Texto.-Estrategia. Tomo-I Solis.O

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EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> ^TLFLIL

Hf Jekuef `h Hstrethice tchkh hf pprlp÷sctl rlp÷sctl oukèjhktef `h shrvcr gljl thxtl thxtl iuêe ef Gursl Ihkhref `h Hste`l Jeylr `h fe Ege`hjce `h Iuhrre Kevef pere fe gåth`re `h Hstrethice. Escjcsjl, ckthkte shr ýtcf e fls locgcefhs `h fe Erjeè prlplrgclkåk`lfhs fls glkghptls dåscgls sldrh hstrethice muktl glk uk fhkiuemh muktl glk uk fhkiuemh ^lr ltre perth, quchkhstrete`cstes khghscthk prlouk`czer gljýkt÷pcgl gljýk efiýk hsphgêocgl guhktek glk .rhohrhkgce `h `cvhrsls `hf jcsjl glkthkc`l. Glkvchkhk rhglrèr quh fe Hstrethice Jerêtcje glrrhsplk`h e fe rez÷k `h shr pere uk locgcef `h fe Erjeè. Hf fcdrl glkstctuyh uk gljphk`cl ihkhref `h fl hsgrctl rhfetcvl ef hjpfhl `h fe ouhrze hktrh fls Hste`ls pere `crcjcr sus glktre`cggclkhs. Gljl hs keturef, begh ghktrl `h irevhè` hk hf hsghkercl jerêtcjl. Hk fe rhèggc÷k sh rhsphtek fls tãrjckls y `hockcgclkhs `h usl tre`cgclkef hk fe Ege`hjce e ock `h hvcter glkou glkousclkhs sclkhs y ùpfcgegclkhs sck shktc`l. ^hrl, ef jcsjl tchjpl sh ckthkte rhklver y egtuefczer hf phksejchktl hstretãicgl ‗hk ‗hk glkstekth hvlfugc÷k - glk eplrths hxtreê`ls `h eutlrhs egtuefhs y efiukls mucgcls lrcickefhs. Hf thxtl hstå `cvc`c`l hk trhs irek`hs thjes shguhkgcefhs= Fe Iuhrre1 fe Hstrethice y fe Hstrethice Jerêtcje. Wck hjderil, hk su evekgh, `h fl ihkhref e fl pertcgufer, sh rhpcthk gchrtes klgclkhs phrl eirhiåk`lfhs jeylrhs `hteffhs pere e`hguerfes ef blrczlkth phrtckhkth. Fls glkofcgtls ckthrkegclkefhs, hk sus `cohrhkths jekcohstegclkhs, keghk `hf quhbeghr plfêtcgl `h fes kegclkhs. Hf jcfcter kl ihkhre fes `csputes erjeès sckl hf ildhrkekth. ^lr tektl, fe hstrethice `hf Gejpl `h Eggc÷k Dãfcgl hstå sudlr`ckeè e fe Hstrethice Pltef `hf hsgef÷k plfêtcgl e ock `h oegcfcterfh hf flirl `h sus ldmhtcvls. ^hrl, e su vhz, hf glkùgtlr jcfcter `hdh hxcicr fls jh`cls e`hgue`ls y, ffhieè ffhieè fe lgesc÷k, fe fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k khghserce pere fe epfcgegc÷k hocgez `h fe ouhrze. Hk fes glkorlktegclkhs, fls dek`ls hk puike hståk olrje`ls plr bljdrhs glk ckthfcihkgce, fcdrh efdh`rêl y vlfukte` pere vhkghr. Fls hmãrgctls sh hk hkguhktrek guhktrek `cspuhstls e utcfczer tl`l su pl`hr pere fe glkshgugc÷k `h sus jhtes. Hk hf treksgursl `h fls glkofcgtls oflrhghk, glk vcilr, fls ckstcktls, fe pesc÷k y tejdcãk tlje perth hf ezer. Fe hstrethice jcfcter glrrhsplk`h e fe f÷icge epfcgeè hk hsth ckgchrtl y vclfhktl åjdctl. Hf Mhoh khghscte rhgurrcr e hffes glk fe ckthkgc÷k `h plk`hrer fls jýftcpfhs oegtlrhs hk muhil y esê e` e`lpter lpter fe rhslfugc÷k jås eghrteè. ^hrl, fe hstrethice gerhgh ffes es o÷rjufes jåicges quh eshiurhk fe vcgtlrce. Wh fcjcte e lorhghr uk edekcgl `h efthrketcves plkcãk`lfl e `csplscgc÷k `h fe gepegcè` grhe`lre y vlfukte` `hf glkùgtlr. Fe hstrethice thrrhstrh hkorhkte trhjhkès gljpfcgegclkhs, euk guek`l, hk fe prågtcge, phrsciuh uk slfl ldmhtcvl= fe ouhrze hkhjcie. ^lr su perth sh hkguhktrek `cspuhstls e utcfczer tl`l su pl`hr pere fe glkshgugc÷k `h sus jhtes. Hk hf treksgursl `h fls glkofcgtls oflrhghk, glk vcilr, flsf÷icge ckstcktls, fe pesc÷k y tejdcãk perth åjdctl. hf ezer. Fe hstrethice jcfcter glrrhsplk`h e fe epfcgeè hk hsth ckgchrtltlje y vclfhktl THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

5

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5>

Hf Mhoh khghscte rhgurrcr e hffes glk fe ckthkgc÷k `h plk`hrer fls jýftcpfhs oegtlrhs hk muhil y esê e`lpter fe rhslfugc÷k jås eghrteè. ^hrl, fe hstrethice gerhgh fe olrjufes jåicges quh eshiurhk fe vcgtlrce. Wh fcjcte e lorhghr uk edekcgl `h efthrketcves plkcãk`lfl e `csplscgc÷k `h fe gepegcè` grhe`lre y vlfukte` `hf glkùgtlr. Fe hstrethice thrrhstrh hkorhkte trhjhkès gljpfcgegclkhs, euk guek`l, hk fe prågtcge, phrsciuh uk slfl ldmhtcvl= fe ouhrze hkhjcie. ^lr su perth e fe jerêtcje, guye jhte rhsc`h hk hf glktrlf `hf j jer, er, sh ffh h prhshktek trhs ldmhtcvls scj scjuftåkhls uftåkhls pere efgekzerfl= Fe ouhrze, fe plscgc÷k y fes gljukcgegclkhs jerêtcjes. Fls gljplkhkths `h fe efu`cè trêeè `hdhk shr glkmuie`ls phrjekhkthjhkth hk hf `hserrlffl `h fes lphregclkhs kevefhs pere efgekzer hf ãxctl. ãxctl. E`hjås, hf glktrlf `hf jer k kl l hs uk ock hk sc jcsjl `hstcke`l e glktrcducr ef ãxctl `h fe hjprhse dãfcgl glk su hmhrgcgcl y hxpfltegc÷k. ^lr ýftcjl, gedh prhshkth uk esphgtl `h cjplrtekgce hxtrelr`ckercl, fe hstrethice jerêtcje begh shktcr su pl`hrlse irevctegc÷k hk tchjpls `h pez e trevãs `h fe `csuesc÷k y fe prhshkgce kevef. Ekth `cgbe gcrgukstekgce, trete`cstes eocrjek quh fe Erjeè y fe `cpfljegce slk bhrjekes scejhses.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

4

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> G ^CPXFL C

FE ^LFHJLFLICE

5.

@HOCKCGC×K

Hf grhe`lr `hf khlflicsjl ^lfhjlfliêe hs hf slgc÷flil orekgãs Iest÷k Dlutbluf. @hockh fe kuhve gchkgce gljl= ‖Hf hstu`cl ldmhtc ldmhtcvl vl y gchktêocgl `h fes iuhrres gljl ohk÷jhkl susghptcdfh `h shr ldshrve`l ef ciuef quh guefquchr ltrl. ^lr fl tektl, `cgbl hstu`cl `hdh glkstctucr uk gepêtufl `h fe Wlgclfliêe‚ 5. Fe Hkgcgflph`ce Wlphke rhglklgh hf kuhvl vlgedfl y prlplrgclke su htcjlfliêe. ^rlvchkh `h fes reêghs irchies plfhjls : iuhrre y flils : trete`l. Fuhil shje quh hs hf= "Hstu`cl `h fe iuhrre hk sê jcsje, `h sus geuses, `h sus hohgtls, `h sus oukgclkhs, glksc`hreè gljl ohk÷jhkl slgcef‚4.

4.

CKPHT^THPE CKPHT^THPEGC×K GC×K @COHTHKPH

Hf Ihkhref Dhrker`ckl êreè hk su ldre "^lfhjlfliêe Dåscge" fh ltlrie uk efgekgh juy `cohrhkth. Hxprhse quh glrrhsplk`h e "fe gchkgce rhfetcve e fe glkùggc÷k `hf scsthje `h ouhrzes‚7. Hkshiucè hkukgce y prhthk`h oukèjhkter fe hxcsthkgce `h `cvhrses fhyhs glkstekths h ckvercedfhs pere `crcicr fe iuhrre.

Glkolrjh e su phksejchktl, fe ^lfhjlfliêe glkstctucrêe fe gchkgce `hstckeè e hstedfhghr fes fhyhs `h fe `crhggc÷k `h fe iuhrre muktl glk fls prckgcpcls quh sh `hsprhk`hrêek `h fes efu`cès klrjes. Fe bcstlrce shrêe hjpfheè pere fe vhrcocgegc÷k `h fe vefc`hz `h fes fhyhs y fls prckgcpcls. êre prhgcser fe thscs `h hsth eutlr slk treksgrctls efiukls pårreols `hstege`ls `h su fcdrl= "fe desh `h fe olrjegc÷k `hf glkùgtlr jcfcter hstå suihrcè equê e trevãs `hf `ljckcl `h fes fhyhs ckjutedfhs `h fe gchkgce `h fe glkùggc÷k... 0. Hstly gchrtl `h quh bey uke gchkgce `h fe glkùggc÷k guyls hfhjhktls slk fhyhs y prckgcpcls quh rhscsthk ef jås hstrcgtl hxejhk `h geusefcè`...8. Hs juy cjprldedfh quh quchk vclfh fes fhyhs `h fe plfhjlfliêe kl rhgcde su muste sekgc÷k, quh puh`h cr `hs`h uk scjpfh glktretchjpl beste fe `hrrlte‚ ?. 5

Iest÷k Dlutbluf. Fes Iuhrres (Duhkls Ecrhs= Gcrgufl Jcfcter, 538?), p. 7? Hkgcgflph`ce Xkcvhrsef Wlphke. Wlphke. (Derghflke, 538?), p. ?285 7 Ihkhref Dhrker`ckl êreè, ^lfhjlfliêe dåscge (Wektceil= Ek`rãs Dhffl, 53?2), p. 45 0 Cdc`., p. 4> 8 Cdc`., p. 79 ? Cdc`., p. ?? 4

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

7

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> ^lr glksciuchkth, fe prhsukte hxcsthkgce `h fhyhs `h keturefhze ckjutedfh y gchktêocge scikcocgerêe quh su ldshrvegc÷k eshiurerêe ef hstrethie hf ãxctl hk fe iuhrre, puhs glk su epfcgegc÷k rciurlse hf glkùgtlr jcfcter `hthrjckerêe fe slfugc÷k hxegte y ýkcge pere fls prldfhjes dãfcgls pfekthe`ls. Fl ekthrclr kl glrrhsplk`h e fe rhefcè` y hste thlrêe `hdh `hsgertersh.

gljýkjhkth eghpte`l, fls gêrgufls gchktêocgl, hs quh fe ^lfhjlfliêe sh `h`cge Fl ef ekåfcscs `h fe iuhrre deml plr hf prcsje `h fe slgclfliêe. 7.-

OXK@EJHKPLW @H FE ^LFHJLFLIÆE

Dlutbluf hxpfcge fls oukèjhktls `h fe plfhjlfliêe= _ejls e treter eblre ukl `h fls ohk÷jhkls jhkls hstu`ce`ls plr fls slgc÷flils e phser `hf cjplrtekth fuier quh lgupe hk fe vcè `h fes slgchè`hs. Bey quh thkhr hk guhkte, plr hmhjpfl, quh fe jeylr perth `h fes gcvcfczegclkhs `hseperhgcès bek phrhgc`l e geuse `h ` h fe iuhrre...‚ 9. "Fe glkstekgce `hf ohk÷jhkl iuhrre, hf bhgbl `h quh hxcste hk fes slgchè`hs jås `cvhrses, `hs`h fes jås prcjctcves beste fes jås gcvcfczeès, kls ldfcie e glksc`hrerfe -eýk `hpflråk`lfl-gljl uke `h fes oukgclkhs slgcefhs jås hstedfhs... Plè iuhrre prhshkte, hk sus hpcsl`cls y hk sus hohgtls, ukls esphgtls e fe vhz `hjliråocgls, tãgkcgls h ckgfusl ocfls÷ocgls y rhfciclsls. Klthjls quh hstls hohgtls slk fls ýkcgls `h fls quh sh puh`h bedfer glk ldmhtcvcè`, ye quh fes vhrè`hres geuses `h fe iuhrre (quh kl tchkhk keè quh vhr glk fls jltcvls l fls prhthxtls eperhkths) kls slk tlèvêe tlèv êe `hsglklgcès l bcpltãtcges 2.

0.-

LDWPÅGXFLW ÊTE HF EKÅFCWCW @H FE IXHTTE

Hf eutlr ck`cge `cvhrsls ldstågufls pere hf hstu`cl `h fe iuhrre. Hktrh hffls jhkgclke fes oefses phrghpgclkhs hxcsthkths sldrh fe rhefcè` `hf ohk÷jhkl iuhrre, hf cfusclkcsjl murê`cgl y fe cjprhsc÷k `h quh su hste`l perhgh `hphk`hr `h fe glkgchkgce y vlfukte` bujeke. Wldrh hstl ýftcjl hsgrcdh= "Hs fe cfusc÷k `h quh fe iuhrre, ye quh hs uk ohk÷jhkl ckjh`cetejhkth glksgchkth, hs, plr fe jcsje rez÷k uk eglkthgcjchktl 3

vlfuktercl... ltrl pårreol eirhie= "^hrc÷`cgejhkth escstcjls hxtreõl prlghsl pscglf÷icgl= " fe. Hk rhgc`cve `h ektciues quhmes y rhprlgbhs y fee uk rhegtcvegc÷k `h fe suspcgegce... Fls puhdfls, hsphgcefjhkth guek`l slk vhgckls, slk hkhjcils bhrh`ctercls jås l jhkls `hgfere`ls. ^hrl hk ãplges lr`ckerces, hstes quhrhffes fethkths phrjekhghk e`lrjhgcès. Wck hjderil, hk gchrtls jljhktls `hspchrtek gljl vlfgekhs quh hktrek hk hrupgc÷k y sh vuhfvhk eghrdes y vcrufhktes... fuhil, `h ckjh`cetl, `hspuãs, `h bedhrsh detc`l ùrekth gchrtl tchjpl, hkguhktrek rezlkedfhs, e`jcscdfhs y sefuèdfhs fes glkghsclkhs quh ef prckgcpcl muziedek ck`cikes h ckslplrtedfhs" ghsclkhs quh ef

9

Iest÷k Dlutbluf. Bcstlrce `h fe Wlgclfliêe. (Derghflke= Lcals-Peu, 5393), p. 505 p. 504 3 Dlutbluf, Fes Iuhrres, p. 72 2 Cdc`.,

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

0

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5>

prckgcpcl muziedek ck`cikes h ckslplrtedfhs"5>. Hkshiucè glkgfuyh= "Kl sh puh`h glksc`hrer e fe iuhrre gljl uk ohk÷jhkl hrrekth fcie`l e fls geprcgbls l ef bujlr jås l jhkls evchsl `h fls puhdfls l `h sus mhohs. Ckglktrestedfhjhkth, hsterkls hk prhshkgce `h uke `h fes oukgclkhs slgcefhs slg cefhs jås s÷fcèjhkth eocrjeès"55. 8.

@COHTHKGCE HKPTH FE HWPTEPHICE S FE ^LFHJLFLICE

Hk hf thxtl "Fes Iuhrres", Dlutbluf `hthrjcke glk kctc`hz fls `cohrhkths gejpls `h ekåfcscs y epfcgegc÷k `h fe plfhjlfliêe y fe hstrethice. Wck hjderil ejdes tchkhk hk gljýk hf ckthkscvl hjpfhl `h fe bcstlrce pere su hstu`cl gchktêocgl. Wldrh hf thrke hxprhse= ‖Hs plscdfh prhiuktersh plrquã (hs `hgcr, rhefcze`l shiýk e`hgueès klrjes gchktêocges) be `hjlre`l tektl hk ffhversh e gedl. Kl bedfejls -hktcãkèsh dchk- `h fe gchkgce `h fe iuhrre tef gljl sh fh hkshõe hk fes ege`hjces jcfcterhs l hk fls hste`ls jeylrhs" 54. Hk hf gepêtufl `h`cge`l e fe hstrethice y tågtcge hsphgêocge= ‖Pektl fe hstrethice gljl fe tågtcge glkscsthk hk hf erth `h glkùgcr, `h fe jekhre jås hocgez plscdfh, fls jh`cls lohkscvls y `hohkscvls (erjejhktl, hohgtcvls y olrtcocgegclkhs) olrtcocgegclkhs) `csplkcdfhs‚57. @hspuãs eirhie= ‖Hsth fcdrl kl glkstctuyh hk edslfutl uke ldre rhfetcve ef erth jcfcter. Jås eýk, rhglr`hjls quh pere `cohrhkgcer ejdls puktls `h vcstes, prlpuscjls lplrtukejhkth e`lpter hf tãrjckl plfhjlfliêe. Hk glkshguhkgce, fes påickes quh sciuhk kl tchkhk hk kckiýk jljhktl fe ockefcè` `h hxplkhr fls jãtl`ls `h fe hstrethice y `h fe tågtcge. ^lr fl glktrercl, s÷fl sh hsouhrzek plr `hùgcr fes ukcolrjcè`hs, fes rhifes ihkhrefhs quh sh `hsprhk`hk `hf hstu`cl gljpere`l `h fes lphregclkhs jcfcterhs. Hk ltres pefedres, espcrek e glkgrhter fes fhyhs slgclf÷icges sldrh fes quh sh oukèk fe prhperegc÷k `h fe iuhrre y hf `hserrlffl `h fes lphregclkhs‚ 50.

?.

EFGEKGHW @H FE ^LFHJLFLICE

Hk "Fe Iuhrre‚, Dlutbluf begh uk gljpfhtl ekåfcscs ekåfc scs `hf thje. Xs÷ gljl bhrrejchkte euxcfcer fe bcstlrce. Fuhil `h `hockcr fe iuhrre `hs`h hf puktl `h vcste slgclf÷icgl sh e`hktre hk su ekåfcscs gchktêocgl. Fls vestls gejpls hxejcke`ls slk= Fls tãgkcgls, hglk÷jcgls, `hjliråocgls, htklf÷icgls y pscglf÷icgls. Wldrh hstes gljpfhmes deshs, cktrckgeèjhkth glkhxes, hf eutlr h`cocge fe erjez÷k `h fe plfhjlfliêe. Hf ýftcjl gepêtufl `hf thxtl sh rhochrh e fls kujhrlsls ckthktls `h fls ildhrkekths hfcjcker fls rhprhshktekths glkofcgtls erje`ls hktrh oregesek fes kegclkhs. rhsphgtl hxplkh= "Fls pere hsouhrzls `h fls `hf puhdfl plrquhEfepfcgek hf jãtl`l `h fls murcstes, glkscsthkths hk kl vhr hk fe iuhrre jås quh uke quhrhffe ekåflie e fes phk`hkgces hktrh ck`cvcùls... Wh puh`h ldshrver quh tejdcãk hxcsth ltrl puktl sldrh hf guef fls pfekhs murê`cgls suplkhk, plr ektcgcpe`l, fe slfugc÷k `hf prldfhje= su plstufe`l hs quh fe iuhrre hs hf jh`cl hjpfhe`l plr fls Hste`ls pere ffhier e cjplkhr su vlfukte`. Hsth jh`cl fhs perhgh drutef y quchrhk `hgfererfl cfêgctl l rhifejhkterfl hstrhgbejhkth. ^hrl fe vhrè` perhgh shr ltre fe iuhrre kl hs kuhstrl ckstrujhktl, sckl quh sljls klsltrls fls ckstrujhktls `h fe iuhrre, 5>

Cdc`., p. 85 Cdc`., p. 84 54 Cdc`., p. 78 57 Cdc`., p. 499 50 Cdc`., p. 492 55

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

8

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> hpcsl`cl ckhvctedfh `h uk gcgfl (guyls hfhjhktls glkstctutcvls, fl jcsjl quh fes rhfegclkhs glk fes hstrugtures slgcefhs y fls tcpls `h glyukture, hståk fhmls `h shr glklgc`ls), fe iuhrre kls eprhse y sh begh e trevãs `h klsltrls... Fe iuhrre kl hs uk jh`cl, sckl uk ock quh sh `csoreze gljl sc ouhsh uk jh`cl‚58 Hk sêkthscs, fe plfhjlfliêe shõefe quh fe iuhrre kegh glk hf bljdrh y hstå plr sldrh su vlfukte` y glkgchkgce. Fe ýkcge jekhre `h prhvhkcr fe iuhrre glkscsth hk uk hstu`cl glkgchkzu`l `h sus hfhjhktls gljplkhkths.

58

Iest÷k Dlutbluf, Fe iuhrre (Derghflke= Lcals-Peu, 5395), p.559

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

?

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> G

^CPXFL CC

FE IXHTTE HK WX EW^HGPL WLGCL^LFÊPCGL 5.

CKPTL@XGGC×K

Hs plscdfh ùèr quh fe iuhrre she uk hfhjhktl hshkgcef pere hf `hserrlffl `h fe slgchè` bujeke. Wck hjderil, hxcsth uk bhgbl ck`csgutcdfh= @hs`h sus lrêihkhs hf bljdrh pregtcge fe vclfhkgce lriekczeè glktre sus ciuefhs. Fe Weireè Dcdfce glkocrje hsth eshrtl. Hf Iãkhscs rhicstre hf glkofcgtl `h fls shrhs prcjcihkcls. Hf fedre`lr Geêk schkth plsthrie`ls sus ckthrhshs plr ldre `hf pestlr Edhf. Hf `hshkfegh `h fe `cspute scikcocge hf hxthrjckcl `hf pestlr. Pef vhz, hsth tråicgl hpcsl`cl cjpfcge quh gljl `hsghk`chkth `h Geêk hf bljdrh hs dhfcglsl plr keturefhze. Hf prlohslr eustrefcekl @hrha Orhhjek eglte= "fe thk`hkgce e fe eirhsc÷k hs, hk hf bljdrh, uke thk`hkgce ckkete, ck`hphk`chkth h ckstcktcve" 5.

4.

CKOFXHKGCE ^LFÊPCGL WLGCEF @H FE IXHTTE

Hf shr bujekl, glksc`hre`l uk ekcjef slgcef `hs`h su epercgc÷k hk fe tchrre prlgur÷ rhukcrsh hk glkifljhre`ls. Hf prcjhr glkmuktl slgcef olrje`l ouh, ldvcejhkth, fe oejcfce. Hf slgc÷flil drctåkcgl Drcek Grlzchr shõef÷= "Ecsfe`l, hf ck`cvcùl hs vufkhredfh y tejdcãk hs uk slfctercl. êre suphrer hstl dusge uk g÷kyuih y fe gljpeõêe `h sus shjhmekths. Esê sh ve olrjek`l uk irupl quh phrsciuh ockhs `h `hohkse l hf flirl `h vhktemes jutues" 4. Hk hohgtl, glk hf tchjpl hf kýgfhl oejcfcer grhgc÷ eperhgchk`l hf gfek y fe trcdu. Fes prcjctcves lriekczegclkhs thkêek gljl oukèjhktl fe suphrvcvhkgce y fe shiurcè`. Fe vcè hk irupl oevlrhgêe fe `hsghk`hkgce y eshiurede fe geze, ge ze, ouhkth dåscge `hf susthktl. Escjcsjl, oegcfctede fe prlthggc÷k `h fls gltls `h eprlvcsclkejchktl glktre fe eggc÷k `h fes ochres `hprhè`lres y `h ltrls glkifljhre`ls bujekls. Beste efrh`h`lr `hf shxtl jcfhkcl E.G., fls bljdrhs vcvchrlk hk rhùgcès glfhgtcvcè`hs, rhsc`chk`l hk gevhrkes l eshktejchktls prhgercls. Hk hse ãplge, eprhk`c÷ e guftcver hf suhfl, `ljhstcger e fls ekcjefhs y eprlvhgber fls jhtefhs. Fes slgchè`hs sh tlrkerlk jås gljpfhmes y sus gljplkhkths sh hsphgcefczerlk hk rhyhs, jcfcterhs, gljhrgcekths, Pektl hkhkfebcstlrce Jhslpltejce gljl hk hfseghr`lths, Kcfl surichrlk fes prcjhrestredeme`lrhs, gcuè`hs. Fe hsgfevls, prhbcstlrcehtg. sh glkvcrtc÷ guek`l fe ckthfcihkgce bujeke grh÷ fe hsgrcture. Dlutbluf jekcohst÷= "Fe bcstlrce -hk sus gljchkzlsglkstctuy÷ hxgfuscvejhkth hf rhfetl `h fls glkofcgtls erje`ls. Pchjpl begh quh sh grctcge e fe hkshõekze gfåscge `h fe bcstlrce, egusåk`lfe `h beffersh schjprh `ljckeè plr fe kerregc÷k `h iuhrres y deteffes, phrl hk vhrè` hs plgl prldedfh quh equhffe puhè, efiuke vhz, `hmer `h shr fe bcstlrce-deteffes. Fes iuhrres slk e fe vhz kuhstrls puktls `h rhohrhkgce grlklf÷icgls jås geregthrêstcgls y, qucãresh l kl, fls bctls quh `hfcjctek hf gljchkzl y hf ock `h fes hè`hs bcst÷rcges. Hk fe prhbcstlrce, hf pesemh `h uk phrêl`l e ltrl sh beffe `hthrjcke`l plr fes ejpfces orekmes `h trekscgc÷k, guye hxcsthkgce suplkhjls sck glklghrfe. ^hrl, tek prlktl sh edlrè fe bcstlrce prlpcejhkth `cgbe, hf ohk÷jhkl `h pesemh gepctef, hf ilzkh quh ukh fls `cvhrsls 5 4

@hrha Orhhjek gcte`l hk Drcek Grlzchr. Phlrêe `hf glkofcgtl. (Duhkls Ecrhs= HJHGH, 5399, p. 58. Grlzchr. Lp. gct., p. 44

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

9

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> gljpertcjhktls, hs gesc schjprh fe iuhrre. Hs plr geuse `h fe iuhrre quh bek phrhgc`l gesc tlès fes gcvcfczegclkhs glklgcès. S, e`hjås `h shr fls shpufturhrls `h fes gcvcfczegclkhs vhkgcès, fls irek`hs eglkthgcjchktls jcfcterhs slk fls quh shõefek fe eocrjegc÷k, hf prlirhsl y fe hktreè hk fe bcstlrce `h fe jeylr perth `h kuhstre gcvcfczegclkhs" 7.

Hk rhsujhk, hf bljdrh sh lriekcz÷, `hs`h sus lrêihkhs, glk hf prlp÷sctl `h epfcger glk fe jeylr hocgegce plscdfh fe vclfhkgce. Hk lgesclkhs fugb÷ pere `hohk`hrsh y hk pere eùhõersh `h fls vhgckl.quhède Hk fe ektciöhè` hreOuh `h vcèltres l juhrth. Fe hxcsthkgce `hfdchkhs puhdfl`hf vhkgc`l e jhrgh` hf`hfprldfhje vhkgh`lr. esê gljl jugbes kegclkhs `ãdcfhs `hseperhgchrlk hk fe klgbh `h fe bcstlrce. Fe iuhrre, pere Aekt, tchk`h e ukcr ef iãkhrl bujekl. Wu eirupegc÷k hk irek`hs dflquhs `csjckuyh fes plscdcfcè`hs `h orcggc÷k. Wuplkh quh fe bujekcè` tchkh plr ock fe glkglr`ce y, pere`lmejhkth, fe vclfhkgce hs su jltlr cjpufslr. Fls puhdfls hk sus gljchkzls hrek gljukcè`hs ghrreès. Wh treksolrjerlk hk kegclkhs e trevãs `h iuhrres `h ukcocgegc÷k. Fuhil sh glkslfcèrlk hk cjphrcls plr jh`cl `h glktchkès bhihj÷kcges. ^lr ýftcjl, tef vhz efiýk `êe sh glkstctuye hf cjphrcl ukcvhrsef `lk`h rhckh hf lr`hk y fe erjlkêe ef ejperl `h uke eutlrcè` y `hrhgbl gljýk. Fe bcstlrce rhdlse `h ckthktls plr cksteurer hf cjphrcl juk`cef. Tlje ckcgce su gejckl e fe `ljckegc÷k `hf juk`l glklgc`l guek`l sh ukhk fes turdufhktes trcdus pestlres `hf ^l. Hspeõe, Orekgce y Irek Drhteõe hjprhk`hk fes glkqucstes `h sus vestls `ljckcls uke vhz quh ockefczek fe fugbe plr su rhsphgtcve glbhsc÷k ckthrke. Efhjekce glrrhsplk`h e uke kegc÷k rhgchkth, su ukcè` fe ffhve e gedl Dcsjerga hk hf scifl RCR. Wus orustreès espcregclkhs cjphrcefcstes sh trukgek plr fe ^rcjhre y Whiukè Iuhrre Juk`cef. Fe Tusce zercste eperhgh hk hf scifl RC gljl uk jckýsgufl hkgfevh hktrh fes vêes ofuvcefhs quh glkhgtek ef jer Khirl glk hf Dåftcgl. Wu hspêrctu bhihj÷kcgl fe begh grhghr beste e`qucrcr fe glflsef `cjhksc÷k `h uk hste`l-glktckhkth. Hk su gefcè` `h XTWW tchkh su jåxcjl tejeõl y pl`hr pere fuhil hktrer hk uke eghfhreè `csirhiegc÷k. Ef rhsphgtl, Plykdhh glksc`hre guetrl oeshs têpcges hk hf `hvhkcr `h fls puhdfls= Kegcjchktl, `hserrlffl, rupture y `hsckthiregc÷k.

7.

TEÊGHW @H FE IXHTTE

Hk ihkhref, fls hxphrtls `hteffek fes reêghs `h fe iuhrre. Hktrh hffes sh hkguhktrek hf hqucfcdrcl `hjliråocgl, fe shfhggc÷k `h fe hsphgch, e`qucscgc÷k `h kuhvls thrrctlrcls, gljphthkgce plr fls rhgursls, eksces `h prhstcicl y `ljckegc÷k, `cohrhkgces rhfciclses h c`hlf÷icges y ltres. ^lr ltre perth, fe hvlfugc÷k y jethrcefczegc÷k `hf gljpfhml ohk÷jhkl slgclplfêtcgl iuhrre vchkh rhvhstc`l `h cktrckge`ls cjpufsls h ckthrhshs hstrhgbejhkth hkfeze`ls, `coêgcfhs `h prhgcser y gfescocger. E fls trete`cste kl fhs gedh ùè quh fe iuhrre hs uk prlghsl pfurcgeusef. Hs `hgcr, fls glkofcgtls kl hsteffek plr uke rez÷k ecsfeè, sckl uke glkouse jhzgfe `h verces. ^lr fl gljýk, eperhgh uke geuse ckjh`cete l eperhkth `h gerågthr blkhstl y eftrucste Hste sh `couk`h e fe lpckc÷k pýdfcge glk fe ckthkgc÷k `h glbhsclker hf h f gejpl ckthrkl y etrehr fes scjpetêes `hf åjdctl hxthrkl. Wck hjderil fes geuses rhefhs l fhmekes `h fe `cspute quhèk 7

Dlutbluf, Fes Iuhrres. ^. 77

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

2

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> hkgudchrtes e phser quã glkstctuyhk fls vhrè`hrls `htlkekths `h fe vclfhkgce. ^lr fl ihkhref, hstes ýftcjes glrrhsplk`hk e jltcvls regclkefhs eýk jek`l hilêstes y `coêgcfhs `h mustcocger. Hf glrlkhf erihktckl E. Jezckc hsgrcdh= Wchk`l fe iuhrre uk prlghsl tek gljpfhml, kl sh fh puh`h etrcducr fe iãkhscs `h su `ckåjcge e uke slfe geuse, geuse , plrquh hffe glkstctuyh `h plr sê uk prlghsl pertcgufer, olrje`l hk su oukgc÷k plr geuses dclf÷icges, slgclf÷icges, pscglf÷icges, htg.1 `lk`h geè oukgc÷k tchkh su ckthr`hphk`hkgce, phrl quh ef hstu`cer hf jhgekcsjl ckthrkl `h geè uke, shpere`l `h fl `hjås hk su rhfegc÷k, kls phrjctcrå fuhil gljprlder su ukc÷k glk fes 0 ltres jýftcpfhs oukgclkhs, e ock `h lr`hker y olrjer glk hffes hf glkmuktl quh glrrhsplk`h e su hshkgce" .

Hmhjpfl Bcst÷rcgl Iuhrre `hf Ilfol= Geuse Eperhkth= Ckvesc÷k `h Auwect plr hf hmãrgctl `h Crea Geuses Thefhs= Hf thjlr `h fls Xkc`ls quh Crea glktrlfere hf prhgcl juk`cef `hf phtr÷fhl y hmhrgchre fe bhihjlkêe hk hf juk`l åredh ejhkezek`l fe hxcsthkgce `h Csrehf.

0.

GLKGH^GC×K GTCWPCEKE @H FE IXHTTE 0. f.

CKPTL@XGGC CKPTL@XGGC×K ×K

Bly, glk hf oregesl `hf gljukcsjl hk hf juk`l y hf tãrjckl `h fe Iuhrre Orêe, fls jlvcjchktls y phkse`lrhs pegcocstes crrujphk glk jeylr ouhrze hk hf hsghkercl juk`cef. Pretek `h ckofucr hk fe lpckc÷k pýdfcge glk uke phrghpgc÷k juy hrreè sldrh fe keturefhze `h fe iuhrre. Hs esê quh bedfek `h `hserjh, guhstclkek fe hxcsthkgce `h fes Ouhrzes Erjeès h, ckgfusl, `hgferek quh fe iuhrre hs uk egtl ckjlref y `ced÷fcgl. Fls jh`cls `h gljukcgegc÷k glktrcduyhk e `cvufier tlès hstes hqucvlgeès suihrhkgces, glk fl quh `hslrchktek e fe lpckc÷k pýdfcge. Xk hmhjpfl `h hstl ýftcjl slk fes ckthrprhtegclkhs ckgljpfhtes suphrocgcefhs fls phrcl`cstes fes `hgferegclkhs hohgtueès plr hfy _etcgekl guek`lrhglicès prljufi÷ plr hf "Kuhvl Gethgcsjl sldrh Grcstcekl". Fls gljhktercstes eocrjerlk sck oukèjhktls, quh fe Cifhsce bedêe `hockc`l e fe iuhrre gljl uk phge`l glktre hf Uucktl Jekèjchktl.

0.4.

HF EKPCIXL EKPCIXL PHWPEJHKPL

êre hf Ektciul Phstejhktl fe iuhrre schjprh tuvl jltcvls rhfciclsls. Hf csrehfcte sh shktêe hf hmhgutlr `h fe `hveste`lre cre `h Mhblvå, fe quh hk lplrtukcè`hs sh jekcohstede e trevãs `h fe iuhrre. ^lr fl tektl, fe glksc`hredek gljl glse sekte y sh prhperedek pere hffe jh`cekth gchrtes purcocgegclkhs hspcrctuefhs1 plr hmhjpfl= Edsthkcãk`lsh `h tl`l glktegtl shxuef.

0

Glrlkhf Efdhrtl Jerckc, Fe Iuhrre, fe plfêtcge y fe hstrethice (Duhkls Ecrhs= Gêrgufl Jcfcter, 53?4), p. 5>5.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

3

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Hs Mhblvå quchk è fe lr`hk `h hohgtuer uke iuhrre sekte y ãf hstå hk jh`cl `hf gejpejhktl. Hf pese rhvcste ef hmãrgctl. Hf hs hf hstekèrth `h Csrehf, su hsgu`l y su hspeè, hf iuhrrhrl y hf bãrlh `h fes deteffes, quchk eyuè ef csrehfcte, ckouk`chk`l thrrlr e fls hkhjcils (CW 57,7= "Sl bh è`l jcs ÷r`hkhs e fls iuhrrhrls quh thkil prhvhkc`ls, bh ffeje`l hk jc cre e jcs gejphlkhs ffhkls `h efdlrlzl plr `hohk`hr jc iflrce" CW 57,0= "... Hf shõlr `h fls hmãrgctls be è`l sus ÷r`hkhs l pese`l rhvcste e fe dhfcglse jcfcgce"). ^hrl schjprh iuhrre ouh oevlredfh pere fls Hk hf lgesclkhs hrek uke olrje `h kl gestcil quh fe @cls fhs hkvcede (Mhr 7>,40"Klbhdrhls. epegciuerå Whõlr hfãstes ourlr `h su ck`cikegc÷k, beste quh beye hmhgute`l y gujpfc`l fls `hscikcls `h su glrez÷k...").

0.7.

HF KXH_L PHWPEJHKPL

Hk hf Kuhvl Phstejhktl tejdcãk hkglktrejls fe e`vhrthkgce `h quh bedrå iuhrres. Hk hf hvekihfcl shiýk Wek Fuges sh fhh hk 53 53,3 ,3 fl sciuchkth= "Guek`l lciåcs rujlrhs `h iuhrres y rhvlfugclkhs, kl ls ethrrãcs1 plrquh hs khghsercl quh sughèk prcjhrl hstes glses... " Wek êdfl hk sus hpêstlfes jhkgclke prhperersh pere fe iuhrre1 fl jcsjl lgurrh hk fe Gerte e fls Bhdrhls-, tejdcãk fls hkglktrerkls gljl ekukgcls `h eglkthgcjchktls (eglkthgcjchktls `h uftretujde) shiýk Wek Jethl Jethlhsgetlf÷icgls y hk hf Eplgefcpscs shiýk Wekplstrhrls Muek (Jethl 40,?= ‖Ekthshk `hhffe Hvekihfcl perusce hiukè vhkcè `h Grcstl Grcstl e fe tchrre tchrre bedrå irek`hs iuhrres sldrh fe tchrre"). Hk hste drhvh rhvcste ef Ektciul y Kuhvl Phstejhktl pl`hjls glkgfucr quh @cls kl glk`hke fe iuhrre sckl quh fe glksc`hre gljl uk ckstrujhktl ýtcf. Hk lplrtukcè`hs fh be shrvc`l pere flirer fe purcocgegc÷k `hf bljdrh y hk ltres pere gestcier e fls puhdfls quh sh bek efhme`l `h Hf.

0.0.

FE PHLFLIÊE GTCWPCEKE

Hf grcstcekcsjl prcjctcvl tuvl, rhsphgtl e fe iuhrre, uke egtctu` pl`hrlsejhkth lrcickef1 fe jef`cml y fe rhpu`c÷ rltukèjhkth= ‖Uuchk e bchrrl jete, e bchrrl juhrh". juh rh". Lrêihkhs, Phrtufcekl y Wek Ejdrlscl, rhgbezek hf hjpfhl `h fe vclfhkgce pere guefquchr ock. Hf Hvekihfcl kl prhsgrcdh quh sh rhkukgch e ffe e iuhrre, sckl quh sh hfcjckhk fes geuses `h hffes, prckgcpefjhkth hf hilêsjl `h fls Hste`ls. Fe shkthkgce `h Wek Jethl= "Sl ls `cil quh kl rhscståcs ef jef y sc efiukl th edlohthe hk fe jhmcffe `hrhgbe, èfh tejdcãk fe ltre" (JP. 8,73), l hf thxtl scjcfer `h Wek êdfl. "Kl ls `hohk`åcs e vlsltrls jcsjls" (TLJ. 54,53) `hdhk shr tlje`ls gljl uk glkshml hk gchkls gesls pere fe glkùgte ck`cvcùef kl gljl uke klrje `h ildchrkl. "Kckiuke slgchè` -`cgh @hf _hggbcl- puh`h olrjesh glk sumhgc÷k e fe jåxcje `h fe kl rhscsthkgce ef jef l `h ` h fe edkhiegc÷k ck`cvcùef1 fe pez e tlè glste hqucvefh e fe eghptegc÷k `h fe jås edslfute erdctrerchè`, oågcfjhkth glkvhrtcdfh hk `hshkorhkeè vclfhkgce..." Fe Cifhsce plgl e plgl, glk jås `hgcsc÷k sciuh hf gejckl treze`l plr Wek êdfl `hs`h sus lrêihkhs. Ph÷flils hjckhkths glkvhkzek e hstu`cer, e pertcr `hf scifl C_, hf thrke `h fe iuhrre-, schk`l Wek Eiustêk ukl `h fls phkse`lrhs jås drcffekths `h j ãplge y quchk `hserrlffe uke thl`cghe (thlfliêe oukèè hk fls prckgcpcls `h fe rez÷k) mustcocgek`l fe iuhrre THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

5>

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> guek`l hffe hs fe hxprhsc÷k `h fe vlfukte` `cvcke. @cgh Wek Eiustêk= "Wc @cls plr efiuke prhsgrcpgc÷k hsphgcef lr`hke jeter, hf bljcgc`cl sh glkvchrth hk uke vcrtu`".

Wek Dhrker`l sh glkstctucrå, scifls jås ter`h, hk hf irek `hohkslr `h fes Gruzeès1 Iuhrre Wekte quh èrå jltcvl pere quh fls th÷flils rhofhxclkhk sldrh fe iuhrre `h jekhre prloukè. Wc dchk ef gljchkzl `h fes Gruzeès, fls mucgcls quh sh `chrlk sldrh fe iuhrre hrek eghrte`ls1 tejdcãk hkglktrerkls efiukls hxghsls, hk hsphgcef plr equhffls quh hflicek fls egtls jås dårderls quh sh gljhthk ùrekth hf `hserrlffl `hf glkofcgtl. Iest÷k Dlutbluf gcte hf sciuchkth gljhktercl `h Teyjlk` `'Eicfhs, gek÷kcil `h fe geth`ref `hf ûy, ef rhohrêe e fe tlje `h Mhrusefãk= "Wh vchrlk glses e`jcredfhs... pl`êe vhrsh plr fes geffhs y hk fes pfezes `h fe gcuè` jlktlkhs `h gedhzes, jekls y pchs. Fls bljdrhs y fls gedeffls ekèdek plr tl`ls fe`ls e trevãs `h fls ge`åvhrhs... Hk hf thjpfl y hk hf ^÷rtcgl sh gcrgufede e gedeffl hk jh`cl `h gbergls `h sekirh quh ffhiedek beste fes rl`cffes `hf mckhth y beste fes drcès `hf gedeffl... Mustl y e`jcredfh gestcil `h @cls, quh qucsl quh equhf jcsjl fuier rhgcdchre fe sekirh `h equhffls guyes dfesohjces fl bedêek jekgcffe`l ùrekth tektl tchjpl. Hsphgtågufls ghfhsths... hk fe Cifhsce y plr tlè fe gcuè`, hf puhdfl ède iregces ef @cls Hthrkl" 8. Hf phksejchktl grcstcekl sh olrtefhgh glk fe glktrcdugc÷k quh begh Wektl Pljås `h Equckl hk hf scifl RCCC, hk su gãfhdrh thlrêe `h "fe iuhrre muste"1 hk fe guef olrjufe fes glk`cgclkhs quh puh`hk beghr `h fe egtcvcè` iuhrrhre uke hjprhse e`jctcè oevlredfhjhkth plr @cls. Hffes slk= Fe eutlrcè` `hf prêkgcph1 uke geuse muste y uke ckthkgc÷k rhgte. Fuhil, hk hf scifl R_C, hs uk orecfh @ljhkcgl, Orekgcsgl `h _ctlrce, hf quh ckeuiure hf irek jlvcjchktl hsglfåstcgl hsglfåstcgl hspeõlf sustctuyhk`l, hk sus gåth`res `h ocf ocflsloêe lsloêe y thlfliêe, hk fe Xkcvhrscè` `h Wefejekge ef eutlr gljhkte`l hk hse ãplge ^h`rl Fljder`l, glk su ldre `h "Fes Whkthkgces", plr fe "Wujje Pbhlflicge", `h Wektl Pljås `h Equckl. _ctlrce, gljl th÷flil y iregces e hsh cjplrtekth vêkgufl ckthfhgtuef quh fl ukêe e Wektl Pljås `h Equckl, e fl quh sh ukêe fe ffhieè `h Hspeõe ef Kuhvl Juk`l, glk sus prldfhjes `h glkqucste, glflkczegc÷k y gcvcfczegc÷k `h Ejãrcge, ekefcze fe iuhrre `hs`h uk puktl `h vcste gferejhkth thlf÷icgl êre ãf fe iuhrre kl hre uke eggc÷k purejhkth plfêtcge, tejdcãk thkce esphgtls thlf÷icgls y sldrh tl`l, tl`l , thlf÷icgl-jlref y ãtcgl. Hs esê gljl ffhie e `hthrjcker fls mustls têtufls `h hspeõlfhs pere ffhver e gedl fe iuhrre glktre fls ck`êihkes. @cgbls eriujhktls puh`hk prlyhgtersh begce tl`ls fls glkofcgtls quh sh ihkhrek hk hf juk`l. Desåk`lsh hk Wektl Pljås `h Equckl, glkgfuyh quh uke iuhrre pere shr muste hstå sumhte e trhs glk`cgclkhs= Whr `hgfereè plr uke eutlrcè` fhiêtcje quh hxcste uke geuse muste y uke rhgtctu` `h ckthkgc÷k. Fls eplrths bhgbls ef thje `h fe iuhrre plr Wek Eiustêk, Wektl Pljås `h Equckl y Orekgcsgl `h _ctlrce slk `h tef hkvhrieùre quh eýk glkshrvek pfhke ve vefc`hz. fc`hz. Wus mucgcls jlrefhs y ãtcgls hståk glksc`hre`ls hk gefcè` `h rhqucsctls pere gfescocger e uk glkofcgtl gljl mustl `hktrl `hf `hrhgbl y jlref ckthrkegclkef. Wus phksejchktls sh gctek glktckuejhkth ef ekefczer fe iuhrre.

8

Dlutbluf, Fes Iuhrres, p. 555

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

55

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5>

0.8.

FE IXHTTE S HF LT@HK KEPXTEF

Hk fe rhvhfegc÷k glkste gljl fe iuhrre ouh fêgcte hk tchjpl `h fls petrcerges, hk fe fhy keturef y hk fe fhy hsgrcte, plr fes kujhrlses eggclkhs dãfcges quh sh kerrek ffhveès e gedl plr Edrebej @evc` y ltrls sektls. Pl`l fl quh kl sh prlbêdh hk fe fhy hvekiãfcges schk`l "fhy `h fcdhrte`‚, kl eõe`h, gljl hkshõe Wektl Pljås `h Equckl, kuhvls prhghptls jlrefhs. Hf purl `hrhgbl `cvckl kl prlbêdh e fls grcstcekls fl quh hs jlrefjhkth fêgctl hk fe fhy keturef. _ctlrce, gfescocge fes iuhrres hk `hohkscves y lohkscves. Fe iuhrre `hohkscve, `cgh, hs fe quh begh hf quh hs etege`l y egu`h e `hohk`hrsh, jh`cekth hffe, `h uke eirhsc÷k egtuef. Wuplkh uk etequh prcjhrl l egtls `h vclfhkgce ckohrc`ls plr ltrl. Wh dese hk hf prckgcpcl `h fe fhiêtcje `hohkse. Hs `hgcr hs fêgctl rhgbezer tlè eirhsc÷k. Hk guektl e fe iuhrre lohkscve, hs fe `h quchk gljchkze fes blstcfcè`hs h ckcgce uke eggc÷k dãfcge l hf etequh e ltrl. Wh trete hk hf olk`l `h uke `cstckgc÷k jethrcef rhohrcè kl ef veflr jlref `h fe eggc÷k iuhrrhre, sckl e fe prclrcè` `h fe vclfhkgce oêscge. ^lrquh `hdhjls e`jctcr quh puh`h bedhr uke eirhsc÷k jethrcef quh olrjefjhkth she `hohkscve. êre gljprhk`hr fl ekthrclr shõeferhjls hf sciuchkth hmhjpfl= Wc e uke kegc÷k fh errhdetek plr fe ouhrze `h fes erjes efil sck quh beye thkc`l tchjpl, ef shr slrprhk`cè, `h lriekczer fe rhscsthkgce, eýk pese`l uk glrtl ckthrvefl `hspuãs `h bedhr thrjcke`l oêscgejhkth hf egtl `h eirhsc÷k, puh`h tljer fes erjes pere rhsgeter sus dchkhs. @cgbe eggc÷k dãfcge puh`h glksc`hrersh gljl `hohkscve, puhs hf lohk`c`l `hdh shr glksc`hre`l hk rhscsthkgce jlrefjhkth egtuef. @h ciuef suhrth, plr tl`ls `hdh shr eghpte`l quh fe eggc÷k `h ephfer e fes erjes pere `hohk`hrsh `h uke eirhsc÷k ckjckhkth, prhpereè h ckhvctedfh `hf hkhjcil, hs `hgcr, gchrtl tcpl `h iuhrre prhvhktcve, phrthkhgh e uke iuhrre jlrefjhkth `hohkscve. _ctlrce, `hspuãs `h uk feril ekåfcscs `h ejdls tcpls `h iuhrre shõefe quh, "Fes iuhrres `hohkscves slk fêgctes plr hf jcsjl `hrhgbl keturef quh phrjcth fe `hohkse `h fe "prlpce phrslke y `h iuhrres, sus dchkhs" glktre ukshetrlphffl h ckmustl. S hsth `hrhgbl keturef begh fcgctes tefhs schjprh quh treth `hvclfhktl uke eirhsc÷k egtuef ckmuste glktre fes vcès, thrrctlrcls l dchkhs `h fe kegc÷k y sh iuer`h fe `hdcè jl`hregc÷k hk fe `hohkse. E fe eutlrcè` `hf Hste`l th hs fêgctl, sckl quh e vhghs irevhjhkth irevhjhkth ldfcietlrcl tef iuhrre hk `hohkse y sefvegc÷k `h fe prlpce kegc÷k, guek`l fls hkhjcils plkhk hk phfcirl fe ck`hphk`hkgce l fls irek`hs dchkhs hspcrctuefhs h ckthrhshs `h fe petrce. Whrêe, hk hohgtl, irevh quh hf pl`hr pýdfcgl edek`lkere hf gucè`l `hf dchk gljýk ljctchk`l uke eggc÷k dãfcge hocgez, y plr fl jcsjl tejdcãk fls sýdctls vhk`rêek irevhjhkth e fe `hohkse `h fe petrce". Fe prckgcpef eriujhktegc÷k fe `h`cge _ctlrce e prlder fe fcgctu` `h fe iuhrre lohkscve. Hk uk prcjhr rezlkejchktl slstchkh quh hste prhshkte hf gljpfhjhktl khghsercl `h fe iuhrre `hohkscve. Xke hocgez `hohkse kl puh`h beghrsh glk fe scjpfh rhscsthkgce e fe eirhsc÷k, plr fl quh fe eggc÷k dãfcge `hde shr ffhveè e`hfekth glk fe vcgtlrce gljpfhte y hsgerjchktl `h fls hkhjcils quh ckthkterlk fe ckvesc÷k. "@h ltrl jl`l ãstls sh berêek geè THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

54

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> vhz jås euèghs pere rhphtcrfe", glktek`l `h ekthjekl glk fe cjpukcè` y "sc kl fhs rhtuvchre hf jch`l ef gestcil". êre _ctlrce, glrkl pere guefquchr hstrethie, fe fcgctu` `h fe iuhrre lohkscve sh `hrcve `hf jcsjl `hrhgbl keturef `h fe `hohkse hocgez y `h fes jh`cès khghserces quh bek `h shr tljeès pere fe shiurcè` `h fe jcsje, puhs gljl sh `cml, kl hs oågcf shperer hk uk glkofcgtl fes oeshs `h eggc÷k `hohkscve y `h eggc÷k lohkscve. Wh `hsprhk`h tejdcãk `h `cgbe fcgctu` fe khghscè` `h jekthkhr uke pez shiure. Whrêe fejhktedfh fe sctuegc÷k `hf Hste`l etege`l sc hstuvchre eutlrcze`l ýkcgejhkth pere `hohk`hrsh rhgbezek`l e fls hkhjcils, sck pl`hr prlshiucr jås e`hfekth sus `hrhgbls `h iuhrre pere gestcierfhs plr fe ckmustcgce gljhtcè. Fls `hrhgbls `h hsth Hste`l quhèrêek schjprh fhsclke`ls, fls hkhjcils sh berêek geè vhz jås euèghs pere gljhthr glktre ãf kuhves ckmustcgces y kukge pl`rêe ilzer `h pez y shiurcè`. Hs schjprh fe jcsje j csje c`he `h quh fe oukgc÷k pukctcve `h fe iuhrre lohkscve glkstctuyh uk gljpfhjhktl ck`csphksedfh `h tlè hocgez `hohkse jcfcter.

Hsth rezlkejchktl ffhve ockefjhkth e _ctlrce e su glkghpgc÷k kuhve y lrcickef `hf lr`hk ckthrkegclkef. Ph÷ocfl Xrèklz, quchk hsgrcdchre sldrh fes ldres `h _ctlrce, `cgh fl sciuchkth= "Gljl hf lr`hk ckthrkl `h fes slgchè`hs kl puh`h sudscstcr sck fe ouhrze glhrgctcve `hf pl`hr y hf gestcil `h fls jefbhgblrhs, esê hf lr`hk murê`cgl `h fe gljukcè` `h fls puhdfls, `hscike`l plr fe phgufcer hxprhsc÷k vctlrceke `hf "lrdh", tejplgl pl`rêek glkshrversh hk hf "ohfcz hste`l" `h pez y trekqucfe mustcgce, sckl quh sh Khierêe e uke sctuegc÷k hspektlse "ef phlr hste`l `h glses", sc fls tcrekls y fls puhdfls ejdcgclsls l "reptlrhs" pu`chrek cjpukhjhkth fhsclker fls `hrhgbls `h ltrls pegêocgls y lprcjcrfl lprcjcrflss sck quh ouhre fêgctl gestcierfls glk rcilr e`hgue`l‚. e`hgue`l‚. ^l`rêejls glkgfucr shffek`l -gljl `cgh Xrèklz- quh "tl`ls fls eriujhktls hk prl `h fe fcgctu` `h fes iuhrres mustes sh desek hk hf `hrhgbl keturef= she hk hf `hrhgbl keturef `h fe `hohkse, quh, sc hs hocgez, sh be `h gljpfhter plr uke iuhrre lohkscve `h sekgc÷k y gestcil-, she hk hf `hrhgbl y eutlrcè` `h fls Hste`ls pere user tl`ls fls jh`cls `h glegtcvcè` glktre fls hkhjcils ckthrclrhs y hxthrclrhs khghsercl pere fe glkshrvegc÷k `h fe mustcgce hktrh fls puhdfls". 0.?.

FE IXHTTE MXWPE

Hk tlè iuhrre, ukl `h fls glkthk`chkths begh iuhrre muste, jchktres quh fe ltre perth hs fe quh ckochrh fe ckmurce. Hs esê quh kl puh`h bedhr iuhrre muste -"ldmhtcvejhkth"plr ejdes perths, ye quh "fls duhkls, sê slk vhrè`hrejhkth tefhs, kl gljdethk glktre fls duhkls". W÷fl hk hf gesl, juy rerl, `h ciklrekgce ckvhkgcdfh puh`h èrsh uke iuhrre muste - "sudmhtcvejhkth"- plr perth `h fls `ls ekteilkcstes. Fls prckgcpefhs th÷flils e quh kls bhjls rhohrc`l, `hockhk fe iuhrre muste gljl equhffe quh gujpfh trhs glk`cgclkhs dåscges= Uuh she `hgfereè plr fe eutlrcè` fhiêtcje, quh thkie uke muste geuse, y quh hxcste uke ckthkgc÷k rhgte.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

57

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Ltrls phkse`lrhs, plsthrclrjhkth, ckgfuyhrlk trhs glk`cgclkhs e`cgclkefhs= Uuh fe iuhrre she hf ýftcjl rhgursl, sh thkie uke hsphrekze oukèè `h ãxctl y hxcste uke geuse irevh y prlplrgclkeè e fls jefhs quh `hshkge`hke fe iuhrre. Fls gcte`ls rhquhrcjchktls glkstctuyhk uke eyuè pere hkglktrer fe fuz quh kls berå vhr fe fhictcjcè` `h hse iuhrre quh hk e efiýk fiýk jljhktl kls puh`h glrrhsplk`hr hstu`cer. êre tef hohgtl, kls `hthk`rhjls e ekefczer geè ukl `h fls rhqucsctls quh sh bek shõefe`l pere fe iuhrre muste.

0.?. 5. WHT @HGFETE @HGFETE@L @L ^LT FE EXPLTC EXPLTC@E@ @E@ FHICPCJE Fe prcjhre glk`cgc÷k pere fe iuhrre muste hs quh she `hgfereè plr fe eutlrcè` fhiêtcje. Egtuefjhkth, kl sh gujpfh e fe fhtre hk hf `hrhgbl ckthrkegclkef `hdc`l e quh fe lriekczegc÷k plfêtcge `h fls hste`ls jl`hrkls, su prlpce glkstctugc÷k, `hthrjcke fe olrje hk quh e fe eutlrcè` suprhje fh gljphth `hgferer fe iuhrre1 fl quh suhfh shr glk pertcgcpegc÷k `hf pl`hr hmhgutcvl y fhicsfetcvl. Wck hjderil, hs khghsercl `hthkhrsh e rhofhxclker sldrh hf glkghptl `h eutlrcè` fhiêtcje. êre hffl sh begh khghsercl desersh hk fl hxprhse`l plr hf ê`rh Lsvef`l Fcre, hk su glkohrhkgce sldrh "_ctlrce y fe iuhrre muste", èè hk fe Xkcvhrscè` E`lfol Cdåõhz hk 5325, hk `lk`h shõef÷= "êre quh uke eutlrcè` she fhiêtcje kl deste fl quh sh ffeje fhictcjcè` `h lrcihk. Hste sc dchk sh jcre, hs fe jhkls cjplrtekth, y glkscsth hk quh hf Mhoh `h Hste`l l fls ildhrkekths, slk hfhic`ls hk glkolrjcè` glk fes fhyhs hxcsthkths hk hsh Hste`l. Wck hjderil, bey uke fhictcjcè` jugbl jås cjplrtekth= Fe fhictcjcè` `h hmhrgcgcl. ^lrquh fe fhictcjcè` `h lrcihk sh lr`hke cktrêkshgejhkth e fe `h hmhrgcgcl, beste hf puktl `h quh hxcstchk`l jugbes vhghs fe fhictcjcè` `h lrcihk, ffhie e `hseperhghr fe fhictcjcè` `h hmhrgcgcl hk vcrtu` `h quh fe eutlrcè` kl be gujpfc`l plr ciklrekgce l jefe oh, glk su jcsc÷k oukèjhktef quh hs ffhver e fls puhdfls ef dchk gljýk. S esê gljl fe fhictcjcè` `h lrcihk sh puh`h phr`hr plr uk hrrlr irevh y prlflkie`l hk hf hmhrgcgcl sh puh`h e`qucrcr sck khghscè` `h quh hxcste prhvcejhkth fhictcjcè` `h lrcihk. Hs hvc`hkth quh, hk sctuegclkhs `h hjhrihkgce, puhè èrsh phrohgtejhkth uke eutlrcè` fhiêtcje `h hmhrgcgcl quh kl thkie fhictcjcè` `h lrcihk... Hs e hste fhictcjcè`, e fe fhictcjcè` `h hmhrgcgcl, e fe quh sh rhochrh Orekgcsgl `h _ctlrce guek`l bedfe `h eutlrcè` fhiêtcje1 hs `hgcr, e fe `h uk Mhoh `h Hste`l quh be esujc`l hf Ildchrkl pere `hshjphõer glk egchrtl y glk rhgtctu` `h ckthkgclkhs su terhe `h ildhrker, quh hs ffhver e fls puhdfls begce hf dchk gljýk".

0.?.4. KHGHWC@E@ @H XKE GEXWE MXWPE Fe khghscè` `h uke geuse muste hs destekth `coêgcf hstedfhghr. êre _ctlrce, fe ýkcge geuse muste hs fe "ckmurce rhgcdcè"- phrl hste ckmurce veflrczeè hk su `cjhksc÷k ocfls÷ocge y thlf÷icgl. Hk ltres pefedres, guek`l sh vh hk hffe fe khiegc÷k `h uk `hrhgbl l guek`l uke slgchè` sh schkth vhmeè hk sus `hrhgbls. Fe eutlrcè` fhiêtcje `h hsh Hste`l, ekth tef sctuegc÷k, pl`rå jlvhr e su kegc÷k e uke iuhrre, fe quh shrå vhrè`hrejhkth muste.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

50

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Hs esê -shiýk -shiýk hf "G÷`cil `h Jlref Ckthrkegclkef `h Jefckes‚Jefckes‚ - quh "fe `hohkse `h uk `hrhgbl hshkgcef ckmustejhkth etege`l hs fe ýkcge geuse quh mustcocge fe iuhrre `hohkscve-, fe rhcvck`cgegc÷k `h uk `hrhgbl hshkgcef ckmustejhkth glkgufge`l, fe `h fe iuhrre lohkscve1 hf eplyl e uk dhfcihrekth quh tchkh muste geuse `h iuhrre, fe `h fe iuhrre `h ckthrvhkgc÷k. Hk geè ukl `h hstls gesls hk hohgtl, fhmls `h phrturder hf lr`hk plr hf rhgursl e fes erjes, sh trete, plr hf glktrercl, `h rhstedfhghrfl". gejdce vhghs `h hsphgcefjhkth gejpl ùrekthguek`l hf gursl `h fes khilgcegclkhs ^hrl l `h fefesckmustcgce blstcfcè`hs. Hsthegesl lgurrh uk Hste`l, thkchk`l duhke muste geuse `h iuhrre, rhgbeze fls lorhgcjchktls sckghrls y rezlkedfhs `h setcsoeggc÷k quh sh fh beghk. Wu ýkcge rez÷k pere user `h fe ouhrze rhsc`êe hk ldthkhr rhperegc÷k `h fe ckmustcgce `h quh ouh vêgtcje. Efgekze`l hsth ldmhtcvl plr fe sujcsc÷k `hf e`vhrsercl, kl puh`h ckcgcer l glktckuer fes blstcfcè`hs sck beghrsh gufpedfh, e su vhz, `h uke ckmuste eirhsc÷k y hf Hste`l quh ãf etege fh lplk`rå hk e`hfekth uke rhscsthkgce fhiêtcje. Kl pl`hjls thrjcker `h treter fes hxcihkgces `h uke geuse muste, sck `hmer `h jhkgclker `ls phksejchktls `h Wek Eiustêk guyl glkthkc`l glktrcduyhk e lrchktejls hk hf thje y jltcvek e thkhrfl schjprh prhshkth= "Kl sh begh fe iuhrre sckl pere ffhier e fe pez". "Hs fe ckmustcgce `hf e`vhrsercl fe quh ouhrze ef blkhstl e beghr iuhrres muste".

0.?.7. FFH_E@E GLK THGPE CKPHKGC×K "Gljl guefquchr ltre eggc÷k bujeke -`cgh hf "G÷`cil `h Jlref Ckthrkegclkef"- fe iuhrre fhiêtcje `h suyl, puh`h shr vcgceè plr fe ckthkgc÷k phrvhrse `hf quh fe begh". Wektl Pljås `h Equckl `cml= "Hs khghsercl quh fe ckthkgc÷k `h fls quh gljdethk she rhgte, hs `hgcr quh sh prlplkiek beghr hf dchk l hvcter hf jef". Wek Eiustêk sldrh hf thje shõef÷= "Fls vhrè`hrls e`lre`lrhs `h @cls vhk gljl pegêocges fes iuhrres quh kl slk hjprhk`cès kc plr gl`cgce kc plr gruhfè`, sckl quh sh begh plr ejlr e fe pez glk hf ock `h rhprcjcr e fls jefls y efcvcer e fls duhkls". Glkgfuyh glk hf sciuchkth phksejchktl quh rh`lk`he tl`l hf glkghptl `h fe hxcihkgce `h uke rhgte ckthkgc÷k pere quh fe iuhrre she muste= "ûh`h sugh`hr quh eukquh fe iuhrre beye sc`l `hgfereè plr fe eutlrcè` fhiêtcje y plr uke geuse muste, kl she jhkls cfêgcte, hk rez÷k `h fe phrvhrscè` `h ckthkgc÷k `h equhf quh fe begh... Hf `hshl `h èõer, fe gruhfè` `h fe vhkiekze, uk åkcjl cjpfegedfh, hkhjcil `h tlè pez, hf ourlr `h fes rhprhsefces, fe pesc÷k `h fe `ljckegc÷k y tl`ls fls `hjås shktcjchktls shjhmekths, bh equê hf mustl têtufl quh jhrhgh shr glk`hke`l hk fe iuhrre".

0.?.0. IXHTTE HW HF XFPCJL THGXTWL Hste glksc`hregc÷k sh rhochrh e quh fe iuhrre sh prhshkte gljl hf ckstrujhktl ýftcjl khghsercl `h quh hk gcrgukstekgces hxghpgclkefhs, sh scrvhk fls Hste`ls pere beghr rhsphter hf `hrhgbl e fls quh ckthkthk vclferfl, y plr fl tektl kl hs uke vêe klrjef `h rhfegclkhs hktrh fls jcsjls. Wu usl s÷fl puh`h hster phrjctc`l guek`l kl bey ltrl rhjh`cl, gljl uk jh`cl glegtcvl hxtrelr`ckercl, gljl eriujhktl ýftcjl pere cjplkhr hf lr`hk y mustcgce ckthrkegclkefhs.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

58

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Fuhil, fes kegclkhs tchkhk fe ldfciegc÷k `h jekthkhr fe mustcgce, `hdchk`l ckthkter tl`ls fls jh`cls vcedfhs pere rhslfvhr fes `cohrhkgces l rhperer fls prlpcls `hrhgbls vclfe`ls ekths `h rhgurrcr ef usl `h fe ouhrze, s÷fl guek`l kl puhè rhperersh `h ltre jekhre hs fêgcte fe iuhrre. Hsth rhqucsctl prhvcl quh `hdh gujpfcrsh pere quh fe iuhrre she muste, mus te, hktre hk hf åjdctl `hf prckgcpcl `h fes khilgcegclkhs l `h fe slfugc÷k pegêocge `h fls glkofcgtls, gljl ldfciegc÷k hstrcgte `h fls Hste`ls ekths `h egu`cr e fe iuhrre. Gedh eirhier quh _ctlrce slfl hstedfhgh, hk drhvh efusc÷k, fe ldfcietlrchè` `h fls ildhrkekths `h hxejcker prhvcejhkth y glk tlè `cfcihkgce fes geuses `h fe iuhrre, "`h hsgugber pegêocgejhkth fes rhgfejegclkhs `h fe ltre perth" beste eshiurersh "plr sê l plr ltrls" `h mustcgce `h fe geuse.

0.?.8. HRCWPE XKE HW^HTEK]E @H ÃRCPL êre treter hsth rhquhrcjchktl sh begh ck`csphksedfh rhgurrcr ef "G÷`cil `h Jlref Ckthrkegclkef `h Jefckes" "Euk guek`l hxcste muste geuse `h iuere, uk Hste`l kl puh`h prlvlger l eghpter ukequh fugbe quh,rhperer. glk tlèHk hvc`hkgce, scikcocgeråhfpere ãf uk `hsestrh y eireverå jås fe ckmustcgce quhrêe hs tes glk`cgclkhs hstes Ildhrkekth kl puh`h hsphrereuk kckiuke vhkteme gepez `h gljphkser fls segrcocgcls quh cjplkh e sus sýd`ctls.

Hk hf bhgbl, sck hjderil, hs juy rerl quh puhè prlùgcrsh glk uke ghrthze guåf shrå hf rhsufte`l `h uke iuhrre, plr `hsciuefhs quh perhzgek fes plscdcfcè`hs `h fls dhfcihrekths. Thglr`hjls, quh fe ^rlvc`hkgce sh gljpfegh e vhghs hk glkouk`cr fls gåfgufls jås s÷fcèjhkth oukè`ls. ¡Wurihk ckthrvhkgclkhs rhphktckes quh ckvchrthk fe defekze ckcgcef `h fes ouhrzes! ^lr ltre perth, uke ldfciegc÷k jås hfhveè -plr hmhjpfl, `hohk`hr uke perth vctef `hf thrrctlrcl- kls hxcicrå e vhghs prhohrcr uke `hrrlte bhrlcge e uke gepctufegc÷k plgl iflrclse. ¡Fes kegclkhs jårtcrhs `hf `hdhr èk ef `hrhgbl uk suprhjl thstcjlkcl guyl hgl sh phrphtýe e trevãs `h fls scifls, y jektchkhk hk fe bujekcè` hf guftl `h fe oc`hfcè` y `h fe mustcgce!‚   mustcgce!‚

0.?.?. FE GEXWE WHE ITE_H S ^TL^LTGCLKE ^TL^LTGCLKE@E @E E FLW @EÕLW Fe slfe mustcgce `h fe guef uk dhfcihrekth tlje fes erjes kl deste pere fhictcjer su eggc÷k, ye quh fe seke rez÷k hxcih, e`hjås, quh fe cjplrtekgce `h hste geuse she prlplrgclkef e fe irevhè` `h fls jefhs quh khghsercejhkth `hshkge`hke fe iuhrre. Equê perhgh hster hk puike hf phksejchktl `h tl`ls fls prckgcpefhs th÷flils quh bhjls jhkgclke`l, quh shõefedek quh fe ckmurce `hdêe shr gestcieè glk fe iuhrre, glk fe plscgc÷k `h th÷flils `h ãplge jås rhgchkth, gljl ^êl RCC, quchk `cml -l jås dchk eperhkthjhkth bedrêe `cgbl- quh bey quh hvcter fes iuhrres plr tl`ls fls jh`cls cjeickedfhs.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

5?

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Hk rhefcè` fe puike kl hxcsth, hf prldfhje hs quh fes erjes glk quh sh gljdetêe hk hf scifl R_C hrek juy `cstcktes `h fes erjes glk quh sh gljdeth hk fe egtuefcè`. "Hk hsh shktc`l, hs hvc`hkth quh fe ckmurce sh `hdh gestcier glk fe iuhrre, gljl y e`hgueè rhspuhste `hf lohk`c`l -`cgh hf pe`rh Lsvef`l Fcre- phrl sh thk`råk quh iuerèr fe `hdcè prlplrgc÷k glk fls jefhs quh sh vek e `hrcver khghsercejhkth `h uke glkofeiregc÷k glkthjplråkhe kl hs`êes fl hk jcsjl fe gljdetcrå sctuegc÷k glk hk quh sh gljdetêe glk scjpfhs ergedughs quh fe^lrquh `h kuhstrls quh sh erjejhktl juy slocstcge`l, `h irek prhgcsc÷k pere èr hk dfekgl y glk uk eftl pl`hr `h `hstruggc÷k. ^lr hsl, hk equhffe ãplge pl`êe uke ckmurce gljperetcvejhkth jhklr shr geuse `h uke iuhrre, l fhictcjerfe jås dchk, plrquh geuse `h kckiuke jekhre pl`êe shrcl. Hk gejdcl, fhictcjer uke iuhrre bly `êe, glk fls jh`cls `h `hstruggc÷k vhrè`hrejhkth pevlrlsls `h quh `csplkh hf bljdrh, sh begh khghsercl phkser `ls vhghs, plr fl jhkls, ekths `h rhslfvhr rhjh`cer uke ckmurce glk fe iuhrre". iu hrre".

0.?.9

HF JETRCWJL S FE IXHTTE MXWPE Kl pl`hjls glkgfucr hsth thje, hk `lk`h kuhstre rhofhxc÷k hstuvl deseè hk fe

glkghpgc÷k `h fe iuhrre muste,fh sck efiukes fe ockges pere gljhkter fe ckthrprhtegc÷kgrcstceke quh hf jerxcsjl fhkckcsjl è e`h`cgerfh hffe1 Wu `hockcgc÷k hkglktrejls hk hf fcdrl "Drhvh @cggclkercl ^lfêtcgl", h`cte`l hk Jlsgý. Fe gcteè pudfcgegc÷k shõefe fl sciuchkth= "Hf jerxcsjl fhkckcsjl `cstckiuh fe iuhrre muste h ckmuste. Fe iuhrre-muste sh begh glk hf ldmhtl `h fcdhrer e fls puhdfls `h fe lprhsc÷k `h gfesh, kegclkef l glflkcef. Fes iuhrres ckmustes slk fes quh, schk`l glktckuegc÷k `h fe plfêtcge `h fes gfeshs hxpflte`lres, scrvhk e fls ockhs `h eveseffejchktl `h fls tredeme`lrhs, `h ekhxc÷k `h thrrctlrcls emhkls, `h olrtefhgcjchktl y ejpfcegc÷k `hf `ljckcl cjphrcefcste"?. Fe bcstlrce rhgchkth kls `hjuhstre quh guek`l hffls sh scktchrlk gljprljhtc`ls pere `hserrlffer "uke iuhrre muste" pere "fcdhrer e uk Hste`l" quh hstcjedek lprcjc`l, hf rhsufte`l ouh quh hse kegc÷k thrjck÷ quhèk`l `hktrl `h fe ÷rdcte jlsglvcte y treksolrjåk`lsh hk glflkce `hf cjphrcefcsjl slvcãtcgl, y hsh puhdfl "fcdhre`l", fl ýkcgl quh glksciuc÷ ouh gejdcer su stetu "`h lprcjc`l -sc hs quh hxcstêe tef sctuegc÷k- plr hf `h hsgfevl". Kckiuke iuhrre `lk`h pertcgcpere `crhgte l ck`crhgtejhkth fe Xkc÷k Wlvcãtcge treml fe pez - quh hs hf duhk ock `h uke iuhrre muste- plrquh hffes kl hstedek ckspcreès hk fe jlref kc hk hf `hrhgbl keturef, rhqucsctls rhgtlrhs quh `hthrjckek fe gefcè` y prlouk`cè` `h fe vhrè`hre iuhrre muste. @h hse iuhrre quh ouh hstu`ceè y hkukgceè plr Wek Eiustêk, Wektl Pljås `h Equckl y Orey Orekgcsgl `h _ctlrce, th÷flils quh glkterlk glk uke irek edukèkgce `h `lkhs `h sedcùrêe, quh @cls fhs hktrhi÷ pere quh shkterek uke `lgtrcke hqucfcdreè y jlrefjhkth muste pere hstedfhghr guåk`l uke iuhrre hs fhiêtcje. Hste desh grcstceke, tek s÷fcè, hs fe rez÷k plr quh fes prlplscgclkhs `h hstls th÷flils kl puh`hk phr`hr vcihkgce, hk gejdcl, vhjls quh fe iuhrre muste h ckmuste `hockcè plr p lr ?

Drhvh `cggclkercl plfêtcgl. (Jlsgý= ^rlirhsl, 5327), p. 44

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

59

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> hf jerxcsjl fhkckcsjl sh be `hsvekhgc`l glk su ocflsloêe, pere thrjcker `hseperhgchk`l muktl glk su cjphrcl. G

^CPXFL CCC

@HOCKCGC×K @H FE IXHTTE HK WX GLKPHRPL ^LFÊPCGL 5.

CKPTL@XGGC×K

Teyjlk` Erlk eocrje= ‖Fes rhfegclkhs ckthrhstetefhs prhshktek uke geregthrêstcge lrcickef quh fes `cstckiuh `h guefquc guefquchre hre ltres rhfegclkhs slgcef slgcefhs= hs= Wh `hserrlffek e ffe e sljdre `h fe iuhrre l, pere hjpfher uke hxprh hxprhsc÷k sc÷k jås rciurlse, rciurlse, fes rhfegclkhs hktrh Hste`ls ffhvek ffhvek glkscil, plr hshkgce, fe efthrketcve `h fe iuhrre l fe pez. Esê gljl geè Hste`l tchk`h e rhshrversh pere sê jcsjl hf jlklplfcl `h fe vclfhkgc vclfhkgce, e, fls Hste`ls, e fl feril `h fe bcstlrce, ef rhglklghrsh rhgêprlgejhkth, bek rhglklgc`l ef jcsjl tchjpl fe fhictcjcè` `h fes iuhrres quh sh begêek‚5. Hsth eshrtl hstå glkocrje`l plr fe ouhrze `h fls bhgbls. Hk glkshguhkgce, begh cjprhsgck`cdfh `hockcr y hkthk`hr quh hs fe iuhrre.

4.

@HOCKCGCLKHW 4.5

HKTCUXH MLJCKC, IHKHTEF WXC]L ‖Fe iuhrre, fhmls `h shr uke gchkgce hxegte, hs uk `reje er`chkth y epesclke`l‚. epesclke`l‚.

4.4

B. AETF _LK JLFPAH, IHKHTEF EFHJEK (52>> ‗ 5235)

‖Fe pez phrphtue hs uk suhõl, y kl scquchre uk suhõl `hjesce`l bhrjlsl. Fe iuhrre hs uk hfhjhktl `h fe keturefhze grheè plr @cls, sck hffe sh hstekgerêe hf juk`l y sh phr`hrêe‚.   phr`hrêe‚.

4.7

WXK P]X, IHKHTEF GBCKL (7>> E.G. E^TLR.)

‖Fe iuhrre hs uk esuktl `h uke cjplrtekgce vctef pere hf Hste`l, fe prlvckgce `h fe vcè y `h fe juhrth, fe vêe quh glkùgh e ffe e suphrvcvhkgce l ef ekcqucfejchktl‚. ekcqucfejchktl‚.

4.0

BXIL _EK ITLLP (ITLGCL) MXTCWPE BLFEK@HW (5827-5?08)

Glksc`hre e fe iuhrre gljl= ‖Fe glk`cgc÷k `h fls ck`cvcùls quh sh prlplkhk rhslfvhr sus `cohrhkgces plr jh`cl `h fe ouhrze‚. ouhrze‚.

4.8 5

EK@TÃW DHFFL, MXTCWPE GBCFHKL _HKH]LFEKL ((5925 5925-52?8) -52?8)

Teyjlk` Erlk. êz y Iuhrre hktrh fes Kegclkhs. (Je`rc`, Thvcste `h Lggc`hkth, 53?7), p. 40

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

52

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> ‖Fe iuhrre hs fe rhcvck`cgegc÷k `hf `hrhgbl plr fe ouhrze‚ ouhrze‚

4.?

TESJLK@ ETLK, OCFLWLOL OTEKGÃW ‖Fe iuhrre, hk tektl quh egtl slgcef, suplkh uke pfurefcè` `h vlfukte`hs

hkglktreès, hs `hgcr, `h glfhgtcvcè`hs plfêtcgejhkth lriekczeès. Geè uke `h hffes quchrh iekerfh fe pertcè e fe ltre‚. ltre‚.

4.9

JEL PWH, FÊ@HT GBCKL (5237-539?)

‖Fe iuhrre, quh be hxcstc`l `hs`h fe epercgc÷k `h fe prlpchè` prcveè y fes gfeshs, hs fe olrje jås efte `h fugbe pere rhslfvhr fes glktre`cggclkhs hktrh gfeshs, kegclkhs, Hste`ls l irupls plfêtcgls, guek`l hstes glktre`cggclkhs bek ffhie`l e uke `hthrjckeè htepe `h su `hserrlffl‚. `hserrlffl‚.

4.2

EK@TH DHEOTH, IHKHTEF OTEKGÃW (53>4 ‗ 5399)

hs uk ohk÷jhkl purejhkth jcfcter, schjprh uk ohk÷jhkl gerågthr tltef, ‖Fe hk iuhrre hf quh kukge sh gljdckek h ckthrochrhk fe plfêtcge ckthrclr, fe hs plfêtcge hxthrclr, `h fe hglkljêe y fes lphregclkhs jcfcterhs.

4.3.

BLTEGCL MXWPCKCEKL. _CGHEFJCTEKPH

‖Hs uk ohk÷jhkl klrjef, glkstctuyh uk egtl `h ouhrze `hstckek`l e sljhthr fe vlfukte` `hf e`vhrsercl e fls prlpcls prlp÷sctls, y e fe vhz scikcocge fe glktckuegc÷k `h fe eggc÷k plfêtcge `hserrlffåk`lfe e trevãs `h uk ckstrujhktl vclfhktl‚. vclfhktl‚.

4.5>

AETF _LK GFEXWHYCP]. IHKHTEF EFHJÅK (592>-5275)

‖Fe iuhrre hs uk egtl `h ouhrze pere ldfcier ef glktrercl ef gujpfcjchktl `h kuhstre vlfukte`‚. vlfukte`‚. Hk ltrl pårreol `h su ldr e hxprhse= ‖Fe iuhrre hs fe scjpfh glktckuegc÷k `h fe plfêtcge plr ltrls jh`cls‚. jh`cls‚.

7.-

HWPX@CL @H FE @HOCKCGC×K @H GFEXWHYCP]

Hf @crhgtlr `h Hstu`cls Hstretãicgls `h fe Hsguhfe Kegclkef `h Iuhrre `h Hste`ls Xkc`ls, Mlbk Glffcks, gljpere fls `cstcktls hkolquhs sldrh fe iuhrre rhefcze`ls plr Mljckc y Gfeushwctz ‖Gljl fl shõef÷ tek mustejhkth H`wer` Jhe` Herfh hk su fcdrl ‖Fls Grhe`lrhs `h fe Hstrethice Jl`hrke‚. Hk su hsouhrzl plr hxpfcger fe gerrhre `h Keplfh÷k, hf Ihkhref Mljckc bczl su prlpce glktrcdugc÷k e fes ckklvegclkhs `h hste ãplge. Hk rhefcè`, ãf gljhkz÷ su terhe, kl glk hf hstu`cl `h fe bcstlrce, sckl glk hf hstu`cl scsthjåtcgl y vhrè`hrejhkth jl`hrkl `hf thje, fl quh sh be jekthkc`l `hs`h hktlkghs. ûh`h `hgcrsh quh muktl glk Gfeushwctz, e quchk THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

53

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> sh e`hfekt÷ uk plgl, Mljckc rhefcz÷ hk hf h f hstu`cl `h fe iuhrre efil scjcfer e fl quh qu h Eèjs Wjctb bczl glk hf hstu`cl `h fe hglkljêe... Fe ldre `h Mljckc ouh rhefjhkth uke grhegc÷k gchktêocge, kl fe prcjhre ckvhstciegc÷k ckvhstciegc÷k `h uk thrrhkl ` `hsglklgc`l hsglklgc`l phrl sê hf prc prcjhr jhr rhfhvejchktl dchk bhgb bhgbl l `hf jcsjl‚. jcsjl‚. Eirhie Glffcks= ‖Gfeushwctz hkger÷ fe hstrethice `hs`h uk åkiufl gljpfhtejhkth `cstcktl. E `cohrhkgce `h Mljckc quh dusg÷ `hserrlffer uk sc scsthje sthje th÷rcgl pere vhkghr h hk k fes deteffes, sh‖hvcter `h`cg÷tl`l e hstu`cer keturefhze `hquh fe iuhrre. Hxprhsåk`lfl hk sus pefedres,Gfeushwctz hf `hshede fl q quh uhfeouhsh gljýk,dåscge tl tl`l `l fl hre hvc`hkth plr sê jcsjl, quh bedêe sc`l `cgbl gchktls `h vhghs y sh gljýkjhkth eghpte`l, puhs jc ejdcgc÷k hre hsgrcdcr uk fcdrl quh kl ouhre lfvcè`l hk `ls l trhs eõls, y hk hf guef, guefquchre quh hstuvchre ckthrhse`l hk hf thje hsterêe shiurl `h fhhrfl jås `h uke vhz‚. Wu ãxctl suphr÷ fl quh slõ÷, quhèk`l sus hsgrctls pere fes sughscves ihkhregclkhs `h hstrethies quh fl sciuchrlk. Eýk bly, fls quh fhhk su jlkujhktef trete`l `h ‖Fe Iuhrre‚ kl prcjhre vhz, quhèk cjprhsclke`ls `h fe hkvhrieùre y `cvhrscè` `cvhrscè` `hf jcsjl. Hsth tr tredeml edeml edstregtl, hk ffe e egtuefcè` tlèvêe hs prlgfejl gljl fe ldre sldrh hstrethice jås glktrlvhrtcè y quh hmhrgh uke kltedfh ckofuhkgce, jeylr quh tlès fes pudfcgeès beste eblre... Jugbl `h fl trete`l puh`h shr `h epfcgegc÷k e fls prldfhjes `hf jljhktl egtuef, eukquh efiukls esphgtls bek jhrhgc`l ùè l hståk `hsegtuefcze`ls, `hdchk`l shr e`hgue`ls e uk glkthxtl hstr hstretãicgl etãicgl quh be ge gejdce`l‚ jdce`l‚ 4. Hk sêkthscs, fe glktrcdugc÷k `h jeylr rhfhvekgce eplrteè plr Gfeushwctz glkscstc÷ hk `hsteger hstrhgbe `hphk`hkgce iuhrre fe plfêtcge= ‖Hk tlès fesuk gcrgukstekgces `hdhjls feglksc`hrer e fe iuhrre, `h kl fe gljl efilglk ck`hphk`chkth, sckl gljl ckstrujhktl plfêtcgl. Wlfejhkth sc e`lptejls hsth puktl `h vcste pl`rhjls hvcter hf gehr hk glktre`cggc÷k glk tlè fe bcstlrce jcfcter y pl`rhjls beghr uke eprhgcegc÷k ckthfcihkth `h su tltefcè`‚ 7. Gfeushwctz hstedfhgc÷ quh hf ldmhtcvl plfêtc plfêtcgl gl ihkhre`lr `h fe iuhrre prlplrgclke fe jeikctu` jeikctu` `hf hsouhrzl e rhefczer pere flirerfl= ‖Guektl jås phquhõl she hf segrcocgcl quh hxcmejls `h kuhstrl e`vhrsercl, tektl jås `ãdcfhs bedråk `h shr su hsouhrzls plr khiersh e beghr hsh segrcocgcl. Wck hjderil, jchktres jås `ãdcf she su hsouhrzl, tektl jås phquhõl `hdhrå shr hf kuhstrl‚ 0. Fuhil prlsciuh= ‖@h hste jekhre, hf ldmhtcvl plfêtcgl, gljl geuse lrcickef `h fe iuhrre shrå klrje, tektl pere hf prlp÷sctl e efgekzer jh`cekth fe eggc÷k jcfcter, gljl pere fls hsouhrzls khghsercls pere hf gujpfcjchktl `h hsh h sh prlp÷sctl‚8 . Escjcsjl, hstedfhgc÷ fe rhfegc÷k hxcsthkth hktrh hf ldmhtcvl phrshiuc`l y hf kcvhf `h vclfhkgce e `hserrlffer= ‖Wc hf ock `h fe eggc÷k jcfcter hs uk hqucvefhkt h `hf ldmhtcvl plfêtcgl, fe eggc÷k jcfcter `csjckucrå hk ihkhref hk fe jh`cè hk quh `csjckuye hf ldmhtcvl plfêtcgl. Hstl hxpfcge fe rez÷k plr fe guef, sck quh hxcste eutlglktre`cggc÷k, puh`h bedhr iuhrres `h tl`ls fls ire`ls `h cjplrtekgce h ckthkscè`, `hs`h fe iuhrre `h hxthrjckcl ef jhrl hste`l `h vcicfekgce erjeè‚?.

0. 4 7 0

IXHTTE EDWLFXPE, CFCJCPE@E, FCJCP FCJCPE@E E@E S PLP PLPEF EF

Mlbk J. Glffcks. FE Irek Hstrethice. (Duhkls Ecrhs 5398), pp. 59-52 Ihkhref Gerf vlk Gfeushwctz, @h fe Iuhrre. (Duhkls Ecrhs= Lgãekl, 53?>), p. 48

8 Cdc`,. ?

Cdc` ^. 5? Cdc`., p. 59

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

4>

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Hk fe hfedlregc÷k `h sus thlrêes, thlrêes, Gfeushwct Gfeushwctzz hjpfh÷ uk glkofc glkofcgtl gtl edstregtl= fe Iuhrre Edslfute. Hste glkscstêe h hk k uke glktchkè dãfcge c`hef kl sumhte e fes rhstrcggclkhs cjpuhstes plr fe rhefcè`. Hk fe prågtcge, fes iuhrres hrek ckohrclrhs h cjphrohgtes plr kl shr hxtrhjes hk su vclfhkgce y hsouhrzl. Hk hf treksgursl `h su ekåfcscs, Gfeushwctz `cstckiuc÷ fe hxcsthkgce `h `ls gfeshs `h iuhrres `hf ^lfêtcgl ldmhtcvl Fcjcte`l. plfêtcgl phrshiuc`l= `h Ldmhtcvl Cfcjcte`l `h y feeguhr`l Iuhrre ef `h veflr Ldmhtcvl Ef rhsphgtl Fe `cml=Iuhrre ‖Fe plfêtcge begh `h^lfêtcgl tl`ls fls hfhjhktls pl`hrlsls y thjcdfhs `h fe iuhrre uk jhrl ckstrujhktl `h fe thjcdfh hspeè `h fes deteffes quh `hdhrêe hjpuõersh glk ejdes jekls y `hsgeriersh glk tlè fe ouhrze `hf guhrpl, pere quh `chre uk slfl ilfph, fe glkvchrth hk uke èie fcvceke y jekuedfh, quh e vhghs kl hs keè jås quh uk hspe`êk quh fe plf plfêtcge êtcge use e su vhz, pere fes hjdhstcès, ffes es ocktes y fes pereès... Wc fe iuhrre phrthkhgh e fe plfêtcge, e`qucrcrå, keturefjhkth su gerågthr. Wc fe plfêtcge hs irek`h y pl`hrlse, ciuefjhkth fl shrå fe iuhrre, y hstl puh`h shr ffhve`l e fe efture hk quh fe iuhrre efgekze su olrje edslfute‚9. Hk fes Iuhrres Cfcjcteès, hf ldmhtcvl plfêtcgl rhvcsth tef cjplrtekgce quh hf l fls dhfcihrekths tchk`hk e fugber beste hf hxtrhjl `h sus ouhrzes. Ckgfusl perhgh quh fls glktrckgekths prhochrhk fe hxtckgc÷k `h eghpter su `hrrlte.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls Iuhrre `h fe Prcpfh Efcekze (52?0-529>) êreiuey hkorhkt÷ e fe Prcpfh Efcekze olrjeè plr Erihktcke, Drescf y Xruiuey. Hk hf treksgursl `hf glkofcgtl phrhgc÷ irek perth `h fls verlkhs pereiueyls.

Whiukè Iuhrre Juk`cef (5373-5308)= Efhjekce kezc gljdetc÷ glktre fls efce`ls ckgfuyhk`l fe XTWW. Wus hmãrgctls ouhrlk ekcqucfe`ls y su thrrctlrcl lgupe`l hk su tltefcè`. ^hrl fe Iuhrre Cfcjcteè kl `hdh glkouk`crsh glk hf tãrjckl Iuhrre Pltef l Kegc÷k hk Erjes. Hsth glkghptl kegh glk fe Thvlfugc÷k Orekghse. Fe Glkvhkgc÷k, jh`cekth h hff @hgrhtl `hf 47 `h Eilstl `h 5937, `cspusl fe jlvcfczegc÷k gljpfhte `h Orekgce pere rhscstcr fe rheggc÷k `h Hurlpe jlkårqucge. Hf ertêgufl prcjhrl `hf efu`c`l `hgrhtl `csplkêe. ‖@hs`h hsth jljhktl jljhktl y beste quh kuhstrls hkhjcils beyek sc`l hxpufse`ls `hf thrrctlrcl `h fe Thpýdfcge, tl`ls fls orekghshs quhèk sumhtls phrjekhkthjhkth ef shrvcgcl hk fls hmãrgctls. Fls bljdrhs m÷vhkhs `hdhk fugber, fls gese`ls bedråk `h olrmer fes erjes y treksplrter fls sujckcstrls, fes jumhrhs glkohggclkeråk tchkès y ukcolrjhs y shrvcråk hk fls blspctefhs, fls kcõls treksolrjeråk fe rlpe dfekge vchme hk vhkèmhs, fls ekgcekls shråk ffhve`ls e fes pfezes pýdfcges pere hfhver fe jlref `h fls gljdetchkths y prh`cger fe ukcè` `h fe Thpýdfcge y hf l`cl e fls rhyhs. 9

Cdc`. ^. 8??

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

45

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Fls h`cocgcls pýdfcgls shråk glkvhrtc`ls hk guerthfhs, fes pfezes pýdfcges hk oådrcges `h jukcgclkhs. Wh hktrhieråk fes erjes `h ouhil `h gefcdrh e`hgue`l e fes trlpes y fe rhteiuer`ce shrå petruffeè glk hsglphtes y erjes dfekges. Fls gedeffls hkscffe`ls shråk rhqucse`ls pere fe gedeffhrêe, fls `h tcrl, kl hjpfhe`ls h jpfhe`ls hk 2

oehkes eirêglfes, sh `hstckeråk ef errestrh `h ` h pchzes `h ertcffhrêe y gerrls `h ` h sujckcstrls‚ . Hk fe perth ockef `h su ldre, Gfeushwctz Gfeushwctz rhofhxclke= ‖Fe gleggc÷k quh `hdhjls user glktre kuhstrl hkhjcil shrå rhiufeè plr fe jeikctu` `h kuhstres hxcihkgces plfêtcges y plr fes `hf hkhjcil‚3. Jås e`hfekth eirhie= ‖Hf quh hjprhk`h fe iuhrre hs ffhve`l kuhvejhkth e uk gejckl ckthrjh`cl, hk hf guef egtýe, hk gchrte jh`cè, desåk`lsh hk hf prckgcpcl `h hjpfher s÷fl hses ouhrzes quh shek mustejhkth khghserces pere hf flirl `h su ldmhtcvl plfêtcgl y `h prlplkhrsh s÷fl hsh ldmhtcvl dãfcgl‚ 5>. Hs `hgcr, `hgcr, hxcsth uk fcjc fcjcth th jås effå `hf guef hs glktreprlùghkth epfcger jeylrhs hsouhrzls `hdc`l ef scikcocge`l `hf ldmhtcvl plfêtcgl pl fêtcgl e ldthkhr. E hstls glkofcgtls sh fh glklgh gljl Iuhrres `h Ldmhtcvls Fcjcte`l (ILF). Wck hjderil, fe ouhrze hjpfheè hk fes efu`cès, Cfcjcteè y Fcjcteè, slk tltefhs.

8.

GLKGH^PL JETRCWPE @H FE IXHTTE (Hxtregte`l,, ^rckgcpefjhkth `h ‖Fe @crhggc÷k `h fe Iuhrre‚ ` (Hxtregte`l `hf hf Ihkhref M. O. G.

Ouffhr)55.

‖Ef ciuef quh Hkihfs y Jerx, Fhkêk rhsuft÷ oesgcke`l plr fe fhgture `h fe ldre @h fe Iuhrre, `h Gfeushwctz, Gfeushwctz, kl s÷fl fe hstu`c hstu`c÷ ÷ glkgchkzuèjhkth, sckl quh rrhefcz÷ hefcz÷ hk fe jc jcsje sje ejpfces ekltegclkhs1 sudrey÷ hxthksejhkth tl`l hf gepêtufl rhohrhkth e fe Iuhrre gljl ckstrujhktl `h fe ^lfêtcge‚. ^lfêtcge‚. E glktckuegc÷k, slk treksgrctls treksgrctls efiukls phksejchktls `h Fhkêk sldrh fe fe iuhrre. Thorcãk`lsh e fe fe `hockcgc÷k `h Gfeushwctz sldrh fe iuhrre hsgrcdh= ‖Hste oejlse `hockcgc÷k phrthkhgh e ukl `h fls jås prlouk`ls hsgrctlrhs sldrh guhstclkhs jcfcterhs, Gfeushwctz. Fls jerxcstes, eghrteèjhkth bek glksc`hre`l schjprh hsth exclje gljl hf oukèjhktl th÷rcgl `h su gljprhksc÷k `hf scikcocge`l `h geè iuhrre. Hf gerågthr `h fe iuhrre vchkh `hthrjcke`l plr fe plfêtcge `h fe quh hs glktckue`lre, plr fe gfesh slgcef quh ffhve e gedl fe iuhrre y plr ffls ls ldmhtcvls plr ffls ls quh sh begh hst hste e ýftcje‚. ýftcje‚. Fe cksurrhggc÷k erjeè, glkstctuyh uke olrje hsphgcef `h fe fugbe plfêtcge... Thgbezejls tlè jlrefcè` `hrcveè `h glkghptls ckbujekls y ektcgfescstes. Eocrjejls quh sh trete `h uk hkieõl, `h uk oreu`h rhefcze`l hk dhkhocgcl `h fls thrrethkchkths y fls gepctefcstes. Eocrjejls quh kuhstre jlrefcè` hstå tltefjhkth sudlr`ckeè e fls ckthrhsh `h fe fugbe `h gfeshs `hf prlfhterce`l. 2 3

Ihkhref Mlbk O. G. Ouffhr, Fe @crhggc÷k `h fe Iuhrre. (Derghflke, Fucs `h Gereft, 53?8), p. 4?

5> Gfeushwctz,

lp. Gct., p. 800. Cdc`. Ouffhr, lp. gct., p. 525

55

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

44

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> @hgcjls quh jlrefcè` hs equhffl quh scrvh pere `hstrucr fe vchme slgchè` hxpflte`lre y pere ukcr e tl`ls fls tredeme`lrhs hk tlrkl ef prlfhterce`l, quh hstå grhek`l uke kuhve slgchè` gljukcste ... Kl grhhjls hk uke jlrefcè` `cvcke. Kl vcvcjls jhrejhkth hk uk Hste`l, sckl hk uk scsthje `h Hste`ls y kl gedh phkser hk fe hxcsthkgce plr jugbl tchjpl `h fe Thpýdfcge Wlvcãtcge ef fe`l `h fls Hste`ls cjphrcefcstes. Xklglfcsclkhs u ltrls `hdhk ef ockefWlvcãtcge y, ekthsy`h hstl ffhiuh, shrå ckhvctedfh uke shrch `h thrrcdfhs hktrh trcukoer fe Thpýdfcge Th pýdfcge flsquh Hste`ls duriuhshs‚. duriuhshs‚. Fe `lgtrcke gljukcste kl glksc`hre, hk kckiýk esphgtl, fe iuhrre y fe pez gljl ohk÷jhkl ck`hphk`chkths, sckl quh fe fugbe hs phrjekhkth. Fe puike slfl thrjcke guek`l hf gepctefcsjl she epfeste`l. Xk phksejchktl jerxcste fhkckcste, perl`cek`l e Gfeushwctz, hxprhse. Wc fe iuhrre hs fe glktckuegc÷k `h fe plfêtcge plr ltrls jh`cls, `hf jcsjl jl`l tejdcãk fe pez hs fe glktckuegc÷k `h fe fugbe plr ltrls jh`cls. êre gljpfhjhkter hsth sljhrl `hfckhejchktl `hf phksejchktl jerxcste sldrh fe iuhrre, sh eirhiek efiukes c`hes eplrteès plr Iest÷k Dlutbluf. ‖Kls hkglktrejls prcjhrejhkth glk fe c`he oukèjhktef quh ouh fe desh `h fe prh`cggc÷k `h Ireggbus Dedlhuo. Be bedc`l ýkcgejhkth uke iuhrre hthrke= Fe `h fls pldrhs glktre fls rcgls. Whrå schjprh fe fugbe phrjekhkth `h gfeshs. gfeshs. Xke shiukè plscgc÷k plscgc÷k `hf jerxcsjl glk rh rhsphgtl sphgtl e ffes es iuh iuhrres rres hs fe e`lpgc÷k `h fe thscs `h fe iuhrre `h ef `cvhrsc÷k, glk`hfe gfeshs, klgc÷k vlfthrceke `h hkieõl. Fesjequcevãfcge gfeshs `crcihkths `hsvêek puhdfl gljdckeè `h fe fugbe suicrcãk`lfh ukes pesclkhs kegclkefhs l rhfciclses. Hk equhf tchjpl, fe hsguhfe `h jer hre ...ckthrkegclkefcste y ektcjcfctercste‚54. Fls pertc`ls slgcefcstes hk hf pl`hr sh bek jlstre`l (y hstl kl glkstctuyh uke grêtcge sckl uke scjpfh gljprldegc÷k bcst÷rcge) tek eptls gljl fls rhyhs, fls pepes, fls irek`hs gepctefcstes l hf Gljhkè`lr `h fls Grhyhkths pere glkùgcr uke iuhrre. i uhrre. Hk kuhstrls `êes sh glkgcdh phrohgtejhkth dchk glkofcgtls erje`ls hktrh Hste`ls ciuefjhkth slgcefcstes‚57. @hspuãs `h 53?>, fe Xkc÷k Wlvcãtcge, beste su `hsepercgc÷k, y fe Thpýdfcge ^lpufer Gbcke slstuvchrlk eirces `csputes ` csputes plr prldfhjes orlkthrczls y jltcvls c`hlf÷icgls.

