sln `jihrhnths njvhehs `h un kjskls blnstrubtl, sjnl quh sln `jstjntos shgón he suftjpl. @h hsth kl`l,  peonthokls hsto jnvhstjgobjòn blkl blkl uno hxpelrobjòn. Rhbun`orjokhnth y hn he bosl hn he quh he shsgl plsjtjvl jeuslrjl hstuvjhro oihbton`l o els rhsueto`ls, sh hsphrofo hnblntror puntuobjlnhs sjgnjijbotjvokhnth kïs oetos hn eo hsboeo Qrljkoghn  hn he suftjpl blkfjno`l, hn blkporobjòn bln he suftjpl jnothntl y bln he grupl blntrle. Pros eehvor o bofl els onïejsjs hsto`ëstjbls sh hnblntrò quh nl mofëo `jihrhnbjos hn  y   Outlblnbhptl  Outlblnbhp tl Obo`êkjbl, Obo`êkjbl, Outlblnbhptl Outlblnbhptl Rlbjoe, Rlbjoe, Outlblnbhptl Outlblnbhptl Hklbjlnoe, Hklbjlnoe, Outlblnbhptl Outlblnbhptl Iokjejor  Iokjejor  y  Outlblnbhptl  Outlblnbhp tl Iësjbl hntrh njngunl `h els suftjpls hntrh së, nj hntrh heels y he grupl blntrle.

Hn eos hsboeos `he POKOJ, sh hnblntrorln puntuobjlnhs sjgnjijbotjvokhnth kïs oetos hn he grupl `h suftjpl blkfjno`l hn eos hsboeos `h  Jno`optobjòn Ghnhroe h Jno`optobjòn Hsbleor hn blkporobjòn bln eos puntuobjlnhs `he grupl blntrle. Hn eo hsboeo `h  Jnsotjsiobbjòn Iokjejor   sh hnblntrorln `jihrhnbjos sjgnjijbotjvos hntrh he suftjpl blkfjno`l y he suftjpl jnothntl. Hn he rhstl `h eos hsboeos `he POKOJ ( Jno`optobjòn  Jno`optobjòn phrslnoe ,  Jno`optobjòn slbjoe ,  Jnsotjsiobbjòn bln els mhrkonls, Jno`hbuo`o h`ubobjòn `he po`rh, Jno`hbuo`o h`ubobjòn `h eo ko`rh y @jsbrhponbjo  H`ubotjvo) nl sh hnblntrorln `jihrhnbjos hntrh els suftjpls. Hstl sugjhrh quh els njÿls `he suftjpl

blkfjno`l prhshnton koylrhs `jijbueto`hs o eo mlro `h o`optorsh y hstor o gustl hn he okfjhnth hn hhee quh vjvh. O`hkïs, hxprhson obtjtu`hs nhgotjvos mobjo eos kothrjos obo`êkjbos, els prlihslrhs y eos 68

 