54

Dlutbluf, Fe Iuhrre, p. 4? Dlutbluf, Fes Iuhrres. ^. 523.

57

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

47

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> G

^CPXFL C_

JÃPL@LW @H FE GLKGH^GC×K, ^THÊTEGC×K S GLK@XGGC×K @H FE IXHTTE 5.

IHKHTEFC@E@HW 5.5

CKPTL@XGGC×K

êre edlrèr hf hstu`cl scsthjetcze`l `h fe iuhrre `hs`h hf puktl `h vcste plfêtcgl ‗ ‗ hstretãicgl, sh khghscte uk jãtl`l th÷rcgl e`hgue`l. Hsth rhquhrcjchktl sh vh oegcfcte`l plr fe ckthfcihkgce `hf shr bujekl. ûhs, e phser quh fe iuhrre hs uk egtl `lk`h cjphre fe vclfhkgce fhtef y eperhkthjhkth crregclkef, hf bljdrh hstå olrze`l e hjpfher hf pl`hr `h su ckthfhgtl pere vhkghr y sldrhvcvcr. Hk ffe e bcstlrce quhèk rhic rhicstre`ls stre`ls fls `hsthff `hsthffls ls `hf ckihkcl `h fls vhkgh`lrhs y fls `hsegchrtls gljhtc`ls plr fls `hrrlte`ls. Gfeushwctz jekcochste sldrh hf thje= ‖Fls ‖Fls hmhjpfls bcst÷rcgls egferek tlès fes glses y prlplrgclkek, e`hjås, hf tcpl `h pruhde jås glkvckghkth hk fls `ljckcls hjpêrcgls hjpêrcgls `hf glklgcjchktl. Hstl rhze pere hf erth erth `h iuhrreth÷rcgls= jås quh‖^hrl pere rere guefquchr ltrl‚. ^ hrl hkshiucè ^hrl e`vchrth fls hxghsls ckgurrc`ls hxghsls plrfegchrtls vhz fls hsgrctlrhs th÷rcgls beghk uslsldrh e`hgue`l `h fls ckgurrc`ls hmhjpfls bcst÷rcgls. Fe olrje hk quh fls utcfczek, hk su jeylrêe, jås dchk hstå gefgufe`l kl s÷fl pere `hmer `hsglkthkte e fe ckthfcihkgce, sckl tejdcãk pere lohk`hrfe. Hk glkshguhkgce, grhhjls quh hs cjplrtekth glksc`hrer glksc`hrer hk hsphgcef hf usl glrrhgtl y hf edusl `h ffls ls hmhjpfls‚ 5. Hs `hgcr, rhgljchkè quh hf jãtl`l bcst÷rcgl e utcfczer she hf e`hgue`l.

5.4.

GEJ^L @H EGGC×K @HF HWPTEPHIL

Hf åjdctl plfêtcgl ‗ plfêtcgl ‗ hstretãicgl hstretãicgl hstå sljhtc`l e uke vhrtcicklse y phrscsthkth hvlfugc÷k. Pl`l gejdce glk hxtrelr`ckerce repc`hz. ^lr hmhjpfl, hf lr`hk ckthrkegclkef cjpuhstl `hspuãs `h fe Whiukè Iuhrre Juk`cef sh hkguhktre crrhglklgcdfh. Fls Guetrl Irek`hs hståk rhùgc`ls e ukl. Fes plthkgces vhkgcès ilzek `h uke prlsphrcè` hkvc`ceè plr fls trcukoe`lrhs. Fls hx -`hspuãs setãfcths`hhurlphls `hf `h `hf Arhjfck prhthk`hk cckirhser kirhser tltefcterces e fe LPEK.`hHfglrth Cjphrcl Tusl sh sh dethk `csuhfvh lkgh scifls hxpeksc÷k. Fes c`hlfliêes slgcefcste hk rhtcreè plr geuse `h su ckhocgegce y `hsprhstcicl. Hf phrohggclkejchktl `h fls jh`cls `h `cousc÷k slgcef, hk pertcgufer fe thfhvcsc÷k, beghk ` `h h fe prlpeiekè uke oolrjcèdfh lrjcèdfh bhrrejchkte pscglf÷icge. Fls scsthjes `h erjes hxphrc hxphrcjhktek jhktek eprhsure`ls evekghs plr hf `hserrlffl `h kuhves thgklfliêe eohgtek`l e fls prlgh`cjchktls hstretãicgls y fes gchkgces jcfcterhs hk ihkhref. Fls glstls `h fls hqucpls dãfcgls eujhktek `h jekhre hxplkhkgcef efthrek`l fes gepegcè`hs `h fls peêshs pere slsthkhr uk glkofcgtl. Fes erjes prlyhgteès plr fe Ckcgcetcve `h @hohkse Hst Hstretãicge retãicge perhgh perhghk k ckve`cr århes rhshr rhshrveès veès e fe gc gchkgce hkgce ‗ ‗   ocggc÷k. Fl ýkcgl glkstekth hk hf gejpl hstretãicgl rhsc`h hk fe vercedcfcè` `hf jh`cl `lk`h egtýe y fls jh`cls hjpfhe`ls. Ihkhref Dhuorh crlkcze eocrjek`l eocrjek`l quh hf glkùgtlr jcfcter= ‖Hs sh shjhmekth jhmekth e uk gcrumekl quh `hdhrêe lphrer e uk u k hkohrjl quh sh beffe hk hste`l `h glkstekth y hxtrhjeèjhkth råpc`l 5

Gfeushwctz, pl. Gct., 557

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

40

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> grhgcjchktl, hffl sck hster shiurl `h su tlplireoêe eket÷jcge, hk uke jhse `h lphregclkhs hk phrphtul jlvcjchktl y glk uk ckstrujhktl quh budchre thkc`l quh hkgerier plr fl jhkls gckgl eõls ekths‚4. E fl ekthrclr sh `hdh eirhier ef eghfhre`l `hsiesth y lxcègc÷k lxcègc÷k `hf susl`cgbl ckstrujhktl quh budchre thkc`l quh hkgerier plr fl jhkls jh kls gckgl eõls ekths‚ 7. E fl ekthrclr sh `hdh eirhier hf eghfhre`l `hsiesth y lx lxcègc÷k cègc÷k `hf susl`cgbl cckstrujhktl kstrujhktl plr hf usl. E hsth gljpfhml peklreje sh suje fl ldshrve`l plr Gfeushwctz= ‖Kckiuke egtcvcè` 0 bujeke tchkh glktegtl jås ukcvhrsef glkstekth glk ezer quhpephf fe iuhrre. ezer, muktejhkth glk fl eggc`hktef y fe duhke suhrth, y`hshjphõek esêhfuk irek hk feHfiuhrre‚ . Hk ltrl egåpcth prlouk`cze= ‖_hjls plr fl tektl quh, `hs`h hf prckgcpcl, fe oegufte` edslfute l th÷rcge gljl sh fe ffeje, kl hkguhktre hk perth efiuke desh shiure hk fls gåfgufls `hf erth `h fe iuhrre. @hs`h hf gljchkzl hxcsth uk muhil `h plsc plscdcfcè`hs dcfcè`hs y `h prldedcfcè`hs, `h duhke y `h jef suhrth, quh eperhgh hk tl`ls fls bcfls, bcfls, irek`hs l phquhõls `h su treje y begh quh `h tlès fes rejes `h fe egtcvcè` bujeke, she fe iuhrre fe quh jås sh eshjhmh e uk muhil `h kecphs‚.   kecphs‚.

^lr ýftcjl, pere hjdrlffer eýk jås fe ye glkouse phrsphgtcve `hf hstrethil, sh begh khghsercl glksc`hrer ef kcvhf. Hsth hs uk shr bujekl ckthfcihkth, glk vlfukte` y fcdrh efdh`rêl pere tljer sus rhslfugclkhs plfêtcgl ‗ ‗ jcfcterhs. jcfcterhs. ^lr glksciuchkth, glk hf prlp÷sctl `h prh`hgcr sus eggclkhs sh `hdh glkter glk prlgh`cjchktls eprlpce`ls dese`ls hk uke thlrêe regclkef e`hgueè.

4.

@HWGTC^GC×K @H FLW JÃPL@LW @CW^LKCDFHW 4.5.

HJ^ÊTCGL

Fh `hsglklgh tl`l oukèjhktl gchktêocgl e fe iuhrre y fe glkgcdh gljl uke egtcvcè` hshkgcefjhkth hjpêrcge. Fe escjcfe e uk ‖locgcl‚ hk hf guef hs plscdfh glkvhrtcrsh hk ‖jehstrl‚ s÷fl plr jh`cl `h uke ckthkse prågtcge. ^lr glksciuchkth, glksc iuchkth, sh begh cjprhsgck`cdfh hmhguter glktckuls hkseyls glk fls jh`cls `csplkcdfhs. @hktrl `h hste jcsje hsguhfe hståk quchkhs, bedchk`l pertcgcpe`l hk hf ýftcjl glkofcgtl, sh eplyek, hk olrje hxgfuscve, hk su prlpce hxphrchkgce dãfcge. ^lr `hsiregce, hste glkghpgc÷k scikcocge prhperersh pere fe glktchkè ye peseè y egerrhe oukhstls rhsufte`ls. Escjcsjl, gehk hk hf hjpcrcsjl quchkhs, glk uk hxeihre`l grcthrcl tãgkcgl, desek sus hsphrekzes `h ãxctl ýkcgejhkth plr jh`cl `hf rhk`cjchktl `hf jethrcef. ^lr fl ihkhref glkoêek hk uk erje pertcgufer. Fe jerevcfflse.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls CC Iuhrre Juk`cef= e) d)

Fe oflte Ctefceke thkêe gljl ukcè` gepctef hf eglreze`l. Gerhgêe `h plrteevclkhs y evcegc÷k lriåkcge. Fls efce`ls `chrlk uk hxeihre`l grã`ctl ef dljder`hl hstretãicgl.

4 7 Ihkhref 0

Ek`rã Cktrlùggc÷k e fe Hstrethice (Duhkls Ecrhs= Tclpfethksh, 5399), p. 04 Gfeushwctz, lp. Dheuorh, Gct., p. 45 Cdc`., p. 44

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

48

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5>

4.4.

THEFCWPE L @H@XGPC_L

Wh oukèjhkte hk hf rezlkejchktl `hùgtcvl. Hjpfhe hf scflicsjl, hs `hgcr uk eriujhktl quh glkste `h trhs prlplscgclkhs, fe ýftcje `h fes guefhs sh `hùgh khghsercejhkth `h fes ltres `ls. Glkste `h uke prhjcse jeylr, uk prhjcse jhklr y fe glkgfusc÷k `hùgcè. Hmhjpfl= ^rhjcse jeylr= Fe suje `h fls åkiufls cckthrclrhs kthrclrhs `h guefquchr trcåkiufl pfekl hs 52>¾ ^rhjcse jhklr= Hk uk trc trcåkiufl åkiufl è`l, fe suje `h `ls `h sus åkiufls hs 5 57>¾ 7>¾ Glkgfusc÷k=

Phrghr åkiufl `hf trcåkiufl è`l jc`h 8>¾

Ef hjpfher h jpfher hsth jãtl`l, bey quh shr ju juyy gu gucè`lsl cè`lsl hk hf h hkukgce`l kukgce`l `h fes p prhjcses, rhjcses, puhs sck uke `h hffes hs hrr÷khe, fe glkgfusc÷k `hùgcè khghsercejhkth hs oefse.

Hmhjpfl= ^rhjcse jeylr=

Hk fe iuhrre, hf prckgcpcl `h ffe e slrprhse hs oukèjhktef pere hf ãxctl.

^rhjcse jhklr=

Efhjekce epfcg÷ eghrteèjhkth fe slrprhse hk fe Whiukè Iuhrre Juk`cef glktre fe XTWW.

Glkgfusc÷k=

Efhjekce tuvl ãxctl hk su iuhrre glktre fe XTWW.

Hf Gljekèkth W. @êez D. Ejpfêe fe c`he sldrh fe glrrhgte epfcgegc÷k `h hsth jãtl`l= ‖Wh dese hk olrje gesc hxgfuscve hk hf hxejhk ekefêtcgl `h fe rhefcè` prhshkth, gcrgukstekgce plfêtcges, `h fes glk`cgclkhs ihliråocges y hstretãicges, `h fls ckthrhshs `h fls dhfcihrekths prldedfhs y `h fes ouhrzes ektei÷kcges. @h hsth hxejhk `hùgh fes plscdcfcè`hs `h eggclkhs lohkscves y `hohkscves1 `hspuãs, glk prlghsl f÷icgl, begchk`l gblger c`hefjhkth e fls pertc`ls, trete `h `hsgudrcr fes glk`cgclkhs `h hqucfcdrcl l fes prhplk`hrekgce, y hstedfhgh, hk glkshguhkgce kl s÷fl fes khghscè`hs `h fe prhperegc÷k y `hfe lriekczegc÷k, sckl tejdcãk fes jhmlrhs lplrtukcè`hs `h eggc÷k‚ 8. Wck hjderil, e`hjås `h fes prhjcses hrreès, hsth jãtl`l puh`h glkùgcr e fe rcic`hz `hf phksejchktl, e fe scjpfh dusge `h ekefliêes l gehr hk slfugclkhs th÷rcges `cvlrgceès `h fe rhefcè`.

4.7.

GCHKPÊOCGL

Hxcsthk `ls vercegclkhs rhohrhkths e hsth prlgh`cjchktl. Xke `h hffes ckthkte èr slfugc÷k ef prldfhje dãfcgl glk fe utcfczegc÷k `h gljpfhmes thlrêes jethjåtcges h ckthksl hjpfhl `h fes gljpute`lres. Fe ltre dusge klrjes l fh ltlrie e fls prckgcpcls geregthrêstcges 8

Gepctåk `h Kevêl, Wektceil @êez Duzhte. Hstrethice Kevef. (_efpereêsl= Cjp. @h fe Erjeè, 539>), p. 03

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

4?

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> `h fhyhs ckoefcdfhs quh ãstls kl plshhk. Ejdls ssh h hkguhktrek hk glktre`cggc÷k glk fe ckgchrte y ezerlse keturefhze `h fe iuhrre.

4.0

BCWP×TCGL-GLKPCKIHKPH Eocrje quh hf Mhoh Jcfcter `csplkh `h fe b bcstlrce cstlrce gljl ouhkth `h hxphrchkgce ck`crhgte hk

? su prhperegc÷k pere fe iuhrre Orekgcsgl Hkgcke ldshrve= ‖êre gefgufer hf plrvhkcr bey quh jcrer hf pese`l‚ . ^lr glksciuchkth, perhgh f÷icgl e prcjhre vcste, hxcicr ef hstrethil fe jhjlrczegc÷k, hk olrje hxegte, `hf jeylr kýjhrl `h eggc eggclkhs lkhs iuhrrhres hxctlses y su ckthrclrczegc÷k hk `hteffh, `h fe glkùggc÷k hmhrgcè plr fls irek`hs gepctekhs. Glk hffl hf mhoh ldtchkh uk hklrjh kýjhrl `h jl`hfls pere epfcgerfls ochfjhkth guek`l gue k`l sh prhshkth fe lgesc÷k. Wck hjderil, hsth prlgh`cjchktl hk hf olk`l, sh rhùgh e fe durè cjctegc÷k l pfeicl `h bhgbls bcst÷rcgls sck hvefuegc÷k kc `csgrcjckegc÷k. Wh lfvcè quh kl hxcsthk iuhrres kc gcrgukstekgces hstretãicges ciuefhs. ^lr glksciuchkth sh rhphtcgc÷k hs cjplscdfh. Hste jlèfcè` rhgcdh fe `hkljckegc÷k `h jãtl`ls bcst÷rcgls glktckihkth. Wu ldshrvekgce hs uke ckvctegc÷k ef `hsestrh. Thofhme uke hvc`hkth hvc`hkth oefte `h cjeickegc÷k h ckgepegcè` grhe`lre `hf jek`l. ^lr ýftcjl, `hsglklgh quh fe iuhrre hs hk perth uk erth rhqucrchk`l fe eggc÷k phrslkef `hf fê`hr.

Fls hrrlrhs gljhtc`ls plr fe epfcgegc÷k `hf jãtl`l bcst÷rcgl-glktckihkth bek sc`l orhguhkths y glkstekths. Fls rhsufte`ls ouhrlk khoestls y egerrherlk fe `hrrlte, kl hster prhpere`ls flireès. pere fe iuhrre l rhefczer hsouhrzls `hsprlplrgclke`ls hk rhfegc÷k e fes jhtes

4.8

BCWP×TCGL - CK@XGPC_L

Wh oukè hk hf glkgchkzu`l hstu`cl ekefêtcgl `h fe bcstlrce. @h hste rhvcsc÷k sh hxtrehk gchrtes klrjes guye epfcgegc÷k hk fe iuhrre egerrhe hvc`hkths hohgtls plsctcvls. Wu utcfczegc÷k glktrcduyh ef trcukol `hf usuercl jchktres su ljcsc÷k glkgurrh e fe `hrrlte `hf ckoregtlr. @cgbls prhghptls jektchkhk su veflr hk olrje ckefthredfh e trevãs `h fls tchjpls, e phser `h fe cktrlùggc÷k `h kuhves erjes y prlgh`cjchktls. Hk ltres pefedres, sh ekefcze uk bhgbl iuhrrhrl hk pertcgufer, sh ck`cvcùefczek fes c`hes `crhgt `crhgtrcghs rcghs dåscges quh drckèk drckèk fe vcgtlrce y fuhil sh vhrcocge su vefc`hz glkmuiåk`lfes glk tlè fe bcstlrce. Wh ve `h fl pertcgufer e fl ihkhref. Hf gljekèkth @êez eglte= ‖Fe c`he quh be thkc`l ãxctl geè vhz quh be sc`l epfcgeè hk hf glrrhr `h fls scifls, hs hvc`hkthjhkth uke rhefcè` jugbl jås cjplrtekth quh gchrtls bhgbls pesemhrls, hs, jås dchk, uke klrje phrjekhkth, schjprh mlvhk y ohgukè y ffhke `h hkhriêe vcgtlrclse‚. vcgtlrclse‚. ‖Hs plr hsl cjplrtekth ffhier hxegte y gferejhkth ef glklgcjchktl `h fes c`hes quh tuvchrlk jås ãxctl quh ltres, glk hf ock `h ldthkhr gljl glkshguhkgces, `hspuãs `h uk ethktl hxejhk grêtcgl `hf glkmuktl, fls glkghptls `crhgtcvls jås shiurls pere fe eggc÷k, hs `hgcr, fls ^rckgcpcls `h fe Iuhrre, guyl hstu`cl edlrèrhjls jås e`hfekth‚ 9.

7.

? 9

HMHJ^FLW BCWP×TCGLW WLDTH HTTLTHW GLKPCKIHK GLKPCKIHKPHW PHW

Orekgcsgl E. Hkgcje. Kuhstre ckohrclrcè` hglk÷jcge. (Wektceil= Xkcvhrscterce, Xkcvhrscterce, 5394), p. 97 @êez, lp. Gct., p. 03

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

49

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Fe sljhre rhvcsc÷k `h fe iuhrre hk hf jer, `hs`h jh`ce`ls `hf scifl pese`l, tchkh plr ldmhtl eprhgcer su hvlfugc÷k y fls orhguhkths orhguh kths hrrlrhs glktckihkths gljhtc`ls.

7.5.

IXHTTE @H GTCJHE (5287 ‗ 528?) Xke glefcgc÷k orekgl ‗ orekgl ‗ drctåkcgl drctåkcgl ‗ ‗ ltljeke ltljeke hkorhkt÷ e Tusce glk hf prlp÷sctl `h

orustre su prhthksc÷k `h lguper fls @erèkhfls, hf vchml suhõl zercste. @hs`h su ckirhsl ef jer Khirl, fe oflte efceè ilz÷ `h uk crrhoutedfh glktrlf `hf jer. Fl hxpflt÷ ckve`chk`l ckve`chk`l y ecsfek`l fe phkêksufe `h Grcjhe. Wck hjderil, tuvl `hsestrlses hxphrchkgces ef treter `h `hstrucr olrtefhzes thrrhstrhs plr jh`cl `hf ouhil kevef. Wus ukcè`hs `h fêkhe, `h gesgl `h je`hre y hk su irek jeylrêe vhfhrls, ouhrlk rhgbeze`ls glk shvhrls èõls hk hf dljder`hl kevef glktre Whdestlplf y sus `hohkses glsthr glsthres. es. Ekth fls oregesls, Keplfh÷k CCCC lr`hk÷ fe glkstruggc÷k `h gckgl dethrêes ofltekths eglrezeès. Hrek plktlkhs `h je`hre guye ldre juhrte, hk olrje `h geme rhgtekiufer, sh fh rhvcstc÷, tektl hf glste`l gljl gudchrte, glk pfekgbes `h ochrrl `h 55> jj. `h hsphslr. Hxbcdêek fes sciuchkths geregthrêstcges prckgcpefhs= @hspfezejchktl 5.?85 t., glk uke bãfcgh y vhflgcè` 0 ku`ls. Wu erjejhktl glkscstêe hk 5? geõlkhs `h 8> y 4 `h 54 fcdres. Hf 59 `h Lgtudrh `h 5288, fes dethrêes eglrezeès sh efckherlk orhkth e fe olrtefhze Ackduj y fe `hstruyhrlk hk jhkls `h guetrl blres. Ef `êe sciuchkth, hf Ouhrth Kcalfechv glrrc÷ fe jcsje suhrth. Hstes eggclkhs ockcqucterlk hf glkofcgtl. ^lr prcjhre vhz, hk feril tchjpl, hf duquh trcukoede ekth ouhrths glsthrls hmhrgchk`l uke trhjhkè cjprhsc÷k hk fls gêrgufls kevefhs. Gljl rhsufte`l `h hste hxphrchkgce, fe glreze sh prlpei÷ hk olrje glktckihkth. Fes irek`hs erjeès `h fe ãplge sh eprhsurerlk e plkhr hk ireès eglreze`ls y dfckèr hf rhstl `h sus ukcè`hs `h je`hre hk shrvcgcl. Hk hf `cshõl `h kujhrlses ukcè`hs sh phr`c÷ `h vcste uke `h fes jcsclkhs dåscges `hf pl`hr kevef= Hf glktrlf `h fes gljukcgegclkhs jerêtcjes. Hf phsl `h fes iruhses pfekgbes `h ochrrl eohgt÷ fe hstedcfcè` y glk`cgclkhs jerckhres `h fes kevhs pere lphrer hk efte jer y verces erjeès sh treksolrjerlk hk iuerèglstes. E`hjås `h fe ihkhrefczegc÷k `h fe glreze, fe Iuh Iuhrre rre `h Grcjhe cktrlùml hk fes ofltes fe irekeè hxpflscve, fe jåqucke e veplr y fe bãfcgh.

7.4. IXHTTE @H FE WHGHWC×K (52?5-52?8) Hk fe Iuhrre Gcvcf Klrthejhrcgeke, irek perth `h fe erjeè e`bcrc÷ ef dek`l oh`href l klr`cste. Ckcgceès fes blstcfcè`hs, hf jek`l oh`href cjpusl hf dflquhl `h fls puhrtls glkoh`hre`ls l shperetcstes. Fes ukcè`hs kevefhs `csplkcdfhs hrek duquhs `h je`hre, phrl hk su jeylrêe glk prlpufsc÷k e veplr. Ejdls rcvefhs glkstruyhrlk duquhs dfckè`ls. Hf gljdeth `h Bejptlk Tle`s, hktrh hf "_crickce", su`cste, y hf "Jlkctlr", klr`cste, glkstctuy÷ hf prcjhr hkguhktrl hktrh eglreze`ls. Hf ùhfl e geõlkezls sh rhefcz÷, ùrekth blres, e `cstekgces jêkcjes sck prlvlgersh èõls. Fuhil hf "_crickce" ckthkt÷ hsplflkher ckorugtulsejhkth e su hkhjcil, phrl hsth fh suphrede hk eicfcè`. Escjcsjl, hf jeylr gefe`l `hf "_crickce" fh rhstrckiêe lphrer hk eiues sljhres `lk`h sh udcg÷ hf "Jlkctlr". THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

42

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Hf gblquh hktrh fls dfckè`ls ouh ck`hgcsl. Ejdls rhtlrkerlk e sus deshs y kl vlfvchrlk e fugber. Hk hf treksgursl `hf eõl 52?4, hf "_crickce" thrjck÷ schk`l vlfe`l guek`l fls glkoh`hre`ls hveguerlk Klrolca y hf "Jlkctlr" keuorei÷ hk uk jef tchjpl orhkth e fe glste `h `h Gerlfcke. Hf gljdeth `h Bejptlk Tle` prlùml glkjlgc÷k h ckofuy÷ hk fe glkolrjegc÷k `hf pl`hr kevef, sumhtl e prloukès jl`cocgegclkhs pere eèpterfl e fe Hre Ckùstrcef. Glkseir÷ hf hjpfhl `h fe tlrrhh icretlrce eflmer fe ertcffhrêe. Wh fh glkgh`c÷ hxghscve cjplrtekgce ef hsplf÷k cjpufs÷ edfckèè `cvhrses pere erjeès rhprlùgcr hf "Jlkctlr". Fe e`lpgc÷k glktckihkth hste gfesh `h duquh egerrh÷ èõckes glkshguhkgces hk hsphgcef pere Hste`ls Xkc`ls. ^lr tchjpl prlflkie`l, gesc beste ockhs `h scifl RCR, su erjeè s÷fl hstede gepegcteè pere fe `hohkse `h glste sck plscdcfcè` `h glktrlfer hf jer. Hk 52?2, ^hrý e`qucrc÷ e Klrthejãrcge hf "Geterude" y hf "Lkhlte" `h fe "Geklkcgus". Hstes ukcè`hs, juy scjcferhs ef "Jlkctlr" lrcickef, pertcgcperlk hk fe Iuhrre `hf êgêocgl glk fls fls kljdrhs "Etebuefpe" y "Jekgl Gepeg". Ejdls, hk ffe e prågtcge, kl irevct irevcterlk erlk hk hf treksgursl `hf glkofcgtl. glk ofcgtl.

7.7. IXHTTE EXWPTL-CPEFCEKE (52??) Ef hsteffer fe iuhrre hktrh ^rusce y hf Cjphrcl Eustrce-Bukirêe, Ctefce vcl fe lplrtukcè` pere ckthirer ef crrh`hktl _hkhtl hk pl`hr `h _chke. @hgfer÷ ckcgceès fes blstcfcè`hs hf 4> `h Mukcl. Hf 40, su hmãrgctl suorc÷ uke glktuk`hkth `hrrlte hk Gustlzze. êre gljphkser hf `hsestrh rhquhrêe uk trcukol hk hf jer. Hf Efjcrekth ctefcekl ^hrsekl, prhsclke`l plr hf Thy, rhslfvc÷ lguper fe csfe Fcsse. @urekth `ls `êes rhefcz÷ uk dljder`hl kevef pere `hstrucr fes `hohkses `hf hkhjcil, pere fl guef `cvc`c÷ sus ouhrzes. Ef thrghr `êe, pfekh÷ beghr hf `hshjdergl ekocdcl phr`chk`l su fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k. ^hlr eýk, ljctc÷ jekthkhr uk `csplsctcvl `h shiurcè` `hstcke`l e `hthgter fe eprlxcjegc÷k `h fe Hsgue`re eustrcege. Hk hstes gcrgukstekgces eperhgc÷ slrprhscvejhkth fe oflte hkhjcie. Hk Fcsse, hf Efjcrekth ^hrsekl `csplkêe `h 55 kevhs eglrezeès glk uk `hspfezejchktl `h 09 jcf t., jås 45 ukcè`hs `h je`hre glk ltres 47 jcf t. Fe ertcffhrêe glktede glk ?98 geõlkhs `h fls guefhs 7>0 hrek `h iruhsl gefcdrh y hstrce`ls. Jchktres Phihttbloo, su glktrckgekth, thkêe 9 dfckè`ls `hspfezek`l 49 jcf t. y 4> duquhs `h je`hre glk 4> jcf t. Jlktedek 849 geõlkhs, phrl ýkcgejhkth 559 reye`ls y `h irek gefcdrh. Hf Efjcrekth eustrcegl, ekth su jekcochste ckohrclrcè`, kl pl`êe eghpter uk hkguhktrl ertcffhrl hk Hkhe `h ocfe. ^lr glksciuchkth, e`lpt÷ uke olrjegc÷k hk guõe lrchkteè e hxpflter hf hsplf÷k. Wu c`he `h jekcldre ouh oegcfcteè plr hf Efjcrekth ctefcekl. Hsth tretede `h glkghktrersh y olrjer uke fêkhe `h ocfe glk ckthkgclkhs `h glrter fe prle e fe guõe eustrcege. Guek`l fe fêkhe `h deteffe ctefceke hstede gesc olrjeè, ^hrsekl lr`hk÷ `hthkhr hf duquh `lk`h sh beffede hjderge`l. Wu prlp÷sctl hre treksdlrèrsh ef "Eoolkètlrh". Hsth `hsetcke`l jlvcjchktl eujhkt÷ hf `hslr`hk y glkousc÷k hk fe ye trestlrkeè fêkhe ctefceke. E glktckuegc÷k sh hstegclk÷ e slteouhil glk hf prlp÷sctl `h glktrlfer, sck sldrhseftls, hf peklreje `hf hkguhktrl.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

43

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Fls eglreze`ls eustrcegls etrevhserlk hk dflquh fe edchrte bcfhre `h su e`vhrsercl, detchk`l plr pergcefcè`hs e fls `cvc`c`ls ctefcekls. Buk`chrlk e `ls dfckè`ls, ukl jh`cekth uk hsplflkezl y ltrl vlf÷ plr geuse `h uk ckghk`cl ckglktrlfedfh. Phihttbloo orustr÷ fe lphregc÷k ekocdce y su rcvef edek`lk÷ hf gejpl `h deteffe. Fls ekefcstes `h fe ãplge etrcduyhrlk hf trcukol e fe olrjegc÷k hk guõe y ef hsplf÷k. Glkgfusc÷k glktckihkth quh kl tlj÷ hk guhkte fls hrrlrhs y ljcsclkhs gljhtcès plr hf mhoh ctefcekl.

7.0. IXHTTE TXWL-ME^LKHWE (53>0 - 53>8) Hsth glkofcgtl tuvl gljl hsghkercl Glrhe, `csputeè plr Tusce y Mep÷k. Fe suhrth `h fes lphregclkhs thrrhstrhs hstede fcieè ef glktrlf `hf jer y Mep÷k fl `csorut÷ `hs`h hf ckcgcl `h fes blstcfcè`hs. Khutrefcz÷ fe Hsgue`re zercste `hf êgêocgl glk ekthrclrcè` e fe `hgferegc÷k olrjef `h fe iuhrre. Jås ter`h, ãste ouh ekcqucfeè hk glkmuktl glk fe gepture `h su desh ûhrtl Erturl. Hk tektl, `cvhrses ouhrzes kevefhs k evefhs ruses `hf Dåftcgl sh eprlxcjedek ef thetrl the trl `h lphregclkhs `cstekth 4> jcf jcffes. Hf Efjcrekth Tlz`hstsvhksay lsthktede hf jek`l hk mhoh `h fe Whiukè Hsgue`re `hf êgêocgl.

Fe jcsc÷k rhgcdcè plr Tlz`hstsvhksay fh lr`hkede= "Glkqucstek`l fe suprhjegêe `hf jer glrter ef hkhjcil sus gljukcgegclkhs glk hf Mep÷k". ^hrl glk fe pãr`cè `h fe plscgc÷k ûhrtl Erturl, fe ýkcge `csplkcdfh hre _fe`cvlstla sctueè hk hf jer `hf Mep÷k. ^lr glksciuchkth, tlès sus rutes glkùgêek e uk ckhvctedfh hkorhktejchktl glk fe oflte kcplke. Hf Efjcrekth rusl `hgc`c÷ olrzer hf hstrhgbl `h Psusbcje y hf hkguhktrl sh prlùml hf 49 `h Jeyl `h 53>8 Fes ouhrzes lplkhkths, hk hf pephf, hstedek jås l jhkls hqucfcdreès, geè uke glktede glk uke fêkhe `h deteffe `h `lgh eglreze`ls l scjcferhs. ^hrl fe Hsgue`re ruse thkce sus olk`ls sugcls plr jås `h schth jhshs `h kevhiegc÷k, fe jequckerce hk jef hste`l `h glkshrvegc÷k, hf hktrhkejchktl ertcffhrl `hocgchkth plr oefte `h jukcgc÷k, fls peõlfhs y ltrls hspegcls ethste`ls glk rhpuhstls y glksujls, fe fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k glerteè plr fls treksplrths y duquhs teffhrhs, htg. Hf Efjcrekth Bhcbegbcrl Plil, glk lgbl eõls `h jek`l lphretcvl hk hf århe y vhkgh`lr `h fe ^rcjhre Hsgue`re `hf êgêocgl, bedêe rhpere`l fes evhrêes `h fe gejpeõe ekthrclr prlsciuchk`l glk su efcstejchktl pere hf pr÷xcjl gljdeth. Hk hf hkguhktrl ekcqucf÷ e fe oflte ruse, jekcldrek`l y `csperek`l gljl hk uk hmhrgcgcl `h tchjpl `h pez. Gljl rhsufte`l `h hste deteffe fh ouh ltlrie`l uk veflr suphrfetcvl ef geõ÷k `h tcrl råpc`l y e fe vhflgcè`, sck glksc`hrer fls irevhs hrrlrhs hstretãicgls gljhtc`ls plr hf eftl jek`l zercste. Pejplgl sh rhper÷ hk fes ljcsclkhs tågtcges ckgurrcès plr hf ckolrtuke`l Efjcrekth Tlz`hstsvhksay. Hf phksejchktl glktckihkth `h fe ãplge, sh rhsujc÷ hk uke glkgfusc÷k `hf thkchkth drctåkcgl @ljvcffh= "Hf erjejhktl hs fl jås cjplrtekth hk uk eglreze`l, y ef erjejhktl hs khghsercl segrcocgerfl tl`l. Wc hs khghsercl, fe `hohkse pescve l glreze puh`h `csjckucrsh hk tef olrje, quh phrjcte treksplrter fe `hohkse egtcve, l geõ÷k, glk uke vhflgcè` suocgchkthjhkth irek`h‚ 3. 3

Cdc`., p. 8>5

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

7>

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Guek`l lgurrc÷ fe Deteffe `h Psusbcje, hf sudjerckl sh beffede hk su ckoekgce y su gljpfhjhktl, hf tlrph`l, tlèvêe hre uk erje ckhocgez. ^lr glksciuchkth fls hohgtls `h hste kuhve gfesh `h ukcè` kevef kl ouh hvefue`l. Fe thk`hkgce `h fe glkstruggc÷k kevef `hspuãs `h 53>8 ouh eujhkter hf `hspfezejchktl `h fes ukcè`hs gepctefhs pere jlkterfhs geõlkhs `hf jeylr gefcdrh plscdfh. Fe gufjckegc÷k `h hsth prlghsl fe ffhv÷ gedl hf Efjcrekth drctåkcgl Ocsgbhr glk`h hf `cshõl `hf "@rhe`kluibt" (eglreze`l `h e59.3>> t, jlklgefcdrh, erje`lMlbk glk E. `chz geõlkhs 54" hk gckgl tloohs `ldfhs, prlthic`l glk uke glreze gl reze `h 55" y gepez `h efgekzer 45 ku`ls). Fe puhste hk shrvcgcl `hf "@rhe`kluibt", hk 53>?, scikcocg÷ fe ldslfhsghkgce `h fes ukcè`hs `h prcjhre fêkhe `h tlès fes jerckes `hf juk`l. Hktrh fes plthkgces jerêtcjes sh ckcgc÷ uke gerrhre pere thkhr hf jeylr kýjhrl `h eglreze`ls tcpl "@rhe`kluibt". Ekths `h fe ^rcjhre Iuhrre Juk`cef, fls jeylrhs eglreze`ls, plr fl ihkhref, sldrhpesedek fes 7> jcf t, hstedek erje`ls glk 2 ÷ 3 geõlkhs `h 58", prlthic`ls plr uke glreze `h 57" y uk ekèr `h 48 ku`ls.

7.8. ^TCJHTE IXHTTE J JXK@CEF XK@CEF (5350-5353) Fls ekteilkcstes prckgcpefhs, Irek Drhteõe y Efhjekce, glktedek glk pl`hrlses ofltes. Hf duquh gepctef hre hf eglreze`l gfesh `rhe`kluibt. Ltre ukcè` quh, hk gchrtl jl`l, fh `csputede su prcjegêe glrrhsplk`êe ef grughrl `h deteffe, jhkls prlthic`l phrl jås råpc`l. Fe Bljh Ofhht y fe Oflte `h Efte Jer sh jektuvchrlk hstegclkeès hk sus rhsphgtcves deshs `hf jer `hf Klrth ùrekth gesc tl`l hf glkofcgtl. êre`lmefjhkth, slstuvchrlk uk ýkcgl hkguhktrl ck`hgcsl= Fe "Deteffe `h Mutfek`ce", ffejeè tejdcãk "Deteffe `h fe Gesuefcè`". Fe egtctu` hstretãicge drctåkcge glrrhsplk`êe e uke glrrhgte ckthrprhtegc÷k `h fe hstrethice jerêtcje. Fe Bljh Ofhht prlthiêe `hs`h Wgepe Oflw sus prlpces fêkhes `h gljukcgegclkhs tresetfåktcges y glrtede fes `h su hkhjcil. ^lr glksciuchkth, fe Jercke Thef sh hkglktrede gujpfchk`l glk su jcsc÷k oukèjhktef. Kl thkêe khghscè` `h efthrer fe sctuegc÷k hstretãicge rhckekth jhmlrek`l su plscgc÷k l `hstruyhk`l e fe ouhrze lriekczeè e`vhrserce plr jh`cl `h fe deteffe. Fls efhjekhs, plr su perth, `hs`h su desh udcgeè hk fe debêe Efhjeke, hk hf hxtrhjl W.H `hf jer `hf Klrth, keè glktrlfedek, glk hxghpgc÷k `hf Dåftcgl. Fe oflte `h Efte Jer kl pl`êe `hohk`hr sus fêkhes `h gljukcgegclkhs `h uftrejer y jhkls eteger fes `h sus rcvefhs. Hf jek`l kevef ihrjekl, glk grcthrcl glktckhktef, kl hkthk`c÷ hf scikcocge`l `hf trêptcgl `h fe hstrethice jerêtcje= Ouhrze, ^lscgc÷k y Gljukcgegclkhs Jerêtcjes. Hf sudjerckl crrujpc÷ glk trhjhk`ls hohgtls hk fe hstrethice jerêtcje. E fls plgls pl gls `êes `h ckcgceè fe iuhrre, hf X-3 tlrph`h÷ y buk`c÷, hk sughsc÷k, e trhs ektciuls grughrlseglreze`ls drctåkcgls muktls glk hffls `hseperhgchrlk 5.803 trcpufekths. Hk su fedlr `h `hstruggc÷k `hf tråocgl jerêtcjl efce`l sus rhsufte`ls ouhrlk eýk jås hsphgteguferhs. Fls hsgrctlrhs klrthejhrcgekls Becfhy-Fekghflt gljhkterlk= "Guåk pr÷xcjl fls sudjerckls efhjekhs hstuvchrlk `h ieker fe iuhrre kukge sh sedrå. Fls Gljekèkths efce`ls hk sus jhjlrces prldedfhjhkth kl bek sc`l plr gljpfhtl blkhstls hk rhicstrer guefhs `hdêek shr sus cjprhsclkhs ùrekth fls ldsgurls `êes `h fe prcjevhre `h 5359. Wc kl budchre sc`l plr hf ckirhsl `h Hste`ls Xkc`ls gljl dhfcihrekth hk hf dek`l `h fes ^lthkgces Efceès hf ? `h Edrcf `h 5359, hs juy prldedfh quh Ckifethrre bedrêe sc`l olrzeè e slfcgcter fe pez, gljl Mhffcglh fl bedêe prlklstcge`l". Xke eggc÷k `hveste`lre `h fls sujhricdfhs ihrjekls ouh khutrefczeè plr jh`cl `h uke ter`êe cjpfektegc÷k `hf gfåscgl y `hsegrh`cte`l glkvly. Ltrls `hprhè`lrhs THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

75

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> `hf treksplrth jerêtcjl eõe`l ouhrlk fls glrsercls `h suphrocgch. Eýk guek`l hf tlkhfemh `hstruc`l plr hffls kl efgekz÷ kcvhfhs tresghk`hkths, su prhshkgce lgesclkede `cvcsclkhs y `cvhrsclkhs, ckgfusl `h fe Irek Oflte, y tejdcãk fe perefczegc÷k `hf tråocgl jhrgekth hk hf århe eohgteè. Hk hf treksgursl `h fe glkofeiregc÷k, hf erje eãrhe sh ckglrplr÷ e fe iuhrre hk hf jer Escjcsjl sh gljhkz÷ e `hserrlffer `hserrlffer su gljpfhjhktl ck`csphksedfh= Hf plrteevclkhs. Fls `hsestrlsls fe hmhguteè, gejpeõe `hsphrt÷ orekgl-drctåkcge hk flssldrh @erèkgcls, jef glkghdcè, pãscjejhkthrhsufte`ls pfekheè y`hphlr irevhs ùès fe oegtcdcfcè` `h uke jcsc÷k dåscge y tre`cgclkef `h fe Erjeè. Fe prlyhggc÷k `hf pl`hr jcfcter kegclkef hk fes glstes hkhjcies plr jh`cl `h uke lphregc÷k ekocdce. Gljl hohgtl glktckihkth, fes plthkgces jerêtcjes `hsgucèrlk sus ouhrzes `h ckoekthrêe `h jercke glk hxghpgc÷k `h Klrthejãrcge y Mep÷k. Fe iuhrre tuvl ltres shguhfes lrcickeès hk hf ekåfcscs suphrocgcef `h fls bhgbls lgurrc`ls hk hf jer. Fls peêshs vhkgh`lrhs, hk hsphgcef hf Thckl Xkc`l, Hste`ls Xkc`ls y Mep÷k, sh hjdergerlk hk ejdcgclsls h ckslplrtedfhs prlirejes `h glkstruggc÷k `h eglreze`ls y grughrls `h deteffe. Hstls ýftcjls, geè vhz vh z jås prlthic`ls, erje`ls y vhflghs. Hk hsls eõls, bedêe hk ireès ukcè`hs gepctefhs `h beste 8> jcf t. y glk geõlkhs `h 089 jj. Fe Glkohrhkgce `h Yesbckitlk orhk÷ hstls prlyhgtls plr uk `hghkcl. Escjcsjl, hk ihkhref, sh hxeihr÷ hf veflr `h fls glrsercls `h suphrocgch y sh grh÷ hf plfãjcgl grughrl tcpl "Yesbckitlk" pere khutrefczer `cgbe ejhkeze. ejhkeze. Efhjekc Efhjekce, e, plr su perth, ouh jås ffhmls hmls hk rhfegc÷k ef glrsl puhs glkstruy÷ uk ^l`hr Kevef glrsercl.

7.?. WHIXK@E IXHTTE J JXK@CEF XK@CEF (5373 - 5308) Fes glflsefhs deteffes eãrl-thrrhstrhs fcdreès ùrekth fe glktchkè, bek bhgbl phr`hr `h vcste quh su suhrth sh rhslfvc÷ hk hf jer. Dhrker` Drl`ch eglt÷= "Fes irek`hs lohkscves ruses `h 5307 y 5300 y fe trhjhkè ouhrze ckveslre quh ockefjhkth seft÷ `hs`h fes csfes drctåkcges e fe Hurlpe lgupeè plr Efhjekce hk Mukcl `h 5300, ouhrlk hf orutl ockef `h fe vcgtlrce hk fls jerhs. Hf Efjcrekth Wcr Dhrtrej Tejshy kl sh rhohrêe ef tredeml `h uk `êe slfejhkth, sckl quh e uke gejpeõe `h gckgl eõls ejerils guek`l `cml hk fe klgbh `hf ? `h Mufcl= Fh bhjls phrjctc`l ef Ihkhref Jlktiljhry `hserrlffer uke eggc÷k thrrhstrh". ^lr su perth M.O.G. Ouffhr eocrj÷= "Fe irek deteffe kevef `hf ilfol `h Fhyth, fcdreè y iekeè plr fe Phrghre y Wãptcje Oflte `h fls Hste`ls Xkc`ls, shff÷ fe suhrth `hf Mep÷k 54. @hs`h hf prcjhr `êe `hf glkofcgtl, fls drctåkcgls cksteurerlk uk hstrcgtl glktrlf kevef `hf tråocgl jerêtcjl, ckgfusl glk glkvlyhs. Fe Deteffe `hf Etfåktcgl ouh iekeè plr fls efce`ls `hspfhiek`l uk iciekthsgl hsouhrzl bujekl y jethrcef. Gljl uke pere`lme, fe vcgtlrce sh efgekz÷ guek`l sh ldfci÷ e fls sudjerckls e phrjekhghr sujhric`ls jh`cekth hf reèr y hf evc÷k. Escjcsjl, fls glrsercls `h suphrocgch, eýk fls pl`hrlsls eglreze`ls efhjekhs, ouhrlk `hstruc`ls hk uke thjprekl htepe `h fes blstcfcè`hs. Ltrl kltedfh glktreshktc`l fl glkstctuy÷ hf duquh gepctef. Hf eglreze`l efgekz÷ su jåxcjl `hserrlffl plgl ekths `hf `hshkge`hkejchktl `h fe iuhrre. Fls jås phrohggclke`ls ouhrlk fls gfesh "Dcsjerga" efhjekhs, fls "Jcsslurc" klrthejhrcgekls, y fls iciekthsgls "Sejetl" meplkhshs. Hstes ýftcjes ukcè`hs `hspfezedek ?2 jcf t. y hstedek erje`ls glk 3 54

Ouffhr, lp. gct., p. 4?8

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

74

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> geõlkhs `h 0?> jj. ^rlktl, fe rhefcè` `h fe iuhrre `hjlstr÷ quh hf vhrè`hrl duquh prckgcpef hre h plrteevclkhs. Efhjekce `hsprhgc÷ fe Ouhrze Lriekczeè, glk khoestls rhsufte`ls. Hk tektl, fe `hrrlte meplkhse sh prlùml, hk irek perth, `hdc`l e su ldshsc÷k plr fe deteffe `hgcscve quh fh bczl lfvcèr sus Fêkhes `h Gljukcgegclkhs Jerêtcjes. Hste ljcsc÷k rhvcstc÷ jeylr irevhè` ef shr uke csfe. Fls duquhs jhrgekths kl s÷fl treksplrtedek y jekthkêek e sus hmãrgctls sckl tejdcãk hf prlpcl puhdfl meplkãs `hphk`êe `h fe gerie treksplrteè hk sus hspegclses dl`hies. Hk hf treksgursl `h fe iuhrre, e fes ouhrzes ehrlkevefhs sh fhs ckglrplrerlk trhjhk`ls evekghs thgklf÷icgls ckgrhjhkte`l su hocgegce lohkscve y `hohkscve. Ouhrlk phrohggclkeès sus gepegcè`hs `h prlyhggc÷k. Fes kuhves glkghpgclkhs fliêstcges fhs phrjctêek lphrer hk fe jer plr tchjpl gesc cfcjcte`l. Wck hjderil, hf e`vhkcjchktl `hf erje kugfher prlùml `hsglkgchrtl. Fe Ouhrze Eãrhe `h Hste`ls Xkc`ls guhstclk÷ fe hxcsthkgce `hf pl`hr kevef hk hsphgcef fls plrteevclkhs. Fe Iuhrre `h Glrhe hk glkmuktl glk ltrls glkofcgtls dãfcgls y grcscs flgefhs prlvlgeès plr Jlsgý bcgchrlk rhguphrer fe shksethz `h fls gêrgufls plfêtcgl-hstretãicgls lggc`hktefhs y hf pl`hr kevef rhguphr÷ su sctcef.

7.9. GEWL KEGCLKEF KEGCLKEF (5 222>2>- 53>7) Hk fe Iuhrre `hf êgêocgl, fe deteffe rhslfutcve ouh Ekiejls. Hf ãxctl sh flir÷ jh`cekth fe gljdckegc÷k geõ÷k y glreze. Wck hjderil hk fls jek`ls gbcfhkls sh jektuvl hf ldshscvl rhguhr`l `h fes glrrhrêes `hf "Buåsger" guye vhflgcè` fh phrjctêe hve`cr fe phrshgugc÷k. Glkglrèkth glk hste prhlgupegc÷k, hk 5293 sh lr`hk÷ fe glkstruggc÷k `hf grughrl ^ret, ukcè` `h 5.78> t., 5?,8 ku`ls, erje`l glk `ls geõlkhs `h 5>" jås guetrl `h 0".9 y sck prlthggc÷k. Kl efgekz÷ e rhgefer ef peês puhs sh vhk`c÷ ef Mep÷k. Hk su rhhjpfezl sh glkstruy÷ fe "Hsjhrefè", hf prcjhr"grughrl prlthic`l `hf juk`l. Phkêe 4.38> t., 52,8 ku`ls, `ls geõlkhs `h 5>" y ? `h ?" y uke gudchrte dfckèè `h 0" prlthicãk`lfh fes perths vctefhs. Wu `cshõl scrvc÷ `h ` h jl`hfl e verces Erjeès. Eõls `hspuãs fe "Hsjhrefè" sh vhk`c÷ ef Mep÷k gljdetchk`l hk fe Iuhrre Tusl-Meplkhse glk hf kljdrh `h ‖Ctzujc‚. ‖Ctzujc‚. Hk 5229, hf ^rhsc`hkth Defjeghè, hste`cste glk uke gfere phrghpgc÷k quh fe plfêtcge `hsgeksede hk fe ouhrze, glkgcdc÷ uk pfek `h e`qucscgclkhs kevefhs. ^rhthk`c÷ grher uke oflte hqucfcdreè y defekgheè. Wu prcjhre htepe, ýkcge jethrcefczeè, glkthjpf÷ fe glkstruggc÷k `h= Xk eglreze`l, hf "^ret" `h ?.3>> t., 52.8 ku`ls, 2 geõlkhs `h 40> jj, 2 `h 54> jj Bltgbf`ss `h tcrl råpc`l, glk uke glreze vhrtcgef `h 7>> e 49> jj y uke gudchrte `h 98 jj. @ls grughrls, hf ‖^cktl‚ y hf "Hrråzurcz", `h 4.5>> t. 53 ku`ls 4 geõlkhs `h 58> jj y 0 `h 54> jj 4 PFP y gudchrte dfckèè `h 2> jj. @ls gezetlrph`hrls, hf "Fykgb" y hf "Glk`hk" `h 4> ku`ls. @hspuãs `hf trcukol glkirhscste, hk fe Thvlfugc÷k `hf 35, kl hxcstc÷ uk prlireje `hockc`l `h e`qucscgclkhs kevefhs. Hf Efjcrekth Mlrih Jlktt eperhkthjhkth, hstede deml fe ckofuhkgce `h fe Iuhrre `hf êgêocgl y fe Gbckl-Meplkhse. Hf Gepctåk `h Kevêl Iucffhrjl Errlyl shõef÷ sldrh hf Efjcrekth Jlktt= "Fe plfêtcge quh e`lpt÷ geè vhz quh sh tret÷ `h gljprer uk duquh, ouh cr e`qucrchk`l hf jhmlr tcpl `h grughrl quh pl`êe. Kuhstre Erjeè ckglrplr÷, hk THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

77

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> sughsc÷k, fls grughrls prlthic`ls ‖Dfekgl Hkgefeè‚, ‖Hsjhrefè‚, ‖Ghkthkl‚ y ‖Gbegedugl‚ Hstes ukcè`hs `hspfezedek hktrh 4 e 9 jcf t., sus vhflgcè`hs ofugtuedek hktrh 53 e 40 ku`ls, su erjejhktl glkscstêe hk geõlkhs `h 2‚, ?" y 0" 9 y, plr fl ihkhref, glktedek glk uke gudchrte dfckèè `h 0".8. Fe hxghpgc÷k glkscstc÷ hk fe gljpre `hf grughrl-eglreze`l "LBciicks" `h 2.8>> t., 45.8 4 5.8 ku`ls, 0 geõlkhs `h 2‚ y 5> `h ?‚ y glk uke glreze `h 9" e ?". Hsth irupl bhthrliãkhl gerhgêe `h phsl hstretãicgl, puhs kl pl`êe olrjer uke fêkhe `h gljdeth bljliãkhe. Hk hse jcsje ãplge, Erihktcke ffhv÷ e gedl uk eghrte`l pfek `hstcke`l e grher uke oflte pl`hrlse y dchk `cjhksclkeè. Gljprã hk Ctefce 0 grughrls-eglreze`ls `h ?.22> t., 4> ku`ls, 4 geõlkhs `h 5>" y 5> `h ?' y uke glreze `h ?" Esê hstuvl hk glk`cgclkhs `h olrjer uke fêkhe `h deteffe `h 0 eglreze`ls. Hk tektl, Gbcfh s÷fl pl`êe lplkhrfhs h f ‖^ret‚ y hf "L“Bciicks" Hf Gljekèkth Errlyl eglt÷= 'E kuhstrl mucgcl, hstl sh `hdc÷, kl e fe oefte `h olk`ls, sckl quh e fe gerhkgce `h uk pfek erj÷kcgl, glkglr`ã glk fe plfêtcge quh cjprcjc÷ Erihktcke pere su hkirek`hgcjchktl kevef". kevef".50 Ef prlùgcrsh fe grcscs `h fe êteilkce, Gbcfh kl plshêe uk pl`hr kevef gepez `h rhspefèr sus `hrhgbls. Puvl quh eghpter uke ejputegc÷k thrrctlrcef quh be eohgte`l kuhstrl `hstckl gljl kegc÷k beste bly. Ef hkglktrersh hf glkofcgtl hk ihstegc÷k, Gbcfh `cspusl fe glkstruggc÷k `h fls eglreze`ls "Fcdhrte`" y "Glkstctugc÷k", hk 53>4. Hffls sudsekedek fe jekcochste `hdcfcè` `h fe Hsgue`re. Phkêek 55.2>> t., vhflgcè` 4> ku`ls1 0 geõlkhs `h 5 >", 50 `h 9". 8 y 50 `h 7" y uke glreze `h 9". Erihktcke rheggclk÷ lr`hkek`l 4 grughrlseglreze`ls `h fe jcsje gfesh `h fls quh ye thkêe phrl uk plgl jås irek`hs y jhmlre`ls. Hk glkshguhkgce fe defekze sh ckgfck÷ hk oevlr `h Gbcfh. Fe grcscs sh suphr÷ glk fls êgtls `h Jeyl. ^hrl, e`hjås Erihktcke flir÷ uk hklrjh trcukol plfêtcgl glk hf eguhr`l `h "Hqucvefhkgce `h fes Hsgue`res". Ejdls peêshs sh gljprljhtchrlk e hkemhker fls eglreze`ls hk glkstruggc÷k. Glk fl ekthrclr, Gbcfh `h kuhvl quh`÷ hk glk`cgclkhs `h ckohrclrcè`.

50

Cdc`., p. 50

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

70

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> G

^CPXFL _

FEW THFEGCLKHW CKPHTKE CKPHTKEGCLKEFHW GCLKEFHW 5.-

EW^HGPLW IHKHTE IHKHTEFHW FHW

Fes rhfegclkhs hktrh fls Hste`ls glkstctuyhk uk thje geutcvekth pere fls irek`hs phkse`lrhs gljl ^fet÷k, Jlkthsquchu, Tlussheu, Blddhs, Aekt y tektls ltrls. Pl`ls glckgc`hk hk quh fes kegclkhs hk fe phrjekhkth glkshgugc÷k `h sus ckthrhshs y ghflses hk hf rhsiuer`l `h su sldhrekêe rhgurrhk e fe ouhrze glk hf prlp÷sctl `h slsthkhrfls. Teyjlk` Erlk eocrje= ‖Fe plfêtcge ckthrkegclkef be sc`l rhglklgcè, schjprh y plr tl`ls gljl fl quh hs= plfêtcge `h pl`hr1 sefvl hk kuhstre ãplge glk fe rhefcè`. ^hrl kukge be sc`l orekgejhkth eghpteè gljl tef. Fls murcstes `hpflredek hf thkhr quh ciklrer l fhiefczer fe iuhrre y fls jlrefcstes sh `h`cgedek e glksc`hrer fe hshkgce `h fe glkùgte `cpfljåtcge-hstretãicge, hf bhgbl `h quh hste glkùgte, eýk hk tchjpl `h pez, beie rhohrhkgce e fe hvhktuefcè` `h fe iuhrre, hs `hgcr, `h fe gleggc÷k y `h fe vclfhkgce‚ 5. ýkcge quh fes `cohrhkgce `hf rhstl `hFes fesrhfegclkhs rhfegclkhsckthrkegclkefhs slgcefhs= Wh prhshktek `hserrlffekuke demlgeregthrêstcge hf ejperl `h fe vclfhkgce puhs ffhvek glkscil fe efthrketcve `h ffe e pez l hf glkofc glkofcgtl. gtl. Hste pertcguf pertcgufercè` ercè` sh begh jås hvc`hkth ef glksteter hf tretl jutul è`l hktrh fls peêshs. Wh eutl`hscikek ‖plthkgces‚, hs `hgcr, hkths glk pl`hr y oegufte` `h utcfczerf utcfczerfl l pere glkshiucr sus ockhs. Erlk rhofhxclke sldrh hf thje= ‖Geè Hste`l hstå hk rhfegc÷k glk ltrls, jchktres phrjekhzgek hk pez, `hdhk glkshiucr vcvcr hk rhfegc÷k, guhsth fl quh guhsth. Ekths quh rhgurrcr e fe vclfhkgce, ckthkteråk glkvhkghrsh. Hf `êe hk quh sh gljdethk ckthktek `ldfhiersh. Hk hsh shktc`l puh`h `hgcrsh quh fe `cpfljegce hs hf erth `h glkvhkghr sck hjpfher fe ouhrze y fe hstrethice, hf erth `h ` h vhkghr ef jêkcjl `h glstl. Wck hjderil, hs tejdcãk uke jekhre `h glkvhkghr. Xke `hjlstregc÷k `h ouhrze begh ef e`vhrsercl y scjdlfcze hsh `ldfhiersh, jås quh rhefczerfl rhefjhkth. Equhf quh plshe uke suphrclrcè` `h erjejhktls hk tchjpl `h pez glkvhkghrå ef efce`l, ef rcvef l ef e`vhrsercl, sck thkhr quh rhgurrcr e fes erjes‚. Hk sêkthscs, muktl e fe plfêtcge pl fêtcge ckthrkegclkef hstå schjprh prhshkth fe ouhrze. Efiukes vhghs sh beffe `couse hk fe phkujdre phrl eperhgh guek`l sh prlùghk glfcsclkhs `h ckthrhshs. Wu ckthkscè` verêe shiýk fe cjplrtekgce `hf ckthrãs eohgte`l. Fe `hdcfcè` jcfcter l oefte `h vlfukte` sh treùgh hk uke `cpfljegce vegcfekth ihkhrek`l uk phfcirlsl vegêl `h pl`hr quh ckghktcve fes ejdcgclkhs olråkhes. Fe erjlkêe ckthrkegclkef glkscsth hk hf hqucfcdrcl hktrh fls dhkhocgcls y rchsils `hf hvhktuef hjpfhl `h fe vclfhkgce pere flirer fes jhtes kegclkefhs. Hf ckthrkegclkefcste gbcfhkl Jekorh` Ycfbhjy gljhkte= ‖Fes eggclkhs hstetefhs sh lrchktek oukèjhktefjhkth e prlgurer vhktemes pere hf prlpcl Hste`l... fls ildchrkls prlgurek eujhkter fls kcvhfhs `h pl`hr `h fls Hste`ls rhsphgtcvls glk hf ock `h jhmlrer sus plscgclkhs rhfetcves orhkth e ltres glfhgtcvcè`hs‚ 7. Erlk, glk kctc`hz, `hsgrcdh e fe plfêtcge hxthrclr gljl ‖hf erth `h `crcicr hf gljhrgcl hktrh fls Hste`ls pere jeylr dhkhocgcl `hf ckthrãs kegclkef‚ 0. Fes gctes rhofhmek uke gruè rhefcè` `hsplmek`l `h tl` tlè e hjltcvcè` y eftrucsjl e fes rhfegc rhfegclkhs lkhs 5 7 Erlk,

lp.Ycfbhfjy, Gct., p 259^lfêtcge Jekorh` ^lfêtcge Ckthrkegclkef= hkolquhs y rhefcè`hs (Duhkls Ecrhs, 5322), p. 505 0 Erlk, lp.gct., p. 09

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

78

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> ckthrkegclkefhs. Whktcjchktls tefhs gljl ejcste`, orethrkcè` y ihkhrlscè` hktrh fls puhdfls slk bhrjlsls phrl ggerhghk erhghk `h vefc`hz. Fes kegclkhs kl plshhk ejcils ejcils phrjekhkths sckl sckl ckthrhshs gljukhs, fls quh verêek hk hf tchjpl. Ckgfusl fe jlrefcè` hstå sudlr`ckeè e fe glkvhkchkgce kegclkef. ^hkser `h ltre jekhre glkstctuyh uke phfcirlse cfusc÷k.

4.

OXK@EJHKPLW S @HOCKCGCLKHW @HOCKCGCLKHW

@hs`h fe ektciöhè`, fes rhfegclkhs hktrh fls Hste`ls bek sc`l rhiufeès plr glstujdrhs, tre`cgclkhs y klrjes hsphgêocges. Ef olrjersh fes `ljckeès gcvcfczegclkhs suphrclrhs, sus ildchrkls bcgchrlk `cstckils hktrh fls kegclkefhs y fls hxtrekmhrls l ihktcfhs, escjcsjl `cohrhkgcerlk sus gethilrêes. Fls glkvhkcls ckthrhstetefhs ouhrlk glklgc`ls tektl plr hf Cjphrcl `h fls Oerelkhs gljl plr hf Bctcte. Jås ektciues eýk hrek fes usekzes sldrh hf tretl glk fls hjdeme`lrhs, gljhrgcekths, phrslkes hk tråksctl, fls prcsclkhrls, htg. Hf @hrhgbl Ckthrkegclkef kegc÷ `h fe khghscè` `h lr`hker jh`cekth klrjes gljukhs hf grhgchkth ckthrgejdcl y rhfegclkhs hktrh fls Hste`ls. H ste`ls. Efiukes `hockcgclkhs `hf @hrhgbl Ckthrkegclkef Ckthrkegclkef slk fes sciuchkths=

4. f.

BXIL ITLGC ITLGCL. L. (BLFEK@HW @HF WCIFL R_CC)

"Hs equhffe perth `hf @hrhgbl quh rhife fes rhfegclkhs `h fls puhdfls l `h sus ildhrkekths hktrh sê, y guyls prhghptls slk, l hstedfhgc`ls plr fes fhyhs `cvckes, l cktrlùgc`ls plr fe glstujdrh y plr uke glkvhkgc÷k tågcte".

4.4.

EK@TÃW DHFFL (GBCFHKL-_HKH]LF (GBCFHKL-_HKH]LFEKL EKL WCIFL RCR)

"Hs fe glfhggc÷k `h fes fhyhs l rhifes ihkhrefhs `h glkùgte quh fes Kegclkhs l Hste`ls `hdhk ldshrver hktrh sê pere su shiurcè` y dchkhster gljýk".

4.7.

DTH_H @CGGCL @CGGCLKETCL KETCL ^LFÊPCGL (HK XKC×K WL_CÃPCGE)

"Glkmuktl `h prckgcpcls y klrjes murê`cges, quh rhiufek fes rhfegclkhs hktrh Hste`ls, esê gljl hktrh ltrls pertcgcpekths hk fes rhfegclkhs ckthrkegclkefhs. Fls tctuferhs `h fls `hrhgbls y ldfciegclkhs `hf @.5. puh`hk shr Hste`ls, puhdfls y kegclkhs quh fugbek plr fe ck`hphk`hkgce y plr fe grhegc÷k `h sus Hste`ls, y tejdcãk lriekczegclkhs ckthrhstetefhs.

4.0.

HKTCUXH ÊWGEF I-B.(GBCFHKL)

‖Hs equhffe reje `hf `hrhgbl quh rcih fe vcè `h rhfegc÷k hktrh fls Hste`ls l Ckstctugclkhs escjcfeès e hffes‚ hffes‚

7.- HF @HTHGBL CKPHTKEGC CKPHTKEGCLKEF LKEF S FE OXHT]E 7.5. IHKHTEFC@E@HW

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

7?

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Fe iuhrre, hk fe ektciöhè`, hre guhstc÷k `h vcè l juhrth. Hf `hrrlte`l quhède e jhrgh` `hf trcukoe`lr. Fls escrcls ouhrlk gãfhdrhs plr fls hxghsls gljhtc`ls glktre sus rcvefhs. Hf @huthrlkljcl lr`hkede e fls csrehfctes hf sciuchkth tretl glk fls puhdfls vhkgc`ls= "êserås e tl`ls fls verlkhs ef ocfl `h fe hspeè, phrl e fes jumhrhs, fls kcõls y fls ieke`ls y guektl beye hk fe gcuè`, tl`l su dltêk fl tljerås pere tc... ^hrl hk fes gcuè`hs `h fe ihkths quh Sevã, tu @cls, th be è`l plr bhrhè`, kl `hmerås glk vcè e keè `h guektl rhspcre..."8. Fe bujekcè`, e jh`cè quh evekzede fe gcvcfczegc÷k, tret÷ `h ethkuer fe gruhfè`, fe vclfhkgce ckkhghserce `csjckucr fe `hstruggc÷k geuseè plr fls glkofcgtls Thglklgc÷ quh fes iuhrres hreky perth `hf tretl ckthrhstetef, hk glkshguhkgce escik÷ dãfcgls. ef @hrhgbl Ckthrkegclkef hf pephf `h jl`hre`lr. Glk sus klrjes, ckthkt÷ gcrguksgrcdcr fe vclfhkgce s÷fl hktrh quchkhs plrtedek fes erjes, sudstrehr `h sus phrmu`cgcefhs hohgtls e fls kl gljdetchkths `h fls peêshs dhfcihrekths, e fls gcuèèkls y dchkhs `h fls Hste`ls khutrefhs, htg. Ekths `h fe ^rcjhre Glkofeiregc÷k Juk`cef, fls murcstes kl guhstclkedek fe iuhrre gljl ckstrujhktl plfêtcgl hkgerie`l `h rhslfvhr fes `csputes hktrh fes kegclkhs. Wck hjderil, fe ckjhkse `hstruggc÷k jethrcef y `h vcès geuseès plr hf gcte`l glkofcgtl prlvlg÷ uk trhjhk`l cjpegtl hk fe lpckc÷k pýdfcge. Fe re`cgefczegc÷k `hf gerågthr tltef `h fe iuhrre, fe epercgc÷k `h kuhves erjes -hf sudjerckl, hf evc÷k y fls ieshs esocxcekths- y fe hxthksc÷k `hf dflquhl gljhrgcef, tuvchrlk hohgtls getestr÷ocgls. Hf rcilr `h fes blstcfcè`hs b lstcfcè`hs kl s÷fl fl suorchrlk fls slfè`ls sckl tejdcãk fes jumhrhs, kcõls, ekgcekls y khutrefhs sck `cstckgc÷k. Hktrh fls blrrlrcze`ls fê`hrhs `h fe ãplge ihrjck÷ fe c`he `h glksc`hrer fe iuhrre gljl ckhocgez, crregclkef h ckjlref. Hk glkshguhkgce, `hgc`chrlk prlbcdcrfe plr jh`cl `hf @hrhgbl Ckthrkegclkef. Glk hste `hthrjckegc÷k, hf @hrhgbl `h Ihkths sh ckthrk÷ hk hf gejpl `h fes cfusclkhs ef escjcferfl glk hf @hrhgbl Ckthrkl sck thkhr hk guhkte sus `cohrhkgces.

7.4. GLJÊTEGC×K GLJÊTEGC×K @HF @HTHGBL CKPHTKE CKPHTKEGCLKEF GCLKEF GLK HF CKPHTKL 7.4.5.

DEWHW @HF @HTHGBL CKPHTKL

e)

Ciuefè` ekth fe fhy.

d)

Ciuefè` `h @hrhgbls

g)

Hf vhrh`cgtl fl hktrhie fe mustcgce.

`)

Fe eutlrcè` tchkh oegufte` pere beghr gujpfcr fe fhy.

7.4.4 THEFC TH EFC@E@ @E@ @HF @HTH @HTHGBL GBL CKPHTKEGC CKPHTKEGCLKEF LKEF Fe geregthrêstcge `hf åjdctl ckthrkegclkef glkscsth hk su ekerquêe. Geè ukl `h sus prlteilkcste trete `h eocrjer su ck`hphk`hkgce. Kckiýk puhdfl eggh`h sljhthr sus `hgcsclkhs hstcjeès sldhrekes ef mucgcl `h fe gljukcè` l `h uk pl`hr suphrclr. Teyjlk` Erlk gljhkte= ‖Fls Hste`ls kl bek glkshktc`l kukge kl glkschkthk, hk gljprljhthrsh ckglk`cgclkefjhkth e sljhthr e uk årdctrl l e uk trcdukef guhstclkhs quh glksc`hrek `h ckthrãs vctef. Fes `csputes quh slk slk susghptcdfhs `h prlvlger ffe e iuhrre slk glksc`hreès gljl plfêtcges y, plr hffl, gljl kl sumhtes e fls prlgh`cjchktls fhiefhs‚ ?. ^lr glksciuchkth hk hf gejpl hxthrkl= ?

Erlk, lp. Gct., p. 205

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

79

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5>

e)

FE FHS FE CJ^LKH HF JEW OXHTPH

Fes irek`hs plthkgces sh errliek hf `hrhgbl `h cjplkhr su jlref h ckjcsgucrsh hk fls prldfhjes `h fls `hjås. Hste prhrrlietcve kl hs rhgêprlge.

d)

HF _HTH@CGPL FL HKPTHIE FE OXHT]E

Hk uke glktrlvhrsce, hf irek`h kl vegcfe hk glflger su pl`hr hk fe defekze. Xk phquhõl puh`h shr ckve`c`l cjpukhjhkth plr uke plthkgce glk `hrhgbl e vhtl hk fe LKX, puhs fe gljukcè` ckthrkegclkef hstå cjph`cè pere glk`hkerfl glk hocgegce. Fes sekgclkhs hståk `hstckeès e quchkhs quchkhs kl guhktek gglk lk fe prlthggc÷k `h uk pl`hrlsl.

g)

KL HRCWPH PTCDXKEF KC EXPLTC@E@ EXPLTC@E@ GLJ^HPHKPH

Fe fhy rhquchrh shr ckthrprhteè y kl bey uke eutlrcè` fhief juk`cef ckvhstcè glk fe plthste` `h beghr ldfcietlrcls sus vhrh`cgtls. Fls prlpcls Hste`ls sh rhshrvek hf `hrhgbl `h ckthrprhter fe fhy. ^lr tektl hf @hrhgbl Ckthrkegclkef retcocge hf erdctremh rhefcze`l glk fes erjes.

7.7.

FLW LTIEKC LTIEKCWJLW WJLW CKPHTKEGC CKPHTKEGCLKEFHW LKEFHW

Ltrl `h fls jãtl`ls `csgurrc`ls `csgurrc`ls plr hf bljdrh glk hf `hscikcl `h jekthkhr fe erjlkêe ckthrhstetef rhsc`c÷ hk fe grhegc÷k `h uk olrl ckthrkegclkef. Wu ektciul prhgurslr ouh fe Ekocgtlkêe Bhfãkcge. @hktrl `hf shkl `h hsth olrl ckthrkegclkef, fls ildchrkls `crcjcrêek sus `cohrhkgces plr jh`cl `hf `cåflil. Fls efce`ls `h fe ^rcjhre Iuhrre, cjpufse`ls plr hste c`he, oukèrlk fe Fcie l Wlgchè` `h ffes es Kegclkhs. ^lr `hsiregce, fe ckcgcetcve sh vcgc vcgc÷ ÷ `hs`h sus gljchkzls. Efhjekce, `hgfereè gufpedfh `h `hff `hshkge`hkejchktl `hf glkofcgtl, glk ofcgtl, quh`÷ hxgfucè `h `hff gêrgufl `h ‖Fes kegclkhs Ejekths `h fe êz‚. ^lr tef rez÷k, sh treksolrj÷ hk fe ‖Wlgchè` `h fl s _hkgh`lrhs‚ quh fhiefcz÷ fes bujcffegclkhs y hf rhpertl `h fls `hsplmls `h fls vhkgc`ls. vhkgc`ls. Fe Fcie, ùrekth su drhvh y orustrekth hxcsthkgce, sh `hj `hjlstr÷ lstr÷ ckgepez `h glktrlfer glktrlfer fls hkorhktejchktls dãfcgls y, e reêz `h sus prlpces glktre`cggclkhs, glfedlr÷ hk fe ihstegc÷k `h fe Whiukè Iuhrre Juk`cef. Hk fes plstrcjhrêes `hf ýftcjl blflgeustl, hf ei÷kcgl ^rhsc`hkth Tllshvhft glkgcdc÷ hf rhkegcjchktl `h fe hxtckte Fcie Fe Lriekczegc÷k `h fes Kegclkhs Xkcès (LKX) prhshrverêe fe pez, fe guef `hsgekserêe hk hf eveseffe`lr pl`hr `h fes plthkgces trcukoekths hk fe ýftcje glktc glktchkè. hkè. êre jethrcefczer jethrcefczer su qucjhre, gh`c÷ e Wtefck fe jcte` `h Hurlpe. Fe kuhve lriekczegc÷k ckthrkegclkef, gljl su ekthghslre, ouh cjplthkth pere hstedfhghr scquchre uk rhjh`cl `h pez y mustcgce. mu stcgce. Hf Glrlkhf Jcasgbh lpck÷= ‖Begh oefte jugbe ckihkucè` pere grhhr quh fls `hfhie`ls hk fes Kegclkhs Xkcès muziek shiýk su glkgchkgce, glk pfhke ck`hphk`hkgce, gljl fls jeicstre`ls êkthirls. Glrrchkthjhkth, fls vltls slk ldmhtl `h uk vhrè`hrl jhrge`l, quh sh vhk`hk l sh èk, e quchk lorhgh jås e gejdcl. Wh glkstctuyhk efcekze `lk`h kl bey guhstc÷k `h `hrhgbl, phrl sc `h ckthrhshs pertcguferhs. p ertcguferhs. ^lr fe ouhrze `h fls

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

72

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> bhgbls, fes Kegclkhs Xkcès sh bek glkvhrtc`l hk fe trcduke `h fe bcplgrhsêe‚ 9 . Hk hohgtl, ýkcgejhkth fls phquhõls bek sc`l ldmhtl `h gestcil y fe pez oflrhgc÷ s÷fl guek`l fes suphrplthkgces sh sh plkêek `h eguhr`l. Glk hf `hspfljh `h fe phrturde`lre Xkc÷k Wlvcãtcge, `hseperhgh fe ckquchtekth dcplfercè` juk`cef. Fe suphrplthkgce sldrhvcvchkth `ljcke sck glktrephsl e fe LKX y muhie hf rlf `h plfcgêe ukcvhrsef. êre fe grcstefczegc÷k `h fe pez hs ck`csphksedfh quh fls Hste`ls rhkukgchk beghrsh y sh sljhthk e fls `cgtåjhkhs Fl ekthrclrekl `hme `hmustcgce shr uk hffls c`êfcgljcsjls suhõl `hdc`l e fe keturefhze bujeke. `h uk muhz cjpergcef.

7.0.

WEKGCLKCWPE WEKGCLKCWPEW W S ÊGCOCWPEW

Gljl uke glkstekth bcst÷rcge y keturef, fls puhdfls thrjckedek eilte`ls `hspuãs `h fes glkvufsclkhs prlùgcès plr fes iuhrres. Fls sldhrekls y gêrgufls cfustre`ls prhilkedek sus ekbhfls `h egeder glk fls geê`ls y ye gljhkzedek fls fls rlghs y thksclkhs prhgurslrhs ` `h h uke pr÷xcje glkofeiregc÷k. Gljl sh hxprhs÷ glk ekthrclrcè`, fe ^rcjhre Irek Iuhrre prlùml uke trhjhkè rheggc÷k hk fe lpckc÷k pýdfcge. Drlterlk glk rhklve`ls drêls `cvhrses glrrchkths pertcèrces `h fcqucèr fes iuhrres, `hstegåk`lsh hktrh hffes fls sekgclkcstes y fls pegcocstes. Fls ukls y fls ltrls prhthk`êek beghr cfhiefhs fes glktchkès dãfcges. Wus hsouhrzls orugtcocgerlk glk fe ocrje `hf êgtl Drcek`-Ahffli. Drcek`-Ahffli. Wu prcjhr ertêgufl prlgfejede= ‖Fes Eftes êrths Glktretekths slfhjkhjhkth `hgferek hk hk kljdrh `h su suss rhsphgtcvls puhdfls quh gglk`hkek lk`hkek rhgurrcr e fe iuhrre pere fe slfugc÷k `h fes glktrlvhrsces ckthrkegclkefhs, y rhkukgcek e hffe gljl uk ckstrujhktl ckst rujhktl `h fe plfêtcge `h fe plfêtcge kegclkef hk sus rhfegclkhs `h ukls glk ltrls‚ 2. Dlutbluf gljhkt÷ sldrh hf gcte`l Prete`l= "kl hs ltre glse -hk ýftcjl ekåfcscs- quh uke slfhjkh prl jhse `h rhkukgcegc÷k e fe hkohrjhè`"3 .^rlktl fe oektesêe keuorei÷ ef gblger gb lger glk fe ùre rhefcè`. Fls ildchrkls kl rhgurrchrlk e fls jh`cls pegêocgls rhgljhkè`ls pere rhslfvhr sus `csputes. Jektuvchrlk glk hmhjpfer ghfl su sldhreke `csplscgc÷k sldrh fe ckthrprhtegc÷k `h fls trete`ls y ldfciegclkhs `h eguhr`l e sus glkvhkchkgces. Ephferlk, uke y ltre vhz, ef rhpu`ce`l erdctrl schjprh `csplkcdfh pere `crcjcr sus pfhctls= Fe ouhrze. E jh`cè quh fes iuhrres sh sugh`êek, hf êgtl Drcek`-Ahffli y fe Fcie sh sujêek hk hf `hsprhstcicl. Fe Whiukè Iuhrre egerrh÷ sus glfepsls `hockctcvls. Fuhil, fe Gerte `h fes Kegclkhs Xkcès ckgurrc÷ hk fe jcsje ckihkucè` `h prlbcdcr fes iuhrres plr `hgrhtl. E su ejperl, fe bujekcè` vcvc÷ es `h guetrl `ãgeès `h efchkekth Iuhrre Orêe glk su `cstcktcvl Hqucfcdrcl `hf Phrrlr. Fls glkofcgtls ckthrhstetefhs glktckuerlk phrl petrlgcke`ls, hk su irek jeylrêe, plr fes suphrplthkgces. Glk plsthrclrcè` e fe `hsckthiregc÷k `hf dflquh slvcãtcgl, rhgldrerlk vcè fes e`lrjhgcès y gruhfhs iuhrres regcefhs y rhfciclses

7.8.

HF @HWETJH

E fe sljdre slj dre `h fls dlkils kugfherhs y fe ckhocgegce ` `h h fls Lriekcsjls Ckthrkegclkefhs rhsiuer`l `h fe pez y fe mustcgce, keghk ckkujhredfhs irupls lpuhstls ef hmhrgcgcl `h fe vêe 9

Phkchkth Glrlkhf Ohr`ckek` L. Jcasgbh, Hf oregesl `h fe hstrethice et÷jcge (Derghflke, H`cgclkhs Eure, 53?>), p.

?> 2 @ @lrltby lrltby Durkh Ilhdhf, Ejhrcgek Olrhcik ^lfcgy (Khw Slra= Blft, Tckhbert & Yckstlk, 53?5), p. 489 Dlutbluf, Fes iuhrres, p. 84

3

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

73

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> hktrh fls Hste`ls. _ercls `h hffls dusgek hf `hserjh `h fes kegclkhs. Efiukls `h jlvcjchktls, `h duhke oh, phrsciuhk hsth ldmhtcvl. ^hrl fls jes, plr jltcvls glktckihkths, hk fes Ouhrzes Erjeès hf jeylr ldstågufl pere glkgrhter glkgrhter sus ejdcgclkhs `h pl`hr. Hk hf treksgursl `h fe Iuhrre Orêe, hf Arhjfck phrsue`c÷ e sus ckglk`cgclkefhs shiuc`lrhs y scjpetczekths quh su hxpeksclkcsjl bhihj÷kcgl dusgede fe pez phrphtue. Hk hf Cjphrcl Gljukcste Xkcvhrsef kl hxcstcrêek fes `cshksclkhs hktrh fls puhdfls puhs hf ckthrkegclkefcsjl jerxcstejerxcste- fhkckcste fes slolgerêe `h jekhre keturef. Wus ckstctugclkhs `h oegbeè y prlsãfctls hohgtuerlk glkstekth gejpeões hk pls `hf `hserjh ukcfethref `h Lggc`hkth. Wu oukèjhktl hre quh fe Xkc÷k slvcãtcge eprhgcerêe hk hste eggc÷k fes blkhstes ckthkgclkhs `h su rcvef yhk glkshguhkgce rhtrcducrêe prlpcl `hserjh. Erlk hxprhsl sldrh hf thje= "Fe ýkcge ghrtcùjdrh quh trehrêe glkscil hf `hserjh ukcfethref shrêe fe ghrtcùjdrh `h fe cjplthkgce, eblre dchk, fe cjplthkgce pere uke glfhgtcvcè`, scikcocge fe ckghrtcùjdrh hxtrhje. Hf hsgfevl quh `hphk`h `hf geprcgbl `h su ùhõl kl tchkh shiurcè` efiuke. Hf Hste`l sck erjes, e fe jhrgh` `h uk Hste`l erje`l, kl tchkh shiurcè`‚ 5> . Hk rhsujhk, hf pegcocsjl glk su glrrhsplk`chkth `hserjh glkstctuyh uke bhrjlse oådufe. Fls peêshs quh gehk deml su bhgbczl ter`h l thjprekl peiek fes glkshguhkgces gljl fl shõefe fe bcstlrce. Fc``hff Bert e`vchrth quh hxcsthk puhdfls ekcje`ls plr uk hspêrctu `h repcõe y hf ýkcgl fhkiuemh quh hktchk`hk hs hf `h fe ouhrze.

5>

Dlutbluf, Fes iuhrres, p. 84

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

0>

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> G

^CPXFL _C

@H FE IXHTTE HK IHKHTEF 5.

CKPTL@XGGC×K

Hf glkùgtlr plfêtcgl-jcfcter `hdh glklghr y thkhr prhshkth gchrtls esphgtls `h fe iuhrre jl`hrke. Efiukls `h hffls fh cjplkhk klrjes `h glkùgte l fh scrvhk gljl ekthgh`hkths egferetlrcls. Hktrh hstls sh hkguhktrek fes geregthrêstcges y hxcihkgces ckhfu`cdfhs `h fls glkofcgtls egtuefhs. Hk hsth Gepctufl, e`hjås hs treteè fe gfescocgegc÷k `hf juftcoegãtcgl ohk÷jhkl slgcef iuhrre shiýk peråjhtrls cfustretcvls y, pere thrjcker, sh `hsgrcdh hf `hserrlffl klrjef `h fe iuhrre.

4.

GETEGPHTÊWPCGE GETEGPHTÊWPCGEW W S HRCIHKGCEW @H FE IXHTTE

GETEGPHTÊWPCGEW Fe iuhrre hs hf jes ektciul y vclfhktl ckstrujhktl quh plshh fe plfêtcge pere glkshiucr sus ockhs. @hs`h schjprh, glkstctuyh uk ohk÷jhkl tltef1 hk ltrls tãrjckls, eohgte e fe kegc÷k hkthre. Euk guek`l hste pertcgufercè` perhgh `cfucrsh hk gchrtes ãplges. Dheuorh e`vchrth= "egtuefjhkth fe iuhrre be ffhie`l shr edchrtejhkth tltef, hs `hgcr ffhveè scjuftåkhejhkth e tl`ls fls åjdctls. ^lfêtcgl, hglk÷jcgl, `cpfljåtcgl y jc jcfcter. fcter. @h ebê rhsufte 5 ciuefjhkth quh fe hstrethice kl kl puh`h shr s÷fl hf ohu`l `h ffls ls jcfcterhs‚ . 4.5.

Fes iuhrres hk fe ektciöhè`, e`hjås `h tltefhs, hrek cfcjcteès fckèk`l glk fe iuhrre edslfute. ûhdfls hkthrls `hseperhgchrlk plr sus hohgtls. Hf Ektciul Phstejhktl `hsgrcdc÷ hk sus peickes fe ohrlgcè` cjphrekth hk fes glktchkès `h hsls tchjpls. Ltrl hmhjpfl bcst÷rcgl fl prlplrgclk÷ Tlje ef vhkghr e Gerteil hk fe Phrghre Iuhrre ^ýkcge. Gudrc÷ sus ruckes glk sef y vhk`c÷ sus gcuèèkls glrkl hsgfevls. Jeylr vclfhkgce e uk rhofhmerlk fes ckvesclkhs dårderes. Blrès k÷jeès drlterlk `hf vchktrh escåtcgl hk Lhsth sequhek`l e su pesl. Wus mhohs hjpfherlk hf thrrlr scsthjetcze`l hk `crhggc÷k gefcè` `h erje lrchkteètl`l e oegcfcter sus glkqucstes. Hf bcstlrce`lr jcfcter dhfie Hjcth Yekty ldshrv÷= "Fe iuhrre tltef, ffhveè e gedl `hfcdhreèjhkth plr Ihkics Abek shiýk jcres orêejhkth cjpfegedfhs y prhgcses hxthrjck÷ fes pldfegclkhs, erres÷ fes gcuè`hs, tef÷ fls årdlfhs, ghi÷ fls plzls, `hsvc÷ hf gursl `h fls rêls, jet÷ fe tchrre. ..Ihkics Abek `hsprhgcede fe trecgc÷k y begce eshscker e fes iuerkcgclkhs quh sh rhk`êek, fe jcsje suhrth hstede rhshrveè pere fls quh rhscstêek. @h fes prcjhres, thjêe uke kuhve trecgc÷k1 `h fes ltres, su veflr" 4. Escjcsjl, fes iuhrres glk olk`l rhfciclsl bek `hstege`l plr su drutefcè`. Ef hkhjcil -bhrhmhs l ckochfhs- sh fh ekcqucfede hk kljdrh `h @cls puhs kl jhrhgêe vcvcr Erlk eocrj÷= "Fls gruze`ls slk sudfcjhs y phfcirlsls" 7 .Ouffhr sh rhocrc÷ e fes Iuhrres `h fe 5 4 Ek`rãs

Dhuorh, lp. Gct., 5399, p. 54 Hjcfh Yekty, Fe Bcstlrce `h fe Bujekcè` e trevãs `h fes iuhrres (Je`rc`= Efoeiuere, 5394), tljl C, pp. ?3-95 7 Erlk, lp, gct., p. 5>9

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

05

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Thfcic÷k, guye gýspc`h sh jethrcefcz÷ hk fe iuhrre `h fls Prhckte Eõls= "Guek`l, hk 5?02, fe êz `h Yhstoefce pusl ock e fe ekerquêe, Hurlpe Ghktref yegêe hk ruckes, bedchk`l phrhgc`l ukls lgbl jcfflkhs `h phrslkes, sck glkter fls 78>.>>> juhrtls hk gljdeth Hf gekcdefcsjl kl ouh `hsglklgc`l ùrekth fe iuhrre y hf puhdfl gey÷ `h tef olrje hk fe suphrstcgc÷k, quh sh `cgh quh, hktrh 5?4? y 5?42, hf Ldcspl `h Yurzduri lr`hk÷ quhjer plr drumhrêe e ukes 3.>>> phrslkes". Hk ltrl pårreol eirhi÷= "Bedêe sc`l tek irek`h, plr ltrl fe`l, hf eiltejchktl `h fls rhgursls `h fe pldfegc÷k y `h fe rcquhze `h tlès fes kegclkhs `h fe Hurlpe Ghktref, quh fls kuhvls hmãrgctls phrjekhkths tuvchrlk quh shr `h prlplrgclkhs fcjcteès" 0. Escjcsjl, glk hf prlp÷sctl `h ejcklrer fls pe`hgcjchktls `h fes glktchkès y treter `h hvcterfes prlsphrerlk hf `hrhgbl ckthrkegclkef y hf tretl `cpfljåtcgl `cp fljåtcgl hktrh fls Hste`ls. Fls Thyhs Edslfutls `hf scifl R_CC y R_ffC, deserlk su pl`hr hk hmãrgctls prlohsclkefhs `h eftl glstl `h efcstejchktl e fcstejchktl y jekthkcjchktl. Fls sldhrekls y ihkhrefhs sh vchrlk ld ldfcie`ls fcie`ls e hglkljczer fe vcè `h fls slfè`ls. Fe vesthè` `h fls hspegcls, fes jefes vêes `h gljukcgegclkhs y hf rhùgc`l tejeõl `h fls hmãrgctls bczl quh fes deteffes ouhrek `h glkshktcjchktl jutul. êre hvcter fls gblquhs orlktefhs y hf gljdeth, hk hxtrhjl lkhrlsls, sh eglstujdrl rhslfvhr fes gejpeões jh`cekth gljpfhmes y hfhiekths jekcldres. Glk hffes sh dusgede `hsiester ef hkhjcil l glrter sus fêkhes `h rhtcreè y gljukcgegclkhs pere prlvlger su rhk`cgc÷k. Gljl uftcjl rhgursl sh eghptede fe `hgcsc÷k hk hf gejpl `h deteffe. Wc ùrekth hf tchjpl dlkekgcdfh kl sh glkshiuêek rhsufte`ls plsctcvls, fes trlpes sh rhtcredek e sus guerthfhs `h ckvchrkl pere rhplkhrsh `h fes phkurces y prhperersh pere hf pr÷xcjl phrcl`l `h lphregclkhs. Fe Thvlfugc÷k Orekghse rhvcvc÷ hf glkghptl `h Iuhrre Pltef glk uk @hgrhtl `h fe Glkvhkgc÷k hk 5937. E`hjås `h treksolrjerfe hk jescve, ckcgcl uke prlirhscve hsgefeè hk fe vclfhkgce.

d)

TH^HTGXWC×K XKC_HTWEF

_ercls oegtlrhs glkgurrhk e prlplrgclker rhfhvekgce e fls glkofcgtls hk fe prhshkth ãplge. Wh gcte e fls `h jeylr cjplrtekgce. Hk prcjhr fuier, fls jh`cls `h gljukcgegc÷k slgcef thfhvcsc÷k, re`clthfholkêe y prhkse hsgrcte- phrjcthk e fe bujekcè` hkthrersh `h fls plrjhklrhs `h fes quhrhffes hk hf ckstekth `h egehghr fls bhgbls. Ltrl esphgtl, hs fe grhgchkth ckthr`hphk`hkgce hglk÷jcge `h fls peêshs, fls guefhs glk sus ckthrhshs `cstrcduc`ls plr hf pfekhte slk vhgckls `h tl`l hf juk`l. ^lr ýftcjl, fls Lriekcsjls Ckthrkegclkefhs, plr fl ihkhref jekcpufe`ls plr fes irek`hs plthkgces, ckthrvchkhk pere `csue`cr l getefczer fes eirhsclkhs ephfek`l e uke duhke geuse. @urekth fe Iuhrre Orêe, hf ýftcjl hfhjhktl efu`c`l hre jås hvc`hkth. Fls glkofcgtls sh `hserrlffedek deml hf ejperl `h efiuke `h fes suphrplthkgces. Ejdes dusgedek glkgrhter sus ldmhtcvls bhihj÷kcgls plr jh`cl `h ckstrujhktls plfêtcgls vclfhktls hk zlkes jerickefhs

g)

@HWIEWPH

Bcst÷rcgejhkth, fes erjes hståk hk glktckul phrohggclkejchktl ckglrplråk`lfhs kuhves thgklfliêes. ^lr hffl hxphrcjhktek uk glkstekth ckgrhjhktl hk su hocgchkgce y gepegcè` `hstrugtlre. 0

Ouffhr, lp. Gct., pp. 55-5?

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

04

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> ^hrl sus glstls y gljpfhmcè` sh hfhvek hk olrje hxplkhkgcef. Hk fls gljdeths, hf erjejhktl y scsthjes gljpfhjhktercls sh èõek y iestek glk repc`hz rhqucrchk`l uk slsthkc`l ofuml `h rhhjpfezls y rhpuhstls. Hk guektl ef glksujl `h jukcgclkhs h cksujls eujhkte e kcvhfhs cjprhsclkekths. ^lr hmhjpfl, hf glstl `hf dljder`hrl, klrthejhrcgekl D-4, `lte`l glk fe thgklfliêe "Wtheftb", tchkh uk veflr ukctercl sldrh fls 2>> jcfflkhs `h `÷ferhs suphrek`l hk 5> vhghs hf prhgcl `h su ekthghslr hf D-84. @h eguhr`l e ekthgh`hkths hxtreê`ls `h fe Iuhrre `hf Ilfol, uke `cvcsc÷k `h erjes gljdckeès, hqucpeè glk tekquhs J-5 hjpfhe `cercejhkth= 8 jcf tlkhfeès `h jukcgc÷k, 5.4>> `h eiue y 4.4>> `h gljdustcdfh. Hf ýftcjl êthj sldrhpese `ls vhghs fls rhquhrcjchktls `h uk Hmhrgctl klrthejhrcgekl `h fe Whiukè Iuhrre Juk`cef ckthire`l plr verces `cvcsclkhs. Hk rhfegc÷k ef glkofcgtl ck`l-peacstekl `h 5395, hf _cghefjcrekth Mustckcekl gljhkt÷= "Fes khghscè`hs `h gljdustcdfh y fe edslfute `hphk`hkgce `hf hxthrclr pere hf eplyl fliêstcgl `hf jethrcef `h iuhrre iuh rre e mucgcl `h fls j jcsjls csjls dhfcihrekths, glkstctuyhrlk oegtlrhs `hthrk5ckekths pere quh fe irevctegc÷k `hf glktrlf `hf jer rhsuftere eftejhkth `hgcscve" 8. Ef rhsphgtl, glkvchkh rhglrèr quh hf duquh hs hf jh`cl `h treksplrth jescvl plr hxghfhkgce.

`)

@XTEGC×K @HF GLKOFCGPL

Fes iuhrres `hf prhshkth sh sckiuferczek plr uke ckthkse y slsthkcè fcdhregc÷k `h hkhriêe `hjlfh`lre geè vhz jes prhgcse. Fes lphregclkhs sh rhefczek ck`cstcktejhkth `h `êe y klgbh. Fls slocstcge`ls scsthjes `h erjes, glk sus rhsphgtcvls eglpcls `h jukcgc÷k h cksujls `h eftl veflr, sh hxtckiuhk l `cscpek hk drhvh tchjpl. Gljl glkshguhkgce, fls hkorhktejchktls dãfcgls tchk`hk e `csjckucr su ùregc÷k. Pefhs slk fls gesls `h fls glkofcgtls åredhs-csrehfêhs, Ck`ce-êacståk y fes Oefafek` y fes Oefafek`. Wck hjderil, fe thk`hkgce jhkgclkeè kl schjprh sh jektchkh. Bey glktchkès dãfcges quh sh prlflkiek hk hf tchjpl. Wh eocrje quh fls glkofcgtls hktrh åredhs h csrehfêhs olrjek perth `h uke iuhrre prlflkieè glk phrcl`ls `h jeylr l jhklr ckthkscè`. ^lr ltre perth, fe iuhrre frcåk- frea sh slstuvl plr lgbl ferils eõls.

4.4

HRCIHKGCEW e)

GLTTHGPE GLKGH^GC×K

Gfeushwctz `cgh= ‖Hf prcjhr egtl `h `csghrkcjchktl, hf jeylr y hf jås `hgcscvl quh hmhgutek uk Hste`cste y uk Mhoh Jcfcter hs hf hstedfhghr glrrhgtejhkth fe gfesh quh hstå fcdrek`l y kl tljerfe l beghr `h hffe efil `cohrhkth `h ffl l quh phrjcte fe keturef keturefhze hze `h fes gcrgukstekgces. Hsth hs, plr fl tektl, hf prcjhrl y jås ejpfcl `h tl`ls fls prl prldfhjes dfhjes hstretãicgls‚?. Wck hjderil e`vchrth= ‖^hrl hf ldmhtl plfêtcgl kl hs, plr hffl, rhife `hsp÷tcge1 `hdh eèptersh e fe keturefhze `h fls jh`cls e su `csplscgc÷k‚. Hk sêkthscs, fls ockhs y jh`cls tchkhk quh shr glkglrèkths. 8

_cghefjcrekth Blregcl Mustckcekl E., Hstrethice Kevef. Gljhktercls (_efpereêsl, Ege`hjce `h Iuhrre Kevef, 5329), p. 4>? ? Gfeushwctz, lp. Gct., p. 48

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

07

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Fe ýkcge jekhre `h ldshrver fes mucgclses shkthkgces `h Gfeushwctz re`cge hk hkthk`hr fe keturefhze `h ffe e iuhrre. Geè glkof glkofcgtl cgtl hs uke rhefc rhefcè` è` `cohrhkth y ýkcge qu quh h hkorhkte uk peês `hthrjc `hthrjcke`l ke`l hk gcrgukstekgc gcrgukstekgces es cktrêkshgejhkth vercedfhs. Fl ekthrclr begh cjprhsgck`cdfh hstedfhghr glk ghrthze, hf lrcihk `hf ohk÷jhkl y su hvlfugc÷k, sus geuses rhefhs y eperhkths, fes jeikctu`hs `h fls ckthrhshs hk muhil, fls hohgtls `h fe iuhrre pere hf `hstckl `h fe kegc÷k, fe sctuegc÷k plfêtcgl ‗ ‗   hstretãicgl cjphrekth, htg. @hspuãs `h rhefczer hsth glkgchkzu`l ekåfcscs sh hstå hk glk`cgclkhs `h `hockcr fes jhtes phrshiucès plr fe iuhrre, fls jh`cls khghsercls pere hf ãxctl `h fe hjprhse dãfcge hf hsouhrzl e rhefczer y, sc hs plscdfh, fe jhmlr lplrtukcè` pere ckcgcer fes eggclkhs.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls Efhjekce= Hk fe ^rcjhre Iuhrre Juk`cef, kl c`hktcocg÷ quh su hkhjcil prckgcpef hre Irek Drhteõe. Hste glyukture sh rhofhm÷ rhofhm÷ hk uke hstrethice glktckhktef ccke`hgueè ke`hgueè pere vhkghr e uke plthkgce jerêtcje.

Efce`ls= Hk fe Whiukè Iuhrre Juk`cef, Lggc`hkth iek÷ fe iuhrre phrl phr`c÷ fe pez. Wu Ldmhtcvl ^lfêtcgl `h Iuhrre sh hsouj÷ hk hf treksgursl `h fes blstcfcè`hs.

Erihktcke= Hk hf glkofcgtl `h fes Oefafek`, sus Ouhrzes Erjeès kl hstedek prhpereès pere fugber glktre Irek Drhteõe. Kl thkêek fls jh`cls eprlpce`ls.

Gbcfh= Wh hjderg÷ hk fe Iuhrre `hf êgêocgl sck quh hf ildchrkl tuvchsh gferl fes rezlkhs `h fe fugbe. Gerhgêe `h Ldmhtcvl ^lfêtcgl `h Iuhrre. Fls hmhjpfls gcte`ls `hjuhstrek fe orhguhkgce glk quh sh ckgurrh sldrh fe glrrhgte glkghpgc÷k `h uke iuhrre. êrhgh tek tek shkgcffl olrjufer fls prlp÷sctls phrshiuc`ls ef rhgurrcr e fes erjes y efcster hf ckstrujhktl dãfcgl eprlpce`l, sck hjderil, fls hrrlrhs `hstegek plr su glkstekth rhphtcgc÷k. Fes ljcsclkhs egerrhek glkshguhkgces `lflrlses= fe `hrrlte, jefiester hsouhrzls tres ldmhtcvls hqucvlge`ls l efgekzer uke pez `hohgtulse glk hf ihrjhk `h uke kuhve glktchkè.

d)

^THÊTEGC×K @H FLW GXETPL OTHKPHW @H EGGC EGGC×K ×K (OE.)

Fes iuhrres jl`hrkes, plr shr tltefhs, hxcihk fe pertcgcpegc÷k `h tlè fe kegc÷k. Fe @crhggc÷k Wuprhje, epfcgek`l fe Hstrethice Pltef, gllr`cke hf quhbeghr `h fls guetrl OE hk fes `cohrhkths oeshs `hf glkofcgtl= ^rhperegc÷k, @hserrlffl y Hxpfltegc÷k. Geè ukl `h fls OE hs cksustctucdfh y olrjek uke ge`hke `h guetrl hsfedlkhs. Fe olrtefhze `hf glkmuktl `hphk`h `h fe rhscsthkgce `hf gljplkhkth jås `ãdcf.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

00

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Fe irevctegc÷k `h fls OE verêe shiýk fe sctuegc÷k quh sh vcve. Hk tchjpl klrjef, fls rhgursls hglk÷jcgls sh lrchktek glk prclrcè` ef `hserrlffl y fe setcsoeggc÷k `h fes khghscè`hs `hf OE Ckthrkl pere eifutc eifutckerfl kerfl efrh`h`lr `h fls Ldmhtc Ldmhtcvls vls Kegclkefhs. Hk fe prhperegc÷k, hf OE Hglk÷jcgl sh vuhfge begce hf Dãfcgl hk prlgure `h ckgrhjhkter su plthkgce. Ef jcsjl tchjpl, fe @cpfljegce ckthkscocge su fedlr pere glkghrter efcekze glk peêshs ckofuyhkths, etrehr e fls khutrefhs y glktrerrhster e fls glktrercls e fe geus geuse e kegclkef. @urekth fes blstcfcè`hs, hf OE Dãfcgl, hf `hgcscvl, `hgcscvl, `hdh shr eplye`l vcilrlsejhkth plr hf rhstl `h ffls ls GE pere oegcfcter oegcfcter fe vcgtlrce jcfcter. Ef ockefczer fes lphregclkhs, hf OE @cpfljåtcgl sh glkvchrth hk hf prckgcpef y, evefe`l plr fls ltrls trhs, tchkh gljl terhe ieker fe pez.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls C Iuhrre Juk`cef= Hk Efhjekce y Tusce sh quhdr÷ hf OE Ckthrkl glk`cgc glk`cgcãk`lfls ãk`lfls e fe `hrrlte.

CC Iuhrre Juk`cef= Hk Ctefce hf puhdfl hre blstcf e fe iuhrre y e`hjås kl budl gllphregc÷k hktrh fes ckstctugclkhs erjeès.

_chtkej= Hf OE Ckthrkl `h Hste` Hste`ls ls X Xkc`ls kc`ls `hsglklgêe hf Ldmhtcvl ^lf ^lfêtcgl êtcgl `h Iuhrre l kl fl gljpertc÷, treksolrjåk`lsh fe iuhrre hk cjplpufer.

Ck`ce-êacståk (5395)= Ck`ce jekcldr÷ glk egchrtl tl`ls sus GE ldthkchk`l uk rhslkekth ãxctl jcfcter y plfêtcgl.

g)

^THÊTEGC×K @H FE @CTHGGC×K WX^THJE @H FE IXHTTE S FL FLW W EFPL EFPLW W JEK@LW

Gfeushwctz sldrh hsth thje begh tr hs hs ckthrhsekths egltegclkhs, uke hxprhse= ‖Hs vhrè` quh hf hfhjhktl plfêtcgl kl phkhtre prloukèjhkth hk fls `hteffhs `h fe iuhrre. Fls ghktckhfes kl slk eplste`ls kc fes petruffes hkvceès e beghr sus rlkès desåk`lsh hk glksc`hregclkhs plfêtcge. ^hrl su ckofuhkgce hs juy `hgcscve glk rhsphgtl ef pfek `h tlè fe iuhrre, `h fe gejpeõe y e jhku`l beste `h fe deteffe‚2. Fe shiukè shõefe= ‖Esê gljl uke phrslke quh kl `ljcke plr gljpfhtl uk c`clje, `cgh ju jugbes gbes vhghs ffl l quh kl sh prlplkêe, `hf jcsjl jl`l, fe plfêtcge lr`hkerå glk orhguhkgce glses quh kl glrrhsplk`hk e sus prlpce ckthkgclkhs‚ 3. Fe ýftcje jekcochste. ‖Hk kckiuke gcrgukstekgce hf erth `h fe iuhrre puh`h glksc`hrersh gljl hf prhghptlr `h fe plfêtcge, y s÷fl pl`hjls glksc`hrer equê e fe plfêtcge gljl fe rhprhshktegc÷k `h tl`ls fls ckthrhshs `h fe gljukcè` hkthre‚5>. Glk hstes oreshs, hf eutlr shõefe fe ldfciegc÷k `hf hste`cste `h plshhr glklgcjchktls ihkhrefhs `h hstrethice. Hk hste olrje sh hkguhktre hk glk`cgclkhs `h suphrvcser, sck ckgurrcr hk hxghsls, fe glkùggc÷k jcfcter `hf glkofcgtl pere jekthkhrfl `hktrl `h fls geughs 2 3 Cdc`.,

p. 8?9 Cdc`., p. 8?3 Cdc`., p. 8?9

5>

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

08

08

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> `hthrjcke`ls plr fe plfêtcge. Escjcsjl, e`vchrte quh hf hstrethil kl puh`h prhthk`hr sldrhpeser fe plfêtcge, puhs `hsdlrè fe keturefhze jcsje `h fe iuhrre.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls C Iuhrre Juk`cef= Hf Aecshr sh suplkêe hf @cls `h fe Iuhrre sck hster prhpere`l. Wus ckthrohrhkgces prlùgêek glkousc÷k y phrmucgcls hk esphgtls hstretãicgls y `cpfljåtcgls.

CC Iuhrre Juk`cef= Gburgbcff sh grhêe hstrethie y prhthk`êe eglkshmer e sus ihkhrefhs. Hf hsgrctlr drctåkcgl Derk'h ^ctt eglt÷ "Glk su phrslkef prh`cfhggc÷k plr fe eggc÷k, slfêe eperhghr hk hf thrrhkl glk fls ukcolrjhs jås hxtreõls, cjplrtukek`l e sus ihkhrefhs glk hstrethices quh sldrek shr tek plgl prågtcges gljl drcffekths‚ drcffe kths‚55. Tllshvhft sh `hsfci÷ `h su rlf `h glkùgtlr plfêtcgl `h fe iuhrre hktrhiåk`lsh e uke qucjãrcge glkstruggc÷k `h¡ juk`l plr vhkcr. Ouffhr gefcocge glk ùrhze e fe gýpufe `crhgtcve y jek`l jcfcter klrthejhrcgekl= "Wus mhohs gerhgêek `h shktc`l bcst÷rcgl y glksc`hredek fe iuhrre gljl uk muhil jlrtef jås dchk quh gljl ckstrujhktl plfêtcgl, plr fl quh fes deteffes hjphzerlk e phr`hr tl`l hf veflr plfêtcgl, tektl jås guektl quh hk fe shiukè jcte` `h fe glktchkè, fls rhsufte`ls `h fes jcsjes quhèrlk glk orhguhkgce khutrefcze`ls plr `hgcsclkhs plfêtcges54.

`)

OXHT]EW J×_CFHW S ^LPHKPHW

Hf Ihkhref efhjåk Bhckz Iu`hrcek hsgrcdc÷= "Fe ^rcjhre Iuhrre Juk`cef quh`÷ phtrcocgeè hk hf orhkth lggc`hktef, fuhil `h glrte iuhrre `h jlvcjchktl, gljl iuhrre `h plscgclkhs. Kc hf jås pl`hrlsl ejlktlkejchktl `h jethrcef `h iuhrre bedêe phrjctc`l plkhr `h kuhvl hk jlvcjchktl fls orhkths, beste quh hk klvchjdrh `h 535? fls tekquhs hjpfhe`ls plr kuhstrls e`vhrsercls, `hdc`l e su prlthggc÷k eglrezeè, e sus ge`hkes-lruie y su erjejhktl glk pchzes `h ertcffhrêe y ejhtreffe`lres, edrchrlk hf gejckl ef beste hktlkghs `hsejpere`l gljdetchkth, e trevãs `hf ouhil `h derrhre y `h fes efejdreès, sldrh fes trckgbhres y hjdu`ls, ffhvåk`lfh vcvl y glk gepegcè` gljdetcvl beste fes fe s fêkhes efhjekes‚57. @h fls hmhjpfls bcst÷rcgls sh `hùgh quchkhs segerlk hkshõekzes plsctcves `h fe sctuegc÷k `hsgrcte plr Iu`hrcek. Efhjekce hktr÷ e fe Whiukè Iuhrre Juk`cef glk uk hmãrgctl j÷vcf jchktres Orekgce fl bczl glk ouhrzes hståtcges guyl jeylr hxplkhkth ouh fe Fêkhe Jeicklt.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls CC Iuhrre Juk`cef Orekgce= Hf Ihkhref `h Ieuffh sudrey÷= "Hf hmãrgctl sh hstekgede hk fls glkghptls tågtcgls quh bedêek hste`l hk vcilr ekths `h glkgfucr fe ýftcje iuhrre. S thk`êe tektl jås e hffl, guektl quh sus mhohs hkvhmhgêek hk sus gerils, eohrre`ls e yhrrls quh hk ltrl tchjpl fhs bedêek gudchrtl `h iflrce... @h ebê quh fe c`he `hf orhkth ocml y glktckul `ljckesh fe hstrethice prhvcste pere uke 55 54 Derrch

^ctt, Gburgbcff y fls ihkhrefhs (Duhkls Ecrhs= Mevchr _hriere H`., 5325), p. 55 Ouffhr, lp. Gct., p. 400 57 Ihkhref Bhckz Iu`hrcek, Thguhr`ls `h uk slfè`l, (Derghflke= Fucs `h Gereft, 53?7), p. 89

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

0?

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> eggc÷k outure. Fe lriekczegc÷k fe `lgtrcke, fe ckstruggc÷k y hf erjejhktl rhsplk`êek e tef glkghpgc÷k"50. Hf glkghptl Jeicklt, `hohkscvl h ckj÷vcf, ouh ckgepez `h glkthkhr e fe iuhrre `h jlvcjchktl, glreze y cjpuhste plr fls "pekzhr" efhjekhs. e fhjekhs.

Glkofcgtl `h fes Oefafek`. Jex Bestckis y Wcj÷k Mhkacks ffhierlk e fes sciuchkths glkgfusclkhs= "Hk `cvhrses århes erihktckls plshêek jhmlrhs hqucpls y jeylr pl`hr `h ouhil quh fls drctåkcgls. ^hrl sus tågtcges, bedcfcè` lphretcvl y jltcvegclkhs hrek fejhktedfhs". Eirhierlk sldrh hf `hshjphõl `hf I. Jãk`hz= "^hrl su rhgbezl e rhefczer jås quh jekthkhr plscgclkhs ocmes fl glk`hk÷ e su ckhvctedfh, `hrrlte"58.

h)

L^LTPXKC@E L^LTPXKC@E@ @ @H FE THWLFXGC×K

Wldrh hste jethrce sh `cstckiuhk `ls oeghtes. Xke glkscsth hk grher fe lplrtukcè` oevlredfh pere ffhver e gedl hf glkofcgtl hk hf esphgtl ifldef. Hs `hgcr, quh fls guetrl Gejpls `h Eggc÷k prhpere`ls y fcstls pere ckcgcer hf glkofcgtl guek`l sh glksc`hrh glkvhkchkth. Hk hstes glk`cgclkhs sh fh puh`h hktrhier hf rljpcjchktl `h fes blstcfcè`hs ef e`vhrsercl pere beghrfl eperhghr gljl eirhslr ekth hf åjdctl ckthrkegclkef. Hk `cgbes gcrgukstekgces, hf e`vhrsercl grhh thkhr ckcgcetcve plfêtcge y hstretãicge guek`l hk rhefcè` sh fh hstå jekcldrek`l. Hf ltrl esphgtl sh gcrguksgrcdh, plr fl ihkhref, e ektcgcpersh ef rljpcjchktl `h fes blstcfcè`hs. Hste eggc÷k rhgcdh hf kljdrh `h etequh prhvhktcvl. Teyjlk` Erlk fl gefcocge gljl= "Hf ilfph è`l hk ektcgcpegc÷k `hf quh sh suplkh quh hf ltrl hstå e puktl `h èr. Fe iuhrre plr ektcgcpegc÷k kl hs fe iuhrre prhvhktcve. Hste ýftcje gljchkze e sekirh orêe hk hf jljhktl muzie`l gljl oevlredfh, pere hvcter uke `hthrclrczegc÷k `h fe rhfegc÷k `h ouhrzes l pere eprlvhgber gcrgukstekgces oevlredfhs. Equhffe `hsete hk phrêl`ls `h grcscs, kl plrquh sh prhochre fe vcgtlrce e fe pez, sckl plrquh sh thjh shr etege`l, `h uk jljhktl e ltrl‚5? . Hf prlp÷sctl dusge`l plr hf rljpcjchktl ektcgcpe`l `h fes blstcfcè`hs hs dåscgejhkth defekgher plthkgcefhs. Hk efiukls gêrgufls gestrhkshs, hsth tcpl `h etequh l iuhrre sh glksc`hre uk `lije y glrrhsplk`h e fe o÷rjufe jåicge quh plscdcfcte hf ãxctl. Wck hjderil, kl hs plscdfh eghpterfl gljl tef. Hs khghsercl hvefuer glk gucè`l fes vhktemes y vhktemes quh glkffhve su rhefczegc÷k hk hf gejpl plfêtcgl-hstretãicgl. Wc sh rhsuhfvh hmhguter uk etequh prhjltcvl, `cgbe `hgcsc÷k `hdh hster glksufteè gljl uke efthrketcve hk fls pfekhs `h iuhrre hfedlre`ls hk tchjpls `h pez, puhs su jethrcefczegc÷k rhquchrh `h fe eggc÷k gllr`ckeè y glkgurrhkth `h fes trhs ckstctugclkhs erjeès pere eshiurer uk hohgtcvl ãxctl hstretãicgl y su plsthrclr hxpfltegc÷k. Hf etequh prhjltcvl sh rhfegclke hk olrje hstrhgbe glk fe iuhrre kugfher.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls Iuhrre `h fls Whcs @êes, Csrehf= Ckcgcl fe iuhrre prhvhktcve glktre fls åredhs glk uk glktuk`hkth etequh eãrhl slrprhscvl. Hsth bhgbl ouh rhicstre`l plr Tek`lfpbs W. y Y. W. Gburgbcff= "E fes 9,08 `h fe jeõeke `hf fukhs 8 `h mukcl sh ckcgc÷ glk fe prcjhre lfheè, fe lohkscve eãrhe csrehfê. Wu ldmhtcvl, `chz ehrlpuhrtls hicpgcls, kuhvh `h fls guefhs ouhrlk dljder`he`ls hxegtejhkth e fe jcsje blre... 50 58 Ihkhref

Gberfhs `h Ieuffh, jhjlrces `h iuhrre= Hf ffejejchktl (Derghflke= Fucs `h Gereft, 53?3), p. 2 Jex Bestcki y Wcjlk Mhkacks, Pbh Dettfh olr tbh Oefaek`s (Khw Slra, Y.Y. Klrtlk, 5327), p 740 5? Erlk, lp. Gct., p. 020

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

09

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Begce fes 5>.78 (blre csrehfê) `hf fukhs fe ouhrze eãrhe hicpgce bedêe sc`l `hstrucè" 59. E jh`cl `êe, fe evcegc÷k scrce y mlrèke suorchrlk fe jcsje suhrth.

Iuhrre Ck`ce - êacståk (5395)= Ck`ce, glk hxtrelr`ckerce estugce, grh÷ fes glk`cgclkhs oevlredfhs pere fe iuhrre. Eprhjc÷ e su rcvef plr jh`cl `h ckslplrtedfhs prlvlgegclkhs hk êacståk Lrchktef, bly Dekife`hsb. Wu ckthkgc÷k hre ckgcter e êacståk ckcgcer fes blstcfcè`hs hk ckvchrkl y esê khutrefczer fe crrhglkgcfcedfh Gbcke. Csfejede`, hkieõe`l y uric`l, `hthrjck÷ rhgurrcr e fes erjes. Hstcj÷ plshhr fe ckcgcetcve sck e`vhrtcr quh hstede schk`l jekcldre`l. Tljpc÷ fes blstcfcè`hs plr jh`cl `h uk etequh eãrhl y uke lohkscve hstretãicge hk hf orhkth lggc`hktef. Kuhve @hbfc, bedêe prhvcstl hste eggc÷k. @hspfhi÷ su ouhrze eãrhe `h tef jekhre quh hf dljder`hl peacstekê gey÷ hk hf vegêl. Hf glksciuchkth glktreetequh fh ltlri÷ fe suphrclrcè` eãrhe. Fe lohkscve thrrhstrh peacstekê, rhefczeè hk uk thrrhkl plgl eptl, ouh `hsdereteè hk glrtl tchjpl Ck`ce ecsf÷ e êacståk Lrchktef, quh glkstctuêe hf thetrl `h fe `hgcsc÷k, plr jh`cl `hf pl`hr kevef y flir÷ su glkqucste hk efrh`h`lr `h `ls shjekes. 7.-

GFEWCOCGEGC×K GFEWCOCGEGC ×K @H FEW IXHTTEW 7.5. ÊTÅJHPTL ^ ETÅJHPTLW W XPCFC]E@LW

Fe iuhrre, hk hf prhshkth, rhgcdh uke glksc`hredfh gektcè` `h e`mhtcvls. Geè eutlr sldrh hf thje sh schkth eutlrcze`l pere deutczerfe e su ektlml e ktlml eujhktek`l hf `hslr`hk rhckekth Esê, prlfcohrek fes `hscikegclkhs `h scikegclkhs sldrh fe iuh iuhrre rre tefhs gljl. ^lpu ^lpufer, fer, orêe, gefchkth, glflkcefcste, jerickef, sudvhrscve, htg. êre hohgtls `h lr`hkejchktl y hstu`cl, fes iuhrres sh gfescocgek `h eguhr`l e fls peråjhtrls quh sh ck`cgek= - @hrhgbl Ckthrkegclkef - Hktcè`hs pertcgcpekths - Ejpfctu` `hf glkofcgtl - Phetrl `h lphregclkhs - Ldmhtcvl plfêtcgl - Erjes hjpfheès. @hktrl `h hstls peråjhtrls, hs plscdfh ckgfucr guefquchr gfesh `h glktchkè dãfcge.

59

Tek`lfpb W. S Yckstlk W. Gburgbuff, Fe Iuhrre `h fls shcs `êes (Duhkls Ecrhs= Gek`hfedrl, 53?9), p. 39.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

02

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> 7.4. @HTHGBL CKPHTKEGC CKPHTKEGCLKEF LKEF Hf @hrhgbl Ckthrkegclkef glkthjpfe `ls tcpls `h iuhrre= Thiufer h Crrhiufer.

e)

IXHTTE THIXFET

Hf Gljekèkth @êez `cgh `h hffe. "Hs fe quh sh hohgtýe glkolrjh e fes fhyhs y usls `hf @hrhgbl Ckthrkegclkef y glk fes ouhrzes lriekczeès y fhiefjhkth jekèès `h fls e`vhrsercls (ukcolrjh, hstedcfcè` lriåkcge, Mhohs rhsplksedfhs)" 52. E`hjås sciuh uk lr`hkejchktl plr oeshs dchk `hthrjcke`l. Wh ckcgce glk hf Xftcjåtuj, glktckýe glk fe Jlvcfczegc÷k ^ýdfcge, sh `hgfere fe iuhrre prhvce ef ckcgcl `h fes blstcfcè`hs, fes lphregclkhs dãfcges sh `hserrlffek ldshrvek`l fes glkvhkgclkhs phrtckhkths, hf usl `h fe ouhrze ghse glk hf Erjcstcgcl y fe iuhrre thrjcke glk hf Prete`l `h êz.

d)

IXHTTE CTTHIXFE CTTHIXFET T Hs fe quh kl gujpfh l kl sh hkgue`re `hktrl `hf @hrhgbl Ckthrkegclkef.

g)

GLJHKPETCLW

Pchjpl etrås, fls ildchrkls hk glkofcgtl sh hsjhredek hk gujpfcr glk fes rhifes `hf @hrhgbl `h Ihkths h ckthktedek hvcter fls hxghsls `h vclfhkgce glktre fls kl gljdetchkths y khutrefhs. Wck hjderil, hf e`vhkcjchktl `h kuhves erjes, hf rhglklgcjchktl `h su gerågthr tltef y fes jltcvegclkhs c`hlf÷icges bek bhgbl e fes iuhrres geè vhz jås efhmeès `h fe fhy ckthrkegclkef y jås drutefhs. Fe glk`cgc÷k `h dhfcihrekth treh eperhmeè uke shrch `h ldfciegclkhs y rhsplksedcfcè`hs rerejhkth sh gujpfhk. Fes klrjes sh ljcthk glk fe ckthkgc÷k `h ieker hvhktuefhs vhktemes hstretãicges. Bly hs `coêgcf `cstckiucr hktrh uke iuhrre rhiufer h Crrhiufer. Hste gcrgukstekgce gldr÷ uke glkkltegc÷k hxtrelr`ckerce hk fes iuhrres euspcgceès, hk su tchjpl, plr hf Arhjfck. Fes hstrethices hjpfheès hk `cgbls glkofcgtls hrek sutcfhs y sckulses. Lttl Jcsasgbh ldshrv÷. ‖Kc hstejls hk iuhrre, kc tejplgl ilzejls `h pez, fe sctuegc÷k egtuef glkstctuyh uke hsphgch `h shguhfe `h fls glkofcgtls prhgh`hkths, hs hk sê jcsje uk glkofcgtl phrjekhkth hk hf quh gblgek ohrlzjhkth fes c`hlfliêes, fes gcvcfczegclkhs y fes rezes. Wck quh hxcste uke `hgferegc÷k `h iuhrre `ls plthkgces puh`hk jekthkhr rhfegclkhs phrohgtejhkth klrjefhs y sck hjderil sh hståk gljdetchk`l `h uke jekhre ck`crhgte‚53 .

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls

C Iuhrre Juk`cef Hk sus ckcgcls ouh uke iuhrre rhiufer, euk guek`l Efhjekce vclf÷ uk trete`l ckthrkegclkef quh fe gljprljhtêe e rhsphter fe ckthircè` thrrctlrcef `h Dãficge. Hste treksirhsc÷k treksi rhsc÷k fh scrvc÷ `h hxguse e Irek Drhteõe pere ckirhser ef glkofcgtl. @urekth hf `hserrlffl `h fes blstcfcè`hs, fls pertcgcpekths glktckuerlk etrlphffek`l hf `hrhgbl shiýk sus khghscè`hs y glkvhkchkgces. 52

@êez, lp. Gct., p. ?2 Jcasgbh, lp. Gct., p. 4?

53

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

03

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5>

Iuhrre `h _chtkej Hste`ls Xkc`ls, hk hf `hkljcke`l Glkofcgtl `h Ck`lgbcke, eplyl glk tcdchze e Orekgce puhs hstcjede quh su efceè hohgtuede uke iuhrre glflkcefcste. Guek`l _chtkej `hf Klrth ckcgcl uke iuhrre sudvhrscve pere glkqucster e su bhrjeke `hf Wur, fe Gese Dfekge ckgrhjhktl hk olrje peufetcke su pertcgcpegc÷k beste ckthrvhkcr `crhgtejhkth. Hk hf eplihl `h su cktrusc÷k hkvc÷ ouhrzes thrrhstrhs, kevefhs y eãrhes ghrgekes ef jh`cl jcff÷k `h hohgtcvls. Fe Gese Dfekge kukge rhglklgc÷ hster hk iuhrre, puhs p uhs sh glksc`hrede slfl eyuèk`l, hk kljdrh kljd rh `h fe fcdhrte`, e uk ildchrkl ejcil ej cil eohgte`l plr uke sudvhrsc÷k gljukcste slsthkcè `hs`h hf hxthrclr. Fe glktreperth, _chtkej `hf Klrth, glktede glk hf crrhstrcgtl eplyl plfêtcgl, `cpfljåtcgl, hglk÷jcgl y jcfcter `h fe Xkc÷k Wlvcãtcge W lvcãtcge y Gbcke ^lpufer. Beklc eocrjede hster ffhvek`l e gedl uke iuhrre `h fcdhregc÷k kegclkef glk hf `hscikcl `h ukcocger e `cvc`c`l peês plr geuse `h rhsedcls `hf glflkcefcsjl. Wu hjphõl hre ldmhtl `h uke ckmustcocgedfh iuhrre cjphrcefcste `h Hste`ls Xkc`ls. Hsth glkofcgtl `hjuhstre 5> rhfetcvl `h fe `hscikegc÷k `h fes iuhrres hk hf prhshkth Fe efu`cè iuhrre puh`h shr ffejeè ck`cstcktejhkth ck`cstcktejhkth iuhrre crrhiufer, gcvcf, `h fcdhregc÷k, jerickef, `h deme ckthkscè` u ltrl ephfetcvl eprlpce`l.

7.7

HKPC@E@HW ÊTPCGCÊKPHW Hste `cvcsc÷k hkgescffe e fes iuhrres hk= ckthrkegclkefhs y Gcvcfhs.

e.

IXHTTE CKPHTKEGCLKEF Wlk equhffls glkofcgtls dãfcgls `lk`h sh hkorhktek `ls l jås Hste`ls sldhrekls.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls Iuhrre Orekgl-^rusceke (529>). Orekgce y ^rusce Iuhrre `h fls Wchth eõls ( 598?-59?7). Irek Drhteõe y ^rusce glktre glk tre Eustrce, Hspeõe, Orekgce y Tusce.

d)

IXHTTE GC_CF

Hs uke iuhrre ckthrke hk quh gljdethk fls glk kegclkefhs hktrh sc pere glkqucster hf pl`hr. ^lr fl ihkhref, hste gfesh `h glkofcgtl sh jethrcefcze guek`l fes Ouhrzes Erjeès `hf peês sh `cvc`hk h ckglrplrek e fls dek`ls hk puike. Wh olrjek ildchrkls perefhfls, fls guefhs rhgcdhk hf rhglklgcjchktl hxpfcgctl l tågctl `h fe gljukcè` `h fes kegclkhs l perth `h hffe. Fe fugbe kl thrjcke beste quh uke `h fes oeggclkhs hs vhkgcè plr gljpfhtl. Hk ltrls tãrjckls, glkscsth hk uke iuhrre cfcjcteè, geregthrêstc gereg thrêstcge ge prlpce `h fes iuhrres gcvcfhs

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

8>

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Hk hf pese`l, fe glstujdrh l klrje hk usl hre ecsfer ef Hste`l hk glkvufsc÷k. Hk kljdrh `h fe kl ckthrvhkgc÷k hk fls esuktls ckthrkls, fls ildchrkls sh edsthkêek hk eyuèr l prlvhhr erjejhktls e fes perths hk `cspute. Hste egtctu` tejdcãk ldh`hgêe e fe ckthkgc÷k `h kl prlflkier fes blstcfcè`hs y esê hvcter fe glksciuchkth `hstruggc÷k `h vcès y dchkhs jethrcefhs Hste plsture be verce`l gljpfhtejhkth, puhs fes irek`hs plthkgces sh ckjcsguyhk glk `hsgerl.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls Iuhrre Gcvcf `h 5235 (Gbcfh) Fe Erjeè sh pfhi÷ ef dek`l glkirhscste hk tektl hf Hmãrgctl ef defjegh`cste.

Iuhrre Gcvcf Hspeõlfe (537?- 5373) Fes pethkgces `h fe ãplge ckthrvckchrek hk hf glkofcgtl sck `cscjufes. Efhjekce kezc h Ctefce oesgcste eyuèrek e fes oefekicstes jchktres fe Orekgce slgcefcste y fe Xkc÷k Wlvcãtcge euxcfcerlk e fes rhpudfcgekes Hspeõe scrvc÷ glje gejpe `h hxphrcjhktegc÷k pere fes erjes y tågtcges quh sh hjpfherêek hk fe pr÷xcje p r÷xcje iuhrre juk`cef.

7.0.

EJ^FCPX@ @H GLKOFCG GLKOFCGPL PL

Pljek`l hk guhkte fe gefcè` `h fes kegclkhs dhfcihrekths y fe hxthksc÷k ihliråocge eohgteè plr fe iuhrre sh gfescocgek hk=

e)

-

Irek Iuhrre l Ihkhrefczeè

-

Iuhrre Flgef l Flgefczeè

-

Iuhrre `h Iuhrrcffe

ITEK IXHTTE L IHKHTEFC]E@E

Wu åjdctl hs juk`cef. Pl`ls fls peêshs sh vhk gljprljhtc`ls hk fe glkofeiregc÷k hk olrje `crhgte l ck`crhgte. Eýk guek`l fes lphregclkhs dãfcges sh flgefczek hk ukl l `ls glktckhkths sus hohgtls sh schkthk hk tl`l hf ifldl. Fes plthkgces jerêtcjes hxpfltek hf `ljckcl `hf jer, hstedfhghk hf dflquhl hglk÷jcgl ef e`vhrsercl, cjplkhk fcstes khires e fls eihkths gljhrgcefhs `hf hkhjcil hk peêshs khutrefhs, jekcpufek hf `hrhgbl ckthrkegclkef jerêtcjl hk su oevlr y e`lptek tlè gfesh `h jh`cls thk`chkths pere ecsfer ef hkhjcil `h fls peêshs `h uftrejer. Fe prlpeiekè -dfekge, ircs y khire `ljcke fls jh`cls `h `cousc÷k slgcef pere efchker e fe lpckc÷k pýdfcge, tl`l hf pfekhte sh treksolrje hk hsghkercl `h fe iuhrre pscglf÷icge pfekheè ef `hteffh plr fls glktrckgekths. ^lr ýftcjl, hk fls jerhs, plr rhjltls quh shek, sh etegek y `hochk`hk fes gljukcgegclkhs jerêtcjes. Hf bcpltãtcgl hkorhktejchktl hktrh fes suphrplthkgces y sus rhsphgtcvls dflquhs rhgcdêe hf kljdrh `h "Iuhrre Ihkhrefczeè".

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

85

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5>

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls

Hk hf scifl RR sh fcdrerlk `ls Irek`hs Iuhrres. Wh be eocrje`l quh fe Whiukè Iuhrre Juk`cef s÷fl ouh fe glktckuegc÷k `h fe ^rcjhre. @h fe ýftcje glkofeiregc÷k kegc÷ uk kuhvl lr`hk, Fe dcplfercè`. Wus prlteilkcstes prckgcpefhs hrek Hste`ls Xkc`ls y Xkc÷k Wlvcãtcge. @hspuãs `h 08 eõls `h Iuhrre Orêe, fe Xkc÷k Wlvcãtcge y su vestl cjphrcl sh `hspfljerlk vêgtcjes `hf oregesl jerxcste-fhkckcste.

d)

IXHTTE FLGEF L FLGEFC]E FLGEFC]E@E @E

Hs hf hkorhktejchktl erje`l hktrh `ls peêshs `h plthkgcef rhùgc`l. Wus glkshguhkgces kl trespesek sus orlkthres y sus rhphrgusclkhs s÷fl sh gcrguksgrcdhk e fls dhfcihrekths. Ohrkek`l Dlr`hmh Jlrhkgls fe `hockh gljl. "Glkofcgtl fcjcte`l hk hf hspegcl, phrl kl hk fe keturefhze kc hk fls jh`cls hjpfhe`ls, ef pl`hrsh utcfczer tlè gfesh `h erjes, ckgfucès, fes fes kugfherhs‚4>. Fe ýftc ýftcje je hvhktuefc hvhktuefcè`, è`, beste fe ohgbe, kl be lgurrc`l. Wck hjderil, hste gfesh `h iuhrre, tresgchk`h glk jeylr ckthkscè` quh hk hf pese`l plr geuse `h fe ckthr`hphk`hkgce `h fls peêshs y hf evekgh `h fes thfhgljukcgegclkhs. Escjcsjl, fls Lriekcsjls Ckthrkegclkefhs, hk gesl `h plthkgces jhklrhs, egtýek glk rhfetcve hocgegce. @urekth fe Iuhrre Orêe, Yesbckitlk y Jlsgý sh ckjcsguêek hk fls glkofcgtls `h sus Hste`ls gfchkths. ^hrl sh gucèdek hk jl`hrer sus efgekghs pere hvcter hkorhktejchktls `crhgtls hktrh hffls.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls - Iuhrre Gbckl-Meplkhse

(5230-5238)

- Iuhrre Hgue`lr-^hrý

(5305

- Iuhrre `h Glrhe

(538>-5385 (538>-5385))

- Iuhrre Cråk-Crea

(532>-5322)

)

h) IXHTTE @H I IXHTTCFFEW, XHTTCFFEW, GLKOFCGPL ^TLFLKIE ^TLFLKIE@L @L L @H DEME DEME CKPHKWC CKPHKWC@E@ @E@ Hf tãrjckl tchkh verces eghpgclkhs. Hs uke gfesh `h iuhrre, tejdcãk glrrhsplk`h e uk jãtl`l pere beghr fe iuhrre, plr pl r ýftcjl, rhprhshkte uke oesh `h fe iuhrre sudvhrscve y tchk`h e glkouk`crsh glk hffe. Hk su gefcè` `h gfesh `h iuhrre, glkstctuyh fe rhefczeè plr uk Hste`l `h plthkgcef hk hxtrhjl fcjcte`l pere hkorhkter e uk rcvef juy suphrclr hk jh`cls. Glkscsth hk hf puhdfl fhvekte`l hk erjes glktre hf ckveslr `h jekhre hsplktåkhe sciuchk`l e sus fê`hrhs keturefhs. Hf gesl jås cfustretcvl sldrh hste jethrce fl prlplrgclke fe rheggc÷k `h fls hspeõlfhs ekth fe ckvesc÷k keplfh÷kcge. Gfeushwctz fl jhkgclke= "Hk Hspeõe, `lk`h fe iuhrre, hk fl quh sh rhochrh e sus eglkthgcjchktls prckgcpefhs, hs uke iuhrre ffhveè e gedl prckgcpefjhkth plr hf puhdfl jcsjl, gljprhk`hrhjls quh kl thkhjls equê jhrejhkth uke olrje ckthkscocgeè `h gllphregc÷k plpufer, sckl rhefjhkth uke ouhrze kuhve. Ltrl gesl jås rhgchkth re`cge hk hf 4>

Ohrkek`l `h Dlr`hmã y Jlrhkgls, @cggclkercl, jcfcter, hstretãicgl hstretãicgl y pl plfêtcgl fêtcgl (Je`rc (Je`rc`= `= Wek Jertêk, 5325), p. 27

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

84

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> glkofcgtl eoiekl, fls "iuhrrhrls sektls" l "jumebh`ckhs" hxpufserlk ef Hmãrgctl Tlml hkvce`l pere evefer ef ildchrkl gljukcste flgef. Escjcsjl, fe iuhrrcffe sh utcfcze guek`l hf Hmãrgctl prckgcpef hs `hrrlte`l, glk su eggclker sh prhthk`h jhmlrer fes glk`cgclkhs `h pez l prlflkier hf glkofcgtl hk hsphre `h eyuè hxthrke. Hk uke Iuhrre Ckthrkegclkef, fe iuhrrcffe sh hjpfhe gljl jãtl`l. êrtcgcpek hk fes lphregclkhs iuhrrcffhres irupls `h fes Ouhrzes Erjeès l jcfcgcekls `crcic`ls plr mhohs jcfcterhs rhsplksedfhs. Fes trlpes hståk ldfcieès e user ukcolrjhs l `cstcktcvls vcscdfhs pere shr rhglklgc`ls gljl gljdetchkths rhiuferhs. Wus egtcvcè`hs dãfcges fes hmhgutek hk thrrhkls quh oegcfcthk sus terhes, tefhs gljl. Dlsquhs, pektekls, jlkteões, `hschrtls l thrrctlrcls eggc`hkte`ls. Fes eggclkhs sh jethrcefczek hk fe rhteiuer`ce e`vhrserce, hk orhkths shgukèrcls. Hf prlp÷sctl `h fe iuhrre `h iuhrrcffe hs `csflger hf `csplsctcvl e`vhrsercl l `cstrehr jh`cls `hsprlplrgclke`ls glk fes ouhrzes hjpfheès. Wus jhtes kl ldfciek dusger hf hkorhktejchktl `crhgtl glk hf glktrckgekth. Hstes sh setcsoeghk glk ilfphs `h jekl hk århes vufkhredfhs e ock `h glkshiucr hf `hsiesth oêscgl y jlref `hf hkhjcil pere glktrcducr e su `hrrlte. Hf irek th÷rcgl `h hsth jãtl`l `h iuhrre ouh hf drctåkcgl P.H. Fewrhkgh, quchk fugbl glk fls puhdfls åredhs glktre hf Cjphrcl Ltljekl, Wus hxphrchkgces sldrh fe iuhrrcffe fes vegc÷ hk fls fcdrls ‖Fls Wchth ^cferhs `h fe fe Wedcùrêe‚ y ‖Thdhfc÷k hk hf @hschrtl‚. Wus thxtls ouhrlk hstu`ce`ls plr hf jerxcsjl, pere epfcger sus prlgh`cjchktls hk fe iuhrre sudvhrscve l rhvlfugclkerce.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls Whiukè Iuhrre Juk`cef. Hk hf Orhkth Lrchktef, fe iuhrrcffe slvcãtcge prlùml shrces ckthrohrhkgces hk fes fêkhes `h gljukcgegclkhs `hf `csplsctcvl efhjåk.

7.8.

PHEPTLW @H L^HTEGCL L^HTEGCLKHW KHW Fe hstrethice hstå ldfcieè e glksc`hrer hf oegtlr ihliråocgl hk sus `hgcsclkhs, hk gesl

`h ljctcrfl fe gljprljhth hf ãxctl `hhshkgcef su hjprhse dãfcge. Hs hkhjcil `h hxtrelr`ckerce `hthrjcker glk`cgc÷k ihliråocge `hf peês, fe `hf y `h fls cjplrtekgce rhsphgtcvls thetrls. Fe glrrhgte hvefuegc÷k scrvh pere olrjer fes ouhrzes jås e`hgueès y hocgeghs pere fe glkshgugc÷k `h fls ldmhtcvls hstretãicgls. ^lr glksciuchkth, fe ihlireoêe y fe irevctegc÷k `h fes lphregclkhs hk hf flirl `hf ldmhtcvl hstretãicgl fh ltlriek uk shffl geregthrêstcgl e fe iuhrre. Ph÷rcgejhkth hste puh`h shr -

Phrrhstrh

-

Jerêtcje

-

Eãrhe.

^hrl, plr fl ihkhref fls thetrls kl slk hstretãicgejhkth scjpfhs sckl uke jhzgfe. Hk glkshguhkgce hxcsthk iuhrres y thetrls= - Jerêtcjl-thrrhstrh

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

87

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> -

Eãrhl-jerêtcjl

-

Eãrhl-thrrhstrhs

-

Eãrhl-jerêtcjl-thrrhstrh.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls CC Iuhrre Juk`cef= Fe iuhrre hk hf Phetrl `hf êgêocgl Ghktref ouh `h gerågthr eãrhl-jerêtcjl y fe `hf Orhkth Hurlphl-Lrchktef, eãrhl-thrrhstrh.

7.?. ETJEW UXH WH HJ^FHEK @h eguhr`l e hsth peråjhtrl fes iuhrres sh `cvc`hk hk=

e)

-

Glkvhkgclkef

-

Uuêjcge

-

Dclf÷icge

-

Kugfher

IXHTTE GLK_HKGCLKEF

Hk hsth tcpl `h iuhrre sh utcfcze erjejhktl gerie`l glk hxpflscvls quêjcgls. Fls ieshs `hsprhk`c`ls plr fls hxpflscvls glkvhkgclkefhs kl slk hsphgêocgejhkth t÷xcgls. Pejdcãk sh eghptek ckihkcls gerie`ls glk sudstekgces ckghk`cerces. Fe gepegcè` `h `hstruggc÷k `h fes erjes glkvhkgclkefhs jh`c jh`cekth ekth fe tthgklfliêe, hgklfliêe, e`hjås `h ltlrierfh jeylr prhgcsc prhgcsc÷k, ÷k, efgekgh y århe `heujhkte gudrc gudrcjchktl. jchktl. Escjcsjl, hf hohgtl e`h fhtefjås `h fes irekeès, dljdes y gedhzes `h jcscfhs sh ckgrhjhkte glk fe ckglrplregc÷k `h kuhvls hxpflscvls, jhzgfes `h hxpflscvls y gljdustcdfhs l gljdustcdfhs hk olrje `h ihfetcke (kepefj).

Hmhjpfl Bcst÷rcgl Whiukè Iuhrre Juk`cef= Hf ckýtcf dljder`hl `h @rhs`hk rhefcze`l hf 50 `h Ohdrhrl `h 5300 prlùml jeylr jlrtekè` quh fe dljde et÷jcge fekzeè sldrh Keieseac. Hk `cgbe lphregc÷k sh gljdck÷ hf fekzejchktl `h dljdes hxpflscves glk ckghk`cerces. Hf hsgrctlr h sgrctlr efhjåk Beks Tujpo gljhkte fl jås ckgchrtl slk fls ètls sldrh fe lriêe `h hxthrjckcl `h @rhs`hk. _efêek `h 7> e 7>>.>>> hk fe `csgusc÷k ckthrkegclkef begh tchjpl quh sh jektchkh fe gcore `h 448.>>>... Hk rhsujcès

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

80

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> guhktes sedhjls, kc fl sedrhjls kukge, puhs pere equhffe oetef klgbh, beste fe hstcjegc÷k be oeffe`l‚44 .

d)

IXHTTE UXÊJCGE

Fls eihkths quêjcgls slolgekths bek sc`l hjpfhe`ls `hs`h fe ektciöhè`. Wck hjderil, su epfcgegc÷k ouh ckthrjcthkth y ecsfeè beste fe ^rcjhre Iuhrre Juk`cef, hk hffe fls ieshs esocxcekth sh userlk jescvejhkth plr fls dek`ls hk fugbe. Fe ckcgcetcve fh glrrhsplk`c÷ e fls efhjekhs. Ef ockef `h fe iuhrre, hktrh hf 7>% ef 8>% `h fes irekeès ffhvedek ieshs t÷xcgls. Hstu`cls `h plsiuhrre glkocrjerlk quh hrek jås hohgtcves fes erjes hxpflscves. Ocrjeè fe pez, budl uke rhpufse hjlgclkef ihkhrefczeè glktre fls ieshs gljl ckstrujhktl dãfcgl. Fls ieshe`ls suorêek uke prlflkieè y gruhf eilkêe y fls sldrhvcvcr quhèdek festcjlsejhkth fcsce`ls. Fe Glkohrhkgce `h Yesbckitlk `h 5345 pusl su hjpfhl ouhre `h fe fhy. Hk fe Whiukè Iuhrre Juk`cef kl sh rhgurrc÷ e fls ieshs, kl plr su cfhiefcè` sckl plr hf thjlr e fes rhprhsefces. Pektl hf Hmh gljl fls Efce`ls jektuvchrlk irek`hs `hp÷sctls `h erjes quêjcges jugbl jås t÷xcges y hohgtcves quh fes lgupeès hk fe ^rcjhre Iuhrre. Hk _chtkej, Hste`ls Xkc`ls hjpfh÷ sustekgces `hsolfcekths. Crea us÷ ieshs esocxcekths glktre fes trlpes crekêhs y rhdhf`hs aur`ls. au r`ls. Hk fe Iuhrre Orêe, Klrthejãrcge y fe Xkc÷k Wlvcãtcge glktckuerlk hxphrcjhktek`l y `hserrlffek`l kuhvls tcpls `h ieshs. Xke pudfcgegc÷k klrthejhrcgeke shõef÷= "Fe Xkc÷k Wlvcãtcge hstå jhmlr prhpereè pere rhefczer lphregclkhs hk uk hktlrkl quêjcgl quh guefquchr ltre ouhrze hk hf juk`l"47. Hktrh fls jl`hrkls eihkths quêjcgls sh bek `hstege`l plr su jlrtêohre hocgegce fls ‖khurlt÷xcgls" (hf Werêk y Peduk), y fls `hkljcke`ls "sekiuêkhls". Hste`ls Xkc`ls grh÷ fes erjes dckerces glkscsthkths hk `ls gljplkhkths cklguls quh uke vhz jhzgfe`ls sh treksolrjek hk ieshs t÷xcgls.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls C Iuhrre Juk`cef Ejdls dflquhs dhfcihrekths userlk prlousejhkth prlousejhkth fls ieshs esocxcekths esocxcekths geusek`l 35.>>> juhrtls. Wh `hthrjck÷ quh sh rhquhrêek 5> tlkhfeès `h ies jlsteze pere gudrcr uk århe `h uk acf÷jhtrl gue`re`l. Xke hvefuegc÷k sldrh fls hohgtls `h fls ieshs esocxcekths glkgfuy÷ quh ‖irekeè plr irekeè‚, budl jås juhrths plr jukcgc÷k glkvhkgclkef. glkvhkgclkef.

g)

IXHTTE DCLF×IC DCLF×ICGE GE

Fes erjes e hjpfher slk degthrc degthrces es y vcrus `hstc `hstcke`ls ke`ls e `hstrucr l cckutcfczer kutcfczer ef hkhjcil. Hk fe ektciöhè`, hf bljdrh rhfegclk÷ fes hkohrjhè`hs l hpc`hjces glk sus hohgtls jlrtefhs. Fls hxgctes deõedek sus ofhgbes glk fe sekirh `h guhrpls hk `hsgljplscgc÷k. Pejdcãk hre usuef glktejcker fes ouhkths `h eiue `hf e`vhrsercl fekzek`l ckjuk`cgces l ge`åvhrhs. Hk fe Hè` Jh`ce, sh getepufterlk rhstls `h juhrtls plr fe phsth ef ckthrclr `h olrtefhzes sctceès. Hk hf scifl R_CCC, uk ihkhref ckifãs pfekh÷ prlpeier fe vcruhfe hktrh fes trcdus rhdhf`hs `h Kuhve Hsglgce. 44

Beks Tujpo, Ffuvce `h ouhil sldrh Efhjekce (Jãxcgl= Bhrrhrl, 53?8), p. 559 X.W. @hpertejhkt lo @hohksh, Wlvcht Jcfctery Jcfctery ^lwhr, 5328 (Yesbckitlk, @. G., 5328), p. 95

47

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

88

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Evekzek`l hk hf tchjpl, fls gchktêocgls `hsgudrchrlk fls jcgrllriekcsjls. Hk fe ^rcjhre Iuhrre Juk`cef ye sh thkêe hf glktrlf suocgchkth sldrh fes degthrces pet÷ihkes y budl ejeils pere utcfczerfes glk prlp÷sctl dãfcgl. Hk fe Whiukè Iuhrre tektl fes plthkgces efceès gljl `hf Hmh ckthkscocgerlk fls hxphrcjhktls. Irek Drhteõe hksey÷ glk hf Degcffus Ektbregcs, ihkhre`lr `hf gerdukgfl. êre glklghr sus hohgtls, fekz÷ dljdes eãrhes glkthkchk`l fe degthrce kljdreè glktre hf csflth Irucker` sctue`l orhkth e Hsglgce. Hk hf eõl 532?, tlèvêe hf csflth sh beffede glktejcke`l Hk tektl, fls efhjekhs y meplkhshs utcfczerlk gejpls `h glkghktregc÷k pere sus hxphrcjhktls `h iuhrre dclf÷icge h cklguferlk glk eihkths ei hkths ckohggclsls e jefhs `h prcsclkhrls. Hk fe plsiuhrre, Hste`ls Xkc`ls y Xkc÷k Wlvcãtcge prlsciuchrlk glk fes ckvhstciegclkhs rhfetcves e fe iuhrre dclf÷icge. Hf shgrhtl quh fes rl`hede sh vufkhr÷ plr geuse `h efiukes ckhxpfcgedfhs juhrths `h gchktêocgls y ieke`l. Fls eihkths hstu`ce`ls, e`hjås `hf ektrex, ckgfuyhrlk hf ihrjhk `h fe vcruhfe y fe degthrce ekehr÷dcge Gclstrc`cuj Dltufckuj guye tlxcke prlùgh hf dltufcsjl. Xk ckolrjh `h fe Lriekczegc÷k Juk`cef `h fe Wefu` `h 539> shõef÷ quh uk etequh eãrhl `h uk s÷fl evc÷k gerie`l glk erjes dclf÷icges prlùgcè 58> jcf juhrtls hk uke gcuè` `h 8 jcfflkhs `h bedctekths ekths `h `hthkhr fe ckohggc÷k.

`)

IXHTTE KXGFHET

Hs equhffe `lk`h sh hjpfhek erjes kugfherhs ye shek tågtcges l hstretãicges. ^lr fl gljýk, hste gfesh `h iuhrre sh sud`cvc`hs= - Iuhrre Ihkhrefczeè - Iuhrre Kugfher fcjcteè Fe prcjhre fe `hockh Hste`ls Xkc`ls gljl "Hf glkofcgtl erje`l hktrh fes plthkgces jeylrhs, hk hf guef slk hjpfhe`ls fls rhgursls tltefhs `h fls dhfcihrekths y fe suphrvcvhkgce kegclkef `h ukl `h ãstls hstå hk phfcirl‚ 40. Fe ltre hs `hockcè plr Dlr`hm Dlr`hmh h J Jlrhkgls= lrhkgls= "Jlèfcè`, `h fe Iuhrre Kugfher, hk fe quh sh hjpfhek erjes glkvhkgclkefhs y tågtcges kugfherhs, phrl kl hstretãicges‚ 48. Fe cktrlùggc÷k `hf erjejhktl kugfher egerrh÷ uke prloukè treksolrjegc÷k hk hf rezlkejchktl hstretãicgl. Dheuorh e`vcrtc÷= "Xke dljde thrjlkugfher jh`ce `h 5 Jt rhprhshkte uke sefve `h 4>> Wcfflkhs `h geõlkhs `h 98. Eblre dchk, tek hklrjh plthkgce, guye hocgegce hocgegce sh ckgrhjhktl e`hjås glk fes ffuvces et÷jcges, hs `cspereè y glflgeè s÷fl plr ukls plgls bljdrhs. Hs uke rhvlfugc÷k hxtrelr`ckerce‚ 4?. ^lr ltre perth, Jcasgbh eglt÷= "Fe iuhrre hs fe glktckuegc÷k `h fe plfêtcge plr ltrls jh`cls. Ke`ch puh`h prh`hgcr sc bedrå l kl uke iuhrre et÷jcge, phrl, hstl sc quh sh puh`h eshiurer, `hspuãs `h uke iuhrre `h hsth tcpl kl bedrå jås plfêtcge‚49. Hste sctuegc÷k è`l lrcihk e kuhvls phksejchktls hstretãicgls fls quh sh treteråk jås e`hfekth.

40

Glffcks, lp. Gct., p. 99

48

4? Dlr`hmã,

lp. Gct., p. 27 Dhuorh, lp. Gct., p. ?9 49 Jcasgbh, lp. Gct., p. 53

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

8?

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> 7.9. LDMHPC_L ^LFÊPCGL Hk rhohrhkgce ef Ldmhtcvl ^lfêtcgl, gljl ihkhre`lr `h fes iuhrres, ãstes sh gfescocgek hk `ls gethilrêes= -

Iuhrre `h Ldmhtcvl Cfcjcte`l

-

Iuhrre `h Ldmhtcvl Fcjcte`l

Hf tresghk`hkth thje shrå hstu`ce`l hk `hteffh hk uk gepêtufl plsthrclr.

0. FE IXHTTE OTÊE Wh hstcje `h ckthrãs rhvcser, hk olrje sljhre, e hsth pertcgufer glkofcgtl quh `ljck÷ hf hsghkercl plfêtcgl juk`cef plr gesc jh`cl scifl.

0.5. CKPTL@XGGC CKPTL@XGGC×K ×K Fes fugbes erjeès sh bek sugh`c`l glk jlk÷tlke rhiufercè`. Fls phrêl`ls `h pez ouhrlk fe hxghpgc÷k y, tef gljl fe egtuef `csthksc÷k, jås dchk sh `hdchrlk ef eiltejchktl `h fls glktrckgekths. Fe bcstlrce be rhicstre`l prlflkieès ãplges `h thksc÷k, scjcferhs e fe ffejeè Iuhrre Orêe, jetczeès glk vclfhktls y `hstrugtlrhs hspesjls. ^lr fl ihkhref, glkstctuyhrlk turdufhktes htepes `h ihstegc÷k `h uk kuhvl lr`hk hk hf juk`l glklgc`l. Pugê`c`hs rhfet÷ glk gfercè` fes Iuhrres `hf ^hflplkhsl quh ùrekth `hghkcls erruckerlk e fls Hste`l irchils y rhprhshkterlk hf prhfu`cl `h fe epercgc÷k `h Efhmek`rl. Fes Iuhrres ^ýkcges, fcdreès -ùrekth jås `h uk scifl, glkvcrtchrlk ef Jh`cthrråkhl hk feil rljekl phrjctchk`l fe glkslfcègc÷k `hf Cjphrcl. Fe prlflkieè puike hktrh hf juk`l jusufjåk y hf grcstcekl sh rhslfvc÷ hk Fhpektl. Hk fls scifls R_C ef R_CCC sh `csput÷ fe bhihjlkêe juk`cef hktrh Hspeõe, Orekgce y Irek Drhteõe gufjckek`l glk fe epercgc÷k `h Keplfh÷k1 su hpêflil glkscstc÷ hk fe cksteuregc÷k `h fe "êx Drctåkcge". Hf ckquchtl ejdchkth rekth e prckgcpcls `hf scifl RR fl `hsgrcdc÷ Dårdere Pugbjek= "Hurlpe hre uk jlkt÷k `h hspeès y rhsuftede cjplscdfh seger uke sck plkhr hk jlvcjchktl fes `hjås‚ 42. Hste glyukture sh treùml hk `ls glkofeiregclkhs juk`cefhs, fe Iuhrre Orêe, fe `cslfugc÷k `hf Cjphrcl Wlvcãtcgl y fe "êx Klrthejhrcgeke". ^hrl fe bcstlrce `h fe bujekcè` kl be thrjcke`l kc tejplgl fls glkofcgtls.

0.4. LTCIHK S @HOCKCGCLKHW @H FE IXHTTE OTÊE Gburgbcff, `hsphrtek`l `h su `hsverêl ektc kezc, hsgrcdc÷ e Prujek hf 54 `h jeyl `h 5308= "Jh ckquchte prloukèjhkth fe sctuegc÷k hurlphe ... ¼Uuh ve e lgurrcr glk Tusce= Hk gesc tl`ls fls peêshs `h Hurlpe y Ejãrcge fe fugbe `h gfesh hktre hk hf phrêl`l `h iuhrre gcvcf. Hk hstes glk`cgclkhs, fls gljukcstes kl puh`hk glkocersh e fe fhiefcè` duriuhse. @hdhk grher plr tlès perths y `h olrje perefhfe e fe lriekczegc÷k fhief uk lriekcsjl gfek`hstckl gepez `h gujpfcr hk hf jljhktl `hgcscvl su `hdhr begce fe rhvlfugc÷k‚. 79 Hstes cfusclkhs kl prlsphrerlk. Fe epercgc÷k `hf erje kugfher, glk hf ckslplrtedfh rchsil `h fe esghksc÷k e fls hxtrhjls, fh rhstrckic÷ e Jlsgý su fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k pere hjdergersh hk edchrtes evhktures hxpeksclkcstes. Hk glkshguhkgce ephf÷ e jãtl`ls ck`crhgtls y glk prhohrhkgce e fe jeklsheè sudvhrsc÷k. @urekth `ãgeès, hf cjphrcefcsjl slvcãtcgl sh hxthrclrcz÷ hk århes jerickefhs `hsetek`l fes ffejeès "Iuhrres `h Fcdhregc÷k", "^lpuferhs" l "Thvlfugclkerces" Phrjcke`l hf glkofcgtl, sh cksteurede, hk uke kegc÷k `hstrucè y erruckeè plr fe vclfhkgce, uke ckhocgez @hjlgregce ^lpufer. êre su slstãk, hf Arhjfck hstede ldfcie`l e sujckcstrerfh eplyl hglk÷jcgl y jcfcter h ckgfusl iuerkcgclkhs hxtrekmhres Uuchkhs ouhrlk fls scsthjetcze`lrhs `h fes iuhrres sudvhrscves glpcerlk y eèpterlk fes thlrêes `h P.H. Fewrhkgh pere sus prlp÷sctls. Hktrh hffls `hstegerlk Jel Psh Puki -hf fê`hr gbckl e`hjås ckgfuy÷ hk sus hsgrctls fls phksejchktls `h Wuk Pzu-, Gbh Iuhvere, Thics @hdrhy, _l Kiuyhr, Icep y Gerfls Jercibhffe. Hf ýftcjl `h fls efu`c`ls, uk drescfhõl, eirhi÷ hf thrrlrcsjl gljl ckirh`chkth `h fe sudvhrsc÷k. Efiukls eutlrhs muziek ef thrrlrcsjl gljl ckirh`chkth `h fe sudvhrsc÷k. Efiukls eutlrhs muziek ef thrrlrcsjl gljl hf prhåjdufl `h fe iuhrre rhvlfugclkerce y fuhil, ckcgceès fes lphregclkhs iuhrrcffhres, sh `hshjphõe hk gefcè` `h gljpfhjhktl. Mlbk Glffcks `hsgrcdh hsth ohk÷jhkl= "Fe iuhrre rhvlfugclkerce lgupe uk fuier shpere`l y pertcgufer hk hf hsphgtrl `h fls glkofcgtls. Hf tãrjckl tchkh glkkltegclkhs `h hsouhrzls glksgchkths pere glkqucster hf pl`hr plfêtcgl plr jh`cls cfhiêtcjls y glhrgctcvls, `hstruyhk`l prlirhscve y gllr`ckeèjhkth hf scsthje `h ildchrkl y fes hstrugtures slgcefhs hxcsthkths.. Wlk fugbe, prlflkieès hk hf tchjpl quh rhquchrhk irek pegchkgce. Wc kl slk gljdetcès y hfcjckeès, sh juhvhk jht÷`cgejhkth pesl e pesl, glkqucstek`l ldmhtcvls ckthrjh`cls beste quh gufjcke hf ãxctl flirek`l quh hf lr`hk hxcsthkth sh `hrrujdh. Keè hs `hme`l ef ezer‚72.

79

Mhek Hffhckthck, Bcstlrce `hf Gljukcsjl, 5359-5308 (Derghflke= (Derghflke= ^fekhte, 5324), p. 02 Glffcks, lp. Gct., pp. 5>3-55>

72

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

83

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Fe iuhrre sudvhrscve gljl jãtl`l hxpekscvl phr`c÷ su vefc`hz pere fe Xkc÷k Wlvcãtcge `hdc`l e Tlkef` Theiek, Jekètercl klrthejhrcgekl, quh rhslfvc÷ rhsplk`hr glk fe jcsje jlkhè hqucpek`l jlvcjchktls iuhrrcffhrls glk fe ockefcè` `h gljdetcr e fls ildchrkls gljukcstes cjpuhstls plr fes erjes. êre hf Arhjfck, hf rhtl sh fh bczl prlbcdctcvl y `hdc÷ edek`lker sus plshsclkhs hk uftrejer. Glk tef prlp÷sctl, utcfcz÷ e fes Kegclkhs Xkcès hk gethilrêe `h gljplkh`lre. ^hrl, hf hklrjh hsouhrzl hxpekscvl ye bedêe eilte`l e fe Xkc÷k Wlvcãtcge y glfedlr÷ e su glfepsl.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls _chtkej. Bl Gbc Jckb fc`hr÷ fe prlflkieè iuhrre `h fcdhregc÷k `h su peês. Hk uke prcjhre oesh `hrrlt÷ e Orekgce, fuhil e Hste`ls Xkc`ls y plr ýftcjl sh epl`hr÷ `hf `hsjlrefcze`l _chtkej `hf Wur.

Eoiekcståk= E hsth glkofcgtl sh fh `hkljckl hf _chtkej `h fe Xkc÷k Wlvcãtcge. Fes iuhrrcffes jusufjekes, eplyeès plr Klrthejãrcge, `hrrlterlk ef Hmãrgctl Tlml ldfciåk`lfl e hveguer hf peês. Glk plsthrclrcè`, fls iuhrrcffhrls edetchrlk ef ildchrkl gljukcste edek`lke`l e su suhrth plr Arhjfck.

8.- @HWETTLFFL KLTJEF @H FE IXHTTE 8. 5. CKPTL@XGGC CKPTL@XGGC×K ×K Fe iuhrre, gljl tl`l ohk÷jhkl slgcef tchk`h e hkgeuzersh hk uk prlghsl f÷icgl lr`hke`l hk su `hserrlffl. Phkchk`l gljl rhohrhkgce fe iuhrre, uke kegc÷k vcvh trhs oeshs sughscve ^rhiuhrre, Iuhrre y ^lsiuhrre. Geè uke `h fes oeshs, e su vhz, sh `cvc`h hk `cvhrses htepes hste`ls. Fls glkofcgtls ckthrhstetefhs kl slk eglkthgcjchktls ecsfe`ls l `h ihkhregc÷k hsplktåkhl sckl quh hxphrcjhktek uke ferie ihstegc÷k guye jeùregc÷k jås vclfhkte glkscsth hk fe iuhrre. 5 ihkhre`lr `h fe iuhrre sh `hkljcke "Ldmhtcvl ^lfêtcgl `h fe Iuhrre" (LÎ), puhs ãste phrsciuh uk ock plfêtcgl dchk `hthrjcke`l y `hockc`l. Hk ltres pefedres, hf jltcvl `h fe iuhrre hs hxgfuscvejhkth plfêtcgl. Fls Hste`ls prhvãk fes plscdcfcè`hs `h glkofcgtl jh`cekth uk ekåfcscs juftc`csgcpfckercl= "Fe Eprhgcegc÷k Ifldef ^lfêtcgl-Hstretãicge". Fe hvefuegc÷k, plr su êk`lfh, `hstege plr su `ckejcsjl. ^lr glksciuchkth, `cgbl ekthgh`hkth hxcih uke glkstekth egtuefczegc÷k. Kl hxcsth rez÷k vefh`hre efiuke quh mustcocquh e uk ildchrkl shr ldmhtl `h uke eirhscve slrprhscvl (Irek Drhteõe hk hf gesl `h fes Oefafek`). E geuse `h su hklrjh tresghk`hkgce, fls peêshs kukge `hdhk `hsgucèr fe prhperegc÷k `hstckeè e hkorhkter y rhslfvhr uk bcpltãtcgl glkofcgtl hxthrkl.

8.4. LT@HK GTLKLF×ICGL @H XKE IXHTTE

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

?>

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5>

8.4.5. IHKHTEFC@E@HW e) ^THIXHTTE= - Pcrekthz `h Thfegclkhs l Cktrlùggc÷k @cpfljåtcge. - ^hfcirl `h iuhrre. - Jlvcfczegc÷k. - Xftcjåtuj.

d) IXHTTE= - @hgferegc÷k `h Iuhrre. - Glkghktregc÷k Hstretãicge. - @hspfchiuh. - Deteffe. - Erjcstcgcl.

g) ^LWIXHTTE= - Prete`l `h êz. Hf prlghsl `hsgrctl hs plr gljpfhtl th÷rcgl, fes oeshs gejdcek `h lr`hk, sus htepes sh ljcthk l glkouk`hk. Fes rezlkhs `h hsth prlgh`hr sh desek hk khghscè`hs plfêtcgl, hstretãicgls.

8.4.4.

^THIXHTTE e)

PCTEKPH] @H THFEGCLK THFEGCLKHW HW L CKPTL@XGGC×K @C^FLJÅPCGE Hf gejpl `h Eggc÷k Hxthrkl rhvcsth uke cjplrtekgce grugcef hk fe oesh ^rhiuhrre

y ^lsiuhrre. Fe eprlxcjegc÷k `hf glkofcgtl sh hvc`hkgce plr uke prlirhscve blstcfcè` hktre kegclkhs l uk irupl `h hffes. Wus prcjhrls sêktljes glkscsthk hk irevhs ldstruggc÷k fes tretetcves sldrh jethrces juy shkscdfhs pere fls eohgte`ls. Fes rhukclkhs `cpfljåtcges sugh`hk glk orhguhkgce y s÷fl glkstetek fe prhshkgce `h ckthrhshs vctefhs glktre`cgtlrcls h cktreksedfhs. Fe thksc÷k eujhkte hk olrje peufetcke h crrhvhrscdfh. Fuhil, fes grcscs sh sugh`hk glk rhiufercè` y, `h jekhre prlirhscve, ckgrhjhktek su irevhè`.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

?5

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Hk hf phrêl`l `h fe ^rhiuhrre, fe `cpfljegce tredemerå glk hf prlp÷sctl `h oegcfcter epfcgegc÷k `hf pl`hr kegclkef y hvcter fe eggc÷k `hf e`vhrsercl. Hk fls Lriekcsjls Ckthrkegclkefhs `hdhrå glkvhkghr e fe jeylrêe `h fls jchjdrls `h fe mustcgce `h fe geuse y ieker fe scjpetêe `h fe lpckc÷k hxthrke. Preterå `h glkghrter eocekzes l olrtefhghr fls vêkgufls hxcsthkths glk fls peêshs ejcils. ^rlgurerå etrehr e fls ildchrkls tcdcls h ck`cohrhkths hxpfltek`l fls ckthrhshs plfêtcgls, hstretãicgls y hglk÷jcgls gljukhs. Glkshiucrå fe khutrefcè` l, ef jhkls, fe kl dhfcihrekgce `h fls Hste`ls glk prlphksc÷k e ckthrohrcr hk fe glkùggc÷k plfêtcgl-hstretãicge `hf peês. Geè ukl `h fls ildchrkls rhquhrcrå `h uk tretl pertêgufe `h eguhr`l glk su ckofuhkgce hk hf glkofcgtl prhvcstl. Escjcsjl, khghscterå rhefczer uke gejpeõe pscglf÷icge `hstckeè e perefczer l `hsckthirer ef e`vhrsercl. Ltre terhe `h hxtrhje cjplrtekgce e hmhguter plr fe @cpfljegce rhsc`h hk epfezer ep fezer l eprhsurer hf rljpcjchktl `h fes blstcfcè`hs `h eguhr`l e fes glkvhkchkgces y prhpere `h fe kegc÷k.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls Iuhrre `h fe Glkoh`hregc÷k= Eggc÷k pscglf÷icge `h Wekte Gruz= Wekte Gruz sh jlstr÷ ekth hf juk`l gljl uk hste`cste `h`cge`l e errekger ef ^hrý y sus vhgckls `h fe ekerquêe. Fe Glkoh`hregc÷k rhprhshktede uk oegtlr `h prlirhsl y hstedcfcè` hk hf århe. Hk tektl e Gbcfh, fl begêe eperhghr hk gefcè` `h eirhslr phrturde`lr `h fe erjlkêe rhiclkef, `crcic`l plr uk evhkturhrl åvc`l `h pl`hr. Glk hste estute scjufegc÷k hf `cgte`lr dlfcvcekl iek÷ hf eplyl `h Orekgce, Irek Drhteõe y Klrthejãrcge Gbcfh rhsuft÷ ecsfe`l h ckgfusl glk su Gejpl `h Eggc÷k ckthrkl `cvc`c`l. Hste ýftcje gcrgukstekgce prlvlg÷ hf eshscketl `h ^lrtefhs.

C Iuhrre Juk`cef= Ldthkgc÷k `h Ede`ls= E-Jefht hsgrcdc÷= "Jchktres fls ckùstrcefhs y fls gljhrgcekths ckifhshs sh esustedek `h fls prlirhsls `h fe gljphthkgce efhjeke, Iucffhrjl CC glkstruêe prhgcpcteèjhkth uke plthkth oflte `h iuhrre. Ckifethrre `hsgudrc÷ `h prlktl quh kl thkêe uk rcvef jås phfcirlsl quh Efhjekce...‚ 73. êre glktrerrhster fe eggc÷k `h su glkthk`chkth, Irek Drhteõe sefc÷ `h su ecsfejchktl y sh efc÷ glk Orekgce y Tusce.

CC Iuhrre Juk`cef= Khutrefcè` Dhkãvlfe= B. @ebcjs glkscik÷= "Hf 45 `h shptchjdrh `h 5373, hf prhsc`hkth Tllshvhft prlpusl uke rhukc÷k hxtrelr`ckerce `hf Glkirhsl, quh `hdêe jl`cocger fes fhyhs `h khutrefcè` `h 5379, sustctuyhk`l fe gfåusufe `h hjderil `h erjes plr ltre ffejeè `h gesb ek` gerry... Hste `hgcsc÷k fh prlplrgclkede uke hklrjh fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k. Hk guektl sh jl`cocgere hf egte `h khutrefcè` shiýk prhthk`êe, fhs shrêe plscdfh e fls ildchrkls `h Ckifethrre y `h Orekgce peier e 73

E. Jefht y P. Cseeg, Fe ãplge glkthjplråkhe (Wektceil= Fcdhrêe Jckhrve, 5340), p. 445

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

?4

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> deml prhgcl (tl gesb) y rhtcrer fes jhrgekgêes e`qucrcès (tl gerry)... " 0>. Fe khutrefcè` dhkãvlfe klrthejhrcgeke, glk hf tchjpl, sh treksolrj÷ hk edchrte ckthrvhkgc÷k hk oevlr `h Irek Drhteõe.

CC Iuhrre Juk`cef-. Gejpeõe pscglf÷icge Thocrcãk`lsh ef Jckcstrl `h ^rlpeiekè `hf Phrghr Thcgb Mlsho Ilhddhfs, Gurt Tchss jekcochste= "êre ãf, hf jh`cl jås hocgez `h ieker vcgtlrces oågcfhs, sck `hrrejer sekirh, hre fe prlpeiekè. Fls puhdfls bedêek `h vhrsh efthrketcvejhkth ffhve`ls beste hf puktl grêtcgl, y ethjlrcze`ls beste gehr hk uke hsphgch `h pescvcè` cjplthkth, e fe vhz quh hf rhstl `hf juk`l evhrcesh ùrekth feril tchjpl cksufte`l, beste shktcrsh `hjesce`l `cgblsl `h sefversh `h fl quh perhgêe shr uk glkofcgtl ckhvctedfh. S, pere thrjcker, kl bedêe tef glkofcgtl, sckl quh uke prlvckgce, l tl`l uk peês, geêek hk jekls `h fls quh bedêek c`he`l hse prlpeiekè‚ 05. Fe iuhrre pscglf÷icge phrjctc÷ e Bctfhr hf rherjh, fe rhlgupegc÷k `h Thkekce, fe ckglrplregc÷k `h Eustrce y fe `hsjhjdregc÷k `h Gbhglsflvequce y su plsthrclr ekhxc÷k.

Iuhrre Ck`l-pequcstekê = Lplrtukcè` pere `hseter hf glkofcgtl= Ck`ce jekcldr÷ hk hf gejpl plfêtcgl e ock quh hf glkofcgtl hsteffesh hk ckvchrkl. Glk hffl khutrefcz÷ e Gbcke, hvhktuef efce`l `h êacståk, puhs fes orlkthres gljukhs sh beffede dflquheès plr fe kchvh.

d)

^HFCITL @H IXHTTE

^lr fl ihkhref, sugh`h e fe htepe ekthrclr. Hf ildchrkl tchkh fe rhsplksedcfcè` `h `hthrjcker su lplrtukcè`. Wh treùgh hk uke rhslfugc÷k e`jckcstretcve glkgrhte gljl uk @hgrhtl Wuprhjl l scjcfer. Ef rhsphgtl sh `hdh thkhr hk guhkte quh hste `hgcsc÷k geuse `ls hohgtls= plkh hk efhrte ef e`vhrsercl y dflquhe fes plscdcfcè`hs `h efgekzer uk eguhr`l pegêocgl. Hk hsth phrêl`l sh `csplkhk `cvhrses jh`cès, hktrh hffes= (5) Hf gchrrh `h ffes es orlkthres y su prlthggc÷k erjeè. (4) Fe Jlvcfczegc÷k Whgrhte (JW), quh glkscst glkscsth h hk glkvlger e phrslkef `h fe rhshrve pere gljpfhter fls gue`rls `h gchrtes ukcè`hs `h gljdeth y lriekcsjls `h fes Ouhrzes Erjeès. Fe Erjeè y fe Ouhrze Eãrhe hståk ckthireès, hk su irek jeylrêe, plr phrslkef `h ^fekte y sus ukcè`hs lphrek glk uk eftl plrghktemh `h su `ltegc÷k `h iuhrre. Hste gcrgukstekgce `cochrh hk hf Hmãrgctl. (7) Hf eprhstl `h fes Ouhrzes Erj Erjeès eès re`cge hk hf efcstejchktl `h ffes es ukcè`hs lphretcves pere hf gljdeth. Wh rhffhkek fls kcvhfhs `h jukcgc÷k, rhpuhstls, glksujls y vêvhrhs. Fls gljplkhkths ckkhghsercls y quh ethktek glktre fe shiurcè` `hf phrslkef y jethrcef slk `hshjderge`ls. @hktrl `h hsth prlghsl sh rhefcze hf treksplrth `h fls hfhjhktls rhquhrc`ls hk fe gljpfhtegc÷k `h fes `ltegclkhs. Hf eprhstl hs juy drhvh tektl hk fe Erjeè 0>

Bhffjutb @EWJ, Fe Whiukè Iuhrre Juk`cef (Derghflke= Druiuhrre, 53?2), p. 9? Gurt Tchss, Ilhddhfs, Jhocst÷ohfhs jl`hrkl (Jãxcgl= Ircmefdl, 5389), p. 59?

05

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

?7

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> gljl fe Ouhrze Eãrhe plr fes geregthrêstcges prlpces `h sus ukcè`hs lphretcves. Escjcsjl guhktek glk fls jh`cls lriåkcgls pere rhefczer fls tresfe`ls, Hf eprhstl kl `hdh glkouk`crsh glk fe jlvcfczegc÷k. (0) Ghksure `h fls jh`cls `h `cousc÷k slgcef, hste jh`c jh`cè è ldh`hgh e khghscè`hs khghscè`hs `h glktreckthfcihkgce. (8) Egtuefczegc÷k `h fe pfekcocgegc÷k hk tl`ls fls hsgeflkhs. (?) Eiu`czegc÷k `h fes e`qucsc e`qucscgclkhs gclkhs l glktretls phk`chkths ` `h h jethrcef `h iuhrre y `h hfhjhktls grêtcgls pere fe sudscsthkgce kegclkef. (9) Plè ltre `c `csplscgc÷k splscgc÷k quh hf Ildchrkl hstcjh khghserce. khghserce.

h) JL_CFC]EGC×K (5) IHKHTEFC@E@HW Fe jlvcfczegc÷k sugh`h ef ^hfcirl `h Iuhrre, sh fh `hkljcke Jlvcfczegc÷k ^ýdfcge (KP). Kl tchkh gerågthr jcfcter puhs phrthkhgh e fe ^lfêtcge `h Iuhrre y su e`lpgc÷k glrrhsplk`h ef Hsgef÷k ^lfêtcgl. Hs uk bhgbl pýdfcgl y hf `hrhgbl ckthrkegclkef kl fl glksc`hre uk egtl blstcf, eýk guek`l eghfhre fls eglkthgcjchktls. Hf ^fek glkste `h trhs kcvhfhs= Kegclkef, Dãfcgl h Ckstctugclkef.

(4)

GLKGH^PL @H FE JL_CFC]EGC×K JL_CFC]EGC×K KEGCLKEF

Glkstctuyh hf glkmuktl `h jh`cès glk hf ock quh fe kegc÷k trekscth `h fe glk`cgc÷k `h pez e fe `h glkofcgtl. Hf ^fek `h Jlvcfczegc÷k Kegclkef (^JK) hs uk `lgujhktl prcjercl guyls rhquhrcjchktls sh rhjcthk ef ^fek `h Eggc÷k Kegclkef (ÊK). Hsth ýftcjl `hdh e`hguersh glk hf prlp÷sctl `h setcsoeghr fes khghscè`hs cjpuhstes plr fls glkofcgtls, hk pertcgufer fe iuhrre. Ef Ildchrkl fh gedh fe rhsplksedcfcè` `h erjlkczer fes slfcgctu`hs `hf Gejpl `h Eggc÷k Dãfcgl glk fes hxcihkgces `h fls ltrls trhs Gejpls `h Eggc÷k. Fe `cstrcdugc÷k y gllr`ckegc÷k `h fls hfhjhktls bujekls y jethrcefhs sh begh ck`csphksedfh pere eshiurer su ÷ptcjl eprlvhgbejchktl. Hk uk peês jl`hrkl y dchk lriekcze`l, tlè fe hstrugture `h prlùggc÷k y shrvcgcls `hdh glktrcducr ef hsouhrzl tltef `hjekè`l plr fe iuhrre.

(7)

^FEK @H JL_CFC]E JL_CFC]EGC×K GC×K @H FEW OXHT]EW ETJE@E ETJE@EW W

Glktchkh hf glkmuktl `h `csplscgclkhs pere quh fes Ouhrzes Erjeès peshk `hf hste`l `h êz ef `h Iuhrre. Hs uk `lgujhktl shgukèrcl `hrcve`l `hf ^fek `h Jlvcfczegc÷k Kegclkef.

(0)

^FEK @H JL_CFC]E JL_CFC]EGC×K GC×K @H FE ETJE@E

Hs sudsc`cercl `hf ^fek `h Jlvcfczegc÷k `h fes Ouhrzes Erjeès. Wh gljplkh Thifejhktls, @crhgtcves hjctc`ls plr fes @crhggclkhs Ihkhrefhs Fliêstcges Fl iêstcges `hstckeès e `hmer hk pch `h iuhrre eyfe^fekhs Erjeè.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

?0

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5>

(8)

OEWHW @HF ^FEK @H JL_CFC]EGC JL_CFC]EGC×K ×K KEGCLKE KEGCLKEF F (^JK)

Glkthjpfe trhs oeshs dchk `hockcès, e sedhr=

C Oesh êz. Hk hsth phrêl`l sh hstedfhghk fls rhquhrcjchktls `h fe Jlvcfczegc÷k Kegclkef y fuhil glkthjpfe fe hfedlregc÷k `hf ^fek. ff Oesh Iuhrre. Hf ^JK hs puhstl hk hmhgugc÷k, hohgtuek`l fes glrrhggclkhs shiýk hf `hserrlffl `hf glkofcgtl. fCC Oesh ^lsiuhrre. Wh hmhgute fe @hsjlvcfczegc÷k. (?)

GFEWCOCGE GFEWCOCGEGC×K GC×K @H FE JL_CFC]EGC JL_CFC]EGC×K ×K

- Jeikctu`= êrgcef l tltef. - Gerågthr.. Whgrhte (JW.) l ^ýdfcge (J^.)

Olrje -. Wcjuftåkhe l sughscve.

(9) THUXCWCPLW @H FE JL_CFC]EGC×K JL_CFC]EGC×K - Tepc`hz= Glk hffl `csjckuyh hf tchjpl `h vufkhredcfcè` lrcickeè plr fe trekscgc÷k `h pez e iuhrre. - Lr`hk= Wcrvh pere eshiurer fe ofuc`hz hk su hmhgugc÷k. Wh dese hk fe hxegtctu` y rhefcè` `h fls ekthgh`hkths `h pfekcocgegc÷k.

Ofhxcdcfcè`= @hdh glkter glk `cvhrses efthrketcves y quh sh prhsth e jl`cocgegclkhs shiýk fe sctuegc÷k, sck eohgter su hocgchkgce.

Whiurcè`= ^rlplrgclke uke gldhrture e`hgueè pere prlthihr e fe jlvcfczegc÷k `h fe eggc÷k `hf hkhjcil y `hf sedltemh rhefcze`l hk hf ckthrclr.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

?8

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> (2) HWGEFLKHW @H L^HTEGC L^HTEGCLKHW LKHW @H FLW HMÃTGCPLW

^lr fl gljýk, fes ouhrzes thrrhstrhs tchkhk 7 Hsgeflkhs `h Lphregclkhs, hffls hståk êktcjejhkth rhfegclke`ls glk fe jlvcfczegc÷k. ^rcjhr Hsgef÷k `h Lphregclkhs Glkscsth hk fe `ltegc÷k `h pez `h fes ukcè`hs `h gljdeth gljpfhteès glk fe Jlvcfczegc÷k. Whgrhte (JW).

Whiuk`l Hsgef÷k `h Lphregclkhs Hstå glkstctuc`l plr ukcè`hs `h gljdeth olrjeès plr uk hsquhfhtl `h fes `ltegclkhs `h pez jås phrslkef prlvhkchkth `h fe J^. Fes ukcè`hs, pere efgekzer su glk`cgc÷k lphretcvl, `csplkhk `h uk pfezl glkte`l `hs`h hf `êe quh sh rhefcze fe Jlvcfczegc÷k ^ýdfcge (J^). Fls peêshs tchk`hk, plr jltcvls `h shiurcè`, e `csjckucr l hfcjcker hstã, Hsgef÷k rhhjpfezåk`lfl plr ouhrzes `hf ^rcjhrl.

Phrghr Hsgef÷k `h Lphregclkhs Fl olrje fe Thshrve Hstretãicge. Hstes ouhrzes quhèk e `csplscgc÷k `hf Gljekèkth hk Mhoh `hf Hmãrgctl l `hf Gejpl `h Eggc÷k Dãfcgl. @hktrl `h hffe sh ckgfuyhk fes Ouhrzes Hsphgcefhs, tefhs gljl Gljek`ls y êregec`cstes.

`)

TX^PXTE @H THFEGCLKHW

Gljchkze hste oesh guek`l uk ildchrkl kltcocge ef rhprhshktekth locgcef `hf peês eohgte`l quh sh glrtek fls khxls `cpfljåtcgls quh fls hkfezek. Fe rupture `h rhfegclkhs kl schjprh hvc`hkgce fe ckthkgc÷k `h ckcgcer uk glkofcgtl erje`l, puhs hk jugbes lgesclkhs ldh`hgh e geuses c`hlf÷icges l scjpfhs glkvhkchkgces plfêtcges hxthrkes l ckthrkes. Escjcsjl, hste glyukture puh`h ckthrgefersh hktrh guefquchre `h fes htepes h tepes ye `hsgrctes. Jås eýk, jugbls glkofcgtls hsteffek sck prhvce rupture `h rhfegclkhs.

h)

XFPCJÅPXJ

Hs hf hjpfezejchktl gethi÷rcgl sldrh uke jethrce hsphgêocge pfekthe`l plr uk ildchrkl e ltrl. Wu rhspuhste tchkh `ls efthrketcves= hf rhgbezl l eghptegc÷k. Hf uftcjåtuj kl e`jcth `csgusc÷k plr tektl hs ccjplscdfh jplscdfh khilgcerfl. Wu glkthstegc÷k hstå ssumhte umhte e uk pfezl phrhktlrcl. Hk thlrêe, hf uftcjåtuj hs hf ýftcjl pesl ekths `h fe `hgferegc÷k `h iuhrre. ^lr fl ihkhref, hk hf thxtl hstå glksc`hreè hf `hshkge`hkejchktl `h fes blstcfcè`hs hk olrje hxpfêgcte sc kl sh setcsoegh fe `hjekè pfektheè `hktrl `hf pfezl hstcpufe`l. Hk fe egtuefcè`, fls peêshs bek thk`c`l e suprcjcr hf uftcjåtuj pere hvcter shr gefcocge`l `h eirhslr y e`hjås ilzer `h fe slrprhse hk hf rljpcjchktl `h fes blstcfcè`hs.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

??

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> 8.4.7. IXHTTE

e)

@HGFETEGC× @HGFETEGC×K K @H IXHTTE

^rhvcl e fes blstcfcè`hs fls ildchrkls hståk ldfcie`ls, plr hf `hrhgbl ckthrkegclkef, e gljukcger e fe gljukcè` ckthrkegclkef y ef peês eohgte`l hk olrje pýdfcge hf hste`l `h iuhrre. Wck hjderil, fls eirhslrhs, glk hf eoåk `h hxpflter fe slrprhse, gujpfhk glk hsth olrjufcsjl uke vhz ckcgceè fes lphregclkhs egusek`l ef glktrercl `h prlvlger fe iuhrre. Hste gcrgukstekgce hs juy `coêgcf `h gljprlder. ^lr ltre perth, fe bcstlrce rhicstre glkofcgtls erje`ls sck `hgferegc÷k `h iuhrre hxpfêgcte ùrekth tl`l su `hserrlffl. Hk hf Hste`l `h Iuhrre sh plkhk hk hmhgugc÷k fls ^fekls `h Iuhrre hfedlre`ls pez plr tl`ls fls hsgeflkhs.

d)

GLKGHKPTE GLKGHKPTEGC×K GC×K HWPTEPÃICGE

Fls irek`hs glkifljhre`ls pldfegclkefhs, plr fl gljýk, sh hkguhktrek fhmls orlkthres, rhiclkhs `lk`h sh rhefczek fes prcjhres eggclkhs dãfcges. Hstls kýgfhls bujekls slk fes ouhkths prckgcpefhs `h fes guefhs sh kutrhk fls hmãrgctls. Hk glkshguhkgce, uke vhz ffhveè e gedl fe jlvcfczegc÷k sh ihkhre fe khghscè` `h tresfeèr fes ouhrzes e su rhsphgtcvls thetrls `h lphregclkhs l sus prlxcjcè`hs. ^lr tektl fe Glkghktregc÷k hs hf jlvcjchktl y rhukc÷k `h uk kýjhrl `hthrjcke`l `h ukcè`hs, e uk århe `hs`h fe guef sh prhthk`h ckcgcer uke jekcldre hstretãicge hk prlgure `h fls ldmhtcvls escike`ls. @hk `cgbe århe sh rhefcze fe prhperegc÷k ckthiref `h fes ouhrzes e ock `h `hmerfes hk glk`cgclkhs `h hkorhkter glk ãxctl ef e`vhrsercl. Wh glksc`hre hk hffl hf tltef eglk`cgclkejchktl e`jckcstretcvl y fliêstcge khghsercl pere ffhver e duhk tãrjckl fe jekcldre. Fls rhqucsctls `h fe Glkghktregc÷k slk scjcferhs e fls `h fe Jlvcfczegc÷k. Glkstctuyh fe prcjhre egtcvcè` dãfcge hohgtueè plr uke kegc÷k. Escjcsjl, ef ldh`hghr e uke glkghpgc÷k h c`he `h jekcldre sh `cohrhkgcek hk lohkscves y `hohkscves. Hk fe Glkghktregc÷k lohkscve hf `csplsctcvl e`lpte`l plr fes ukcè`hs hvc`hkgce uke `crhggc÷k hstretãicge `hockcè, e`hjås hf ghktrl `h irevhè` hstå gferejhkth jethrcefcze`l rhofhmek`l fe c`he `h jekcldre. Fes ukcè`hs sh hkguhktrek pr÷xcjes y epukteès hk sus `crhggclkhs `h hjpfhl. Hk fe Glkghktregc÷k `hohkscve hf `csplsctcvl sh egljlè ef prhshkte`l plr hf e`vhrsercl, plr fl guef sh rhùgh su fcdhrte` eggc÷k. Kl prhshkte uke `crhggc÷k hsphgcef `h hjpfhl kc tejplgl uk ghktrl `h irevhè` tltefjhkth `hockc`l puhs khghscte hster hk glk`cgclkhs `h glktrerrhster fes plscdfhs eggclkhs `hf e`vhrsercl. Escjcsjl, `hdh phrjctcr fe glkgurrhkgce `h tlès fes ouhrzes hk `cvhrses `crhggclkhs y glkolrjer uk orhkth glktckul Wu prlouk`cè` hs irek`h pere oegcfcter fe rheggc÷k glk jeylr fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k.

Hmhjpfl Bcst÷rcgl Iuhrre `hf êgêocgl= Hk Gbcfh, shfehohgtu÷ jlvcfczegc÷k sh rhefcz÷ oukèjhktefjhkth hk fe ]lke Ghktref y fe Glkghktregc÷k hk Ektloeieste.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

?9

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5>

g)

@HW^FCHIXH HWPTEPÃICGL

Hmhguteè fe Glkghktregc÷k, fes ouhrzes sh efcstek pere fes lphregclkhs plr jh`cl `hf @hspfchiuh. Hsth sh hktchk`h gljl= Hf jlvcjchktl quh rhefczek fes ouhrzes `hs`h fe ]lke `h Glkghktregc÷k glk hf ock `h e`lpter uk `csplsctcvl e`hgue`l pere hohgtuer fe Jekcldre Hstretãicge. Glkstctuyh hk sê uke rejcocgegc÷k `h fes ouhrzes, `lscocgeès `h eguhr`l e sus ldmhtcvls y lrchkteès begce sus `crhggclkhs `h hjpfhl. Hk rhsujhk, glkscsth hk fe Glkghktregc÷k rhe`hgueè pere ckcgcer fe Jekcldre Hstretãicge. Hf `hspfchiuh hstå glk`cgclke`l plr fe ihlireoêe y fe c`he `h jekcldre. Fes ouhrzes pchr`hk su egtctu` hståtcge y olrjek `csplsctcvls hk jlvcjchktl prlplrgclkek`l ck`cgcls rhsphgtl e fe jekcldre. ^lr ^l r glksciuchkth, sh begh khghsercl uk h hkgudrcjchktl kgudrcjchktl hstrcgtl. Xkl `h fls jãtl`ls hs fe repc`hz. Wh `cgh quh hk fe jekcldre `hohkscve kl bey `hspfchiuh hstretãicgl, ye quh ãsth sh suphrplkh glk fe lgupegc÷k `h fes zlkes `hohkscves. Wck hjderil, eukquh ejdes oeshs sh tresfephk -glkghktregc÷k y `hspfchiuh- kl `hmek `h hxcstcr, puhs slk egtcvcè`hs `cohrhkths Hk fe iuhrre hk hf jer hf `hspfchiuh tchkh `ls vercekths= Ghrre`l l edchrtl.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls C Iuhrre Juk`cef= Fe Erjeè Drctåkcge hohgtu÷ uk `hspfchiuh ghrre`l. Fe Bljh Ofhht sh hstegclkl hk Wgepe Oflw.

CC Iuhrre Juk`cef= Fe Erjeè drctåkcge e`lpt÷ uk `hspfchiuh edchrtl Oegcfctek`l esê fe geze `h fls glrsercls `h suphrocgch, hktrh hffls hf "Ireo Wphh" y hf "Dcsjerga".

`)

E^TLRCJEGC×K

Hs fe hmhgugc÷k `h fls `hspfezejchktls `h uke ouhrze lphretcve plr fes fêkhes `h lphregclkhs pere quhèr hk glk`cgclkhs `h hktrer e fe Deteffe. Wh prhthk`h ffhier ef gblquh glk fe ouhrze hk fes jhmlrhs glk`cgclkhs `h jh`cls, tchjpl y hspegcl, hs `hgcr, glkùgcr e fes ouhrzes `÷k`h, guåk`l y g÷jl sh `hshh. Hs ldvcl quh fe Eprlxcjegc÷k hk jekcldres lohkscves shrå `cstckte e fes `hohkscves. @urekth fe Eprlxcjegc÷k sh p puh`hk uh`hk fcdrer gljdeths, rhefcz rhefczer er hxpflregclkhs hk prlouk`cè`, htg. Wu gufjckegc÷k glkscsth hk fe Deteffe.

h)

FE DEPEFFE

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

?2

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> (5) @HOCKCGC×K S GLKGH^PLW Wh fh `hockh gljl= Hf gblquh vclfhktl `h ouhrzes `h irek jeikctu` `h fls e`vhrsercls jh`cekth hf guef ukl l ejdls dusgek jl`cocger sudstekgcefjhkth fe sctuegc÷k hstretãicge. Fe Deteffe thrrhstrh `hgcscve egerrhe fe slfugc÷k `h fe Iuhrre. Hk sê jcsje, fe Deteffe rhquchrh `h uke l jås jekcldres tågtcges pere su rhefczegc÷k. Deteffe hs perth ckthirekth `h uke jekcldre hstretãicge hk guektl e su glkghpgc÷k y sh jethrcefcze plr eggclkhs tågtcges. Hk tchrre, fe Deteffe tchkh uk gerågthr ckhfu`cdfh, jchktres quh hk hf jer sh puh`h hvcter ck`hockcèjhkth puhs glkstctuyh uk egtl e gtl `h glkshktcjchktl jutul.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls C Iuhrre Juk`cef= Fe Bljh Ofhht y fe Oflte `h Efte Jer s÷fl slstuvchrlk uke Deteffe ck`hgcse hk tl`l hf `hserrlffl `hf glkofcgtl.

(4)

GFEWCOCGE GFEWCOCGEGC×K GC×K @HF THWXFPE@L @H FE DEPEFFE Hshkgce = - Jethrcef - Jlref

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls Gljdeth `h Ekiejls - Jethrcef= Fe gepture `hf jlkctlr "Buesger" ltlri÷ e Gbcfh hf glktrlf `hf jer.

Gljdeth `h Cqucquh - Jlref= Hf buk`cjchktl `h fe "Hsjhrefè" hk uk gljdeth `hsciuef bczl e fe iuhrre plpufer.

^rlyhggclkhs= - Hstretãicge

- Pågtcge Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls Gljdeth `h Ekiejls. Hstretãicge

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

?3

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Gbcfh quh`÷ hk glk`cgclkhs `h hxpflter hf glktrlf `hf jer.

Deteffe `h Mutfek`ce= Pågtcge. Fe Oflte `h Efte Jer geus÷ shrcls èõls e fe Bljh Ofhht, phrl fe sctuegc÷k hstretãicge hk hf jer kl verc÷ hk edslfutl.

Jeikctu` - êrgcef - Pltef

Hmhjpfls bcst÷rcgls Deteffe `h Jc`wey= êrgcef. Fe Erjeè klrthejhrcgeke buk`c÷ perth `h fe Oflte meplkhse, hk pertcgufer e guetrl `h sus plrteevclkhs.

Deteffe `hf Ilfol `h Fhyth= Pltef. Fe Erjeè hste`lukc`hksh `hrrlt÷ plr gljpfhtl e fe Oflte Gljdckeè `hf Mep÷k, hffe `hm÷ `h irevcter hk fe iuhrre. (7) ^HTWHGXGC×K Hf vhkgh`lr hk fe Deteffe tchkh quh hxpflter y glkslfcèr su trcukol plr jh`cl ^hrshgugc÷k. Hste sh rhefcze hk `ls olrjes= Wldrhpesekth l hkvlfvhkth y `crhgte.

Hkvlfvhkth= Hste ckthkte sldrhpeser ef hkhjcil hk rhtcreè glk hf prlp÷sctl `h ghrgerfl. @hdh glkter glk ouhrzes `h hxtrelr`ckerce jlvcfcè`.

@crhgte= Glkscsth hk uke phrshgugc÷k sciuchk`l fe jcsje `crhggc÷k `hf hkhjcil.

(0) THPCTE@E Hf dek`l `hrrlte`l prhthk`h hfu`cr fe `hgcsc÷k l hf ekcqucfejchktl jh`cekth fe rhtcreè. Hste sh gfescocge shiýk su= @crhggc÷k, glk`cgc÷k y prlyhggc÷k. - @crhggc÷k. ^rhshkte trhs vercekth=

Klrjef=

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

9>

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Fe rhtcreè sh hohgtýe hk olrje phrphk`cgufer e fe vekiuer`ce `hf hkhjcil.

Glkvhrihkth= Fes ouhrzes hk rhtcreè glkvhrihk begce uk puktl sctue`l hk fe rhteiuer`ce prlpce.

@cvhrihkth= Fes ouhrzes sh hsperghk hk olrje re`cef `h fe rhteiuer`ce prlpce.

GLK@CGC×K _lfukterce= Wh hohgtýe plr rhslfugc÷k prhvcste glk ekthfegc÷k plr hf jek`l.

Olrzlse= Cjpuhste plr fe eggc÷k `hf e`vhrsercl - ^TLSHGGC×K

Hstretãicge= Wh hfu`h `hfcdhreèjhkth fe `hgcsc÷k jckcjczek`l fes pãr`cès pere uke eggc÷k plsthrclr.

Pågtcge= Wh hjpfhe pere efcvcer uke prhsc÷k hxghscve hk perth `h uk `csplsctcvl

o)

ETJCWPCGCL

(5)

CKPTL@XGGC×K Xkl `h fls glktrckgekths `hshe ock ef glkofcgtl `hdc`l ef rhsufte`l e`vhrsl hk hf gejpl `h deteffe, `hsckthiregc÷k `hf Gejpl `h Eggc÷k Egg c÷k Ckthrkl, glfepsl hglk÷jcgl, fls segrcocgcls `h fe iuhrre kl gljphksek sus dhkhocgcls u ltre rez÷k. Hk tef sctuegc÷k, slfcgcte `crhgtejhkth l plr ckthrjh`cl `h uke thrghre plthkgce hf Erjcstcgcl. Fe `hgcsc÷k hs plfêtcgl-hstretãicge. Fe phtcgc÷k tchkh quh shr rhefczeè plr rhprhshktekths egrh`cte`ls `hf ildchrkl. Hf erjcstcgcl hs uk glkvhkcl jcfcter quh kl plkh ock ef hste`l `h iuhrre. Fe iuhrre thrjcke glk fe rhk`cgc÷k glk`cgclkef l ckglk`cgclkef y fls trete`ls `h pez prhfcjckerhs l `hockctcvls.

(4)

@HOCKCGC×K

fe susphksc÷k `h fessldrh blstcfcè`hs glk hf ockGlkstctuyh `h ckcgcer fes glkvhrsegclkhs fe êz. e rhquhrcjchktl `h ukl `h fls dhfcihrekths

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

95

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5>

(7)

TCHWILW @HF ETJC ETJCWPCGCL WPCGCL ^hrjcth ef hkhjcil rhlriekczer l rholrzer su `csplsctcvl.



Hs ouhkth `h glktckihkgces ckhsphreès.



(0)

HWPC^XFEGCL HWPC^XFEGCLKHW KHW JÊKCJEW GLKPHJ^FE@E GLKPHJ^FE@EW W HK XK ETJC ETJCWPCGCL WPCGCL Ohgbe y blre `h ghsegc÷k `h fes blstcfcè`hs



Glktrlf sldrh fls thrrctlrcls lgupe`ls



Glk`cgclkhs quh `hdhk ldshrver fes ouhrzes `h lgupegc lgupegc÷k ÷k y rhsplksedcfcè` sl sldrh drh su susthktl.



Gfåusufes sldrh hf `hserjh.



@csplscgclkhs sldrh fls prcsclkhrls `h iuhrre.



(8)

PTHIXE

Hf Erjcstcgcl kl `hdh glkouk`crsh glk ffe e Prhiue. Hste s÷f s÷fl l glkscsth hk uke susphksc÷k jljhktåkhe `h fes blstcfcè`hs pere uk ock `hthrjcke`l. Ejdls dek`ls sh plkhk `h eguhr`l pere tef hohgtl. Ockefcze`l Ockefcze`l hf pfezl hstcpufe`l glktckýek ffes es lphregclkhs dãfcges. Hk lgesclkhs sh pegtek trhiues hk olrje hsplktåkhe hk shgtlrhs ecsfe`ls `h fls orhkths thrrhstrhs glk hf prlp÷sctl `h shpufter e fls geê`ls, ge ê`ls, ghfhdrer ochstes rhfciclses u ltrls jltcvls bujekctercls.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls C Iuhrre Juk`cef= Erjcstcgcl `h Drhst-Fctlvsa= Ouh pfekthe`l hk olrje `crhgte plr hf ildchrkl slvcãtcgl. Prltsay, hf treksgursl `h fes glkvhrsegclkhs, prlgfej÷ hk olrje ukcfethref fe pez. Efhjekce Efhjek ce rhckcgc÷ feshk lphregclkhs olrzek`l e fls slvcãtcgls e rhekuèr fes khilgcegclkhs y eghpter fes glk`cgclkhs `h pez.

Iuhrre `hf êgêocgl= Hf guhrpl `cpfljåtcgl `h Fcje, sck fe glkgurrhkgce `h rhprhshktekth `hf ^hrý, glkvckchrlk glk `hfhie`ls `hf ildchrkl `h Gbcfh hk hstedfhghr uk Erjcstcgcl gljl pesl pere fe êz. Fuhil sh `hshkge`hk÷ hk olrje slrprhscve fe Deteffe `h Jcreoflrhs.

8.4.0. ^LWIXHTTE e)

PTEPE@L @H Ê]

(5)

EKPHGH@HKPHW

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

94

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Hf Prete`l `h êz, ê z, glrrchkthjhkth, kl rhsuhfvh fls prldfhjes geusekths `h fe iuhrre. H Hff vhkgc`l fl ocrje deml fe gleggc÷k `h fe ouhrze. ^lr tef rez÷k, glktchkh hf ihrjhk `h uk kuhvl glkofcgtl. Gljl hs f÷icgl, `hs`h su ocrje ckthkterå fcdhrersh `h fes tredes y fcjctegclkhs cjpuhstes plr hf Prete`l. Hf `lgujhktl hs hshkgcefjhkth plfêtcgl.