torhos hsbleorhs y, osë blkl un hehvo`l gro`l `h jnsotjsiobbjòn bln rhsphbtl oe bejko iokjejor y eo rheobjòn `h els po`rhs hntrh së. Oe othn`hr o eo sufhsboeo Qrljkoghn, quh mofëokls oÿo`j`l prhvjhn`l hsto plsjfjej`o`, nl sh moeeorln hvj`hnbjos `h quh eo `jstlrsjòn `h eo jkoghn o su iovlr iuhro kïs irhbuhnth hn els suchtls `he suftjpl blkfjno`l, nj `h njngón ltrl grupl. Rh puh`hn peonthor vorjos mjpòthsjs slfrh plr quê els trhs grupls nl prhshnton `jihrhnbjos hn outlblnbhptl. Eo prjkhro mjpòthsjs quh sh nls peontho hs quh eos `jihrhnbjos hn outlblnbhptl quh  puh`on `orsh nl hstïn suchtos o vorjofehs o`sbrjtos o un suftjpl `h P@OM `hthrkjno`l. Oegunos `h hstos vorjofehs puh`hn shr eo h`o`, eo beosh slbjoe l he hstjel porhntoe. Rlfrh hsth óetjkl puntl, blkl yo sh khnbjlnò onthrjlrkhnth, Eòphz y Vlkhrl (61?2) shÿoeofon eo jkplrtonth jnieuhnbjo `h eo phrbhpbjòn `h els po`rhs y mhrkonls, y plsthrjlrkhnth `h  prlihslrhs h jguoehs, slfrh eo jkoghn quh tjhnh `h së kjskls hstls njÿls. Heels peonthofon quh oquheels quh rl`hon oe njÿl hn eos prjkhros htopos `h su `hsorrleel, sln els quh shehbbjlnon y tronskjthn oe njÿl jnilrkobjòn slfrh êe y fosïn`lsh hn heeo, hsth njÿl vh blnstruyhn`l su jkoghn `h së kjskl. O`hkïs, Lm, Qord, Rud, Rlng h Jk, (61?6, blkl sh bjtò hn Klejno, 61?8) hn su jnvhstjgobjòn peonthorln quh uno obtjtu` oihbtulso kothrno hro prh`jbtlr `h uno fuhno outlhstjko gelfoe. _ujzï hn he okfjhnth o kfjhnth `h hstls njÿls nl sh ehs mo shÿoeo`l sòel oquheels blkplrtokjhntls kïs `jsruptjvls y klehstls, quh iovlrhbhrëon o ghnhror un outlblnbhptl `hijbjtorjl y uno jkoghn `h së kjskls blkl jnblkphthnths, sj nl quh quh o eo vhz, hs prlfofeh quh sh ehs moyon shÿoeo`l shÿoeo`l bln`ubtos hn eos quh hstls njÿls sln blkphthnths, el buoe iovlrhzbo un blnbhptl `h së kjskls kïs o`opto`l. Ltro mjpòthsjs slfrh hsto buhstjòn hs quh toe vhz hsto jguoe`o` hntrh kh`jos sh `hfo o quh els suchtls `he suftjpl jnothntl y `he suftjpl blkfjno`l mofëon rhbjfj`l l hstofon rhbjfjhn`l trotokjhntl psjblph`ogògjbl. psjblph`ogògjbl. Hs plsjfeh quh oe khclror su rhn`jkjhntl hn oegunl oegunlss `lkjnjls, eo  phrbhpbjòn `h së kjskls moyo moyo khclro`l. Rj othn`hkls oe OI8, els rhsueto`l lfthnj`ls mobhn rhihrhnbjo o eo hxjsthnbjo `h un shsgl  plsjtjvl jeuslrjl. Hn bokfjl, hn he POKOJ sj sh mon hn hnblntro`l blntro`l ``jihrhnbjos jihrhnbjos hntrh suftjpls. Hstl cuntl o eo hsboeo Qrljkoghn, eehvo o phnsor custokhnth el blntrorjl, quh së moy `jihrhnbjos hntrh els suftjpls hn o`optobjòn outlphrbjfj`o y quh nl moy njnguno thn`hnbjo o eo `jstlrsjòn. Hstos `jihrhnbjos hntrh elsbuhstjlnorjls pl`rëon hxpejborsh othn`jhn`l o els osphbtls quh hvoeóon hstos hsboeos. Eos `jkhnsjlnhs `he POKOJ sh rhijhrhn o obtjtu`hs `h eo phrslno mobjo hehkhntls `h un `hthrkjno`l ïkfjtl, kjhntros quh eos `jkhnsjlnhs `he OI8 el quh hvoeóon hs eo konhro hn eo quh sh vh he njÿl `hshkphÿon`l su rle hn bo`o ïkfjtl. Ijnoekhnth, pl`hkls mobhr rhihrhnbjo oe kêtl`l uso`l poro kh`jr eo `jstlrsjòn `h eo  phrbhpbjòn `h unls kjskl. Ounquh sh utjejzosh he jn`jbo`lr  Qrljkoghn poro lfshrvor eo thn`hnbjo `h els suchtls o `jstlrsjlnor su jkoghn o su iovlr, `hfj`l o eo kl`hstjo `h hsto kh`j`o, sh foroco eo  plsjfjej`o` `h quh hsth ihnò ihnòkhnl khnl `h outlphrbhpbjòn shsgo`o sj hsth thnjhn`l eugor hn okfls suftjpls 69

 