(4)

GLK@CGC GLK@CGCLKHW LKHW UXH @HDH GXJ^FCT XK PTEPE@L @H Ê]

Glk hf prlp÷sctl quh uk Prete`l Prete`l `h êz she glkvhkc glkvhkchkth hkth pere ejdes perths y plr tektl ùre`hrl `hdh gujpfcr `cvhrses glk`cgclkhs.

JLTEFHW= Mustl. Hvc`hkgces hguekcjcè`



Tezlkedfh. ^rhgevhr `hjekès hxeihreès



Bujekl. Hvcter fe bujcfè` `hf vhkgc`l



^LFÊPCGEW= Emuste`l e @hrhgbl. Ldshrver hf @hrhgbl y fes glstujdrhs ckthrkegclkefhs.



Thsphtl e fe Wldhrekêe. ^rhsgck`cr `h gljphksegclkhs thrrctlrcefhs sck oukèjhktls.



Tepc`hz y Hohgtcvcè`. Ljctcr gljprljcsls ck`hockc`ls hk hf tchjpl l glk prlflkie`ls pfezls `h gujpfcjchktl.



Lrchkte`l e fe Thglkgcfcegc÷k.



HGLK×JCGEW= Thguphregc÷k `hf _hkgc`l. ^rlphk`hr ef rhstedfhgcjchktl `h fe hglkljêe `hf vhkgc`l.



(7)

GLJHKPETCLW Fes glk`cgclkhs hxpuhstes sldrh fes glk`cgclkhs quh `hdh gujpfcr uk Prete`l `h êz glkstctuyh uk c`hef th÷rcgl. Hf gfcje pesclkef quh rl`he fe iuhrre gchie e fls glkùgtlrhs plfêtcgls y e fls puhdfls begcãk`lfhs phr`hr hguekcjcè`. ^lr tef rez÷k, tretek `h epfester y bujcffer ef vhkgc`l glk hf ock `h prhvhkcr uk rhsuricjchktl gljl hvhktuef rcvef. Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls C Iuhrre Juk`cef= Prete`l `h _hrseffhs. Bctfhr hk ‖Jc Fugbe‚ sh rhochrh ef Prete`l hk fls sciuchkths tãrjckls= ‖Hk hf eõl 5353, guek`l quh sh eildc÷ e fe kegc÷k glk hf trete`l `h efhjåk pez, budl uke mustcocgegc÷k pere hsphrer equhf `lgujhktl `hefhjeke prhsc÷k berêe drlter hf irctl `h fcdhregc÷k. Eglkthgh hk lgesclkhs quh gchrtls trete`ls `h pez, guyes glk`cgclkhs ùhfhk e fes ke kegclkhs gclkhs gljl sc ouhshk

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

97

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> ezlths, glkstctuyhk hf prcjhr tlquh `h gferêk pere uke rhsurrhggc÷k quh thk`rå jås ter`h‚ 04. Hf efu`c`l trete`l glfedlr÷ ef jhth÷rcgl esghksl `h Bctfhr, ef rherjh efhjåk y fes glksciuchkths evhktures hxpekscves kezcs quh gufjckerlk hk hf hsteffc`l `h fe Whiukè Iuhrre Juk`cef.

G

^CPXFL _CC

FE HWPTEPHICE 5.

IHKHTEFC@E@HW

Hktrh fls trete`cstes kl hxcsth ukekcjcè` sldrh fe htcjlfliêe `h fe pefedre "hstrethice" Efiukls fe glksc`hrek prlvhkchkth `h uke reêz irchie guye eghpgc÷k hs "mhoh" l "ihkhre "ihkhref" f" ^hrl, bey quchkhs fe beghk `hrcver `h ltrl vlgedfl irchil glk hf scikcocge`l `h er`c`, trhte l hstreteihje. Fe hstrethice kegc÷ glk fes `csputes dãfcges quh slstuvchrlk fes slgchè`hs bujekes pere `crcjcr sus ckthrhshs ektei÷kcgls. @hs`h fe ektciöhè`, fls glkùgtlrhs `h fls hmãrgctls c`herlk prlgh`cjchktls y jh`cls `hstcke`ls e `hrrlter e sus rcvefhs hk olrje glktuk`hkth y glk hf jêkcjl hsouhrzl. Fe bcstlrce rhicstre fes bezeões `h fls irek`hs gepctekhs tefhs gljl= Phjêstlgfhs, Efhmek`rl, ghser, Keplfh÷k, Khfslk, Plil y tektls ltrls. Hffls, glk su ihkcl grhe`lr, cktrlùmhrlk ckklvegclkhs lrcickefhs hk fls usls dãfcgls `h fe ãplge ldthkchk`l drcffekths vcgtlrces. Bedctuefjhkth, fls vhkgc`ls prlktl e`lptedek fls jãtl`ls geusekths `h sus `hsgefedrls y sh rhstedfhgêe hf hqucfcdrcl. hqu cfcdrcl. Fe Hstrethice, glk hf ock `h hvcter hf hstekgejchktl hstãrcf, rhquchrh uke glkstekth rhklvegc÷k y plr tef rez÷k sh hkguhktre sumhte e gejdcls glktckuls. Fls jcfcterhs quh gehk hk hf ckjlvcfcsjl l sh ejerrek e o÷rjufes `lijåtcges, gljl fl `hjuhstre fe hxphrchkgce, sh errchsiek ef jås hstruhk`lsl oregesl. Hf vlgedfl hstrethice hre `hsglklgc`l hk fls gêrgufls gestrhkshs deste ockhs `hf scifl R_Cff. Keplfh÷k, guek`l sh rhohrêe e jethrces `h gerågthr hstretãicgl, bedfede `h fe "Irek Pågtcge" l prhohrêe fe hxprhsc÷k "fe perth suphrclr `h iuhrre". Hf ergbcùquh Gerfls, uk jcfcter eustrcegl ekteilkcste `h Keplfh÷k, fh `cl mhrerquêe ef thrjckl "hstrethice" Hsgrcdc÷ uk ghfhdrh trete`l tctufe`l "^rckgcpcls `h fe Hstrethice". Hsphgcocg÷ quh= "fe Hstrethice hs fe gchkgce `h fe iuhrre, hffe hsdlze fls pfekhs, ederge y `hthrjcke fe jergbe `h fes lphregclkhs jcfcterhs. Hs, bedfek`l glk prlpchè`, fe gchkgce `h fls ihkhrefhs hk Mhoh" 5 .

LPTEW @HOCKCGCLKHW GFEXWHYCP] "Fe hstrethice hs hf usl `hf gljdeth pere efgekzer hf ldmhtcvl `h fe iuhrre. ..^lr fl tektl 04 5

E`lfo Bctfhr, Jc fugbe (Duhkls Ecrhs. Y.]. H`cgclkhs Jl`hrkes, 5375), p. 452 Efjcrekth Teluf Gesthx, Phlrêes Phlrêes hstretãicges (Duhkls Ecrhs= Hsguhfe `h Iuhrre Kevef, 5372-5304), Pljl C, p. 50

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

90

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> `hdh èr uk prlp÷sctl e tlè fe eggc÷k jcfcter, prlp÷sctl quh `hdh hster `h eguhr`l glk hf ldmhtcvl `h fe iuhrre. Hk ltres pefedres, fe hstrethice treze hf pfek `h iuhrre y pere hf prlp÷sctl jhkgclke`l, eõe`h fe shrch `h egtls quh glkùgcråk e hsh prlp÷sctl1 l she, begh fls pfekhs pere fes gejpeões shpereès y prhpere fls hkguhktrls quh shråk fcdre`ls hk gerfe uke `h hffes"

4.4. _lk JLFPAH (Hf _chml) "Fe Hstrethice shõefe hf jhmlr gejckl quh glkùgh e fe deteffe1 hffe `cgh `÷k`h y guåk`l `hdh gljdetcrsh."

4.7. GEWPHR "Hs. ..fe glkùggc÷k ihkhref `h fes lphregclkhs, erth suprhjl `h fls mhohs `h efte mhrerquêe y `h fls hste`ls jeylrhs `hstcke`ls e shgukèrfls. Fe hstrethice prhpere fls gljdeths, sh hsouhrze hk quh hstls sh `hserrlffhk hk fes jhmlrhs glk`cgclkhs plscdfhs y hk ldthkhr `h hffls fls jes irek`hs rhsufte`ls. Hkfeze fls ukls glk fls ltrls. Fls `ljcke y fls gllr`cke e ock `h jekthkhrfls hk fe fêkhe `crhgtrcz quh hffe sh be ocme`l, lrchktåk`lfe `h eguhr`l ef `hserrlffl `h fls eglkthgcjchktls. Hffe jektchkh hse lrchktegc÷k ihkhref hk desh e fe guef glkùgh fe gejpeõe, y sudlr`cke tlè e fe jcsje".

4.0. HMHTGCGCL @H GBCFH "Hs fe gchkgce `h fe utcfczegc÷k `h fls plthkgcefhs hk fe prhperegc÷k, `crhggc÷k y hmhgugc÷k `h fe Iuhrre".

4.8. G.K.W. @CE] D. "Hf pephf dåscgl `h fe hstrethice glkscsth hk glkghdcr, prhperer, `crcicr y hmhguter fes irek`hs jekcldres, hkfezek`l hf glkmuktl `h fes Ouhrzes y hfhjhktls `h `cohrhkth lr`hk quh sh plkhk hk muhil, hk tl`l hf gejpl khtejhkth dãfcgl, pere glkshiucr cjplkhr fe vlfukte` ef e`vhrsercl"

4.?. GLJHKPETC GLJHKPETCL L WLDTH FE FEW W @HOCKCGCLKHW @H HWPTE HWPTEPHICE PHICE GCPE@EW Fes `hockcgclkhs treksgrctes hk hf pårreol ekthrclr sh rhochrhk ef e f usl `h fe ouhrze jcfcter hk tchjpl `h iuhrre. Hk fe egtuefcè` `cgbl glkghptl rhstrckic`l sldrh fe hstrethice sh hkguhktre suphre`l. Bly, ederge fe utcfczegc÷k `h fls guetrl gejpls `h eggc÷k `h uke kegc÷k pere fe ldthkgc÷k `h ldmhtcvls, tektl hk fe pez gljl hk glkofcgtl, ckgfuyhk`l fe iuhrre. Wck hjderil, hf glkghptl rhstrckic`l scrvh pere ockhs `c`ågtcgls, hk hsphgcef pere hstedfhghr sus fêjcths y rhfegclkhs glk fe plfêtcge y fe tågtcge. t ågtcge.

7.

FE HWPTEPHICE GLJL GCHKGCE S ETPH

Fls th÷rcgls jcfcterhs, plr prlflkie`l tchjpl, slstuvchrlk uke erùe plfãjcge `h`cgeè e prhgcser sc fe hstrethice glkscstêe hk uk erth l uke gchkgce. êre hstedfhghr su rhef keturefhze hs khghsercl rhjctcrsh ef scikcocge`l `hf erth y fe gchkgce `h eguhr`l ef @cggclkercl `h fe Fhkiue Hspeõlfe, _ciãscje H`cgc÷k.

Erth= Glkmuktl `h prhghptls y rhifes khghserces pere beghr dchk uke glse.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

98

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Gchkgce= Glklgcjchktl gchrtl `h fes glses plr sus s us prckgcpcls y geuses. Hf erth glkffhve fe c`he `h pl`hr, grher, pregtcger y ldre phrslkef. Hk tektl fe gchkgce hkgchrre fe klgc÷k `h sedhr, ckvhstcier, glklghr y hxegtctu`. Eýk guek`l hf glkghptl `h hxegtctu`, glk hf e`vhkcjchktl `h fes gchkgces plfêtcges y slgcefhs, be verce`l begce fe lgurrhkgce "klrjef" `h fls ohk÷jhkls ekefcze`ls. Fe hstrethice kl hs s÷fl prågtcge kc jhkes lorhgh olrjufes hxegtes. Glkstctuyh uke jhzgfe `h gchkgce y erth= gchkgce hk guektl e glkghpgc÷k y erth hk guekte e hmhgugc÷k. Hf G`th. @êez shõefe " tlè tlè Gljekèkth `hdh Cfhier e efgekzer uk tltef hqucfcdrcl hk sus gepegcè`hs, pere hkthk`hr fe gchkgce `h fe Iuhrre (sedhr) y pere hmhguter (pl`hr) glk erth jcfcter fes rhslfugclkhs quh tljh"4.

0.- FE HWPTEPHICE HWPE WXMHPE E _ETCE _ ETCEGCLKHW GCLKHW Fe Hstrethice Hstrethice ` `hsgekse hsgekse hk `ls pcferhs oukèjhktefhs= Fls prckgcpcls prlgh`cjchktls.

y fls

Fls prcjhrls sh hstedfhgchrlk e trevãs `hf jãtl`l bcst÷rcgl ckùgtcvl. ^lr hshkgce, `cgbls prckgcpcls slk ckvercedfhs h ckjutedfhs. Kl fls ckofuyhk fls jh`cls hjpfhe`ls kc hf åjdctl hk quh sh epfcgek. ^rhgcsek`l, fes erjes, hqucpls, ihlireoêe, tchjpl kc kckiýk ltrl oegtlr hsphgcocgl tchkhk fe gepegcè` `h eohgter su vefc`hz. Wc hstl kl ouhre hf gesl phr`hrêek su gefcè` `h prckgcpcls. êre jethrcefczersh, fe Hstrethice plkh hk eggc÷k e fls prckgcpcls e trevãs `h fls prlgh`cjchktls. Hstls ýftcjls `hphk`hk `h fls jh`cls e utcfczer, fls guefhs sh hkguhktrek hk phrjekhkth hvlfugc÷k. Hk glkshguhkgce, fe Hstrethice hs juèdfh puhs ukl `h sus gljplkhkths dåscgls, fls prlgh`cjchktls, hståk sumhtls e verc vercegclkhs. egclkhs. Wldrh hf thje, D. Drl`ch gljhkt÷. "Fls gejdcls `råstcgls hk fes erjes bek sc`l tek phrscsthkths hk fls ýftcjls gchk eõls, quh fe prhshkgce `h hsth oegtlr (erjes kuhves) puh`h glksc`hrersh gljl uke `h fes glkstekths `h fe hstrethice. .Hk vhrè`, thkhjls quh `hsbeghrkls `h fes `h rlpe quh hståk eplfcffeès, phrl thkhjls quh hvcter sudstctucrfes plr ltres quh kl kls quh`hk dchk" 7 .Pejdcãk, Jebek e`vcrtc÷= "Hf prlirhsl sck trhiue `h fe 0 bujekcè` grhe glktckuls gejdcls hk fls erjejhktls y plr glkshguhkgce, gejdcls glktckuls hk hf jl`l `h phfher" . 8. THFEGCLKHW @H FE HWPTEPHICE GLK FE PÅGPCGE S FE ^LFÊPCGE

8.5.

THFEGCLKHW GLK FE PÅGPCGE

Fes rhfegclkhs `h fe Hstrethice glk fe Pågtcge be ihkhre`l glktrlvhrsces y `hshkthk`c`ls ^lr hmhjpfl, hf Ihkhref H. vlk Fu`hk`lrtP lpckede quh fe Pågtcge prh`ljckede sldrh fe Hstrethice ^lr ltrl fe`l, hf Ihkhref Yewhff, ef escjcfer fe iuhrre glk hf muhil `h drcìh, gljperede hf `hsgerth glk fe tågtcge y fe `hgferegc÷k glk fe hstrethice rhprhshktek`l fe Xftcje slfl uk prlgh`cjchktl jhgåkcgl, hk tektl fe tågtcge glkthkêe tl`l hf erth `hf ihkhref. ihk href.

4 @êez, 7

lp. Gct., p. 90. Drl`ch, lp. Gct., p.v. 0 Cdc`, p. 4

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

9?

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Ef ekefczer fes "Tejes `hf Erth `h fe Iuhrre", Gfeushwctz shõefe= "Wurihk equê `ls egtcvcè`hs `cohrhkths= prhperer y glkùgcr ck`cvcùefjhkth hstls hkguhktrls ecsfe`ls y gljdckerfls ukls glk ltrls pere efgekzer hf ldmhtcvl `h fe iuhrre. Fe prcjhre hs ffejeè Pågtcge, fe shiukè, Hstrethice. ..Fe tågtcge hkshõe hf usl `h fes ouhrzes erjeès hk fls hkguhktrls, y fe hstrethice hf u `h fls hkguhktrls pere efgekzer hf ldmhtcvl `h fe iuhrre" 8 .Gyrcff Oeffs ejpfce hste vcsc÷k. "Fe olrjegc÷k `h fls pfekhs, fe hfhggc÷k `h fls ldmhtcvls, hf jlvcjchktl `h ouhrzes ekths `h fekzerfes eC etequh, fe `csplscgc÷k `h fes rhshrves, hf jåxcjl eprlvhgbejchktl `h fe vcgtlrce, y fe rhùggc÷k `h fls hohgtls `h fe `hrrlte, slk glses quh phrthkhghk e fls `ljckcls `h fe hstrethice. ..Wc fe hstrethice hs erth `h fe iuhrre, fe tågtcge hs hf erth `hf gljdeth"?. Gesthx, ef ciuef quh kujhrlsls trete`cstes glckgc`h glk Gfeushwctz= "Hffe (Fe Hstrethice) iuêe e fe tågtcge, `hmåk`lfe hk fcdhrte` guek`l ffhie su jljhktl... Hstrethice ekths `hf gljdeth y `hspuãs `hf gljdeth1 tågtcge ùrekth hf gljdeth" 9. Hk rhsujhk, fe Hstrethice lrchkte h cfujcke efe Pågtcge. Fes eggclkhs tågtcges sh rhefczek pere setcsoeghr e fe Hstrethice y kl fl glktrercl. @h hste h ste olrje, fls rhsufte`ls tågtcgls glkgurrhk ef flirl `h `hff ldmhtcvl prhvcstl per fe Hstrethice. êrhgh shkgcffl e`lpter rhslfugclkhs hstretãicges hk gljperegc÷k `h fes `hgcsclkhs tågtcges tljeès hk hk hf oreilr `hf gljdeth1 sck hjderil Gfeushwctz egfere= ‖Hk fe hstrethice, `lk`h tl`l sh juhvh jugbl jes fhktejhkth, bey jugbl jes fuier pere kuhstres prlpces ùès y fe `h fls ltrls.. hk fe hstrethice kl vhjls glk kuhstrls prlpcls lmls kc k c scquchre fe jcte` `h fes glses quh vhjls hk fe tågtcge, ye quh tl`l `hdh shr glkmhture`l y supuhstl, fes glkvcggclkhs prlùgcès slk jhkls ocrjhs" 2. Fe Hstrethice y fe Pågtcge rhvcsthk c`ãktcge cjplrtekgce y sh gljpfhjhktek. Xke hxghfhkth hstrethice hmhguteè plr uke jefe tågtcge egerrhe hf oregesl. Hf Jercsgef Olgb, glk gchrte hxeihregc÷k, rhgefge "Fe hstrethice kl hxcsth plr sê jcsje, ye quh hffe s÷fl vefh plr fe tågtcge, ye quh fls rhsufte`ls tågtcgls slk tl`l...‚ 3. ^lr fl ihkhref, fe Hstrethice gufjcke glk fe Deteffe, fe guef hk su jethrcefczegc÷k glkscsth hk uk egtl tågtcgl. Fe hstrethice ieke sus vcgtlrces e trevãs `h fe tågtcge, phrl `hdh `h dh sedhr hxpflterfes.

8.4.

ÃRCPLW PÅGPCGLW S HWPTEPÃICGLW

Fe hstrethice ‖`hdh èr uk prlp÷sctl e tlè eggc÷k jcfcter, prlp÷sctl q uh `hdh hster `h eguhr`l glk hf ldmhtcvl `h fe iuhrre‚ 5>. Hk ltrls tãrjckls, `h fe Hstrethice `hphk`h fe suhrth `h fes lphregclkhs, gejpeões y, plr ýftcjl, glkofcgtl, utcfczek`l pere hffl e fe Pågtcge. ^lr tef rez÷k, fls ãxctls tågtcgls y hstretãicgls rhp`hf rhphrguthk hrguthk hk `cstckte ejpfctu`.

Ãxctl Pågtcgl Hs equhf quh prlùgh èõls y `hsiesth ef hkhjcil, phrl kl prlvlge uk gejdcl hk fe sctuegc÷k hstretãicge.

Ãxctl Hstretãicgl= 8

9 2 3

Gfeushwctz, lp. Gc Gct., t., p. ?? Gepctåk Gyrcff Oeffs, Hf erth `h fe iuhrre (Jãxcgl (Jãxcgl== Jckhrve, s.o.), p. ?4 Gesthx, lp. Gct., P Pljl ljl C. ^. 4> Gfeushwc Gfeushwctz, tz, lp. gct., gct., p. 547 Jercsgef Ohr`ckek` Olgb, Fls prckgcpcls `h fe iuhrre (Wektceil= Cjp. S Hkg. Ocsgef Ocsgef `h fe ^hkcthkgcer ^hkcthkgcerêe, êe, 5353), p. 84 5> Gfeushwctz, lp. Gct., p. 545 ?

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

99

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Hs equhf quh prlùgh uk vuhfgl oevlredfh hk fe sctuegc÷k ihkhref ef efgekzer uk Ldmhtcvl Ld mhtcvl Hstretãicgl (L.H.) prhvcstl. Hf ãxctl hstretãicgl prhsuplkh ãxctls tågtcgls. Fe suje `h ãxctls tågtcgls puh`h prlùgcr uk ãxctl hstretãicgl sc slk glkgurrhkths sldrh uk jcsjl L.H. Hs glkvhkchkth e`vhrtcr quh uk egtl dãfcgl tchkh uk s÷fl hohgtl irevctek`l plr Ciuef hk ejdls dek`ls, eýk guek`l fls ãxctls hstretãicgls scikcocquhk jeylrhs pãr`cès jethrcefhs pere hf trcukoe`lr.

Hmhjpfls bcst÷rcgls Iuhrre `hf êgcocge Fls gljdeths `h fqucquh y ûkte Iruhse Iru hse ouhrlk ãxctls hstretãicgls gbcfhkls. Xkl hf ltrl jethrcef.

C. Iuhrre Juk`cef= Fe Deteffe `h Mutfek`ce quh uk ãxctl tågtcgl efhjåk.

CC Iuhrre Juk`cef= Fe Deteffe `h Jer `hf `h f Glref scikcocg÷ uk ãxctl hstretãicgl klrthejh klrthejhrcgekl. rcgekl.

8.7. THFEGCLKHW GLK FE F E ^LFÊPCGE Gfeushwctz hsphgcocg÷ glk gfercè` quh fe iuhrre hre uk "egtl plfêtcgl" y glkstctuêe uke ‖bhrrejchkte `h fe plfêtcge". Escjcsjl `hthrjck÷ fes rhfegclkhs hktrh hffes= "Fe iuhrre kl hs ltre glse quh fe glktckuegc÷k `hf ckthrgejdcl plfêtcgl glk uke gljdckegc÷k `h ltrls jh`cls e ock `h eocrjer glk hffe ef jcsjl tchjpl quh hsth ckthrgejdcl plfêtcgl kl ghse hk hf gursl `h fe iuhrre jcsje‚55. ..fe sudlr`ckegc÷k `hf puktl `h vcste plfêtcgl ef jcfcter shrêe crrezlkedfh, plrquh fe plfêtcge be grhe`l fe iuhrre1 fe plfêtcge hs fe oegufte` ckthfcihkth, fe iuhrre hs hf ckstrujhktl y kl e fe ckvhrse. Fe sudlr`ckegc÷k `hf puktl `h vcste jcfcter ef plfêtcgl hs, hk glkshguhkgce, fl ýkcgl plscdfh"54. ^hrl e`vcrtc÷ quh fe efu`cè sudlr`ckegc÷k kl hre ckglk`cgclkef= "Fe plfêtcge be `h 57

eèptersh e fes jh`cls `csplkcdfhs pere fe iuhrre..." . Hk sêkthscs, fe Hstrethice sh hkguhktre sudlr`ckeè e fe ^lfêtcge1 phrl ãste, e su vhz, `hdh eèptersh e fe Hstrethice y kl hxcicrfh cjplscdfhs. Ejdes vhrè`hs rerejhkth fes gljprhk`hk hf plfêtcgl y hf hstrethie. Hf prcjhrl, gljýkjhkth, sh `hsprhlgupe `h fes plscdcfcè`hs `h glkofcgtls kc tejplgl ckthkte hkthk`hrfls phgek`l plr ljcsc÷k y `hohgtl. Jchktres hf jcfcter prhthk`h suph`cter fe plfêtcge e sus hxcihkgces, phgek`l plr hxghsl. Fes `ls thk`hkgces slk phrkcgclses y sh treùghk hk fe `hrrlte, phr`hr fe pez l rhefczer hsouhrzls y segrcocgcls ckkhghsercls. Gljl glkgfusc÷k, sh begh khghsercl rhgefger quh fe ^lfêtcge tchkh fe rhsplksedcfcè` `h lrchkter y oegcfcter fes terhes `h fe Hstrethice y hste `hdh hkgejcker su eggc÷k pere setcsoeghr rhquhrcjchktls `h fe ^lfêtcge. 55 Cdc`., 54

p. 8?8 Cdc`., p. 8?2 57 Cdc`., p. 8?3

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

92

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5>

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls CC Iuhrre Juk`cef= @CTHGGC×K @H FE IXHTTE EFHJEKE. "Guek`l hjphz÷ fe glkofeiregc÷k hk 5373, Efhjekce kl thkêe pfek `h iuhrre efiukl, kc uke glkghpgc÷k hstretãicge ihkhref hk quh hstuvchrek `hthrjcke`ls, hk uk ckolrjh glrrhgtl, fe ockefcè`, fls jh`cls y hf ldmhtcvl `h fe fugbe.. sh hstedfhgchrlk pfekhs pergcefhs e`-blg, glk hf rhsufte`l quh Bctfhr ocm÷ ldmhtcvls geè vhz jes thjhrercls y `hsjhsure`ls y glk ukls uk ls jh`cls gferejhkth fcjcte`ls‚ fcjcte`ls‚50. @CTHGGC×K @H FE IXHTTE KLTPHEJHTCGEKE. "@urekth tlè fe iuhrre, fls hste`lukc`hkshs ouhrlk hk tef olrje jcfcterhs ejethurs quh kl phrgcdêek quh fe iuhrre hs uk ckstrujhktl `h fe plfêtcge y quh fe `hrrlte `hf hkhjcil kl hs sckl uk jh`cl pere flirer hf ldmhtcvl plfêtcgl. Glksc`hrek`l e fe iuhrre gljl uk muhil, sh cjeickerlk quh uke vhz iekeè ejdls hqucpls `hdêek `csphrsersh‚58. ?.- FCJCPHW HKPTH FE PÅGPCGE, FE HWPTEPÃICGE HWPT EPÃICGE S FE ^LFÊPCGE ?.5. FCJCPHW HKPTH FE PÅGPCGE S FE F E HWPTEPHICE Gfeushwctz ck`cg÷= "Fe tågtcge y fe hstrethice slk `ls egtcvcè`hs quh sh phkhtrek jutuejhkth hk hf tchjpl y hk hf hspegcl, phrl slk tejdcãk `ls egtcvcè`hs hshkgcefjhkth `cohrhkths"5?. Hf Gepctåk G. Oeffs hxprhs÷= "Gljchkze fe tågtcge guek`l thrjcke fe hstrethice, eukquh kl hs glse oågcf ocmer hf puktl `h `hfcjctegc÷k hktrh ejdes. Efiukls fl bek glkgrhte`l glk fe pefedre glktegtl= guek`l fes ouhrzes glkthk`chkths, `cghk, hstedfhghk glktegtl, hktre hk oukgc÷k fe tågtcge"59. Hk ltrl pårreol hf jcsjl eutlr eglte= "Hk efiukls thxtls fe hstrethice scikcocge tl`l fl quh sh ffhve e gedl hk irek hsgefe, y fe tågtcge tl`l fl quh sh ffhve e gedl hk phquhõe hsgefe‚52. Hk fe iuhrre hk hf jer, shiýk Jebek, hf fêjcth hktrh fe Hstrethice y fe Pågtcge "hs equhf e pertcr `hf guef fe prlxcjcè` hktrh fes ofltes begh ckhvctedfh hf hkguhktrl". 53 ^hrl glk hf evekgh `h fls scsthjes `h hxpflregc÷k, `hthggc÷k, erjes y ltrls, `cgbe `hockcgc÷k sh bczl plgl setcsoegtlrce. Eblre sh hktchk`h quh sh hktre ef gejpl tågtcgl guek`l ejdls Gljekèkths `h ouhrzes hkhjcie oflth tljek l sh vhk ldfcie`ls e e`lpter rhslfugclkhs rhfegclkeès glk hf pr÷xcjl hkguhktrle hffls.

?.4. FCJCPHW HKPTH FE HWPTEPHICE S FE ^LFÊPCGE Fls fêjcths hktrh fe Hstrethice y fe ^lfêtcge gerhghk `h prhgcsc÷k e phser `h hster rhicè geè uke plr sus prlpces fhyhs. Gfeushwctz shõefe quh hk gchrtls esphgtls-. "Fe hstrethice fckè plfêtcge y glk hf ildchrkl, l jås dchk1 pese e shr ejdls e ffe e vhz..‚4>. Escjcsjl, ldshrve= 50

58

59 52 53 4>

5?

B. D Dhrker` hrker` ht ef., ef., Jctls y hkcijes `h fe CC Iuhrre Juk`cef. (Derghflke= H`cgclkhs H`cgclkh s @ecjlk @ecjlk Jeuhf Pejeyl, 53??), p. 59. Ihkhref Mblk O. G. Ouffhr, Fe Fe Whiukè Iuhrre Juk`cef Juk`cef (Duhkls Ecrhs= Tclpfethksh, Tclpfeth ksh, 5394). 539 4). ^. 090 Gfeushwctz, lp. Gct., p. 95 Oeffs, lp. Gct., p. ?4 Cdc`., lp. ?0 Gesthx, lp. Gct., Pljl C, p. 45 Gfeushwctz, lp. Gct., p. 544

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

93

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> "Guektl jås irek`hs y pl`hrlsls shek fls jltcvls `h fe iuhrre ... fe iuhrre eperhghrå jås gljl uke iuhrre purejhkth jcfcter y jhkls gljl uke iuhrre plfêtcge ... ^hrl guektl jås `ãdcfhs shek fls j÷vcfhs ..fe iuhrre thk`rå jeylr eperchkgce `h iuhrre plfêtcge‚ 45. Gesthx grh÷ uke jhtåolre hxtrelr`ckercejhkth cfustretcve pere jlstrer fe ck`hockcgc÷k `h fls fcjcths hxcsthkths hktrh fe ^lfêtcge, fe Hstrethice y fe Pågtcge= 'Fe hstrethice hs, hk rhsujhk, gljl hf hsphgtrl slfer. ^rhshkte uke zlke ckorerrlme, quh glkstctuyh hf gejpl `h fe plfêtcge, y uke zlke uftrevclfhte, quh glkstctuyh hf gejpl `h fe tågtcge. S hk fe jcsje olrje quh hf hsphgtrl slfer pese e fes zlkes ckvcscdfhs plr ireègclkhs cjphrghptcdfhs, fe hstrethice sh rhýkh glk fe plfêtcge y fe tågtcge, gejdcek`l ireùefjhkth `h tlkl, beste glkouk`crsh glk fes jcsjes. Fe plfêtcge, fe hstrethice y fe tågtcge, olrjek puhs uk glkmuktl dchk trede`l, y `h kckiuke jekhre uk trêptcgl `h hfhjhktls khtejhkth shpere`ls hktrh sê 44.

H_LFXGC×K @H FE HWPTEPHICE HWPT EPHICE 9. 5. CKPTL@XGGC×K Hf phksejchktl hstretãicgl hstå hk glkstekth hvlfugc÷k sciuchk`l hf rctjl cjpuhstl plr fe slgchè`, jergl `lk`h hstå ckshrtl. Hf Efjcrekth B. Mustckcekl ldshrve= "Fl prcjhrl quh gedh shõefer hs uke kltedfh ejpfcegc÷k `hf gejpl `h fe Hstrethice hk rhfegc÷k ef glkghptl gfeushwctzcekl quhhffe fe glkstctuêe gljprhk`êe ýkcgejhkth `hktrl `h fe eggc÷k purejhkth jcfcter, ye quh shiýk hf jehstrl, fe gchkgce y hf erth `h glkghdcr, prhperer y glkùgcr fes ouhrzes 47 jcfcterhs hk fe iuhrre" .

9.4. FE HWPTEPHICE BEWPE FE C. IXHTTE JXK@CE JXK@CEF F Gfeushwctz phrgcdc÷ quh fe iuhrre hre uk ohk÷jhkl tltef y eohgtede e fe vcè `h fe kegc÷k hkthre, Hk `cvhrses perths `h su ldre jlkujhktef sh rhochrh e fe ckofuhkgce hk hf glkofcgtl dãfcgl `h fe hglkljêe, fe jlref `h fe pldfegc÷k y fe `cpfljegce. Wck hjderil, kl prlouk`cz÷ hk hstls thjes edlgåk`lsh `h ffhkl e fe `hteffeè `cshggc÷k ekefêtcge `hf gejpl `h eggc÷k `hgcscvl hk fes iuhrres `h su ãplge= hf dãfcgl. Hk ltrls tãrjckls, gcrguksgrcdc÷ fe hstrethice ef gejpl jcfcter. Hste glkghpgc÷k ouh epfcgeè, sck jeylrhs glktretchjpls, ùrekth hf scifl RCR hk pfhke rhvlfugc÷k ckùstrcef. Pef vhz, su jås `hstege`l hxplkhkth ouh hf dckljcl plfêtcgl-jcfcter Dcsjerga-Jlftah, eutlrhs `h fe rhukcocgegc÷k y olrjegc÷k `hf Cjphrcl Cjph rcl Efhjåk.

9.7. Ce. IXHTTE JXK@CEF WXDTESE HF GETÅGPHT PLPEF @H FE IXHTTE IXHTT E Hk fe Ce. Iuhrre Juk`cef fe ouhrze ouh ckgepez `h hkglktrer fe slfugc÷k ef glkofcgtl hk fls gejpls `h deteffe y fe plfêtcge sh `hjlstr÷ ckgljphthkth pere efgekzer fe pez. Fe iuhrre y fe hstrethice geyhrlk hk hf `hsgrã`ctl schk`l guhstclkeès glk egc`hz. Efiukls hstu`clsls, hk hsphgcef `hf dek`l vhkgc`l, rhgefgerlk hf gerågthr tltef `h fe iuhrre y hkmucgcerlk su hrreè `crhggc÷k. "Guektl jås sh eblkè hf hstu`cl `h fe peseè irek iuhrre, jås gferejhkth rhsefte, `h hktrh fes jýftcpfhs quh fe jltcverlk, fe geuse prckgcpef `h fe `hrrlte. Hffe ouh fe eushkgce `h uke glkghpgc÷k suphrclr quh hkifldere tl`ls fls prldfhjes quh bedêe quh rhslfvhr- eushkgce quh `cl fuier e fes jås vcves glktre`cggclkhs hktrh fls rhquhrcjchktls plfêtcgls, hglk÷jcgls, jcfcterhs, jerêtcjls `h fe glkùggc÷k `h fe iuhrre... Egtuefjhkth, fe iuhrre rhvcsth uke olrje prlthcge `h jugbêscjes oeghtes. E`hjås `h fes oeshs thrrhstrh, 45 44

Cdc`., p. 40 Gesthx, lp. Gct., Pljl C, p. 45 47 Gepctåk `h Kevêl Lttl Irlss, Fe `lgtrcke `h fe iuhrre jerêtcje (_efpereêsl= Cjp. `h fe Erjeè 5380), pp. 7-0

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

2>

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> jerêtcje, eãrhe, quêjcge `h ieshs, gljprhk`h fes cjplrtektêscjes quh eteõhk e fes ockekzes, e fe hglkljêe y e fe plfêtcge, eirhiåk`lsh e ãstes, fls prldfhjes `h fe prhperegc÷k, `hf esghk`chkth sldrh tl`l hf puhdfl, `h fe prlpeiekè y `h fe pudfcgcè`, `h fe ckofuhkgce sldrh fe jlref `hf prlpcl puhdfl y sldrh fe `hf e`vhrsercl‚ 40.

9.0. HF ^HKWEJC ^HKW EJCHKPL HKPL HWPTEPÃICGL HKPTH EJDEW IXHTTEW JXK@CEF Hk hf phrêl`l hktrh ejdes iuhrres juk`cefhs sh cjpfekterlk rhiêjhkhs `cgtetlrcefhs hk Efhjekce, Ctefce y fe Xkc÷k Wlvcãtcge, prckgcpefhs egtlrhs `hf pr÷xcjl glkofcgtl. Hk hffes, hf Hste`l edergede tlès fes egtcvcè`hs `h fe kegc÷k. Wus c`hlfliêes tltefcterces hstedek ekcjeès plr uk drutef hxpeksclkcsjl1 hf gljukcsjl, ckgfusl, prhthk`êe cksteurer uk cjphrcl juk`cef. êre glkshiucr sus ockhs bhihj÷kcgls sh prhpererlk pere eorlkter uke iuhrre tltef. Hk hste turdufhkte ãplge, fe ckvhstciegc÷k hstretãicge sh ghktr÷ hk fls prlgh`cjchktls y jh`cls `hstcke`ls e rhguphrer fe jlvcfcè` `h fls orhkths `h deteffe perefcze`ls plr fe gepegcè` `h ouhil `h fe ckoekthrêe etrckgbhreè hk `csplsctcvls prlouk`ls. @h hsth hsouhrzl ckthfhgtuef kegchrlk klvh`lses thlrêes, glk gchrtes hxeihregclkhs, sldrh fe iuhrre eãrhe y fls hmãrgctls dfckè`ls.

e)

PHLTÊEW @H @LBXHP

"Hf prckgcpef pertcèrcl `hf hjpfhl lohkscvl `h fe evcegc÷k ouh hf ihkhref ctefceke Mufcl @lubht, guyes thlrêes, thlrêes, hxpuhstes hk su fcdrl "Hf @ljckcl `hf Ecrh" hmhrgchrlk uke prloukè ckofuhkgce sldrh fe iuhrre, schk`l gljpereès plr hf ihkhref Ycffcej Jctgbhff hk fls Hste`ls Xkc`ls y hf ihkhref Wcr Buib Prhkgber` hk Ckifethrre ... @lbuht hstede glksc`hre`l uk outurcste, phrl ouh hk rhefcè` uk rheggclkercl tågtcgl, ye quh vlfvc÷ fe vcste e fls irek`hs dljder`hls ertcffhrls `h fe Fe ^rcjhre Iuhrre Juk`cef, quh hrek lphregclkhs purejhkth `hstrugtcves, glkvcrtchk`l hk vhrtcgef su gerågthr blrczlktef..." 48. @lbuht slsthkêe quh fe fugbe eãrhe glktede glk `ls oeshs ecsfeès ecsfeès y kl ckthrgejdcedfhs. Fe prcjhre, rhquc rhqucsctl sctl prhvcl `h fe ltre, glkscstêe hk efgekzer hf `ljckcl `hf ecrh, fuhil, prlshiuêe fe `hjlfcgc÷k `h ffes es gcuè`hs hkhjcies jh`cekth hf dljder`hl eãrhl. Hf hohgtl phrshiuc`l hre shjdrer hf thrrlr hk fe ck`hohkse pldfegc÷k gcvcf pere quhdrer su vlfukte` `h fugbe "êre hvcter tektl blrrlr y suorcjchktl, fls prlpcls puhdfls, ffhve`ls plr uk ckstcktl `h prhshrvegc÷k, sh efzeråk y ph`cråk hf ock `h fe iuhrre, euk ekths `h quh hf hmãrgctl y fe f e oflte beyek thkc`l tchjpl `h jlvcfczersh‚ 4?. Fls efu`c`ls glkghptls ouhrlk puhstls hk prågtcge hk hf treksgursl `h fe CC Iuhrre Juk`cef sck flirer fls rhsufte`ls ephthgc`ls plr hmhgutlrhs.

d)

HJ^FHL @H FLW DFCK@E@L DFCK@E@LW W

Fe thlrêe `h utcfczegc÷k `h ouhrzes dfckèès j÷vcfhs tuvl `cvhrsls hxplkhkths. Hf hktlkghs glrlkhf @h Ieuffh hsgrcdc÷ uk gljpfhtl y eghrte`l trete`l sldrh fe jethrce. Wck hjderil, quchkhs, plr sus vcsclkerces c`hes tuvchrlk jeylr `cousc÷k h cjpegtl, ouhrlk fls drctåkcgls M.O.G. Ouffhr y Fc``hff Bert. Hf prcjhrl `h fls kljdre`ls hsgrcdc÷ hk 5352= "Hf ghrhdrl `h uk hmãrgctl fl glkstctuyh su Hste`l Jeylr, olrje`l plr fls Guerthfhs Ihkhrefhs `h Hmãrgctl, Guhrpl y @cvcsc÷k. Hk hf gesl `h quh pu`cãrejls hfcjckerfls sýdctejhkth hk uk ejpfcl shgtlr `hf orhkth efhjåk, hf 40 Gepctåk 48

`h Kevêl Lttl Irlls Ouffhr, Fe `crhggc÷k `h fe iuhrre, p. 458 4? Cdc`., p. 45?

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

25

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> glfepsl `hf phrslkef quh glktrlfek shrêe ephkes guhstc÷k `h blres... Hf jh`cl prlpuhstl pere hffl hre fe crrupgc÷k `h detefflkhs `h vhflghs tekquhs quh, sck prhvcl evcsl, sh `crcicrêek begce fls `cvhrsls puhstls `h jek`l, rl`håk`lfls l `csphrsåk`lfls. Hktrh tektl, fls eperetls `h dljder`hl `csplkcdfhs `hdhrêek glkghktrer su etequh eteq uh glktre fls ghktrls `h edesthgcjchktls y gljukcgegclkhs. Xke vhz hxpflteès `cgbes lphregclkhs, `hdêe prlùgcrsh hf etequh klrjef `hf orhkth hkhjcil y, ephkes rhefczeè fe phkhtregc÷k bedêe `h shr shiucè `h uke phrshgugc÷k‚49. Fc``hff Bert, plr su fe`l, shõef÷ hk 5342. "Hf shgrhtl hstå, plr uke perth, hk hf hohgtl slrprhse `hf etequh, slrprhse hk fe `crhggc÷k y hk hf tchjpl1 phrl, sldrh tl`l, hk fe phrshgugc÷k, fe hxpfltegc÷k `h fe rupture, fe phkhtregc÷k tågtcge `hf orhkth, beste rhefczer uke prloukè phkhtregc÷k hstretãicge plr jh`cl `h ouhrzes dfckèès quh evekghk `hfekth `hf iruhsl `hf hmãrgctl y lphrhk ck`hphk`chkthjhkth‚42. Ejdls eutlrhs edliedek plr fe grhegc÷k `h `cvcsclkhs dfckèès ck`hphk`chkths y fe jltlrczegc÷k hk hf hmãrgctl drctåkcgl. ^hrl, sus shksetls eriujhktls kl tuvchrlk hgl hk fls gêrgufls plfêtcgl-hstretãicgls `h su peês y "hkglktreråk uk epesclke`l fhgtlr hk fe phrslke `h uk ihkhref efhjåk, quh e su vhz petrlgck÷ uk hmãrgctl dfckè`l eut÷kljl" 43. Iu`hrcek ldtuvl `h Bctfhr fl quh `hshede y fe Yhbrjegbt pu`l rhefczer fe Dfctzarchi l iuhrre rhfåjpeil quh egerrh÷ fes `hrrltes `h ^lflkce y Orekgce. Hk fe Xkc÷k Wlvcãtcge hf hjpfhl `h fe Dfctzarchi kl tuvl hf ãxctl `hgcscvl, prckgcpefjhkth, plr fes ckthrohrhkgces `h Bctfhr. 9.8. H_LFXGC×K @HF ^HKWEJCHKPL HWPTEPÃICGL @HW^XÃW @H FE WHIXK@E IXHTTE JXK@CEF

9.8.5. GLKWC@HTEGCL GLKWC@HTEGCLKHW KHW IHKHTEFHW Hk fe glkofeiregc÷k juk`cef, guyl hpêflil glkscstc÷ hk `ls blkils et÷jcgls sldrh Mep÷k, gesc kl budl fcjcths hk hf hsouhrzl kc hk fe vclfhkgce `hstrugtlre. Fe jhte phrshiucè hstrcdede hk fe ekcqucfegc÷k `hf hkhjcil, edergek`l e su pldfegc÷k gcvcf, beste glkshiucr fe "Thk`cgc÷k Ckglk`cgclkef". êre flirerfl, sh pusl hk muhil tlè fe gepegcè` kegclkef, pertcguferjhkth fe hglk÷jcge, pscglf÷icge, gchktêocge y thgklf÷icge. Hk fe plsiuhrre, fe ckvhstciegc÷k sldrh fls glkofcgtls y fe hstrethice, plr su gerågthr tltef, `hmerlk `h`h phrthkhghr, glk hxgfuscvcè`, ef åjdctl re`cgåk`lsh hk fes ukcvhrscè`hs y ghktrls hstu`cls plfêtcgls. Escjcsjl, bedêek gestrhksh suric`l kuhvls y pl`hrlsls hfhjhktls pere shr glksc`hre`ls hk hf phksejchktl plfêtcgl-hstretãicgl. e) Hf juk`l sh hkglktrede `cvc`c`l hk `ls dflquhs ektei÷kcgls h crrhglkgcfcedfhs. Geè ukl `h hffls fl tuthfede uke suphrplthkgce geregthrczeè plr uke gepegcè` jcfcter ckglktrestedfh. d) Fe Xkc÷k Wlvcãtc Wlvcãtcge, ge, rhgtlre `hf dek`l slgcefcste, hre hjpumeè hjpumeè plr uk cjphrc cjphrcefcsjl efcsjl bhihj÷kcgl ihkhre`l plr su `lgtrcke plfêtcge. êre hf gljukcsjl kl hxcstêe iuhrre l pez sckl uke glkstekth fugbe plr fe `ljckegc÷k juk`cef.

49 Cdc`., 42

p. 45 Yekty, lp. Gct., vlf. 4, p. 557 43 Cdc`.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

24

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> g) Fe dljde kugfher y fuhil fe ethrre`lre erje thrjlkugfher glkgh`c÷ e sus plshh`lrhs fe oegufte` `h `hvester e su lplkhkth. `) Fls jcscfhs `h feril efgekgh, `hkljcke`ls hstretãicgls l ckthrglktckhktefhs, edrchrlk fls gchfls `hf pfekhte `hmek`l e tl`ls sus rckglkhs ef efgekgh `h fls glkls et÷jcgls. Hstls glfedlrerlk, `h jekhre glkgfuyhkth, e hstedfhghr hf `hkljcke`l ‖Hqucfcdrcl `hf Phrrlr". h) Fe `hsglflkczegc÷k, petrlgckeè petrlgckeè plr fes `ls suphrplthkgces glk ocockhs khs `cstcktls phrl ckthrhse`ls, `couk`c÷ fe ckhstedcfcè` hk ejpfces århes `hf ifldl. @cgbes zlkes jerickefhs sh prhstedek pere rhefczer hjprhses hxpekscves sck jeylrhs rchsils `h prlvlger rhprhsefces cktlfhredfhs. o)

Fls Lriekcsjls Ckthrkegclkefhs hstedfhgc`ls pere prhshrver fe pez y fe erjlkêe sh `hjlstrerlk ckgepeghs `h gujpfcr su gljhtc`l. Wh fcjcterlk e `hshjphõer e `hshes gejpl `h deteffe pere fe prlpeiekè `h fes gleggclkhs e`vhrse glkvcrtchrlk hk uk jhrge`l `h vltls e `csplscgc÷k `hf jhmlr jhm lr plstlr.

i) Fls jh`cls `h gljukcgegc gljukcgegc÷k ÷k slgcef, hk hsphgcef fls eu`clvcsuefhs, 3 irevctek`l irevctek`l glk hxtrelr`ckerce ckthkscè` hk fe lpckc÷k pudfcge. Wh 5 eprlvhgbe`ls plr fe prlpeiekè y `hsckolrjegc÷k b) Jel P Psh sh Puki trcuko÷ sldrh sus h hkhjcils khjcils kegclkefcstes, glkslfcèk`l esê fe gbcke ^lpufer. Wus hsgrctls, scsthjetczek`l fe iuhrre sudvhrscve, sh prlplkie pere shr utcfcze`l gljl jl`hfl jl`hfl e ock `h crre`cer hf gljukcsjl hk hf ejdciul thrghr juk`l. Ephkes ockefczeès fes blstcfcè`hs sh ckcgc÷ hf slr`l glkofcgtl glklgc`l gljl ‖Iuhrre Ephkes Orêe", ye ekefcze`l hk hf Gepêtufl ekthrclr. Hk hf jergl plfêtcgl-hstretãicgl cjphrekth, fe iuhrre tef guef sh glklgêe, phr`c÷ vefc`hz gljl ckstrujhktl `hf ildhrkekth. Fe hstrethice khghsctede rhklversh glk urihkgce e ock `h rhslfvhr fls glkofcgtls quh sh sugh`êek `h jl`l ckthrrujpc`l. Hk Lggc`hkth, fls `crcihkths plfêtcgls y jcfcterhs sh eprhsurerlk e hsgrcdcr sus jhjlrces hxpfcger sus `hgcsclkhs, mustcocgerh sus `hsegchrtls grctcger e hjpfhe`l sus efce`lsplrl suphrclrhs pere "Hf thklr `h hstes ldres hre `hsciuef, cde `hs`h hf tlkly gljh`c`l Yckstlk Gburgbcff y fe jl`hstce `h @wcibt @. Hcshkblwhr ef tlkl pljplsl `h Jlktiljhry, _czglk`h `h Hf Efejhck, quh bedfede gljl lrågufl `h ckoefcdcfcè` jergcef. Irek`hs y phquhõls ouhrlk ldmhtl `h etequhs egusåk`lfls `h gljhthr hrrlrhs `h hstrethice y `h mucgcl‚ 7>. Hk ihkhref, hstes ldres gerhgchrlk `h prlyhggc÷k begce hf outurl. Wck hjderil, eutlrhs tefhs gljl Ouffhr, Bert, Glffcks, Erlk, Dheuorh y ltrls, Jcasgbh, Erlk, Dheuorh y ltrls, prlgh`chrlk e rhhstrugturer hf phksejchktl hstretãicgl e`hguåk`lfl e fe "Hre Kugfher". Wh rhsujcråk fes c`hes ghktrefhs `h Ouffhr, Bert y Glffcks1 escjcsjl sh dlsquhmerå fe Hstrethice Pltef glkghdcè plr Dheuorh.

9.8.4.

^HKWEJCHKPL @H FLW ^TCKGCÊ ^TCKGCÊFHW FHW PH×TCGLW EGPXEFHW e)

7>

M.O.G. OXFFHT

Flucs F. ]ck`hr, Fe iuhrre 5373-5308 (Derghflke= Jertêkhz Tlge), p.?2?

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

27

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Wh fh tchkh gljl uk shiuc`lr `h Gfeushwctz, eýk guek`l grctcge sus hsgrctls. ^lr hmhjpfl, eocrje= "`h tlès fes hqucvlgegclkhs `h Gfeushwctz, fe jås irevh ouh quh kl gljprhk`c÷ kukge quh hf vhrè`hrl ldmhtcvl `h uke iuhrre hs schjprh fe pez y quh, plr tektl, be `h shr c`he `ljckekth `h fe plfêtcge y fe vcgtlrce s÷fl hf jh`cl `h su glkshgugc÷k. Kl glksc`hre hk perth efiuke fe ckofuhkgce hmhrgcè plr fe vclfhkgce sldrh fe plscdfh pez su ckscsthkgce hk fe `hrrlte tltef `hf hkhjcil vcgce fls ockhs `h fe irek hstrethice, ye quh uke pez vhktemlse kl hxcih hf ekcqucfejchktl `hf e`vhrsercl, sckl fe hfcjckegc÷k l jl`cocgegc÷k `h fes geuses `h fe iuhrre" 75. êre Ouffhr fes ýkcges iuhrres dhkhocgclses hrek fes fcjcteès. Hk hsth glkthxtl, ghksur÷ e fls glkùgtlrhs plfêtcgls y jcfcterhs `h fes `ls iuhrres juk`cefhs quchkhs fhs `chrlk e ejdes uk gerågthr cfcjcte`l, gesc edslfutl. Ouffhr hkthk`êe e fe irek hstrethice gljl bhrrejchkte `h fe plfêtcge `hstckeè e gljdcker fls hsouhrzls `h fls guetrl gejpls `h eggc÷k `h uk peês y phrgcdc÷ fe `hgcscve cjplrtekgce `h geè ukl `h ` h hffls hk fls glkofcgtls. @hsteg÷ fe tresghk`hkgce `h fe prlpeiekè gljl perth `h fe irek hstrethice, vefcãk`lsh `h oreshs prlkukgceès plr Bctfhr= "Uuh hs fe iuhrre sckl estugce, `hghpgc÷k, hkieõl, etequh y slrprhse< ... Bey uke hstrethice jås ejpfce, uke iuhrre glk erjes hspcrctuefhs... ¼^lr quã bh `h `hsjlrefczerfl (ef hkhjcil) glk jh`cls jcfcterhs sc fl puh`l beghr jhmlr y jås hglk÷jcgejhkth glk ltrls jh`cls Cdc` 70 Ouffhr, Fe `crhggc÷k `h fe iuhrre, p. 437 74 Ouffhr, 77

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

20

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> jerxcsjl‚78. Escjcsjl, Ouffhr rhgljhkède e Lggc`hkth hxpflter ltre irevh `hdcfcè` `hf dflquh gljukcste= "Hk fe iuhrre orêe, plr tektl, bey quh dusger hf ghktrl `h irevhè` pscglf÷icgl `hf prcjhr slvcãtcgl hk hf glrez÷k `h fls puhdfls slmuzie`ls hk hf ckthrclr `h fe XTWW, y tres hf thf÷k `h eghrl. Bey quh thkhr hk guhkte ef prlpcl tchjpl, glse quh hk rere lgesc÷k lgurrh, quh hste dljde pscglf÷icge glkstctuyh uk jh`cl `h `csuesc÷k tek pl`hrlsl gljl fe prlpce dljde `h bc`r÷ihkl pere quh fls slvcãtcgls kl rhgurrek e fe iuhrre rhef. Hs hsth orhkth ckthrclr, jås dchk quh prcjhre fêkhe, hf quh olrje hf tef÷k `h Equcfhs `hf cjphrcl slvcãtcgl. Kl s÷fl fe jcte` `h fls bedctekths `h fe XTWW. kl slk rusls, schk`l `h jhktefcè` kegclkefcste y ekteilkcstes `h fe `ljckegc÷k jlsglvcte, sckl quh sh be gefgufe`l tejdcãk quh jhkls `h uk 8 plr 5>> `h fls puhdfls sctue`ls tres hf thf÷k `h eghrl, hståk glkolrjhs glk sus `reglkcekls rhiêjhkhs gljukcstes" 7?. Gljl sh puh`h eprhgcer, Ouffhr vcsuefcz÷, glk hxtrelr`ckerce gfercvc`hkgce, fls `ls irek`hs oegtlrhs `h `hdcfcè` `h fe XTWW., su `hsetckeè `crhggc÷k hglk÷jcge y su ertcocgcef glbhsc÷k ckthrke, fls quh glkgurrchrlk e su oregesl y `hsjlrlkejchktl ockef.

d)

M. GLFFCKW

êre hf eutlr fe irek hstrethice hs "hf erth y fe gchkgce `h hjpfher hf pl`hr kegclkef hk hf tlès fes gcrgukstekgces, pere hmhrghr fls tcpls y ire`ls `hshe`ls `h glktrlf sldrh hf lplkhkth 79 e trevãs ouhrze, ejhkezes, prhsclkhs sudthrouicls y ltrls jh`cls plscdfhs pl scdfhs `h `h fe cjeicker, e ock `h setcsoeghr flsck`crhgtes, ckthrhshs y`cpfljegce, ldmhtcvls `h fe shiurcè` kegclkef‚ . Whõefe quh kl hxcsthk peêshs ejcils l hkhjcils, sckl s÷fl ckthrhshs phrjekhkths. Jås eýk, fl ýkcgl phrjekhkth rhsc`h hk fe suphrvcvhkgce kegclkef "Fe Irek Hstrethice `h Glffcks hs ye uke hstrethice `h glkghpgc÷k plfêtcge, hk fe quh slk prclrctercls fls jl`ls `h fe `cpfljegce y shgukèrcls fls jl`ls `h fe glkorlktegc÷k tågtcge quh bek hfedlre`l Ouffhr pere fes plthkgces e`hfekteès y Jel pere fls puhdfls etrese`ls. Hs uke hstrethice quh è plr rhsuhftl hf prldfhje fliêstcgl, phrl kl fes guhstclkhs plfêtcges `h fe `crhggc÷k `h fe iuhrre. Glffcks hs eshslr prhsc`hkgcef ekths quh trete`cste jcfcter‚ 72. Kl glkgcdh, gljl Gfeushwctz, uke glrrhsplk`hkgce ckefthredfh hktrh hf ldmhtcvl plfêtcgl y hf hsouhrzl e rhefczer, puhs hf plfêtcgl puh`h vercer e su vlfukte` tektl hf ldmhtcvl gljl hf hsouhrzl shiýk fes gcrgukstekgces.

g)

D.B. FC@@HFF BETP

Hf begh prlfêocgl eutlr drctåkcglsuederg÷ hk sus ldres `hs`hOuffhr, fe plfêtcge beste fe tågtcge. ^lr tektl sh `coêgcf sckthtczer phksejchktl. Pef gljl grctcg÷ e Gfeushwctz glk rciurlscè`1 phrl e su vhz fl hkjhk`÷ y ejpfc÷ sus blrczlkths. Wus c`hes, geregthrczeès plr fe lrcickefcè` y f÷icge, scrvchrlk `h desh e Dheuorh pere hfedlrer su hsquhje `h fe Hstrethice Pltef, hk pertcgufer fe Hstrethice `h fe Eggc÷k Ck`crhgte. F. Bert perth `h fe prhjcse quh fe `hockcgc÷k `h hstrethice `h Gfeushwctz hstå hrreè, ef glkseirerfe hxgfuscvejhkth e fe utcfczegc÷k y hxpfltegc÷k `h fes deteffes pere glkshiucr fls ockhs `h fe iuhrre. Hk su lpckc÷k, cktrlùgh fe tãgkcge iuhrrhre hk hf `ljckcl `h fe plfêtcge l efte `crhggc÷k `h fe iuhrre. Escjcsjl, fcjcte hf åjdctl `h fe hstrethice e "fe scjpfh utcfczegc÷k `h fe deteffe, suicrchk`l esê fe c`he quh fe deteffe hs hf ýkcgl jh`cl pere flirer hf ldmhtcvl hstretãicgl". @cgbl hkolquh glkùml e fe glkousc÷k `hf jh`cl glk hf ock y e fe glkgfusc÷k 78

Cdc`,, p. 430 p. 42? Glffcks, lp. Gct., p. 84 72 @ljckil Ief`÷k @ljãkhgb, Cktrlùggc÷k e fe hstrethice (Je`rc`= Iråocges _crihk `h Flrhtl, 5327), p. 05. 7? Cdc`., 79

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

28

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> hqucvlgeè "`h quh hk fe iuhrre tlès fes glksc`hregclkhs `hdêek sudlr`ckersh ef ldmhtl hshkgcef `h fcdrer uke deteffe `hgcscve73 ... hf erje jcfcter j cfcter kl hs jås quh ukl ` `h h fls jãtl`ls ef shrvcgcl `h fls ockhs `h fe iuhrre, ukl `h fls jugbls quh puh`h hjpfher fe irek hstrethice‚ 0>. Hf eutlr lpcke quh fls peêshs vek e fe iuhrre pere eshiurer fe glktckuegc÷k `h su plfêtcge orhkth e fe `hgcsc÷k `h uke plthkgce lpuhste quh trete `h shiucr uke plfêtcge glktrerce. "Hs hk fe vlfukte` bujeke `lk`h re`cge fe ouhkth y hf lrcihk `hf glkofcgtl. êre quh uk Hste`l flirh su ldmhtl hk fe iuhrre hs prhgcsl quh fe vlfukte` lpuhste sh gejdch hk eghptegc÷k `h fe plfêtcge prlpce". E`jctcè hste klgc÷k, fe ouhrze jcfcter y fe deteffe "vchkh e hkgemer hk su `hdc`l fuier hktrh fls `hjås ckstrujhktls `h fe irek hstrethice, quh Ckgfuyh ciuefjhkth fls tcpls jås `hsvce`ls `h eggc÷k jcfcter, esê gljl fe prhsc÷k hglk÷jcge, fe prlpeiekè y fe `cpfljegce‚ 05. Fe vhrè`hre ockefcè` `h fe hstrethice hs `csjckucr fes plscdcfcè`hs `h rhscsthkgce‚ 04. Jchktres fe ‖hstrethice e shges‚ prhthk`h ieker fe iuhrre ef jcsjl glstl, hf blrczlkth `h fe irek hstrethice hs "ieker fe pez". Hk ltrls esphgtls, "ouh hf grhe`lr `h fe hstrethice `h glkghpgc÷k fliêstcge quh Dheuorh `hscik÷ plsthrclrjhkth glk hf kljdrh `h hstrethice ihkãtcge. Hste hstrethice shpere `ls ãplges hk fe bcstlrce `h fes c`hes hstretãicges1 fes lphregclkhs lph regclkhs scjpfhs `hf Wcifl RCR‚ y fes 07 thgklf÷icges `hf Wcifl RR" . Bert tejdcãk hsgrcdc÷ sldrh fe `csuesc÷k hk fe hre kugfher, egltek`l "Hs fe ghrthre ckghrtcùjdrh `h su rhsufte`l, fe quh olrtcocge fe hxcsthkth `csuesc÷k e 00

uke eirhsc÷k" . Hf `hsvcrtu÷ oegtcdcfcè` `h uke kugfher hk fcjcteè y shõef÷ "Hf jås shiurl `h fls gursls e shiucr fe pere uke `hohkse shrêeiuhrre hf `hsgekser ouhrzes glkvhkgclkefhs 08 hjpfhek`l ýkcgejhkth erjes glkvhkgclkefhs‚ . Wck hjderil, su eplrth jås scikcocgetcvl hs fe Hstrethice `h Eprlxcjegc÷k Ck`crhgte. Hffe kegh `h fe eprlxcjegc÷k ck`crhgte "quh hre uke fhy `h fe vcè hk tlès sus hsohres, uk vhrè`hrl prckgcpcl ocfls÷ocgl... glkstctuêe fe gfevh prågtcge pere rhslfvhr tl`ls fls prldfhjes hk quh prh`ljcke hf oegtlr bujekl1 hf glkofcgtl hktrh vlfukte`hs surih schjprh `h ltrl glkofcgtl dåscgl hktrh ckthrhshs" 0?. Wu epfcgegc÷k kl tchkh fêjcths kc kcvhf, sh puh`h utcfczer hk fe plfêtcge, gljhrgcl y guefquchr ltre rhfegc÷k bujeke.

2.

HWPTEPHICE PLPEF 2.5.

CKPTL@XGGC×K

Fe Hstrethice, hk hf prhshkth, be ejpfce`l su åjdctl `h epfcgegc÷k. "Xk glkghptl jl`hrkl ihkhrefcze`l ederge fls jås verce`ls orhkths `h eggc÷k, `h fls guefhs pere fls ockhs `h fe iuhrre, kls ckthrhse prckgcpefjhkth fls 0 glksc`hre`ls plr hf Ihkhref Dheuorh `hktrl `h fe hxprhsc÷k Hstrethice Pltef, hs `hgcr, hf plfêtcgl, hglk÷jcgl, ckthrkl y dãfcgl. Pl`ls hsls jh`cls slk glkùgc`ls erj÷kcge y gllr`ckeèjhkth plr hf hsgef÷k ildchrkl l `crhggc÷k suprhje `h fe iuhrre09 73

Fc``hff Bert, lp. gct., p. 4>> Cdc`., p. 432 05 Cdc`., p. 433 04 Cdc`., p. 7>> 07 Ief`÷k, lp. Gct., p. 0> 00 Gepctåk Wcr Descf B. Fc``hff Bert, @csuesc÷k l `hohkse (Duhkls Ecrhs= ^fhejer, 53?0), p. ?0. 08 Cdc`., p. 94 0? Fc``hf Bert, Fe hstrethice `h fe eprlxcjegc÷k ck`crhgte, p. 54 09 Mustckcekl, Hstrethice kevef. kevef. Phjes, p. 5?? 0>

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

2?

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Hf Ihkhref Dheuorh `hthkte hf irek jãrctl `h scsthjetczer `h jl`l ckthiref y glbhrhkth fe Hstrethice Pltef, hk rez÷k quh fls glkofcgtls ckvercedfhjhkth slk tltefhs. Hk pefedres jås prhgcses, eohgtek e tlè fe kegc÷k. Hffls keghk ef bedhr peêshs glk ckthrhshs kegclkefhs glktrepuhstls ihkhrek`l esê uk glkofcgtl `h vlfukte`hs hktrh sus ildhrkekths, hxprhsc÷k vcscdfh y rhprhshktetcve `h fls puhdfls rhsphgtcvls. Fes glktrlvhrsces tljek olrjes juy verceès, `hs`h uke vclfhkgce hxtrhje e uke sutcf h cksc`clse `cspute. ^hrl, schjprh fe ouhrze l su ejhkeze sh hkguhktre prhshkth `h jl`l hxpfêgctl l cjpfêgctl. Fe bcstlrce `hjuhstre quh fls glkofcgtls bek sc`l tltefhs. @h ltrl jl`l "fe Hstrethice rhsufte ihkhrefjhkth ckckthfcicdfh fcjctåk`lfe ef åjdctl jcfcter, ye quh slk `hjesce`l fls oegtlrhs `hgcscvls quh sh fh hsgepek‚02. Hk fe iuhrre, fe jås glklgcè y vclfhkte `h fes quhrhffes, fe ouhrze jcfcter `hockc÷ su rhsufte`l. Wck hjderil, tejdcãk glkvhrichrlk ltrls gljplkhkths `hf pl`hr kegclkef hk hf `hshkfegh. Hk jugbes lgesclkhs hsls hfhjhktls muierlk uk rlf glktuk`hkth y peserlk cke`vhrtcès.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls C. Iuhrre Juk`cef Gejpl Hglk÷jcgl h Ckthrkl `h Ef Efhjekce hjekce y Eustrce= "Fls `ls oegtlrhs jås cjplrtekths rhsplksedfhs `hf glfepsl `h fes plthkgces ghktrefhs, 03 ouhrlk dflquhl hf bådcf`hfusl `h fe prlpeiekè perth `hf ildchrkl drctåkcgl1 hf prcjhrlhfefgekz÷ flsckifãs puktlsy vctefhs hk hjcil hkhjcil y hf shiuk`l plr j jck÷ ck÷ su rhscsthkgce jlref‚ .

CC. Iuhrre Juk`cef fe @cpfljegce Drctåkcge= "Fe thk`hkgce bcst÷rcge `h fe `cpfljegce drctåkcge... sh be hkgejcke`l ckvercedfhjhkth.. e cjph`cr plr tl`ls fls jh`cls plscdfhs fe esghksc÷k `h guefquchr plthkgce hurlphe quh hxghè hf kcvhf ihkhref `h irek`hze, `hstruyãk`lfe plr fes erjes sc khghsercl ouhre... Hf bhgbl `h quh Ckifethrre hjpfhere, gljl efce`ls suyls, e tl`ls fls hste`ls quh pu`chshk rhsuftere ýtcfhs `hs`h hf puktl `h vcste jcfcter tejdcãk sh beffede `h eguhr`l glk gl k su tre`cgclkef prhvcsc÷k hk hf gåfgufl `h ouhrze `hf e`vhrsercl" 8>. Hsth ghrthrl mucgcl sldrh fe bedcfcè` `hf gejpl `h eggc÷k hxthrkl drctåkcgl, hk su lplrtukcè`, kl ouh glksc`hre`l plr su prlpcl eutlr= Bctfhr. Irek Drhteõe, gepctefcste y jlkårqucge, sh efc÷ glk fe Xkc÷k Wlvcãtcge, slgcefcste y rhvlfugclkerce, hk hf hjphõl `h ekcqucferfl.

2.4. DEWHW @H FE PHLTÊE HWPTEPÃICGE @H DHEXOTH êre Dheuorh fe Hstrethice hs= "hf erth `h fe `cefãgtcge `h fes vlfukte`hs pere rhslfvhr uk glkofcgtl"85. E hffe fh glrrhsplk`h "fe hfhggc÷k `h ffls ls jh`cls thk`chkt thk`chkths hs e efgekzer 84 fls ldmhtcvls ocme`ls plr fe plfêtcge‚ . Hk su phksejchktl, hf hsgef÷k ildchrkl plr jh`cl `h fe Hstrethice Pltef `crcih y gllr`cke e fls gejpls `h eggc÷k kegclkef pere flirer sus ockhs. Pef gljl Gfeushwctz y fe jeylrêe `h fls trete`cstes, Dheuorh muzie quh hf ãxctl `h fe hstrethice gufjcke ef quhdrersh fe vlfukte` `hf lplkhkth eghptek`l fes glk`cgclkhs `hf dek`l vhkgh`lr.

02

Dhuorh, lp. Gct., 549 Ouffhr, Fe `crhggc÷k `h fe iuhrre, p.582 8> Bctfhr, lp. Gct., pp. 44-457 85 Dhuorh, lp. Gct., p. 52 84 Ihkhref Ek`rã Dhuorh, Hstrethice `h fe eggc÷k (Duhkls Ecrhs= ^fhejer, 5392), p. 05 03

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

29

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Hf Ihkhref Dheuorã epfcge fe f÷icge gerthscekl pere glkstrucr su erjez÷k glkghptuef. Dusge rhefcè`hs y vhrè`hs ckvufkhredfhs e fe ùè epertek`l fl sudmhtcvl l c`hes prhglkghdcès1 tl`l sh beffe ef efgekgh `h uk ekåfcscs regclkef. Ffhie e fe glkgfusc÷k quh fe Hstrethice glkstctuyh uk jãtl`l `h phksejchktl lrchkte`l e hsglihr fls gejckls jås hocgeghs pere flirer jhtes prh`hthrjckeès. Thtcre fe hstrethice `h fls gêrgufls gestrhkshs y fe udcge hk hf pckågufl `h fe glkùggc÷k= hf kcvhf plfêtcgl. ^hrl, hffe, preijåtcge y shksete, schjprh hstå suph`cteè e fe plfêtcge, grhe`lre h cjeicketcve plr hshkgce. ^lr ýftcjl, Dheuorã glksc`hre quh fe plfêtcge, beste kuhstrls `êes, sh ffhve e gedl hk olrje hjpêrcge y ef ezer1 plr tektl, fe Hstrethice Pltef utcfczeè hk gefcè` `h tãgkcge iudhrkejhktef fh ltlrie regclkefcè` y glkscsthkgce.

2.7.

JL@HFLW S EW^HGPLW @H FE HWPTEPHICE PLPEF

Fe hstrethice sh juhvh `hktrl `h trhs peråjhtrls glkgrhtls= hf ldmhtcvl plfêtcgl, fls jãtl`ls y fe fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k. ^hrl tejdcãk hf tchjpl muhie `hktrl `h fe hguegc÷k, e vhghs hk olrje tågtcge. Hstls oegtlrhs verêek hk guektl cjplrtekgce, gektcè` y tejeõl lrcickek`l, `hktrl `h uke hklrjh gektcè` `h plscdcfcè`hs, gckgl jl`hfls plfêtcgl-hstretãicgls geregthrêstcgls= 5.- Ejhkeze `crhgte. 4.- ^rhsc÷k ck`crhgte. 7.- Eggclkhs sughscves. 0.- Fugbe prlflkieè. 8.- Glkofcgtl vclfhktl thk`chkth e fe vcgtlrce jcfcter. ^lr ltre perth, `hktrl `h fe hstrethice sh `cstckiuhk `ls esphgtls rhfetcvls e fe eggc÷k. Xkl plsctcvl quh sh jethrcefcze e trevãs `h fe eggc÷k y ltrl khietcvl `hstcke`l e cjph`cr fe eggc÷k `hf lplkhkth. Hf prcjhrl hs `hkljcke`l Hstrethice `h fe Eggc÷k y hf rhstekth, @csuesc÷k. Ejdes hstrethices e phser `h shr lpuhstes y escjãtrcges glhxcsthk, sh gljpfhjhktek eplyekrhquchrh jutuejhkth. Fehf`cohrhkgce hshkgcefsuhktrh hffes glkscsth hk quhfls fe Hstrethice `h fey Eggc÷k rhefczer egtl `h ouhrze, eriujhktl, pere ldthkhr rhsufte`ls ephthgc`ls. Hk tektl, fe @csuesc÷k tchkh ãxctl s÷fl sc sh jektchkh hk hf pfekl edstregtl, oregese hk hf ckstekth `h beghr rhefcè` su ejhkeze.

2.0.

KC_HFHW S JL@LW @H FE HWPTEPHICE

êre Dheuorh kl hxcsthk `cvcsclkhs vhrtcgefhs shperek`l e fe plfêtcge `h fe hstrethice. Fe `cstrcdugc÷k hs blrczlktef y hsgeflkeè olrjek`l uke pcråjc`h. Hk fe gýspc`h sh udcge fe plfêtcge cfujckek`l e tl`l hf glkmuktl, hk pertcgufer ef prcjhr hsgef÷k. Hk fe gujdrh -prcjhr kcvhf- sh sctýe fe hstrethice tltef `h`cgeè e gllr`cker y gljdcker fes `cvhrses hstrethices ihkhrefhs, glflgeès hk hf hsgef÷k sciuchkth1 hs `hgcr, fes hstrethices etckhkths e fls guetrl gejpls `h eggc÷k kegclkef E su vhz, fes hstrethices lphretcves sudlr`ckeès olrjek fe desh `h fe pcråjc`h l ýftcjl phfèõl. Fe plfêtcge ocme fls ldmhtcvls y hkjerge hf hsghkercl `lk`h `hdh dusge `h fes Bey slfugclkhs. Thgêprlgejhkth, fe hstrethice glfedlre glk fejlvhrsh plfêtcge fe hkhstrethice beghr feshkhvefuegclkhs, uke phrjekhkth ckthreggc÷k u lsjlscs hktrh hffes.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

22

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Hk hsth glkthxtl, fe hstrethice jcfcter -fe `hf gejpl `h eggc÷k dãfcgl- hs s÷fl uke `h fes hstrethices ihkhrefhs. Hste muhie hf rlf prckgcpef l euxcfcer `h eguhr`l ef jl`hfl plfêtcgl hstretãicgl hfhic`l, fls guefhs sh hmhgutek hk `ls jl`ls= fe hstrethice `crhgte y fe ck`crhgte. Ejdes phrthkhghk ef åjdctl åj dctl `h fe eggc÷k glhxcsthk y sh gljpfhjhktek. ^hrsciuhk quhdrer fe vlfukte` `hf e`vhrsercl phrl glk prlgh`cjchktls gljpfhtejhkth `cohrhkths.

2.8. HWPTEPHICE PLPEF @H FE EGGC×K. 2.8.5. HWPTEPHICE @CTHGPE. Wh geregthrcze plr hf hjpfhl l ejhkeze `h fes ouhrzes jcfcterhs hk glk`cgc÷k `h ckstrujhktl prckgcpef pere efgekzer fe `hgcsc÷k. Wh epfcge ef hxcstcr uke jekcochste suphrclrcè` hk hf åjdctl dãfcgl y kl bey ltrl jh`cl gljperedfh hk hocgegce. Wck hjderil hf gejpl dãfcgl hs perth `h fe eggc÷k tltef. Fe prhperegc÷k, hmhgugc÷k y hxpfltegc÷k pfhke `h fls rhsufte`ls `h fes lphregclkhs jcfcterhs sh flire guek`l slk supfhjhkteès "plr jh`cl `h fes lphregclkhs eprlpceès hk fls gejpls pscglf÷icgl, plfêtcgl, hglk÷jcgl y `cpfljåtcgl‚ 87. Fe glkghpgc÷k `h fe eggc÷k jcfcter `hdh desersh hk hf L.^.1 plr su gerågthr, keturefhze y jeikctu` `hockhk sc fl setcsoegh fe lohkscve l `hohkscve y fls rhsufte`ls quh sh `hshe efgekzer. Glksc`hrek`l fessciuchkths= plscdcfcè`hs `hf e`vhrsercl, sh `hthrjcke hf ldmhtcvl jcfcter e flirer. Wus efthrketcves slk fes 5.- @hstrucr fes ouhrzes hkhjcies. 4.- Glkqucster uk ldmhtcvl ihliråocgl glk veflr ve flr plfêtcgl, hglk÷jcgl l jlref. 7.- Gepturer, hk prhkè, uke århe thrrctlrcef. 0.- Ieker tchjpl plr jh`cl `h uke `hjlstregc÷k `h ouhrze. Hstedfhgchk`l hf efu`c`l ldmhtcvl hs plscdfh `hùgcr fls jh`cls jcfcterhs khghsercls pere su ldthkgc÷k. Fe hstrethice `hf gejpl dãfcgl d ãfcgl shõefe fe slfugc÷k jås e`hgueè pere efgekzer hf ldmhtcgl eplye`l hk fe jekcldre `h fe hstrethice tltef. Hste ýftcje, hk tl`l hf `hserrlffl `h fe `cspute, gllr`ckeJchktres fe eggc÷kjeylr plfêtcge, hglk÷jcge y pscglf÷icge fe jcfcter pere eshiure hf ãxctl `h fe hjprhse. she fe cjplrtekgce `hf L.^glk jes cjprhsgck`cdfh sh begh fe escsthkgce `h fls ltrls gejpls e fe eggc÷k jcfcter.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls ^. Iuhrre Juk`cef. Oregesl `h fe @cpfljegce Efhjeke pere mustcocger fe Iuhrre Wudjercke. Hf gejpl `h eggc÷k hxthrclr ihrjekl sh `hjlstr÷ ckgepez `h eplyer fe iuhrre sudjercke puhs, "Fls ckifhshs jlkterlk uke bådcf prlpeiekè e ãsgefe juk`cef glk hf ldmhtcvl `h beghr vhr quh hf buk`cjchktl plr jh`cl `h sudjerckls `h fls dergls jhrgekths quh ffhvedek tlè gfesh `h jhrgekgêe y jethrcef `h iuhrre e fls efce`ls hre uk cke`jcscdfh egtl `h pcrethrêe, uk vhrè`hrleshscketl `h cklghkths gcvcfhs. ^rlpeiekè ckmuste, rc`êgufe phrl quh schjprh, e glrtl y e feril feril pfezl, èrå hxhghfhkthjhkth rhsufte`ls e sus prljltlrhs quh cjph`crêe e fls 87

Cdc`., p. 543

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

23

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> efhjekhs `hgc`crsh e uke iuhrre |sudj |sudjercke ercke sck rhstrcggclkhs h hk k 535?, glk fe quh tef vhz budchrek pl`c`l ieker fe glktchkè y quh, hk 5359, errestrerêe e fe| iuhrre e fls Hste`ls Xkc`ls, guek`l Ckifethrre cckhxlredfhjhkth khxlredfhjhkth thkêe phr`cè fe fugbe hk hf jer y hk Flk`rhs kl sh `cvcsedek ltrl sljdrêl peklreje quh hf `h fe rhk`cgc÷k" 80.

2.8.4.

HWPTEPHICE CK@CTHGPE.

e. Cktrlùggc÷k Hste hstrethice glkstctuyh ukl `h fls jeylrhs eplrths `h Dheuorh. fe `hockh hk fls sciuchkths tãrjckls= ‖hf erth `h sedhr hxpflter ef jåxcjl, glk uk jêkcjl `h ouhrze y `h jh`cls jcfcterhs orhguhkthjhkth rhùgc`ls, hf hstrhgbl jerihk `h fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k quh hve`h e fe `csuesc÷k kugfher l plfêtcge, pere efgekzer fls rhsufte`ls e jhku`l juy cjplrtekths quh sh fh be ocme`l"88. Fes fcjctegclkhs cjpuhstes ef hsouhrzl jcfcter begh quh fe `hgcsc÷k sh ldthkie e trevãs `h fls ltrls gejpls `h eggc÷k.- Wck hjderil, eýk hk lgesclkh juy `couses, schjprh fe Ouhrze Jcfcter hstå prhshkth hk uk pephf glktrcduyhkth. Hk hsth jl`l `h fe hstrethice hf oegtlr pscglf÷icgl y fe vlfukte` `hshjphõek uk rlf grugcef. Hf Wucgc`cl jutul. Olrj÷ perth ckthiref `h fe Iuhrre Orêe. Hf dflquh gljukcste eprlvhgb÷ fes ocftregclkhs `h fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k `hf "Hqucfcdrcl `hf Phrrlr". Glk su hxpfltegc÷k, hxpufs÷ e lggc`hkth hxthkses hf århes `h Åorcge, y Ejãrcge Ghktref. Wu sutcfhze y slocstcgegc÷k`hprlvlgerlk jeresjl `h fls Esce, fê`hrhsGercdh `hf juk`l fcdrh. fcdrh. Fe Gese Dfekge, eukquh ter`h, eprhk`c÷ fe fhggc÷k y fe jekhml glk ãxctl hk Eoiekcståk, Gejdlye, Htclpêe, Ekilfe y êkejå Fe hstrethice ck`crhgte hxcih fe rhefczegc÷k `h `ls jekcldres= uke hxthrc hxthrclr lr y ltre ckthrclr. Fe prcjhre sh hmhgute hk hf åjdctl hxthrkl1 fe rhstekth hk hf ckthrclr `hf peês hsglic`l gljl dfekgl, hf quh sh glkvchrth hk hf thetrl pertcgufer `hf glkofcgtl. Fe jekcldre hxthrclr hs geregthrêstcge hxgfuscve hxgfuscve y `cstcktcve `h fe hstrethice ck`crhgte.

d.

Jekcldre Hxthrclr

Wh jethrcefcze hk fe hsohre ckthrkegclkef. lphre hk fls Lriekcsjls Ckthrkegclkefhs LL.CC., rhukclkhs, olrls, esejdfhes, jh`cls `h `cousc÷k slgcef y tl`l fl quh thkie rhslkekgce juk`cef. Wu gerågthr sudstekgcefjhkth Pchkh jhte ieker fe fcdhrte` eggc÷k suocgchkth pere hs hmhguter fe jekcldre pscglf÷icgl. ckthrclr y e su vhzplr perefczer hf e`vhrsercl plr `h fe `csuesc÷k. E hffe glkgurrhk fls jh`cls plfêtcgls, hglk÷jcgls, `cpfljåtcgls y dãfcgls. Xtcfcze guefquchr gfesh `h eriujhktls vhrè`hrls l oefsls, hf `hrhgbl, veflrhs jlrefhs, hjlgclkhs, ckmurces, ejhkezes y guektl sh prhsth pere p ere `hsgefcocger y gleggclker ef e`vhrsercl.

g.

Jekcldre Ckthrclr.

Wh rhefcze hk hf hspegcl ihliråocgl `lk`h hf eirhslr prhthk`h glkshiucr `hthrjcke`ls rhsufte`ls. Hk hsth thetrl pertcgufer `hf glkofcgtl sh ffhvek e gedl fls bhgbls vclfhktls eplye`ls plr fe eggc÷k `h fls ltrls jh`cls. Hxcsthk `ls efthrketcves hxtrhjes= "fe jekcldre plr fexctu`" y fe "jekcldre `h fe efgegbloe". Fls oegtlrhs e glksc`hrer slk fes ouhrzes jethrcefhs, fes ouhrzes jlrefhs y fe ùregc÷k. 80

Fucs `h fe Wchrre, Hf jer hk fe Irek Iuhrre (Derghflke= Muvhktu`, 5320), p. 33 Dheuorh, Hstrethice `h fe Eggc÷k, p. 573.

88

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

3>

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Hk fe jekcldre plr fexctu` fe `hgcsc÷k sh dusge jh`cekth uk glkofcgtl prlflkie`l ckthkte `hsiester fe vlfukte` `hf glktrckgekth y bedctuerfh, `h jekhre prlirhscve, e fe c`he `h beghr glkghsclkhs edek`lkek`l sus plstures dåscges. Hk hf pfekl jcfcter, fe jekcldre kl ckthkte ieker, sckl ùrer sck phr`hr. Hk hffe `hsgekse fe iuhrre sudvhrscve, hk pertcgufer fe `h lrcihk jerxcste. Fe jekcldre `h fe efgegbloe prlgure efgekzer ldmhtcvls jl`hstls y pergcefhs hk olrje sughscve, gljl sc ouhre `hsblmek`l uke efgegbloe. Pejdcãk sh fh glklgh gljl jekcldre `hf sefgbcgb÷k l sefejh.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls Gbcke ^lpufer Glkofcgtl ^rlflkie`l-.

"Hs fe jekcldre plr fexctu`, `h glkofcgtls `h ferie ùregc÷k, `h fes quh Jel Psh Puki be sc`l hf kltedfh th÷rcgl y hmhgutekth vcgtlrclsl" 8?. Hf X`hr gbckl sh cjpusl e fls kegclkefcstes hk fe iuhrre gcvcf quh eohgt÷ plr `ãgeès e su iciekthsge y etrese`l peês. Phrghr Thcgb ^rhvcl e fe CC Iuhrre Juk`cef= "@hs`h 5378, fe hstrethice ck`crhgte be sc`l glkstekthjhkth utcfczeè... Glk Bctfhr, `h 537? e 5373, tuvl sldrh tl`l hf gerågthr `h fl quh ffejejls fe jekcldre `h fe efgegbloe" 89. Glk su hxpfltegc÷k, Bctfhr rhckglrplr÷ e Efhjekce fe Thkekce, ekhx÷ e Eustrce, `hsjhjdr÷ y lgup÷ e Gbhglsflvequce.

2.?.

HWPTEPHICE @H FE @CWXEWC×K 2.?.5.

GLKGH^PLW IHKHTEFHW

Fe `csuesc÷k hs tek ektciue gljl fe iuhrre. Wu ock glkscsth hk hvcter quh hf hkhjcil plthkgcef ckcgch fe eirhsc÷k l eggc÷k. Wh perefcze fe ckcgcetcve e`vhrserce plr fe ejhkeze `h `hshkge`hker rhprhsefces bcpltãtcgejhkth jås phrmu`cgcefhs quh fls plscdfhs dhkhocgcls e flirer, l, tejdcãk, beghrfh phr`hr su oh hk fe vcgtlrce. Fe `csuesc÷k phrthkhgh e fe hsohre pscglf÷icge. Pchkh ãxctl ef jekthkhrsh hk hf pfekl glkmhturef1 oregese guek`l fe ejhkeze sh ffhve ef gejpl `h fes rhefcè`hs. Hs `hgcr, sh hktre fls `ljckcls `h fe Hstrethice `h fe Eggc÷k. Fe cktcjcègc÷k pere treksolrjersh hk `csuesc÷k `hdh shr jekcochste, grhêdfh y `hgfereè. Wc fe ejhkeze `hf gestcil l rhprhsefces sh jektchkh hk fe rhshrve kl surth hohgtl.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls CC Iuhrre Juk`cef. Ieshs Esocxcekths= "Euk guek`l sh hstu`cerlk hstls eihkths eirhscvls y sh oedrcgerlk hk gektcè`hs rhsphtedfhs, kukge sh ffhi÷ e utcfczerfls `h jl`l ihkhref hk fe iuhrre (CC Iuhrre Juk`cef) kc 8?

Ief`÷k, lp. Gct., p. 30 Cdc`., p. 03

89

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

35

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> olrjerlk perth `hf ershkef glkvhkgclkef... Gesc glk ghrthze, fe rez÷k hstede hk hf juk`l hqucfcdrcl `csueslrcl quh fls `ls dek`ls sh vchrlk ldfcie`ls e ldshrver `hdc`l e fls ckolrjhs eghrge `h fes egtcvcè`hs shgrhtes `hserrlffeès hk fls fedlretlrcls quêjcgls `hf hkhjcil" 82. ^lr fl `hjås, hk 5307, hf ^rhsc`hkth Tllshvhft hxprhs÷ hk pýdfcgl quh HH.XX. hstede prhpere`l pere rhsplk`hr e fe iuhrre quêjcge l dclf÷icge.

2.?.4. @CWXEWC×K KXGFHET Fe epercgc÷k `hf erje et÷jcge, glk uk pl`hr `hveste`lr `hsjhsure`l glkvcrtc÷ e fe `csuesc÷k hk uk hfhjhktl oukèjhktef pere fe hstrethice `h fls Hste`ls. Be hvcte`l, beste fe ohgbe, fe utcfczegc÷k `h erjes kugfherhs hk fls glkofcgtls vclfhktls. Fe `csuesc÷k `hsgekse hk `ls pcferhs, ukl olrje`l plr oegtlrhs jethrcefhs y hf ltrl plr pscglf÷icgls, phrl ejdls hståk rhfegclke`ls hktrh sê. Fls oegtlrhs jethrcefhs, rhfetcvejhkth jhksuredfhs, fls glkolrjek= uke gepegcè` `h `hstruggc÷k `hsjh`cè, prhgcsc÷k e`hgueè y gepegcè` `h phkhtregc÷k ckglkthkcdfh. Hstls oegtlrhs, e phser `h su cjprhgcsc÷k pere guektcocgerfls, plshhk uk gerågthr gesc hxegtl ef gljpererfls glk fls oegtlrhs pscglf÷icgls guyl veflr hk fe `csuesc÷k ` csuesc÷k hs glkgfuyhkth. Hf prcjhrl `h fls oegtlrhs pscglf÷icgls e glksc`hrer rhsc`h hk fe grh`cdcfcè`. Hk ltrls tãrjckls, glkvhkghr ef ekteilkcste kl s÷fl sh `h guhkte glk `hgc`cè fls oegtlrhs jethrcefhs `hsgrctls, sckl tejdcãk tchkh fe vlfukte` quh `h hjpfherfls jekhre guek`l ffhiuh ye fe lgesc÷k. Fl ekthrclr, sh oukèjhkte hk eriujhktls f÷icgls. Hk tektl hf sciuchkth oegtlr re`cge hk fe crregclkefcè`. Hf eohgte`l, hk uk reptl `h flgure plr geuses `h prlvlgegclkhs l thksc÷k, puh`h `hshkge`hker hf getegfcsjl kugfher. Pektl fe grh`cdcfcè` gljl fe crregclkefcè` `hshjdlgek hk fe ckghrtcùjdrh "Fe quh glkstctuyh hf oegtlr hshkgcef `h fe `csuesc÷k" 83. Jchktres jeylr she fe ckghrtcùjdrh jeylr hs su hohgtl y tl`l fl quh fe phrturdh `hthrclre fe hstedcfcè` grheè plr fe `csuesc÷k. Hf hkhjcil kl `hdh `hsgerhs kckiuke `h fes lpgclkhs prlpces, tefhs gljl= hf prcjhr ilfph, fe rãpfcge jescve, hf etequh prhvhktcvl l prhjltcvl, htg.

2.9. HWPTEPHICE EP×JCGE Ef oeffer fe `csuesc÷k kugfher, `h ckjh`cetl, bey quh e`lpter uke hstrethice `h iuhrre et÷jcge, l she uke hstrethice `h fe eggc÷k glk hjpfhl `h erjes kugfherhs. Hxcsthk verces jlèfcè`hs pere hkgerer uk glkofcgtl et÷jcgl, sh `hsgrcdhk efiukes `h sus efthrketcves hxtrhjes.

Fe Thprhsefce Jescve l `h Whiuk`l Ilfph Deml hf glkghptl `h @hstruggc÷k Jutue Eshiureè. Fe rhspuhste sh ckcgce ef rhgcdcr fe prcjhre `hsgerie kugfher l guek`l hste eýk sh hkguhktre hk tråksctl. Fe rhprhsefce ierektcze fe gljpfhte `hstruggc÷k `hf hkhjcil iregces e fe rhscsthkgce y ofhxcdcfcè` `hf scsthje kugfher quh sldrhvcvh e fe ekèkeè ckcgcef. Fe Thspuhste Ofhxcdfh l Ireùeè. Glksc`hre fe rãpfcge shiýk hf kcvhf `hf etequh rhgcdc`l. Prete `h hvcter fe hsgefeè ihkhrefczeè. Hf eutlr `h hsth prlgh`cjchktl ouh T. JG Kejere. Hf prldfhje re`cge guek`l hf hkhjcil kl sh hkguhktre `cspuhstl e hsgefer hf glkofcgtl `h fe jcsje jekhre.

82

Drcek` M. Olf`, Erjes shgrhtes efceès (Je`rc`= Wek Jertêk, 5397), p. 575 Dhuorh, Cktrlùggc÷k e fe hstrethice.

83

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

34

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> ^lr ýftcjl, sh glksc`hre `h ckthrãs dlsquhmer uk kuhvl glkghptl sldrh fe iuhrre kugfher suric`l hk Klrthejãrcge e jh`ce`ls `h fe `ãgeè `hf lgbhkte= fe Ckcgcetcve `h @hohkse Hstretãicge (C@H), plpuferczeè glk hf kljdrh `h "Iuhrre `h fes Iefexces". Hf prlyhgtl glkscsth hk hrcicr uk hsgu`l cjphkhtredfh e fls glkls kugfherhs. Wu prlthggc÷k gudrcrêe hf thrrctlrcl `h HH.XX. y, tef vhz, hf `h fe LPEK. ûh`h gfescocgårshfe `hktrl `h fe hstrethice fliêstcge puhs prhthk`h `hmer ldslfhtl hf scsthje kugfher slvcãtcgl l guefquchr ltrl. Escjcsjl `hstruyh fe desh `h hffe`hspfchiuh `csuesc÷k `h kugfher ef hfcjcker fe ygepegcè` `h phkhtregc ls jcscfhs. Escjcsjl rhquchrh ckthrghptlrhs `h århe `h puktl `hstcke`ls e `hstrucr l khutrefczer e fls jcscfhs grughrls y defêstcges. Hf veflr `hf prlyhgth ouh hfhvåk`lsh peufetckejhkth beste sldrhpeser fls gchk jcf jcfflkhs `h `÷ferhs, escjcsjl sh ffhi÷ e fe glkgfusc÷k quh su rhk`cjchktl hsterêe fhmls `hf 5>>% `h hocgegce. Hf `hrrujdejchktl `h fe Xkc÷k Wlvcãtcge bczl phr`hr urihkgce e fe C@H y dem÷ su prclrcè` hk hf `hstckl `h rhgursls ockekgchrls. Wck hjderil, fes ckvhstciegclkhs prlsciuhk puhs fe Gese Dfekge `hshe= "prhvhkcr hf suricjchktl `h guefquchr plthkgce quh puhè lplkhrsh e fls ldmhtcvls dåscgls phrshiuc`ls plr fe plfêtcge ckthrkegclkef `h HH.XX."?> ls jcscfhs. Escjcsjl rhquchrh hf `hspfchiuh `h ckthrghptlrhs `h århe y `h puktl `hstcke`ls e `hstrucr l khutrefczer e fls jcscfhs grughrls y defêstcges. Hf veflr `hf prlyhgth ouh hfhvåk`lsh peufetckejhkth beste sldrhpeser fls gchk jcf jcfflkhs `h `÷ferhs, escjcsjl sh ffhi÷ e fe glkgfusc÷k quh su rhk`cjchktl hsterêe fhmls `hf 5>>% `h hocgegce. Hf `hrrujdejchktl `h fe Xkc÷k Wlvcãtcge bczl phr`hr e fe C@H y dem÷ supuhs prclrcè` hkDfekge hf `hstckl `h "prhvhkcr rhgursls ockekgchrls. Wck hjderil, fesurihkgce ckvhstciegclkhs prlsciuhk fe Gese `hshe= hf suricjchktl `h guefquchr plthkgce quh puhè lplkhrsh e fls ldmhtcvls dåscgls phrshiuc`ls plr fe plfêtcge ckthrkegclkef `h HH.XX."?> ls jcscfhs. Escjcsjl rhquchrh hf `hspfchiuh `h ckthrghptlrhs `h århe y `h puktl `hstcke`ls e `hstrucr l khutrefczer e fls jcscfhs grughrls y defêstcges. Hf veflr `hf prlyhgth ouh hfhvåk`lsh peufetckejhkth beste sldrhpeser fls gchk jcf jcfflkhs `h `÷ferhs, escjcsjl sh ffhi÷ e fe glkgfusc÷k quh su rhk`cjchktl hsterêe fhmls `hf 5>>% `h hocgegce. Hf `hrrujdejchktl `h fe Xkc÷k Wlvcãtcge bczl phr`hr urihkgce e fe C@H y dem÷ su prclrcè` hk hf `hstckl `h rhgursls ockekgchrls. Wck hjderil, fes ckvhstciegclkhs prlsciuhk puhs fe Gese Dfekge `hshe= "prhvhkcr hf suricjchktl `h guefquchr plthkgce quh puhè lplkhrsh e fls ldmhtcvls dåscgls phrshiuc`ls plr fe plfêtcge ckthrkegclkef `h HH.XX."?>

?>

‖x Pbh Ejhrcges= Pbh XW fllas ckwer`s‚ Wtrethicg Wurvhy, 5335-5334 Wurvhy, 5335-5334 (Flk`lk= Pbh Ckthrketclkef Ckstctuth olr Wtrethicg Wtu`chs, Wtu`chs, Jey 5334), p. 88 ?> ‖x Pbh Ejhrcges= Pbh XW fllas ckwer`s‚ Wtrethicg Wurvhy, 5335-5334 Wurvhy, 5335-5334 (Flk`lk= Pbh Ckthrketclkef Ckstctuth olr Wtrethicg Wtu`chs, Wtu`chs, Jey 5334), p. 88 ?> ‖x Pbh Ejhrcges= Pbh XW fllas ckwer`s‚ Wtrethicg Wurvhy, 5335-5334 Wurvhy, 5335-5334 (Flk`lk= Pbh Ckthrketclkef Ckstctuth olr Wtrethicg Wtu`chs, Wtu`chs, Jey 5334), p. 88

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

37

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5>

G

^CPXFL _CCC

HWGHKETCL @H FE IXHTTE GLKGH^PLW IHKHTEFHW 5.5. CKPTL@XGGC CKPTL@XGGC×K ×K Plè rhslfugc÷k hstretãicge `hdh glksc`hrer fe ouhrze y hf oegtlr ihliråocgl. Gesthx ldshrve= ldshrve= "Fe ihlireoêe hs uk oegtlr hshkgcef hk fe hstrethice‚ 5. Hk ltrl pårreol, rrhocrcãk`lsh hocrcãk`lsh e Jebek, eirhie= "Fe cjplrtekgce quh be etrcduc`l ef oegtlr ihliråocgl glkstctuyh, `hspuãs

5

Gesthx. Lp. Gct., Pljl CCC, p. 5?7

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

30

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> `h fe c`he c`he `hf veflr `h ffe e ouhrze lriekczeè, hf resil jås kltedfh `h su ldre‚4. Fe Ihlireoêe cjplkh su fhy h ckofuyh hk `hthrjcker hf gerågthr `h fe iuhrre e ock `h e`hguer su prhperegc÷k y glkùggc÷k. Guek`l sh lfvcèk u ljcthk fes rhefcè`hs ihliråocges sh gljhthk hrrlrhs hstretãicgls glk `hpflredfhs glkshguhkgces. Xke glkghpgc÷k ihkcef sck hf ckstrujhktl eprlpce`l ef jh`cl ihliråocgl `lk`h sh ve e ffhver e gedl gerhgh `h utcfcè` prågtcge. Hf `hteffe`l hstu`cl `hf hsghkercl ihliråocgl scrvh e`hjås pere hohgtuer fes lplrtukes prhvcsclkhs fliêstcges y tågtcges pere flirer hf ãxctl hk uke hjprhse hstretãicge. 5.4. @HOCKCGCLKHW

Phetrl `h fe Iuhrre Hs uke zlke ihliråocge `lk`h sh prhvã hf `hserrlffl `h egtls dãfcgls. Gljprhk`h hf thrrctlrcl prlpcl y hf `hf e`vhrsercl.

Ihlhstrethice. Hstu`ce fes plscdcfcè`hs pere jlkter uke `hthrjckeè lphregc÷k hstretãicge hk uke zlke ihliråocge hsphgêocge.