`h P@OM, phrl eo hsboeo nl hsth kj`jên`lel blrrhbtokhnth. Rh `jl plr mhbml quh, oe phrthnhbhr eo hsboeo quh kh`ëo eo slfrhvoelrobjòn ( Qrljkoghn  Qrljkoghn) o uno hsboeo `h o`optobjòn outlhvoeuo`o y kh`jr `jkhnsjlnhs shkhconths o eos quh kh`ëon eos hsboeos `h outlblnbhptl, eos puntuobjlnhs hn hso hsboeo  pl`rëon ghnhroejzorsh tokfjên oe outlblnbhptl. O`hkïs, hn he hstu`jl `h Lwhns y Mlzo Mlzo (6112), osë blkl hn ltrl hstu`jls quh tokfjên hstu`jofon he outlblnbhptl plsjtjvl jeuslrjl (Hvonghejsto ht oe., 611=4 Mlzo ht oe., 61104 Kb_uo`h ht oe., 61??), sh utjejzorln brjthrjls hxthrnls blkl eo phrbhpbjòn `h po`rhs l prlihslrhs l eo blrrhbbjòn lfchtjvo `h torhos. Rjn hkforgl, hn hsth hstu`jl `hfj`l o bjhrtos ejkjtobjlnhs `h obbhsl o eo kuhstro sh hkpehò eo sufhsboeo Qrljkoghn `he POKOJ. O`hkïs, tokfjên hs rhehvonth he mhbml `h quh hn els hstu`jls khnbjlno`ls quh hvoeuofon eo prhshnbjo `he shsgl  plsjtjvl jeuslrjl, el mobëon hvoeuon`l `h ilrko shporo`o els ïkfjtls `h eo vj`o `he njÿl, kjhntros quh hn he prhshnth hstu`jl sh mo onoejzo`l `h ilrko ghnhroe. _ujzï së sh onoejzo `h konhro kïs  plrkhnlrjzo`o, `jihrhnbjon`l hntrh els `jihrhnths `lkjnjls, së sh moeeorëo hsth shsgl hn eos ïrhos `ln`h he suchtl prhshntosh koylr `jijbueto`, toe y blkl prlplnhn Mlzo ht oe. (6110). Hn buontl o ltros ejkjtobjlnhs ej kjtobjlnhs khtl`leògjbos, sh puh`h shÿoeor he tokoÿl `h eo kuhstro iuh rh`ubj`l y quh nl sh mon thnj`l t hnj`l hn buhnto vorjofehs blkl he shxl, eo h`o`, eo blklrfjej`o` bln ltros  potlelgëos, he njvhe slbjlhblnòkjbl l he tjhkpl quh els suchtls `h els suftjpls `h P@OM eehvon hn trotokjhntl psjblph`ogògjbl. He obbhsl o eo kuhstro iuh ejkjto`l y thnhr hn buhnto hstos vorjofehs mufjhro rhquhrj`l kïs suchtls, el buoe rhsuetò shr fostonth blkpejbo`l. Rjn hkforgl, shrëo jnthrhsonth quh hstos vorjofehs iuhron jnbeuj`os hn iuturos jnvhstjgobjlnhs. Qlr ltrl eo`l, he outlblnbhptl hn ltros jnvhstjgobjlnhs mo sj`l kh`j`l plr he RheiQhrbhptjln Qrlijeh ilr Bmje`rhn (RQQB) `h Morthr, quh nl tjhnh o`optobjòn oe bostheeonl `jsplnjfeh,  plr el quh hn eo prhshnth jnvhstjgobjòn sh utjejzò he buhstjlnorjl O Outlblnbhptl utlblnbhptl Ilrko 8 (OI8) `h Gorbëo y Kusjtu, quh prhshnto uno ijofjej`o` obhptofeh y së hstï `jsplnjfeh hn bostheeonl. Onth hstos `jihrhnbjos, shrëo jnthrhsonth obhptor mosto quê puntl hstos ilrkos `h kh`j`o hstïn kj`jhn`l el kjskl, l sj hstïn othn`jhn`l o `hijnjbjlnhs `he outlblnbhptl `jihrhnths. Ijnoekhnth, porhbh jkplrtonth shÿoeor blkl ejkjtobjòn he mhbml `h quh els `jognòstjbls hstuvjhron rhoejzo`ls plr prlihsjlnoehs `jihrhnths. Pl`ls els njÿls nj ÿls hstofon `jognlstjbo`ls hn iunbjòn `h els brjthrjls `he @RK Y, sjn hkforgl hs plsjfeh quh moyo vorjobjlnhs jjn`jvj`uoehs n`jvj`uoehs hn eo ilrko `h `jognlstjbor `h un throphuto o ltrl. Blnbeusjòn. Eo `jvjsjòn `he P@OM hn suftjpls tjhnh uno utjej`o` nl slel `h boro oe `jognòstjbl sjnl tokfjên `h boro oe trotokjhntl. He hstu`jl `h els prlfehkos kïs irhbuhnths hn bo`o suftjpl y `h eo konhro hn eo quh hstls njÿls sh phrbjfhn, phrkjth uno oprlxjkobjòn o eo hxphrjhnbjo quh vjvh bo`o njÿl quh po`hbh P@OM, osë blkl iobjejto eo jkpehkhntobjòn `h uno jnthrvhnbjòn quh prhsth hsphbjoe othnbjòn o `hthrkjno`os prlfehkïtjbos quh surghn l quh puh`hn surgjr. O phsor `h quh hn he hstu`jl nl sh moyon hnblntro`l eos `jihrhnbjos hsphro`os hntrh els `jihrhnths suftjpls hn outlblnbhptl hstl 67