Ihlireoêe Jcfcter= Ekefcze hf jh`cl oêscgl `lk`h sh `hdhk jethrcefczer fes glkghpgclkhs jcfcterhs. Ederge fe hvefuegc÷k `hf hsghkercl prlpcl y hf `hf e`vhrsercl ldthkchk`l glkgfusclkhs ihkhrefhs ýtcfhs pere fe glkùggc÷k hstretãicge, escjcsjl fes prhvcsclkhs `h sus hohgtls hk fe tågtcge y fliêstcge. Fls oegtlrhs quh tlje hk guhkte slk= fe ocsclireoêe, vcefcè`, rhgursls hglk÷jcgls, `hjlireoêe, gfcje, htg. Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls Iuhrres Juk`cefhs= Efhjekce `hserrlff÷ iuhrres `h gerågthr glktckhktef, guek`l su hkhjcil prckgcpef, Irek Drhteõe, hre cksufer y uke `h fes jeylrhs plthkgces jerêtcjes juk`cefhs. Hf Efjcrekth Tuih gljhkt÷ sldrh fe glkùggc÷k efhjeke `h fe shiukè glkofeiregc÷k= "Olrje`l `hs`h hf puktl `h vcste glktckhktef, Bctfhr kl `h pu`l l kl qucsl y, `h eguhr`l ãf tejplgl equhffls `h sus glkshmhrls quh kl prlgh`êek fe jercke - cjeicker quh susglk gljdeths hk tchrre kl budchrek etege`l `hgcscvejhkth e fe plthkgce jerêtcje. Wc dchk `hs`h hf gljchkzl bedêe hste`l glkvhkgc`l `h uke vcgtlrce råpcè hk Orekgce, ef glktrercl `h su guerthf ihkhref, hvc`hkthjhkth kl thkêe kc fe jhklr c`he `h g÷jl `hdhrêe prlgh`hr ufthrclrjhkth. 7 Escjcsjl, Ouffhr eglt÷= "Gferejhkth, hk hf gesl gesl `h Bctfhr, hsh hkhjcil hre Ckifethrre, gljl ttejdcãk ejdcãk fl ouhre `h Ohfcph CC, `h Fucs RC_, `h Keplfh÷k y `h Iucffhrjl CC. Wck hjderil, eblre, hk mukcl `h 530>, kl sh hkglktrede hk glk`cgclkhs `h eteger hf ghktrl `h irevhè` gljýk `h tlè fe iuhrre, ye quh hf cjpufsl `h su hstrethice `h ekcqucfegc÷k bedêe sc`l `hthkc`l hk hf Gekef `h fe Jekgbe, ukes vhckth jcffes `h eiue, guyl grugh kl ociurede hk sus gåfgufls hstretãicgls. Ef glkthjpfer hf jepe `hf Cjphrcl Drctåkcgl bedêe pese`l plr eftl hf hstrhgbl `h @lvhr... Wc hf kegh hre uk prldfhje cksuphredfh, kl `hdêe bedhr c`l e fe iuhrre. S sc kl fl hre, `hdêe bedhr prhpere`l fe slfugc÷k ekths `h bedhr fekze`l fe iuhrre, phrl kl fl bedêe bhgbl‚ 0. 4

Cdc`., p. 4>3 _cghefjcrekth Orch`rcgb Tuih, @hr Whharchi (Jãxcgl= Bhrrhrl, 53?8), p. 29 0 Ouffhr, Fe CC Iuhrre Juk`cef, p. 5>2

7

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

38

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5>

Iuhrre `hf êgêocgl= Gbcfh prhthk`c÷ lphrer hk uk `hschrtl quh gerhgêe `h eiue, vêvhrhs y olrremh. @hspuãs `hf `hshjdergl `h ^cseiue, Hkgcke `hsteg÷ "Hf hmãrgctl hxph`cgclkercl gbcfhkl kl cde hqucpe`l pere fe trevhsêe `h fls 8> acf÷jhtrls sck ohrrlgerrcf, quh shperedek e Eiue Wekte `h ^lzl 8

Efjlkth‚ . GFEWCOCGEGC×K GFEWCOCGE GC×K @H FLW PHEPTLW

4.5. EJ^FCPX@ e)

PHEPTL IHKHTEF @H FE IXHTTE

Hs fe tltefcè` `h fe hxthksc÷k ihliråocge `lk`h sh puh`hk `hserrlffer lphregclkhs dãfcges, shek hffes `h fe keturefhze quh ouhrhk.

Hmhjpfl Bcst÷rcgl Whiukè Iuhrre Juk`cef= Hf Phetrl Ihkhref `h fe Iuhrre edergl tl`l hf pfekhte.

d) PHEPTL ÊTPCGXFET @H FE IXHTTE Hs perth `hf hsghkercl tltef, hk hf quh sh vhrcocge fe fugbe hktrh `ls l jås dhfcihrekths, fls guefhs tejdcãk egtýek hk fe iuhrre ihkhref.

Hmhjpfl Bcst÷rcgl Whiukè Iuhrre Juk`cef= Fls thetrls `h Hurlpe, Jh`cthrråkhl y êgêocgl sh `hstegerlk plr su ckthkse egtcvcè` dãfcge.

g)

PHEPTL @H L^HTEGCL L^HTEGCLKHW KHW

Hs uk shgtlr `hf Phetrl `h fe Iuhrre `lk`h sh ffhve e gedl uke hjprhse hstretãicge `hthrjckeè. Fe ihstegc÷k `h uk thetrl `h lphregclkhs hs glkshguhkgce `crhgte `h fe khghscè` `h hspegcl rhquhrc`l plr fes ouhrzes pere `hserrlffer fes jekcldres quh plscdcfcteråk fe ldthkgc÷k `h uk ldmhtcvl hstretãicgl `h fes Ouhrzes Erjeès l `h efiukes `h sus Ckstctugclkhs. Hsth hspegcl `hdh ckgfucr fe ejpfctu` khghserce pere eplyer fliêstcge y e`jckcstretcvejhkth e fe l fes jekcldres quh effê sh rhefcghk. Fes geregthrêstcges hshkgcefhs `h fls thetrls `h lphregclkhs glkscsthk hk fe prhshkgce `h fe ouhrze y quh glrrhsplk`hk e uk glkghptl `h iuhrre ekth uke bcp÷thscs `hthrjckeè. Hk 8

Orekgcsgl E. Hkgcke, Bcstlrce `h Gbcfh (Wektceil= Kesgcjhktl, 539>), vlf. 59, p. 43

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

3?

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> fe iuhrre thrrhstrh, plr fl ihkhref, fes lphregclkhs jcfcterhs sh rhefczek hk hf thrrctlrcl `hf jås `ãdcf l `h quchk gerhgh `h fe ckcgcetcve. Fls thetrls `h lphregclkhs sh ocmek `hs`h fe pez, phrl kl hståk egtcve`ls. Hstls, plr fl ihkhref, glckgc`hk, hk perth, glk fes århes murcs`cggclkefhs `h fls jek`ls `h tchjpls klrjefhs tefhs gljl= Thic÷k Jcfcter, Guhrpl `h Hmãrgctl, @cvcsc÷k, ]lke Kevef y Drcieè Eãrhe. Fls thetrls `h lphregclkhs puh`hk shr `cvc`c`ls hk sud-thetrls y århes l zlkes hsphgcefhs `h lphregclkhs.

Hmhjpfl Bcst÷rcgl CC Iuhrre Juk`cef= Hste`ls Xkc`ls lriekcz÷ hf êgêocgl êgêocgl hk `ls irek`hs thetrls. ‖@hspuãs `hf `hsestrh `h ^herf Berdlur, hf thetrl `h lphregclkhs `hf êgêocgl ouh glkoce`l ef Efjcrekth Kcjctz, quh tlj÷ hf têtufl `h GCKG^LE (Gljjek`hr (Gljjek`hr ck Gbcho êgc êgcocg ocg Lghek Erhe). Phkêe eutlrc eutlrcè` è` sldrh tlès fes ouhrzes kevefhs, eãrhes y thrrhstrhs quh egtuedek `hs`h fes glstes `hf Mep÷k beste hf glktckhkth ejhrcgekl `hs`hjek`ls hf ^lfl fhKlrth ef ^lfl Wur. Wu thetrl ouh sud`cvc`c`lhkhkjerzl êgêocgl Klrth, Ghktref y Wur, yguyls hstedek hstrhgbejhkth sudlr`cke`ls... `h 5304, Jeg Ertbur, bedcãk`lfl bhgbl rhirhser `h Ocfcpckes, ouh kljdre`l Gljekèkth hk Mhoh `hf Phetrl ffeje`l `hf êgêocgl Wu`lhsth, quh `hfcjctede= ef Hsth hf jhrc`cekl `h 583 ire`ls Lhsth, hf Hgue`lr, hf jhrc`cekl `h 57> ire`ls Lhsth, y hf perefhfl `h 4> ire`ls Klrth‚?.

4.4

HF JH@CL HK UXH EGPXEK FEW OXHT]EW

Wc hf ldmhtcvl hstretãicgl `hthrjcke quh fe terhe prckgcpef hs prlpce `hf Hmãrgctl, hs uk Phetrl `h lphregclkhs Phrrhstrh, euk guek`l prhsthk su glfedlregc÷k ouhrzes `h ltres ckstctugclkhs. Hk hste gcrgukstekgce, `hdhrå hjpfhersh hk ãf uk ÷riekl `h jekcldre `hf Hmãrgctl, glk hf khghsercl eplyl eãrhl y/l kevef pere flirer hf ldmhtcvl hstretãicgl cjpuhstl. Hstls thetrls quhèk gcrguksgrctls e fls thrrctlrcls `h fls peêshs hk glkofcgtl. Pejdcãk hs khghserce prhshkth fl eocrje`l plr hf Ihkhref Jlktt= "Fe Iuhrre thrrhstrh hs hkgeuzeè plr fe ihlireoêe y9 sus hjprhses hstretãicges puh`hk thkhr fêjcths ihliråocgls dchk `hockc`ls y ùre`hrls‚ .

d)

PHEPTL JETÊPCJL

Wc pere fe ldthkgc÷k `hf ldmhtcvl hstretãicgl hf hsouhrzl jeylr `hdchre rhefczerfl ouhrzes kevefhs glk fe glfedlregc÷k `h ouhrzes `h ltres ckstctugclkhs, sh trete `h uk Phetrl `h Lphregclkhs Jerêtcjl. Ederge tlès fes eiues hk quh sh `hserrlffek fes lphregclkhs kevefhs `h fls glkthk`lrhs, sldrhpesek`l fls fêjcths murcs`cggclkefhs `h fls peêshs hk iuhrre y kl glckgcè glk hf Phetrl `h Iuhrre Phrrhstrh. ^lr tef rez÷k sh `cgh quh hsth thetrl kl hstå ejerre`l e fe ihlireoêe. Hf ihkhref Jlktt, rhocrcãk`lsh ef thetrl jerêtcjl, lpcke= "Fe ockefcè` `h fe iuhrre hk hf jer, guef hs hf glktrlf `h fes gljukcgegclkhs jerêtcjes, sh geregthrcze plr fe ?

Glktreefjcrekth Teyjlk` `h Dhflt, Fe iuhrre ehrlkevef hk hf êgêocgl (5305-5308) (Je`rc`= H` Kevef, 5324), p. Glktreefjcrekth 72. 9 Ihkhref `h @cvcsc÷k Jekuef Jlktt Jertêkhz. Fe iuhrre, su glkùggc÷k plfêtcge y hstretãicge (Wektceil= Hste`l Jeylr Ihkhref `hf Hmãrgctl, 539>), p. 27

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

39

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> ejpfctu` `h fes århes hk quh puh`h `hserrlffersh, gljl plr fe ofuc`hz `h fes lphregclkhs, plr fl guef kl puh`hk `hfcjctersh hk olrje phrjekhkth y glk ektcgcpegc÷k `hthrjckeès zlkes `h lphregclkhs"2.

Hmhjpfl Bcst÷rcgl Iuhrre `h fes Oefafek`s l Jefvckes= Hf Phetrl thrrhstrh hstuvl flgefcze`l hk fes Csfes Oefafek`s y Wlutb Ihlrice Hk tektl hf Phetrl Jerêtcjl ederg÷ hf irek plfêilkl gljprhk`c`l plr hf fctlref `h Erihktcke, Csfe Esghkgc÷k y Wlutb Ihlrice. PHEPTL EÃTHL g) `) Wh fh puh`h escjcfer ef jerêtc jerêtcjl jl Euk guek`l ‛“Fls prckgc prckgcpefhs pefhs ldmhtcvls `h uk hmãrgc hmãrgctl tl `hf ec ecrh rh kl hståk hk hf ecrh sckl hk tchrre l hk hf eiue. Wh fh puh`h escjcfer ef jerêtc jerêtcjl jl Euk guek`l ‛“Fls prckgc prckgcpefhs pefhs ldmhtcvls `h uk hmãrgc hmãrgctl tl `hf ec ecrh rh kl hståk hk hf ecrh sckl hk tchrre l hk hf eiue. Wh fh puh`h escjcfer ef jerêtc jerêtcjl jl Euk guek`l ‛“Fls prckgc prckgcpefhs pefhs ldmhtcvls `h uk hmãrgc hmãrgctl tl `hf ec ecrh rh kl hståk hk hf ecrh sckl hk tchrre l hk hf eiue. Wh fh puh`h escjcfer ef jerêtc jerêtcjl jl Euk guek`l ‛“Fls prckgc prckgcpefhs pefhs ldmhtcvls `h uk hmãrgc hmãrgctl tl `hf ec ecrh rh kl hståk hk hf ecrh sckl hk tchrre l hk hf eiue. Wh fh puh`h escjcfer ef jerêtc jerêtcjl jl Euk guek`l ‛“Fls prckgc prckgcpefhs pefhs ldmhtcvls `h uk hmãrgc hmãrgctl tl `hf ec ecrh rh kl hståk hk hf ecrh sckl hk tchrre l hk hf eiue. Wh fh puh`h escjcfer ef jerêtc jerêtcjl jl Euk guek`l ‛“Fls prckgc prckgcpefhs pefhs ldmhtcvls `h uk hmãrgc hmãrgctl tl `hf ec ecrh rh kl hståk hk hf ecrh sckl hk tchrre l hk hf eiue. Wh fh puh`h ef hk jerêtc jerêtcjl jllEuk prckgcpefhs pefhs ldmhtcvls `h uk hmãrgc hmãrgctl tl `hf ec ecrh rh kl hståk hk hfescjcfer ecrh sckl tchrre hk hfguek`l eiue. ‛“Fls prckgc

4.7 CJ^LTPEKGCE e) PHEPTL ^TCKGCÊ ^TCKGCÊF F Hs equhf quh pl`rêe glkthkhr ãf l fls ldmhtcvls hstretãic hstretãicgls gls prckgcpefhs y `lk`h sh hjpfhe hjpfhe fe jese `h fls jh`cls l hf jåxcjl `h hffls. Ltre `hockcgc÷k `cgh= hs equhf hkh fh guef sh ffhve hf hsouhrzl prckgcpef hk hf thetrl `h fe Iuhrre y fes Lphregclkhs quh effê sh rhefczek tchkh fe jeylr tresghk`hkgce pere fe glkùggc÷k `h fe Iuhrre.

d) 2 3

PHEPTL WHGXK@ETCL

Cdc`` Tuih, lp. Gct., p. 45

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

32

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Hs equhf `lk`h s÷fl hxcsthk ldmhtcvls hstretãicgls shgukèrcls y hk hf guef sh rhefczek lphregclkhs `h jhklr hkvhrieùre. Wh fh `hstcke hf jêkcjl `h ouhrzes sck vufkhrer fe shiurcè` Hsth thetrl tredeme hk dhkhocgcl `hf ^rckgcpef. @hdh ejerrer ouhrzes `hf e`vhrsercl, jeylrhs quh fes prlpces escikeès, cjpc`chk`l su glkgurrhkgce begce hf Phetrl ^rckgcpef. Fls ePhetrls ùrekth hf treksgursl `hf glkofcgtl puh`hk vercer hk cjplrtekgce y peser `h shgukèrcl prckgcpef l vcghvhrse.

Hmhjpfl Bcst÷rcgl CC Iuhrre Juk`cef êre HH.XX. y Irek Drhteõe hf Jh`cthrråkhl ouh hf Phetrl ^rckgcpef `hs`h 5305 beste hf `hshjdergl hk Klrjek`êe, hf ? `h Mukcl `h 53001 hktlkghs Hurlpe sh glkvcrtc÷ hk hf ^rckgcpef beste hf ock `h fe iuhrre.

4.0. PHEPTL GLKMXKPL, GLKGH^PL DÅWC DÅWCGL GL e)

IHKHTEGC IHKHTEGC×K ×K S @HOCKCGC×K @H XK PHEPTL @H L^HTEGCLKHW GLKMXKPL (PLG)

Glkscsth hk uk thetrl `h lphregclkhs glk geregthrêstcges juy pertcguferhs. Fe keturefhze `hf Ldmhtcvl Hstretãicgl e flirer , fe glk`cgc÷k ihliråocge `hf hsghkercl y hf hsouhrzl e rhefczer rhquchrhk, ck`cvcùefjhkth l hk glkmuktl, fe pertcgcpegc÷k `h ouhrzes `h scjcfer scikcocgegc÷k hstretãicge `h `ls l jås ckstctugclkhs, hstrhgbejhkth gllr`ckeès hk tchjpl y hspegcl deml uk jek`l ýkcgl. ^lr fl tektl uk PLG PLG hs equhf quh ckgfuy ckgfuyh h fls hspegcls thrrhstrhs, jerêtcjls jerêtcjls y eãrhls `lk`h sh prhvãk lphregclkhs e rhefczer plr fes ouhrzes gljplkhkths `h uk PLG y guye `crhggc÷k fe hmhrgh hf Gljekèkth hk Mhoh `hf PLG hk `hjekè `hf Ldmhtcvl Hstretãicgl Glkmuktl `cspuhstl plr hf Orhkth `h Eggc÷k (OE.) Dãfcgl.

d)

LDMHPC_L HWPTEPÃICGL GLKMXKPL (LHG)

Hs hf ihkhre`lr `h uk PLG. Hf OE. OE . dãfcgl `hdh `hockcrfl puhs rhvcsth tef cjplrtekgce quh cjplkh fe `crhggc÷k suphrclr `hf prlpcl OE. Wu flirl, begh cjprhsgck`cdfh hf glkgursl `h ouhrzes hstretãicgejhkth hqucvefhkth `h `ls l jås ckstctugclkhs gllr`ckeès hk olrje hstrhgbe plr uk jek`l ýkcgl. Fe glkshgugc÷k `hf LHG puh`h shr rhefczeè plr hsouhrzls scjuftåkhls l sughscvls glkvhrihkths sldrh sldrh ãf1 l tejdc tejdcãk ãk jh`cekth ldmhtcvls pergcefhs efgekze`ls `h jekhre ck`hphk`chkth phrl hxcichk`l uke gllr`ckegc÷k juy `ckåjcge. Fe sujetlrce sujetlrce `h fls fls efu`c`ls ldmhtcvls pergcefhs tchkh quh glkolrjer hf LHG.

g)

GLJ^LKHKPHW @H XK PLG Glkstctuyhk fes ouhrzes `h scjcfer scikcocge`l hstretãicgl `h geè uke `h fes rejes

@hohkse Kegclkef sudlr`ckeès ef jek`l `hf PLG. Hstes ouhrzes slk lriåkcges `h hsh jek`l y puh`hk hster hk prhshkgce hk hf Phetrl `hs`h fe pez l ckglrplrersh scjuftåkhe l hsgeflkeèjhkth e ãf ùrekth hf `hserrlffl `hf glkofcgtl.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

33

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5>

`)

GFEWCOCGE GFEWCOCGEGC×K GC×K @H XK PLG. @h eguhr`l ef LHG, plr tektl e fes ouhrze ckthirekths, hf thetrl shrå= - Ehrlthrrhstrh - Ehrljerêtcjl - Jerêtcjl-thrrhstrh - Ehrljerêtcjl-thrrhstrh

h)

@H^HK@HKGCE S THW^LKWEDCFC@E@ THW^LKWEDCFC@E@ @HF GLJEK GLJEK@EKPH @EKPH HK MHOH @H XK PLG (GMPLG)

Hf GMPLG hs `hscike`l plr hf OE Dãfcgl, `hf guef `hphk`h `crhgtejhkth. Pchkh fe rhsplksedcfcè` lphretcve y e`jckcstretcve `h fes ouhrzes deml su jek`l, fes gljplkhkths. Hstes `hdh lriekczerfes, muktl glk hf hsghkercl, pere hf jhmlr y hocgez gujpfcjchktl `h su jcsc÷k.

o)

THW^LKWEDCFC THW^LKWEDCFC@E@ @E@ @H FEW CKWPCPXGCL CKWPCPXGCLKHW KHW

Fes Ckstctugclkhs Erjeès hktrhiek ef PLG fes ouhrzes gljplkhkths, ckthireès plr jh`cls bujekls y jethrcefhs, glk hf ock quh hf G.M.PLG hmhrze hf jek`l y glktrlf lphretcvl sldrh hffes, deml fe `cr `crhggc÷k hggc÷k `hf GE Dãfcgl. ^lr fl ihkhref, fes Ckstctugclkhs hk rhfegc÷k e fes gljplkhkths gujpfhk uk rlf `h ‖Hsgef÷k `h Eplyl E`jckcstretcvl y Fliêstcgl‚. Fliêstcgl‚.

i)

THFEGCLKHW @HF PLG GLK FEW CKWPCPXGCLKHW @H @HOHKWE

Hf PLG sh rhfegclke glk fes Ckstctugclkhs `h @hohkse e trevãs `hf OE Dãfcgl puhs hs uk jek`l perefhfl y ef jcsjl kcvhf `h hffes.

b)

@HOCKCGC× @HOCKCGC×K K @H L^HTEGC×K @H E^LSL

Pchkh hf prlp÷sctl `h oegcfcter hf gujpfcjchktl `h fe jcsc÷k escikeè e fe ouhrze rhghptlre `hf eplyl. Hf efu`c`l eplyl kl hs edslfutejhkth ck`csphksedfh pere hf ãxctl `h fe jcsc÷k.

c)

L^HTEGCLKHW @H E^LSL HKPTH FEW CKWPCPXGCLKHW S XK PLG

Whiýk fls Ldmhtcvls Hstretãicgls e gujpfcr, tektl fes ckstctugclkhs gljl uk PLG puh`hk rhefczer lphregclkhs `h eplyl hk dhkhocgcl jutul `h gerågthr phrjekhkth l hvhktuef. @cgbls eplyls gldrek irek tresghk`hkgce guek`l glktrcduyhk ef jhmlr flirl `hf Ldmhtcvl Hstretãicgl Ockef `h fes OO.EE. Hstes lphregclkhs slk gllr`ckeès e kcvhf OE Dãfcgl. Hk sctuegclkhs glyukturefhs hs plscdfh jethrcefczerfes plr jh`cl `h hkfeghs blrczlktefhs, phrl schjprh sh tchkh quh ckolrjer, glk plsthrclrcè`, ef OE Dãfcgl.

m)

HUXC_EFHKGCE HWPTEPÃICGE @H FEW GLJ^LKHKPHW

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

5>>

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Fe hqucvefhkgce hstretãicge `h ffes es gljplkhkths sh `c `cjhksclke jhksclke plr hf hohgtl hstretãicgl quh geè uke `h hffes tchkh pere fe ldthkgc÷k `hf LHG. Fes gljplkhkths quh lphrek `hktrl `h uk thetrl glkmuktl sh mustcocgek sc sh khghsctek jutuejhkth hk olrje cjprhsgck`cdfh pere hf flirl `hf LHG. Kl shrêe hf gesl guek`l ouhrzes `h uke l `ls rejes `h fe @hohkse tredemerek hk dhkhocgcl `h uke slfe1 hktlkghs hf thetrl phr`hrêe su glk`cgc÷k `h `hf glkmuktl. gcrgukstekgces hf thetrl shrêe ckstctugclkef rhsplksedcfcè` G,. hkHk M. tefhs rhsphgtcvl glk hf eplyl phrjekhkth l hvhktuefdeml `h fefes`crhgte ltres ouhrzes `h fe @hohkse. Fe Iuhrre jl`hrke hs trc`cjhksclkef, sck hjderil kl hs sck÷kcjl `h glkmukte Fls thetrls glkmuktls hxcsthk guek`l fls L.H. e flirer slk `h keturefhze glkmukte l guek`l fl cjplkhk fes geregthrêstcges `hf hsghkercl.

Hmhjpfl Bcst÷rcgl Glkofcgtl `h fes Oefafek`s l Jefvckes= "^lr perth Erihktcke fe glkùggc÷k `h fe iuhrre, hk fl quh ef jek`l sh rhochrh, ouh uke juhstre jås `h `hslriekczegc÷k y `h cjprlvcsegc÷k, puhs fls gejdcls hk fes `cohrhkths mhoetures sugh`chrlk `h olrje prågtcgejhkth ckthrrujpcè prågtcgejhkth y hk efiukls jljhktls kc scquchre quhèdekshgferes fes århes `h rhsplksedcfcè` `h geè ukl" .."Ltrl esphgtl quh glktrcduy÷, escjcsjl, ef hste`l ihkhref `h `hslriekczegc÷k `hf dek`l erihktckl ouh fe egtuegc÷k ecsfeè, hk jugbes lgesclkhs, `h fes trhs ouhrzes gljdetchkths tektl hk hf gejpl tågtcgl gljl hk hf fliêstcge. S hffl sugh`c÷ e phser `h quh fe `crhggc÷k `h fes lphregclkhs ouh ffhveè plr Gljek`ls Glkmuktls"55.

4.8. L^HTEGCLKHW GLJDCKE@EW Wlk equhffes lphregclkhs hk quh ckthrvchkhk ouhrzes jås l jhkls hqucvefhkths `h `ls l jås peêshs efce`ls deml uk jek`l ýkcgl, @cgbes lphregclkhs puh`hk shr glkmuktes l kl.

Hmhjpfl Bcst÷rcgl CC Iuhrre Juk`cef= "Hk fe prcjevhre `h 5304 Ckifethrre y Ejãrcge hstedek `h`cgek`l uke irek ethkgc÷k e fes lphregclkhs gljdckeès y sh hstedek ye prlùgchk`l `csgusclkhs sldrh fls ockhs hstretãicgls `h fe prcjhre lphregc÷k `h hkvhrieùre hk hf thetrl Hurlphl" 54. Hste prhperegc÷k `cl gljl rhsufte`l fe Lphregc÷k Plrgb glktre Åorcge `hf Klrth, y jås ter`h gufjck÷ glk fe Lphregc÷k Lvhrflr` hk Klrjek`êe.

4.?

PHEPTL @H FE @HGCWC×K

Hsth hs uk glkghptl oukèjhktef quh sh be prhste`l pere jýftcpfhs glkousclkhs, plr fl guef sh begh khghsercl egfererfl. 55

Cdc`., p. 92 Gepctåk `h Kevêl Wthpbhk Y. Tlsacff, Fe hstrethice `hf pl`hr jerêtcjl= su `hserrlffl y epfcgegc÷k (Je`rc`= Hsguhfe `h Iuhrre Kevef, s.o.), p. 55? 54

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

5>5

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Wh hktchk`h plr Phetrl `h fe @hgcsc÷k, hf quh glktchkh uk ldmhtcvl hstretãicgl `h tef scikcocgegc÷k quh su glkqucste l pãr`cè egerrhe hf trcukol l fe `hrrlte hk fe iuhrre, l, ef jhkls, treh glkscil uk vuhfl tresghk`hktef hk fe sctuegc÷k cjphrekth. Phetrl `h fe @hgcsc÷k kl schjprh glkstctuyh hf Phetrl ^rckgcpef. Hste ekljefêe lgurrh orhguhkthjhkth hk fes Iuhrres `h Ldmhtcvl Fcjcte`l (ILF) rhefczeès plr peêshs jerêtcjls l guek`l sh puh`h epfcger hf jer hstã plr jh`c jh`cl. l. fe Glkùggc÷k Hstretãicge `h fe Olrje Fcjcteè (GHOF), schjprh quh Fe ‖Hstrethice `h fe Eprlxcjegc÷k Ck`crhgte‚ `h Fc``hff Bert sh dese, ihkhrefjhkth, hk fe hxpfltegc÷k `h hste gcrgukstekgce. Wh `crcih hf etequh ef puktl jås vufkhredfh `hf `csplsctcvl hkhjcil ‗ ‗   kl ef jås ouhrth- tretek`l `h `hshqucfcdrerfl pere fuhil prlùgcr su glfepsl gljpfhtl. Fe jekcldre hstretãicge tejdcãk ffhve cjpfêgctl hf glkghptl `h hvefuer glrrhgtejhkth hf puktl `h fe `hgcsc÷k, `hgcsc÷k, glk hf ock `h beghr ghktrl `h irevhè` hk ãf y ilfpherfl beste glkshiucr hf `hrrujdh `hf e`vhrsercl.

Hmhjpfl Bcst÷rcgl Iuhrre `h Grcjhe= Xke pl`hrlse oflte efceè orekgl ‗ ‗   drctåkcge, ckirhs÷ ef Dåftcgl ejhkezek`l e Wek ^hthrsduril, hf glrez÷k plfêtcgl zercste. Hsth `hspfchiuh ldfci÷ e Tusce e glkghktrer guektclses ouhrzes thrrhstrhs hk hf århe treksolrjåk`lfl hk hf Phetrl ^rckgcpef. Hk tektl, fe glefcgc÷k, glk hf Cjphrcl Ltljekl ckgf ckgfuc`l, uc`l, begchk`l usl `hf ^l`hr Kevef ckve`c÷ Grcjhe hk `lk`h glksciuc÷ fe `hgcsc÷k `h fe iuhrre. CC Iuhrre Juk`cef= Hf Jercsgef Ahsshfrcki rhofhxclk÷ sldrh fe orustreè ckvesc÷k e Irek Drhteõe y fes plscdcfcè`hs lorhgcès plr hf Jh`cthrråkhl. Thocrcãk`lsh e Bctfhr, hxprhs÷= ‖@hs`h hf jljhktl hk quh bedêe `hscstc`l `h uk prlyhgt prlyhgtl l `h `hshjdergl... Effê hstede, hk gejdc gejdcl, l, hf Jh`cthrråkhl, guye lgupegc÷k y `ljckcl budchre rhprhshkte`l uk ilfph `h juhrth pere Ckifethrre, budchrek egede`l fes hsgesãhsh `h phtr÷fhl, plr quhèr `csplkcdfh fls plzls `h Cråk y `h ye fe Eredce Weu`cte, oågcfhs `h eshiurer glk ouhrzes rhùgcès. Fe iuhrre sudjercke bedrêe pl`c`l shr ffhveè g÷jlèjhkth ef ltrl bhjcsohrcl jhrgh` e fe plshsc÷k `hf Gekef `h Wuhz y `hf Ilfol ^ãrscgl. Glk fl quh jugbes `h fes rutes `hf treksplrth `h fe Irek Drhteõe, ck`csphksedfhs pere jekthkhr ef peês edesthgc`l, budchshk sc`l trhjhkèjhkth esh`ceès jås ter`h quczå hk glfedlregc÷k glk hf Mep÷k. Fuhil, hk gesl `h khghscè`, tejdcãk sh budchre pl`c`l ejhkezer e Tusce `hs`h hf sur l phkhtrer prloukèjhkth, ffhie`ls e uk glkofcgtl, hk fes fes zlkes `ãdcfhs `hf ckthrclr slvcãtcgl, e rhteiuer`ce `h su orhkth lggc`hktef. lggc`hktef. S esê hf orhkth efhjåk `hf Hsth bedrêe pese`l e fe glk`cgc÷k `h orhkth shgukèrcl, glk prldedfh dhkhocgcl `h fe sctuegc÷k ihkhref.. Hstes rhofhxclkhs `hdchrlk bedhr `hgc`c`l e Bctfhr tresfeèr hf ghktrl `h irevhè` `h fe iuhrre ef Jh`cthrråkhl 50. Glk hffl, hf Jh`cthrråkhl bedrêes treksolrje`l hk hf Phetrl `h fe @hgcsc÷k pere Efhjekce. 57

Jercsgef Efdhrt Ahsshfrcki, Thofhxclkhs sldrh fe Whiukè Iuhrre Juk`cef (Derghflke= Fucs `h Gereft, 53?8), p. 33 Cdc`., p. 5>>

50

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

5>4

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> 7. @CW^LWCPC_L

7.5. @HOCKCGC×K S GLKGH^PLW Hs uke ouhrze glkvhkchkthjhkth `cstrcducè, udcgeè y lriekczeè hk hf thetrl pere gujpfcr uke jcsc÷k dãfcge l `h gljdeth. Hf `csplsctcvl hs fe olrje hk quh uke ukcè` sh `hspfchie hk hf hsghkercl hk rhfegc÷k ef orhkth y prlouk`cè`, glk hf prlp÷sctl p rlp÷sctl `h gujpfcr glk su jcsc÷k. Hs H s uke hxprhsc÷k `h `cstrcdugc÷k, `h jh`cls, glkstctuyh uk hfhjhktl `ckåjcgl, glk vcè, jchktres quh hf thetrl hs hståtcgl. Hf `csplsctcvl puh`h shr hstretãicgl l tågtcgl. Hf peês glkscsth gl kscsth hk uk `csplsctcvl hk sê. Fls oegtlrhs quh eohgtek ef tejeõl y olrje `hf `csplsctcvl slk fls sciuchkths= Jcsc÷k, Phrrhkl y Ouhrze. Ef `csplsctcvl sh fh puh`h `hsgrcdcr plr jh`cl `h fe o÷rjufe= @CW^LWCPC_L : OXOC +PHTTHK .

7.4. @HOCKCGCLKHW GLJ^FHJHKPETCEW 7.4. f. OTHKPH Hs fe perth `hfekthre ` `hf hf `csplsctcvl y su hxthksc÷k h hss eohgteè plr fls jcsjls oegtlrhs quh ckofuyhk hk hf tejeõl y olrje `hf `csplsctcvl. - Jcsc÷k. Ldmhtl. - Phrrhkl. Eplyl Fethref. - Ouhrze. Kýjhrl. Wh `hdh glksc`hrer quh uk=

Orhkth Hxthksl= Oegcfcte fe lohkscve y hf hkvlfvcjchktl. Hs vufkhredfh e fe phkhtregc÷k

Orhkth Ekilstl= Oegcfcte fe `hohkscve y fe phkhtregc÷k. Hs vufkhredfh ef hkvlfvcjchktl l eggc÷k `h ofekgl. Hf orhkth hstå gljpuhstl plr `ls EFEW y hf GHKPTL. Geè Efe ederge 5/0 `h fe hxthksc÷k `hf orhkth. Hf rhstl hs hf Ghktrl.

7.4.4. OFEKGLW Wlk fls glste`ls `hf `csplsctcvl. Hk thlrêe hstls `hdhk hster eplye`ls pere hvcte hf hkvlfvcjchktl l eggc÷k `h ofekgl.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

5>7

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> 7.4.7. THPEIXET@CE L HWÊF@E Hs fe perth plsthrclr `hf `csplsctcvl. Pchkh quh hster glkvhkchkthjhkth gudchrte pere hohgtls `h shiurcè`.

7.4.0. HF OTHKPH HK WXW @COHTHKPH @COHTHKPHW W EGH^GCLKHW Hf tãrjckl Orhkth, hk hstrethice, tchkh trhs scikcocge`ls eghptedfhs. Hk fls thxtls hsphgcefcze`ls sh hjpfhek sck beghr `cstckils `h kckiuke hsphgch. 5½- êrth `hfekthre l jås evekzeè `hf `csplsctc `csplsctcvl. vl. 4½- Århe l jh`cl hk quh sh fugbe, `cstckiucãk`lsh hf orhkth thrrhstrh, jerêtcjl y eãrhl l fe gljdckegc÷k `h hffls. 7½- Xkl `h fls guetrl Gejpls `h Eggc÷k quh olrjek fe Kegc÷k hk Erjes= Ckthrkl, @cpfljåtcgl l Hxthrkl, Hglk÷jcgl y Dãfcgl. (Hk fe Ege`hjce `h Iuhrre Kevef hsth scikcocge`l sh `hsgert÷).

0.-

DEWHW

0. 5. EGFETE EGFETEGC×K GC×K Hsth egåpcth hstå rhohrc`l e fe Desh gljl glkghptl ihkhref. Fe Desh hk su esphgtl jerêtcjl sh trete hk fe Hstrethice Jerêtcje.

0.4. @HOCKCGC×K @H DEWH @H L^HTEGC L^HT EGCLKHW LKHW Glkstctuyh uk puktl ihliråocgl `lk`h sh efjeghke hf eplyl fliêstcge pere quh uke ouhre gujpfcr uke `hthrjckeè jcsc÷k `hktrl hstretãicge. GljlHk rhqucsctl ck`csphksedfh pere fe fe iuhrrepuhè thrrhstrh, fe desh `hdh hste udcgeè `hf thetrl. uk shktc`l jås ihkhref, Desh hs hf glkmuktl `h shrvcgcls, h`cocgcls, ckstefegclkhs y oegcfcè`hs, `hs`h fes guefhs l hk fes guefhs sh prhste eplyl jethrcef y `h tl`l lr`hk e fes ukcè`hs quh scrvhk.

0.7. THUXCWCPLW GLJÊTEPC_LW GLJÊTEPC_LW ÊTE H_EFXET HF _EFLT @H XKE DEWH e) HWPTEPÃICGL Xdcgegc÷k `hktrl `hf thetrl.

d) PÅGPCGL Eutlkljêe `hohkscve.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

5>0

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5>

g) FLIÊWPCGL Gepegcè`= - keturef - plr eglpcl.

0.0. GFEWCOCGEGC×K GFEWCOCGEGC×K @H F FEW EW DEWHW e) CJ^LTPEKGCE (5) ^rckgcpef Wlplrte hf phsl prckgcpef `hf hsouhrzl fliêstcge `hf thetrl. (4) WhgukèrceWh ckstefe guek`l sh begh khghsercl uke desh ckthrjh`ce hktrh fe Desh ^rckgcpef y fe ouhrze.

d) HWPEDCFC@E@ (5) ^hrjekhkth= Ckstefeè `hs`h fe pez y glktckýe `hshjphõek`l su oukgc÷k ùrekth hf glkofcgtl. (4) Preksctlrce= Cjpuhste plr fe sctuegc÷k hstretãicge. Pejdcãk sh ffeje Desh Evekzeè.

g)

JH@CL (5)

Phrrhstrh Xdcgeè hk Pchrre.

(4)

Ofltekth= Xdcgeè hk hf jer, hs j÷vcf.

0.8.

GLJHKPETCL

Fes Deshs `h Lphregclkhs, plr fl gljýk, slk `h gerågthr treksctlrcl, puhs prhstek utcfcè` beste quh fe ouhrzes eplyeès ep lyeès beyek gujpfc`l sus rhsphgtcves jcsclkhs.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

5>8

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> CC Iuhrre Juk`cef= Åorcge `hf Klrth scrvc÷ `h Desh `h Lphregclkhs pere hf eseftl y glkqucste `h Wcgcfce h Ctefce. Irek Drhteõe ouh fe Desh `h Lphregclkhs pere hf eseftl y glkqucste `h Hurlpe. Iuhrre `hf êgêocgl= Ektloeieste ouh hjpfheè plr Gbcfh gljl Desh `h Lphregclkhs.

8.- FÊKHEW @H GLJXKCGEGCLKHW 8.5.

EGFETEGC×K

Hsth egåpcth hstå rhohrc`l e fes Fêkhes `h Gljukcgegclkhs (FG) gljl glkghptl ihkhref, fes Fêkhes `h Gljukcgegclkhs Jerêtcjes sh ekefczek hk fe Hstrethice H strethice Jerêtcje.

8.4.

@HOCKCGC×K

Hs hf glr`÷k ujdcfcgef quh ukh e fe Desh `h Lphregclkhs glk hf @csplsctcvl pere efcjhkterfl. Fes F.G. hståk jethrcefczeès plr fes vêes `h gljukcgegclkhs jerêtcjes, eãrhes y thrrhstrhs fes ýftcjes glkscsthk hk OO.GG., gejckls, vêes ofuvcefhs, lfhlùgtls, htg. Pek `hockh gljl equhffes `crhggclkhs ihkhrefhs quh sciuh hf prlghsl `h edesthgcjchktl y khghsercl pere jekthkhr fe hocgchkgce `h gljdeth `h fes ukcè`hs.

8.7.

THUXCWCPLW @H FEW F.G.

e)

WCJ^FH Gerhzgek `h ldstruggclkhs y thkiek hf jêkcjl `h eggc`hkths keturefhs.

d)

WHKGCFFEW

Uuh su ofuml sh jekthkie glktckul, sck treksdlr`ls, hs `hgcr, kl shek gljpuhstes (thrrhstrh, jerêtcje, ofuvcef, htg.).

h)

OFHRCDFHW

^rhshkthk verces efthrketcves. `)

WHIXTEW Kl shek ckthrohrcè plr fe eggc÷k `hf hkhjcil u ltres geuses (jhthlrlfliêe,

htg.).

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

5>?

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> 8.0. GFEWCOCGEGC×K

e)

CJ^LTPEKGCE (5) (4)

d)

HWPEDCFC@E@ (5) (4)

g)

^hrjekhkths. Preksctlrces.

GLK@CGC×K (5) (4)

`)

^rckgcpefhs. Whgukèrces.

Wcjpfh. Gljpuhste.

JH@CL (5)

Phrrhstrh

(4)

Jerêtcje

(7)

Eãrhe.

8.8. GLJHKPETCLW E trevãs trevã s `h fes F.G. fe Desh jektchkh ef `csplsctcvl, tchkhk tråksctl hk `ls `crhggclkhs ukl `h eplyl y ltrl `h hveguegc÷k. Ofuyhk begce hf `csplsctcvl fls rhhjpfezls y desejhktls (khghscè`hs `h vcè y gljdeth `h fes trlpes) y rhtlrkek e fe desh fls bhrc`ls, trlpe y jethrcef rhhjpfeze`l, èõe`l y ltrls. Fes F.G. glkstctuyh hf puktl jås grêtcgl `hf `csplsctcvl, su glrth l ckthrrupgc÷k plr eggc÷k `hf hkhjcil puh`h lgesclker fe `hrrlte. Hk iuhrre thrrhstrh, hste gcrgukstekgce ldfcie e `cvhrtcr ouhrzes pere su prlthggc÷k y hs uk oegtlr "te`lr `h irek irevctegc÷k. E jh`cè quh eujhkte fe flkictu` `h fes F.G. su vufkhredcfcè` grhgh hk rez÷k `crhgte y tejdcãk `csjckuyh su hocgchkgce.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls CC Iuhrre Juk`cef= Åorcge hk fe ýftcje lohkscve `hf Eorcae Alrps orhkth e Hf Efejhck= "Kukge ffhi÷ ef orhkth jås `h uk thrgcl `hf eprlvcsclkejchktl khghsercl. S thkêe quh shr treksplrte`l `hs`h Pldrua,

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

5>9

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Dhkiesc h ckgfusl `hs`h Prêplfc, sldrh pcstes etegeès plr fe TEO. Fl quh hf pufpl `h Jefte kl `hvlrede glk sus ouhrzes `h jer y ecrh hk fe trevhsêe `hs`h Ctefce, fl `hstrlzedek fls dljder`hrls hk hf gejckl begce hf orhkth" 58. Orhkth Ihrjekl Wlvcãtcgl "kl gedh ` ùè uè `h quh fls iuhrrcffhrls rhprhshkterlk uk pephf `h prcjhr lr`hk hk fe `hstruggc÷k `h fes feries fêkhes efhjekes `h gljukcgegc÷k glk fe zlke `h Wtefckire`l1 plr hmhjpfl ye sh be bedfe`l `h g÷jl fe lohkscve `h vlk Jeksthck `hf 54 `h `cgchjdrh bedêe sc`l rhtreseè e geuse `h fe fhktctu` hk hf "bl `h fls edesthgcjchktls prlùgcè plr fe egtcvcè` iuhrrcffhre- ef peês `hf @lk 5?.

?.- FÊKHEW @H L^HTEGCLKHW (F.L.) ?. 5. @HOCKCGC×K Wlk fes `crhggclkhs ihkhrefhs quh ukhk ef `csplsctcvl glk hf ldmhtcvl hstretãicgl, l tejdcãk fes `crhggclkhs ihkhrefhs quh sciuhk fes trlpes hk hf `hserrlffl `h fes egtcvcè`hs hstretãicges quh `hdhk hmhguter pere efgekzer sus ldmhtcvls. Fes fêkhes `h Lphregclkhs glkvhkzek hk fe zlke glkghktregc÷k y sh prlflkiek beste hf ldmhtcvl hstretãicgl `hthrjcke`l pere fes ouhrzes h lphrek. E jh`cè quh hf `csplsctcvl prlirhse hk `crhggc÷k ef ldmhtcvl hstretãicgl, sciuchk`l hs `crhggclkhs ihkhrefhs, fe perth quh ve quhèk`l etrås sh ve treksolrjek`l hk fêkhes gljukcgegclkhs. Fes F.L. sh jethrcefczek plr fes vêes thrrhstrhs, jerêtcjes, ofuvcefhs l eãrhes shiýk glrrhsplkè. Fes F.L. sh `hscikek glk hf kljdrh `hf eggc`hkth ihliråocgl guye `c `crhggc÷k rhggc÷k ihkhref sciuhk, l glk fls kljdrhs `h fls eggc`hkths l puktls ihliråocgls quh ukhk. ?.4

GFEWCCGEGC×K

e)

CJ^LTPEKGCE 5) ^rckgcpef hs equhffe plr `lk`h lphreråk fe ouhrzes prckgcpefhs y quh glkùgh begce hf L.H. prckgcpef. 4) Whgukèrce. Hs equhffe quh sciuhk fes ouhrzes quh gllphrek e fe lphregc÷k prckgcpef. 7) Euxcfcer. Hs equhffe quh sciuhk jljhktåkhejhkth ouhrzes shgukèrces quh ffhvek e gedl uke lphregc÷k sudsc`cerce. d)

d)

58

JH@CL

JH@CL

êuf Gerhff, Fls zlrrls `hf `hschrtl (Derghflke= Erils, 53?5), p. 75? Efhxek`hr Yhrtb, Tusce hk fe iuhrre, 5305-5308 5305 -5308 (Derghflke= Ircm Ircmefdl, efdl, 53?2), vlf. 4, p. ?85

5?

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

5>2

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5>

g)

?.7.

(5)

Phrrhstrh.

(4)

Jerêtcje.

(7)

Eãrhe.

@CTHGGC×K (5) (4)

Glkvhrihkth. @cvhrihkth.

(7)

êrefhfe.

GLJHKPETCLW

Guek`l hf `csplsctcvl thrrhstrh sh `hspfeze hk `crhggc÷k e su L.H. hs juy vufkhredfh y hstå hkgeuze`l plr fe ihlireoêe. Hf e`vhrsercl e `vhrsercl fh glflge ldstågufls quh `hdh suphrer sughscve l scjuftåkhejhkth. Xke Ouhrze `h Perhe Ekocdce kevhiek`l hs uk `csplsctcvl hk jlvcjchktl begce su L.H. Fes F.G.J., hk hsth gesl fêkhes `h lphregclkhs, tchkhk fe shiurcè` `h fe hxthksc÷k `hf jer y kl hståk hkgeuzeès plr fe ihlireoêe phrl sê plr su L.H.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

5>3

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5>

G

^CPXFL CR

BHGBLW IXHTTHTLW 5.

@HOCKCGCL @HOCKCGCLKHW KHW DÅWCGEW

5.5. L^HTEGCL L^HT EGCLKHW KHW Wlk hjprhses dãfcges `hstckeès e ldthkhr uk L.H. y sh rhefczek plr jh`cl `h fe jekcldre y hf hkguhktrl. Pejdcãk sh fhs `hockhk gljl bhgbls dãfcgls `h prlyhggclkhs hstretãicges. Gljýkjhkth, hk iuhrre thrrhstrh fes lphregclkhs hståk hkgejckeès e fe `hstruggc÷k `h fe ouhrze hkhjcie, plr tektl `hthktek `h thktek uke hstrhgbe glkgethkegc÷k glk fe deteffe. Hste gcrgukstekgce kl schjprh sugh`h hk fe iuhrre jerêtcje.

5.4.

EGGCLKHW

Wlk bhgbls dãfcgls `hserrlffe`ls `hktrl `hf gejpl `h fe tågtcge. Fe `hgcsc÷k sh ldtchkh jh`cekth hf gljdeth. êre fe iuhrre thrrhstrh, oegtlrhs tefhs gljl fe geregthrêstcge `hf ldmhtcvl, fe rhefczegc÷k `h verces eggclkhs tågtcges pere flirer hf ldmhtcvl, hf tchjpl, hf hspegcl, fe jeikctu` `h fe ukcè` y fesrhefczer glkshguhkgces fliêstcges e`jckcstretcves plscdcfctek, hk su glkmuktl, sc sh `hdh uke lphregc÷k l ukey eggc÷k tågtcge. Hstls rhquhrcjchktls kl slk`hthrjcker våfc`ls hk fe iuhrre hk hf jer, `lk`h fes geregthrêstcges `hf ldmhtcvl e flirer `hockh fe eggc÷k e rhefczer.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

55>

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> 5.7. DEPEFFE Glkstctuyh uk bhgbl tågtcgl `h rhphrgusclkhs hstretãicges hk hf guef pertcgcpe fe jese `h fes ouhrzes. Hk hf gepêtufl _C sh fh eocrj÷ gljl hf gblquh vclfhktl `h ouhrze `h irek jeikctu` `h fls e`vhrsercls, jh`cekth hf guef ukl l ejdls dusgek jl`cocger sudstekgcefjhkth fe sctuegc÷k hstretãicge. êre `hstrucr fe l fes ouhrzes lriekczeès `hf hkhjcil shrå khghsercl fcdrer uke l verces deteffes1 sc sh flirere s÷fl hk uke, shrå fe deteffe `hgcscve. Hk tchrre, hs plscdfh ldthkhr fe rhk`cgc÷k `h fes ouhrzes hkhjcies. Hk hf jer, `cgbe efthrketcve kl hxcsth, plr fl tektl sh dusge hf ekcqucfejchktl `h fe oflte e`vhrserce.

5.0.

GLJDEPH

Eggc÷k tågtcge hk quh pertcgcpe perth `h fes ouhrzes. Fls ãxctls tågtcgls `hdhk hster lrchkte`ls plr fe hstrethice pere quh thkiek shktc`l. Fe sujetlrce `h ãxctls tågtcgls gllr`cke`ls y glkgurrhkths puh`h scikcocger uk ãxctl hstretãicgl. Hxcsth gchrte ekerquêe hk hf hjpfhl `h fls tãrjckls deteffe y gljdeth. Xk hmhjpfl `h hsth `hslr`hk hs fe hqucvlgeè `hkljckegc÷k `h fls sciuchkths hmhjpfls bcst÷rcgls.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls Iuhrre `hf êgêocgl= Gljdeth `h Ekiejls. Hk hf gblquh pertcgcperlk fes ouhrzes kevefhs prckgcpefhs `h fls dhfcihrekths. Gbcfh flir÷ hf glktrlf `hf jer `h jekhre ckglktrestedfh, fl quh fh phrjctc÷ hxpflterfh jh`cekth eseftls ekocdcls ef fctlref e`vhrsercl. e`v hrsercl.

CC Iuhrre Juk`cef= Deteffe `hfuk Jer `hf ^fete.`h Hkdlfscffl hf hkguhktrl hsgue`r÷k trhs grughrls drctåkcgls glktre eglreze`l efhjåksh`hdetchrlk 5> jcf uk tlkhfeès. Hf `h buk`cjchktl `hf glrsercl ihrjekl kl tuvl jeylr tresghk`hkgce hk fe sctuegc÷k hstretãicge hk jer.

5.8

JEKCLDTE HWPTEPÃICGE. @HOCKCGCLKHW

Gesthx fe `hockh gljl sciuh= "Thefczer jlvcjchktls eghrte`ls pere grher uke sctuegc÷k oevlredfh". Hf Ihkhref Jlktt hxprhse= "hs fe suje `h jlvcjchktls `h uke ouhrze lphretcvl e ock `h grher uke sctuegc÷k oevlredfh pere efgekzer gchrtl ldmhtcvl hstretãicgl‚ 4. Ief`÷k, plr su perth shõefe= "Fe jekcldre prlplrgclke fe olrje y fes gereg geregthrêstcges thrêstcges `h fe glkghktregc÷k. Hs fe ektctãtcge `hf hståk gljhktl jhktef l `h uke plscgc÷k oêscge hståtcge. Wcikcocge, e`hjås, fe oegufte` `h rhefcze råpc`ls gejdcls hstretãicgejhkth cjplrtekths, `hspfezåk`lsh `h ukl e ltrl puktl, fl guef hxcih rhemuster fls `csplsctcvls hk tchjpl, hspegcl y jh`cls,‚ 7. ^lr ýftcjl, hf 4 7

Jlktt, lp. Gct., p. 599

Ief`÷k, lp. Gct., p. 577

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

555

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Gepctåk `h Kevêl Wektceil @êez ck`cge= "hs rhefczer jlvcjchktls eghrte`ls pere grher y jekthkhr uke sctuegc÷k oevlredfh, y plr fl tektl, gljprhk`h fls `hspfezejchktls lphretcvls y fe deteffe, tchkh plr ockefcè` efgekzer fe olrje jås hocgez y glktuk`hkth `h flirer uk ldmhtcvl hstretãicgl= `hstrucr perth (ldmhtcvl pergcef) l hf tltef (ockef) `h fes Ouhrzes Ejeès `hf hkhjcil‚0.

4.

GLKWC@HTEGC GLKWC@HTEGCLKHW LKHW WLDTH FE JEKCLDTE HWPTEPÃICGE 4.5.

CKPTL@XGGC×K

Fe jekcldre hstretãicge sh glksc`hre hk hxtrhjl cjplrtekth. Gesthx fe hfhve e fe gethilrêe `h ‖sujjuk `hf erth. Hs fe perth hxghfse `h fe prlohsc÷k. Hs fe ldre grhe`lre plr hxghfhkgce, quh rhgur rh rh e tl`ls fls thslrls `hf hspêrctu, e fe cjeickegc÷k y e fe vlfukte`‚ 8 . Hste gcrgukstekgce begh ccjprhsgck`cdfh jprhsgck`cdfh hvefuerfe gl glk k jey jeylr lr `hthkgc÷k. Hf prh prhshkth shkth hstu`cl glrrhsplk`h e fe jekcldre hk su glkghptl ihkhref, fe jekcldre hstretãicge hk hf jer sh trete hk fe Hstrethice Jerêtcje.

4.4

EKPHGH@HKPHW 4.4.5 FE JEKCLDTE GTHEGC×K @HF GLK@XGPLT JCFCPE JCFCPET T

Fe jekcldre rhsplk`h e uke c`he glkghdcè y grheè hk fe jhkth `hf glkùgtlr y `hdh ckspcrer e tl`ls quchkhs sh hkgeriek `h jethrcefczegc÷k. Hse c`he lrcickef rhgcdh hf kljdrh `h C@HE @H JEKCLDTE. Hffe cfujcke fls jlvcjchktls y eggclkhs hjprhk`cès pere hf flirl `hf ldmhtcvl prhvcstl. Hs fe glfujke vhrthdref quh ukh, begh glbhrhkths y glkgurrhkths fls hsouhrzls `h tl`ls fls pertcgcpekths eýk guek`l sus egtls sh hohgtýhk hk hsghkercls fhmekls.

4.4.4 THEGGC×K KEPXTEF EKPH HF HKHJCIL Fe rheggc÷k ckstcktcve ef hkorhktersh euk hkhjcil glkscsth hk fe `cvcsc÷k bljliãkhe y hqucvefhkth `h fes ouhrzes prlpces glk fes `hf e`vhrsercl. ‖Wc sh quchrh ffhier e uke `hgcsc÷k, sldrh tl`l guek`l sh lphre lohkscvejhkth, hs prhgcsl beghr efil jås quh `cstrcducr fes ouhrzes hk hste olrje bljliãkhe, hk `csphrserfes sldrh uk glr`÷k cjplthkth‚ ?. ^lr glksciuchkth, hf mhoh tchkh quh suphrer `cgbe rheggc÷k keturef, grhek`l uk ghktrl `h irevhè` ckshrtl hk uke jekcldre cjeicketcve y regclkef.

4.4.7 KHGHWC@E@ @H FE JEKCLDTE Hf jås `ãdcf hstå ldfcie`l e rhgurrcr, `h jl`l ckhfu`cdfh, e fe jekcldre e ock `h hvcter fe `hrrlte. Hf jås ouhrth egu`h e hffe pere prhgevhr segrcocgcls ckýtcfhs y eshiurer hf rhsufte`l plsctcvl `h sus hsouhrzls. 0 8 ?

@êez, lp. Gct., p. 437 Cdc`., p. 9

Cdc`., p. 9

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

554

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5>

4.4.0. FE JEKCLD JEKCLDTE TE S FE DEPEFFE Fe iuhrre phrsciuh quhdrer fe vlfukte` `h fugbe `hf e`vhrsercl. Hstl sh glksciuh ekcqucfek`l su pl`hr `h rhscsthkgce, quh hk tchrre `hsgekse, oukèjhktefjhkth, hk sus hmãrgctls. Hk glkshguhkgce, hf ldmhtcvl hstretãicgl quh dusge fe jekcldre thrrhstrh hs fe `hstruggc÷k `h fes ouhrzes jcfcterhs e`vhrserces. Hk sêkthscs, fe jekcldre hstretãicge hk tchrre `hshjdlge hk fe deteffe. ‖Hf ldmhtcvl hstretãicgl `h fes ouhrzes thrrhstrhs shrå schjprh fes ouhrzes lriekczeès hkhjcies y su shffl geregthrêstcgl hk hf prlgh`cjchktl ihkhref shrå fe dýsquhè `h fe detåffe"9. Ph÷rcgejhkth, fe jekcldre glkste `h fes sciuchkths oeshs= glkghktregc÷k, `hspfchiuh, eprlxcjegc÷k y deteffe. Hk fe iuhrre jerêtcje, hk fe guef hxcsthk `cvhrsls ldmhtcvls hstretãicgls rhfegclke`ls glk su ock ýftcjl -hf glktrlf `hf jer- kl schjprh fe jekcldre hstretãicge gufjcke glk fe deteffe, eýk guek`l `hdh tljersh hk guhkte su plscdcfcè` `h jl`l phrjekhkth. Fe deteffe, hk su jethrcefczegc÷k, rhquchrh `h uke jekcldre `h gerågthr tågtcgl. ^lr tektl, fe deteffe hs ckthirekth `h fe jekcldre hstretãicge hk guektl e su glkghpgc÷k yvcgtlrce. sh hmhgute tågtcgeãxctl glk eggclkhs. sudrey÷= "hk fe hstrethice bey ^lr plr ukejh`cl perth,`hhffe duhk hstretãicglGfeushwctz hs fe prhperegc÷k vhktemlse `h feklvêgtlr tågtcge‚2.

4.4.8. ^TL^×WCPLW @H FE JEKCLDTE Fe jekcldre prhthk`h `hsglflger ef hkhjcil, oêscge y hspcrctuefjhkth, plkcãk`lfl orhkth e uke sctuegc÷k ckhsphreè ekth fe guef kl puh`h rheggclker glk hocgegce. Hs hf ckstrujhktl e`hgue`l pere ldthkhr y jekthkhr fe ckcgcetcve y fe fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k khghserce e ock `h efgekzer hf ldmhtcvl prlpuhstl. Gljl sh eocrj÷ prhvcejhkth, fe jekcldre hxcih fe `cvcsc÷k y `lscocgegc÷k `h fe prlpce ouhrze pere irevcter sldrh hf puktl `h fe `hgcsc÷k. @cgbe `cvcsc÷k escjãtrcge cjpfcge shvhrls rchsils, plr tektl sh begh khghsercl hvefuer gucè`lsejhkth fe shiurcè` `h tl`l hf `csplsctcvl. Fl ekthrclr, kl scikcocge quh sh dusquh ieker hk tlès perths, sckl `lk`h sh prhvã fe `hgcsc÷k. "Hf mhoh quh tl`l fl suph`cte e fe shiurcè` `h su hmãrgctl crå phr`chk`l lplrtukcè` tres lplkukcè`"3.

Hmhjpfl Bcst÷rcgls

C Iuhrre Juk`cef=

9 2 3

Jlktt, lp. Gct., p. 57? Gfeushwctz, lp. Gct., p. 757

Oeffs, lp. Gct., p. 00

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

557

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> ^fek Wgbfchoohk dese`l hk fe fhktctu` `h fe jlvcfczegc÷k ruse, Efhjekce bczl ghktrl `h irevhè` hk hf orhkth lggc`hktef `lk`h "glkghktrede hf iruhsl `h fes ouhrze ef hjekes hk hf efe `hrhgbe. Hste efe `hrhgbe bedêe `h etrevhser rråpcèjhkth åpcèjhkth Dãficge y hf klrth `h `h Orekgce pere fuhil, `hsgrcdchk`l uk ergl ckjhksl, icrer prlirhscvejhkth ef Hsth. Begchk`l peser su hxtrhje efe `hrhgbe plr hf Wur `h êrês y etrevhsek`l hf Whke plr Tluhk . Hste efe hjpumerêe esc e fls fls orekghshs begce hf J Jlshfe, lshfe, `lk`h shrêek errckglke`ls y jegbege`ls sldrh hf yukquh olrje`l plr fes olrtefhzes `h Flrhke y fe or orlkthre lkthre Wucze. 4.4.? LDMHPC_L ^TCKGCÊF S WHGXK@ETCL Hk tlè jekcldre sh tchkh tchkh quh `hockcr hf ldmhtc ldmhtcvl vl prckgcpef y fls shgukèrcls, tefvhz hste she fe rhslfugc÷k jås cjplrtekthr y erùe Gesthx e`vchrth= "hs juy `coêgcf quh tl`ls fls puktls `hf `csplsctcvl hkhjcil thkiek fe jcsje cjplrtekgce pere ãf, y quh e jhku`l hxcsth ukl quh prhshkte hsphgcef ckthrãs pere tef e`vhrsercl... tlè eggc÷k vcgtlrclse hk hsh puktl `hmerå råpcèjhkth ef e`vhrsercl hk uke sctuegc÷k grêtcge, y hs effê `lk`h puh`h prlùgcrsh fe rupture `hf hqucfcdrcl. @h hsth puktl `hphk`hk tl`ls fls `hjås. Hs hk ãf `lk`h bey quh eteger1 hs ebê ekth tl`l `lk`h sh `hdh trcukoer" 55. Hsh puktl hkgchrre ef ldmhtcvl prckgcpef `h fe jekcldre y hf rhstl slk shgukèrcls. Fls ýftcjls tchkhk fe gethilrêe `h gljpfhjhktercls y tredemek hk dhkhocgcl `hf prckgcpef `lk`h sh phrsciuh fe `hgcsc÷k.

4.4.9. KC_HFHW @H JEKCLDTE Fe jekcldre hs uke glkghpgc÷k, uke grhegc÷k ckthfhgtuef y, gljl tef, kl tchkh uk jergl kc hsgef÷k `hthrjcke`l. Ederge guefquchr gejpl `h fe egtcvcè` bujeke. Glk rhohrhkgce e fls glkofcgtls, sh hjpfhe `hs`h fe Hstrethice H strethice Pltef beste fe Pågtcge.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgl Hstrethice Pltef= Prete`l `h kl Eirhsc÷k Ihrjekl Wlvcãtcgl "Fls jltcvls quh cjpufserlk e Bctfhr ocrjer^lr glkhktlkghs fe Xkc÷ksh Wlvcãtcge, gferls e prcjhre vcste yy kl gerhghk `h gchrte rez÷k y f÷icge... tretede, perhghk ekth tl`l, `h ecsfer e ^lflkce hvcter fe thjcdfh iuhrre hk `ls orhkths hktrh irek`hs plthkgces"

Hstrethice GE Dãfcgl CC Iuhrre Juk`cef= "êre eteger e ^lflkce, Efhjekce glkghktr÷ hk hf Hsth fe tltefcè` `h sus ouhrzes. Fe fêkhe Wciorc`l hre hk rhefcè`, uke `ãdcf glrtcke, uk iciekthsgl dfuoo quh tuvl uk ãxctl suphrclr e tl`l fl prhvcstl"57. 55

Gesthx, lp. Gct., Pljl CC, p. 9 Fc`hff Bert, Fe hstrethice `h eprlxcjegc÷k ck`crhgte, p. 475

5> 57

Dhrker`, lp. Gct., p. 58

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

550

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Hstrethice Jerêtcje

CC Iuhrre Juk`cef= Thsphgtl e fes `csplscgclkhs klrthejhrcgekes pere rhgbezer fe ckvesc÷k meplkhse e Jc`wey, @ebjs shõef÷= "E ejdes eirupegclkhs `h plrteevclkhs, hf efjcrekth Kcjctz fhs escik÷ uke zlke ef klr`hsth `h fes Jc`wey, orekquhek`l e fes ukcè`hs hkhjcies quh sh eprlxcjedek... Sejejltl kl flir÷ sedhr `lk`h sh hkglktredek Ofhtgbhr y Wpruekgh" 50. Hf etequh `h fls dljder`hrls hjderge`ls klrthejhrcgekls `hstruy÷ e fls guetrl plrteevclkhs meplkhshs, orustrek`l hf eseftl eseftl e Jc`wey.

4.7. GFEWCOCGEGC×K @H FE JEKCLDTE J EKCLDTE 4.7.5. IHKHTEFC@E@HW Fes jekcldres sh gfescocgek `h eguhr`l e su ockefcè` hstretãicge hk lohkscves y `hohkscves. - Lohkscve= Dusge fe `hgcsc÷k. - @hohkscve= Hfu`h, rhterè l eghpte fe `hgcsc÷k.

4.7.4. JEKCLDTE LOHKWC_E Fes jekcldres lohkscves, e su vhz, sh sud`cvc`hk hk= - Jekcldres `h eprlxcjegc÷k e fe deteffe. - Jekcldres pere rhslfvhr fe deteffe. Hk fes jekcldres `h eprlxcjegc÷k e fe deteffe sh `cstckiuhk `ls vercekths shiýk fe udcgegc÷k `h fe ouhrze prlpce glk rhsphgtl ef e`vhrsercl= - -

Jekcldre hk fêkhe ckthrclr. Jekcldre hk fêkhe hxthrclr.

Fes jekcldres `h eprlxcjegc÷k e fe deteffe ldfcieèjhkth sh treksolrjek hk su oesh ockef hk uke jekcldre `h rljpcjchktl l hkvlfvcjchktl.

4.7.7. JEKCLDTE @HOHKWC_E Hk fe iuhrre sh phrsciuh fe `hrrlte `hf hkhjcil y fe `hohkscve plr sê jcsje kl rhsuhfvh hf prldfhje. ^lr tektl, fe jekcldre `hohkscve s÷fl glkscsth hk uk rhgursl `h gerågthr gljpfhjhktercl l treksctlrcl `hstcke`l e grher fes glk`cgclkhs oevlredfhs pere hjpfher fe lohkscve rhslfutcve. Hk hohgtl, fe jekcldre `hohkscve sh epfcge glk prlp÷sctls tefhs 50

@ebjs, lp. Gct., p. 728

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

558

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> gljl ieker tchjpl e ock `h quh glkgurrek kuhves ouhrzes prlpces, `hsiester ef glktrckgekth hqucperek`l plthkgcefhs, etrehr ouhrzes e`vhrserces e zlkes `hsoevlredfhs, ejerrer jh`cls hkhjcils pere hvcter su tresfe`l ef thetrl l puktl `h fe `hgcsc÷k, htg. Fes jekcldres `hohkscves slk= Fe jekcldre `hohkscve thkez. Eghpte fe `hgcsc÷k. `h gcsc÷k. Fe jekcldre `hohkscve hk rhtcreè. Hfu`h fe `hgcsc÷k. E su vhz, hste jekcldre plshh `ls lpgclkhs= uke vhz flireè fes glk`cgclkhs oevlredfhs pese e fe lohkscve y ef eiltersh hf hspegcl l hf tchjpl `csplkcdfh hstå ldfcieè e treksolrjersh hk uke `hohkscve thkez.

7.

@HWGTC^GC×K THWXJC@E @H FEW JEKCLDTE JEKCLDTEW W 7. f. JEKCLDTE HK FÊKHE CKPHTCLT 7.5.5. LDWHT_EGC LDWHT_ EGC×K ×K

Hs uke jekcldre quh prhshkte `cocgufte`hs hk fe Iuhrre Jerêtcje guek`l hf L.H. hs fe ouhrze, puhs hf jås `ãdcf puh`h rhbucr fe deteffe.

7.5.4. THUXCWCPLW Wlk fls Wciuchkths= e) d)

Hster hk plscgc÷k ghktref ekth uk e`vhrsercl `cvc`c`l. Phkhr suphrclrcè` orhkth e geè kýgfhl e`vhrsercl, phrl sh puh`h shr ckohrclr ef glkmuktl.

g)

Fe ihlireoêe y fls jh`cls `csplkcdfhs phrjcthk uk jlvcjchktl jås råpc`l quh hf hkhjcil. (F.L. jås glrtes).

`)

Pljer fe ckcgcetcve.

h)

@hockcr hf ldmhtcvl prckgcpef ckcgcef. (Hf jås phfcirlsl).

o)

Gllr`cker hk olrje hstrhgbe fes lphregclkhs.

7.5.7. @HWETTLFFL @HW ETTLFFL êre hstedfhghr guåf hs hf hkhjcil jås phfcirlsl, sh hvefýek trhs oegtlrhs=

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

55?

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> e) Hf jås ouhrth. d)

Hf jås pr÷xcjl.

g)

Hf jås ghrgekl e su ldmhtcvl hstretãicgl pertcgufer.

@hthrjcke`l hf hkhjcil jås phfcirlsl sh begh ghktrl `h irevhè` glktre `hmek`l uk `csplsctcvl `h glkthkgc÷k l orhkl orhkth ef ltrl. Xke vhz ekcqucfe`l gljpfhtejhkth hf prcjhr kýgfhl, sh fekze fe jese `h fls jh`cls glktre hf e`vhrsercl rhjekhkth.

7.4.

JEKCLDTE HK FÊKHE HRPHTCLT 7.4.5. THUXCWCPLW Wh hkujhrek e glktckuegc÷k= e)

Glkter glk `ls l jås oouhrzes uhrzes phrcoãrcges glk gepegcè` `h gllr`cker sus eggc÷k glktre uk e`vhrsercl hk plscgc÷k ghktref.

d)

Fe suje `h fes `cstcktes ouhrzes prlpces she ssuphrclr uphrclr ef hkhjcil glj gljýk. ýk. Ejhkezer ef `csplsctcvl glktrercl `hs`h `cstcktes `crhggclkhs y hk ciuef ire`l, ttef ef pcfltl quh hf hkhjcil kl puhè rheggclker prlùgchk`l su perefczegc÷k.

g)

`)

@csplkhr `h uk hspegcl `h jekcldre eprlpce`l p pere ere fe lohkscve ihkhref y i cjpcè ef e`vhrsercl hf hjpfhl `h fe jekcldre hk fêkhe ckthrclr.

h)

Phkhr duhkls hkfeghs pere eshiurer fe e`hgueè gllr`ckegc÷k `h fes lphregclkhs

7.4.4. EGFETEGCLKHW jekcldre guhkteguek`l glk `ls prckgcpefjhkth plr ygeuse `h fe ihlireoêe. Fe Hste prcjhre sh prhshkte fes vercekths geregthrêstcges `hf hsghkercl fls jh`cls phrjcthk u hstrhgbe gllr`ckegc÷k hk hf tchjpl y hf h f hspegcl. Hk fe ltre, hf jh`cl ihliråocgl s÷fl prhste pere uke gllr`ckegc÷k hk hf tchjpl- hk hsth gesl sh rhquchrh `h uke s÷fcè `hgcsc÷k gljýk. Xk hxphrtl, glk hsghptcgcsjl be `cgbl sldrh fe jekcldre hk fêkhe hxthrclr= "hs uke jåqucke `h esphgtl thrrcdfh, phrl `h phse`l jekhml‚ 58.

7.7. JEKCLDTE @H TLJ^CJCHKPL 7.7.5. THUXCWCPLW Wh hkujhrek e glktckuegc÷k.

58

Jlktt, lp. Gct., p. 53>

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

559

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> e) Fe sctuegc÷k hstretãicge y ihliråocge fe cjplkh. d)

Ilzer `h suphrclrcè` `h jh`cls rhfetcvls hk tl`l hf `csplsctcvl.

g)

Glkter glk rhshrves suocgchkths pere fe hmhgugc÷k y hxpfltegc÷k `h fe jekcldre,

`)

Beghr ghktrl `h irevhè` jekcochstl hk hf puktl hsglic`l pere fe rupture.

h)

Ejerrer e fes ouhrzes hkhjcies hk tl`l hf rhstl `hf `csplsctcvl.

o)

Thefczer uke hstrhgbe gllr`ckegc÷k `h fes lphregclkhs.

7.7.4. EGFETEGCLKHW Hf etegekth hkorhkte ef hkhjcil hk uk `csplsctcvl lriekcze`l pere fe `hohkse, hf thrrhkl hstå jht÷`cgejhkth prhpere`l y hf ouhil `h sus erjes gllr`cke`l glk hf prlp÷sctl `h ldthkhr fe jåxcje hocgegce. @cgbes gcrgukstekgces ihkhrek uk irek `hsiesth pere quchk hjpfhe hste jekcldre. Hf ihkhref Jlktt, gcte e Wgbfchoohk= "Hf etequh purejhkth orlktef hs juy e jhku`l rhgbeze`l, y guek`l sefh dchk, s÷fl glksciuh beghr rhtrlgh`hr ef hkhjcil e uke glrte `cstekgce sldrh su orhkth1 uke deteffe sh hjphõe fuhil hk ltrl puktl1 tefhs vcgtlrces y tefhs deteffes slk bhrjlses y hocgeghs guek`l sh `csplkh `hf tchjpl y fls jh`cls quh phrjctek prlflkier uke gejpeõe ck`hockcèjhkth. Hffes kl slk eghptedfhs guek`l tl`l hstå hk muhil, guek`l fls `êes, fes blres y fls jckutls hståk glkte`ls" 5?. Wck hjderil, hk fe prågtcge, fes jekcldres thrrhstrhs sh ckcgcek l thrjckek plr jh`cl `hf rljpcjchktl.

7.0. JEKCLD JEKCLDTE TE @H HK_LF_CJCHKPL 7.0.5. THUXCWCPLW Wlk fls sciuchkths= e)

Hf `csplsctcvl e`vhrsercl phrjcth hf `hsdlr`h plr sus efes.

d)

Fe ihlireoêe oegcfcte hf hkvlfvcjchktl hk prlouk`cè`.

g)

Ejerrer fes ouhrzes hkhjcies hk tl`l hf orhkth.

`) @lscocger ffes es ouhrzes prlpc prlpces es e ock `h eshiurer hf ãxctl `hf efe hkvlfvhkth, cckgfuyhk`l kgfuyhk`l uke plthkth rhshrve pere su hxpfltegc÷k. h)

Hohgtuer uke hstrhgbe gllr`ckegc÷k `h fes lphregclkhs.

5?

Cdc`., p. 538

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

552

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5>

7.0.4. GLJHKPETCL Hf bljdrh, hk su eoåk `h sldrhvcvcr hk fe fugbe, epfcge su rez÷k y f÷icge, trete `h hfu`cr fe fêkhe `h jeylr rhscsthkgce prhshkteè plr hf e`vhrsercl. ^lr jh`cl `h rl`hls ckthkte rhdeser hf orhkth hk dusge `h fls puktls `ãdcfhs y vufkhredfhs gljl fls ofekgls l hspefè y hk hffls `hsgerier fls ilfphs rhslfutcvls. Fe jekcldre `h hkvlfvcjchktl rhsplk`h e `cgbe jltcvegc÷k. ^hrl fe ejpfctu` `hf rl`hl `hdh shr destekth prloukè pere cjph`cr quh hf rcvef fl `hsdereth jh`cekth fcjcte`ls gejdcls `h orhkth. Ef glktrercl, sh begh khghsercl prlùgcr irek`hs y eprhsureès efthregclkhs `h su `csplsctcvl e ock `h `hshqucfcdrerfl y `csflgerfl. Escjcsjl, hf hohgtl `hf hkvlfvcjchktl kl s÷fl hs jethrcef sckl quh rhphrguth glk ckthkscè` hk fe jlref.

7.8. JEKCLD JEKCLDTE TE @HOHKWC_E PHKE] 7.8. f. THUXCWCPLW Wh `hsgrcdhk e glktckuegc÷k= e) Fe sct sctuegc÷k uegc÷k hstretãicge ldfcie e eghpter fe `hgcsc÷k, ekth uke lohkscve e`vhrserce. d) Fe ihlireoêe sh prhste pere lriekczer hf `csplsctcvl `hohkscvl. g) @hsiester ef hkhjcil hk uk hspegcl fcjcte`l hk prlouk`cè`. `) Glkter glk rhshrves rhshrves suocgchkths pere suphrer fes grc grcscs scs y phrklgter fe glktrelohksc glktrelohkscve. ve. h) Thefczer uke hstrhgbe gllr`ckegc÷k `h fes lphregclkhs.

7.8.4. GLJHKPETC GLJHKPETCLW LW Fe jekcldre `hohkscve thkez kl glkscsth hk uke `hohkse hståtcge y pescve sckl hxtrelr`ckercejhkth egtcve y `ckåjcge. Gljprhk`h `ls oeshs, hk fe prcjhre sh `hsieste ef e`vhrsercl jh`cekth fe hxpfltegc÷k `h eggclkhs `hohkscves gljdckeès glk lohkscves fcjcteès y flgefhs, sh phrsciuh geuserfh pãr`cès shvhres, `hthkhr su cjpufsl beste perefczerfl. Flire`l hf eiltejchktl `hf hkhjcil, tlès fes ouhrzes glkgurrhk e fe glktrelohkscve `hstckeè e glkshiucr su `hrrlte.

7.?. JEKCLD JEKCLDTE TE @HOHKWC_E HK THPCTE@E 7.?.5. THUXCWCPLW Wlk fls sciuchkths e) d) g)

@csplkhr irek`hs hspegcls hk prlouk`cè`. Fe ihlireoê ihlireoêe e y hf `csplsctcvl phrjcthk hf `hsiesth `hf e`vhrsercl hk su evekgh. Glkter glk jh`cls `h irek jlvcfcè` hstretãicge.

`) h)

Jekthkhr uke rhshrve e`hgueè pere fe glktrelohkscve. @csplkhr `h ukcè`hs hsphgcefcz hsphgcefczeès eès hk iuhrre `h iuhrrcffes.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

553

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> o) Hohgtuer uke hstrhgbe gllr`ckegc÷k `h fes lphregclkhs y plshhr uke s÷fcè `lgtrcke gljýk.

7.?.4. GLJHKPETCLW Hk hsth tcpl `h jekcldre sh hktrhie hspegcl plr tchjpl hfu`chk`l fe `hgcsc÷k Hf hkhjcil hs rhterè`l y `hsieste`l hk su evekgh plr eggclkhs `hohkscves y lohkscves flgefhs. Hk fe rhteiuer`ce `hf e`vhrsercl e `vhrsercl sh `hmek `csplsctcvls `hohkscvls quh etreciek irek gektcè` `h jh`cls glk hf ldmhtl `h khutrefczerfls. Fl ekthrclr sh gljpfhjhkte glk irupls `h gljdetchkths hsphgcefcze`ls hk iuhrre `h iuhrre pere èõer sus geè vhz jås feries y vufkhredfhs F.G. Xke vhz glkshiucè fes glk`cgclkhs oevlredfhs sh pese e fe glktrelohkscve `hstckeè e ekcqucfer ef eilte`l rcvef. Ltre efthrketcve rhsc`h hk gekefczer ef hkhjcil begce uke århe glkvhkchkth pere fe `hohkscve thkez, `lk`h sh dusge su `hsiesth y fuhil glktreetegerfl.

7.9. @HOCKCGCLKHW GLJ^FHJHKPETCE GLJ^FHJHKPETCEW W 7.9. f. ^HTWHGXGC×K Hs fe glktckuegc÷k `h uke egtctu` lohkscve hxctlse. Glkstctuyh fe hxpfltegc÷k `h fe deteffe. ^rhthk`h gljpfhter fe eggc÷k `hf etequh vcgtlrclsl y sh rhefcze guek`l hf e`vhrsercl ckcgce fe rhtcreè. Wus prlp÷sctls rhsc`hk hk hf ekcqucfejchktl `hf hkhjcil, cjph`cr quh prhshkth jås rhscsthkgce y hvcter fls segrcocgcls `h uke kuhve eggc÷k Gfeushvbtz eocrje= "Fe vcgtlrce, sc dchk shiure, hs tlèvêe juy phquhõe y `ãdcf, y hk fe shrch `h eglkthgcjchktls kl prlùgcè vhktemes juy plsctcves sc kl sh gljpfhtere glk uke phrshgugc÷k `hs`h hf prcjhr `êe" 59 . Fe phrshgugc÷k sh tret÷ hk hf gepêtufl _C.

7.9.4. THPCTE@E Hs hf rhsufte`l `h uke u ke egtctu` oregeseè, she ãste lohkscve l `hohkscve. Pchk`h e ckthrrujpcr hf gljdeth. "Fe rhtcreè glktckýe beste hf puktl hk quh sh rhstedfhzge hf hqucfcdrcl `h ouhrzes, ye she plr jh`cl `h rhouhrzls l plr fe prlthggc÷k `h olrtefhzes pl`hrlses l plr ldstågufls cjplrtekths `hf thrrhkl l plr fe `csphrsc÷k `h fe ouhrze `hf hkhjcil 52. Fe rhtcreè sh hvefu÷ hk hf gepêtufl _C.

7.9.7 GLKPTE LOHKWC_E Hs fe f÷icge glktckuegc÷k `h uke egtctu` `hohkscve quh be flire`l su ldmhtcvl `h hqucperer plthkgcefhs.

59

Gfeushwctz, lp. Gct., p. 4>?

52

Cdc`., p. 450

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

54>

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5>

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgl e)

JEKCLDTE HK FÊKHE CKPHTCLT

CC Iuhrre Juk`cef= "Efhjekce hk 5373, glflgeè hktrh Orekgce y ^lflkce, rhslfvc÷ su prldfhje ihkhref jh`cekth uke jekcldre hk fe fêkhe ckthrclr, lphrek`l `hohkscvejhkth glktre Orekgce y lohkscvejhkth glktre ^lflkce‚ 53.

d)

JEKCLDTE HK FE FÊKHE HRPHTCLT

CC Iuhrre Juk`cef= ^lflkce ‖Bctfhr ‖Bctfhr ye bedêe è`l ÷r`hkhs e sus ihkhrefhs. @hdêek `hstrucr ^lflkce hk hf pfezl jås drhvh plscdfh. Hf pfek hre quh hf 0¾ Hmãrgctl efhjåk etegere hk `crhggc÷k Hsth `hs`h ^ljhreke, jchktres hf 7hr.Fls Hmãrgctl fl begêe hk `crhggc÷k Lhsth `hs`h ^rusce begce Lrchktef pere glrter hf Glrrh`lr ^lfegl. Hmãrgctls efhjekhs 2¾, 5>¾ y 50¾, etegerêek hf 4> Klr`hsth `hs`h Hsflvequce y Wcfhsce‚ . Fes lphregclkhs jcfcterhs, hk fe prågtcge, thrjckerlk hk s÷fl 53 `êes.

CC Iuhrre Juk`cef= Deteffe `hf Fhyth HH.XX. ckve`c÷ fes Ocfcpckes `hshjdergek`l hk hf Ilfol ` Fhyth. Fe 9e Oflte ef jek`l `hf Efjcrekth Ackaec`, sudlr`ckeè e Jeg Ertbur, ède eplyl hstrhgbl e fe lphregc÷k ekocdce. Fe 7' Oflte ef jek`l `hf Efjcrekth Befshy, sudlr`ckeè e Kcjctz, hstede hkgerieè `h fe gldhrture. gldh rture. Fls meplkhshs rheggclkerlk plr jh`cl `h fe lphregc÷k WBL (_cgtlrce) XKL. Fe jekcldre glkthjpfede guetrl ouhrzes. Lzewe `hdêe shrvcr `h ckghktcvl ckghk tcvl pere `cvhrtcr e fe 7¾ Oflte begce hf Klrth. Aurcte, kevhiek`l plr hf Hstrhgbl Wek Dhrker`ckl y Kcsbcjure glk Wbcje plr hf Hstrhgbl `h Wurciel `hdêek glkgurrcr ef Ilfol `h Fhyth glk fe terhe `h `hstrucr e fls treksplrths.

g.

JEKCLDTE @H TX^PXTE CC Iuhrre Juk`cef=

Hf Efejhck (5304) "Hf ihkhref Wcr Dhjer` Jlktiljhry, sh hkglktrede orhkth e uke `coêgcf terhe ye quh fh rhsuftede cjplscdfh hkvlfvhr plr fls ofekgls ef Hmãrgctl Eglreze`l ihrjekl-ctefcekl, hktrh hf Jh`cthrråkhl y fe `hprhsc÷k `h Aettere. Fl jcsjl quh fls mhohs 53

Jlktt, lp. Gct., p. 524

4>

Jera Erklf`-Olrsthr. Pbh Ylrf` et Yer (flk`lk= Dlla Gfud Esslgceths, 5395), p. 74

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

545

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> jcfcterhs `h fe Ce. Iuhrre Juk`cef prcjhrl `hdêe hohgtuer ouhil irekhe`l y e glktckuegc÷k eteger orlktefjhkth glk su ckoekthrêe‚45 . Hf etequh sh ckcgc÷ hf 47 `h Lgtudrh `h 5304, fes prcjhres ocsures `hf orhkth sh prlùmhrlk hf >4 `h Klvchjdrh y quh`÷ rltl hf >0.

`.

JEKCLDTE @H HK_LF_CJCHKPL CC Iuhrre Juk`cef=

Hf pfek efhjåk pere glkqucster Orekgce glkscstêe hk uke jekcldre `h hkvlfvcjchktl glk ouhrzes `h irek jlvcfcè` y plthkgce. "Tuk`sth` y su Irupl `h Hmãrgctl E, sctue`l hk fes Er`hkes, glktede glk 00 0 0 `cvcsclkhs, 9 `h hffes dfckèès. Glk hf hjpumh prckgcpef evekzek`l plr Wh`åk, Tuk`sth` bedêe `h evekzer begce hf Gekef `h fe Jekgbe, `hmek`l etrepe`ls fls hmãrgctls orekgãs, drctåkcgl y dhfie hk hf ckthrclr `h Dãficge... Fls efce`ls hrek rhefjhkth suphrclrhs hk kýjhrl e fls efhjekhs. Orekghshs, blfek`hshs, dhfies y drctåkcgls suje`ls `csplkêek eprlxcjeèjhkth, `h 0 jcfflkhs `h bljdrhs, orhkth e fls `ls jcfflkhs, jås l jhkls `h efhjekhs. Pejdcãk hk tekquhs, fes ouhrzes hkhjcies hstedek rhfetcvejhkth ciuefeès, fls efhjekhs thkêek hk hf Lhsth 4.073 tekquhs y fls efce`ls 4. ?23‚44.

GEKKEW (45?.@G) JEKCLDTE @H @LDFH HK_LF_CJC HK_LF_CJCHKPL HKPL GEKKEW OXHT]EW TLJE 2>.>>> WLF@E@LW GETPEIL= 0>.>>> WLF@E@LW ^HT@C@EW TLJE 0>.>>> WLF@E@LW GETPEIL 2.>>> WLF@E@LW

h.

MHOHW TLJE= PHTHKGCL _ETTLK GETPEIL= EKCDEF

JEKCLDTE @HOHKWC_E PHKE] CC Iuhrre Juk`cef=

Efej Hf Befoe 5304 hf rhgcãk `hscike`l mhoh `hf 2¾ Hmãrgctl drctåkcgl, ihkhref Jlktiljhry, hjpfez÷ sus ouhrzes hk Efej hf Befoe, plscgc÷k quh kl sh pl`êe ofekquher y ghrrede hf pesl begce hf Gekef `h Wuhz. "Tljjhf eteg÷ hf 75 `h Eilstl, phrl hf >4 Whptchjdrh sus `cvcsclkhs dfckèès kl bedêek geuse`l eýk hf jhklr cjpegtl hk fes thkses `h Efej hf Befoe. Gckgl `êes `hspuãs, sus trlpes vlfvchrlk ef puktl `hf quh bedêek sefc`l. Fe deteffe `h Efej hf Befoe ouh fe ýftcje vhrè`hre lohkscve `h Tljjhf hk hf gchrtl lggc`hktef... E phser ` `h h

45

@ebjs, lp. Gct., p. 0?2 Ihkhref `h Drcieè _cghkt M. Hsplsctl, X.W.E. (T ), Drhvh bcstlrce `h fe Whiukè Iuhrre Juk`cef (Jãxcgl= @ceke,

44

53??), p. 93

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

544

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> su vcgtlrce hk Efej hf Ye, Jlktiljhry kl thkêe uke ghrthze `h quh hf 2' Hmãrgctl sh beffere hk glk`cgclkhs `h evekzer" 47. Jlktiljhry et, hf 47 `h Lgtudrh hk Hf Efejhck.

o.

JEKCLDTE @HOHKWC_E HK THPCTE@E TLJJHF HK ÅOTCGE @H KLTPH

Hk hf Efejhck, Tljjhf flir÷ `hsprhk`hrsh glk 9> jcf `h sus 3> jcf bljdrhs, fuhil rhefcz÷ uke hocgez rhtcreè. rhtcreè. "Fe rhtcreè begce Pýkhz shrêe rhefczeè rhefczeè plr htepes, glk hf ock `h ldfcier e fls drctåkcgls ef jeylr kýjhrl plscdfh `h jergbes `h eprlxcjegc÷k Kls desådejls pere hffl hk fe geuthfe `h kuhstrl lplkhkth, quh e fe ferie rhsuft÷ mustcocgeè. Fe prcjhre `hthkgc÷k sh hohgtuerêe hk Duhret, y fe shiukè, hk Perbuke-Bljs. Kl quhrêejls eghpter deteffe kc scquchre hk hstls puktls, sckl rhtcrer fe ckoekthrêe ekths shr etegeè, jchktres olrjegclkhs jltlrczeès fcdrerlk hsgerejuzes glk hf hkhjcil, rhtresek`l su evekgh", 40. E Gfcoolr` hsgrcdc÷ "Tljjhf glkùml uke rhtcreè jeicstref quh sh hkshõe hk fls fcdrls `h thxtls. Kl grhl quh kukge hk fe bcstlrce beye bedc`l uke rhtcreè tek ihkucke `h eguhr`l glk fl prhvcstl48

G

^CPXFL R

FLW ^TCKGC^CLW @H FE IXHTTE EW^HGPLW IHKHTEFHW 5.5. GLJHKPETCL Fls trete`cstes jcfcterhs slstchkhk irek `cspercè` `h grcthrcls hk rhfegc÷k e hsth thje Jugbls jhkgclkek fls prckgcpcls phrl sh edstchkhk hk `hockcrfls. Escjcsjl kl hxcsth glkshksl sldrh su `hkljckegc÷k, kýjhrl, efgekghs y epfcgegc÷k, ckgfusl efiukls guhstclkek su hxcsthkgce y utcfcè`.

5.4.

@HOCKCGCLKHW DÅWCGEW 5.4. f. ^TCKGC^CL

"Desh, oukèjhktl, lrcihk, rez÷k oukèjhktef sldrh fe guef sh prlgh`h `csgurrchk`l hk guefquchr jethrce. Klrje l c`he oukèjhktef quh rcih hf phksejchktl l fe glkùgte"5.

47 40 Erklf`-Olsthr,

lp. gct., p. 5?4 Jercsgef Hrwck Tljjhf, Jhjlrces (Derghflke= Fucs `h Gereft, 53?8), p. 79? 48 Ouffhr. Fe CC Iuhrre Juk`cef, p. 75?

5

Thef Ege`hjce Hspeõlfe, @cggclkercl `h fe Fhkiue Hspeõlfe. 4>ª. H`. (je`rc`, 5320), tljl 4, p. 55>0

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

547

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> 5.4.4. ^TCKGC^CLW @H FE IXHTTE Hf efjcrekth X.W.K. G.T. DTLJK, fls `hsgrcdh gljl- "bcstlrce `hstcfeè, gåpsufes `h sedcùrêe quh sh bek `hrcve`l `hf hstu`cl `h fls trcukols y `hrrltes `hf pese`l. Wlk kuhstre eyuè pere hkthk`hr fes hshkgces `h uk e erth rth `coêgcf‚4. Mlbk Glffcks hsgrcdc÷= "Pektl fls hstrethils glrkl fls tågtcgls, quh treksctek plr gejckls `h fl cktekicdfh y `h fl cjplk`hredfh, slk iuce`ls -glksgchkth l ckglksgchkthjhkthplr fls ^rckgcpcls `h fe Iuhrre, uk glkmuktl `h hxphrchkgces y phksejchktls egujufe`ls plr scifls"7 Ltrl klrthejhrcgekl, Dhrker` Drl`ch hxprhs÷= "Bey gchrtl kýjhrl `h c`hes `h gljdeth dåscges quh plshhk uk veflr ihkhref tek irek`h, quh sh fhs glklgh gljl prckgcpcls `h hstrethice‚0. ^lr su perth, Jel Psh Puki fhs ltlriede fe gefcè` `h fhyhs glk `cstcktls kcvhfhs `h epfcgegc÷k. Wck hjderil, rhgefg÷ fe ckhxcsthkgce `h iuhrres c`ãktcges. Hk glkshguhkgce, geè glkofcgtl sh rhiêe plr sus prlpces p rlpces fhyhs pertcguferhs. Hf Gepctåk `h Kevêl Wektceil @êez shõefl "Fls ^rckgcpcls `h fe iuhrre slk gchrtes c`hes u lrchktegclkhs quh e trevãs `h fe bcstlrce, sh bek jekcohste`l gljl duhkes tektl hk fe Glkghpgc÷k gljl hk fe Hmhgugc÷k `h fe Iuhrre"' Xk eutlr fls jhklsprhgc÷ ck`cgek`l- "Fls prckgcpcls slk s÷fl uk jlkt÷k `h sustektcvls" . Hk tektl Fc``hff Bert gljhkt÷ "Fe thk`hkgce jl`hrke be sc`l hk gejdcl fe `h dusger prckgcpcls quh pu`chrek hxprhsersh hk uke slfe pefedre, eukquh fuhil bcgchrek oefte jcfhs `h pefedres pere hxpfcgerfls. Euk esê, tefhs prckgcpcls slk tek edstregtls quh scikcocgek glses `cstcktes pere bljdrhs `cohrhkths y su veflr `hphk`h `hf glkghptl `h fe iuhrre quh thkie geè ukl. Guektl jås sh prlsciuh fe dýsquhè `h tefhs edstreggclkhs ljkcplthkths, jås kls eperhghk gljl uk hsphmcsjl ckefgekzedfh h ckýtcf, gljl kl she hk gefcè` `h hmhrgcgcl ckthfhgtuef‚9. ^hrl Bert `hockc÷ vekls prckgcpcls hkgudrcãk`lfls hk oreshs glrtes l "jåxcjes". Dheuorh tejdcãk pertcgcp÷ hk fe rhtcghkgce sldrh fls prckgcpcls l rhifes, puhs sh "prhthk`êe vhr hk hffes fhyhs glk veflr phrjekhkth y ihkhref, quh èdek hstedcfcè` e fe hstrethice". ^hrl, jås e`hfekth, fh ltlri÷ gchrtl grã`ctl e fe hsguhfe `h phksejchktl orekghse rhprhshkteè plr Olgb quchk "bedêe rhsujc`l fe hstrethice hk `ls rhifes `h irek edstreggc÷k= fe hglkljêe `h ouhrzes y fe fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k, quh plr su jcsje edstreggc÷k puh`hk epfcgersh e tlès fes hstrethices"3. Hf jerihk hktrh gefcocger `h fhyhs e fls prckgcpcls y `hs`hõerfls hk olrje edslfute hs hklrjh. Kl bey ùè quh gerhghk `h fes geregthrêstcges `h fes fhyhs ldfcietlrces phrl tejplgl glkscsthk hk glkghptls ckýtcfhs. Hk rhsujhk, slk uk glkmuktl `h 8

4 7

Jlktt, lp. Gct., p. 5>9 Glffcks, lp. Gct., p. ?8

0 8 Drl`ch,

lp. Gct., p. 5> @êez, lp. Gct., p. 5>8 9 Fc`hff Bert, Fe hstrethice `h eprlxcjegc÷k ck`crhgte, p. 448

3

Dheuorh, Cktrlùggc÷k e fe hstrethice, p. 43

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

540

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> vhrè`hs `hùgcès `h fe hxphrchkgce bcst÷rcge plr sus geuses y hohgtls, glkstctuyhk c`hes lrchkte`lres pere hjpfherfls hk gefcè` `h hfhjhktls `h mucgcl plr quchkhs pfekhek y glkùghk fls glkofcgtls. Wu jcsje ihkhrefcè` y edstreggc÷k oegcfctek su epfcgegc÷k. Eýk guek`l kl hxcsthk sctuegclkhs ciuefhs, fls prckgcpcls glrrhgtejhkth ldshrve`ls bek sc`l rhgljphkse`ls glk hf trcukol y, gesl glktrercl, glk orhguhkgce egerrherlk hf `hsestrh.

4.- GLKWC@HTEGCLKHW WLDTH FLW ^TCKGC^CLW 4.5. IHKHTEGC×K @H FLW ^TCKGC^CLW Fe hvlfugc÷k bcst÷rcge `h fe iuhrre, uk ohk÷jhkl slgcef hstå ckofuhkgceè plr jýftcpfhs oegtlrhs cjplk`hredfhs h ckgchrtls. Fl ýkcgl phrjekhkth hs hf bljdrh quchk, hk hf `hserrlffl fls glkofcgtls vclfhktls y eperhkthjhkth crregclkefhs, `hme cjprhsl hk fls bhgbls dãfcgls fes buhffes `h su ckthfcihkgce, hjlgclkhs h ckstcktls. "Hk fe hsohre jethrcef hf ýkcgl prckgcpcl ckvercedfh quh fls jh`cls y fes glk`cgclkhs verêek glkstekthjhkth.. ^lr hf glktrercl, fe keturefhze bc verêe s÷fl juy fcihrejhkth hk sus rheggclkhs ekth hf phfcirl. Efiukls bljdrhs puh`hk, ckofuhkgce `h fe reze, `hf jh`cl l `h fe hùgegc÷k rhsufter jås shkscdfhs quh ltrls, plr `cohrhkgces slk s÷fl `h ckthkscè` y schjprh suphrocgcefhs" 5>. Xk gucè`lsl hstu`cl `h fe b plr hf jãtl`l ckgfusl `hme hk hvc`hkgce quh gchrtes klrjes `h glkùgte l c`hes tchkh prlvlger e bljdrhs hk fugbe hf jcsjl hohgtl `h jekhre phrjekhkth. Ef ck`cvcùef sckthtczerfes sh hxtrehk glkghptls oukèjhktefhs `h epfcgegc÷k ihkhref= Fls ^rckgcpcls `h fe Iuhrre. Fes efu`cès klgclkhs kl glkstctuyhk fhyhs ckhxlredfhs y `h hxegtctu` jethjåtcge phrjekhghk e trevãs `hf tchjpl, fes gcrgukstekgces y fls jh`cls. ^lr tef rez÷k sh eocrje quh ^rckgcpcls `h fe Iuhrre `hthktek etrcdutls cktrêkshgls= vefc`hz, phrjekhkgce h ckvercedcfcè` setcsoeghk `cgbls rhquhrcjchktls `hmek `h shr prckgcpcls.

4.4. EFGEKGHW @H FLW ^TCKGC^CLW, @H FE F E IXHTTE Wlk rhefcè`hs `h fe glkùgte bujeke, plr glksciuchkth tchkhk epfcgegc÷k ukcvhrsef tretl slgcef, hktrh ltres egtcvcè`hs= eg tcvcè`hs= fe plfêtcge hxthrke h ckthrke, hglkljêe, h glkljêe, hstrethice y tågtcge. Glkscsthk hk klrjes `h gerågthr ihk" quh kl puh`hk ldshrversh gljl rhifes rêicès y plr, sckl gljl iuêes `h gljplrtejchktl l olgls cfujcke`lrhs pere e`lpter rhslfugclkhs. Fls prckgcpcls hk sê kl prhshktek kckiýk veflr. Hf bljdrh, hjpfhek`l sus glklgcjchktls ihkcl h ckspcregc÷k, `hdh epfcgerfls y gljdckerfls glk erth e ock `h grher su ldre. Fls prckgcpcls puh`hk escjcfer e fls glflrhs `h uke pefhte `h pckture. Ekths `h shr utcfcze`ls, slk ciuefhs jcfflkhs prlùgc`ls plr fe ýkcge y su glstl hs cktresghk`hkth. ^hrl, uke vhz quh hf ertcste hspergh y gljdcke hk fe thfe puh`hk ihkhrer uke ldre jehstre `h veflr ckgefgufedfh shiýk c ihkcl `hf eutlr. Hf Gljekèkth @êez begh `ls shksetes e`vhrthkgces rhsphgtl e fls efgekghs (prckgcpcls `h fe iuhrre= "kl puh`hk beghr plr sê slfls hf jcfeirl `h treksolrjer hk sedcl e gefevhre l ckglksgchkth" y "tejplgl puh`hk sustctucr fe ihkcefcè` `hf mhoh glk fe epfcgegc÷k hsgrupuflse bhgbe plr guefquchr bljdrh jh`clgrh"55. 5>

Fc`hff Bert, Fe hstrethice `h eprlxcjegc÷k ck`crhgte, p. 78

55

@êez, lp. Gct, p. 5>8

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

548

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Wldrh fls prckgcpcls `hsgeksek fls prlgh`cjchktls, quh hqucvefhk e fls prckgcpcls puhstl hk eggc÷k `h eguhr`l e fls jh`cls y ef jh`cl.

4.7. OFHRCDCFC@E@ HK WX E^FCGEGC×K Eýk guek`l ye sh yprhgcsã, sh begh glkvhkchkthkl rhgefger quh fls prckgcpcls `h fe iuhrre kl slk fhyhs olrzlses-, plr fl tektl su vufkhregc÷k schjprh egerrhe uk gestcil oetef ^lr fl gljýk, fls prckgcpcls sh gljpfhjhktek sujek`l sus hohgtls l egtýek glkgurrhkthjhkth gekefczek`l fe prhgcpctegc÷k `hf ãxctl. Wck hjderil, hk `hthrjckeès gcrgukstekgces efiukl= hffls sh suphrplkhk, gehk hk glktre`cggc÷k l su epfcgegc÷k hs cjplscdfh. Hk rhsujhk, su ldshrvegc÷k kl eshiure fe vcgtlrce phrl su jcsc÷k eujhkte fes prldedcfcè`hs `hf oregesl rhsphgtl, sh rhguhrèk efiukes lpckclkhs rhohrhkth ef thje. Hf Ihkhref Jlktt rhgljchkè= "@hdh gucèrsh `hf usl hxeihre`l `h fls prckgcpcls quh puh`hk ekufer fe rhofhxc÷k deml hf phsl `hf `lijetcsjl" 54. E fl ekthrclr bedrêe quh eirhier= y olrjufcsjl. ^lr su perth hf Ihkhref Irekt e`vcrtc÷= "Wc fls bljdrhs bcgchrek fe iuhrre, hsgfevczåk`lsh hk hf gujpfcjchktl `h fes rhifes, sck ùè oregeserêek 57. Thsphgtl e fls prckgcpcl Ief`÷k lpck÷= "kl prhthk`hk, plr tektl, tcrekczer e fe hstrethice, kc phlr eýk, glerter fe ofhxcdcfcè`, `hf phksejchktl hstretãicgl ldfciåk`lfl ckhxlredfhjhkth e egtuer schjprh `h fe jcsje jekhre. Thgepctufek`l, hf glkùgtlr jcfcter tchkh fe ldfciegc÷k `h glksufter fls prckgcpcls `h iuhrre ef edlrèr guefquchr prldfhje dãfcgl. Hffls schjprh hståk `cspuhstls e shrvcr gljl hfhjhktls pere shr utcfcze`ls, gljdcke`ls, plspuhstls u ljctc`ls. Hsth prlghsl tchkh quh egljhthrsh `h jl`l regclkef plk`hre`l, glk ejpfcl hspêrctu grhe`lr y prhvcslr. Esê hf hmh puh`h hfcjcker fls jetcghs `hireè`lrhs `h fe ldre e rhefczer.

4.0.

KXJHTL S KLJDTH @E@L E FLW ^TCKGC^CLW Hk hste jethrce rhcke uke hxtrelr`ckerce `cvhrscè` `h mucgcl hktrh trete`cstes,

ckstctugclkhs erjeès. Fes `cohrhkgces edergek esphgtls guektctetcvls, kljckefhs y glkghptuefhs. Thsphgtl ef kýjhrl `h prckgcpcls, shiýk Glffcks, Irek Drhteõe `hthktede `chz, fe hx XTWW gckgl y fls HH.XX. kuhvh glk hxghpgc÷k `h su hmãrgctl quh jekthkêe jek thkêe `chz. Hk hf gesl kegclkef, fe Erjeè glksc`hre lgbl, fe Ouhrze Eãrhe `chz y hf Hmãrgctl gckgl. Wh e`mukte uk gue`rl hxtreê`l `h "Pbh Mlckt Wteoo Loocghr's Iuc`h. 5322" 58, y ef guef sh fh eirhierlk fls prckgcpcls `hf gesl kegclkef. Wh puh`h eprhgcer fes `cohrhkgces hxcsthkths hk guektl ef kýjhrl y fe `hscikegc÷k `h gesl kegclkef. Wh puh`h eprhgcer fes `cohrhkgces hxcsthkths hk guektl ef kýjhrl y fe `hscikegc÷k `h fls prckgcpcls. Fe tedfe hs uke jhre rhohrhkgce cfustretcve puhs fls rhsphgtcvls Hste`ls Jeylrhs eglstujdrek e rhvcserfls `h jekhre glkstekth.

54

Jlktt, lp. Gct., p. 5>2 Glffcks, lp. Gct., p. ?48

57

58

X.W. Erj`h Olrghs Wteoo Glffhih, Pbh Mlckt Wteoo Loocghr“s Iuc`h, 5322 (Yesbckitlk, 5322), p. 8

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

54?

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Hk rhfegc÷k e fls kljdrhs rhgcdc`ls plr fls prckgcpcls, Keplfh÷k fls ffejede "JERCJEW", Jel "FHSHW", Fc``hff Bert "E y Dheuorh "THIFEW" ^hrl, hk ihkhref, hf tãrjckl eghpte`l hk fe egtuefcè` glrrhsplk`h e "^TCKGC^CLW @H FE IXHTTE" E mucgcl mu cgcl `h fe Erjeè rhùgcr e ukl fls prckgcpcls, gljl fl slstchkh uk hxphrtl, hs phger plr `hohgtl puhs uk glkmuktl ckstrujhktls puhstls e jekl `hf glkùgtlr pere hfedlrer suhstls ldre.glkstctuyhk ^hrl, tejplgl sh `hdh`h phger plr hxghsl, ef cjprhsclkersh plr uke kuhve erje h c`her uk prckgcpcl pere su hxpfltegc÷k. Escjcsjl, kl hs plscdfh ckgfucr gljl prckgcpcl e guefcè`hs phrslkefhs l gcrgukstekgcefhs, plr hmhjpfl= euègce, rhslfugc÷k, ofhxcdcfcè`, htg. ^lr ýftcjl, glkvchkh trehr e glfegc÷k uke oresh `h Bctfhr= "Fls slfè`ls eprhk`hk schth prckgcpcls `h fe iuhrre gljl uk grh`l. Hståk shiurls `h quh, jchktres jekthkiek hf ldmhtcvl, slsthkiek uke eggc÷k lohkscve, slrprhkèk ef hkhjcil, hglkljcghk sus ouhrzes, tljhk duhkes jh`cès `h shiurcè`, gllphrhk glk sus olrjegclkhs `h fls ofekgls y sh glkghktrhk hk fe glkqucste, iekeråk Lfvcèk quh hf hkhjcil glklgh fe jcsje olrjufe. Lfvcèk quh fes deteffes puh`hk hster jh`cl iekeès ekths `h bedhrsh `cspere`l hf prcjhr tcrl. Lfvcèk hf veflr `hf erje plfêtcge" 5? .

G X E @ T L R-5 ^TCKGC^CLW @H FE IXHTTE ÊCW

HH.XX.

ITEK DTHPEÕE HxXTWW

GBCFH

ETJE@E LDMHPL/LDMHPC_L

R

LOHKWC_E

R

WLT^THWE

R

HGLK.@H FE OXHT]E WHIXTC@E@

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

JL_CFC@E@ GLL^HT GLL ^HTEGC EGC K

R

JEWE

R

JEKCLDTE

R

CKCGCEPC_E

OXHT]EE THE

R

GLKGHKP GLKG HKPTEG TEGCC K

OFHRCDCFC@E@

HM TGCPL

R R

R R

R

RR

5?

Efek Yyahs, Bctfhr (Je`rc`, 532>).

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

549

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> WCJ^FCGC@E@

R

PCHJ^L S L^LTP.

R

FLICWPCGE

R

GLBHWCLK

R

JE JEKXPH KXPHKGC KGC K JLTEF JLTEF EPEU.

R

R

WCJXFPEKHL

R

HK PL@L KC_HF JE JEKXP KXPHK HKGC GC K

R

HOCGCHKGCE GLJDEPH FCDHT FCDHTPE@ PE@ @H EGGC EGGC K

R

4.8. ^TCKGC^CLW ^XTLW Fe Erjeè, tef guef sh hxprhs÷, rhsphte lgbl prckgcpcls `h fe iuhrre hffls fls gefcocge `h prckgcpcls purls plr thkhr etrcdutls prlpcls Hffls slk ‗ ‗   Jekuthkgc÷k `hf Ldmhtl, Eggc÷k Lohkscve, Wlrprhse y Hglkljêe `h fe Ouhrze. Wck hjderil prckgcpcls tchkhk ciuef cjplrtekgce y kckiukl prhshkte jås mhrerquêe quh ltrl.

7.-

EKEFC EKEFCWCW WCW ÊTPCGXFET @H GE@E ^TCKGC^CL 7.5. JEKPHKGCLK @HF LDMHPL e)

GLKGH^PLW DEWCGLW

Hs hf prckgcpcl "THGPLT" plr hxghfhkgce, shõefe hf "UXH". @hdh `cohrhkgcer `hf ldmhtcvl1 hf prcjhrl hs edstregtl y hf ltrl jethrcef l oêscgl. Hf ldmhtl glkscsth hk uk glkghptl, uke c`he, hohgtl `hshe`l, ock phrshiuc`l y prlp÷sctl ekbhfe`l. ^hrl hf ldmhtl `hdh thkhr uk ldmhtcvl quh fl setcsoeie glk pfhkctu`, tef gljl uk khietcvl e fe oltlireoêe glrrhl schk`l ckthrgejdcedfhs ckthirefjhkth hk sus rhsphgtcvls pfekls. Hf Ldmhtcvl schjprh tchkh hxprhsc÷k oêscge, tekicdfh y glkgrhte. Wldrh hf ldmhtcvl hs `lk`h glkgurrhk fls hsouhrzls pere, hf hohgtl `hshe`l. Fe iuhrre sh begh hmhrgchk`l fe vclfhkgce, hk guefquchre `h sus h sldrh efil rhef. Wck hjderil, fe glrrhsplk`hkgce hktrh ldmhtl y ldmhtcvl `hdh shr tek phrohgte quh phrjcte bedfer ck`cstcktejhkth `h ukl u ltrl sck susgcter glkousc÷k.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

542

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Fls peêshs hktrek hk glkofcgtl kl plr gesuefcè`, pesc÷k l plr hf pfeghr `h fe vclfhkgce sckl pere setcsoeghr uk ldmhtl, plr fl gljýk, uk jhmlr hste`l `h pez `hspuãs `h fe vcgtlrce. êre efgekzer `cgbe jhte, e fe guef hf ekteilkcste sh lplkh plr jh`cl `hf pl`hr, hjpfhek fe ouhrze pere `hstrucr l khutrefczer fes trlpes hkhjcies, glkqucster uk århe ihliråocge l flirer ltrl ldmhtcvl quh beie ckglkvhkchkth ef e`vhrsl prlshiucr glk su rhscsthkgce. "Hsth prckgcpcl sh rhochrh ef UXH BEGHT y sck ãf tl`ls fls ltrls hsterêek `h jås puhstl quh hffls sh rhochrhk ef GLJL BEGHT. Hs hf hsfed÷k `h hkfegh quh è erjlkêe y eggc÷k e fes iuhrres.

d)

HFHGGC×K S @HOCKCGC×K @HF LDMHPL

Hf prcjhr pesl, prhvcl ef `h hkge`hkejchktl `h uk glkofcgtl, glkscsth hk fe glrrhgte hfhggc÷k y `hockcgc÷k `hf ldmhtl. Gfeushwctz e`vchrth sldrh su tresghk`hkgce y gerågthr `hgcscvl. Hf efu`c`l ldmhtl, glk su glrrhsplk`chkth ldmhtcvl, prhgcse hf gujpfcjchktl `h gchrtls rhqucsctls, hktrh hffls= 5¾

Whe ooegtcdfh, egtcdfh, hs `hgcr, glkglrèr glk fes plscdcfcè`hs y gepegcè`hs `h ffls ls jh`cls `csplkcdfhs pere su glkshgugc÷k.

4¾

^hrjcte efgekzer fes espcregclkhs prlpces, fl c`hef, `h jl`l ckthiref.

7¾

Fe slfugc÷k thkie uk gerågthr `hockctcvl, sck shguhfes ufthrclrhs.

phrjcths ths `h tchjpl hsphgê hsphgêocgl ocgl y eghptedfh. 0¾ Wu flirl sh efgekgh `hktrl `h phrjc Wê hf ldmhtl shfhggclke`l rhsufte hrr÷khl glkùgh tl`ls fls hsouhrzls sldrh uk ldmhtcvl hqucvlge`l y egerrhe, plr f÷icge, glkghpgclkhs jef lrchkteès quh, ckgfusl, `hshjdlgek `hrrlte. Hf ldmhtl hs hf yolgl fujcklslHkiuêe `h fes eggclkhs rhefczer, glkvcrtcãk`lfeshkhkfeglkgurrhkths, glbhrhkths erj÷kcges. glkshguhkgce, su beze `hdh shr kêtc`l, plthkth, gepez `hf `cscper fe druje h ckghrtcùjdrh ckbhrhkths e fe iuhrre. @h keè vef`rêe thkhr jh`cls e`hgue`ls y uke drcffekth epfcgegc÷k `hf rhstl `h fls prckgcpcls sc hf ldmhtcvl hstå `cousl y glk glktlrkls plgl `hockc`ls. Hf jhklr prhgcl e peier shrêe `hserrlffer hsouhrzls `hsprlplrgclke`ls hk rhfegc÷k e su veflr.

g)

HF LDMHPL S FLW KC_HFHW

Hk uk glkofcgtl, hf ldmhtl `h jås eftl kcvhf hs hf ^lfêtcgl, hk fe hvhktuefcè` `h uke iuhrre tlje fe `hkljckegc÷k `h Ldmhtcvl ^lfêtcgl `h Iuhrre (LÎ). Geè gejpl `h eggc÷k, e su vhz, tchkh uk Ldmhtcvl Dãfcgl. Ef gejpl dãfcgl fh glrrhsplk`h efgekzer hf Ldmhtcvl ^lfêtcgl `h gerågthr Dãfcgl. Fes Ckstctugclkhs Erjeès y Phetrls Glkmuktls tejdcãk rhgcdhk sus Ldmhtcvl Hstretãicgls e glkshiucr. Pl`ls fls hsgeflkhs sudlr`cke`ls, beste fes ukcè`hs ecsfeès plshh sus prlpcls ldmhtcvls e efgekzer. Geè ukl `h hstls shrå `cohrhkth phrl tl`ls

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

543

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> hffls hkge`hke`ls, scrvchk`l geè ukl `h hffls ef prlp÷sctl `hf hsjuõê suphrclr". Hs `hgcr, fls ldmhtcvls `h fls hsgeflkhs sudlr`cke`ls slk sudsc`cercls `hf ldmhtcvl `hf suphrclr y su sujetlrce `hf glkolrjerfl hk su tltefcè`.

`)

JEKXPHKGC×K @HF LDMHPL HFHIC@L

@eè fe hshkgce `h fls glkofcgtls, sus `crcihkths, hk tl`ls fls hsgeflkhs, sc uk kýjhrl `h `cocgufte`hs y glktretchjpls hk hf gejckl begce su ldmhtcvl. Hstes fes lrcickeråk hf hkhjcil glk su fcdrh vlfukte`, hf hktlrkl oêscgl, hf ese y tejdcãk rlghs ckthrkls. Gljl hstrethils bek hjpfhe`l hk gerågthr `h sck÷kcjl `hf prckgcpcl hk guhstc÷k hf tãrjckl "thkegcè`‚ Glkvchkh rhglrèr quh fe hfhggc÷k `hf ldmhtl sh hohgtu÷ hv efuek`l tl`ls fls oegtlrhs, hstu`cek`l hstu`cek`l hk `hteffh sus glk vegekgces y efgekghs jh`cekth uk tredeml shrcl shrcl y prlouk`l. ^hrl fl ekthrclr kl scikcocge tlzu`hz, puhs "puh`h sugh`hr hk fe iuhrre quh fes gcrgukstekgces quh hxcstêek guek`l sh hfcic÷ hf Ldmhtl beyek gejdce`l. Hk tef gesl shrce prhgcsl gejdcer `h Ldmhtl. Pl`l mhoh quh tljek`l hk glksc`hregc÷k fes gcrgukstekgces y glklgchk`l fes ckthkgclkhs `hf suphrclr, eprhgce quh `hdh jl`cocger su Ldmhtl, kl `hdh shr ldstcke`l1 sck hjderil, fl cjplrtekth hs quh hf gejdcl `h gcrgukstekgces vhrè`hrejhkth fl beie khghsercl". Wldrh ãste `hgcsc÷k, Ief`lk e`vchrth ‖keè hs jås phfcirlsl hk fe iuhrre quh hf gejdcl `h ldmhtcvl. Hstl sh mustcocge slfejhkth hk gesl juy hxghpgclkefhs‚ hxghpgclkefhs‚

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls C Iuhrre Juk`cef= GLJDEPH @H FEW Oefafek`s 2-RCC-5350 Hf hsgue`r÷k `h _lk Wphh hstuvl lphrek`l glk ãxctl gljl glrsercl hk hf êgêocgl. Ef eteger ûhrtl Wtekfhy, desh kevef drctåkcgl, phr`c÷ su ldmhtcvl quh hre ckthrohrcr fes F.G.J. `h sus hkhjcils sck `hfeter su udcgegc÷k. Puvl fe efthrketcve `h `csphrser sus jh`cls y quh hffls lphreråk `h jl`l ck`hphk`chkth1 hsth prlgh`cjchktl, tef vhz, budchre ldfcie`l e `cvhrtcr kujhrlsls jh`cls `h fe Bljh Ofhth. Wu ldmhtcvl hrek fls duquhs jhrgekths `h fe Hkthkth `h uke `crhgtcve suphrclr quh lrchktere sus lphregclkhs hk dhkhocgcl `h fe Hstrethice Jerêtcje `h su peês, hk pertcgufer `h fe Oflte `h Efte Jer.

CC Iuhrre Juk`cef= DEPEFFE @HF ILFOL @H FHSPH. Fe jcsc÷k `h fe 7ª Oflte, ef jek`l `hf Efjcrekth Aurcte rhsc`êe hk hf rhgbezl `h fe ckvesc÷k klrthejhrcgeke e fes Ocfcpckes y su ldmhtcvl hrek fls treksplrths `h fe 9ª Oflte `h Ackaec`. E hsgeses jcffes `h su ldmhtcvl rhtrljergb÷ phr`chk`l esê su ldmhtcvl. Wu rhslfugc÷k hstuvl ckofuhkgceè plr fe oefte `h ckolrjegclkhs sldrh Lzewe y fe glkousc÷k `h fls G_H `h fe 9ª Oflte glk fls G_s `h fe 7ª Oflte. GLKOFCGPL @H FEW Oefafek`s Hf LÎ `h Erihktcke hre glkousl y `csglrèkth glk sus jh`cls.

7.4

EGGC×K LOHKWC_E

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

57>

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> e) GLKGH^PLW DÅWCGLW Hxprhse eggc÷k, egtcvcè` y gejdcl hk hf hste`l `h fe glses. Hxcsth glkshksl hktrh jugbls hstrethils hk glksc`hrer e fe lohkscve gljl uk prckgcpcl `h fe iuhrre puhs sh c`hktcocge glk hffe. "Khghsercejhkth, ukl `h fls `ls dek`ls be `h shr hf eirhslr, plrquh kckiuke iuhrre pl`rêe lrcickersh hk fes ckthkgclkhs `hohkscves `h ejdls dek`ls. ^hrl hf eirhslr tchkh uk ldmhtcvl plsctcvl-, hf `hohkslr s÷fl hf khietcvl. Ef prcjhrl fh glrrhsplk`h hktlkghs fe eggc÷k plsctcve, plrquh s÷fl plr hsh jh`cl pl`rå efgekzer hf ldmhtcvl". Hk ltrls tãrjckls, sc efiuchk dusge jl`cocger l gejdcer fe sctuegc÷k rhckekth rhgurrh e uke egtctu` `ckåjcge. Fe lohkscve. Hk hstrethice gedhk hxgfuscvejhkth `ls olrjes `h fugbe, uke `h hffe hs fe lohkscve y fe ltre `hohkscve. Fe prcjhre phrsciuh fe `hgcsc÷k, evekze hk dusge `hf hkhjcil e ock `h detcrfl y glkshiucr sus prlp÷sctls. Hktres fe `hohkscve sh fcjcte e slplrter y rhscstcr hf hsouhrzl `hf e`vhrsercl Xke `hohkscve, pere thkhr ãxctl, tchkh quh treksolrjesh hk lohkscve, sckl, hstå glk`hkeè s÷fl e rhterèr fe `hrrlte. Fe iuhrre hsteffe, plr fl ihkhref, guek`l uk peês fekze uke lohkscve glk ouhrzes jcfcterhs glktre ltrl Hste`l hk pls `h uk ldmhtcvl kl efgekze`l plr jh`cls pegêocgls y hf eirh`c`l sh `hochk`h.

d)

GLKWC@HTE GLKWC@HTEGCLKHW GCLKHW WLDTH, FE LOHKWC_E

Fe eggc÷k lohkscve, plr su `ckejcsjl y olrje, egerrhe irek `hsiesth `h phrslkef y jethrcef. ^rhgcse phrjekhkth efcjhktegc÷k pere glkshrver su rctjl hk glkstekth ckgrhjhktl, puhs ef `csjckucr su plthkgce-hstå `hstckeè ef `hsgefedrl. ^hrl, fe lohkscve kl puh`h treksolrjersh hk uk etequh glktckul y hk tl`ls fls fuierhs. Wh ffhve e gedl hk hf puktl e`hgue`l y hk hf jljhktl lplrtukl. Escjcsjl dusge fe suphrclrcè` jekcochste, kujãrcge y guefctetcve, sldrh hf hkhjcil hk hf århe `h epfcgegc÷k `h fe lohkscve. Whrå khghsercl beghr peuses hk hf gursl `h fe eggc÷k lrchkteès e rhgldrer fes hkhriêes sck èr lplrtukcè` ef glktrckgekth pere quh sh rhguphrh `h su quhdrektl y `hsglkgchrtl. Ltrl esphgtl cjplrtekth hs fe khghscè`l`h hxpflter fe`hsjh`c`l. lohkscve y "Fe glkslfcèr efgekzeès suphrek`l hf eiltejchktl hf lptcjcsjl lohkscve,feshkiekekgces guektl e su `ckejcsjl, rhquchrh `h uke guefcè` ck`csphksedfh= Fe Euègce ... Fe Euègce ffhve e kl ghmer ekth gcrgukstekgces e`vhrses, è hkthrhze y glkocekze pere eshster fls ilfphs jås glktuk`hkths h ckhsphre`ls. Kl `hdh glkouk`crsh, sck hjderil, fe Euègce= hjpfhl lse`l, phrl rhofhxcvl h ckthfcihkth `h fls jh`cls, glk fe Phjhrcè`= usl etrhvc`l h cjpru`hkth `h fls hfhjhktls quh sh `csplkh. Fe lohkscve, plr su ckthksl quhbeghr, hs tlkcocgekth pere fe jlref `h fls gljdetchkths puhs lorhgh rhgljphkses glkgrhtes h ckjh`cetes. Fl glktrercl sugh`h glk fe `hohkse, hkvuhfte hk fe ckghrtcùjdrh y hktrhieè e fes ckcgcetcves `hf e`vhrsercl. Wu pescvcè` glrrlh hf åkcjl `h fes ouhrzes. Fe lohkscve ederge guefquchr egtcvcè` l kcvhf= plfêtcgl, `cpfljåtcgl, hglk÷jcgl, pscglf÷icgl y tågtcgl. Efhjekce kezc ldtuvl sus jhmlrhs trcukols, sck `hrrejejchktl `h sekirh, prhvcl ef `hshkge`hkejchktl `h fe oetê`cge Whiukè Iuhrre Juk`cef. Hk hsh fepsl hjpfh÷,

glk estugce, fes lohkscves plfêtcge, `cpfljåtcge, pscglf÷icge, hglk÷jcge y fe ouhrze s÷fl fh scrvc÷

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

575

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> evef. Erihktcke utcfczek`l jãtl`ls perhgc`ls be glkshiuc`l hxthkses glkghsclkhs thrrctlrcefhs hglk÷jcges plr perth `h Gbcfh.

h)

FE LOHKWC_E S FLW ^TCKGC^CLW @H FE IXHTTE THWPEKPHW (5)

Jekuthkgc÷k `hf Ldmhtcvl .

Fls rhsufte`ls `h fe lohkscve hståk hstrhgbejhkth fcieès ef ldmhtl y ef glrrhsplk`chkth ldmhtcvl. Wc sh etege e uk ldmhtcvl hqucvlge`l sus hohgtls kl shråk fls hsphre`ls y fls segrcocgcls rhsufteråk vekls l, e fl jhkls, jeylrhs quh fls prhvcstls. Xk gferl hmhjpfl fl hktrhie fe Iuhrre `hf êgêocgl, fes glkqucstes `h Perepegå, Pegke y Ercge kl puschrlk ock e fe glktchkè.

(4)

Wlrprhse

"Lohkscve `hdh shr lplrtuke hk tchjpl y hspegcl. E jh`cè quh sh prlflkiek fls prhperetcvls sh rhùgh fe plscdcfcè` `h flirer fe slrprhse. Escjcsjl, uk hspegcl hxthksl oeghte fe lohkscve `hs`h `cvhrses `crhggclkhs y beghr ghktrl `h irevhè` sldrh hf puktl jås vufkhredfh `hf `cfete`l `csplsctcvl hkhjcil. Hk fe lohkscve glktre Orekgce, fes ouhrzes dfckèès ihrjekes etegerlk h crrujpchrlk plr fes Er`hkes, hf fuier jhkls hsphre`l plr fls efce`ls.

(7)

Hglkljêe `h fes Ouhrzes, Wuphrclrcè`, Jlvcfcè`, Glkghktregc÷k y Gllphregc÷k.

Pl`ls hstls prckgcpcls tchkhk glkhxc÷k `crhgte y hxpfêgcte hk fe eggc÷k lohkscve. Hk rhsujhk, fe lohkscve khghscte pere su ãxctl uke bådcf gljdckegc÷k `h tl`ls fls prckgcpcls `h fe iuhrre shiýk fe sctuegc÷k quh sh vcve.

`)

FE LOHKWC_E S FE FCCDHTPE@ @H EGGCL EGGCLK K

^lr fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k sh hktchk`h fe plscdcfcè` `h egtuer e vlfukte`, sck tredes, glk tlès fes plscdcfcè`hs e oevlr, e ock `h gujpfcr glk fe ukgc÷k phsh e fe lplscgc÷k `hf e`vhrsercl. Fe Hvcte` `h eggc÷k `hf glkùgtlr kl `hdh shr glerteè plr geuses ckthrkes l shrvcùjdrhs ckkhghserce. Fes hxcihkgces pere glkter glk fe fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k slk fes sciuchkths= 5) 4) 7) 0) 8)

Fcdrh `h ckthrohrhkgces y shrvcùjdrhs. Jlvcfcè`. Eplyl fliêstcge. Kl thjhr hxeihreèjhkth fls rchsils (prlthggc÷k). Jh`cls e`hgue`ls.

?)

Hspegcl rhfetcvejhkth fcdrh `h ldstågufls.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

574

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> 9) Ouhrzes rhukcès. 2) @csplsctcvl ofhxcdfh. 3) Ckolrjegclkhs sldrh hf hkhjcil. 5>) Whiurcè` `h fes ouhrzes 55) Jekuthkgc÷k `h fe ckcgcetcve. Hf Gljekèkth @êez hxprhse= "hf mhoh quh plr guefquchr jltcvl kl she ùhõl y shõlr `h sus egtls, kl pl`rå glkter glk fe fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k quh hf jek`l hxcih, kl pl`rå shr lplrtukl plr fe `hjlre hk glksufter, kc euèz plr fes tredes `hf jek`l y, plr fl tektl, kl shrå vcgtlrclsl, plrquh pere vhkghr sh rhquchrh lplrtukcè` y euègce". Xke glkocrjegc÷k `h hsth eghrte`l mucgcl fl glkstctuy÷ fe phrjekhkth cktrljcsc÷k hmhrgcè plr fe Wuphrjercke pese sldrh sus ouhrzes kevefhs hk fe jer ùrekth fe Be. Iuhrre Juk`cef. @cgbe rhstrcggc÷k e fe fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k `h sus jek`ls e oflth glkùml e fe pãr`cè `h su ckcgcetcve glk pãscjls rhsufte`ls. Fe fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k phrjcth lphrer shiýk fes prlpces khghscè`hs y glkvhkchkgces, tlje `hgcsclkhs sck hster sumhtl e rhter`ls l jl`cocgegclkhs `hf suphrclr, prlgh`hr jås råpc`l quh hf ekteilkcste, e ock `h ldfcierfl e rheggclker hk olrje phrjekhkth y prhshkterfh bhgbls glksuje`ls sck `hmerfh fe oegufte` `h jl`cocgerfls. Hk ltres pefedres oegcfcte fe ldthkgc÷k `h fe ckcgcetcve hk tlès sus hxprhsclkhs.

h)

FE LOHKWC_E S FE CKCGCE CKCGCEPC_E PC_E (5)

Ihkhrefcè`hs.

Fe ckcgcetcve hs uk oegtlr ckshperedfh `h fe lohkscve, hkthk`chk`l e fe prcjhre gljl glkghdcr y egtuer ekths quh hf hkhjcil. Uuchk beye rhsuhftl uke lohkscve, plr f÷icge, khghscte evekzer hk dusge `hf e`vhrsercl pere gljhkzer fes eggclkhs y ffhier ef hkguhktrl. Hk rhsujhk, hstå ldfcie`l e tljer fe ckcgcetcve. Wh begh glkvhkchkth rhglrèr e Glrdhtt= "Uuchk tlrke fe ckcgcetcve tchkh ihkhrefjhkth jås prldedcfcè` `h ldthkhr vhktemes plr bedcfcè` y estugce hf.

(4)

Gfescocgegc÷k y @hockcgclkhs `h fes Ckcgcetcves

Fes `hockcgclkhs glrrhsplk`hk e glkghptls hjpfhe`ls glk orhguhkgce hk fe Hstrethice Jerêtcje. Hffes bek sc`l hxtreêès `h fls thxtls "Phlrêes Hstretãicges" `hf Efjcrekth Gesthx, "Hstrethice Kevef" `hf Gljekèkth @êez y "Hstrethice Kevef. Phjes" `hf Efjcrekth Mustckcekl. Wh rhspht÷ h hff scikcocge`l `h fes hxprhsclkhs plr feril tchjpl useès hk fe Erjeè e ock `h hvcter glkousclkhs ckkhghserces l gehr hk ckthrprhtegclkhs `cohrhkths.

CKCGCEPC_E CKCGCE PC_E ^LFCPCGE "Gepegcè` y eggc÷k `h ektcgcpersh fe eggc÷k y edlier ef e`vhrsercl e egtuer hk hf pfekl plfêtcgl sljhtcãk`lsh e kuhstre vlfukte`hk y prlp÷sctls.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

577

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Glrrhsplk`h e fe Hstrethice Pltef y hs hf rhsufte`l `h uke jekcldre jek cldre l eggclkhs `hf kcvhf plfêtcgl. ^hrjcth, hktrh ltres glses, epfeze, hfu`cr h fu`cr l prlvlger uk glkofcgtl guek`l sh hstcjh glkvhkchkth y hk fes glk`cgclkhs glk` cgclkhs jås vhktemlses.

CKCGCEPC_E HWPTEPHICGE. CKCGCEPC_E "Gepegcè` y eggc÷k `h ldfcier ef hkhjcil e egtuer sljhtc`l e kuhstre vlfukte` l prlp÷sctls, l hf erth `h pl`hr egtuer glk hkthre fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k sck `hmersh suph`cter plr hf e`vhrsercl. ûh`h glkgrhtersh y shr esujcè plr jh`cl `h fe jekcldre" . Hs uke bhrrejchkte juy pl`hrlse, phrl sh ieke l pchr`h glk rhfetcve oegcfcè`. Hk glkshguhkgce sh begh khghsercl jekthkhrfe plr jh`cl `h uke jekcldre `ckåjcge, ofhxcdfh y phrscsthkth. ^rhthk`h perefczer ef hkhjcil l quh rheggclkh hk olrje prhvcste. Fl c`he rhsc`h hk hfcjcker sus plscdcfcè`hs beste `hmerfh uk s÷fl gursl `h eggc÷k prh`hthrjcke`l y `hsoevlredfh pere sus prlp÷sctls. Hk sêkthscs, quh hf e`vhrsercl kl she ùhõl `h sus egtls y hstls fh shek `cgte`ls plr kuhstre vlfukte` beste efgekzer hf ldmhtcvl hstretãicgl phrshiuc`l.

CKCGCEPC_E CKCGCE PC_E @H FEW L^HTEGCLKHW. "Ektcgcpersh ef e`vhrsercl hk hf `hserrlffl `h fes lphregclkhs glk fcdhrte` `h hfhicr ef århe y/l hf jljhktl hk fls guefhs fes ouhrzes prlpces sh hkglktreråk glk fes `hf hkhjcil pere fe deteffe `hgcscve" Fe ckcgcetcve `h fes Lphregclkhs Lph regclkhs phrjcth fe glkghktregc÷k `h fls jh`cls prlpcls hk hk tchjpl y hspegcl hk hf århe `h¡ hkguhktrl `hgcscvl. Lorhgh fe hklrjh vhkteme `h beghr glkgurrcr ef gejpl `h deteffe e fls prlpcls jh`cls kevefhs `h `cohrhkths geregthrêstcges y vhflgcè`hs tefhs gljl fes ouhrzes `h suphrocgch, sudjerckls y ehrlkevhs. Wh ldtchkh esê hf jåxcjl prlvhgbl `hf pl`hr lohkscvl `h tl`ls fls jh`cls y ltlrie uk hocgez eplyl jutul.

CKGCEPC_E @H JL_CJCHKPL "Eggc÷k `h `hspfezer fes ouhrzes begce hf ldmhtcvl, ektcgcpåk`lsh ef e`vhrsercl pere hf jhmlr gujpfcjchktl `h fe oukgc÷k. Fe efu`cè ckcgcetcve glerte fe fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k `hf e`vhrsercl, fh cjplkh uk prldfhje e rhslfvhr y, tef vhz, fl ldfcie e tljer uke `hgcsc÷k kl `hsheè l cjprhvcste.

THUXCWCPLW @H FE LOHKWC_E "Fe Lohkscve kl sh tlje guek`l l gljl sh quchre, e gchies, shiýk uke `lgtrcke edslfute, hk guefquchr jljhktl l fuier, ye quh hste Lohkscve rhquchrh gchrtes glk`cgclkhs, quh puh`hk shr setcsohgbes l kl, `h eguhr`l e fes gcrgukstekgces ,43. Fls rhqucsctls e ldshrver slk fls sciuchkths=

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

570

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> 5¾ Jek`l gepez.

4¾ Ldmhtcvl dchk hfhic`l. 7¾ Jh`cls eprlpce`ls. 0¾ Lplrtukcè` e`hgueè. Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls Iuhrre HH.XX. Hspeõe= Deteffe Wektceil `h Gude (5 232)

Hf Efjcrekth Ghrvhre sh hkglktrede dflquhe`l hk Wektceil `h Gude plr fe oflte `hf Efjcrekth Wejpslk quh hre suphrclr guektctetcve y guefctetcvejhkth. Hf Efjth. hspeõlf rhgcdc÷ fe lr`hk `h edek`lker hf puhrtl, zerp÷ hf 7 `h mufcl hk fe jeõeke y ouh ekcqucfe`l. Ckcgcetcve `h Jlvcjchktl- Efjcrekth Ghrvhre Ckcgcetcve Hstretãicge= Efjcrekth Wejpslk Hste sctuegc÷k glkstctuyh hf gesl klrjef hk fls dflquhls. Hf dflquhe`l ckcgce hf jlvcjchktl begce su ldmhtcvl. Hf dflquhe`lr puh`h eghpter, epfezer l rhbucr fe Deteffe h, ckgfusl, hfhicr hf fuier y fe blre `hf hkguhktrl. C Iuhrre Juk`cef=

Dflquhl Hglk÷jcgl glktre Efhjekce=

Fls drctåkcgls rhefczerlk uk dflquhl hglk÷jcgl glktre Efhjekce. Hf thetrl `h fe `hgcsc÷k hk hf jer hre hf Etfåktcgl `lk`h `hsocfedek fes FJG `hf Thckl Xkc`l y fes `h Efhjekce. Fes ýftcjes ouhrlk glrteès plr hf ^l`hr Kevef ckifãs. Fe Blrkh Ofhht kl thkêe khghscè` cjphrclse `h èr fe Deteffe, fh destede glkshrver hf stetu-qul pere gujpfcr glk su jcsc÷k. Escjcsjl, hf Efth Mhffcglh hre hf ýkcgl bljdrh quh pl`êe phr`hr fe iuhrre hk uke slfe eggc÷k. Ckcgcetcve `h Jlvcjchktl= Oflte `h Efte Jer Ckcgcetcve Hstretãicge= Bljh Ofhth

Iuhrre Tusl - Meplkhse= Deteffe `h Psusbcje. 53>8=

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

578

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5>

ûhrtl Erturl ye bedêe sc`l glkqucste`l plr fls meplkhshs. Fe Hsgue`re `hf Dåftcgl, ef jek`l `hf Efth. Tl`mhstvhksay, sh `crciêe hk `hjekè `h _fe`cvlstla-, thkêe trhs rutes efthrketcves pere phkhtrer ef Jer `hf Mep÷k. Hf Efth. Plil sh hstegclk÷ hk hf hstrhgbl `h Psusbcrke. Glksc`hr÷, glrrhgtejhkth, quh sc fe hsgue`re ruse lptede plr rl`her hf Mep÷k pere ckirhser plr fls `ls hstrhgbls `hf K. `csplkêe suocgchkth tchjpl pere ckthrghptere. Hk Psusbcrje ekcqucf÷ fe Ouhrze Lriekczeè ]ercste. Ckcgcetcve `h Jlvcjchktl= Plil Ckcgcetcve Hstretãicge= Plil

Jekcldre `h 52>8 Keplfh÷k pfekhede ckve`cr e Ckifethrre phrl hf Efjth. Khfslk pl`êe cjph`cr su prlyhgtl Hf Hjphre`lr prhthk`c÷ eperterfl jh`cekth uke `cvhrsc÷k. Lr`hk÷ ef Efjth. _cffhkhuvh zerper hk uke `crhggc÷k hxgãktrcges Fes Ektcffes. Khfslk phrsciuc÷ e fe Hsgue`re orekghse. Wck hjderil, _cffhkhuvh fl hve`c÷ y rhirhs÷ e Hurlpe `lk`h `hsphr`cgc÷ fe lplrtukcè` iekeè, èk`l tchjpl e Khfslk pere glkghktrersh glk hf rhstl `h fe ouhrze drctåkcge hk fe dlge lggc`hktef `hf Gekef `h fe Jekgbe. Fuhil sh fcdr÷ fe Deteffe `h Preoefier. Preo efier. Ckcgcetcve `h Jlvcjchktl= KHFWLK ùrekth fe phrshgugc÷k. Ckcgcetcve Hstretãicge= _CFFHKHX_H, beste fe rhgefeè e Hurlpe. Hste sctuegc÷k hs geregthrêstcge hk fes phrshgugclkhs. Hf phrshiuc`l, sc guhkte glk su fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k cktegte, puh`h eghpter l rhbuser hf gljdeth, e`hjås hf hkguhktrl sh rhefcze guåk`l y `÷k`h ãf rhsuhfve.

Iuhrre `hf êgcocgl. Etequh ef Geffel= Hf Efjth. Ycffcejs vufkhr÷ hf rhqucsctl `h fe "lplrtukcè`" Fe Hsgue`re phrueke ye hstede efcsteè pere beghrsh e fe jer

CC Iuhrre Juk`cef Deteffe `h Fhyth = Hf Efjth, Befshy ef `crcicrsh ef K. pere detcr e Lzewe vufkhr÷ hf rhqucsctl `h "Ldmhtcvl dchk hfhic`l", Uuchk ejhkezede e fls treksplrths e fls guefhs `hdêe prlthihr hre fe eirupegc÷k `hf Efjcrekth Aurcte.

7.7. WLT^THWE e)

IHKHTEFC@E@HW

@hklte oegcfcè` y juftcpfcgegc÷k `h fls hsouhrzls. Glflge ef hkhjcil hk uke sctuegc÷k ckhsphreè ekth fe guef kl sh beffe prhpere`l pere glktrerrhsterfe l kl fh hs plscdfh

rheggclker glk lplrtukcè`.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

57?

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Egtýe hk hf gejpl pscglf÷icgl `hsglkghrtek`l ef e`vhrsercl, "Equc, jås quh hk kckiuke ltre perth, thkhjls hk guhkte kl s÷fl ef gljekèkth prckgcpef sckl e geè ukl `h fls ck`cvcùls, plrquh fe slrprhse tchkh hf hohgtl juy phgufcer `h `hseter vclfhktejhkth hf vêkgufl `h ukc÷k. "Hs oegtlr prckgcpef hk hf `hshkge`hkejchktl `hf påkcgl, `cslfvchk`l råpcèjhkth fe glbhsc÷k `hf `csplsctcvl hkhjcil. Fe slrprhse glkstctuyh hf rhgursl `hf `ãdcf pere hqucperer plthkgcefhs. "Wck fe slrprhse kl hs glkghdc glkghdcdfh dfh fe suphrclrcè` hk hf puktl `hgcsc `hgcscvl". vl". Hffe eujhkte hf cjpufsl `h fe eggc÷k hjprhk`cè y egrhgchkte hf hohgtl `h fes ouhrzes pertcgcpekths. Fe slrprhse eblrre fe sekirh `h fls slfè`ls, êre shr hocgez rhquchrh shr hxpflteè, hs edsurè uke slrprhse sck uk prlp÷sctl dchk `hockc`l. Fe slrprhse `hsgekse hk hf shgrhtl y `csgrhgc÷k, Thquchrh jlvcjchktls y rhslfugclkhs råpcès pere eprlvhgber hf tchjpl oevlredfh y hf hspegcl "Fe slrprhse, eyuèè y oevlrhgcè plr verceès gljdckegclkhs `h shgrhtl, repc`hz, hkieõl, lrcickefcè` y euègce, puh`h gejdcer hf hqucfcdrcl `h pl`hr hk olrje `hgcscve, oegcfctek`l hf gejckl begce vcgtlrces quh puh`hk hs gljpfhtejhkth `hsprlplrgclkeès hk rhfegc÷k glk fls hsouhrzls rhefcze`ls‚. rhefcze`ls‚. Kl hs ck`csphksedfh hkglktrer ef rcvef gljpfhtejhkth `hsprhvhkc`l sldrh fes lphregclkhs ckjckhkths, deste quh phrgcde `hjesce`l ter`h su scikcocge`l, esê sus rheggclkhs sh tlrkek ckhocgeghs. Fe slrprhse sh ldtchkh, glk jeylr je ylr oegcfcè`, hk fe lohkscve quh hk fe `hohkscve, hk hf gejpl tågtcgl hk vhz `hf hstretãicgl y ef ckcgcl `h fes blstcfcè`hs, gejpeões u lphregclkhs. Fes `cvhrsclkhs, ocktes hstreteihjes prhthk`hk hkieõer ef hkhjcil. Wuk Pzu, begh 4.8>> eõls, hsgrcdêe= "Pl`l hf erth `h fe iuhrre hstå dese`l hk hf hkieõl, hk hf er`c`. ^lr hsl jcsjl guek`l shåcs gepez, ockic` fe ckgepegcè`1 egtcvl, fe pescvcè`. Ghrgekl, begh` grhhr quh hste fhmls, y fhmekl, quh hståcs ghrge". Fes hstreteihjes ckthktek ckùgcr ef hkhjcil, deml hf hkieõl quh hohgtýh eprhgcegclkhs hqucvlgeès y gljhte plr sê jcsjl fls hrrlrhs oevlredfhs pere kuhstrl prlp÷sctls.

d)

KC_HFHW @H FE WLT^THWE

Fe slrprhse, plr su gerågthr pscglf÷icgl, sh epfcge hk guefquchr egtcvcè` bujeke. Hk glkofcgtls gedhk fe slrprhse plfêtcge, hglk÷jcge, pscglf÷icge, tãgkcge, hstretãicge, jlref, tågtcge htg. ^lr fl ihkhref su hohgtl `hshstedcfcze fe sctuegc÷k vcihkth beste quh hf dek`l slrprhk`c`l, `csplkh `h tchjpl y rhgursls, hkguhktre hf ektê`ltl eprlpce`l y rhstedfhgh hf hqucfcdrcl.

h)

GFEWCOCGEGC GFEWCOCGEGCLK LK @H FE WLT^THWE (5)

Wlrprhse Hstretãicge

Fe glksciuh fe rhefczegc÷k `h lphregclkhs hstretãicges plr hf e`vhrsercl. Pchkhk irek rhphrgusc÷k y glk hohgtls ùre`hrls. Wh flire glk cjprhvcstes jeylr gepegcè`

ef ckcgcl `h fes blstcfcè`hs.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

579

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> (4) Wlrprhse Pågtcge Wh efgekze ef cktrlùgcr kuhvls prlgh`cjchktls tågtcgls l `h gljdeth. glktrerrhsteè guek`l hf eohgte`l eprhk`h fls kuhvls prlgh`cjchktls epfcge`ls.

(7) Wlrprhse Jethrcef Wh prlùgh ef cktrlùgcr erjes kuhves, l rhklveès, `hsglklgcès beste hf jljhktl `h su hjpfhl. Hf hohgtl ùre beste quh hf e`vhrsercl grhe fls jh`cls l prlgh`cjchktls eprlpce`ls pere khutrefczerfes. Fe bcstlrce hstå rhpfhte `h "Erjes Jerevcfflse‚ phrl treksctlrces. (0) Wlrprhse Jlref Fes OO.EE. `h uk peês hvc`hkgcek gepegcè`hs gljdetcves y jlrefhs hxghpgclkefhs, suphrclrhs e fl klrjef geusek`l hf `hsglkgchrtl `hf glktrckgekth.

(8) Wlrprhse Pltef y êrgcef Fe slrprhse gljprhk`h `ls peråjhtrls= @÷k`h y Guåk`l. - Wlrprhse Pltef Pltef.. Ejdls peråjhtrls sslk lk `hsgl `hsglklgc`ls klgc`ls plr hf hkhjcil. -

`)

Wlrprhse êrgcef. Xkl `h fls peråjhtrls hs `hsglklgc`l plr hf hkhjcil.

FE WLT^THWE S FLW ^TCKGC^CLW @H FE IXHTTE THWPEKPHW

Fe slrprhse ecsfeè kl tchkh utcfcè` puhs su eggc÷k oegcfcte hf hjpfhl `h fls ltrls prckgcpcls. Xke vhz flireè fe slrprhse hs khghsercl egtuer tljek`l fe lohkscve glktre hf ldmhtcvl e`, gue`l, hxpflter fe repc`hz ltlrieè plr fe jlvcfcè` e ock `h rhefczer fe glkghktregc÷k prhvcstl epfcger fe hglkljêe `h fe ouhrze ldthkchk`l fe suphrclrcè` hk hf puktl `hgcscvl, prhgevhrsh `h rheggc÷k hkhjcie glk fe shiurcè` y hxpflter fe gllphregc÷k glk jcres e efgekzer fls jhmlre rhsufte`ls plscdfhs.

h)

FE WLT^THWE S HF WHGTHPL

Fe slrprhse `hsgekse hk hf shgrhtl y hsth e su vhz `hphk`h hk olrje ukcvhrse `hf tchjpl fe `cousc÷k jchktres jås prlflkie`l she hf tchjpl y jeylr fe `cousc÷k, `csjckuyh `h jekthf `crhgte hf shgrhtl. Fe fedlr `h iuerèr hf shgrhtl hk jethrces rhfetcves e fe shiurcè` kegclkef `hdh glkstctugc÷k uke terhe phrjekhkth. Fls shrvcgcls `h ckthfcihkgce, iregces e fe thgklfliêe, guhktek glk hocgchkth scsthjes `h rhglfhggc÷k h ckthrprhtegc÷k `h fes ckolrjegclkhs. Fls jh`cls `h `cousc÷k prhshktek uk `cfhje. ^lr uke perth sh begh khghsercl

glktrlferfh y ghksurerfls pere hvcter ocsures `lk`h sh ocftrhk ètls l ekthgh`hkths gfescocge`ls.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

572

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Gljl glktre pertcè, sh rhquchrh hktrhierfhs kltcgces vhrè`hres sldrh hf treksgursl `h fes lphregclkhs y e, ieker fe glkocekze `h fe lpckc÷k pýdfcge olrtefhgchk`l hf Orhkth Ckthrkl. ^lr ýftcjl, sh fhs khghscte ock `h rhefczer gejpeões pscglf÷icges y hkieõer l `cslgcer ef e`vhrsercl. Fe hxeihregc÷k rhsphgtl ef shgrhtl hs juy klgcve, uke rhshrve jef epfcgeè l ckkhghserce geuse èõls cjprhvcstls h crrhperedfhs. ûh`h perefczer l phrmu`cger fes lphregclkhs h Ckgfusl beghr phr`hr fe glbhsc÷k ckthrke.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls Wlrprhse ^lfêtcge= ÊGPL @H KL EITHWC EITHWC×K ×K KE]C-WL_CHPCGL= Hf 47 `h Eilstl `h 5373, hf Phrghr Thcgb ocrj÷ glk fe Xkc÷k Wlvcãtcge hf pegtl hk gljhktl. Bctfhr quh`÷ esê hk glk`cgclkhs oevlredfhs pere eirh`cr e ^lflkce .

@hrrlgejchktl `h Wcbeklua= "Hf `hrrlgejchktl `h `h Wcbeklua, quh gejdc÷ `rejåtcgejhkth hf gursl `h fe iuhrre hk Ck`lgbcke, ouh uke slrprhse plfêtcge plr hxghfhkgce".

Wlrprhse ^scglf÷icge. Hf Wputkca = Hf fekzejchktl `hf Wputkca 5 plr pl r fls slvcãtcgls sldrhglic÷ e HH.XX. plr sus cjpfcgekgces hstretãicges. êre suphrerfes, fe Gese Dfekge sh hjderg÷ hk fe glstlse hjprhse `h ffhver ef bljdrh e fe fuke.

Wlrprhse Hglk÷jcge. Hjderil `h ^htr÷fhl ef Mep÷k= Hf hjderil cjpuhstl plr Tllshvhft slrprhk`c÷ ef Mep÷k, "puhs fes rhshrves `h gljdustcdfh, gefgufeès hk uk prckgcpcl hk ?,08 jcfflkhs `h tlkhfeès y glk uke ùregc÷k prhvcste `h 52 jhshs pere usls gcvcfhs y jcfcterhs, kl hrek suocgchkths kc jugbl jhkls y sh hstedek eiltek`l glk jeylr repc`hz `h fl prhvcstl".

Wlrprhse Hstretãicge. Iuhrre `h fls Whcs @êes= Fe ouhrze eãrhe csrehfê ekcqucf÷ e fe evcegc÷k åredh hk hf etequh etequ h ckcgcef.

Wlrprhse Pågtcge. Glkqucste `h Gbcfh= Feuterl `hrrlt÷ e fls hspeõlfhs jh`cekth etequhs hk eirupegclkhs sughscves.

Wlrprhse Pågtcge. CC Iuhrre Juk`cef. Wudjerckls Efhjekhs=

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

573

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Fls sudjerckls efhjekhs, hjpfhe`ls gljl eirupegclkhs tlrph`hres `h suphrocgch klgturkes, hstuvchrlk e puktl `h prlùgcr hf glfepsl `h fes gljukcgegclkhs jerêtcjes drctåkcges.

Wlrprhse Jethrcef. Hf Jhrrcjeg= "Hf Jhrrcjeg, prcjhr iuerèglstes eglreze`l, sefc÷ `hf ershkef `h Klrolfa y buk`c÷ cjpukhjhkth hk hf olk`he`hrl `h Bejptlk Tle`s, e fes oreietes oh`hrefhs `h je`hre y Gujdhrfek` y Glkirhss, ckgepeghs `h rhscstcr e sus prlyhgtcfhs y `h rhsplk`hr hocgezjhkth e suric`l uk hfhjhktl kuhvl, y gljl fls Oh`hrefhs keè thkêek pere beghrfh orhkth tchjpl hk hf hstuplr y fe ekiustce"

Wlrprhse Jlref, Iuhrre `hf êgêocgl. Hf Gljdeth Kevef `h Cqucquh `hjlstr÷ fe hxtrelr`ckerce gepegcè` gljdetcves y jlref `h fes ouhrzes gbcfhkes.

Fls Aejcaezhs. CC Iuhrre Juk`cef= Thocrcãk`lsh e fe ckvesc÷k klrthejhrcgeke e fes Ocfcpckes, Jera Erklf`-Olrsthr hsgrcdc÷ "^lr prcjhre vhz, fls slrprhk`c`ls ejhrcgekls tuvchrlk quh vãrshfes glk fls pcfltls Aejcaezhs quh trcpufedek evclkhs gerie`ls `h hxpflscvls y phrjekhgêek hk hffls beste gblger glk sus ldmhtcvls. Fls ejhrcgekls kl hstedek prhpere`ls pere hste hxtreõe y jlrtef tågtcge

7.0. HGLKLJÊE @H FEW OXHT]EW e)

GLKGH^PLW DÅWCGLW Wuichrh lr`hkegc÷k, `lscocgegc÷k y `cstrcdugc÷k, e`hjås gljprhk`h prclrcè`hs.

Glkscsth hk fe `cstrcdugc÷k `h fes ouhrzes lrchkteè e flirer fe suphrclrcè` sh dusge fe `hgcsc÷k y ldthkhr uke shiurcè` rezlkedfh hk fes århes shgukèrces. Ckvlfugre, cjpfêgctejhkth, uke c`he `h jekcldre. Fe Hglkljêe `h fes Ouhrzes kegh `hf bhgbl quh hf plthkgcef `h uk peês hs fcjcte`l y fe khghscè` `h olrjer uk ghktrl `h irevhè` `hstcke`l e hstedfhghr uke suphrclrcè` rhfetcve orhkth e`vhrsercl `lk`h sh prhthk`h fe `hgcsc÷k. @cgbe gcrgukstekgce cjplkh hglkljczer jh`cl hk ltrls fuierhs jhkls tresghk`hkths. Kl scikcocge rhstrckicr fe utcfczegc÷k `h fe ouhrze `csplkcdfh sckl `cstrcducr regclkefjhkth fe tltefcè` `h fe plthkgce `h gljdeth. "Hs uk jef e`jckcstre`lr `h sus ouhrzes quchkquchre fes thkie `lk`h hf hkhjcil kl fhs `h suocgchkth `hstckl, quchkquchre thkie sus ouhrzes sck hjpfhl -hs `hgcr quh fhs phrjcte hster lgclses-, jchktres quh fes `hf hkhjcil hståk fugbek`l. Hk hsth shktc`l hxcsth uk `hrrlgbh `h ouhrzes quh hs jljhktl phlr eýk quh su usltltef". ckeprlpce`l fes trlpes gljpfhtejhkth ckegtcves khutrefczeès plr hf hk olrje êre Dhjer` Drl`ch fe hglkljêe `h fes slk ouhrzes "scikcocge

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

50>

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> e`jckcstrer mucgclsejhkth phrl kl khghsercejhkth usl fcjcte`l glrrhgte e`hguegc÷k `h fls jh`cls e fls ockhs phrshiuc`ls.

Hk rhsujhk, rhofhme fe

Gepctekhs bådcfhs, glk fe hxpfltegc÷k `h fe hglkljêe `h fes ouhrzes, flirerlk rhslkekths trcukols ekth hkhjcils quh ilzedek `h uke glksc`hredfh suphrclrcè` ihkhref. Hffe hs uk jekètl olrzlsl pere hf jås `ãdcf. "Hf prckgcpcl `h fe hglkljêe `h fes ouhrzes hs epfcgedfh, kl s÷fl e fes ouhrzes `h gljdeth prlpcejhkth `cgbes, sckl tejdcãk e tl`ls fls jh`cls y hk pertcgufer e fls `hstcke`ls e grher tefhs ouhrzes, e jekthkhrfes y e prlvhhr e sus khghscè`hs ... Hstl hs epfcgedfh e fls edesthgcjchktls, e fes plscdcfcè`hs `h rhperegclkhs, e fe grhegc÷k y e fe lriekczegc÷k `h deshs, ef pfek `h erjejhktls hk tchjpl `h pez, e fls prlirejes `h glkstruggclkhs kevefhs, htg. @hs`h hf puktl `h vcste `hf jekthkcjchktl y `h fes treksjcsclkhs, bedrå quh `lter ef thetrl prckgcpef `hf jåxcjl `h plscdcfcè`hs. Hs effê, sldrh tl`l, `lk`h `hdhråk glkghktrersh fls jeylrhs rhgursls ... Fl jcsjl `hdh `hgcrsh `h fes glkstruggclkhs kuhves, hstes `hdhk gljprhk`hr hf jåxcjl `h ukcè`hs `hstckeès e fe terhe prckgcpef y hf jêkcjl e fes terhes shgukèrces l suphrofues.

d)

FE HGLKLJÊE @H FEW OXHT]EW S FLW ^TCKGC^CLW THWPEKPHW

êre uke hocgez hglkljêe `h fes ouhrzes shrå prhgcsl `hthrjcker glk gfercè` hf ldmhtl Fuhil sh grherå fe jekcldre ocmek`l hf ldmhtcvl prckgcpef y fls shgukèrcls. Hk hf prcjhrl sh iesterå hf jåxcjl y hk fls ltrls sh hglkljczerå `h eguhr`l e su ckofuhkgce hk dhkhocgcl `hf ldmhtcvl prckgcpef l `h fe `hgcsc÷k. @hktrl `h uke jekcldre, fls ldmhtcvls olrjek uk glkmuktl glbhrhkth y dchk trede`l. "Fes ouhrzes shgukèrces tchkhk plr jcsc÷k hshkgcef, guek`l kl ýkcge, fe `h ierektczer fe shiurcè` `h fe lphregc÷k prckgcpef. @hdhk prlgurer, hk hohgtl, quh fe fedlr `h fe jese `hstckeè e hste lphregc÷k kl she hstlrdeè plr fe ckthrvhkgc÷k `h ouhrzes hkhjcies, sctueès hk thetrls shgukèrcls, y quh `hdhk shr jekthkcès efhmeès `h fe eggc÷k `hgcscve, plr fl jhkls ùrekth hf tchjpl quh ãste sh `hserrlffh. ^lr fl tektl, hs cjplscdfh phger plr hxghsl l plr `hohgtl hk fe hglkljêe `h fes ouhrzes. Xk ghktrl `h irevhè` plgl `hockc`l scikcocge fe hvhktuefcè` `h fe `hrrlte `h fe ouhrze prckgcpef, pcfer slstãk `hf glkmuktl. Orhkths shgukèrcls `hjesce`l `ãdcfhs y sck shiurcè` puh`hk egerrher sus glfepsls `hshjdlgek`l hk hf oregesl `h fe lphregc÷k `hgcscve Fe suphrclrcè` hk hf ldmhtcvl e flirer ckvlfugrl fe slrprhse y pere jethrcefczerfe sh rhgurrh e fe jlvcfcè`. Escjcsjl, fe lohkscve gljprhk`h fe glkghktregc÷k `h fes ouhrzes geyhk`l hk glktre`cggc÷k glk fe shiurcè` rhfegclkeè glk fe `csphrsc÷k. Fe bhrrejchkte `lscocge`lr hs fe hglkljêe `h fe ouhrze quh erjlkcze fe `cstrcdugc÷k `h fls jh`cls pere èrfh plthkgce ef etequh y prhvhkcr fe slrprhse hk tl`l hf `csplsctcvl.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgl CC Iuhrre Juk`cef

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

505

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> HH.X.X., ef ckirhser hk hf glkofcgtl, rhslfvc÷ beghr ghktrl `h irevhè` hk hf Phetrl Hurlphl hk `htrcjhktl `hf êgêocgl. Hf jåxcjl `h fes ouhrzes sh `hstckerlk pere fes gejpeões quh gufjckerlk glk fe lohkscve ockef glktre Efhjekce. Wck hjderil, hf hklrjh plthkgcef klrthejhrcgekl phrjctc÷, perefhfejhkth, rholrzer hf Phetrl `hf êgêocgl.

Jekcldre `h Fêkhe Ckthrclr= Glkstctuyh fe epfcgegc÷k ckthiref `h fe hglkljêe `h fe ouhrze hk olrje efthrketcve. ^rcjhrl begh ghktrl `h irevhè` hk uk orhkth, uke vhz ldthkcè fe `hgcsc÷k hk ãsth sh gejdce hf ghktrl `h irevhè` ef ltrl orhkth.

7.8.

WHIXTC@E@

e)

IHKHTEFC@E@HW

Thvhfe prhvhkgc÷k, glkshrvegc÷k y ektcgcpegc÷k. Glkstctuyh hf Glkmuktl `h `csplscgclkhs prhgeutlrces quh `hdh eèptersh hk tlè egtcvcè` dãfcge pere rhsiuerèr fe rhshrve `h fes prlpces lphregclkhs h ckthkgclkhs. Pejdcãk gljprhk`h fes jh`cès `hstckeès e prlthihr fe ckthircè` oêscge `h fes ouhrzes. Fe shiurcè` prhthk`h prhshrver hf prlpcl pl`hr, rhùgchk`l fes plscdcfcè`hs `h ãxctl `h fe eggc÷k `crhgte l ck`crhgte `hf e`vhrsercl. Hs hf ektê`ltl glktre fe slrprhse, plr tef geuse hxcsth shiurcè` pere prlthihrsh `h sus `cvhrses hxprhsclkhs. E`hjås rhprhshkte hf hsgu`l quh sh e`hfekte pere hvcter fes cjprlvcsegclkhs y fls ètls hohgtls `hf ezer. ^lr ýftcjl ltlrie fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k hk rhfegc÷k ef hkhjcil. Fe shiurcè` kl hs uk ock sckl uk jh`cl pere gucèr `hf pl`hr `h fes ouhrzes prlpces pere epfcgerfl glktre hf hkhjcil guek`l y `lk`h sh rhsuhfve. ^rhlgupersh `h fe shiurcè` sck prlp÷sctl `hockc`l kl tchkh shktc`l, s÷fl `hshjdlge hk uk `hsphr`cgcl `h jh`cls y hkhriêes. Glkshguhkthjhkth, kl `hdh hxeihrersh hk su ldshrvekgce perefczek`l l rhstrckichk`l egtcvcè`hs dãfcges. Escjcsjl kl puh`h treùgcrsh hk perscjlkce l pru`hkgce hxghscve. "Gljl fe `hdcfcè` prlpce hs jhmlr glklgcè y sh tlje hk ihkhref jås shrcejhkth quh fe `hf hkhjcil, hs `h fl jås gljprhkscdfh bujekejhkth quh e jhku`l hf hsouhrzl plr ldthkhr fe prlpce shiurcè` ldstegufcgh fe pfhke olrjegc÷k `hf ghktrl `h irevhè`, Kl sh puh`h ckthkter shr ouhrth hk tlès perths, sh geh hk hf vufkhredfh y hståtcgl glr`÷k `hohkscvl. Fe jhmlr shiurcè` fe prlplrgclke fe eggc÷k hkãricge `h fes ouhrzes prlpces glktre hf e`vhrsercl hk hf puktl `hgcscvl shfhggclke`l.

d)

JEPHTFC]EGC JEPHTFC]EGCLK LK S GFEWCOCGEGCLK @H FE WHIXTC@E@ Fe shiurcè` egtýe hk `ls hsohres, uke rhfetcve e fe ckolrjegc÷k, ckvlfugrek`l fe

c`he `h hkghrrek`l shiurcè` sldrh fe pfekcocgegc÷k, prhperegc÷k ckthkgclkhs. Fe ltre hs rhohrhkth e fe eggc÷k, fe klgc÷k `h shiurcè` lphretcvl yhoêscge.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

504

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> (5) CKOLTJEGCLKHW

^rhvhktcve. (Ckthfcihkgce) Ldtchkh ckolrjegclkhs `hf hkhjcil. Thegtcve. (Glktreckthfcihkgce) Kchie ckolrjegclkhs ef hkhjcil. (4)

EGGCLK

^rhvhktcve. Ltlrie shiurcè` glktre fe eggc÷k slrprhscvl `hf hkhjcil. Wh treùgh hk hxpflregc÷k, petruffesh hk fe `crhggc÷k `h eprlxcjegc÷k `hf hkhjcil, re`clflgefczegc÷k, htg. Thegtcve. Theggclke ekth fe jethrcefczegc÷k slrprhscvl `h fe ejhkeze hkhjcie. Wh hohgtýe jh`cekth glrtckes, ÊG, glk`cgc÷k `h efcstejchktl, htg. Fe shiurcè` tejdcãk sh glkgrhte plr jh`cl `h fls oegtlrhs `h tchjpl y hspegcl. "Fe shiurcè` `hsgekse hk uke glrrhgte eprhgcegc÷k `h fls fêjcths `h tchjpl y hspegcl. Hf hspegcl sh treùgh hk tchjpl y ãsth hk shiurcè`.

THFEGC×K GLK FLW ^TCKGC^CLW THWPEKPHW Hstå hk êktcjl glktegtl glk fe lohkscve. Fe shiurcè` ltlrie fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k glktre fe ejhkeze hkhjcie oegcfctek`l fe ckcgcetcve y grhe fe lplrtukcè` pere rhefczer fe lohkscve hk glk`cgclkhs oevlredfhs. "Fe shiurcè` hs fe desh sldrh fe quh pl`hjls eplyer fe lohkscve. Fe shiurcè` y fe lohkscve sh èk fe jekl1 fe shiukè `hphk`h `h fe prcjhre. Fe shiurcè` sck kckiuke rhohrhkgce e fe lohkscve, kl hs shiurcè` sckl quh sucgc`cl prlflkie`l.

Fe shiurcè` sh rhfegclke glk tl`l fl quh jekcochsth jlvcjchktl y eggc÷k, hk glkshguhkgce eplye e fe glkghktregc÷k, slrprhse, hglkljêe `h fe ouhrze, jlvcfcè` y gllphregc÷k.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls Deteffe `h Eduacr (5932)= Fe Hsgue`re `hf Efth. Drucx hve`c÷ hf dflquhl e `cstekgce jekthkc`l plr Khfslk `hs`h Ghr`hõe. Ef Hmãrgctl Hxph`cgclkercl, jekè`l plr Keplfh÷k, fl `hshjderg÷ hk Hicptl. Wu prlp÷sctl hre glrter fes gljukcgegclkhs `h Irek Drhteõe glk fe Ck`ce. Khfslk ef glklghr, glk rhtresl, hf zerph `h fe oflte orekghse rhglrrc÷ hf Jh`cthrråkhl hk su dusge. Fe flgefcz÷ hk Eduacr, ckirhs÷ glk fes ýftcjes fughs e fe debêe y ekcqucf÷ e fe oflte hk su olk`he`hrl. Fls orekghshs thkêek fe jcte` `h sus `ltegclkhs hk tchrre. Drucx kl tlj÷ prhgeugc÷k efiuke pere hvcter fe slrprhse, puhs glksc`hr÷ quh fe debêe fh prlplrgclkede uke shiurcè` gljpfhte.

CC Iuhrre Juk`cef=

Etequh Ehrlkevef e Perhktl (55-KL_- 530>)=

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

507

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Hxcstêe uk hste`l `h `cspute plr hf glktrlf `hf Jer Jh`cthrråkhl. Jh` cthrråkhl. Fe Hsgue`re ctefceke, ef jek`l `hf Efth. Gejpclkc, sh hkglktrede olk`heè hk Perhktl. Fe Desh Kevef glktede glk pl`hrlses `hohkses EE y `h suphrocgch. suph rocgch. @eè fe plge prlouk`cè` `h fe debêe de bêe eýk kl sh bedêek ckstefe`l rh`hs ektctlrph`ls pere prlthihr e fes ukcè`hs jeylrhs. Hf Efth. Gukkckibej e fe Ouhrze Lriekczeè hkhjcie hk su olk`he`hrl. Fls drctåkcgls rhefczerlk ukrhslfvc÷ etequheteger klgturkl hjpfhek`l fls evclkhs hjderge`ls hk sus plrteevclkhs h ckutcfczerlk, plr feril tchjpl, e 7 eglreze`ls y ltres ukcè`hs kevefhs. Glk hffl, Ctefce phr`c÷ fe suphrclrcè` hk hf jer y e`hjås su oflte edek`lk÷ fe vefclse plscgc÷k Perhktl `csphrsåk`lsh hk fls puhrtls `hf K. `h fe phkêksufe. Hf ãxctl `h hste lphregc÷k sh flir÷ iregces e fe hxpfltegc÷k `h oeffes hk fe shiurcè` `h fe Eggc÷k Thegtcve `h fls ctefcekls.

Etequh Ehrlkevef e ^herf BerdlurFe Erjeè klrthejhrcgeke, e phser `hf hmhjpfl `h Perhktl h ckjckhkgce `h uk glkofcgtl glk Mep÷k, kl e`lpt÷ jh`cès `h shiurcè` glktre hsth tcpl `h etequh. Hf jek`l hste`lukc`hksh kl cjeick÷ uke eggc÷k ehrlkevef e hse desh tek fhmeke `hf Mep÷k, ckgfusl, tlj÷ jh`cès glktre hf sedltemh fl quh oegcfct÷ fe eggc÷k `h fls evclkhs etegekths.

Iuhrre `hf êgêocgl Dflquhl `h

CUXCUXH.

Hf Efth. Ycfderks vufkhr÷ fe shiurcè` ef `hmer 4 duquhs ektciuls, gesc ckýtcfhs, e geril `hf dflquhl `h Cqucquh. Hstls kc scquchre hrek lplkhkths shrcls pere fls jh`cls shgukèrcls phruekls.

7.?. GLKGHKPTE GLKGHKPTEGCLK GCLK e)

IHKHTEFC@E@HW Jekcochste plthkgce, glkgethkegc÷k y `hgcsc÷k.

Glkscsth hk glkghktrer fes ouhrzes jethrcefhs y jlrefhs hk hf fuier y lplrtukcè` e`hgue`ls pere glkshiucr ockhs `hgcscvls. Glk `cgbl prlp÷sctl sh ertcgufek glkvhkchkthjhkth fls jh`cls `csplkcdfhs pere quh sh prhsthk eplyl jutul hk tchjpl y hspegcl, escjcsjl sh sckgrlkczek fls `cohrhkths kýgfhls begcãk`lfls pertcgcper `h jl`l glkgurrhkth e fe eggc÷k gljýk. Hsth prckgcpcl tejdcãk sh glklgh gljl Thukc÷k `h fls Jh`cls l Beghr Jese. Gfeushwctz ekefcz÷ hk prlouk`cè` hf thje. Wh treksgrcdhk efiukes `h sus rhofhxclkhs sldrh fe suphrclrcè` y su glrlfercl fe glkghktregc÷k= "Fe suphrclrcè` kujãrcge hs hf oegtlr jås

cjplrtekth hk hf rhsufte`l `hf hkguhktrl, phrl `hdh shr suocgchkthjhkth irek`h pere glktrephser e tlès fes ltres gcrgukstekgces glhxcsthkths fe ouhrze hk hf puktl `hgcscvl hs

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

500

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> esuktl `h gepctef cjplrtekgce y quh, hk fe jeylrêe `h fls gesls, hs gethi÷rcgejhkth, fl jås cjplrtekth `h tl`l eýk hk hf gesl `h quh kl pu`chre flirersh suphrclrcè` edslfute, kl quhè ltre glse quh glkshiucr uke suphrclrcè` rhfetcve hk hf puktl `hgcscvl, plr jh`cl `hf usl bådcf `h fl quh plshhjls. Fe jhmlr hstrethice be `h shr schjprh juy ouhrth, prcjhrl hk ihkhref, `hspuãs hk hf puktl `hgcscvl... kl bey fhy jås scjpfh y jås cjphretcve pere fe hstrethice quh fe `h jekthkhr glkghktreès fes fls ouhrzes. pertcgcper tl`lfhmls hf pl`hr e jekl, fe glkghktregc÷k prhgcpcte y juftcpfcge hohgtlsEf`hbeghr fe ouhrze. ^hrl, hstå `h glkscstcr hk uk epcõejchktl cklriåkcgl l seturer uk århe glk jh`cls `h gljdeth Juy plr glktrercl, `hthrjcke uk bådcf eprlvhgbejchktl `hf hspegcl, e ock `h `cstrcducr e fes ouhrzes shiýk sus gepegcè`hs hsphgêocges. Fe glkghktregc÷k hkgchrre, hk olrje cjpfêgcte, fe `csphrsc÷k prhvce. Hk ihkhref, fls jh`cls hståk `cshjcke`ls plr jltcvls fliêstcgls, e`jckcstretcvls, shiurcè` y lphretcvls. Wck hjderil, `cgbe `csphrsc÷k rhquchrh rhefczersh hk oukgc÷k `h fe glkghktregc÷k. Hf hsquhje `h hsth `csplsctcvl hxthk`c`l sh hohgtýe gucèk`l `h kl hktrhier ck`cgcls sldrh fe `crhggc÷k l puktl `h fe outure glkghktregc÷k. Hk gesl glktrercl, hf hkhjcil quhè hk glk`cgclkhs `h `hùgcr kuhstres ckthkgclkhs. Fl c`" hs èr uke cjprhsc÷k `h `crhggclkhs hkieõlses. Wuk Pzu rhgljhkède. "^lrquh fe iuhrre hstå deseè hk hf hkieõl. @hspfezåls guek`l tef hs vuhstrl ckthrãs y grhe` gejdcls `h sctuegc÷k plr jh`cl `h `csphrsclkhs y glkghktregclkhs `h ouhrzes"

d)

PCHJ^L S HWÊGCL

Fe glkghktregc÷k `hphk`h `h fls oegtlrhs tchjpl y hspegcl. Hf tchjpl ck`cge sc phrjcth l cjpc`h fe glkghktregc÷k glk lplrtukcè`. Hf hspegcl shõefe hf fuier `lk`h `hdh ffhversh e hohgtl ocmek`l fls pfezls pere hmhguterfe. Escjcsjl `hthrjcke hf århe quh hs plscdfh lguper glk fes ouhrzes y su `hkscè` glkolrjh e su tejeõl. "Hk rhsujhk, pl`hjls `hgcr quh kl `hdhjls `csphrsejls hk hf hspegcl jås effå `h fl quh pl`hrkls glkghktrejls hk hf tchjpl, fl quh è olrje y fêjcths e fe glkghktregc÷k".

h)

^TLGH@CJCHKPLW ÊTE FE GLKGHKPTEGCL GLKGHKPTEGCLK K Fe glkghktregc÷k pere èr fe deteffe sh gujpfh hk `ls olrjes=

(5) Ekths `h fe Deteffe. Hre hf prlgh`cjchktl klrjefjhkth hjpfhe`l plr Keplfh÷k y hf jhs shiurl. Wu hmhgugc÷k `hphk`h `h fes gcrgukstekgces cjphrekths. Hf Hjphre`lr orekgãs eocrjede "@cvc`crsh pere jergber, rhukcrsh pere gljdetcr" (4) @urekth fe Deteffe Hsth prlgh prlgh`cjchktl `cjchktl fl pregtcg÷ hf Ihkhref Glk`h _lk Jlftah Jlftah ((Hf Hf _chml) quchk eocrj÷= "Thsufte jhmlr jlvhr fes ouhrzes ouh rzes hf `êe `h fe deteffe `hs`h `cstcktls puktls, pere quh sh glkghktrhk sldrh hf gejpl `h deteffe jcsjl. Jektchkh ef hkhjcil hk fe ckghrtcùjdrh `lk`h sh jethrcefcze hf ghktrl `h irevhè`. Pchkh hf shrcl ckglkvhkchkth sldrh fe plscdcfcè` `h shr detc`l hk `hteffh.

`) FE GLK KPTEGCLK HK FE IXHTTE PHTTHWPTH. FE THWHT_E HWPTEPHICE. HWPTEPHICE.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

508

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> êre fe hstrethice fe glkghktregc÷k hs fe klrje y "tlè `cvcsc÷k y shperegc÷k, gljl fe hxghpgc÷k quh `hdh shr mustcocgeè, kl slfl sh hvcterå plr gljpfhtl hsh `hsetckl, sckl tejdcãk shråk hfcjckeès jugbes rezlkhs hrr÷khes pere shperer trlpes . Jchktres e fe tågtcge fh oevlrhgh hf hjpfhl sughscvl `h fes ouhrzes" pere ldthkhr hf ãxctl `hf prcjhr jljhktl y quh iuer`h hf rhstl ouhre `hf efgekgh `h fe fugbe plr fes erjes y `h fe fugbe guhrpl e guhrpl, pere lplkhr trlpes orhsges e fes trlpes orhsges `hf hkhjcil l glk hffes vhkghr e fes quh hståk `hdcfcteès". Hste sctuegc÷k `hjekè hk fe iuhrre thrrhstrh fe grhegc÷k `h hsgeflkhs y fe rhshrve. "Fes rhshrves tchkhk `ls ldmhtcvls quh sh `cohrhkgcek gferejhkth ukl `hf ltrl, e sedhr= prcjhrl, rhklver y prlflkier hf gljdeth y shiuk`l, shr useès hk gesl `h eglkthgcjchktls cjprhvcstls. ^lr tektl, sh eprhgce quh fe rhshrve hstr hstretãicge etãicge tchkh `ls lrêihkhs= ukl tågtcgl tågtcgl y ltrl kêtcèjhkth hstretãicgl. ^hrl, tl`ls fls jh`cls tchkhk quh pertcgcper hk hf hkguhktrl, hk pertcgufer hk hf jljhktl y fuier `h fe `hgcsc÷k ockef, ye she pere suphrer uke grcscs l hxpflter hf ãxctl prhvcstl. Thshrves sck shr hjpfheès, puh`hk glkùgcr ef `hsestrh puhs rhstek, ckýtcfjhkth, ouhrzes hk hf jljhktl y fuier `h fe rhslfugc÷k ockef.

h)

FE THWHT_E HWPTEPHICGE S FE GLKGHKPTEGCLK GLKGHKPTEGCLK HK HF JET Fes prcjhres ofltes hstedek gljpuhstes plr duquhs e rhjls y shrvêek gljl

pfeteolrjes `hfugbe treksplrth pere gljdetchkths hjderge`ls. Fe^lr deteffe kevef, hk fe prågtcge, sh rhùgêe e uke hktrh slfè`ls hqucvefhkth e fe thrrhstrh. tektl, sh utcfczede fe rhshrve hstretãicge. Glk fe cktrlùggc÷k `h fe vhfe y hf geõ÷k, hffe ouh geyhk`l hk `hsusl beste su suprhsc÷k. "Hk fls tchjpls jl`hrkls fes erje efgekzek tef prhgcsc÷k y plthkgce, quh slk gepeghs `h ldthkhr hohgtls oufjckekths hk plgls ckstekths, jugbl ekths `h quh uke rhshrve rhtreseè beye pl`c`l egtuer hocgezjhkth. Hstl `hsgerte, ef jhkls plr eblre, fe c`he `h fe rhshrve". Hk hohgtl, beste hf jljhktl, fe rhshrve hstretãicge hk hf jer kl thk`rêe epfcgegc÷k plr fes rezlkhs eùgcès plr Gesthx. Hk hf outurl, hste gcrgukstekgce hsterêe sumhte e jl`cocgegc÷k. Hk hf jer, fes geregthrêstcges `hf jh`cl y fls etrcdutls `h fls jh`cls oeguftek hf `hspfchiuh `csphrsl hk hf hspegcl phrl glkghktre`l hk hf tchjpl phrjctchk`l fe rhukc÷k lplrtuke glktre hf hkhjcil. Esê tejdcãk, fls jeylrhs efgekghs y prhgcsc÷k `h fls kuhvls scsthjes `h erjes puh`hk sh treùghk hk `csplsctcvls hxthksls y ofhxcdfhs. ouhrzes ehrlkevefhs eukquh `csphrses olgefczer tl`l su pl`hr, `hs`h `cstcktesFes `crhggclkhs, sldrh uk e`vhrsercl gljýk.

o)

FE GLKGHKPTEGC GLKGHKPTEGCLK LK S FLW ^TCKGC^CLW THWPEKPHW Xk ldmhtl jef hfhic`l l fe `hockcgc÷k `h ve`ls ldmhtcvls e fe vhz scikcocgek hk hf

prcjhr   gesl, fe pãr`cè `h fls hsouhrzls `h fe glkghktregc÷k, y hk hf ltrl, su `hdcfctejchktl klgcvl Fe shiurcè` glktrcduyh ef ãxctl `h fe glkghktregc÷k ef ekufer fes glktrejh`cès hkhjcies, begchk`l oegtcdfh fe slrprhse pere quh fe eggc÷k `h fes ouhrzes glkghktreès ldthkiek fe `hgcsc÷k. Fe glkghktregc÷k hf puktl `hfevcste lohkscvl, shrprcvek`l hf jås ouhrth hk hf fuier hfhic`l, y `hs`h `h `h s`houhrzes hf puktlphrjcth, `h vcste`hs`h `hohkscvl, hvcte `hrrlte pergcef,

ef hkhjcil `h fe plscdcfcè` `h eteger e ouhrzes ecsfeès y `hstegeès, hs `h fe ouhrzes

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

50?

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> `ãdcfhs" Fe jlvcfcè` phrjcth fe jethrcefczegc÷k `h fe glkghktregc÷k y fe hglkljêe `h fes ouhrzes fh ltlrie hf jåxcjl `h jh`cls `lk`h sh `hshe fe `hockcgc÷k.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls CC Iuhrre Juk`cef= @csplsctcvl `h fe Erjeè Thef= Hf `hspfchiuh edchrtl e`lpte`l plr fe  Erjeè Drctåkcge fh phrjctc÷ buk`cr ef Ireo vlk Wphh, Dcsjerga y ltrls glrsercls `h suphrocgch ihrjekls. Fes `cvhrses eirupegclkhs sh hkglktredek `csphrses hk hf hspegcl phrl glkghktreès hk hf tchjpl, e ock `h prlthihr sus vctefhs gljukcgegclkhs jerêtcjes.

Glkghktregc÷k ùrekth fe Deteffe. CC Iuhrre Juk`cef Hf pfek WBL prhthk`êe `hsdereter fe ckvesc÷k klrthejhrcgeke e fe Ocfcpckes. Glk `cgbl `hscikcl, ouhrzes `h fls Efjths. Efjths . meplkhshs Kcsbcjure Wbcje glkgurrcrêek Ilfol `h Fhyth fes `hs`h `cohrhkths `crhggclkhs pere Aurcte, glkghktrersh hk ysus eiues y `hstrucref e fls treksplrths. Fls trhs kýgfhls ouhrlk detc`ls hk `hteffh. Fe ouhrze `h Kcsbcjure rhsuft÷ ekcqucfeè y fes `ls rhstekths sh rhtcrerlk juy `hsiesteès.

Glkghktregc÷k ekths `h fe deteffe. C Iuhrre Juk`cef Hk fe deteffe `h Mutfek`ce, ejdes hsgue`res, fe dltåkcge y ihrjeke, sh prhshkterlk glk sus jh`cls glkghktre`ls hk hf hspegcl y hf h f tchjpl.

7.9. JL_CFC@E@ e)

IHKHTEFC@E@HW

@hthrjcke jlvcjchktl, ofhxcdcfcè` y repc`hz. Hs fe gepegcè` `h tresfeèr y jekthkhr ouhrzes begce `lk`h sh khghscthk. Fe jlvcfcè` oegufte fe rhefczegc÷k `h tresfe`ls råpc`ls, hstretãicgejhkth cjplrtekths, phrjctchk`l gejdcer glk ofuc`hz hf ghktrl `h irevhè` `h fes ouhrzes. Hffl ltlrie oegtcdcfcè` e fe epfcgegc÷k `hf pl`hr jcfcter1 fe ghfhrcè` hs ck`csphksedfh e ock quh hf e`vhrsercl kl `csplkie `h tchjpl pere glktrerrhsterfe. Fe vhflgcè` tredeme hk dhkhocgcl `h fe jlvcfcè` puhs glfedlre e ieker tchjpl hk fls `hspfezejchktls. Oegcfcte fe ldthkgc÷k y jekuthkgc÷k `h uke u ke sctuegc÷k oevlredfh ektcgcpåk`lsh ef hkhjcil. ^lr ltre perth hf jlvcjchktl y fe egtcvcè` rhouhrzek fe jlref jchktres fe ckegtcvcè` fe glrrlh.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

509

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Fe jlvcfcè` scikcocge jugbl jås quh tresfeèr ouhrzes vhflzjhkth. ckvlfugrl, tejdcãk jekthkhr fe eggc÷k `h fls jh`cls j h`cls hk olrje slsthkcè `åk`lfh esê tresghk`hkgce e sus su s hohgtls. Fe jlvcfcè` hstå hk hstrhgbe ukc÷k glk fe jekcldre. Hf Gljekèkth @êez sh rhocrc÷ e uke ckthrhsekth oeghte `h fe jlvcfcè`= "kl sh epfcge slfejhkth e fe jlvcfcè` jethrcef `h kuhstres sckl, tejdcãk, e fe jlvcfcè` jhktefquh `h kuhstrls mhohs= fe repc`hz `h `hgcsc÷k y fe Ouhrzes, `hthrjckegc÷k `h kl phr`hr uk jljhktl eirhieès e fe ckcgcetcve `h fls mhohs sudlr`cke`ls, phrjcthk hf eprlvhgbejchktl ckjh`cetl `h fes lplrtukcè`hs oevlredfhs"

d)

GFEWCOCGEGC GFEWCOCGEGCLK LK @H FE JL_CCFC@E JL_CCFC@E@ @ (5) HWPTEPHIE, Hs ffe e gepegcè` pere `hspfezersh y phrjekhghr lp lphrek`l. hrek`l.

@hphk`h, hktrh ltrls oegtlrhs, `h fes geregthrêstcges `h fls jh`cls y `hf eplyl fliêstcge. Hk hf jer, jh`cls glk duhkes glk`cgclkhs jerckhres y e`hgue`l eplyl fliêstcgl phrjcthk ffhver e gedl fe iuhrre lohkscve l glkùgcr uke `hohkscve vcilrlse y eirhscve. @h hste olrje, fes ukcè`hs tchkhk gepegcè` `h rhefczer eggclkhs `h irek hkvhrieùre, ejpfctu` y ùregc÷k. (4) PEGPCGE.- Ckvlfugre ofhxcdcfcè` y repc`hz. Hstå rhfegclkeè glk fe bljlihkhcè` `h fls jh`cls, hf `csplsctcvl sh `hdh jlvhr e fe vhflgcè` `h fe ukcè` jås fhkte.

g)

JL_CFC@E@ @H FEW CKWPCPXGC CKWPCPXGCLKHW LKHW @H FE @HOHKWE

(5) Hmhrgctl. ‖Fe jlvcfcè` tchkh quh beghr glk hf pl`hr `h jergbe `h fes trlpes hf Hmhrgctl. guef kl s÷fl `hphk`h, gljl pu`chre pu`chre grhhrsh, `h fe jhmlr `c `csplscgc÷k splscgc÷k oêscge `h fl flss slfè`ls l `h fe jltlrczegc÷k l jhgekczegc÷k `h fls jh`cls, sckl quh, prhohrhkthjhkth, `h fe olrje `h rhefczer fe jergbe y `h fe lriekczegc÷k `h fls eprlvcsclkejchktls. @h equê, hf phfcirl quh scikcocge pere uke Ouhrze vhr ckthrrujpcès sus fêkhes `h gljukcgegclkhs. Fe shiurcè` `h ãstes oegcfcterå fe jlvcfcè`, fl quh begh vhr hf prckgcpcl prckgcp cl `h fe shiurcè` tchkh êktcje rhfegc÷k glk hf `h fe Jlvcfcè`‚. Jlvcfcè`‚. (4) [email protected] ‖Fe jlvcfcè` `h fls duquhs y `h fes ofltes, `hphk`h `h `cvhrsls oegtlrhs quh egtýek hk hf gejpl hstretãicgl y tågtcgl. Fe repc`hz y hocgchkgce hk hf eprlvcsclkejchktl, quh `hphk`h `h fes deshs, `h fls hfhjhktls `h quh ãstes `csplkhk y `h su plscgc÷k ihliråocge y hstretãicge1 hf re`cl `h eggc÷k, y fe vhflgcè`= eohgtek `hgcscvejhkth e fe jlvcfcè` hk guektl e tchjpl tchjpl `h phrjekhkgce hk kevhiegc÷k, l eutlkljêe pere lphrer, y e fe repc`hz `h eggc÷k eggc÷k rhsphgtcve rhsphgtcvejhkth. jhkth. Fes glk`cgclkhs jckhres, tefhs gljl= hstedc hstedcfcè` fcè` `h pfeteolrje, rhscsthkgce `h fls gesgls, glk`cgclkhs jerckhres, tefhs gljl= hstedcfcè` `h pfeteolrje, rhscsthkgce `h fls gesgls, glk`cgclkhs `h kevhiedcfcè` hk jefls tchjpls (hjpfhl `h erjejhktl hk hstes glk`cgclkhs), edrcil ef phrslkef hxpuhstl e fe ckthjphrch, ckofuyhk, pl`hrlsejhkth, hk fe jlvcfcè` `h fes ukcè`hs‚. ukcè`hs‚.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

502

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Fes tãgkcges `h rhedesthgcjchktl hk hf jer, hk glkmuktl glk fls `cvhrsls Irupls `h Eplyl Fliêstcgls, bek hktrhie`l e fes Ouhrzes Kevefhs uke gepegcè` gesc cfcjcteè hstretãicge. E fl ekthrclr hs khghsercl sujer fe prlpufsc÷k kugfher. (7) OXHT]E EHT EHTHE. HE. "Fe jlvcfcè` glkst glkstctuyh ctuyh ukl `h sus prckgcpefhs etrcdutls. Hf evc÷k sh juhvh e irek vhflgcè` y hk trhs `cjhksclkhs, pere ãf kl hxcsthk fes `cocgufte`hs `h gejckls, ohrrlgerrcfhs y ldstågufls keturefhs1 tl`l fl sldrhpese fes orlkthres, fls rêls, fls feils, tl`l `hseperhgh ekth ãf1 sck hjderil, y e phser `h sus irek`hs plscdcfcè`hs, hs uk erje `h irek`hs rhstrcggclkhs. Fes glk`cgclkhs etjlsoãrcges hk tchrre y hk hf jer, fe khdfcke, fe klgbh, fls jefls tchjpls, glrkl escjcsjl, su fcjcteè eutlkljêe, beghk quh kl puhèk ldthkhrsh tl`ls fls orutls quh su irek jlvcfcè` kls lorhgh Fe Evcegc÷k lsthkte uk irevh prldfhje pere su jlvcfcè` hstretãicge puhs su eplyl fliêstcge, hk pertcgufer su erjejhktl y gljdustcdfh, tchkh quh hster prhvcejhkth `hspfhie`l hk hf thetrl `h lphregclkhs. Hk hsth esphgtl Plrwcf eocrje= "slfejhkth guek`l hf ^l`hr Eãrhl sh ukh ef fcdrh jlvcjchktl `hf ^l`hr Jerêtcjl, guek`l sh eshiure su vhrè`hre jlvcfcè`.

`)

JL_CFC@E JL_CFC@E@ @ S FLW ^TCKGC^CL ^TCKGC^CLW W @H FE IXHTTE THWPEKPH.

êre fe lohkscve, shiurcè`, glkghktregc÷k, hglkljêe `h fes ouhrzes y slrprhse hgbejls jekl e fe jlvcfcè` pere hf tresfe`l `h fes ouhrzes gljl tejdcãk pere jekthkhr hf hsouhrzl. Wc sh gejdce hf ldmhtcvl, `h kuhvl sh tchkh quh rhgurrcr e fe jlvcfcè`.

Hmhjpfls bcst÷rcgls CC Iuhrre Juk`cef= Gejpeõe `h Orekgce 530>= Fe jekcldre `hf Hmãrgctl Efhjåk `hsgeksã hk fe jlvcfcè` `h sus ouhrzes jhgekczeès. Hk tektl hf Hmãrgctl Orekgãs, eohgte`l plr fe jhktefcè` Jeicklt, `hsteg÷ plr su ckjlvcfcè` y pescvcè`.

Iuhrre Tusl-Meplkhse Hf jek`l kevef zercste lr`hk÷ fe ckglrplregc÷k `h fe eirupegc÷k `hf Efth. Khdlietlv e fe Hsgue`re `h Tl`mhstvhksay. Fe prcjhre hstede gljpuhste plr eglreze`ls glsthrls ektcgue`ls, `h jefes glk`cgclkhs jerckhres y jekthkcjchktl. Hste rhslfugc÷k phrmu`cg÷ fe jlvcfcè` tågtcge `h fe Whiukè Hsgue`re `hf êgêocgl.

CC Iuhrre Juk`cef Phetrl `hf êgêocgl

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

503

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Fes ouhrzes kevefhs klrthejhrcgekes hrek `h "pchrkes feries" jchktres fes drctåkcges `h ‖pchrkes glrtes". Hste `cohrhkgce hk fe jlvcfcè` hstretãicge cjpc`c÷ fe tltef ckthiregc÷k `h gljdeth kevefhs efceès hk hf êgêocgl.

7.2. GLL^HTEGCLK Hxprhse ukc÷k, erjlkêe, gljpfhjhktegc÷k y glkgurrhkgce. Te`cge hk fe egtuegc÷k gllr`ckeè y erj÷kcge `h fls `cvhrsls jh`cls lrchkte`ls e ldthkhr fes jhtes prhvcstes. ^lshh efiukls sck÷kcjls, hktrh hffls= Eggc÷k Xkcocgeè, Xkc÷k, Xkcè` y Xkcè` `h Gljek`l. Fe gllphregc÷k glkghktre y eýke fls hsouhrzls `h hfhjhktls `h `cohrhkths geregthrêstcges, juftcpfcgek`l sus hohgtls. Hvcte fe ùpfcgegc÷k y hf `hrrlgbh `h rhgursls y hkhriêes oegcfctek`l hf evekgh begce hf ãxctl råpc`l y glktuk`hkth. Wh jethrcefcze hk tl`ls fls kcvhfhs plfêtcgl-hstretãicgl1 e`hjås kl s÷fl sh rhochrh ef esphgtl oêscgl sckl tejdcãk "e fe perth hspcrctuef `h fls ck`cvcùls quh egtýek hk fe fugbe. ^rlpcgce fe ousc÷k `h tlès fes vlfukte`hs ck`cvcùefhs pere ffhier e uke slfe vlfukte`". E kcvhf plfêtcgl fe gllphregc÷k sh treùgh hk uke `ckåjcge hstrethice tltef quh sedh hxpflter, phrjekhkthjhkth, e fls guetrl gejpls `h eggc÷k pere glkshiucr sus ldmhtcvls. Hk hf gejpl `h eggc÷k dãfcgl sh glkgrhte gl kgrhte plr fe "Xkcè` `h fe Iuhrre". Hste sh hktchk`h h ktchk`h plr= hf glrrhgtl hjpfhl `h fes `cohrhkths gepegcè`hs hstretãicges `h fes ouhrzes thrrhstrhs, kevefhs y eãrhes e ock `h gljpfhjhkterfes pere su ÷ptcjl eprlvhgbejchktl hk hf flirl `h fls ldmhtcvls hstretãicgls gljukhs. Hsth glkghptl lrchkte ef gejpl `h eggc÷k dãfcgl hk fe prhperegc÷k y glkùggc÷k `h sus ÷riekls `h jekcldre pere eorlkter fls glkofcgtls quh slk trc`cjhksclkefhs. Wh `couk`h plr jh`cl `h fe @lgtrcke `h Hjpfhl `h fes OO.EE. Fe @lgtrcke Hstretãicge `h fe Erjeè glkmuie glbhrhkthjhkth fes gepegcè`hs y hsouhrzls `h sus `cvhrsls gljplkhkths e ock `h glkshiucr fls ldmhtcvls ckstctugclkefhs. "Fe gllphregc÷k hktrh hf Hmãrgctl, Jercke y Evcegc÷k, kl hs uke glse oågcf `h efgekzer, plr hf glktrercl hs uk esuktl `coêgcf, quh rhquchrh kl s÷fl uke duhke Glkghpgc÷k, uke bådcf @crhggc÷k y uke jckugclse y `hteffeè ^rhperegc÷k, sckl tejdcãk uk hxegtl glklgcjchktl, plr perth `h fes trhs Ckstctugclkhs, `h fes gepegcè`hs y fcjctegclkhs `h fes ltres Hs cjprhsgck`cdfh, pere flirer hsth prlp÷sctl, gljdetcr `lgtrckes hxeihreès l prhsuktls `lijes `h prh`ljckcl quh glk orhguhkgce `cocguftek hf hkthk`cjchktl ckthrckstctugclkef.

Hmhjpfl Bcst÷rcgl CC Iuhrre Juk`cef= Hf Gepctåk `hFuotweooh Kevêl W.Y. Tlsacff Efhjeke, eocrj÷= "Wchjprh kls vcjls eyuè`ls plr oefte `h gllphregc÷k hktrh fe y fe Jercke fl guef ffhvede glkscil fe cjplscdcfcè`

quh hf hkhjcil `hserrlffesh uke hstrethice glkmukte ehrljerêtcje hocgez. Ckùèdfhjhkth fe

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

58>

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> jhiefljekêe `hf Jercsgef Ilhrcki y fe hkhjcste` hxcsthkth hktrh ãsth y hf Efjcrekth Teh`hr ouhrlk fls oegtlrhs prckgcpefhs `h hsth dhkhocgcl glk quh ckhsphreèjhkth kls hkglktrejls.

GE^CPXFL RC FLW ^TLGH@CJCHKPLW HWPTEPHICGLW CKPTL@XGGCLK Fe hstrethice sh susthkte hk `ls glfujkes `h keturefhze juy `cohrhkth= fls prckgcpcls y fls prlgh`cjchktls. Fls prcjhrls, uk glkmuktl `h vhrè`hs `hùgcès `h fe hxphrchkgce `hf pese`l, slk, plr hshkgce, ck`hphk`chkths `hf åjdctl `lk`h sh epfcgek y `h fls jh`cls utcfcze`ls. Hk ltrls tãrjckls, hf hspegcl ihliråocgl, fes erjes å hf tchjpl puh`hk efthrer su vefc`hz. Jchktres tektl, fls prlgh`cjchktls glkstctuyhk fes bhrrejchktes pere ffhver ffhve r e fe rhefcè` e fls prckgcpcls utcfczek`l fls hfhjhktls jethrcefhs `csplkcdfhs hk uk hsghkercl ihliråocgl hsphgêocgl. Hffls glrrhsplk`hk e fe ertcgufegc÷k hktrh hf phksejchktl edstregtl y fe hmhgugc÷k hk hf gejpl rhef. Hste fciez÷k, tek hstrhgbe glk tl`ls fls oegtlrhs tekicdfhs, fls beghk sckiuferjhkth vercedfhs.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

585

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Fls prckgcpcls sck fls prlgh`cjchktls phrjekhghrêek hk hf pfekl `h fes ckthkgclkhs sck plscdcfcè`hs `h jethrcefczersh. Hf Efjcrekth Gesthx hsphgcocg÷= "êre efgekzer sus prlp÷sctls y Khver e duhk ock sus lphregclkhs, fe hstrethice utcfcze `ls gfeshs `h hfhjhktls. Dese sus pfekhs hk prckgcpcls, y fls hmhgute plr jh-`cl `h prlgh`cjchktls"'. Fe gljdcke`ls `cocgufte` `h `h fls jekhre prldfhjes jcfcterhs, schjprh ýkcgls, rhsc`h hk hfglkvhkchkths hjpfhl `h fls prckgcpcls e`hgueè rhgurrchk`l e prlgh`cjchktls `h eguhr`l e fe sctuegc÷k pertcgufer prhvcste. ^lr tektl, sh begh lphretcvl glksc`hrer quh fls ckstrujhktls dãfcgls hxphrcjhktek rhklvegclkhs gesc phrjekhkthjhkth h ckgfusl sh ckglrplrek, glk orhguhkgce, erjes kuhves. Escjcsjl, hf hktlrkl ejdchkth suorh glkstekths jl`cocgegclkhs kl s÷fl plr ldre `h fe keturefhze sckl tejdcãk e geuse `hf bljdrh. Hk hsth ckhstedfh glkthxtl, kl hxcsth fe o÷rjufe jåicge `hstckeè e `lscocger fls prckgcpcls y shfhggclker hf glkmuktl `h prlgh`cjchktls quh ierektcghk fe vcgtlrce.