 

nl qujhrh `hbjr quh nl sh `hfo shgujr hstu`jon`l hsto buhstjòn. Iuturos eënhos `h jnvhstjgobjòn `hfhn hnilborsh o prhstor uno othnbjòn kïs plrkhnlrjzo`o o vorjofehs slbjl `hklgrïijbos blkl eo h`o` l eo beosh slbjoe4 vorjofehs beënjbos, blkl eo blklrfjej`o` bln ltrls trostlrnls4 l vorjofehs rheobjlno`os bln he hstjel h`ubotjvl `h els po`rhs quh pu`jhron hstor jnieuyhn`l hn he outlblnbhptl `h hstls  pobjhnths.

6=

 

Vhihrhnbjos Oko`lr, C.O., Ilrns, K. y Glnzïehz, K. (61?1). Prostlrnl plr `êijbjt `h othnbjòn bln mjphrobtjvj`o` (P@OM). Ko`rj`3 H`jtlrjoe Rënthsjs

Okhrjbon Qsybmjotrjb Osslbjotjln (61?2). @jognlstjb on` Rtotjstjboe Rtotjstjboe Konuoe li Khntoe Khntoe @jslr`hrs (@RK-8). Wosmjngtln @B3 Okhrjbon Qsybmjotrjb Qufejsmjng

Foddhr, E. y Vufjoehs, C. (61?6). Outlblnbhptl hn njÿls bln Prostlrnl plr @êijbjt `h Othnbjòn bln Mjphrobtjvj`o`. Qsjhnbjo. Vhvjsto Vhvjsto Eotjnlokhrjbono Eotjnlokhrjbono `h bjhnbjo bjhnbjo psjbleògjbo, psjbleògjbo, 0(?), 8-??.  Fordehy, V. O. (6116). Eo vj`o hn iokjejo bln un njÿl bln P@OM. Hn V. O. Fordehy, Njÿls mjphrobtjvls, blkl blkprhn`hr y othn`hr sus nhbhsj`o`hs hsphbjoehs , (?68-?22). Forbhelno3Qoj`òs.

Fordehy, V.O. (611:). Ovonbhs hn he `jognòstjbl y eo sufbeosjijbobjòn `he trostlrnl plr `êijbjt `h othnbjòn/ mjphrobtjvj`o`3 quê puh`h posor hn he iuturl rhsphbtl oe @RK-Y. Vhvjsto `h Nhurlelgëo, 0=(6), ?1?-?19. Fordehy, V., @uQoue, G. y KbKurroy, K.F. (?::1). Blkprhmhnsjvh Hvoeuotjln li Otthntjln @hijbjt @jslr`hr Wjtm on` Wjtmlut Myphrobtjvjty os @hijnh` fy Vhshorbm Brjthrjo. Clurnoe li Blnsuetjng Blnsuetjng on` bejnjboe psybmlelgy, 8=(9), 778-7=:. tjpl blkfjno`l y P@OM P@OM bln prh`lkjnjl prh`lkjnjl `h prlfehkos prlfehkos Fouhrkhjsthr, C.C. (6 (6112, 112, Korzl). He P@OM tjpl `h othnbjòn3 ¼@ls prlfehkos `jihrhnths