FLW ^TLGH@CJCHKPLW S HF JH@CL IHKHTEK HWPTEPHICEW ÊTPCGXFETHW Fls ckstrujhktls tchkhk quh shr eprlpce`ls e fe hsohre `lk`h sh `hshjphõek y glkter glk prlgh`cjchktls geregthrêstcgls pere efgekzer su jeylr hocgegce. Hk fe iuhrre, fe hstrethice eggclke hk trhs åjdctls= tchrre, jer y ecrh. Hk tchrre hf ckstrujhktl dåscgl fl rhprhshkte fe ukcè` `h gljdeth, hk hf ecrh duquh `h iuhrre y hk hf ecrh fe ehrlkevh `h gljdeth. Glk gljplkhkths `h guefcè`hs tek `csêjcfhs hs cjpregtcgedfh -sckl edsur`l- user prlgh`cjchktls ciuefhs. Wc fls prlgh`cjchktls `csguhrèk `h jl`l sudstekgcef fes hstrethices, plr f÷icge, slk `cohrhkths. Hk glkshguhkgce, hxcsth uke hstrethice Phrrhstrh, uke Jerêtcje y uke Eãrhe. Hk ltrl esphgtl tresghk`hkth, fls ldmhtcvls hstretãicgls phrshiuc`ls plr fes hstrethices pertcguferhs rhgcãk jhkgclkeès gerhghk `h hqucvefhkgce hktrh sê. Fe Phrrhstrh `hjekè fe `hstruggc÷k `h fe jese prckgcpef `h fls hmãrgctls hkhjcils, fe Jerêtcje dusge ldthkhr hf glktrlf `hf jer e ock `h hxpflterfl hk dhkhocgcl prlpcl y khiårshfl ef e`vhrsercl y fe Eãrhe prhthk`h glkshiucr fe suphrclrcè` eãrhe. Wck hjderil, tektl hf glktrlf `hf jer gljl fe suphrclrcè` eãrhe `hdhk glkgurrcr ef ãxctl `h fes eggclkhs thrrhstrh y vcghvhrse. Wc hste glfedlregc÷k jutue kl sh glkgrhte, fls hsouhrzls `h fes ckstctugclkhs erjeès `crhggclkhs hstãrcfhs h ckeghptedfhs. Fe gllr`ckegc÷k glkglrèkth `h sciuhk fe eggc÷k `h fes `cvhrihkths, hstrethices pertcguferhs fe rhefcze fe ‖Xkcè` `h fe Iuhrre‚ e kcvhf `h `h fe hstrethice ihkhref `hf Orhkth `h Eggc÷k Dãfcgl.

Hmhjpfl Bcst÷rcgl C Iuhrre Juk`cef= Fe Jercke ihrjeke hstede glkvhkgcè quh fe Oflte drctåkcge, plr shr prhshkterêe orhkth e Bhfcilfek` pere èr fe deteffe. Hf lrcihk `hf hqucvlge`l phksejchktl fl hxpfcg÷ hf Efjcrekth Yhihkhr= "Wh `hgêe hktlkghs= Wc klsltrls hstuvcãrejls hk plshsc÷k `h uke oflte tek dhstcefjhkth suphrclr, etegerêejls `h ckjh`cetl. Hffl hs juy plscdfh y beste prldedfh, èè kuhstre hk fe iuhrrehfthrrhstrh, phrlfls tef ckifhshs vhz plr hsl jcsjl hs jltcvl quh kuhstrl pfek `h jhktefcè` lphregclkhsckspcreè kl be glksc`hre`l gesl `h quh pl`rêek thkhr juy

pfeuscdfhs pere kl beghrsh prhshkths1 tejplgl ouh glksc`hreè fe prhiukte thk`chkth e egferer sc hs plscdfh trekspfekter ef jer glkghpgclkhs prlpces `h fe iuhrre thrrhstrh". THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

584

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> 7. GETEGPHT _ETCEDFH @H FE HWPTEPHICE @hs`h su epercgc÷k hk hf pfekhte, hf bljdrh prlgure, glk `cfcihkth eoåk, grher hf ‖erje prl`ciclse" quh fh eshiurh uke vcgtlrce edruje`lre sldrh su rcvef glk hf jêkcjl `h rchsil y segrcocgcls. Fe dýsquhè sh puh`h rhprhshkter hk fe glkstekth puike hktrh fe fekze y hf hsgu`l. Xke `hstckeè ef etequh hf ltrl ejhtreffe`lre, e fe prlthggc÷k.gerrl Hf ckihkcl bujeklevc÷k, ckvhkt÷ hf erje errlme`cze, erjeùre, gestcffl ohuèf,ygeõ÷k, `h gljdeth, plrteevc÷k, jcscf, htg. Hste gcrgukstekgce lrcick÷ beste uke hstrethice hsphgcef= "hs ef kcvhf lphretcvl `lk`h bey quh sctuer fe hstrethice `h fls tchjpls `h pez, glkscsthkth hk prlùgcr erjejhktls kuhvls quh suphrhk fls erjejhktls `h fls hvhktuefhs e`vhrsercls. Hste hstrethice, quh glk hf erje et÷jcge tlje uke cjplrtekgce `hgcscve, be rhgcdc`l hf kljdrh `h hstrethice fliêstcge y tejdcãk hf `h hstrethice ihkãtcge . Fls kuhvls, jh`cls tchkhk plr ockefcè` eujhkter fes gepegcè`hs lohkscves l `hohkscve sck hjderil hf eprlvhgbejchktl `hphk`h `hf bljdrh quh fls use y `h fe bedcfcè` grhetcve `hf mhoh. Hk hf prhshkth, hk fe gujdrh `h fe puike fekze-hsgu`l sh beffe fe glkorlktegc÷k `h fls glkls kugfherhs vhrsus hf hvhktuef pereiues prlthgtlr `h fe Ckcgcetcve `h fe @hohkse Hstretãicge. ^hrl, gedh rhglrèr quh, beste fe ohgbe, kl hxcsth hf erje lohkscve crrhscstcdfh kc fe glreze ckvufkhredfh. Fe cktrlùggc÷k hk hf gejpl hstretãicgl `h efiýk ckihkcl dãfcgl, hk su ãplge glksc`hre`l prl`ciclsl, ltlri÷ hf trcukol ef dek`l plshh`lr beste guek`l phr`c÷ su jlklplfcl l sh c`h÷ fe glktrejh`cè e`hgueè. Fe phrjekhkth hvlfugc÷k `h fls jh`cls -fes erjes hjpfheès hk hf gljdeth- be egerrhe`l uke glktckue treksolrjegc÷k `h fls prlgh`cjchktls. ^lr glksciuchkth, fe hstrethice hstå sumhte tejdcãk e uke phrscsthkth jutegc÷k puhs ukl `h sus pcferhs gejdce hk oukgc÷k `h fls `ckåjcgls oegtlrhs jethrcefhs. Uuchk phrjekhzge hståtcgl hk hf vhrtcicklsl `ljckcl `h fe hstrethice hstå ckvctek`l ef `hsestrh.

Hmhjpfl Bcst÷rcgl fe. IXHTTE KCXK@CEF= HF DFLUXHL JCFCPET hf dflquhl jcfcter glkstctuyh ukl `h fls prlgh`cjchktls pere fe glkqucste `hf glktrlf `hf jer. "Hk tlès fes iuhrres peseès, fe oflte quh kl prhshktede fe deteffe, ihkhrefjhkth quhède khutrefczeè plr fl quh sh glklgêe glk hf kljdrh `h dflquhl ghrre`l... Fe plrgc÷k `h jer `hme`l deml hf glktrlf `hf hkhjcil hre prågtcgejhkth kufe, puhs hstede fcjcteè plr hf eiue `h fls puhrtls... Wck hjderil, vercls ckvhktls y prckgcpefjhkth hf `hserrlffl `h verces jåquckes `h iuhrre sudjercke, fe jcke, hf tlrph`l y hf sudjerckl, ockefjhkth bcgchrlk cjplscdfh hf dflquhl ghrre`l. Fe Erjeè drctåkcge, ekths `hf `hshkge`hkejchktl `h fe fe. Iuhrre Juk`cef `hshgb÷ hf dflquhl ghrre`l glktre fe Oflte `h Efte Jer. HRGHWLW THFEPC_LW E FE HWPTEPHICE

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

587

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Hk hstrethice phrscsthk `cvhrses thk`hkgces juy èõckes, sh jhkgclkek e glktckuegc÷k fes `h jeylr lgurrhkgce. Xke `h hffes, gljl ye sh hxprhs÷ hk uk gepêtufl ekthrclr, fh etrcduyh e fe hstrethice uk gerågthr phrùredfh quh kl plshh, prlvlgek`l fe perefczegc÷k `hf phksejchktl hstretãicgl. Ltrl hrrlr, ciuefjhkth khoestl, glkscsth hk hf `hsfujdrejchktl ekth fe epercgc÷k `h uk erje kuhve y sus e`jcre`lrhs, glk fcihrhze ckhxgusedfh, guhstclkek fe vefc`hz `h esphgtls glkghptuefhs dåscgls h ckthktek treksolrjer fe hstrethice `h eguhr`l e sus oekåtcges glkvcggclkhs. ^lr ýftcjl, bey quchkhs sck oukèjhktls rhefhs `hsprhgcek prlgh`cjchktls hstretãicgls quh bek `hjlstre`l su utcfcè` e trevãs `h fls tchjpls.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls IXHTTE @H _CHPKEJ= ^TLGH@CJCHKPLW EKPCGXE@LW hf _chtjckb epfcgede fes thlrêes `h fe Iuhrre Thvlfugclkerce `h Jel, hk tektl Orekgce sh eohrrede e fe hstrethice jcfcter `h fe CCe. Iuhrre Juk`cef. "@chk Dchk Ou pusl ock e fe dýsquhè `h fe deteffe gfåscge glk quh fls orekghshs hsphredek `hsgerier hf pl`hr `hstrugtlr `h fe tãgkcge jl`hrke sldrh hf hsqucvl hkhjcil gljukcste y epfesterfl glk puõl `h bchrrl ... Kl sh `chrlk ` chrlk guhkte `h quh hsls excljes jcfcterhs j cfcterhs `h Lggc`hkth kl s÷fl kl trcukoerêek glktre fe hstrethice rhvlfugclkerce plfêtcgl jcfcter `hf hkhjcil, sckl quh fls glkùgcrêe ef `hsestrh". GLKGH^GCLKHW HREIHTE@EW DLJDET@HL HWPTEPHICGL fls hxtrhjcstes `hf pl`hr eãrhl slsthkêek quh pl`rêek ldthkhr DLJDET@HL fe vcgtlrce s÷fl plr jh`cl `hf dljder`hl. ^hrl fe ffe. Iuhrre Juk`cef `hsderet÷ sus hsphrekzes. "Hf dljder`hl `h fes gcuè`hs rhsuft÷ uk irek `hsphr`cgcl `h hsouhrzls... Hf Jercsgef `hf Ecrh Wcr Ertbur Berrcs `hf Gljek`l `h Dljder`hrls... pertcgcpede hk fe grhhkgce `h @lbuht sldrh fe vufkhredcfcè` grêtcge `h fe jlref gcvcf... Se hs ldvcl quh guefquchre beye sc`l fe `hgfckegc÷k `h fe jlref tuvl uk hohgtl fcjcte`l hk fe sctuegc÷k hstretãicge ihkhref. Budl uke ckjhkse `hstruggc÷k y èõls hk fls h`cocgcls `h fes gcuè`hs `h Efhjekce, y hs rhefjhkth slrprhk`hkth quh fe ckùstrce dãfcge `cstrcducè hk equhffes gcuè`hs suorchrek tek plgl `hthrclrl l pãr`cès `h prlùggc÷k".

^TLGH@CJCHKPLW ^TLGH@CJC HKPLW _CIHKPHW TH^X@CE@LW HF GLK_LS Hf prlgh`cjchktl `h glkvly y hsglfte sh bedêe `hjlstre`l, plr fe hxphrchkgce bcst÷rcge, gljl hocgez glktre fe iuhrre `h glrsl. ^hrl, Irek Drhteõe hxphrcjhkt÷ `cocgufte`hs hk su e`lpgc÷k hk fes `ls iuhrres juk`cefhs. Hf gljekèkth Tlsacff hsgrcdc÷ sldrh fes ùès prhvces e fe CC iuhrre= ‛“Ekths `h fe iuhrre budl irek`hs `csgusclkhs rhsphgtl e ffe e glkvhkchkgce hk olrjer ffls ls duquhs jhrgekths jhrgekths glkghktre`ls hk glkvlyhs. Hf hste`l jeylr eãrhl plr fferil eril tctchjpl hjpl sh lpusl e fe jh`cè , hk desh e quh fls duquhs glkghktre`ls hk glk glkvlyhs vlyhs prhshkterêek oågcfhs

dfekgls e fe evcegc÷k hkhjcie1 y fls vchmls eriujhktls sldrh fes `hjlres `hf tråocgl y fe glkihstc÷k plrtuerce -tl`ls fls guefhs bedêek sc`l `hsegrh`cte`ls ùrekth fe ekthrclr

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

580

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> glkofeiregc÷k- tejdcãk rhkegchrlk““ rhkegchrlk““.. ^lr olrtuke pere hf Thckl Xkc`l fes ùès sh `hsvekhgchrlk h ckirhserlk ef glkofcgtl prhpere`ls pere olrjer glkvlyhs.

GE^CPXFL RCC EGPCPX@HW HWPTEPHICGEW OXK@EJHKPEFHW CKPTL@XGGCLK Hf prhshkth gepêtufl trete fe lohkscve y `hohkscve hk sus esphgtls ihkhrefhs. Jås e`hfekth, hk hstrethice jerêtcje, sh ekefcze fe lohkscve y fe `hohkscve hk hf jer glk sus phgufcercè`hs y gljpfhmcè`hs. Hk uk egåpcth eperth sh hvefýe fe lriekczegc÷k `h fe @crhggc÷k Wuprhje `h fe Iuhrre. Fls bhgbls dãfcgls tchkhk quh ffhversh e fe rhefcè`, ldfcieèjhkth, plr jh`cl `h fe lohkscve l fe `hohkscve. Kl bey ltre efthrketcve. Fe prcjhre egtýe jchktres fe ltre slplrte. Fe lohkscve sh jethrcefcze e trevãs `hf etequh, hk tektl fe `hohkscve rhgurrh e fe rhscsthkgce. Wck hjderil ejdes glhxcsthk, sh eplyek y gljpfhjhktek `h tef jekhre quh kl hs plscdfh beghr

uke shperegc÷k edslfute `h hffes. Pchkhk epfcgegc÷k hk tlè egtcvcè` bujeke. Hk fls glkofcgtls, edergek `hs`h fe ^lfêtcge beste fe Pågtcge.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

588

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Fe egtctu` hstretãicge glkstctuyh fe plsture l ckthkgc÷k prhplk`hrekth rhsphgtl e uk ldmhtcvl hstretãicgl hsphgêocgl. E fes egtctu`hs hstretãicges lohkscve l `hohkscve sh fhs `hkljckek oukèjhktefhs. Wh `cstckiuhk hk ethkgc÷k e fes eggclkhs lohkscves l `hohkscves lrchkteès e efgekzer hf L.H. prhvcstl. prhv cstl.

FE LOHKWC_E 4.5. GLKGH^PLW DEWCGLW Fe lohkscve rhprhshkte eggc÷k, gejdcl, grhegc÷k y jlvcjchktl. ^rlgure efthrer fe sctuegc÷k hxcsthkth hk dhkhocgcl prlpcl. Fe lohkscve plr su gerågthr plsctcvl tchk`h e glkouk`crsh glk fe iuhrre. Gfeushwctz eglte= "Fe iuhrre lohkscve hs gferejhkth cjphretcve pere quchk she plfêtcgejhkth hf eirhslr, l she, pere quchk thkie hf jltcvl plsctcvl, plrquh ãf be tlje`l fes erjes glk hsh ldmhtcvl"'. Fe lohkscve hs hf ýkcgl hvhktl vefh`hrl pere efgekzer uke `hgcsc÷k glkgrhte y fugretcve. Hf hjpumh `hf etequh tchkh gljl jhte `hshqucfcdrer ef hkhjcil, fuhil glktckuer glk fe egljhtcè beste e`mu`cgersh fe `hgcsc÷k ockef h ckephfedfh. Hf e`vhrsercl glk su vlfukte`, hkhriêes y ouhrzes quhdrekteès hstå ldfcie`l e edek`lker y hktrhier hf ldmhtcvl. Fe lohkscve glklgh guef hs su ldmhtcvl. Kl fh gedhk ùès kc ckghrtcùjdrhs `lk`h, guek`l y gljl ve e `hserrlffer sus hsouhrzls pere ldthkhrfl. Hste glyukture oevlrhgh su terhe y fh phrjcth glkghktrer sus ouhrzes hk hf puktl `h fe `hgcsc÷k. Fe lohkscve hstå hk hstrhgbe ukc÷k glk fe ckcgcetcve y fe fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k y dchk hmhguteè cjplkh ef hkhjcil egtuer plr rheggc÷k. êre eshiurer su ãxctl, khghscte rhsphter fls rhqucsctls hsphgcocge`ls glk ekthrclrcè`= Jek`l Gepez, Ldmhtcvl Dchk Hfhic`l, Jh`cls Eprlpce`ls y Lplrtukcè` E`hgueè. Ltre vhkteme vh kteme `h fe l lohkscve ohkscve fe `hsgrcdh M. Glrdhrtt= "Fe ouhrze y hkhriêe quh keghk `hf hstêjufl jlref `hf etequh slk `h veflr prågtcgl quh sldrhpume tlè ltre glksc`hregc÷k. Pl`l bljdrh `h hspêrctu `hsherêe hjpfher fe lohkscve, ye she quh su ldmhtl ouhre plsctcvl l khietcvl. Wck hjderil, hkgchrre efiukls ckglkvhkchkths. ^lr geuse `h su `ckejcsjl y olrje `h prlgh`hr, fe lohkscve egerrhe uk ckthksl `hsiesth `h rhgursls `h bujekls y Hk jethrcefhs glktckue efcjhktegc÷k hvcter hf `hdcfctejchktl su vcilr. gesl `h `hjekèk`l kl setcsoeghr uke fes `hjekès `h rhplscgc÷k,pere fes hkhriêes oêscges y jlrefhs `hf etegekth sh `cscpek glk repc`hz. Hste pertcgufercè` sh eghfhre ekth fe `hjlre hk glkshiucr rhsufte`ls vcscdfhs y glkiruhkths glk fls segrcocgcls hohgtue`ls. ^lr tef rez÷k, hf tchjpl irevcte hk su glktre. E`hjås, fes fêkhes `h gljukcgegclkhs sh eferiek egrhghktek`l fe vufkhredcfcè` y `cstreyhk`l jeylrhs jh`cls pere su shiurcè`. "Kl ldstekth hstls ckglkvhkchkths, fe lohkscve shrå schjprh hf gejckl `crhgtl ef ldmhtcvl. Wus oregesls slk jhkls irevhs quh hk fe `hohkscve, puhs fh quhè hf rhgursl `h tljer hste olrje `h glkùggc÷k. ^hrl hk fes hjprhses hstretãicges ckthrhse uk s÷fl rhsufte`l= hf ockef.

Hmhjpfl Bcst÷rcgl CC Iuhrre Juk`cef=

L^HTEGCLK JETAHP IET@HK "Hckshkblwhr, eprhjce`l plr Jlktiljhry, bedêe tlje`l ef ock uke jh`cè hkãricge pere hstedfhghr uke gedhze `h puhkth hk hf gursl ckohrclr THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

58?

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> `hf Tbck, hk Erkbhj, glk ldmhtl `h eshiurersh uke plscgc÷k oevlredfh glk vcste ef `hsdlrèjchktl `h fe fêkhe Wciorc`l plr hf Klrth. Hf rhsufte`l ouh `hghpgclkekth pere Jlktiljhry, quh hsphrede uke ckvesc÷k rhfåjpeil `hf Tubr y uke e evefekgbe vefekgbe sldrh Dhrfêk. Fe euèz h cjeicketcve jekcldre lohkscve Jeraht Ier`hk oreges÷ muktl glk fes cfusclkhs e efceès fceès `h egeder fe iuhrre hk 5300 y prlflki÷ fe eilkêe `hf ye glk`hke`l Phrghr Thcgb. ^hrl, flir÷ hstedfhghr fes deshs pere fe hjdhstcè ockef `hf pr÷xcjl eõl.

4.4. LOHKWC_E E KC_HF ^LFCPCGL Hf ildhrkekth `h uk peês ef hvefuer su Ldmhtcvl ^lfêtcgl thk`rå prhshkth su gerågthr. Ef shr plsctcvl `hjekèrå fe e`qucscgc÷k `h efil phrthkhgchkth e ltrl Hste`l puhstl quh su plshsc÷k phrjctcrå fe glkshgugc÷k `hf `hstckl kegclkef. Hk tef gcrgukstekgce, glkshiucrå hf L.^. jh`cekth uke lohkscve plfêtcge. Hk su hjphõl, hf hste`cste hjpfherå fe Hstrethice Pltef glk fe `hthrjckegc÷k `h glkmuier y beghr glkgurrcr fls hsouhrzls `h fls guetrl Gejpls `h Eggc÷k shiýk fe sctuegc÷k vcihkth. ^lr fl ihkhref, prlgurerå hvcter hf glkofcgtl erje`l y Khverå e`hfekth `cfcihkths khilgcegclkhs `cpfljåtcges. Ocrjerå glkvhkcls plfêtcgls, hglk÷jcgls, gufturefhs y ltrls pere evekzer begce su jhte. Fe ouhrze schjprh hsterå prhshkth evefek`l sus prhthksclkhs. Escjcsjl phrjekhghrå efhrte e ock `h hfu`cr l khutrefczer ckthrohrhkgces phrmu`cgcefhs `h ltrls egtlrhs ckthrkegclkefhs ckthrhse`ls. Keè shrå `hme`l ef ezer pere glkshrver fe ckcgcetcve plfêtcge y fe fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k. Hf glkùgtlr plfêtcgl rhvcserå glktckuejhkth fls rhsufte`ls `h hstls jãtl`ls rhfetcvejhkth pegêocgls. Wc kl eplrterek fls orutls ephthgc`ls dusgerå ltrls prlgh`cjchktls jås vclfhktls gljl fe grcscs l hf glkofcgtl dãfcgl edchrtl l cksc`clsl. Hk fes ýftcjes efthrketcves, hsglihrå hf jl`hfl plfêtcgl hstretãicgl jås glkvhkchkth, ckgfuyhk`l fe iuhrre deml hf glkghptl `h fe Hstrethice @crhgte. Fe ^lfêtcge `h Iuhrre prhpererå ef peês -hk pertcgufer ef Gejpl `h Eggc÷k Dãfcgl- pere eorlkter fe pruhde `h fes erjes glk hf jåxcjl `h pl`hr y hocgegce. Fe jekcldre `h fe Hstrethice Pltef oegufterå `hshkge`hker fes blstcfcè`hs guek`l jås glkvhkie h ckgfusl pere ckghktcver fe eirhsc÷k `hf rcvef sc sh hstcjere dhkhocgclsl.

Hmhjpfl Bcst÷rcgl CC Iuhrre Juk`cef CKITHWL @H HH.XX, E FE GLKOFEITEGC×K. Fe rcvefcè` hktrh Mep÷k y Klrthejãrcge prlvhkêe `hs`h prckgcpcls `hf scifl RR. Ejdls ekbhfedek hf `ljckcl `hf Fhmekl Lrchkth. Xkl hre cjpufse`l plr uke bhihjlkêe hxpekscve y hf ltrl plr uk cjphrcefcsjl hglk÷jcgl. Hf ekteilkcsjl sh eiu`cz÷ iregces e fes evhktures jcfcterhs `h fls hmãrgctls `hf Jcae`l hk Esce glktckhktef y hf ckirhsl `h Plf`l ef êgtl Prcpertctl `hf Hmh, Tllshvhft, thjhrlsl `h fes vcgtlrces `h fls ildchrkls tltefctercls, espcrede hktrer ef glkofcgtl hk pfhkl `hserrlffl hk hf _chml Glktckhkth ekths quh ouhre `hjesce`l ter`h. Hf ^rhsc`hkth sh hjderge hk uke lohkscve plfêtcge, glk ghktrl `h irevhè` hk hf Mep÷k. @hgrht÷ ùres jh`cès plfêtcges y hglk÷jcges, gljl `hkukgce `h trete`ls gljhrgcefhs, hjderil `h jethrces hshkgcefhs y

glkihfejchktl `h rhgursls ockekgchrls. ^lr ýftcjl, glk uk uftcjåtuj glflg÷ e Mep÷k ekth fe `csyuktcve `h rhgurrcr e fes erjes l gepctufer. Hf Whgrhtercl `h Iuhrre, Bhkry Wtcjslk

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

589

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> jekcohst÷ glk plsthrclrcè`= "Xk prldfhje kls prhlgupede jugbl. Wc X`. sedh quh su hkhjcil fl ve e eteger, plr fl ihkhref kl hs guhr`l hsphrer quh sh edefekgh tljek`l fe ckcgcetcve. Kl ldstekth, e phser `hf rchsil ckvlfugre`l hk phrjctcr e fls meplkhshs `csperer hf prcjhr tcrl, klsltrls gljprhk`cjls quh glk hf prlp÷sctl `h ldthkhr hf eplyl ukåkcjh `hf puhdfl klrthejhrcgekl hre prhohrcdfh eshiurerkls quh fls meplkhshs fl bcgchrek, `h tef jl`l quh kl gupchre ùè efiuke sldrh quchkhs hrek fls eirhslrhs. Hf slrprhscvl etequh e ^herf Berdlur, eýk guek`l `hfcdhreèjhkth prlvlge`l, bczl ckirhser e HH.XX. e fe iuhrre glk su Gejpl `h Eggc÷k Ckthrkl glbhsclke`l y fe treksolrj÷ hk juk`cef.

4.7. LOHKWC_E HWPTEPÃICGE S PÅGPCGE Hk fe glkùggc÷k `h fes lphregclkhs jcfcterhs sh `cstckiuhk `ls gfeshs `h lohkscves.

e)

LOHKWC_E HWPTEPHICGE

^hrsciuh fe quh glkqucste `h thrrctlrcl e`vhrsercl y phrjekhghr hk ãf. Hk fe lohkscve hstretãicge schjprh tchkh hster prhshkth hf oegtlr ihliråocgl.

d)

LOHKWC_E PEGPCGE

Pchkh plr ldmhtl pertcr `h uk puktl, ilfpher y rhirhser. Hk ltrls tãrjckls, rhefcze uke eggc÷k tågtcge y fuhil rhtlrke. ûh`h hster prhshkth hf oegtlr ihliråocgl, phrl kl tchkh ckthkgclkhs `h phrjekhghr hk ãf. ã f. Hxcsthk lohkscves tågtcges glk hohgtls hstretãicgls. Hk fe iuhrre jerêtcje bey tektes gfeshs `h lohkscves gljl kýjhrl `h gljdckegclkhs hxcstek hktrh fls ldmhtcvls y fls jh`cls j h`cls utcfcze`ls pere efgekzerfls. Fe lohkscve l ohkscve hstretãicge `h fe iuhrre hk hf jer sh jethrcefcze e trevãs `h uke lphregc÷k ekocdce.

7.

FE @HOHKWC_E 7.5. GLKGH^PLW DEWCGL D EWCGLW W

Fe `hohkscve hs khietcve y fe geregthrcze fe hsphre. Wu jhte glkscsth hk `hthkhr y slplrter hf ilfph `hf etegekth. e tegekth. Kl evekze y phrjekhgh hståtcge. Kl begh fl quh quchrh sckl fl quh puh`h, hs `hgcr s÷fl fh hstå phrjctc`l rheggclker. Gerhgchk`l `h fe ckcgcetcve quhè sumhte e tlè gfesh `h hvhktuefcè`hs sck plscdcfcè`hs `h glktrlferfes. Fe hkvuhfvh fe ckghrtcùjdrh y `hdh egljlèrsh e fes egtcvcè`hs `hf eirhslr. Prete `h jekthkhr fe sctuegc÷k cjphrekth y glkshrver fes hkhriêes. Fe `hohkscve sh olrjefcze plr hf hxph`chkth `h fe rhscsthkgce. Hf `ãdcf ephfe e

hffe pere eprlvhgber `cvhrses vhktemes. Gfeushwctz ekefcze ck hx-thksl hf thje= ^rhshrver hs jås oågcf quh ieker, `h `lk`h sh `hùgh ckjh`cetejhkth quh sc sh suplkh quh fls jh`cls hk

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

582

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> ejdls dek`ls slk ciuefhs, fe `hohkse shrå jås oågcf quh hf etequh... tl`l hf tchjpl quh treksgurrh sck shr utcfcze`l, phse hk fe defekze hk oevlr `hf `hohkslr... Ltre vhkteme quh surih s÷fl `h fe keturefhze `h fe iuhrre hs fe eyuè quh prlplrgclke fe sctuegc÷k `hf thrrhkl, y `h hstl fe `hohkse tchkh usl prhohrhkth" Hf eutlr glkgfuyh "fe olrje `hohkscve `h iuhrre hs jås ouhrth quh fe lohkscve". Hk rhsujhk hf kýjhrl, hf tchjpl y hf thrrhkl oevlrhghk e fe `hohkscve. E`hjås hf etequh hk su evekgh ldfcie e hxplkhr e fes ouhrzes eirhslres hk jlvcjchktl y hvc`hkgce sus ckthkgclkhs. Hk ltrl esphgtl, e fe `hohkscve kl fh gedh ùè efiuke sldrh su ýkcgl ldmhtcvl quh fh phrjcth gujpfcr glk su pephf= fe ouhrze etegekth quh `hdh shr `hsiesteè. Escjcsjl, rhohrhkth ef tchjpl, uke `hohkscve juy prlflkieè eohgte `h jl`l khietcvl e fe jlref. Eýk guek`l fe `hohkscve hs fe olrje jås ouhrth= "tchkh uk ldmhtcvl khietcvl, hs hvc`hkth hvc`hkth plr sc jcsjl quh s÷fl `hdhjls beghr usl `h fe jcsje jchktres kuhstre `hdcfcè` kls ldfcie e beghrfl y quh `hdhjls edek`lker hse olrje tek prlktl gljl kls scktejls suocgchkthjhkth ouhrths gljl gljl pere prlplkhjls hf ldmhtcvl plsctc plsctcvl vl uke iuhrre hk fe fe quh fes vcgtlrces slk useès jhrejhkth pere `hthkhr fls ilfphs y `lk`h kl sh ckthkte `hvlfvhr fls ilfphs, shrce tek edsurè gljl uke deteffe hk fe quh prhvefhgchre fe `hohkse jås edslfute (pescvcè`) hk tlès fes jh`cès". Fe `hohkse sh gljplkh `h `ls perths ckshperedfhs= fe hsphre y fe rheggc÷k. Fe hsphre sh eprlvhgbe e ock `h prhperersh `h fe jekhre jås hocgez. Hf eirhslr, hk fe eprlxcjegc÷k, `hsglrrh hf vhfl `h fe ckghrtcùjdrh, `hfete sus `hscikcls y tresfugh sus olrtefhzes y `hdcfcè`hs. Ef `hohkslr, hkgudchrtl y ef eghgbl, sh fh prhshkte fe lplrtukcè` pere ieker fe fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k h ckcgcetcve `hsgeriek`l hf glktreilfph slrprhscvl hk hf puktl `hgcscvl. Fe `hohkse, pere su ãxctl, rhquchrh glkthkhr hf ihrjhk `h fe lohkscve, `h kl shr esê s÷fl epfeze fe `hrrlte. Ltre olrje `h mustcocger fe `hohkscve hs guek`l ckthire uke jekcldre ejerrek`l ouhrzes hk uk orhkth shgukèrcl.

Hmhjpfl Bcst÷rcgl CC Iuhrre Juk`cef= WPEFCKITE@L. Bctfhr fekz÷ fe lohkscve `h vhrekl hk 5304 glk `crhggc÷k ef Gåugesl. Wus jhtes glkscstêek hk gepturer fe zlke phtrlfêohre y uke gedhze `h puhkth hk hf _lfie ckohrclr. Wtefckire`l hre uk ku`l `h gljukcgegclkhs juy cjplrtekth1 glktrlfede hf ofuml `h trcil, gljdustcdfh, muktl glk ltres jethrces prcjes vctefhs begce Jlsgý y hf århe ckùstrcef `h fls Xrefhs. Fls slvcãtcgls rhefczerlk uke `hohkscve thkez efrh`h`lr `h fe gcuè`. Wtefckire`l sh glkvcrtc÷ hk uke ldshsc÷k pere hf Oöbrhr. Glkghktr÷ fe jese `h fes ouhrzes hk hf etequh `hdutek`l fls ofekgls `hf hxthk`c`l `csplsctcvl ihrjekl. Hk tektl, hf ihkhref ]bualv efcst÷ hf glktreetequh slvcãtcgl e fes `hsiesteès ouhrzes jås y sus efce`ls1 slrprhscvejhkth, fl `hset÷ hf 53 `h klvchjdrh. "Hf Uucktl Hmãrgctl `h Pekquhs eteg÷ ef Phrghr Hmãrgctl Tujekl ef klrth `h fe gcuè` y hk plges blres `hstrlz÷ su orhkth. Ef `êe sciuchkth, ltre ouhrze eteg÷ ef

sur `h Wtefckire`l, glksciuchk`l ãxctl eýkhkfezerlk jås hsphgtegufer... `h klvchjdrh, puktes `h fekze hkvceès plr fls uk slvcãtcgls hk Aefegb, eHffe44lrcffe `hf rêl @lk,fesy quhèrlk ghrge`ls hf Whxtl Hmãrgctl y gljl fe jcte` `h fes trlpes efhjekes y rujekes `hf

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

583

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Guertl Hmãrgctl êkzhr, uk tltef `h 48>.>>> e 7>>.>>> bljdrhs". Fe vcgtlrclse glktrelohkscve slvcãtcge, e`hjås `h fe ldghgegc÷k `h Bctfhr, glkt÷ glk fe eyuè `hf gru`l ckvchrkl rusl.

7.4. @HOHKWC_E E KC_HF ^LFCPCGL Hf ildhrkekth `h uk peês glk ldmhtcvl plfêtcgl khietcvl l glkshrve`lr -setcsohgbl glk fl quh plshh- treterå `h hvcter fls glkofcgtls dãfcgls. Hf ýkcgl prlvhgbl `h fls ckihkths segrcocgcls `h uke iuhrre shrêe, hk hf jhmlr `h fls gesls, glkshrver fl prlpcl. ^lr fl ihkhref, fe ^lfêtcge kl glksc`hrerå fes fugbes erjeès gljl ckstrujhktls e su erdctrcl pere glkshiucr ockhs dhkhocgclsls. Hf Hste`cste lrchkterå e fe Hstrethice Pltef begce fes khilgcegclkhs glk trekseggclkhs rezlkedfhs. Hf fêjcth `h fes glkghsclkhs fl `hockcråk fls ckthrhshs kegclkefhs vctefhs h ckefchkedfhs.  Efgekze`l Efgekze`l `cgbl je jerihk, rihk, hsterå ekth verces efthrketcves= eghpter jutcfegclkhs hk su sldhrekêe, tlfhrer hf eveseffejchktl l ephfer e fe ouhrze. Wc rhslfvchre rhscstcr, hkgeuzerå fe Hstrethice Pltef glk hf prlp÷sctl `h `cfeter hf hsteffc`l `hf glkofcgtl. Eprlvhgberå hf tchjpl ldthkc`l hk prhperersh pere eorlkter glk ãxctl fe fugbe. Hk olrje phrjekhkth, glktckuerå khilgcek`l y epfcgerå fe `csuesc÷k glk fe ckthkgc÷k quh hf e`vhrsercl rhkukgch e fe vclfhkgce y sus prhthksclkhs. Wc fe iuhrre ouhre ckhvctedfh, sh hkglktrerå ekth fe e`ctcve `h hsphrer fe eirhsc÷k l`hrhefczer iuhrre prhvhktcve. "Hs glkghdcdfh quhHste`ls hf Hste`l glkshrve`lregujufek tlrkh fe ckcgcetcve rhgurrcruke e fes erjes. ^lr hmhjpfl, ef vhr quh fls cksetcsohgbls sus ouhrzes puh`h prhvhkcr fe eirhsc÷k quh thjh l muzie ckhvctedfh". Hste iuhrre `hfcdhreè hxcicrå uk gucè`lsl pfekhejchktl y gllr`ckegc÷k `h fls 0 Gejpls `h Eggc÷k, sckl glkstctucrå uke ckvctegc÷k ef sucgc`cl.

Hmhjpfl Bcst÷rcgl= FE IXHTTE @H FLW WHCW @CEW . E jh`ce`ls `h 53?9, Csrehf prhsujêe rhgcdcr uke prlkte eirhsc÷k åredh. "Fe rhtcreè `h fes trlpes `h fes Kegclkhs Xkcès, hf evekgh `h fls gerrls `h gljdeth hicpgcls e trevãs `h fe phkêksufe `hf Wckeê, hf pegtl `h `hohkse jutue scrcl-hicpgcl y fls hkvêls `h erjes slvcãtcges ouhrlk uk evcsl pere Csrehf `h quh fe sctuegc÷k hre jugbl jås, gljprljhtcè `h fl quh e prcjhre vcste pu`chre perhghr. Hf dflquhl jerêtcjl s÷fl hre ye uk gesus dhffc pere Phf Evcv, hsl hre hvc`hkth pere hf juk`l hkthrl. Wck hjderil, ekths `h rhgurrcr `hf e fesGE erjes, CsrehfCsrehf `cl uke lplrtukcè` e feuke `cpfljegce". Ekth hf oregesl `h fes ihstclkhs hxthrkl, rhslfvc÷ rhefczer iuhrre prhvhktcve h ckcgc÷ fes blstcfcè`hs hf 8 `h mukcl `h je`ruieè.

7.7.

@HOHKWC_E HWPTEPHICGE S PEGPCGE

Hk fe glkùggc÷k `h fes lphregclkhs jcfcterhs sh `cstckiuhk `ls gfeshs `h `hohkscves=

e) @HOHKWC_E HWPTEPHICGE. Hfu`h fe `hgcsc÷k hk hsphre `h gcrgukstekgces oevlredfhs pere peser e fe lohkscve. Hs uke egtctu` treksctlrce. Hk fl jerêtcjl hsth tãrjckl tchkh plge epfcgegc÷k, puhs hk hf jer kl hxcsth thrrhkl pere hktrhier l prlthihrsh hk ãf. d)

@HOHKWC_E PEGPCGE. ^hrsciuh fe `hohkse `h uk ldmhtcvl hsphgêocgl, kl

prhthk`h uk hohgtl plsthrclr. Hk hf jer sh treùgh hk glrtckes ECW, EE, htg.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

5?>

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> 0.- GTCPHTCLW HREIHTE@LW Glk orhguhkgce, fls trete`cstes eriujhktek sldrh fes vhktemes y `hsvhktemes `h fe glkùggc÷k hstretãicge lohkscve l `hohkscve. Hktrh hffls hxcsthk epesclke`ls pertcèrcls `h fe lohkscve quh `hsegrh`ctek e fe `hohkscve. Hste thk`hkgce sh puh`h rhprhshkter plr hf ckoukè`l thje= "guektl jås `ãdcf sh hs, jås sh `hdh eteger". ^lr ltrl fe`l, bey slsthkh`lrhs `h uk hxeihre`l grcthrcl `hohkscvl. `hohk scvl. Hk vhrè`, ejdes olrjes `h glkùggc÷k slk eghptedfhs hk oukgc÷k `h `cohrhkths oegtlrhs, hktrh fls prckgcpefhs hståk- jh`cls, ockhs, hsghkercl, tchjpl y fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k. Jås eýk, fe lohkscve y `hohkscve sh eplyek y slk ckshperedfhs. Fe `hohkscve glkscsth hk fe hsphre y rheggc÷k. "^hrl gljl fe `hohkse hs ckshperedfh `h fe c`he `h hsphre, hf ldmhtcvl `h `hrrlter ef hkhjcil s÷fl puh`h hxcstcr glk`cgclkefjhkth, l she, s÷fl sc hs shiuc`l plr hf etequh. Hk glkshguhkgce, hs hvc`hkth quh sc hstl kl sh prlùgh, fe `hohkse sh glkthkterå glk glkshrver fl quh plshh". Egferek`l, fe `hohkse pere jethrcefczer su ltrl gljplkhkth -fe rheggc÷k- khghscte glktreeteger, s÷fl `h hste jekhre ldtchkh hf ldmhtcvl `h `hrrlter ef glktrckgekth. "Hk fe jcsje olrje, hf etequh kl hs uk tl`l bljliãkhl sckl quh hstå jhzgfe`l ckghsekthjhkth glkbeste fe `hohkse... ^lrquh, prcjhr fuier, `h hf `hsgeksl, etequh kly puh`h glktckuer ckthrrujpcèjhkth su glkgfusc÷k1 `hdhhkthkhr phrêl`ls hk hstes htepes guek`l su eggc÷k quhè khutrefczeè, hf hste`l `h `hohkse ckthrvchkh `h plr sê. Hk shiuk`l fuier, hf hspegcl quh hk su evekgh `hme tres `h sê uke ouhrze kudfer y quh hs hshkgcef pere su hxcsthkgce, kl schjprh puh`h shr prlthic`l plr hf etequh jcsjl, sckl quh `hdh shr prlthic`l hsphgcefjhkth" Hk rhsu ce, puhs fl ýkcgl `h ckthrãs hs `hthrjcker hf puktl `h fe `hgcsc÷k. Hk ãf, fe lohkscve thk`rå su jeylr hohgtl. Fe hxeihregc÷k `h fls grcthrcls lohkscvls l `hohkscvls geuse irevhs ckglkvhkchkths ckgfuyhk`l fe `hrrlte, gljl fl `hjuhstre beste fe segchè` fe bcstlrce.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls= FE IXHTTE @HF ÊGCOCGL. Hk fe Deteffe `h @lflrhs, hf hmãrgctl gbcfhkl, e fe `hohkscve, `hrrlt÷ e fes ouhrzes `hf Ihkhref Duhk`êe. Hk Perepegå, uk `hstegejhktl gbcfhkl eteg÷ e jh`cls phruekls-dlfcvcekls suorchk`l uk shrcl rhvãs. Hk suje, uke `hohkscve hxctlse y uke lohkscve oregeseè, y, sh ffhi÷ e fe glkgfusc÷k quh fe `hohkse hre hf jãtl`l jås eprlpce`l pere eshiurer fe vcgtlrce. Hk fe gejpeõe `h Pegke, `hspuãs `hf `hshjdergl, hf hmãrgctl hxph`cgclkercl hstuvl e fe hsphre `hf etequh `h fls efce`ls. Gljl hre f÷icgl hsth kl sh prlùml y hktlkghs sh `hthrjck÷ evekzer begce Pegke `hspuãs `h phr`hr uk jhs. Fe Deteffe sh ffhv÷ e gedl hk hf Gejpl `h Efcekze. fe. Iuhrre Juk`cef= Hf Thifejhktl `h Gejpeõe `hf Hmãrgctl Hm ãrgctl Orekgãs prhsgrcdêe= "Hf hmãrgctl orekgãs vuhftl e

sus tre`cgclkhs, kl e`jcth ltre fhy quh fe lohkscve. W÷fl fe lohkscve prlùgh rhsufte`ls plsctcvls. Fes o÷rjufes eteger sck vegcfer, rljphr fe vlfukte` `hf e`vhrsercl, gerier e fe deylkhte, sh rhpcthk ckghsekthjhkth hk hste Dcdfce Jcfcter `h 5357, rhofhmek`l hf phksejchktl

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

5?5

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> `hf Eftl Hste`l Jeylr, fls prckgcpcls `hf oejlsl ^fek R_CC, quh tchkh gljl ýkcgl hmh fe lohkscve"'8. "Fe c`he `crhgtrcz `hf Hste`l Jeylr orekgãs, deseè hk fe lohkscve e uftrekze, glk tlès fes ouhrzes rhukcès, hs eteger hk Flrhke, plr uke y ltre perth `h Jhtz, pere rhvhkter hf ghktrl `hf hmãrgctl efhjåk, orekquher hf Tbck plr Jeiukgce, e 45> acf÷jhtrls ef klrlhsth `h Kekgy, y efgekzer plr ock Dhrfêk. ^lgl cjplrte sc, ef jcsjl tchjpl, fls hmãrgctls hkhjcils ckve`hk Dãficge". Hf ^fek R_X, re`cgefjhkth lohkscvl, glfedlr÷ e fls ãxctls ckcgcefhs `hf ^fek Wgbbhoohk, jl`cocge`l plr Jlftah Hf Mlvhk, y gesc prlùgh prlù gh fe `hrrlte orekgl-drctåkcge. orekgl -drctåkcge.

CC. Iuhrre Juk`cef= Hf phksejchktl hstretãicgl orekgãs lsgcf÷ `h uk hxtrhjl e ltrl. Hk 5373, `ljckede fe `hohkscve guyl jhmlr hxplkhkth hre uk lkhrlsl glr`÷k `hohkscvl, glkstruc`l hk su orlkthre glk Efhjekce. "Fe fêkhe Jeicklt, kl s÷fl prcv÷ e fls orekghshs `h tlè ckcgcetcve, sckl quh pusl hse ckcgcetcve hk jekls `hf hkhjcil. Hk tef olrje, Bctfhr pu`l eteger `lk`h qucsl y glk fes ouhrzes quh qucsl. Fls orekghshs kl phrgcdchrlk quh fe `hohkse, she hstretãicge l tågtcge, `h ekcqucfejchktl l `h `hsiesth, `hdh shr `ckåjcge1 gljl kl sh `chrlk guhkte `h hffl, pfekherlk uke iuhrre `h ckjlvcfcè`, hk fuier `h prhvhr uke hstedcfcè` `ckåjcge"

8.

THFEGCLKHW HKPTH FE ^LFCPCGE, FE HWPTEPHICE S FE PEGPCGE THOHTHKPH E FE LOHKWC_E S @HOHKWC_E.

Fe ^lfêtcge `hthrjcke `hthrjcke hf Ldmhtcvl ^lfê ^lfêtcgl, tcgl, hf guef puh`h shr plsctc plsctcvl vl l khietcvl. Hk tektl fe Hstrethice hsglih= g÷jl efgekzerfl lptek`l plr fe lohkscve l `hohkscve. Fe lohkscve y `hohkscve glkstctuyhk jãtl`ls pere beghr fe iuhrre y kl hståk rhfegclkeès glk sus geuses. Hs `hgcr, slk ck`hphk`chkths `h hffes. Guek`l hf L^. hs plsctcvl hxcsth pfhke glkglrèkgce hktrh fe ^lfêtcge y fe Hstrethice plr su hshkgce lohkscve. Hk fe hvhktuefcè` quh hf L^. glrrhsplkè e ukl khietcvl keghk fes `cvhrihkgces. Hk tef gcrgukstekgce, fe ^lfêtcge ckthrochrh e fe Hstrethice y fh `hjekè e`lpter uke egtctu` hsphgêocge lohkscve l `hohkscve- shiýk fls sciuchkths s ciuchkths oegtlrhs prckgcpefhs= e) d) g) `) h) o) i)

Wctuegc÷k Ckthrkegclkef. C`clsckgresce kegclkef. ^hrslkefcè` `hf hste`cste. Jh`cls `csplkcdfhs. Hsghkercl `hf glkofcgtl. Pchjpl eprlvhgbedfh. Jerihk `h fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k.

Hktrh fe Hstrethice y fe Pågtcge hxcsth uke glrrhfegc÷k jås hstrhgbe quh fe ekthrclr. ^hrl tejdcãk bey `csgrhpekgces. Xk oejlsl Gepctåk glksc`hrede quh fe olrje jås ouhrth `h beghr fe iuhrre hre uke egtctu` hstretãicge lohkscve hk glkmuktl glk uke glkùggc÷k tågtcge

`hohkscve. Hk Eprlxcjegc÷k hste eperhkthCk`crhgte= glktre`cggc÷k sh oukèjhkte uklhkgejckeè `h fls prlgh`cjchktls fe Hstrethice `h "uke hstrethice lohkscve e sctuersh hk`huke plscgc÷k quh trestlrke ef e`vhrsercl y quh sh glrlke glk uke `hohkscve tågtcge= hf eiucm÷k hk fe

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

5?4

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> glfe". Hf prlp÷sctl phrshiuc`l rhsc`h hk glflger hk jekcochste `hsvhkteme ef hkhjcil ekths `hf hkguhktrl ckùgcãk`lfh e evekzer hk olrje cjprhvcste y `hshqucfcdreè.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls= IXHTTE @H FE GLKOH@HTEGCLK. Gbcfh thkêe uk L^ khietcvl phrl fe Glkoh`hregc÷k hre uke ejhkeze bhihj÷kcge quh eohgtede e su sldhrekêe. ^lrtefhs rheggclk÷ h bczl e`lpter uke egtctu` hstretãicge lohkscve e fes ouhrzes jcfcterhs kegclkefhs. "Wck Hmãrgctl, sck Hsgue`re, sck ockekzes y glk uke lriekczegc÷k plfêtcge rhgchkth, ffhveè e gedl `hspuãs `h uke rhvlfugc÷k, hf ihkcl `h ^lrtefhs tl`l fl vhkgc÷, kl ljctchk`l kc hf segrcocgcl `h su vcè. Wu tefhktl y petrcltcsjl bcgchrlk quh su irek`h efje vchre pere Gbcfh uk outurl prhõe`l `h phfcirl, sê Wekte Gruz glkshiuêe ffhver e duhk tãrjckl su scsthje plfêtcgl `h ejdcgclkhs y irek`hze, `h ebê quh hkgejckere sus hsouhrzls `h hste`cste e `cslfvhr fe Glkoh`hregc÷k". @hspuãs `h Sukiey, hf Hmãrgctl Thsteure`lr y fe Hsgue`re rhtljerlk e Gbcfh sck ltrl dltêk quh rhklve`ls feurhfhs. ?.

FE @CTHGGCLK WX^THJE @H FE IXHTTE,

Hk fe iuhrre bey quh glkmuier fe ^lfêtcge glk fe Hstrethice, uke shõefe fe jhte y fe ltre jerge hf gejckl. Hste rhfegc÷k, `h eperchkgce tek scjpfh, prhshkte trhjhkès `cocgufte`hs Hxcsthk verces efthrketcves pere setcsoeghr hf rhquhrcjchktl `h fe `crhggc÷k plfêtcgl-hstretãicgl hk uk glkofcgtl, e sedhr= Glkùgtlr ^lfêtcgl. Glkùgtlr Jcfcter. Glkùgtlr ^lfêtcgl - Jcfcter. Dckljcl ^lfêtcgl - Jcfcter @crhggc÷k Glfhiceè. Hk fes trhs prcjhres vercekths, hf @crhgtlr Wuprhjl `h fe Iuhrre hs uke phrslke. ^lr tektl rhquchrh `h uk hxphrtl tektl `h fe plfêtcge gljl `h fe hstrethice1 sctuegc÷k quh kl sugh`h glk orhguhkgce. Ckgfusl, guek`l eperhgc÷ uk ihkcl, Keplfh÷k, `hspuãs `h ferils eõls `h eilte`lre fugbe egerrh÷ hf `hsestrh pere su kegc÷k. Glk Dlfêver lgurrc÷ fl jcsjl ef kl shr gljprhk`c`l plr sus glkthjplråkhls. Esê jcsjl, fe hxphrchkgce bcst÷rcge be `hjlstre`l hf oregesl `h hsth tcpl `h `crhggc÷k `h fe iuhrre, puhs quchkhs fe hmhrgchrlk sh efhmerlk `h fe rhefcè` y `hf eshslrejchktl prlohsclkef. Fe glkùggc÷k dckljcl plfêtcgl-jcfcter sh `hstege gljl uke `h fes jås hxctlses. ^hrl prhshkte hf phfcirl `h fe ckgljpetcdcfcè` `h geregthrhs l treksolrjersh hk jek`l ukcphrslkef ef cjplkhrsh fe phrslkefcè` `hf jås ouhrth. Ltre vercegc÷k glkscsth hk hf jek`l glfhice`l. Hste lriekczegc÷k oukgclke glk ofuc`hz schjprh quh tl`ls sus ckthirekths sh schktek gljprljhtc`ls glk fes rhslfugclkhs tljeès y kl sh glkvchrtek hk eshslrhs sck rhsplksedcfcè`.

Gljl glrlfercl, sh puh`h eocrjer quh geè peês lriekcze fe `crhggc÷k suprhje `h fe iuhrre `h eguhr`l e fes gcrgukstekgces y sus khghscè`hs. Fl ýkcgl cjplrtekth rhsc`h hk

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

5?7

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> efgekzer uke hocgez y erj÷kcge rhfegc÷k hktrh fe ^lfêtcge y fe Hstrethice, puhs ãste hs h s fe o÷rjufe hxgfuscve pere glkùgcr glk ãxctl uk glkofcgtl y glshgber orutls `h fls hklrjhs segrcocgcls cjpuhstls e fe kegc÷k.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgl DCWJETGA - JLFPAH, Hf dckljcl plfêtcgl jcfcter `h jeylr rhkljdrh ouh hf gljpuhstl plr Dcsjerga y Jlftah (Hf _chml). Ejdls hrek bådcfhs y `lte`ls `h uke rhgce phrslkefcè`. Fe rhfegc÷k hktrh hffls hstuvl ffhke `h hsglffls, sck hjderil, ukcocgerlk y hkirek`hgchrlk ef Cjphrcl Efhjåk. "E kuhstrl perhghr, ye Jlftah, Hf _chml, sciuc÷ `h jefe ieke fes c`hes `h Gfeushwctz hk sus glksc`hregclkhs eghrge `h fe eggc÷k rhgêprlge hktrh fe plfêtcge y fe hstrethice. Hxprhs÷ glk gchrtl shktcjchktl quh, plr `hsiregce, fe plfêtcge kl puh`h shperersh `h fe hstrethice. BCPFHT Hf `cgte`lr ihrjekl, uk eutl`cègte, prlirhscvejhkth ekuf÷ e fls jek`ls y lriekcsjls eshslrhs `h fes OO.EE. "^lr hf bhgbl `h quh Bctfhr hre hk uke slfe phrslke mhoh `hf Hste`l, `crcihkth `h fe plfêtcge, jek`l suphrclr `h fe Yhbrjegbt y jås ter`h `hf hmãrgctl `h tchrre, fh ouh cjplscdfh gujpfcr kc scquchre hk gchrte jh`cè, fes ldfciegclkhs quh egerrhedek hstls gerils. Kl bedêe kckiuke ierektêe `h quh pu`chre rhefjhkth `csgutcrsh uk prldfhje cjplrtekth `h hstrethice pere cfujckerfl plr tl`ls sus glste`ls, `h jl`l quh pu`chre `hgc`crsh glk pfhkl glklgcjchktl `h fls bhgbls". GBXTGBCFF "Hf pfekhejchktl hstretãicgl kl hre su gerte ouhrth. ^rhohrêe tredemer plr cktucgc÷k h cjpufsls. Kukge ouh duhkl pere hvefuer tlès fes cjpfcgekgces `h guefquchr gursl `h eggc÷k quh ãf oevlrhgêe. @h bhgbl, glk orhguhkgce, rhkukgcede e beghrfl.

G

^CPXFL RCCC

FLW LDMHPC_LW CKPTL@XGGCLK 5.5. HF BLJDTH S FLW LDMHPC_L Hk su eoåk `h rhefczer, hf bljdrh prhgcse jhtes. Wck hffes, su eggclker shrêe ge÷tcgl plr fe ckglbhrhkgce y ekerquêe hk su quhbeghr. Fe ckolrjh grhegc÷k rhsuftekth, prlùgtl `h geprcgbls

pesemhrls y gerhkths `hf shktc`l `h gljukcè`, kl thk`rêe gljchkzl kc ock. Wck ldmhtcvls, fe bujekcè` kl bedrêe hvlfugclke`l y eýk sh errestrerêe sujcè hk uk `hireèkth prcjctcvcsjl keturefhze, fhs ltlrie fe rez÷k `h shr e sus hsouhrzls y segrcocgcls plr `hspfhier. Escjcsjl begh

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

5?0

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> glkvhrihr fe fedlr sldrh hf ock `hshe`l. Hk glkshguhkgce, tl`l kcvhf `h `crhggc÷k rhquchrh `hockcr sus ldmhtcvls. Hk hf gepêtufl `h`cge`l e fls prckgcpcls `h fe iuhrre, sh eprhgce fe khghscè` cjprhsgck`cdfh `hf Ldmhtl hsth hs hf rhgtlr y `hthkte uke guefcè` hxgfuscve h cktreksohrcdfh= shõefe hf ‛“UXH““. Jes gferl, ocme ocme fe jhte e flirer. E fls pertcgcpekths `h uke hjprhse, `h guefquchr keturefhze, fhs fhs ltlrie fe rez÷k rez÷k `h shr e sus hsouhrzls y segrcocgcls plr `hspfhier. Escjcsjl begh glkvhrihr fe fedlr sldrh hf ock `hshe`l. Hk glkshguhkgce, tl`l kcvhf `h `crhggc÷k rhquchrh `hockcr sus ldmhtcvls.

5.4. KHGHWC@E@ S GEPHILTCE @H FLW L LDMHPC_LW DMHPC_LW KEGC KEGCLKEFHW LKEFHW Fe plfêtcge glkstctuyh hf jås eftl pfekl `h glkùggc÷k `h uke kegc÷k. Wc sh hktchk`h plr plfêtcge hf erth `h ildhrker e uk u k peês glk fe ckthkgc÷k `h glkshiucr hf jeylr dchkhster plscdfh e fe gljukcè` hf ildhrkekth, pere edlrèr su gljpfhme terhe, hstå ldfcie`l e olrjufer fls ldmhtcvls y esê èr gujpfchk`l e su rhsplksedcfcè`. Glkvchkh thkhr prhshkth quh hf Hste`l glkghktre sus `hsvhfls hk `ls esphgtls hshkgcefhs= `hserrlffl y shiurcè`. Hf prcjhrl sh rhfegclke glk hf prlirhsl jethrcef y hspcrctuef `h fe gljukcè`. Hk tektl, hf rhstekth sh prhlgupe hk oegcfcter y rhsiuerèr hf `hserrlffl. êre hffl `hdh glktrerrhster fes ejhkezes hxthrkes h ckthrkes thk`chkths e rhterèr l cjph`cr fe jergbe `h¡ puhdfl hk pls `h uk jhmlr `hstckl y fe prlflkiegc÷k `h su ldre e trevãs `h fls tchjpls. Hk fls guetrl gejpls `h eggc÷k hståk prhshkths tektl hf `hserrlffl gljl fe shiurcè` hktrhfeze`ls hstrhgbe h ckshperedfhjhkth. Ejdls sh gljpfhjhktek y eyuèk. Wck `hserrlffl kl bey shiurcè`, rhcke fe orustregc÷k h cktrekqucfcè`. Wck shiurcè` hf `hserrlffl sh ckbcdh plr fe prhgerchè` `h fes deshs `lk`h erreciersh. Wck hjderil, fe hxeihregc÷k hk guefquchre `h fls `ls esphgtls treh fejhktedfhs glkshguhkgces. Hf hxegtl defekgh hktrh hffls hs fl quh `cstckiuh ef vhrè`hrl hste`cste. ^lr tef rez÷k, sus ldmhtcvls plfêtcgls tchkhk quh setcsoeghr fes hxcihkgces `hf `hserrlffl y fe shiurcè` hk olrje erj÷kcge y hqucfcdreè.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls= AXYECP. Hf egeuèfe`l hjcretl, glk ghrge `hf 5>% `h fes rhshrves juk`cefhs `h phtr÷fhl, plgl sh prhlgup÷ `h su shiurcè`. @hstck÷ guektclsls olk`ls e uke suktulse ckorehstrugture pýdfcge. Hste gcrgukstekgce phrjctc÷ e "We`èj Busshck, rhspefè`l hk su pl`hrlsl eperetl jcfcter, e gejdcer plr fe ouhrze hf lr`hk hstedfhgc`l pere, shiýk sus pefedres, phrjctcr e fls åredhs rhglkqucster su `cikcè`, prhshktåk`lsh gljl `hohkslr `h fls shgtlrhs jås `hprcjc`ls, ef tchjpl quh oustciede fe lpufhkgce y fe `cscpegc÷k `h fe quh begêek lsthktegc÷k fes jcklrêes rcges"'. Hf 4 `h Eilstl `h 533>, Auwect ouh ckve`c`l, gesc sck rhscsthkgce, plr hf Hmãrgctl `h Crea. FE HR-XKC×K WL_CHPCGE. Hf Arhjfck ckvcrtc÷, plr jugbls eõls, efrh`h`lr `hf 7>% `h su ^DC hk shiurcè` ckthrke y hxthrke `hsgucèk`l hf `hserrlffl. Wu c`hlfliêe gljukcste, deseè hk oefses prhjcses hxpeksclkcstes h ckthrkegclkefcste, fh glk`cgclkede e rhefczer

guektclsls iestls pere ockekgcer evhktures hxthrkes, jekthkhr ouhrths OO.EE. y slsthkhr uk iciekthsgl eperetl rhprhscvl. "Fe Xkc÷k Wlvcãtcge glfeps÷ ef ockef `h 5335. Hre uk eglkthgcjchktl hsphre`l plr feril tchjpl, glk efhirh hxphgtegc÷k plr efiukls y glk trcsthze THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

5?8

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> plr ltrls. Fl quh `htlk÷ fe cjpflsc÷k ockef ouh ckhsphre`l. Fls `crcihkths rheggclkercls `h fes hktcè`hs jås lprhscves `h fe Xkc÷k Wlvcãtcge jlkterlk uk ilfph hk eilstl `h 5335 quh ckthktede `hthkhr fes rholrjes hglk÷jcges y fe `cslfugc÷k `h fe Xkc÷k, phrl hf guef, cr÷kcgejhkth, tuvl uk hohgtl hxegtejhkth glktrercl. Hf råpc`l h cikljclsl oregesl `h fe glkmure `hdcfct÷ oetefjhkth fes ckstctugclkhs quh bedêek prlvcstl fes deshs `hf glktrlf ghktref. Glk sus pcferhs `h eplyl `hthrclre`ls hf uke vhz ethjlrcze`lr h`cocgcl sh `hsjlrlk÷.

LDMHPC_L ^LFÊPCGL (L.^.) 4.5.

IHKHTEGCLK

êre hstedfhghr fls L^. sh begh khghsercl glksufter fe bcstlrce, ekefczer fe c`clsckgresce kegclkef, `hthrjcker fes espcregclkhs keturefhs, eprhgcer fes plscdcfcè`hs hglk÷jcges, hvefuer fes geregthrêstcges ihlplfêtcges, glksc`hrer fes `lgtrckes plfêtcges glk jeylr ckofuhkgce, fe rhfcic÷k, htg. Thgepctufek`l, sh `hùghk `h uk egede`l hstu`cl juftc`csgcpfckercl sldrh fe kegc÷k. Fls L^ `hdhk glkthkhr fls ekbhfls h ckthrhshs phrjekhkths y shjcphrjekhkths ckspcre`lrhs `h fe gljukcè` hk pls `h su rhefczegc÷k pfhke glkgcfce`ls glk fe hxpfltegc÷k `h fls rhgursls `hf peês y fes guefcè`hs -hvc`hkths l plthkgcefhs- `hf puhdfl. "Hstls ockhs, gljl treùggc÷k vcve l rhef `hf ckthrãs kegclkef, plferczek fes espcregclkhs ckjekhkths `h uke kegc÷k thkchk`l gljl blrczlkth su glktckucè` hk hf hspegcl y hf tchjpl. Dusgek esê fe suphrvcvhkgce `hf irupl kegclkef e trevãs `h fe hxcsthkgce `h uk hste`l `h shiurcè` quh rhsiuer`h fe sldhrekêe y oevlrhzge fe ukcè`.... Gljpfhjhktercejhkth dusgek tejdcãk egrhghkter uke glk`cgc÷k `h dchkhster hglk÷jcgl, plfêtcgl y slgcef quh fh phrjcte fe hvlfugc÷k gufturef, fe prlsphrcè`, fe fcdhrte` y fe mustcgce. @h kuhvl sh ckscsth, hf Hste`l tchkh fe ldfciegc÷k `h setcsoeghr fls L^. y gljl jêkcjl, j êkcjl, hstls sh rhochrhk e `ls thjes hshkgcefhs= e)

Jhtes pere hf `hserrlffl hglk÷jcgl, slgcef y plfêtcgl.

d)

Jh`cès pere fe jekthkgc÷k `h fe ouhrze khghserce glk hf prlp÷sctl `h ierektczer fe shiurcè` y sldhrekêe `h fe kegc÷k.

4.4. OLTJXFEGCLK Xsuefjhkth, hf L^ fl olrjufe hf ildhrkekth `hrcve`l `h¡ hstu`cl ekths `hsgrctl. Pejdcãk puh`h ihkhrersh iregces e fe cktucgc÷k vcsclkerce `hf hste`cste quchk prhvã glk gfercvc`hkgce fls prldfhjes outurls `h fe kegc÷k. ^lr fl gljýk, ãf kl `hspchrte gljprhksc÷k hktrh sus glkthjplråkhls1 fhs hxcih segrcocgcls jchktres fls dhkhocgcls hståk `hstcke`ls e fes ihkhregclkhs outures. Ltre efthrketcve rhsc`h hk hf geu`cffl ejdcgclsl h ckhsgrupuflsl quh lrcicke uk L^ lrchkte`l e ltlrierfh prhstcicl l dhkhocgcl phrslkef. êre hffl rhquchrh rhefczer uke vcilrlse gejpeõe pscglf÷icge hkgeuzeè e glkvhkghr e fe lpckc÷k pýdfcge `h fes jhtes ertcocgcefhs e glkqucster. ^lr ýftcjl, tejdcãk eglkthgh quh hf ildhrkekth kl muzie hk tlè su jeikctu` hf L^ ckspcre`lr `hf puhdfl y ãsth sh fl cjplkh.

Fe suphrplscgc÷k hktrh fls L^. `h `cstcktls peêshs ihkhre fls glkofcgtls. Wu ckthkscè` verêe hk rhfegc÷k rhfegc÷k `crhgte glk fe prlouk`cè` `hf rhgudrcjchktl.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

5??

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgl=

FE IXHTTE @H FE GLKOH@HTEGC×K. HWPE@CWPE _CWCLKETCL. Hf Jercsgef Wekte Gruz prhthk`c÷ rhglkstrucr hf cjphrcl ckgecgl utcfczek`l fe ouhrze, fe cktrcie y fe glkspcregc÷k. Hk sus pfekhs bhihj÷kcgls ckgfuêe e Gbcfh. "Kl rhkukgcerå plr uk jljhktl e su c`he `h bhihjlkêe sldrh Gbcfh, phrl fl dusgerå ck`crhgtejhkth. ^rlgurerå `hdcfcter ef peês, errhdetåk`lfh hf gljhrgcl.... Wh jhzgferå ireùefjhkth hk fes `cshksclkhs ckthstckes, beste `cslfvhr hf hspêrctu `h kegclkefcè` "^lrtefhs... kl sh hkieõ÷ uk s÷fl ckstekth glk sus prlthstes `h pegcocsjl1 y glflge`l, fl jcsjl quh Tlses, hk fe cjplscdcfcè` `h `hrrcder ef kuhvl pl`hr jh`cekth fe gådefe y fe cktrcie, rhslfvc÷, `hs`h hf prcjhr jljhktl, sefver fe ck`hphk`hkgce gbcfhke y su prlpce grhegc÷k plfêtcge, eirh`cãk`lfh jcfcterjhkth, `hstrlzek`l su glkstruggc÷k ekths quh sh eshktere". Fe iuhrre glktre fe Glkoh`hregc÷k kl ouh gljprhk`cè plr sus glkgcuèèkls. ^lrtefhs gey÷ vêgtcje `h fes jequckegclkhs `h Wekte Gruz. ^hrl hf shktc`l `h fe kegclkefcè` gbcfhke sh erreci÷ `hspuãs `hf trcukol `h Sukiey.

HF ^TLDFHJE @HF DHEIFH. L^. OCGPCGCL. "Evhkteès `hockctcvejhkth fes hsphrekzes `h èr sefcè e fls rcgls veffhs ckthrek`ckls ef êgêocgl plr hf oeffl trekseggclkef `h WJD, fe Gese Tlseè pls÷ su jcreè sldrh hf Gekef Dheifh quh fh drckède uke kuhve lgesc÷k pere rhh`cter su ektciul ekbhfl `h `ljcker hf glkl eustref, desh `hf prh`ljckcl hk hf rhstl `hf glktckhkths. êre flirer su gljhtc`l `holrj÷ fe rhefcè` bcst÷rcge, ihliråocge y murê`cge. Hf `cohrhk`l sh rhslfvc÷ plr fe fe Jh`cegc÷k êpef. IXHTTE @HF ÊGCOCGL. L^. CJ^XHWPL ^LT HF ^XHDFL . "Ephkes glklgcè kltcgce `h fe tlje `h Ercge, rhsugct÷ hf `hseguhr`l hktrh hf ildchrkl y fe lpckc÷k sldrh hf rujdl outurl `h fe iuhrre. Fe thkez rhscsthkgce `hf ^rhsc`hkth ^cktl e fe gejpeõe sldrh Fcje eujhkt÷ glk fe juhrth `h Wltljeylr jchktres tektl fe vlfukte` `hf peês sh bedêe prlkukgce`l hk olrje ckglkthkcdfh1 quhrêe cr e Fcje, glstesh fl quh glsterh".

7.-

GFEWCOCGEGC× GFEWCOCGEGC×K K @H FLW LDMHPC_LW ^LFÊPCGLW 7.5.

GETEGPHT @h eguhr`l e hsth peråjhtrl pe råjhtrl sh gfescocgek gljl sciuh=

e)

L.^. ^LWCPC_L L HRÊKWCLKCWPE

Wh setcsoegh glk fe e`qucscgc÷k l glkqucste `h efil quh kl tchkh l kl fh phrthkhgh. Pejdcãk rhgcdh hf kljdrh `h E`qucsctcvl. Hs prlpcl `h fls peêshs cksetcsohgbls. Wh rhsuhfvh plr jh`cl `h fe lohkscve plfêtcge. Hk gesl `h glkofcgtl `hdh e`lpter uke egtctu` hstretãicge lohkscve.

d)

L.^. KHIEPC_L L GLKWHT_E@LT

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

5?9

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> ^rhthk`h glkshrver fl quh tchkh h cjph`cr e ltrl Hste`l epl`hrersh `h efil prlpcl. Hs geregthrêstcgl `h peêshs dchk `lte`ls plr hf `hstckl y ejekths `h fe pez. ^lr fl ihkhref e`lptek fe `hohkscve plfêtcge. Wck hjderil, ekth uk glkofcgtl fh hs oegtcdfh tlf uke egtctu` hstretãicge lohkscve l `hohkscve. Fls glkofcgtls erje`ls kl slk ckstrujhktls `h su p te hf fêjcth hxtrhjl `h rhscsthkgce pere glkshiucrfl1 phrl hxcstêe ltre gfesh hk quh hf ldmhtl hre `h jhklr cjplrtekgce `hgcr, hk quh su veflr pere ukl l ejdls dhfcihrekths kl hre tek irek`h gljl pere jhrhghr segrcocgcls cfcjcte`ls `h sekirh y `ckhrl. E hstes `ls gfeshs `h iuhrre fes ffej÷ prlvcsclkefjhkth CFCJCPE@EW S FCJCPE@EW".

te hf fêjcth hxtrhjl `h rhscsthkgce pere glkshiucrfl1 phrl hxcstêe ltre gfesh hk quh hf ldmhtl hre `h jhklr cjplrtekgce `hgcr, hk quh su veflr pere ukl l ejdls dhfcihrekths kl hre tek irek`h gljl pere jhrhghr segrcocgcls cfcjcte`ls `h sekirh y `ckhrl. E hstes `ls gfeshs `h iuhrre fes ffej÷ prlvcsclkefjhkth CFCJCPE@EW S FCJCPE@EW". te hf fêjcth hxtrhjl `h rhscsthkgce pere glkshiucrfl1 phrl hxcstêe ltre gfesh hk quh hf ldmhtl hre `h jhklr `hgcr, hkcfcjcte`ls quh su veflr pere ukl l ejdls dhfcihrekths kl hre irek`h gljl perecjplrtekgce jhrhghr segrcocgcls `h sekirh y `ckhrl. E hstes `ls gfeshs `htek iuhrre fes ffej÷ prlvcsclkefjhkth CFCJCPE@EW S FCJCPE@EW".

e)

L.^. CFCJCPE@L

Ihkhre fes iuhrres cfcjcteès. Hf L.^ eohgte `h jekhre tresghk`hktef e fe kegc÷k y hstå hk muhil su outurl h ckgfusl su suphrvcvhkgce. Hstls glkofcgtls sh rhsuhfvhk, hk su irek jeylrêe, glk hf sljhtcjchktl edslfutl h ckglk`cgclkef `hf `hrrlte`l. E hstes iuhrres, hktrh ltres, phrthkhghk fes rhfciclses, c`hlf÷icges, gcvcfhs h cjphrcefcstes. êrhgh quh, jchktres jås sudfcjhs slk fls jltcvls `h fe fugbe rhsuftek jås `hspceèès1 fe vhrè` kl rhglklgh fêjcths beste shr cjpuhste hk su tltefcè` eukquh she plr fe ouhrze drute.

d)

L.^. FCJCPE@L

@e lrcihk e fes iuhrres fcjcteès. Hf L.^. hk guhstc÷k kl phrmu`cge fes deshs `h fe hxcsthkgce y prlirhsl kegclkef, su ldthkgc÷k oegcfcte fe glkstruggc÷k `hf outurl `hf peês. Wu pãr`cè puh`h eghptersh sck irevhs glkshguhkgces pere fes hxphgtetcves `hf Hste`l. Hf hsouhrzl e prl`cier, fcjcte`l, hstå hk rhfegc÷k `crhgte ef jl`hstl veflr ltlrie`l ef L.^. Hste gfesh `h iuhrre prhshkte uke shrch `h rhqucsctls pere ffhversh e gedl glk ãxctl plr hf eirhslr y puh`h èr fuier e uke glkùggc÷k hstretãicge phgufcer. Xkl `h fls irevhs prldfhjes hk su jethrcefczegc÷k re`cge hk fe glrrhgte hstcjegc÷k `h¡ veflr `hf L.^., uke hqucvlgegc÷k egerrhe glkshguhkgces cjprhvcstes. Hf etegekth gfescocge hf L.^. gljl `h phquhõl scikcocge`l pere su plshh`lr1 sck hjderil hf eohgtl, plr jltcvls våfc`ls s÷fl pere ãf, glksc`hre ef L.^. `h uke cjplrtekgce vctef plr tektl hstå `cspuhstl e `hspfhier hf hsouhrzl jåxcjl e ock `h `hohk`hrfl.

7.7. JEIKCPX@

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

5?2

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5>

Hf tejeõl `hf L.^. ldfcie, hk lgesclkhs, e prhvhr su glkshgugc÷k plr perths l htepes. Hs `hgcr, sh rhfegclke glk fls oegtlrhs `h `cjhksc÷k, hspegcl, tchjpl y jh`cls. @hktrl `h hstes vercedfhs sh `hstegek `ls tcpls `h L.^. e)

L^. OCKEF

Guek`l sh efgekze fe tltefcè` `hf L.^. `hshe`l.

d)

L^. ÊTGCE

Gljprhk`h s÷fl uke plrgc÷k `hf L.^. Fes L^. êrgcefhs puh`hk glkshiucrsh hk olrje sughscve l scjuftåkhe. Fe suje `h L^. êrgcefhs glkolrje hf L^. Ockef. 7.0. GEFC@E@ Deml hsth petr÷k sh `cstckiuhk fls sciuchkths L.^.

L^. GLKGTHPL Wh setcsoegh glk fe ldthkgc÷k glkshrvegc÷k l `hstruggc÷k `h efil oêscgl hs `hgcr uk thrrctlrcl, rhgursls, trlpes, htg.

L^. EDWPTEGPL Wlk jhtes cktekicdfhs, udcgeès hk hf pfekl `h fes c`hes, shktcjchktls y hjlgclkhs. Gljprhk`h ekbhfls tefhs gljl bhihjlkêe plfêtcge, hglk÷jcge, pscglf÷icge, eutlkljêe, kegclkefcsjl y ltrls scjcferhs. "^hrl kc fe shiurcè` kc fe ouhrze setcsoeghk fes espcregclkhs e spcregclkhs `h fes gljukcè`hs= geè uke quchrh uk trcukoekth `h fes ltres, shr rhglklgc÷ gljl fe prcjhre plr sus rcvefhs. Fes ukcè`hs plfêtcges tchkhk su ejlr prlpcl, ef ciuef quh fes phrslkes y prldedfhjhkth eýk jås susghptcdfhs. ^lr hffl prhochrhk, e vhghs, fe hjdrceiuhz `hf trcukol e fls dhkhocgcls `h uke pez khilgceè. Hk lgesclkhs, hf `hshl `h iflrce kl sh vhrêe setcsohgbl jås quh plr fe `cousc÷k `h fe c`he `h fe quh geè gljukcè` sh glksc`hre ýkcge hkgerkegc÷k". Glk orhguhkgce, hstes jhtes sh jethrcefczek hk efil rhef, plr hmhjpfl= fe plshsc÷k `h uk århe ihliråocge `hthrjckeè, ckirhser e efcekzes, hstedfhghr `hrhgbl `h pesl plr gchrtls hspegcls, htg.

7.8. GLJHKPETCL Hf gerågthr, keturefhze, jeikctu` y gefcè` `hf L.^., èråk fe peute `h fls hsouhrzls, rhgursls y tchjpl khghsercls pere glkshiucrfl. Hs uk prckgcpcl `h seke f÷icge y shktc`l gljýk eocrjer quh hf ãxctl `h fe hjprhse `hphk`h `h fe glkglrèkgce hktrh fls ockhs `hshe`ls y fls jh`cls `csplkcdfhs. ^hrl hste `csyuktcve, tek kêtcè, kl schjprh sh ldshrve y hf ckoregtlr peie hf prhgcl `h su khifcihkgce. "Ef hfhicr hf ock, be `h prhvefhghr uke vcsc÷k gfere y uk gåfgufl

flgure orêl. Whrêe flgure JLT@HT JEW @H FL UXH GEDH HK FE DLGE y hf shktc`l `h fl quh hs plscdfh hs hf prckgcpcl `h tlè fe sedcùrêe dãfcge".

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

5?3

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls=

L^. ^LWCP_L. CCE. IXHTTE JXK@CEF. HRÊKWCL HR ÊKWCLKCWJL KCWJL WL_CÃPCGL. Fe @crhggc÷k Wuprhje `h fe Iuhrre Lggc`hktef kl gljprhk`c÷, beste shr `hjesce`l ter`h, hf hxpeksclkcsjl slvcãtcgl. "Hf evekgh `h fls hmãrgctls rusls hk hf Hsth `h Hurlpe lrcick÷ hf råpc`l `hsjlrlkejchktl `h su ck`hphk`hkgce. Fls rusls `hshedek hstedfhghr Hste`ls ckthrjh`cls hktrh hffls y hf Lhsth quh egtuerek `h ejlrtciue`lrhs. Hk Tujekce y Dufierce sh hstedfhgchrlk ildchrkls gljukcstes ttek ek prlktl ffls ls rusls `hsef `hseflmerlk lmerlk e ffls ls efhjekhs. Fls pertc`ls `hj÷gretes ouhrlk prlsgrctls y fls mhohs fcdhrefhs y slgcefcstes hkghrre`ls hk fes gårghfhs" L^. KHIEPC_L, CWTEHF S WX FXGBE ^LT WLDTH_C_CT . "Hf 49 `h klvchjdrh `h 5309, plr trhckte y trhs vltls y trhgh edsthkgclkhs, fe Esejdfhe Ihkhref `h fes Kegclkhs Xkcès `hgc`h hf rhpertl `h êfhstcke.... Fe iuhrre ekifl-mu`êe hstå vcrtuefjhkth thrjckeè. Ckjh`cetejhkth hjpchze ltre. Fls Hste`ls Åredhs sh ukhk hk uke Fcie pere rhgbezer fes `hgcsclkhs `h fe LKX. Ldmhtcvl= Ldmhtcvl= hxthrjckcl `h fe pldf pldfegc÷k egc÷k mu`êe". @hs`h hktlkghs hf puhdfl csrehfcte be fugbe`l plr su suphrvcvhkgce y fe glkshrvegc÷k `h su Hste`l sldhrekl. L^, CFCJCPE@L. WXDSXIEGC×K @H EDCWCKCE Dhkctl Jusslfckc, guyl jl`hfl hre Mufcl Gãser, sh fekz÷ e fe glkqucste `h Edcsckce pere rhglkstrucr hf Cjphrcl. Hf 8 `h jeyl `h 537? hmãrgctls ctefcekls`hs`h lguperlk E``cs`hf Edhde plkchk`l ock `h e feTlje, `hsciuef fugbe. ekth "Hf 3uke `h jeyl fls `h 537?, Jusslfckc, hf defg÷k êfezzl _hkhgce prlgfej÷ jugbhùjdrh `hfcrekth fe ekhxc÷k `h Edcsckce y fe esukgc÷k plr hf Thy `h Ctefce `hf têtufl `h Hjphre`lr `h Edcsckce... plscdfhjhkth hre fe prcjhre vhz quh ilzede `h fe e`jcregc÷k y hf eplyl pfhkl `h tlè fe kegc÷k ctefceke".

L^. FCJCPE@L. GLKOFCGPL @H FEW OEFAFEK@W L JEF_CKEW= " @crhggc÷k plfêtcgl-hstretãicge Erihktcke hstcjede tek fcjcte`l y deml hf veflr `h fes Oefafek`s pere Irek Drhteõe quh prhsujc÷ kl bedrêe rheggc÷k erjeè `hf eirh`c`l. "Fls `lgujhktls fcjckerhs, plr hjpfher hf jcsjl fãxcgl pljplsl ef quh sh juhstre schjprh tek e`cgtl hf olrjefcsjl jcfcter, retcocgede fl quh Ieftchrc y _equhrl fh `cmhrlk e Jhkãk`hz. Dåscgejhkth, fe @crhgtcve Hstretãicge Jcfcter (@HJCF) hfedlreè plr fe Mukte hstedfhgêe ckcgcefjhkth uke lphregc÷k fcjcteè hk hf tchjpl plr hf rhtcrl `h trlpes erihktckes `h fes Jefvckes. Fes prhvcsclkhs ckcgcefhs `cspuschrlk quh hf `êe @ shrêe ocme`l pere fe shiukè quckghke `h jeyl glkgfuyhk`l gckgl `êes jås eggclkhs ter`h.... `cpfljåtcges Hf phrêl`lefthrketcves. quh sh edrcrêe plsthrclrjhkth glkthjpfede oukèjhktefjhkth

L^. ÊTGCEFHW S OCKEF. THXKCOCGEGC×K EFHJEKE (5230-5295). E Bhrrhrl Jciuhf, rhocrcãk`lsh e Dcsjerga, hsgrcdh= "Wck `hthkhrsh ekth kckiuke trede, hmhgute pfekhs quh bek jeùre`l hk su ghrhdrl= plr uke iuhrre glktre Eustrce eshiure fe suprhjegêe `h ^rusce hk Efhjekce, y plr fe iuhrre orekglprusceke, fe prhplk`hrekgce `h Efhjekce hk Hurlpe". Hk hohgtl, su prlyhgtl fl rhefcz÷ e trevãs `h L^. êrgcefhs quh `hjekèrlk trhs glkofcgtls dãfcgls. Hf L^. Ockef sh glkgrht÷ hk hf êfegcl `h _hrseffhs `lk`h sh prlgfej÷ hf Cjphrcl Efhjåk. L^. EDWPTEGPL S GLKGTHPL. HWOHTE @H GL^TLW^HTC@E@ ME^LKHWE . Fls L^. EDWPTEGPLW, plr fl ihkhref, sh `hrcvek hk L^. glkgrhtls. Mep÷k prhthk`êe hmhrghr fe bhihjlkêe hk hf Hxtrhjl Lrchkth hxpufsek`l `hf århe e fes plthkgces glflkcefhs dfekges.

"Eukquh hk 5372 hf prcjhr jckcstrl Alklyh bedêe bhgbl uke `hgferegc÷k hxplkchk`l hf Kuhvl Lr`hk hk hf Esce Lrchktef `hf Mep÷k, hk 530>, ckscstchk`l hk su plfêtcge `hf Kuhvl Lr`hk, Alklyh `hserrlff÷ fe c`he `h tcke Hsohre `h Glprlsphrcè` Escåtcge Lrchktef Jeylr,

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

59>

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> quh sctuede ef Mep÷k hk hf ghktrl `h uk dflquh `hohkscvl, guyl phrêjhtrl pesede plr fes zlkes glflkcefhs. ^hrl ye fls prlp÷sctls hxpekscvls `hf Mep÷k bedêek gljhkze`l e ckquchter e fls Hste`ls Xkc`ls". Hs `hgcr, fe lgupegc÷k `h uk ldmhtcvl ihliråocgl, fe Hsohre `h Glprlsphrcè`, phrjctêe e Mep÷k efgekzer su jhte bhihj÷kcge. Hf lplkhkth prckgcpef hre HH.XX. quh rheggclk÷ y fh ldfci÷ e `hshkge`hker fe iuhrre.

0.-

LDMHPC_LW KEGCLKE KEGCLKEFHW. FHW. @HOCKCGCLKHW 0.5

EGFETEGC×K

Hste jethrce hs ekefczeè hk prlouk`cè` hk fe esciketure `h Whiurcè` Kegclkef1 plr glksciuchkth, fes `hockcgclkhs y glksc`hregclkhs dåscges hståk hxtregteès `hf Gepêtufl glrrhsplk`chkth `hf `lgujhktl glrrhsplk`chkth, hjctc`l plr hf Glkshml `h Whiurcè` Kegclkef

0.4. LDMHPC_L KEGCLKEF ^HTJEKHKPH (LK^) "Be sc`l ffeje`l tejdcãk Ckthrãs Kegclkef y glkstctuyh fe espcregc÷k keturef, quh glkthjpfe fls `hshls y khghscè`hs dåscges jethrcefhs, jlrefhs y hspcrctuefhs `h uk puhdfl l `h su pldfegc÷k hk ihkhref, rhofhmek`l su jl`l `h shktcr y su c`clsckgresce. Pejdcãk be sc`l `hockc`l gljl fe rhprhshktegc÷k `h fls ockhs ihkhrefhs y glktckuls pere fls guefhs egtýe hf Hste`l. Wu `hockcgc÷k e`lpte e vhghs fe olrje `h edstreggclkhs ihkhrefhs rhohrcès prckgcpefjhkth e fe shiurcè` kegclkef, eshiurek`l trhs glk`cgclkhs dåscges= eutl`hthrjckegc÷k, `hserrlffl slgclhglk÷jcgl y hmhrgcgcl `h sldhrekêe. Hf Ldmhtcvl Kegclkef `hf Hgue`lr `hsgekse sldrh uke desh hshkgcefjhkth glkshrve`lre, puhs espcre dåscgejhkth e glkshrver glk shrver su ck`hphk`hkgce h ckthircè`... jh`cekth uk rãicjhk plfêtcgl ckstctugclkef quhsurhsphth fls veflrhs `h su kegclkefcè` c`clsckgresce, thk`chk`l ef flirl `h gepegcè` kegclkefoukèjhktefhs pere prlyhgtersh gufturef, plfêtcge yh hglk÷jcgejhkth begce ltrls Hste`ls ejcils, setcsoegchk`l esê fe vlgegc÷k pegcocste `h fe Thpýdfcge" E phser `h su `hkljckegc÷k "^hrjekhkth", sh glksc`hre uk phksejchktl l prhghptl hk `ckåjcge hvlfugc÷k. _erêe `h eguhr`l ef glkstekth prlirhsl `h fe slgchè` bujeke quh kukge sh `htchkh.

0.7. LDMHPC_L KEGCLKEF EGPXEF (LKE) "^rlvchkh `h fe lrchktegc÷k èè plr hf hste`cste ef Ldmhtcvl Kegclkef Keturef (LK^) `h eguhr`l glk fe sctuegc÷k, gepegcè` y plscdcfcè`hs kegclkefhs. ûh`h ckgfucr verces

jhtes `h gerågthr ihkhref quh, e mucgcl `hf ildchrkl, slk scikcocgetcves pere hf jekthkcjchktl `hf Hste`l.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

595

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Thprhshktek uke iuêe ihkhref pere fls `cohrhkths gejpls `h eggc÷k y jckcsthrcls quh slk rhsplksedfhs `h olrjufer ldmhtcvls, plfêtcges y gljprljcsls hsphgêocgls. Hk hsth kcvhf ye hktrek e muier fes `cvhrses `lgtrckes slgclplfêtcges `h fls pertc`ls hk hf ildchrkl `h turkl. Hk glkshguhkgce fls LKE hståk sumhtls e vercegclkhs orhguhkths y scikcocgetcves.

0.0. E^THGCEGC×K IFLDEF ^LFÊPCGE HWPTEPÃICGE S WXW @HTC_E@LW. e)

@HOCKCGC×K

"Fe eprhgcegc÷k ifldef plfêtcgl-hstretãicge, jh`cekth hf ekåfcscs `hf Ldmhtcvl ^lfêtcgl u LKE, glksc`hrek`l e`hjås tl`ls fls oegtlrhs `h fe sctuegc÷k ckthrke h ckthrkegclkef, phrjcth `hùgcr fls Ldmhtcvls ^lfêtcgls `h pez l `hserrlffl (L^@), `h iuhrre (LÎ), shiýk su flirl puh`h l kl ldthkhrsh plr fe vêe pegêocge, fes bcp÷thscs `h iuhrre rhsuftekths `h fe glkorlktegc÷k glk fls (supuhstls) ldmhtcvls kegclkefhs `h ltrls Hste`ls". Ockefjhkth `hthrjcke hf jl`hfl plfêtcgl hstretãicgl jås rhgljhkèdfh, hk ihkhref, pere hf glkofcgtl y esphgtls pertcguferhs pere geè bcp÷thscs. @h fe efu`cè Eprhgcegc÷k tejdcãk sh `hsprhk`hråk ltrls ldmhtcvls glktre`cgtlrcls glk fls hvhktuefhs rcvefhs, fls guefhs shråk plthkgcefhs ihkhre`lrhs `h grcscs l glkofcgtls `h jhklr mhrerquêe.

d)

LDMHPC_L ^LFÊPCGL @H IXHTTE (LÎ)

"Hs fe jhte quh sh hsphre flirer plr fe iuhrre. Gljl fe kegc÷k hkthre pertcgcpe, `h ãf sh `hrcvek fes jcsclkhs `h geè gejpl `h eggc÷k= `cpfljåtcgl, hglk÷jcgl, ckthrkl y dãfcgl". Hk fe irek jeylrêe `h fls fcdrls hsphgcefcze`ls hk hf thje, l bcstlrce hsgrcte plr jcfcterhs, hf Ldmhtcvl ^lfêtcgl `h Iuhrre sh fh edrhvce y glklgh gljl Ldmhtcvl ^lfêtcgl (L^.)

g)

BC^×PHWCW @H IXHTTE

"Hxcstcrå uk Ldmhtcvl ^lfêtcgl `h Iuhrre pere geè bcp÷thscs dãfcge e quh puhè vhrsh hkorhkte`l Hf Hgue`lr, y sus geregthrêstcges `hphk`hråk `hf plthkgcef ihkhref prlpcl, hk rhfegc÷k glk hf `h ãf l fls e`vhrsercls hvhktuefhs quh pertcgcperêek hk hffes. Escjcsjl, hxcstcråk tektes bcp÷thscs `h glkofcgtls, `h jhklr mhrerquêe quh fe iuhrre, gljl ldmhtcvls beye, gepeghs `h prlùgcr hse gfesh `h glkorlktegclkhs.

^FEKHW @HWPCKE@LW E FLITET HF LDMHPC_L ^LFÊPCGL KEGCLKE KEGCLKEF. F.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

594

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> 8.5 EKPHGH@HKPH Esê gljl hxcsthk L^@. y LÎ. tejdcãk bey `ls pfekhs `cohrhkths, phrl hktrhfeze`ls, pere flirer `cgbls ockhs. Xkl rhgcdh hf kljdrh ^fek `h Eggc÷k Kegclkef `h @hserrlffl (^K@) y hf ltrl ^fek Kegclkef `h Iuhrre (^KI). Ejdls dusgek glkshiucr, ukl hk fe pez y ltrl hk fe iuhrre, sus rhsphgtcvls L^.

8.4. ^FEK @H EGGCLK KEGCLKEF (ÊK) Hs uke `crhgtcve `hstckeè e egrhghkter hf plthkgcef kegclkef pere efgekzer hf Ldmhtcvl ^lfêtcgl. Kl glkscsth hk uk `lgujhktl lrchkte`l hk olrje hxgfuscve e hkgerer glkofcgtls. Jås dchk glkstctuyh uk pfek `h hmhgugc÷k prlirhscve e rhefczer ùrekth fe pez pere `hserrlffer y hxpflter hk olrje ckthiref hf pl`hr kegclkef hk tl`ls sus gejpls `h eggc÷k. 8.7.

^FEK KEGCLKEF KEGCLKEF @H IXHTTE ^KI,

Glkthjpfe hf glkmuktl `h prhvcsclkhs pere hf jhmlr hjpfhl `h tlès fes ouhrzes vcves `h fe kegc÷k glk hf prlp÷sctl `h hkorhkter uk glkofcgtl hsphgêocgl. Hk ltrls tãrjckls, hs uke `crhgtcve quh glktchkh fes jcsclkhs y `csplscgclkhs pere geè gejpl `h eggc÷k e ock `h hjpfher `h jekhre glkgurrhkth y gllr`ckeè tlès fes ouhrzes y hkhriêes `hf peês pere hf flirl `hf LÎ. @hdhk hxcstcr tektls ÎK gljl Bcp÷thscs `h Iuhrre shek plscdfhs. Fl jcsjl tchkh quh eglkthghr glk fls glkofcgtls `h jhklr kcvhf.

8.0

GLKWC@HTE GLKWC@HTEGCLKHW GCLKHW WLDTH HF ÊK S HF ^KI Hxcsthk gchrtes glktrlvhrsces th÷rcges hk rhfegc÷k e guef `h fls pfekhs hk guhstc÷k hs

khghsercl hfedlrer prcjhrl. êre `hstckl fls Hste`ls quh glksc`hrekhfeÎK fe iuhrre gljl uk ckstrujhktl hshkgcef, pere eshiurer su jhmlr l fe suphrvcvhkgce, lsthkte fe jeylr urihkgce y sh glkohggclke prhvcl ef ÊK. Hk hstes gcrgukstekgc gcrgukstekgces, es, hf ÊK hstå ef shrvcgcl `hf ^KI. Hk tektl, hk fes kegclkhs quh glkthjpf glkthjpfek ek e fe iuhrre, y e ffls ls glkofcgtls sldrh hf ^KI. ûhs, `hf LK^ prhvcstl `hphk`h fe hxpfltegc÷k `h fls rhgursls y plthkgcefcè`hs lorhgcès `hktrl `h fes prlpces orlkthres y fe iuhrre s÷fl prlùgh ckthrohrhkgces hk hf gejckl begce fe rhefczegc÷k kegclkef. ^lr ýftcjl gedh rhglrèr, guefquchre she hf gesl, quh hf ÊK y hf ^KI slk gljpfhjhktercls y sh prhstek eplyl jutul.

?.

LDMHPC_LW HWPTEPÃIC HWPTEPÃICGLW GLW ?.5

CKPTL@XGGC×K

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

597

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> êre gujpfcr glk fls `hscikcls `h fe plfêtcge, fe Hstrethice Jcfcter l `hf OE. Dãfcgl tchkh gljl ock quhdrekter fe vlfukte` `hf hkhjcil plr jh`cl `hf hjpfhl `h fe ouhrze jcfcter. Hs hf ýkcgl GE quh fe plshh. Hf pl`hr y vlfukte` `h uke kegc÷k `hsgekse hk uke shrch `h oegtlrhs, tefhs gljl= sus hglk÷jcge OO.EE.1 zlkes l århes ihliråocges quh rhvcsthk cjplrtekgce plfêtcge, hstretãicge, l jlref1 fe prlùggc÷k1 hf gljhrgcl1 htg. Fevctef `hstruggc÷k l pãr`cè `h ukl l uke gljdckegc÷k `h fls efu`c`ls oegtlrhs puh`h egerrher hf glfepsl `h su rhscsthkgce. Hf jãtl`l jås `crhgtl y rhslfutcvl re`cge hk fe ekcqucfegc÷k `h fes OO.EE. glktrerces. ^hrl bey lgesclkhs quh hste slfugc÷k kl hs plscdfh y sh begh khghsercl dusger ltrl glkscsth hk edetcr su jlref, htg. Hk rhsujhk, hf LH. Hs fe jhte e glkshiucr glk fe ckthkgc÷k `h `hrrlter ef hkhjcil. Hf GE. Dãfcgl tchkh fe rhsplksedcfcè` `h hsglihr y `hthrjcker hf l fls L.H. `lk`h epfcger fe ouhrze pere ieker fe iuhrre glk fe jeylr hocgegce y hf jêkcjl `h segrcocgcls. Hk fe irek jeylrêe `h fes gcrgukstekgces, kl bey plscdcfcè`hs `h efgekzer hf L.H. hk su tltefcè` jh`cekth uke slfe lphregc÷k l gejpeõe. Hk glkshguhkgce, fe ýkcge lpgc÷k rhstekth hs `cvc`crfl y glkshiucrfl plr pergcefcè`hs `h jl`l sughscvl l scjuftåkhl. Wh rhquchrh thkhr prhshkth quh fe suje `h fls L.H. pergcefhs glrrhsplkèk ef L.H. gljpfhtl.

?.4.

L.H. OCKEF @H FEW OO.EE. (L.H.OO.EE (L.H.OO.EE.) .)

‖Hf ^fek `h Iuhrre Kegclkef escike hf L.^. `h iuhrre hsphgêocgl pere hsth gejpl gljl terhe pere shr gujpfcè plr hf Gejpl `h Eggc÷k Dãfcgl, `hrcve`l `hf Ldmhtcvl ^lfêtcgl `h Iuhrre `hf peês. @hùgc`l `h fe eprhgcegc÷k `h fe sctuegc÷k hohgtueè plr hsth Jek`l, hf Ldmhtcvl Hstretãicgl Ockef `h fes OO.EE. glrrhsplk`h e su rhslfugc÷k, ckgfuyhk`l fes lphregclkhs quh fes OO.EE., gllr`ckeèjhkth l hk olrje glkmukte, `hdhk rhefczer ùrekth fe iuhrre. Wu hmhgugc÷k, glkmuktejhkth glk fes jcsclkhs gujpfcès plr fls `hjås gejpls `h eggc÷k, `hdh flirer fe `hrrlte `hf e`vhrsercl quhdrektek`l su vlfukte` `h fugbe y glktrcduyhk`l esê ef flirl `hf Ldmhtcvl Ldm htcvl ^lfêtcgl `h Iuhrre `hf peês.

?.7. GFEWCOCGEGC×K @H FLW LDMHPC_LW HWPTEPHICGLW e)

JEIKCPX@

L.H. êrgcef. Hs perth `hf L.H. Ockef. Glk su ldthkgc÷k sh sh prlgure fe `hrrlte `h uke perth cjplrtekth `h fes ouhrzes `hf e`vhrsercl y grher uke sctuegc÷k oevlredfh pere su ekcqucfejchktl gljpfhtl. Geè L.H. `hjekè uke lphregc÷k y hf glkmuktl `h vercls L.H. ihkhrek uke gejpeõe. Fls pfekhs `h ^rcjhres Lphregclkhs hståk lrchkteès e fe glkshgugc÷k `hf prcjhr ldmhtcvl hstretãicgl pergcef. L.H. Ockef. Fl ckthire fe sujetlrce `h fls L.H. `h fe gejpeõe `h uk ÷riekl `h jekcldre `hf G.E. Dãfcgl. Hf tltef `h fls L.H. Ockefhs `h fes OO.E.E. y fls Phetrls Glkmuktls

glkolrjek hf L.H. Ockef `hf G.E. Dãfcgl.

d)

GEFC@E@

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

590

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Dãfcgls. "Fe eggc÷k `h fe ouhrze hstå `crcicè glkgrhtejhkth glktre tlès l perth `h fes Ouhrzes Erjeès `hf e`vhrsercl. Wlk fls ldmhtcvls rhslfutcvls plr hxghfhkgce. Ihliråocgls. "Glkscsthk hk hf `ljckcl `h gchrtes fêkhes l århes ihliråocges cjplrtekths quh hk ihkhref oegcfctek hf `hserrlffl `h fes lphregclkhs l `h fe iuhrre. Hk fes lphregclkhs thrrhstrhs phrjcthk ph rjcthk fes sciuchkths eggclkhs. (5)

Efcstersh pere pr÷xcjes lphregclkhs (glkghktregc÷k y `hspfchiuh hstretãicgl)

(4)

Hfu`cr jljhktåkhejhkth fe eggc÷k `hgcscve, sudstreyhk`l fes ouhrzes ef muhil `h fe jekcldre `hf e`vhrsercl. e`v hrsercl.

(7)

Hjpfherfls pere prlthihr glk plges ouhrzes uk shgtlr `hthrjcke`l.

Gedh `hsteger quh uk ldmhtcvl ihliråocgl kl `hdh glkstctucr ýkcgejhkth uke jhte shgukèrce h cjprlùgtcve, sckl uke hohgtcve vhkteme hstretãicge hglk÷jcge, jlref u ltre.

Hglk÷jcgls. "^hrsciuhk fe glkqucste (l `hstruggc÷k) `h zlkes l ckstefegclkhs hkhjcies `h hsphgcef cjplrtekgce hglk÷jcge, gljl plr hmhjpfl sus gljukcgegclkhs jerêtcjes. ûh`hk shr hglk÷jcgls y e fe vhz ihliråocgls ‛“. ‛“. Jlrefhs.““ Wu flirl prlùgh uk ccjpegtl jpegtl `h hse keturefhze, jh`cekth ffe e glkqucste l `hstruggc÷k `h puktls `h hsphgcef cjplrtekgce l veflr kegclkef. Fe gepctef glkstctuyh hf ldmhtcvl jlref plr hxghfhkgce““. hxghfhkgce““.

?.0

FLITL @H FLW LDMHPC_LW HWPTEPÃIC HWPTEPÃICGLW. GLW. Fls L.H. puh`hk glkshiucrsh jh`cekth fes sciuchkths eggclkhs=

e) FE DEPEFFE Dusge ekcqucfer fes Ouhrzes Erjeès hkhjcies. Ef quhèr `hserje`l hf ekteilkcste sh hkguhktre e jhrgh` `hf vhkgh`lr. ^hrl fe deteffe kl `hdh glksc`hrersh uk ock hk sê jcsjl sckl uk jh`cl pere `hrrlter ef e`vhrsercl.

d) FE GLKUXCWPE L @HWPTXGGC×K @H ÅTHEW HGLK×JCGE HGLK×JCGEW W _CPE _CPEFHW. FHW. ^hrsciuh eblier ef rcvef prcvåk`lfl `h fls ghktrls `h prlùggc÷k y `cstrcdugc÷k `h fls dchkhs `h vcè y gljdeth. Glkscsth hk uk prlghsl feril y glstlsl.

g)

DFLUXHL L ECWFE ECWFEJCHKPL JCHKPL

^rhthk`h cjph`cr hf hkvêl `h rhgursls ef hkhjcil l sus P.L. `hs`h ltrls peêshs y hk olrje ckthrke. Hsth jãtl`l eohgte glk ùrhze e fls gejpls `h eggc÷k e ggc÷k hglk÷jcgl, ckthrkl

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

598

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> y dãfcgl. Wus rhsufte`ls sh ldtchkhk hk feril pfezl suph`cte`l e fe vufkhredcfcè` `h fes gljukcgegclkhs `hf etege`l y su `hphk`hkgce `h hffes.

`)

GLKUXCWPE @H FE GE^CPEF

Pchkh hohgtls rhslfutcvls. Fe gepctef hs, plr `hockcgc÷k, hf kýgfhl plfêtcgl y e`jckcstretcvl kegclkef y rhvcsth uk irek veflr jlref. Escjcsjl, plr fl ihkhref, glkstctuyh fe zlke glrez÷k `h¡ peês glk irek`hs glkghktregclkhs urdekes, ckùstrcefhs y ku`ls `h gljukcgegclkhs vctefhs.

h)

@HTTLPE @HF EFCE@L JEW ^L@HTLWL L JEW @ÃDCF

Hk gcrgukstekgces quh sh fugbh glktre uke glefcgc÷k ãste hfhggc÷k `hphk`h sctuegc÷k plfêtcgl-hstretãicge vcihkth Fe f÷icge perhgh `hjekèr prcjhrl fe `hrrlte `hf jås pl`hrlsl, sck hjderil, e vhghs hs jås glkvhkchkth, oegtcdfh y eghptedfh beghr ghktrl `h irevhè` ckcgcef hk hf jås `ãdcf. GLJHKPETCL OCKEF. Gljl sh hxprhs÷ glk ekthrclrcè`, fes `hgcsclkhs hstretãicges `hsgeksek hk fe ouhrze y fe ihlireoêe. Fls jh`cls e hjpfher pere glkqucster uk L.H. khghsctek glkglrèr glk hf oegtlr ihliråocgl puhs p uhs ãsth cjplkh su fhy. Hk glkshguhkgce fe iuhrre puh`h shr glktckhktef l jerêtcje. Ltrl esphgtl cjplrtekth rhsc`h hk gucèr schjprh quh hf LH. ihliråocgl, hglk÷jcgl l jlref thkie vhrè`hre tresghk`hkgce hstretãicge. Hk gesl glktrercl, fls hsouhrzls `hspfhie`ls hk su glkqucste l `hstruggc÷k s÷fl rhsuftek hk uk phrmu`cgcef `hrrlgbh `h jh`cls y hkhriêes. Hsth hrrlr be sc`l orhguhkth hk fe bcstlrce, glk tråicgls rhsufte`ls.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls IXHTTE OTEKGL ^TXWCEKE= "Xk ckstekth hf @cls`hf`hArlkprckz, fe iuhrre flirek oevlrhgh e Eustrce.`hJ Jås ås @Hglk WE@LYE kuhvls DEPEFFE rhicjchktls, fe eyuè hocgez `h fes trlpes epl`hrersh fes `hohkses eustrceges. Dhkh`ha, e quchk uk locgcef `hf Hste`l Jeylr ffhv÷ fe trcsth kuhve, pere sefver fe rhtcreè sciuc÷ gljdetchk`l ckýtcfjhkth plr hspegcl `h `ls blres. Fe gedeffhrêe prusceke phrsciuc÷ e fls vhkgc`ls beste quh fe klgbh pusl ock e fe phfhe. Uuckgh `êes `hspuãs hf hmãrgctl vcgtlrclsl hstede e fe vcste `h _chke. Hk We`lwe, ^rusce ekcqucf÷ ef Hmãrgctl eustrcegl y hf Hjphre`lr Orekgcsgl Mlsã C ouh ldfcie`l e ocrjer fe pez.

CC Iuhrre Juk`cef DFLUXHL E ME^×K. Fe sldrhvcvhkgce `h Mep÷k hstede suph`cteè ef edesthgcjchktl `h gljdustcdfh y jethrces prcjes prlvhkchkths `h fe Hsohre `h Glprlsphrcè`. Wu treksplrth hre plr vêe jerêtcje. "Fls sudjerckls y fls evclkhs ejhrcgekls `hstruyhrlk hk guetrl eõls fe fe

gesc tltefcè` `h fe oflte gljhrgcef `hf Mep÷k. Hsth hstede ye re`cgefjhkth `hrrlte`l eýk ekths `h quh fes dljdes ejhrcgekes ckghk`cerek fes gcuè`hs.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

59?

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> CC Iuhrre Juk`cef=

FE GE^CPEF @H FE XKC×K WL_CÃPCGE= Hk hf etequh glktre fe Xkc÷k Wlvcãtcge, hf Eftl Jek`l `hf Hm Hmãrgctl ãrgctl efhjåk (LAB) rhgljhk`÷ beghr ghktrl `h irevhè` sldrh Jlsgý ef glksc`hrerfl hf LH `hgcscvl. ûhs, hre ukl `h fls jeylrhs ghktrls `h prlùggc÷k `h erjejhktls, hf ku`l prckgcpef `h gljukcgegclkhs y hf kýgfhl plfêtcgl e`jckcstretcvl `hf cjphrcl gljukcste. "Bctfhr hkjhk`÷, y kl `h jekhre jerickef, fls ldmhtls y ldmhtcvls prhpere`ls plr sus glkshmhrls jcfcterhs. Fe `cvcsc÷k `h ouhrzes hktrh fls trhs Irupls `h Hmãrgctls quh`÷ cktegte, esê gljl sus gljhtc`ls ckcgcefhs. Wck hjderil, tek prlktl gljl sh `hstruyhre e fes ouhrzes ruses quh `hohk`êek fe Tusce Dfekge sh `hstegerêek ouhrths hfhjhktls `h¡ Irupl `h Hmãrgctls Ghktrl pere eyuèr ef Irupl Klrth y eshiurer fe glste dåftcge y Fhkckire`l. Beste quh kl sh ffhvere e duhk ock hste lphregc÷k kl sh evekzeè sldrh JLWGÝ‚. Guek`l Bctfhr hkjhk`÷ su hrrlr, fe lplrtukcè` ye bedêe pese`l.

CC Iuhrre Juk`cef= LH HGLK×JCGL. "@hspuãs `hf ckthktl `h Bctfhr `h ckve`cr e Tusce hk 5305, hf Hmãrgctl efhjåk...gerhgêe `h fe ouhrze hstu`c÷ y fls rhgursls pere rhefczer kuhve lohkscve eglk fe jcsje hsgefe ^lr glksciuchkth, uke slfugc÷k lohkscveuke quh fh phrjctchre rhgursls fcjcte`ls, glkshiucr uk ãxctl `h jeylr tresghk`hkgce... glkghktr÷ sus ouhrzes hk fe ]lke `hf Wur, glk hf prlp÷sctl `h gepturer hf phtr÷fhl `hf Gåugesl -quh ejdls glkthk`chkths khghsctedek pere ierektczer fe pfhke jlvcfcè` `h sus hmãrgctls. Wc flirede `ljcker hsls yegcjchktls, e glktckuegc÷k pl`rêe vlfvhrsh begce hf Klrth sldrh fe rhteiuer`ce `h fls ckjlvcfcze`ls hmãrgctls rusls, quh gudrêek Jlsgý, l ckgfusl fekzer sus etequhs glktre fes ckùstrces dãfcges ruses quh sh bedêek hstedfhgc`l hk fls Xrefhs". Hk hf treksgursl `h fe gejpeõe, Bctfhr sh ldstck÷ hk fe glkqucste `h Wtefckire`l y edek`lk÷ hf phtr÷fhl `hf Gåugesl.

IXHTTE @HF ÊGCOCGL. @HTTLPE @HF EFCE@L JEW @ÃDCF. "Fe deteffe `h Pegke kl bedêe glkgfuc`l glk fe rhtcreè `hf hmãrgctl hkhjcil, sckl glk su `csphrsc÷k hk phquhõls irupls quh buêek e fe `hsdekèè, begce Fe êz fls dlfcvcekls y begce Erhqucpe fls phruekls". Glk plsthrclrcè`, Dlfcvce kl pertcgcp÷ hk hf `hserrlffl `h fes blstcfcè`hs. 9.-

KLGCLKHW WLDTH WHIXTC@E@ KEGCLKEF 9. 5. CKPTL@XGGCLK

Fes kegclkhs jl`hrkes glkthjpfek, `h jekhre hxgfuscve, `ls århes `h eggc÷k `lk`h ghktrer sus hsouhrzls `hstcke`ls e setcsoeghr fes khghscè`hs phrjekhkths y prcjlr`cefhs `h sus puhdfls. Ejdes oukèjhktek fe hxcsthkgce `hf Hste`l. Xke glkscsth hk hf `hserrlffl y fe ltre hk fe shiurcè`. Hf `hserrlffl dusge fe rhefczegc÷k hspcrctuef y jethrcef `h fe gljukcè`. Hk tektl, fe shiurcè` ierektcze hf flirl `h hses jhtes. Hs `hgcr, hf prcjhrl glkstctuyh hf ock y hf shiuk`l, hf jh`cl pere oegcfcterfl. ^rhlgupersh `h fe shiurcè` sck uke

jhte hsphgêocge gerhgh `h shktc`l, s÷fl scikcocge uke pãr`cè `h tchjpl y hkhriêes. Fe ckthr`hphk`hkgce hktrh shiurcè` y `hserrlffl hstå tek tredeè quh rhsufte gesc cjplscdfh

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

599

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> hstedfhghr, glk gfercè`, sus rhsphgtcvls fêjcths. Wck `hserrlffl fe shiurcè` sh tlrke ckhstedfh y sck shiurcè` hf `hserrlffl sh begh cjplscdfh. Hf rlf dåscgl `h fe shiurcè` hs prhvhkcr, e`hfektersh e fes hvhktuefhs `cocgufte`hs. Hstå ekcjeè plr uk vcilrlsl `ckejcsjl y gejdce shiýk fes ejhkezes fethkths, fes quh verêek `h eguhr`l e fls tchjpls y gcrgukstekgces. Fe shiurcè` olrje perth `h tl`l hf quhbeghr kegclkef rhfegclkåk`lsh glk fe pez ckthrkegclkef, sldhrekêe, erjlkêe slgcef, mustcgce, rhsphtl y ldshrvekgce `h fls `hrhgbls `h fes phrslkes, shktc`l kegclkef, hùgegc÷k, thgklfliêe, gchkgce, hglfliêe, htg. Fls ildchrkls `h fls peêshs `hserrlffe`ls ertcgufek sus `lgtrckes y plfêtcges sldrh shiurcè` eglstujdrek`l e `couk`crfes glk orhguhkgce. orhguhkgce. Hk rhsujhk, ffe e Whiurcè` Kegclkef ttchkh chkh plr terhe eperter fls ldstågufls quh sh ckthrplkiek ef gejckl `hf prlirhsl `hf peês tektl hk hf gejpl ckthrkl gljl hxthrkl.

9.4. WHIXTC@E@ CKPHTKE Fls puhdfls lriekczerlk hf Hste`l glk hf ock `h prlthihrsh y prlsphrer. Fh hktrhierlk fe terhe, crrhkukgcedfh, `h jekthkhr hf lr`hk y fe shiurcè` ckthrke. êre tef hohgtl, fe gcuèèkêe fh gh`c÷ hf jlklplfcl `h fe ouhrze y fe plthste` `h epfcgerfe e fls ckoregtlrhs y esê hvcter fe mustcgce phrslkef prhshrvek`l fe erjlkêe ihkhref. Hste grhegc÷k slgcef, `h gerågthr rhprhscvl y rhstrcgtcvl, ihkhr÷, `hs`h sus lrêihkhs, fe rhdhf`êe `h quchkhs sh scktchrlk phrmu`cge`ls u lprcjc`ls. Hf Hste`l sh hkguhktre hk phrjekhkth e`hguegc÷k e fes gejdcekths espcregclkhs `h fe gljukcè`. gljukcè` . Hk su hvlfugc÷k sh `hstegek `ls gethilrêes fêjcths= fe tltefcterce y fe `hjlgråtcge. Fe prcjhre, hk kljdrh `h fe ciuefè` y fe mustcgce, kl phrjcth `cshksclkhs epfeståk`lfes glk shvhrls y hocgeghs prlgh`cjchktls `h rhprhsc÷k. Ef ltrl hxtrhjl hstå hf ildchrkl `hjlgråtcgl, hk hf sh prhvchkh fe rhdhfc÷k glk fe fcdhrte` `h lpckc÷k, hf pfurcpertc`csjl, hf rhsphtl e fe prlpchè` prcveè fe ldshrvekgce `h fls `hrhgbls `h fes phrslkes, hfhggclkhs pere hf rhfhvl `h fes eutlrcè`hs, fe oegufte` `h rhefczer buhfies, htg. Wck hjderil, hf slgc÷flil drctåkcgl Drcek Grlzchr ldshrve "@ciejls uke vhz jås quh jchktres fes fcdhrte`hs plfêtcges puh`hk shr pere hf Hste`l uke våfvufe `h shiurcè`, hf hxghsl `h fcdhrte` fh hs, hk gejdcl, phfcirlsl. Fe eushkgce l ed`cgegc÷k `h fe eutlrcè` prlvlge fe rhdhfc÷k puhstl quh fe treksolrje hk uke hjprhse oågcf y, plr fl tektl, juy thkte`lre. Fe espcregc÷k `hf rhdhf`h hs, hk vhrè`, prlvlger fe `hstruggc÷k `hf Hste`l, ef jhkls hk fes prcjhres htepes `h su eggclker, pere hxeghrder y hxpflter hse fugbe `h shgtlrhs y hse ckhstedcfcè` plfêtcge quh fls irchils ffejedek stescs1 pere seger vhkteme `h fe rhsuftekth peråfcscs `h fe eutlrcè` quh fh èrêe lgesc÷k `h eùhõersh `hf pl`hr. ^lr hsl, fe eutlrcè` glkstctucè quh be phr`c`l fe vlfukte` `h jekèr, l quh be phrjctc`l quh su mhrerquêe she `hireèè, sh hkguhktre ckhsphreèjhkth orhkth e fls rhdhf`hs. Glk rhsphgtl e fe oeghte ekêjcge `h fe shiurcè`, Efdhrtl H`wer`s begh ckthrhsekths egltegclkhs= "Guek`l fes slgchè`hs `hmek `h shr uk

lriekcsjl hspcrctuef, guek`lflsbek phr`c`lbcst÷rcgls hf efje, `hmek guek`l vchmls fes `csgcpfckes tre`cgclkefhs, rhsphtls `h fls hxcstcr, ye shktcjchktls kl quhèk hkglfhgtcvls, hffls sckl fls ephtctls y fls l`cls, fes eksces ck`cvcùefhs `h fugrl y pl`hr, fe deme hkvc`ce, fe `hshkorhkeè ejdcgc÷k. Geè bljdrh fugbe plr sê jcsjl y kl plr fls `hjås, y fe `hohkse THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

592

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> slgcef sh begh cjplscdfh hk guefquchr olrje `h ildchrkl quh hxcme edkhiegclkhs l hf rhk`cjchktl `hf glrez÷k ekth efil quh kl she fe vhkteme ckjh`cete `h geè ukl. ^lr effê juhrhk fes lfcierquêes y plr effê tejdcãk fes `hjlgregces. ^lr tektl, hf defekgh `hf hmhrgcgcl `h fe eutlrcè` tchkh hxtrelr`ckercls hohgtls, hf hxghsl glkùgh ef `hspltcsjl y uke cksuocgchkgce e fe ekerquêe. Fls jeylrhs `hseoêls prhshkths quh ethktek glktre fe shiurcè` ckthrke, glk reêghs jýftcpfhs, sh glksc`hrek fls sciuchkths= fe glrrupgc÷k, fe `hfckguhkgce lriekczeè, hf kergltråocgl, fe sudvhrsc÷k y hf thrrlrcsjl. Fes ckstctugclkhs tãgkcges prckgcpefhs `hstckeès e gljdetcr hstls ofeihfls slk fes plfcgêes. Fls `hfckguhkths slk hktrhie`ls e fe mustcgce pere rhgcdcr sekgclkhs hmhjpferhs. Hk fe irevêscje hvhktuefcè` quh fes ouhrzes `h lr`hk shek sldrhpeseès, hf ýftcjl rhgursl vefh`hrl rhsc`h hk fes OO.EE., jåxcje jekcohstegc÷k `hf pl`hr jethrcef `hf Hste`l. Ltrl esphgtl `h ckthrãs hk hf Hgue`lr, fl rhprhshkte fes orhguhkths getåstrlohs keturefhs quh ezltek su thrrctlrcl. Hffes rhphrguthk glk irevh ckthkscè` hk fe shiurcè` oêscge y suphrvcvhkgce `h fe gljukcè` èjkcocgeè. Fes OO.EE. plr su hstrugture, `csgcpfcke y lriekczegc÷k fes hk hktcè`hs jåseohgteès eprlpceès pere gllphrer hk hf rhstedfhgcjchktl thjplref, `h glkstctuyhk fe klrjefcè` fes zlkes ckgfuyhk`l fe prhstegc÷k `h fls euxcfcls urihkths e quchkhs sh hkguhktrhk hk phfcirl.

FE WHIXTC@E@ HRPHTCLT. Wh glkgrhte e trevãs `h fe @hohkse Kegclkef y glrrhsplk`l e uke terhe `h tl`ls fls hguetlrcekls y kl hxgfuscve `h fls ckstctutls erje`ls. Wck hjderil, hf ýkcgl gejpl `h eggc÷k gljl hxprhsc÷k `hf pl`hr kegclkef, quh tchkh hf jlklplfcl `h fe ouhrze jcfcter hs hf dãfcgl. Wu jcsc÷k dåscge glkscsth hk eplyer e fe ^lfêtcge hk fe glkshgugc÷k `h ldmhtcvls glk prlyhggclkhs hxthrkes. Wh jethrcefczek ef ihkhrersh uke `cefãgtcge `h vlfukte`hs plr ckthrhshs glktre`cgtlrcls hktrh `ls l jås kegclkhs. Hf ildhrkekth rhgurrh e fe Hstrethice Pltef hk fe gllr`ckegc÷k `h tlès fes hxprhsclkhs `hf pl`hr kegclkef pere efgekzer sus ockhs. êre tef hohgtl utcfcze fls ckstrujhktls plfêtcgls e su `csplscgc÷k quh edergek `hs`h fe `csgusc÷k hk fe jhse `h khilgcegclkhs beste fe iuhrre glk uk hsouhrzl jåxcjl. êre Hf Hgue`lr, fes OO.EE. hxcsthk dåscgejhkth pere hvcter fls glkofcgtls dãfcgls -uk rlf hjckhkthjhkth `csuescvl- evefer su eggc÷k `cpfljåtcge, prhshrver su sldhrekêe y beghr vefhr sus `hrhgbls hk fe hxpfltegc÷k `h fls rhgursls hk eiues y olk`ls murcs`cggclkefhs ckgfusl hk hf Jer ^rhshkgcef. Hk hf gesl `h oeffer fe `csuesc÷k, hståk ldfcieès e ldthkhr fe vcgtlrce ekcqucfek`l e fes ouhrzes eirhslres.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

593

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5>

G

^CPXFL RC_

FE IXHTTE @H LDMHPC_L FCJCPE@L 5.

GFEXWHYCP] S FE IXHTTE @H LDMHPC_L FCJCPE@L (ILF)

Gfeushwctz hs, sck ùè efiuke, hf jås gcte`l, jhkls fhê`l y phlr hkthk`c`l `h fls hsgrctlrhs jcfcterhs. Wu irek jãrctl, hktrh fls jugbls quh `hthkte, rhsc`h hk s« hf prcjhrl hk rhfegclker fe iuhrre glk fe plfêtcge. Escjcsjl hk su ldre `hockh glk kctc`hz, fe glkglrèkgce hxcsthkth hktrh fls ockhs y fls jh`cls hk fls pfekls plfêtcgl, hstretãicgl y tågtcgl. Hk hsth glkthxtl vckgufe fe keturefhze `hf glkofcgtl -fe ckthkscè` glk quh ãsth eohgte fe vcè `h fls ekteilkcstes- glk fe jeikctu` `hf hsouhrzl e rhefczer. Gljl fe iuhrre kl hs uk egtl `h pesc÷k gchie sckl hste `ljcke`l plr hf ldmhtcvl plfêtcgl, hf veflr `h hsth ldmhtcvl `hthrjcke fe jh`cè `h fls segrcocgcls quh bey quh rhefczer pere ldthkhrfl. Hstl sh rhochrh, kl s÷fl ef efgekgh `h hstls segrcocgcls sckl tejdcãk e su ùregc÷k. Fls jårihkhs hktrh fls jefhs puh`h ofugtuer fe keturefhze `hf ldmhtcvl plfêtcgl (L^) hs glksc`hredfhs plr tektl, fe iuhrre prcverêe shiýk fl begh su geusekth. Hk fe prågtcge bey iuhrres `h hxthrjckcl beste scjpfhs `hjlstregclkhs `h ouhrze. ^lr tef jltcvl, Gfeushwctz fes gljpere glk hf gejefh÷k plr su gepegcè` hk gejdcer `h tlkefcè`. Ef rhsphgtl, hf eutlr, glk hf prlp÷sctl `h gfescocger y scsthjetczer fls glkofcgtls, `cstckiuh fes Iuhrres Cfcjcteès y Fcjcteès CFCJCPE@E fe ihkhreè plr uk L^ cjplrtekgce quh ldfcie eFeflsIXHTTE dhfcihrekths e fugberglkscsth beste hf hk hxtrhjl `h fes ouhrzes tres `h su tef flirl. Fe glktchkè tchk`h e glkouk`crsh glk fe iuhrre iuh rre edslfute. Hs `hgcr, hf jl`hfl th÷rcgl utcfcze`l plr Gfeushwctz y hk hf guef kl hxcsthk fêjcths hk hf hsouhrzl, hspegcl, tchjpl y kc scquchre uk ldmhtcvl quh fe rhstrckme. "Guektl jås irek`hs y pl`hrlsls shek fls jltcvls `h fe iuhrre, tektl jås eohgteråk fe hxcsthkgce tltef `h fes kegclkhs hkvuhftes hk hffe, y guektl jås vclfhkte shek fes thksclkhs quh prlgh`hk e fe iuhrre, jås hstrhgbejhkth glkglrèrå ãste glk su glkghpgc÷k edstregte" Fe IXHTTE FCJCPE@E sh hkihk`re plr uk L^. `h veflr rhùgc`l pere ejdls rcvefhs "Wc s÷fl quhrhjls `hf hkhjcil uk phquhõl segrcocgcl, hsterhjls setcsohgbls glk s÷fl ldthkhr, jh`cekth fe iuhrre, uk phquhõl hqucvefhkth y hsphrejls efgekzerfl plr jh`cl `h hsouhrzls jl`hre`ls. Hf hkhjcil rezlke jås l jhkls hk fe jcsje olrje. ^lr glksciuchkth, rhsufte `hsprlplrgclke`l `hserrlffer hsouhrzls cfcjcte`ls l ckthkter `hstrucr fe tltefcè` `h fes ouhrzes

glktrerces. ^hrl Gfeushwctz "kl qucsl scikcocger quh kl sh `hdêe epfcger fe ouhrze hjpfheè glk tl`l hf vcilr quh sh hre gepez, sckl quh pl`rêe bedhr uk fêjcth jås effå `hf shrêe glktreprlùghkth hjpfher hsh vcilr, uk puktl hk hf guef, jugbl ekths `h quh fes ouhrzes

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

52>

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> hstuvchrek eilteès l `h quh ouhshk gljpfhtejhkth hjpfheès, shrêe jås shksetl edek`lker hf ldmhtl quh glksujcr jås hk hf. . Gfeushwctz tejdcãk hstedfhgh fls prlgh`cjchktls e shiucr pere rhslfvhr fes iuhrres cfcjcteès y fcjcteès. Glk rhfegc÷k e fe glkùggc÷k `h fes prcjhres h hss jugbl jås hxpfêgctl. Hk fe iuhrre cfcjcteè sh dusge `hserjer plr gljpfhtl ef glktrckgekth y `hmerfl e fe jhrgh` `hf vhkgh`lr sck vlfukte` `h fugbe. Whõefe quh fe gepegcè` `h rhscsthkgce `h uk Hste`l `hsgekse, prckgcpefjhkth, hk fes ouhrzes erjeès y hf thrrctlrcl1 hsth ýftcjl fh prlplrgclke fls rhgursls bujekls y jethrcefhs khghsercls pere sudscstcr y gljdetcr. ^lr glksciuchkth, fe shguhkgce e ldshrver glkthjpfe, prcjhrl, fe `hstruggc÷k `h tlès fes ouhrzes ejcies `hf lplkhkth1 fuhil, fe glkqucste `h su suhfl. ^rlùgtl `h fes `ls eggclkhs, fe vlfukte` `hf hkhjcil sh quchdre schjprh quh kl iuer`h hsphrekzes sldrh fe eyuè l ckthrvhkgc÷k `h uk thrghrl hk fe `csglr`ce. Hk tektl, fe iuhrre fcjcteè hs plscdfh slfvhkterfe plr jh`cl `h fe glkqucste `h uke plrgc÷k `hf thrrctlrcl hkhjcil, hk hsphgcef sc hsth oevlrhgh fe `hohkse `hf lgupekth. @cgbl hspegcl ihliråocgl prhshkte `ls efthrketcves= shr ekhxe`l l utcfcze`l gljl prhkè pere khilgcegclkhs. Hkprågtcge, hstes gcrgukstekgces, Bey `ls jltcvls pere rhscsthkgce= beghr fe pez, quh puh`hk hk fe lguper hf fuierplr `h flfe ihkhref. cjplscdcfcè` `h lorhghr jeylr hf prcjhrl hs fl cjprldedfh `hf ãxctl y hf shiuk`l hf prhgcl hxghscvl e peier plr ãf. Hf ltrl irek th÷rcgl `h fe iuhrre glkthjplråkhl e Gfeushwctz, hf ihkhref suczl Ektlkcl H, Mljêkc, plr uk gejckl `cohrhkth, e`vcrtc÷ fe prhshkgce `h `ls tcpls `h glkofcgtls e geuse `h fls, ldmhtcvls phrshiuc`ls= "Hffls slk `h `ls gfeshs `cohrhkths, ukl quh pl`rêe ffejersh thrrctlrcef ihliråocgl y hf ltrl, plr hf glktrercl, glkscsth, hxgfuscvejhkth hk fe `hstruggc÷k `h fes ouhrzes hkhjcies sck prhlgupersh `h puktls ihliråocgls `h kckiuke hsphgch". Xke shrêe fe iuhrre fcjcteè y fe shiukè fe cfcjcteè. Hk rhsujhk, tektl Gfeushwctz gljl Mljêkc glkgcdchrlk fe plscdcfcè` `h uke ILF. Fe rhfegclkerlk glk uk ldmhtcvl ihliråocgl `hstcke`l e setcsoeghr hf j÷vcf plfêtcgl `h fe iuhrre. Wck hjderil, hk fe prågtcge, hsth rhquhrcjchktl, gljl jugbls ltrls esphgtls th÷rcgls, juhstre gchrte rhfetcvcè` e trevãs `h fe bcstlrce.

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls= IXHTTE OTEKGL-^TXWCEKE. Fe shguhkgce shiucè hk fe glkùggc÷k `hf glkofcgtl rhsujh gljl sciuh= 5½ 4½

@hstruggc÷k `h fes ouhrzes erjeès orekghses. Lgupegc÷k `h tl`l thrrctlrcl e`vhrsercl

7½ uke Fe vlfukte` `h fugbe `hf ildhrkekth orekgãs kl sh quhdr÷ beste phr`hr fes hsphrekzes hk hvhktuef ckthrvhkgc÷k `h Irek Drhteõe.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

525

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Hk ltres pefedres, fe iuhrre, shiurl, glk hxegtctu`, fes oeshs prhvcstes plr Gfeushwctz pere uke iuhrre cfcjcteè. Wh muiede fe bhihjlkêe hk hf _chml Glktckhkth.

IXHTTE @H FE GLKOH@HTEGC×K Hste iuhrre, glksc`hreè plr efiukls trete`cstes `h ldmhtcvl fcjcte`l, gerhgêe `h ldmhtcvl ihliråocgl. Wu ock plfêtcgl sh setcsoegêe glk fe `hstruggc÷k `h fes ouhrzes quh slsthkêek e Wekte Gruz y fe ertcocgcef Glkoh`hregc÷k.

4. HKOLUXH JETÊPCJ JETÊPCJL L @H FE ILF hk hf hsghkercl oêscgl glrrhsplk`chkth, hre juy `coêgcf fe jethrcefczegc÷k `h uke ILF. Wck hjderil, `cgbe iuhrre pl`êe shr ffhveè e gedl, hk guefquchr gcrgukstekgce, plr plthkgces cksuferhs l shpereès plr hf jer pere esê hvcter hf glktreilfph e`vhrsercl glktre hf ldmhtcvl ihliråocgl glkqucste`l l hf prlpcl thrrctlrcl jhtrlplfctekl. ‖Xke iuhrre pu`h shr fcjcteè, kl s÷fl plrquh fe cjplrtekgce l hf prlpcl thrrctlrcl jhtrlplfctekl. ‖Xke iuhrre puh`h shr fcjcteè, kl s÷fl plrquh fe cjplrtekgce `h su ldmhtl she `hjesce`l rhùgcè gljl pere khghscter hf hjpfhl `h tlè fe ouhrze kegclkef, sckl tejdcãk plrquh puh`h beghrsh `hf jer uk ldstågufl oêscgl cksuphredfh quh cjpcè hjpfher fe tltefcè` `h fe ouhrze kegclkef. Glrdhtt, kl gedh ùè, rhgcdc÷ fe ckofuhkgce `h fe bcstlrce `hf Cjphrcl Drctåkcgl y fes iuhrres glflkcefhs glk quh glkstruy÷ su irek`hze. hk hf hsghkercl oêscgl glrrhsplk`chkth, hre juy `coêgcf fe jethrcefczegc÷k `h uke ILF. Wck hjderil, `cgbe iuhrre pl`êe shr ffhveè e gedl, hk guefquchr gcrgukstekgce, plr plthkgces cksuferhs l shpereès plr hf jer pere esê hvcter hf glktreilfph e`vhrsercl glktre hf ldmhtcvl ihliråocgl glkqucste`l l hf prlpcl thrrctlrcl jhtrlplfctekl. ‖Xke iuhrre pu`h shr fcjcteè, kl s÷fl plrquh fe cjplrtekgce l hf prlpcl thrrctlrcl jhtrlplfctekl. ‖Xke iuhrre puh`h shr fcjcteè, kl s÷fl plrquh fe cjplrtekgce `h su ldmhtl she `hjesce`l rhùgcè gljl pere khghscter hf hjpfhl `h tlè fe ouhrze kegclkef, sckl tejdcãk plrquh puh`h beghrsh `hf jer uk ldstågufl oêscgl cksuphredfh quh cjpcè hjpfher fe tltefcè` `h fe ouhrze kegclkef. Glrdhtt, kl gedh ùè, rhgcdc÷ fe ckofuhkgce `h fe bcstlrce `hf Cjphrcl Drctåkcgl y fes iuhrres glflkcefhs glk quh glkstruy÷ su irek`hze. hk hf hsghkercl oêscgl glrrhsplk`chkth, hre juy `coêgcf fe jethrcefczegc÷k `h uke ILF. Wck hjderil, `cgbe iuhrre pl`êe shr ffhveè e gedl, hk guefquchr gcrgukstekgce, plr plthkgces cksuferhs l sh shpereès pereès plr hf jer pere esê hvcter hf glktreilfph e`vhrsercl glktre hf ldmhtcvl ihliråocgl glkqucste`l glkqucste`l l hf prlpcl thrrctlrcl jhtrlplfctekl. ‖Xke iuhrre pu`h shr fcjcteè, kl s÷fl plrquh fe cjplrtekgce l hf prlpcl thrrctlrcl jhtrlplfctekl. ‖Xke iuhrre puh`h shr fcjcteè, kl s÷fl plrquh fe cjplrtekgce `h su ldmhtl she `hjesce`l rhùgcè gljl pere khghscter hf hjpfhl `h tlè fe ouhrze kegclkef, sckl tejdcãk plrquh puh`h beghrsh `hf jer uk ldstågufl oêscgl cksuphredfh quh cjpcè hjpfher fe tltefcè` `h fe ouhrze kegclkef. Glrdhtt, kl gedh ùè, rhgcdc÷ fe ckofuhkgce `h fe bcstlrce `hf Cjphrcl Drctåkcgl y fes iuhrres glflkcefhs glk quh glkstruy÷ su irek`hze. Hf Efjcrekth Gesthx cjpuik÷, glk vhbhjhkgce, fes thlrêes `h Glrdhtt sldrh fe ILF

^hrl thrjck÷ eghptek`l fe plscdcfcè` `h rhefczerfe schjprh quh sh gujpfchrek gchrtls rhqucsctls, rhpctchk`l y ejpfcek`l fls `hockc`ls `hockc`ls ye plr Glrdhtt. Eýk guek`l e`vcrtc÷= ‖Hs juy rerl, gchrtejhkth, quh tlès hses glk`cgclkhs sh beffhk rhukcès. ^lr fl tektl, kl sh puh`h

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

524

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> hrcicr fe iuhrre fcjcteè y hf ldmhtcvl ihliråocgl glrrhsplk`chkth, hk scsthje ihkhref. Wlk våfc`ls ýkcgejhkth hk gesls juy hsphgcefhs y rerêscjls.

7.

FE ILF HK FE EGPXEFC@E@

Hste gfesh `h iuhrre gldr÷ hxtrelr`ckerce rhfhvekgce hk hf treksgursl `h fe Iuhrre Orêe. Gljl sh hxprhs÷ hk ltrl Gepêtufl, fes suphrplthkgces treterlk hvcter hf hkorhktejchktl `crhgtl plr hf phfcirl fethkth `h fe hsgefeè kugfher. Hk glkshguhkgce, prlguredek `crc `crcjcr jcr sus ckthrhshs glktre`cgtlrcls hk århes hxgãktrcges y kl vctefhs. Hk hsls glkofcgtls jerickefhs phrsciuchrlk ldmhtcvls fcjcte`ls y epfcgerlk perth `h su pl`hr. Escjcsjl gucèrlk, glk hxtrhje `cfcihkgce, kl sldrhpeser fls hstrhgbls jårihkhs `h fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k prlplrgclke`ls plr ocsures hk fe `csuesc÷k kugfher. Fe oråicf glyukture scikcocg÷ prloukès rhvcsclkhs y jl`cocgegclkhs e fe thlrêe `h fe ILF `h Gfeushwctz y Glrdhtt. Fls hsgrctls `h hsth ýftcjl `hsphrterlk fe ethkgc÷k hk Klrthejãrcge plr shr uke gfere hxprhsc÷k `hf usl `hf pl`hr kevef pere rhslfvhr glkofcgtls hk uftrejer. Hk fe egtuef sctuegc÷k plfêtcgl-hstretãicge jlklplfer, fls hvhktuefhs glkofcgtls thk`hrêek e shr fcjcte`ls plr `cvhrsls oegtlrhs, ukl `h hffls shrêe fe prldedfh ckthrvhkgc÷k `h HH.XX. e trevãs `h fe LKX. Hf prhshkth Gepêtufl trete fe ILF hk h k su oeghte lrtl`lxe y prlplrgclke uk sljhrl vcstezl e fe Iuhrre Fcjcteè hk su glkghpgc÷k egtuefczeè.

0.

THUXCWCPLW ÊTE THEFC]ET XKE ILF

Glrdhtt ocm÷ uke shrch `h rhquhrcjchktls pere rhefczer uke ILF. Gesthx gljpfhjhktercl `cgbls glk`cgclkekths. Hk hf thxtl ‖Hstrethice Kevef Gljhktercls‚ sh fhs lr`hk÷ y hsphgcocg÷ glk kctc`hz= e)

‖Fe hxcsthkgce `h uk ldmhtcvl ihliråocgl (LI) (LI ) susghptcdfh `h setcsoeghr hf ldmhtcvl plfêtcgl, hxthksc÷kquh she rhprhshkth rhùgcè‚. uk fcjcte`l veflr plfêtcgl ere hf e`vhrsercl y guye rhùgcè‚.

d)

‖Glkter glk uk pl`hr kevef e`hgue`l, quh oevlrhgh glksc`hredfhjhkth ef etegekth pere flirer hf ecsfejchktl `h `cgbl ldmhtcvl hstretãicgl, y fcjcter `h hsh jl`l fe gepegcè` `h rheggc÷k `hf e`vhrsercl‚. e`vhrsercl‚.

g)

‖^lscgc÷k ihliråocge prcvcfhiceè rhsphgtl ef L.I.‚ L.I.‚

`)

‖Xdcgegc÷k rhfetcve y gerågthr ihliråocgl jerêtcjl `h fls dhfcihrekths, e ock `h oegcfcter fe prhvhkgc÷k `h uk glktr eilfph eilfph cfcjcte`l‚. cfcjcte`l‚.

h)

‖Oefte `h prhperegc÷k `hf hkhjcil, hsphgcefjhkth rhsphgtl e fe rhqucsctls `h fe

ILF y eprhgcer esê fe rhfetcvcè` `h efiukls.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

527

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> 8. GLKWC@HTE GLKWC@HTEGCLKHW GCLKHW WLDTH FLW THUXCWCPLW @H FE ILF

8.5.

LDMHPC_L ^LFCPCGL (L^)

Fe keturefhze `hf L^ sh hkguhktre cjpfêgcte hk fls rhqucsctls `h fe ILF Glrdhtt eocrje "Guek`l hf ldmhtl hre ¡fcjcte`l y, hk glkshguhkgce, hxciêe tl`l hf pl`hr iuhrrhrl `hf hkhjcil, hre hvc`hkth quh kl sh pl`êe efgekzer uke `hgcsc÷k shiure `h fe fugbe ekths quh su pl`hr iuhrrhrl ouhre epfeste`l. E jhkls quh hxcstchre uke hsphrekze rezlkedfh `h pl`hr beghr hstl, shrêe cjpru`hkth treter `h ldthkhr fe ockefcè` plr fe ouhrze1 hs `hgcr, quh kl sh `hdhrêe cr e fe iuhrre. Wck hjderil, hk hf gesl `h uk ldmhtl fcjcte`l, dusger fe `hstruggc÷k gljpfhte `h fe ouhrze erjeè `hf hkhjcil, hre jås `h fl khghsercl, hs keturef quh sh puh`h glkshiucr fe ockefcè` sc hs plscdfh epl`hrerkls `hf ldmhtl, y eprlvhgbek`l fls hfhjhktls `h ouhrze ckbhrhkths e fe `hohkscve, prlvlger uke sctuegc÷k tef quh glstere jås ef hkhjcil `hseflmerkls quh hf veflr quh etrcduyh ef ldmhtl". Hk ltres pefedres, hk fe ldthkgc÷k `h uk L^. fcjcte`l kl sh prhgcse shiucr fe glkùggc÷k hstretãicge `h fe iuhrre cfcjcteè. Kl hs khghsercl `crcicr fe lohkscve glk hf prlp÷sctl `h `hstrucr tlès fes ouhrzes erjeès `hf hkhjcil y fuhil lguper su thrrctlrcl. Deste glk ekufer fes ouhrzes prhshkths hk hf LI. y beghrsh ouhrth hk ãf hk hsphre `h fe rheggc÷k hkhjcie pere `hsdereterêe Fe keturefhze `hf L^. `hthrjcke fe jeikctu` `hf hsouhrzl prhvcstl hk su glkshgugc÷k Wu cjplrtekgce tchkh rhfegc÷k `crhgte glk fls segrcocgcls e slplrter. ^hrl efil tek scjpfh hk hf gejpl th÷rcgl sh gljpfcge uke hklrjcè` hk fe rhefcè`. Fl ekthrclr sh `hdh e quh fe keturefhze `hf L^ glrrhsplk`h e uk glkghptl juy rhfetcvl. "Xk jcsjl ldmhtcvl plfêtcgl puh`h prlùgcr rheggclkhs `cohrhkths, hk `cohrhkths kegclkhs y eýk hk uke jcsje kegc÷k hk `cohrhkths ãplges‚. E`hjås, hf L^. hk `cspute puh`h shr glksc`hre`l plr ukl `h fls dhfcihrekths gljl tresghk`hktef jchktres hf ltrl fl hstcje jl`hre`l. Hf prcjhrl hsterêe `cspuhstl e glksujcr hk su efgekgh tlès sus hkhriêes beste hf eiltejchktl gljpfhtl. Wck hjderil, tejplgl hqucvefh e`lpter, `h jekhre eutljåtcge, fe glkùggc÷k `h fe iuhrre cfcjcteè. Wu prlgh`hr hstå sumhtl, hktrh ltrls oegtlrhs, ef gerågthr `hf L^ -plsctcvl l khietcvl-, sctuegc÷k ckthrke y hxthrke, glyukture hstretãicge, gepegcè` hglk÷jcge, rhfegc÷k `hf pl`hr jcfcter glk hf ekteilkcste, hsghkercl ihliråocgl, vlfukte` `hf ildhrkekth y hf puhdfl, ouhrzes jlrefhs y fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k `csplkcdfh.

8.4. HF L^. @HDH @H DH WEPCWOEGHTWH GLK XK LDMHPC_L IHLITEOCGL IHLITEOCGL (LI) Thocrcãk`lsh e fe plscdcfcè` `h hohgtuer fe ILF, Glrdhtt jekcochste= "Fe hfhggc÷k hktrh fes `ls olrjes `hphk`h, hk rhefcè` `h fes gcrgukstekgces `h geè gesl. @hdhjls glksc`hrer sc hf ldmhtl plfêtcgl hs fcjcte`l y hk gesl quh rhsuftere cfcjcte`l hk fl edstregtl, sc puh`h shr rhùgc`l e uk ldmhtl glkgrhtl quh she fcjcte`l‚. Hk pefedres `h jhmlr gljprhksc÷k, hf L^ `hdh shr setcsohgbl glk uk LI hsphgêocgl, sldrh hf guef sh rhefcze fe lohkscve hstretãicge `hstckeè e glkqucsterfl. Hk hstes gcrgukstekgces gerhgh `h rhfhvekgce quh hf L^. she `h gerågthr glkshrve`lr l e`qucsctcvl y `h keturefhze fcjcteè l cfcjcteè. Hsth rhquhrcjchktl sh hxpfcge hk jhmlr olrje plr uk hmhjpfl bcst÷rcgl eprlpce`l.

Hmhjpfl-Bcst÷rcgl. IXHTTE TXWL - ME^LKHWE. M E^LKHWE. "Hf gesl hs pertcguferjhkth ffejetcvl, tl`ls

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

520

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> gljprhk`êek quh hf ldmhtl rhef `h fe iuhrre hre, hk edstregtl, cfcjcte`l1 quh hk hohgtl, hre `hgc`cr guef `h fes plthkgces, Tusce l Mep÷k, shrêe fe plthkgce bhihj÷kcgl `hf Hxtrhjl Lrchkth... Pef iuhrre hs uke `h equhffes guye `hgcsc÷k perhgh cjplscdfh, hxghptl glk fe `hrrlte gljpfhte `h uke u ltre l tre plthkgce... Eolrtukeèjhkth pere Mep÷k, fes gcrgukstekgces kl fh hxcichrlk hf hjpfhl `h jh`cès tek hxtrhjes. Fes glk`cgclkhs plfêtcges y ihliråocges ouhrlk tefhs quh pu`l rhùgcr hf ldmhtl cktekicdfh `h eocrjer su prhstcicl e fe olrje scjpfhjhkth glkgrhte `h uk ldmhtcvl thrrctlrcef. Hsth hre fe ^hkêksufe `h Glrhe quh kl hre thrrctlrcl lriåkcgl `h kckiukl `h fls `ls dek`ls hk puike.

8.7.

LDMHPC_L IHLITE IHLITEOCGL OCGL _EFLT TH@XGC@L @HF LDMHPC_L IHLITEOCG IHLITEOCGL L

Hf LI. `hdh glrrhsplk`hr ef supuhstl jl`hre`l veflr `hf L^. hk glktrlvhrsce. @hs`h ltrl puktl `h vcste, hf thrrctlrcl quh sh prhthk`h ejputer rhprhshkte pere hf Hste`l eohgte`l uke rhùgcè scikcocgegc÷k plfêtcge. @cgbe veflregc÷k hs juy rhfetcve plr fl sudmhtcvl `h fls oegtlrhs ckvlfugre`ls. @hktrl `hf veflr plfêtcgl `hf LI. hs cjprhsgck`cdfh glksc`hrer sus jås efgekghs hglk÷jcgl, hstretãicgl,`hfjlref y hxthksc÷k oêscge. êre gljpfcger tlèvêe fe eprhgcegc÷k, fe irevctegc÷k LI. `hphk`h `h esphgtls glktckihkths y hx÷ihkls tefhs gljl= fe glyukture hxthrke h ckthrke `hf eirhslr y `hf plthkgcef eirh`c`l. ^lr ýftcjl, gedh rhglrèr quh guefquchr århe lriåkcge `h uk peês -ckthirekth `h su ukcè` ihliråocge- hkgerke uke hxprhsc÷k `h sldhrekêe vctef. pere fe kegc÷k y plr fl ihkhref, jltcve uke iuhrre cfcjcteè. Hk ethkgc÷k e fl hxpuhstl glk ekthrclrcè`, fe hvefuegc÷k sldrh hf veflr `hf LI. hstå sumhte e iruhsls hrrlrhs1 hk pertcgufer, pere quchk `hshe utcfczer fe ILF glk hf h f ock `h glkqucster uk trlzl `h thrrctlrcl `h ltrl Hste`l, Hste gcrgukstekgce be egerrhe`l hqucvlgegclkhs glk oukhstes glkshguhkgces pere fls eirhslrhs.

Hmhjpfl Bcst÷rcgl= CC. IXHTTE JXK@CEF. HTTLT @H BCPFHT. Hf ildchrkl ihrjekl gefguf÷ quh fe iuhrre glktre ^lflkce shrêe fcjcteè hk rhfegc÷k e Hurlpe. Irek Drhteõe y Orekgce sh edsthk`rêek `h ckthrvhkcr. "Bctfhr grhêe jekcochstejhkth quh Gbejdhrfeck dusgede uke sefcè quh fh phrjctchre jekthkhr e su peês ef jerihk `h fe iuhrre... Xk `hteffh, sck hjderil, sh fh bedêe hsgepe`l e Bctfhr, gljl, plr ltre perth, e Wtefck, quchk bedrêe `h peierfl gerl= e Gbejdhrfeck sh fh bedêe geê`l ef ock fe vhkè `h fls lmls, y fe `ljckegc÷k efhjeke sldrh hf Glktckhkth hurlphl sh fh perhgêe eblre gljl fe ejhkeze jås jlrtef quh hf Cjphrcl Drctåkcgl tuvchre quh thjhr, glrre ffhierêe e shrcl pere hf Cjphrcl Wlvcãtcgl. @hs`h begêe scifls, gljl Bctfhr bedêe puhstl `h rhfchvh hk hf Jhck Aejpo hf prcjhr cjphretcvl `h fe plfêtcge ckifhse hre cjph`cr quh hf glktckhkth pesere e hster deml fe `ljckegc÷k `h uke slfe kegc÷k. guefquchre quh ouhsh‚. ^hrl, fe CC.e Iuhrre Juk`cef, cfcjcteè `hml e fe vcgtlrclse Irek Drhteõe glkvhrtcè hk

uke plthkgce `h shiuk`l lr`hk juk`cef.

d)

HF LI, S WX ECWFEJC ECWFEJCHKPL HKPL

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

528

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Xkl `h fls rhqucsctls dåscgls `h fe ILF. rhsc`h hk fe susghptcdcfcè` `hf LI. e shr ecsfe`l, Wc fe jhkgclkeè hstcpufegc÷k kl sh gujpfh, oegcfcte ef hkhjcil hf glktreilfph glk hf jåxcjl vcilr. Jås gferl, phrjcth fe glkvhrsc÷k `h uke ILF, hk iuhrre cfcjcteè. Glrdhtt e`vchrth= "sc `ls dhfcihrekths tchkhk uke orlkthre gljýk, fh hs plscdfh ef jås ouhrth peser e vlfukte` e fe iuhrre cfcjcteè jh`cekth fe ckvesc÷k, kl ldstekth fl fhmekl l oågcf `h ecsfer quh puhè shr hf ldmhtl fcjcte`l". Hf ecsfejchktl `hf LI. hs plscdfh flirerfl jh`cekth `ls prlgh`cjchktls. (5)

^lr fe eggc÷k `hf ^l`hr Kevef, guye terhe glkscst glkscsth h hk glkqucster hf glktrlf `hf jer hk fes prlxcjcè`hs `hf LI. Glk hffl fh kchie ef hkhjcil hf errcdl `h rhouhrzls y eplyl fliêstcgl e su `csplsctcvl beste fe slolgegc÷k.

(4)

E trevãs `h fe hxpfltegc÷k `h hxthksls hspegcls thrrhstrhs `hf hkhjcil `hsprlvcstls `h vêes `h gljukcgegclkhs. Fe `hstruggc÷k `h fes hsgeses ldres vcefhs `cocgufte l cjpc`h hf ofuml `h rhouhrzls y hf eplyl fliêstcgl ef `csplsctcvl e`vhrsercl ethkuek`l su rheggc÷k. Xke e`hgueè ckthr`cggc÷k eãrhe, kevef y thrrhstrh gepegcte fe treksolrjegc÷k `h uk LI plthkgcefjhkth pl`hr kevef. cksufer hk uke vhrè`hre csfe y scjpfcocge su gljpfhtl ecsfejchktl plr hf

Hmhjpfls Bcst÷rcgls= "Phk`rhjls quh glksc`hrer gesls tefhs gljl fls `h Geke`å y Fe Bedeke, hk fe iuhrre `h fls Wchth Eõls y Gude hk fe iuhrre Bcspekl-Ejhrcgeke, gesls hk quh sh pu`l flirer uk ecsfejchktl gljpfhtl `hf ldmhtl jh`cekth fe eggc÷k kevef1 l hmhjpfls gljl fls `h Grcjhe y Glrhe, hk quh sh pu`l ldthkhr uk ecsfejchktl suocgchkth `hf ldmhtl jh`cekth eggc÷k kevef `hdc`l e fe hxthksc÷k y `cocgufte` `h fes gljukcgegclkhs thrrhstrhs `hf hkhjcil y e fe sctuegc÷k hstretãicge `hf thrrctlrcl hk `cspute".

g)

^LWCGCL ^LWCGCLK K IHLITEOCGE ^TC_CFHICE@E @HF EPEGE EPEGEKPH KPH THW^HGPL EF LI.

Fe udcgegc÷k `hf LI `hdh lorhghr vhktemes ef eirhslr hk `hsjh`rl `h su glktrckgekth. Fl ekthrclr sh treùgh hk uke jeylr ghrgekêe, fêkhes `h lphregclkhs y gljukcgegclkhs jås glrtes y hxph`ctes. Fe hxpfltegc÷k `h `cgbls prcvcfhicls oevlrhgh fe glkqucste `hf LI., su ecsfejchktl y jekthkgc÷k. E fe vhz ethkýe l begh tek prldfhjåtcge fe glktrelohkscve quh hf eohgte`l, glk orhguhkgce, sh hkguhktre ekth fe khghscè` `h gh`hr y eghpter su pãr`cè. Guek`l hf LI. glkstctuyh uke csfe l hstå shpereè plr hspegcls lghåkcgls glk fe jhtr÷plfc, hs `lk`h gldre rhfhvekgce `hgcscve hf ^l`hr Kevef y hf glktrlf `hf jer. Wu hxpfltegc÷k oevlrhgh l cjpc`h hf ãxctl `h fe ILF.

Hmhjpfl Bcst÷rcgl =

IXHTTE CK@L-ÊACWPEKE, Hf LI. hk `cspute, êacståk Lrchktef bly Dekife`hsb, hxbcdêe uke udcgegc÷k juy oevlredfh pere fe Ck`ce. Hstede efhme`l y `hsfcie`l `hf ltrl

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

52?

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> dhfcihrekth, êacståk Lrchktef. Hsth ýftcjl, `csplkêe `h fe vêe jerêtcje gljl ýkcgl jh`cl `h gljukcgegc÷k `h scikcocgegc÷k hstretãicge glk hf LI. Fe Ck`ce flir÷ hf glktrlf `hf jer `hs`h hf ckcgcl `h fes blstcfcè`hs y efgekz÷ fe vcgtlrce hk hsgesls 50 `êes.

`)

XDCGEGCLK @HF LI. S HF GLKPTE GLKPTEILF^H ILF^H

Hk fe ILF kl hs plscdfh `hmer hxpuhstes århes vctefhs `hf peês ef glktreilfph `hf hkhjcil Fl c`hef glkscsth hk quh hf LI., plr su plscgc÷k rhfetcve, glktrcduye e èr shiurcè` e eff prlpcl thrrctlrcl. Jhmlr `cgbl, sh ckthrplkie hktrh ejdls peêshs hk fugbe. Fe ejhkeze `hf glktreilfph rhvcsth jeylr irevhè` hk uke ILF quh hk fe iuhrre cfcjcteè. Hk fe ýftcje, fe lohkscve hstretãicge edslrdh fe tltefcè`, l ef jhkls hf iruhsl, `h fes ouhrzes `hf eirh`c`l. Jchktres hk fe ILF s÷fl gljprljhth e uke perth `h fls jh`cls= fls `h`cge`ls e lplkhrsh e fe glkqucste `hf LI. Fls rhstekths quhèk `csplkcdfhs pere fe rheggc÷k, ye she glktre fe zlke glrez÷k `hf etegekth l hf jcsjl LI. Fes orlkthres gljukhs kl oevlrhghk fe hmhgugc÷k `h fe ILF. Wchjprh phrjekhgh fethkth hf phfcirl `hf dusge århes ffhverêe vctefhs leglk jeylr hf LI. hk glktrlvhrsce. Wck glktreilfph hjderil, fehkILF hs `h oegtcdfh gedl sc hfcjplrtekgce thrrctlrcl e quh glkqucster egrhgchkte fe gepegcè` `h rhscsthkgce `hf `csplsctcvl eujhktek`l su pl`hr `hohkscvl hk olrje jekcochste. Glk hffl ckbcdh l cjpc`h fe glktrelohkscve `hf eohgte`l. Hk Hste`ls shpere`ls plr hf jer, sus eiues sh glkvchrthk hk uk ldstågufl ckorekquhedfh ef glkqucster su glktrlf plr jh`cl `hf ^l`hr Kevef. Wu hxpfltegc÷k eblie fe lohkscve l fe glktrelohkscve shiýk she hf gesl.

Hmhjpfl Bcst÷rcgl= IXHTTE TXWL-ME^LKHWE. Fe phkêksufe `h Glrhe, hf LI `h fe ILF., sh ckthrplkêe hktrh fls dhfcihrekths quh hstedek shpere`ls plr hf jer "@hdc`l e fe plscgc÷k ihliråocge `h Glrhe y `h fls vestls y prcjctcvls thrrctlrcls quh fe shperedek `hf ghktrl `hf pl`hr rusl, pl`êe shr rhùgcè prågtcgejhkth ef ecsfejchktl jh`cekth fe eggc÷k kevef... Fe tlje `hf ldmhtl, fhmls `h `hdcfcter fe `hohkse kegclkef `hf Mep÷k, thk`rêe hf hohgtl `h eujhkter glksc`hredfhjhkth fe ouhrze `h su plshsc÷k... Fhmls `h hxplkhr sus perths vctefhs, shrvêe pere gudrcrfes hk olrje gesc ckhxpuikedfhs. Escjcsjl, hf Efjcrekth Plil glkqucst÷ hf glktrlf `hf jer ef ckcgcl `h fes blstcfcè`hs. Mep÷k hstedfhgc÷ glk Glrhe ofucès gljukcgegclkhs jerêtcjes jcfcterhs y `h jekthkcjchktl ef ejperl `hf ^l`hr Kevef. h)

GLJHKPETCL OCKEF Fls rhqucsctls pere rhefczer uke ILF tchkhk uk gerågthr th÷rcgl y hk fe prågtcge

`hjuhstrek uke vefc`hz rhfetcve. ^hrl, hf `hsguc`l l oefte `h prhperegc÷k `h uk århe susghptcdfh `h glkvhrtcrsh hk LI. `h uke ILF ckghktcvl fe eirhsc÷k. Hk tektl, fe hxcsthkgce `h uk ^l`hr Kevef ouhrth, gepez `h glkqucster hf glktrlf `hf jer, `csue`h fe eirhsc÷k. Gedh

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

529

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> rhglrèr quh `cvhrses `hgcsclkhs `hf ildchrkl drctåkcgl, glk ockhs plfêtcgls l hglk÷jcgls, `hmerlk ck`hohkses e fes Oefafek`s getåfczek`l su ckvesc÷k plr perth `h Erihktcke. Pejdcãk glkvchkh thkhr prhshkth quh jchktres Gbcfh jektchkh uke Hsgue`re defekgheè y ouhrth, eshiure fe hstedcfcè` `h sus rhfegclkhs vhgckefhs. ^hrl guek`l hste ouhrze sh `hdcfcte, gesc plr eutljåtcgl, gljchkzek fls guhstclkejchktls sldrh fe sldhrekêe `h sus eiues l thrrctlrcls cksuferhs prlvlgek`l irevhs Grcscs. Wh quchre l kl, hs uke glkstekth bcst÷rcge cjplscdfh `h jhklsprhgcer.

?.

OEWHW @H FE ILF. GLK@XGGC× GLK@XGGC×K K HWPTEPHICGE @H FE OLTJE FCJCPE@E (GHOF)

Glrdhtt, hk su thlrêe `h fe ILF, `cstckiuc÷ hk su glkùggc÷k fe prhshkgce `h trhs oeshs geregthrêstcges, Hk hshkgce, hre uke olrje pere `hserrlffer fe iuhrre juy `cohrhkth e fe hstedfhgcè plr Gfeushwctz pere eorlkter uk glkofcgtl cfcjcte`l. E hsth klvh`lsl jl`hfl `h glkùggc÷k sh fh ffej÷ Glkùggc÷k Hstretãicge `h fe Olrje Fcjcteè. ^lr fl ihkhref, fls eutlrhs kl `cohrhkgcek hktrh fe ILF y fe GHOF usåk`lfls ck`cstcktejhkth, e phser `h shr glkghptls GHOF lorhgh vhkteme `h glkshiucr hf jåxcjl `h quh fes ouhrzes glk`cohrhkths. hf jêkcjlFe segrcocgcl. ^hrl hffe eutlr prhvchkh= "Kl `hdh hxcicrsh,rhk`cjchktl `hs`h fuhil, hstes oeshs hstãk schjprh gferejhkth `hockcès. Hf ekåfcscs hstretãicgl kukge puh`h èr rhsufte`ls hxegtls1 s÷fl prhthk`h flirer eprlxcjegclkhs, eirupejchktls quh scrvek `h iuêe, phrl schjprh `hmerå jugbl fcdre`l ef grcthrcl phrslkef. Hk hohgtl, hk kujhrlsls gesls fes oeshs sh suphrpuschrlk l sus hohgtls sh gljdckerlk olrjek`l uk tl`l ckthire`l `cocgcf `h shperer glk kctc`hz, Fes oeshs `h fe ILF slk fes sciuchkths=

OEWH C LOHKWC_E. Glkscsth hk fe lohkscve hstretãicge hkgejckeè e fe glkqucste `hf LI Khghscte glkter glk fe ckcgcetcve hxpfltek`l fe jlvcfcè` j lvcfcè` y fe slrprhse Escjcsjl, `hdh rhsphter fls rhqucsctls hstcpufe`ls pere fe lohkscve. OEWH CC

@HOHKWC_E. Te`cge hk hf ecsfejchktl plr jer `hf LI. Wu prlp÷sctl hs ldfcier ef hkhjcil pere uke lohkscve ethkueè. Glkstctuyh uke `hohkse egtcve `hstckeè e prlùgcr uk irek `hsiesth ef e`vhrsercl, jchktres hf ecsfejchktl hvcte u ldstegufcze hf rholrzejchktl y jekthkcjchktl `h su `csplsctcvl. OEWH CCC LOHKWC_E OCKEF L THWLFXPC_E. Hk hffe sh vuhfvh fe lohkscve y epfcge uke prhsc÷k ihkhref sldrh hf hkhjcil pere olrzerfl e `hscstcr `h fe rhguphregc÷k `hf LI.

E`hjås, bey ltre OEWH `h fe ILF `h gerågthr prhvcslr y glktckul ùrekth hf treksgursl `h tl`l hf glkofcgtl.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

522

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> OEWH C_

^HTJEKHKPH. ^rhvhkgc÷k `h uk glktreilfph cfcjcteè plr perth `hf hkhjcil. Hmhjpfl Bcst÷rcgl= IXHTTE TXWL-ME^LKHWE. "Wck hsphrer e `csplkhr `h fe suprhjegêe jerêtcje, hf Mep÷k sh epl`hr÷ plr slrprhse `h fe gepctef `h Glrge y prlktl `hspuãs, glk fe gllphregc÷k `h fe oflte, `h tlè fe phkêksufe. Glk hstls egtls bedêe thrjcke`l fe prcjhre oesh `h fe iuhrre... Kl destede glk beghr cketegedfhs fes orlkthres thrrhstrhs `h Glrhe slfejhkth, jås dchk hre khghsercl beghrfe ckvufkhredfh `hs`h hf jer, y hsl rhquhrêe fe ekcqucfegc÷k `h fe oflte ruse surte hk ^lrt Ertbur, pere fl guef, e fe vhz, hre ck`csphksedfh sctcer y glkqucster fe pfeze ouhrth quh `hohk`êe `cgbl puhrtl. ^lr jh`cl `hf evekgh `hf Hmãrgctl `h Glrhe hk fe Jekgburce y hf `hshjdergl `h uk shiuk`l guhrpl `h Hmãrgctl hk uk puktl ckthrjh`cl hktrh hf Hmãrgctl quh lphrede hk fe Jekgburce y hf quh hstede sctcek`l e ^lrt Ertbur, jergbek`l shpere`l y etegek`l rhukc`ls glksciuchrlk rl`her e Fcel Seki ekths quh fes ouhrzes ruses sh budchrek rhukc`l pere hjprhk`hr fe lohkscve. ^hrl Fcel Seki kl s÷fl hre hf puktl `h rhukc÷k `hf iruhsl `hf Hmãrgctl rusl, sckl quh hre ef jcsjl tchjpl fe jhmlr plscgc÷k pere `hohk`hr e Glrhe y pere gudrcr ef Hmãrgctl quh hstede sctcek`l e ^lrt Ertbur. Xke vhz hk jekls `h fls meplkhshs, hsth puktl fhs drck`÷ tlès fes vhktemes `h fe `hohkscve y ldfci÷ e fls rusls e eiltersh hk lphregclkhs suphrclrhs e sus ouhrzes. Hf ãxctl `h hsth jãtl`l, quh gufjck÷ hk fe geêè `h ^lrt Ertbur, ouh eýk `h jås tresghk`hkgce. Kl s÷fl fh eshiur÷ ef Mep÷k hf `ljckcl rhfetcvl `hf jer... Ldfciek`l esê e Tusce e dusger fe `hgcsc÷k `hockctcve hk hf jer, hstek`l `h fe`l `h fls `hohkslrhs tlès fes vhktemes `h tchjpl, fuier y ouhrzes. Ockefjhkth, plr jh`cl `h fe deteffe `h Psusbcje sh glksciuc÷ ecsfer gljpfhtejhkth plr jer hf ldmhtl thrrctlrcef... W÷fl oeftede hktlkghs jlstrerfh e Tusce, pesek`l e fe thrghre oesh `h fe iuhrre, quh fl quh jås fh glkvhkêe hre glkolrjersh glk fe sctuegc÷k e quh bedêe khie`l y kl prlvlger kckiýk gejdcl. Hsl sh glksciuc÷ glk hf evekgh begce Jua`hk, y glk ãF hf ldmhtcvl `h fe iuhrre, e phser quh s÷fl hktlkghs sh hstede eprlxcjek`l Tusce ef puktl jåxcjl `h su plthkgce jcfcter `h etequh, jchktres quh fe `hf Mep÷k hstede ye gesc gljpfhtejhkth eilteè"

_HKPEMEW @H FE G.H.O.F. 9.5. _HKPEMEW WCJCFETHW E FE @HOHKWE

êre quchk utcfcze fe GHOF su egtctu` hstretãicge ihkhref hs lohkscve, phrl eprlvhgbe fls dhkhocgcls lorhgc`ls plr fe `hohkse. Fe GHOF `hjekè, fuhil `h glkqucster hf LI., lphrer e fe `hohkscve. Hf hkhjcil, glk fe jhte `h rhguphrer hf LI. hstå ldfcie`l e rhgurrcr e fe lohkscve.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

523

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Hk hf ckthrtektl hf thrrhkl sh hkguhktre prhpere`l pere fe rhscsthkgce y slplrter hf etequh. E`hjås, fe lohkscve e`vhrserce quhè ethkueè plr hf ecsfejchktl `hf thetrl. Hk hstes gcrgukstekgces, hf lgupekth ilze `h fes vhktemes drckèès plr hf thrrhkl, hf kýjhrl y hf tchjpl.

9.4. WX^HTCLTC@E@ THFEPC_E HK HF ^XKPL @H @HGCWCLK Hf eirhslr s÷fl rhquchrh suphrclrcè` `h ` h jh`cls rhfetcve hk hf puk puktl tl `h fe `hgcsc÷k, hs `hgcr, hk hf LI. ûh`h hmhguter hsth tcpl pertcgufer `h iuhrre ef hxpflter, glk bedcfcè`, glk`cgclkhs oevlredfhs plfêtcges, hstretãicges y ihliråocges.

9.7. JERCJL THK@CJCHKPL @H FEW OXHT]EW Fe G.H.O.F. epfcge fl quh Jlftah slstchkh gljl= "fe olrje jås ouhrth `h iuhrre, hs `hgcr, fe olrje quh hglk÷jcgejhkth tchkh hf jåxcjl `hserrlffl `h pl`hr hk uke ouhrze èè, hs fe lohkscve hstretãicge gljdckeè glk fe `hohkscve tågtcge". Glkghptl scjcfer fl hstedfhgh Fc`hff Bert `hkljckåk`lfl= hf eiucm÷k hk fe glfe.

9.0. ^HTJCPH THEFC]ET XKE IX IXHTTE HTTE HRCPLWE GLKPTE XK HKHJCIL JEW OXHTPH Xke peês jås `ãdcf, phrl glk vlfukte` plfêtcge y hstretãicge, puh`h rhefczer fe iuhrre hxpfltek`l fe G.H.O.F. Deml fe glk`cgc÷k quh fes gcrgukstekgces plfêtcges, ihliråocges y hstretãicges gujpfek glk fls rhqucsctls `h fe ILF.

Hmhjpfl Bcst÷rcgl= IXHTTEW ETEDH - CWTEHFÊ. Csrehf, rl`he`l `h peêshs blstcfhs jås pldfe`ls y hqucpe- `ls glk jeylrhs jh`cls jcfcterhs, be flire`l rhefczer `cvhrses iuhrres hxctlses `h ldmhtcvl fcjcte- `l. êre tef hohgtl, hxpflt÷ hxp flt÷ fes vhktemes e su efgekgh `h fe G.H.O.F.

2.

EGGCLKHW ÊTE BEGHT OTEGEWET XKE ILF 2.5. CKPTL@XGGC CKPTL@XGGCLK LK

Xk hste`l ef e`vhrtcr quh uke perth `h su thrrctlrcl hs uk plthkgcef LI. `h uke ILF., hstå ldfcie`l e tljer jh`cès `hstckeès e orustrer `cgbe ejhkeze. Fes prckgcpefhs eggclkhs sh hkujhrek e glktckuegc÷k=

2.4. GLK_CGGC GLK_CGGCLK LK IHKHTEF KEGCLKEF @H FE F E WCIKCOCGE WCIKCOCGEGCLK GCLK @HF L.I. Hste glk`cgc÷k sh flire plr jh`cl `h uke slsthkcè gejpeõe pscglf÷icge. Hf ldmhtl

phrshiuc`l rhsc`h hk olrjer glkgchkgce kegclkef sldrh fe cjplrtekgce plfêtcge, hglk÷jcge, jlref h bcst÷rcge `hf århe guhstclkeè. Escjcsjl sh `hdh ckghktcver su rldusthgcjchktl e trevãs `hf pldfejchktl, `hserrlffl `h hstrugtures ckùstrcefhs y `h shrvcgcls e ock `h esh eshiurer iurer su prlpcl slsthkcjchktl, prlirhsl y vckgufegc÷k glk hf rhstl `hf thrrctlrcl.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

53>

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> 2.7. ^TOÊTEGCLK @HF PHEPTL PH EPTL @H L^HTEGCLKHW Hsth hsouhrzl sh rhefcze pere beghr oregeser fe 5. oesh `h fe ILF. êre Y hohgtl, sh rhouhrzek fls jh`cls jcfcterhs, fes deshs fliêstcges y hstedfhgcjchktls `h eplyl. Ef jcsjl tchjpl sh ckthkscocge hf hktrhkejchktl hk hf thetrl. Hf `csplsctcvl tchkh quh prhshkter, hk olrje phrjekhkth, fe jeylr hocgegce gljdetcvl plscdfh.

2.0.

BEDCF S L^LTPXKL HJC^FHL @HF ^L@HT KE_EF

Hf pl`hr kevef rhquchrh thkhr fe gepegcè` pere hvcter hf ecsfejchktl jerêtcjl `hf thetrl y, escjcsjl, glrter fes gljukcgegclkhs plr jer `hf `h f hkhjcil. Glk hffl, phrjcth hf rholrzejchktl y jekthkcjchktl `hf prlpcl `csplsctcvl jchktres prhvchkh hf errcdl `h ouhrzes y desejhktls `hf hkhjcil.

2.8. _LFXKPE@ @H FXGBE OCTJH S WLWPHKC@E @hjlstrer hstes geregthrêstcges ùrekth fe grcscs l thksc÷k ckgrhjhkte, hk eftl ire`l, fe `csuesc÷k beste beghr `hscstcr ef e`vhrsercl `h fe eirhsc÷k. Hk hf `hserrlffl `h fes blstcfcè`hs, hf eirh`c`l kl tchkh ltre efthrketcve sckl hf ekcqucfejchktl `h fes ouhrzes lohkslres.

2.?. GLKPTEILF^H Wh khghscte grher hf pl`hr suocgchkth pere eshster hf glktreilfph ef glktrckgekth y e su vhz cjph`êrshfl.

3.3.5.

GLKWC@HTEGCLKHW GLKWC@HTEGCLKHW WLDTH FE ILF

PHTJCKL FCJCPE@L HW CKE^TL^CE CKE^TL^CE@L @L

Pl`ls fls eutlrhs glkguhrèk hk quh hf tãrjckl "Fcjcte`l" kl hs hf jås eprlpce`l hxprhsc÷k lorhgh fe cjprhsc÷k `h rhstrckic`l l shgukèrcl, guek`l kl bey fcjcth hk hf vcilr `h fe vclfhkgce e hmhrghr plr fes ouhrzes gljprljhtcès y hk su gerågthr `h iuhrre tltef.

3.4. XK HWPE@L GLK XK LDMHPC_L CFCJCPE@L ^XH@H XWET XW ET FE GHOF Pef guef hf jcsjl Glrdhtt hstedfhgc÷ (^årreol 8.4.), uk peês glk L^. cfcjcte`l puh`h hjpfher fe GHOF. Hf Efjcrekth Mustckcekl eglt÷ quh fe keturefhze `h fe iuhrre kl hstå rhfegclkeè glk su glkùggc÷k y "sus vhktemes y fes gcrgukstekgces quh oegcfctek e uke plthkgce jerêtcjl su rhefczegc÷k slk bhgbls `cikls `h fe jhmlr ethkgc÷k, plrquh puh`hk shr hxpflte`ls pere efgekzer hf ldmhtcvl plfêtcgl `hserrlffek`l hf jêkcjl hsouhrzl rhquhrc`l, guefquchre quh she fe scikcocgegc÷k `h ãsth

3.7.

FE IXHTTE THEF KL THW^LK@H E HWUXHJEW @HPHTJCKE@L @HPHTJCKE@LW W

Fls bljdrhs edlrèk fls glkofcgtls sck etersh e jlf`hs l tcpls hstedfhgc`ls. Fls

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

535

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5>

glkùgtlrhs hvctek glerter su grhetcvcè` y fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k ejerråk`lsh e jl`hfls prh`hthrjcke`ls. Hf hsquhje glkthjpfe`l plr fe GHOF glkscsth hk s÷fl uk hfhjhktl `h mucgcl jhrhgh`lr `h shr thkc`l hk guhkte y, sc sh prhshkte fe lgesc÷k hxpflter efiukes `h sus oeghtes oevlredfhs. "Hs fe iuhrre rhef fe quh `hdh shr hstu`ceè, hs `hgcr, hf glkofcgtl quh glkgrhtejhkth sh prhvã y quh fe Kegc÷k `hdh hkorhkter. Phkhr c`hes prhglkghdcès l prhthk`hr e`cvcker ckthkgclkhs `hf hkhjcil puh`h shr phfcirlsl... Hf hkhjcil puh`h rhefczer, plr fl tektl, guefquchr tcpl `h lphregc÷k, sck fcjctersh e hsquhje efiukl y sck thkhr, ldvcejhkth, quh ghõcrsh e kckiýk tcpl hsphgêocgl `h iuhrre

3.0. @HWCGCLK @H FE KEPXTEFH]E @H FE IXHTTE Fe rhsplksedcfcè` dåscge `hf hste`cste, glk fe glfedlregc÷k `hf hstrethie, hs ckvhstcier hf plr quã `h fe iuhrre e hkgerer. Esê hstå hk glk`cgclkhs `h hvefuer fe keturefhze `hf L^., sc hs l kl vctef pere hf `hstckl `h fe Kegc÷k. Hk Y gcrgukstekgce, quhè gepegcte`l pere `hgc`cr sldrh fe jeikctu` `hf hsouhrzl tltef e rhefczer pere glkshiucr hf efu`c`l L^.

3.8. E^THGCEGCLK @HF _EFLT @HF L^. S HF LI. Hs glkvhrihkth rhcthrer fe plscdfh ckglkiruhkgce `h fes eprhgcegclkhs `h fls rcvefhs sldrh hf veflr `hf L^. y LI. hk glktrlvhrsce. Fls glkofcgtls keghk plr geuse `h ckthrhshs glktre`cgtlrcls h ckefchkedfhs plr jh`cls pegêocgls. Hk fe veflregc÷k `h `cgbls ckthrhshs, quh hk fe ILF, plr fl gljýk sh jethrcefczek hk uk LI., glkgurrhk oegtlrhs hk hxtrhjl sudmhtcvls. ^lr glksciuchkth puh`hk rhprhshkter scikcocge`ls juy `cstcktls pere fls ekteilkcstes- ukl fl hstcje `h efgekgh jl`hre`l jchktres hf ltrl vctef. Fls hsouhrzls e `hserrlffer, plr f÷icge, `hdhk shr `cohrhkths= fcjcte`ls rhsufte`ls. Hste ekljefêe prlùgh fls irek`hs `hsegchrtls, hk pertcgufer, e fls eirhslrhs hsphrekze`ls hk uke iuhrre glrte y prlvhgblse.

3.?.

FCJCPEGCLK @HF HWOXHT]L

Fls ildhrkekths, plr jekètl `h fe rez÷k, ckthktek fcjcter fls hsouhrzls y segrcocgcls pere efgekzer su L^1 hf eirhslr schjprh hsphre quh hf eirh`c`l prhshkth hf jêkcjl `h rhscsthkgce. Hsth mucgcl hs tek gchrtl pere uke iuhrre fcjcteè gljl cfcjcte`l. Wck hjderil, kl schjprh lgurrh esê, puhs hk lgesclkhs fls glkofcgtls e`quchrhk hf gerågthr `h gruzeè plr hohgtls `h fe prlpeiekè l fe c`hlfliêe= hf dchk glktre hf jef. Hk hstes gcrgukstekgces, fes glktchkès tchk`hk e shiucr hf jl`hfl edstregtl `h Gfeushwctz.

5>.

KLGCLKHW WLDTH FE ILF EGPXEF Fe ILF sh hstu`c÷ tljek`l gljl desh hf hkolquh jerêtcjl è`l plr Glrdhtt. Hste

ckthrprhtegc÷k `hrcv÷ hk hf jl`hfl plfêtcgl-hstretãicgl ffeje`l Glkùggc÷k Hstretãicge `h fe Olrje Fcjcteè.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

534

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> @urekth fe Iuhrre Orêe, hf åjdctl `h epfcgegc÷k `h fe Iuhrre Fcjcteè sh hxpek`c÷ e`qucrchk`l uke vesthè` glksc`hredfh. @urekth hsth ckhstedfh phrêl`l, fls glkofcgtls glktckuerlk sugh`cãk`lsh sck ckthrrupgc÷k phrl e`lptek`l olrjes gesc crrhglklgcdfhs. Fe prhshkgce `h uk erje -fe kugfher- glk gepegcè` `h suprcjcr fe ockefcè` plfêtcge `h fe iuhrre jl`cocg÷ `h jekhre sudstekgcef hf phksejchktl plfêtcgl-hstretãicgl. Hsth tuvl quh eèptersh e fes kuhves gcrgukstekgces. Kujhrlsls eutlrhs hsgrcdchrlk sldrh fe iuhrre grhek`l lrcickefhs glkghpgclkhs pere su glkùggc÷k, hktrh hffls= Jel, Icep, Bert, Glffcks, Abek, Erlk, Dheuorh, htg. Hf ýftcjl `h fls kljcke`ls ouh, tef vhz, quchk cktrlùml fes c`hes jås ejpfces y scsthjetczeès sldrh fe Hstrethice Pltef. Fe Hstrethice Pltef hstedfhgc÷ guetrl peråjhtrls pere fcjcter fe iuhrre= hf ldmhtcvl, fe fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k, fls jh`cls y hf tchjpl. Fe Hstrethice Pltef `h fe Eggc÷k hk su Jl`l Ck`crhgtl hre fe quh jås sh prhst÷ pere rhefczer iuhrres fcjcteès hxpfltek`l fes ocsures `h fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k `h fe @csuesc÷k Kugfher. Fes suphrplthkgces rhgurrchrlk e fe Hstrethice Ck`crhgte, glk jeylr escùcè` fe Xkc÷k Wlvcãtcge, pere glkshiucr sus ldmhtcvls `h bhihjlkêe juk`cef (L^. Cfcjcte`l) e trevãs `h ldmhtcvls pergcefhs. Fls eohgte`ls, Hste`ls hk zlkes jerickefhs, suorchrlk fls `hstrugtlrhs hohgtls `h fe `cspute `h fes suphrplthkgces, puhs pere hffls fe iuhrre thkêe uke keturefhze cfcjcteè. Hf klrthejhrcgekl Mlbk Glffcks hstedfhgh ltrls hfhjhktls pere fcjcter fe iuhrre, plr hmhjpfl shõefe quh `hdh shr glksc`hreè fe fctegc÷k rhsphgtl e fls sciuchkths oegtlrhs `h uk glkofcgtl= - Ldmhtcvl ^lfêtcgl - Ock Jcfcter (ldmhtcvls hstretãicgls) - Hfhggc÷k H fhggc÷k `h erjes - Whfhggc÷k `h dfekgls - Keturefhze `h fe ouhrze - Åjdctl ihliråocgl. G

^CPXFL R_

^L@HTCL JETCPCJL CKPTL@XGGCLK Fe ckofuhkgce `h fls lgãekls hk fe vcè `h fes kegclkhs hs fe glkshguhkgce `h uke rhefcè`, plr fl gljýk, cke`vhrtcè. Jås `h `ls thrgcls `h fe suphrocgch `hf pfekhte hstå gudchrte plr eiue. "Hf jer hs fe jeylr tltefcè` `h kuhstre tchrre y fes perths jeylrhs hk ãf slk slfejhkth csfes, kuhstres rhsc`hkgces hståk rl`heès plr hf eiue, eýk sc sh beffek sctueès destekth tchrre e`hktrl, y hk hf olk`l `h geè blrczlkth quh sh hxtchk`h e fl fhmls drcffe hf jer".

Hk tchjpls rhjltls, hf bljdrh evekz÷ beste fes lrcffes lghåkcges y hffes orhkerlk su jergbe. Glk tcjc`hz, begh jcfhkcls, sh evhkturã hk sus eiues hk dusge `h efcjhktls. Jås ter`h, ef `csplkhr `h hjdergegclkhs jerckhres, sh ckthrk÷ hk fes lfes hxpflrek`l fes tchrres

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

537

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> lguftes hk su fhmekêe. @h jekhre peufetcke, hf jer sh treksolrj÷ hk fe vêe `h gljukcgegc÷k prckgcpef pere ockhs plfêtcgls, hglk÷jcgls, slgcefhs y jcfcterhs. ^hrcgfhs eocrj÷ "Irek glse hs, hk hohgtl, hf `ljckcl `hf jer. Bly fls lgãekls glkstctuyhk hf glr`÷k ujdcfcgef `hf ckthrgejdcl gljhrgcef juk`cef y fe irek rhshrve `h rcquhzes vcves y kl vcves `hstckeès e eshiurer fe sldrh vcvhkgce `h fe bujekcè`. ^lr tef rez÷k, olrjek hf hsghkercl `lk`h glkgurrhk fls ckthrhshs, espcregclkhs y hxprhsclkhs `h pl`hr pere fe irek jeylrêe `h fls Hste`ls.

4.

@HOCKCGCL @HOCKCGCLKHW KHW S IHKHTEFC@E@HW

4.5. ^L@HTCL JETCPCJ JETCPCJL L e)

@HOCKCGCLK Hs fe gepegcè` `h grher, `hserrlffer, hxpflter y `hohk`hr fls ckthrhshs jerêtcjls `h uk

peês fe pez gljl hk fe iuhrre. Hk sêkthscs, glkscsth hk fe oegufte` quh tchkh uk Hste`l pere tektl user hfhkjer hk su dhkhocgcl. Hf drctåkcgl M.^,- BCFF shõefe= "Hf pl`hr jerêtcjl hs fe gepegcè` `h user hf jer. Hffl puh`h rhsufter sujejhkth dhkhocgclsl pere uk hste`l hk tãrjckls hglk÷jcgls e trevãs `h fe prlthggc÷k `h fls hfhjhktls `h fe hglkljêe, y `h fe prlyhggc÷k l ejhkeze `h fe ouhrze glktre sus lplkhkths. d)

HFHJHKPLW @HF ^L@HTCL JETCPCJL

Hf ^l`hrêl Jerêtcjl (^J) hstå ckthire`l plr `ls hfhjhktls `h `cstckte keturefhze phrl gljpfhjhktercls hktrh sê. Fls ckthrhshs jerêtcjls (CJ) quh fh ltlriek fe sudstekgce, jchktres hf ^l`hr Kevef (^K) fls `hochk`hk. Wh fh rhprhshkte, pere jhmlr gljprhksc÷k, plr uke o÷rjufe sckiufer. ^J : CJ ^K E fls hfhjhktls kl k l sh fhs u ukh kh plr scikl efiukl glk hf prlp÷sctl `h k kl l glerter fe eptctu` e ptctu` grhe`lre `h quchkhs tchkhk fe rhsplksedcfcè` `h su ihkhregc÷k y oljhktl.

h)

GLKOXWCLK @H PHTJCKLW

Hf ^l`hrêl Jerêtcjl, glk orhguhkgce, sh glkouk`h glk hf ^l`hr Kevef plr jefe treùggc÷k `hf tãrjckl "Whe ^lwhr". Ef rhsphgtl D. Drl`ch olrjufe uke ckihkclse egferegc÷k=

Whrêe tek cf÷icgl glksc`hrer hf pl`hr jerêtcjl slfejhkth hk thrjckerlk `h duquhs `h iuhrre, gljl glksc`hrer fls ohrrlgerrcfhs slfejhkth hk tãrjckls `h flgljltlres. Xke flgljltlre sck veilkhs rhprhshkte uke plthkgce hk hohgtl, phrl uke plthkgce sck scikcocge`l oukgclkef. Fls quh èk vcè y rhgursls ef ^l`hrêl Jerêtcjl slk fls ckthrhshs jerêtcjls.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

530

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> 4.4. CKPHTHWHW JETC JETCPCJLW PCJLW

e)

@HOCKCGCLK

Hs hf glkmuktl `h dhkhocgcls `h gerågthr plfêtcgl, hglk÷jcgl, slgcef y jeter quh ldtchkh uke kegc÷k `h tlès fes egtcvcè`hs rhfegclkeès glk hf usl `hf jer. Fes jhkgclkeès egtcvcè`hs fes rhefczek tektl hf Hste`l gljl fls pertcguferhs hk fe efte jer, eiues murcs`cggclkefhs, olk`ls jerckls y fctlref glk fe ockefcè` `h eprlvhgber sus oegcfcè`hs y hxpflter fls rhgursls glkthkc`ls hk hffls.

d)

GLJ^LKHKPHW @H FLW CKPHTHWHW JETCPCJ JETCPCJLW LW

Fls gljplkhkths `h fls CJ rhglklgc`ls plr fls trete`cstes, slk fls sciuchkths= Jercke Jhrgekth Kegclkef y hf treksplrth jerêtcjl. Phrjckefhs jerêtcjls. Gljhrgcl hxthrclr. Oflte phsquhre h ckstefegclkhs `h eplyl. Duquhs `h ckvhstciegc÷k gchktêocge. Ckùstrce kevef. Hstedfhgcjchktls `h hxpfltegc÷k `hf olk`l jerckl, Ckorehstrugture `h `hplrths kåutcgls. Fls ckthrhshs jerêtcjls, e phser `h sus ckhquêvlgls efgekghs hk fl plfêtcgl, hglk÷jcgl, slgcef y jcfcter, kl etrehk `h jl`l klrjef ef bljdrh. Hf tchk`h e `hserrlffer fes fedlrhs `cerces hk su hktlrkl keturef= fe tchrre. êre hxpflter hf jer, hk tlè su ejpfctu` y prlouk`cè`, hf puhdfl y sus ildhrkekths rhquchrhk `h uke vcilrlse glkgchkgce jerêtcje.

4.7. GLKGCHKGCE JETCPCJE Glkstctuyh hf glklgcjchktl gedef y rhofhxcvl `hf jer y `h sus prlxcjcè`hs, tektl sldrh su rhef keturefhze gljl `h sus plscdcfcè`hs plfêtcges, hglk÷jcges, slgcefhs y jcfcterhs. Guek`l fe ihlireoêe fl phrjcth, fe glkgchkgce jerêtcje oegcfcte fe fedlr `h lrchkter ef peês begce uk `hstckl lghåkcgl y glkvhrtcrfl hk uke plthkgce jerêtcje pr÷sphre y pl`hrlse.

4.0. WLDHTEKCE JETCPCJE Hs fe oegufte` `h hmhrghr glk pfhkctu` hf glktrlf vcicfekgce, e`jckcstregc÷k y hxpfltegc÷k `hf thrrctlrcl jerêtcjl murcs`cggclkef pere hjpfherfl, hk dhkhocgcl `h fls ckthrhshs kegclkefhs.

Hf thrrctlrcl jerêtcjl gljprhk`h= hf fctlref, eiues ckthrclrhs, jer thrrctlrcef zlke hglk÷jcge hxgfuscve, olk`ls jerckls y jer prhshkgcef. Hk fes århes hxthrkes fe sldhrekêe sh rhstrckih destekth plr hf `hrhgbl ckthrkegclkef.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

538

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> 7. OEGPLTHW UXH HWPCJXFE HWPCJXFEK K HF ^L@HTCL JETCPCJL

7.5. CKPTL@XGGC CKPTL@XGGCLK LK Eforh` Pbechr Jebek `hthrjck÷ fls oegtlrhs quh eohgtek y hstcjufek hf ^l`hrêl Jerêtcjl. Fls hsphgcefcstes fhs bek gejdce`l kljdrh l edrhvce`l phrl sck efthrer su olk`l. Hf Gljekèkth @CE] bczl uke egltegc÷k `h ckthrãs, puhs hf ^l`hrêl Jerêtcjl "hs fe rhsuftekth `h oegtlrhs gljpfhmls quh kl puh`hk glksc`hrersh shpereèjhkth". Hf hohgtl sh prlùgh plr jh`cl `h fe gljdckegc÷k `h fls efu`c`ls hfhjhktls. Jebek glkthjpf÷ fls sciuchkths oegtlrhs= -

Wctuegc÷k Ihliråocge Glkociuregc÷k oêscge. Hxthksc÷k thrrctlrcef. ^ldfegc÷k. Gerågthr kegclkef. Gfesh `h ildchrkl.

7.4.

EKEFC EKEFCWCW WCW @H FLW OEGPLTHW

e)

WCPXEGCLK IHLITEOCGE

Hstå rhohrc`l e `ls esphgtls dåscgls. Xkl hs fe gerhkgce `h orlkthres gljukhs glk hkhjcils plthkgcefhs. Hk `cgbe gcrgukstekgce, hf peês sh s h `hsprhlgupe hk ckvhrtcr guektclsls rhgursls hk hmãrgctls thrrhstrhs pere su `hohkse. Fe ejhkeze `h uke ckvesc÷k sh begh rhjlte gljl tejdcãk glbêdh hf ckthrãs kegclkef plr hxpek`crsh begce tchrres vhgckes. Hf shiuk`l puktl glkscsth hk fe plshsc÷k `h uke udcgegc÷k ihliråocge oevlredfh -ghktref- hk rhfegc÷k ef scsthje ihkhref `h tråocgl jerêtcjl. Hffl phrjcth jekthkhr glkghktreès fes ouhrzes kevefhs pere prlthihr fes prlpces gljukcgegclkhs h ckthrrujpcr fes `hf hkhjcil. Hk ltres pefedres, oegcfcte hf hstedfhgcjchktl y jekuthkgc÷k `h uk glktrlf sldrh hf treksplrth jerêtcjl `hf århe. c`hefglktckhkth pere Jebek hre Irek Drhteõe, uke csfe quh gljpfhjhkt÷ `ljckede fls su egghsls `hf Etfåktcgl KlrthFl y `hf hurlphl. E`hjås, hf Thckl Xkc`l oevlredfh plscgc÷k glk glflkces y deshs hstretãicgejhkth dchk sctueès. Hffes glktrcduyhrlk e ckgrhjhkter su gljhrgcl, rcquhze y gepegcè` pere glktrlfer fes gljukcgegclkhs jerêtcjes juk`cefhs.

Hmhjpfl Bcst÷rcgl= ITEK DTHPEÕE "Ouh fe plscgc÷k ihliråocge `h Irek Drhteõe y fe udcgegc÷k `h sus e`vhrsercls fl quh fh `cl e fe oflte drctåkcge tek pl`hrlse ckofuhkgce hk fls esuktls juk`cefhs.

d)

GLKOCIXTE GLKOCIXTEGCLK GCLK OCWCGE (5) CKPTL@XGGC×K

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

53?

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Hsth oegtlr hkiflde vercls hfhjhktls= fe glste, hf gfcje, fls rhgursls y fe glkolrjegc÷k ihliråocge.

(4)

FE GLWPE L FCPLTEF

Fe phrjhedcfcè` `h fls fêjcths hxthrkls `h uke kegc÷k oegcfcte fe vckgufegc÷k glk fls vhgckls. Wc hse orlkthre glrrhsplk`h e uke glste hxthkse `lteè `h kujhrlsls puhrtls ejpfcls, prlouk`ls y glk hxph`ctls egghsls ef ckthrclr `hf thrrctlrcl ckghktcvl hf gljhrgcl jerêtcjl glk hf rhstl `hf juk`l. Xk vcilrlsl ckthrgejdcl ckthrkegclkef `h jhrge`hrêes egerrhe fe prlsphrcè` y hf pl`hr.

(7)

PHTTHKL S GFCJE

Wuhfls oãrtcfhs glk gbckes dhkcikls hstcjufek hf eshktejchktl sh`hktercl `h fls puhdfls e fe tchrre `lk`h setcsoeghk tlès sus khghscè`hs glk gljl`cè`. Jchktres quh gljerges hstãrcfhs y ùres fls cjpufsek e dusger su susthktl hk fls lgãekls y fes jethrces prcjes hk uftrejer. Esê sh glkvchrthk hk phsge`lrhs, kevhiekths, glflkls, gljhrgcekths, ckùstrcefhs y prlùgtlrhs. Hf duquh phsquhrl l jhrgekth scjdlfcze su rcquhze hk tektl fe ukcè` kevef su shiurcè`.

(0)

GLKOLTJE GLKOLTJEGCLK GCLK IHLITEOCGE

Fls hste`ls cksuferhs, `cvc`c`ls plr hf jer, phkcksuferhs y ergbcpchfåicgls khghsctek `h uk scikcocgetcvl pl`hrêl jerêtcjl sckl `hshek vhrsh rhùgc`ls e fe cjplthkgce. Wu `hohkse hk uk glkofcgtl, `hsgekse hk hf jer. "Ckifethrre `hdh plgl e fe keturefhze, y beste quh e`qucrc÷ `hserrlffl su ckùstrce, tuvl plgl quh hxplrter. Wu ckgeksedfh egtcvcè`, hstcjufeè plr sus jugbes khghscè`hs, y ukcè e ltres gcrgukstekgces quh oevlrhgchrlk sus hjprhses jerêtcjes, cjpufs÷ e sus bedctekths e sefcr y`h`hsuhsth petrce, beffek`l hk hf hxthrclr gljerges eireèdfhs y rcges quh fe prlpce, jl`l, sus khghscè`hs y gerågthr fhs jås bczl jhrge`hrhs y glflkcze`lrhs, jås ter`h ckùstrcefhs y prlùgtlrhs, y gljl hktrh ãstls y fes glflkces tchkh quh hxcstcr hf ckhvctedfh fezl `h ukc÷k, quh hs fe oflte jhrgekth, esê grhgc÷ y sh `hserrlff÷ su ^l`hr Kevef.

g)

HRPHKWCLK PHTTCPLTCEF

Hf ýftcjl oegtlr ihliråocgl kl glrrhsplk`h ef tejeõl `hf peês sckl e fe hxthksc÷k `h su fctlref y gefcè` `h fls puhrtls hk gljperegc÷k glk sus bedctekths. Guek`l fe prlplrgc÷k rhsufte e`hgueè e`quchrh hf gerågthr `h oegtlr `h ouhrze. Hf dflquhl rhsufte `coêgcf `h ffhverfl e gedl plr `hjekèr uke hxghscve `csphrsc÷k `h fe ouhrze. ^hrl sc fe pldfegc÷k hs hsgese y fls

puhrtls kujhrlsls y glkhgte`ls e rêls kevhiedfhs sh treksolrje hk uke vufkhredcfcè`. Fes vêes ofuvcefhs plscdcfctek efgekzer fe zlke glrez÷k `hf peês sck irevhs rchsils pere hf ckveslr.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

539

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5>

Hmhjpfl Bcst÷rcgl

IXHTTE @H FE WHGHWCLK= "@urekth fe Iuhrre `h fe Whghsc÷k, hf sur hs gcte`l plr Jebek gljl hmhjpfl `h uke kegc÷k glk `hjesceè tchrre hk prlplrgc÷k e sus bedctekths y rhgursls y `hjesceè fêkhe `h glste y hxghscves vêes ofuvcefhs glk rhfegc÷k e su plthkgcef ckbhrhkths. `)

^LDFEGCLK L KÝJHTL @H BEDCPEKPHW

Jås quh hf kýjhrl `h bedctekths `h uke kegc÷k e hsth oegtlr fh ckthrhse hf plrghktemh y gektcè` `h phrslkes `h`cgeès e fes egtcvcè`hs jerêtcjes l eockhs, ckgfuyhk`l fe ckùstrce. Fe hxphrchkgce iekeè fls gepegcte pere trcpufer, rhperer y jekthkhr fes ukcè`hs kevefhs, euxcfcerhs y kevhs gljhrgcefhs `hjekèès pere setcsoeghr fls rhquhrcjchktls `h fe iuhrre hk hf jer. Hffls glkstctuyhk fe rhshrve jerêtcje `hf peês. Jebek fh ltlrie `hstegeè rhfhvekgce e fes `ltegclkhs `h fe jercke jhrgekth deml hf pedhff÷k kegclkef.

Hmhjpfl Bcst÷rcgl= GLKOFCGPL @H FEW OEFAFEK@W. ^hrslkef `h fe jercke gljhrgcef drctåkcge glktrcduy÷ ef ãxctl `h fe rhgepture `hf ergbcpcãfeil= "Fe ofucè y råpcè jethrcefczegc÷k `h fls pfekhs `h hjhrihkgce hxcsthkths pere user fe jercke gljhrgcef hk eplyl `h fls shrvcgcls erje`ls ouh ukl `h fls jeylrhs ãxctls `h fe Gejpeõe. Efrh`h`lr `h 08 kevhs ouhrlk rhtcreès `h sus rutes, `hs`h tresetfåktcgls beste phsquhjls `h efte jer. Hffls prhsterlk uk eplyl vctef hk tl`l hf esphgtl fliêstcgl. Fls phtrlfhrls treksplrterlk gljdustcdfh pere fls duquhs, ehrlkevhs y ouhrzes thrrhstrhs. Presetfåktcgls, gljl hf UH4 y Gejdhrre, y ohrrchs sh s h hjpfherlk gljl treksplrths `h trlpe. Duquhs geriuhrls, gljl hf Etfektcg Glkvhylr, egerrherlk bhfcg÷pthrls, Berrchrs, hqucpls phse`ls y edesthgcjchktls. Ltrls dergls ouhrlk use`ls gljl duquh-blspctef, `h rhperegclkhs l rhjlfge`lrhs. Plès hstes kevhs hstedek trcpufeès plr vlfuktercls, `ltegclkhs gcvcfhs, supfhjhkteès plr phquhões pertcès kevefhs l `h fe TEO. h)

GETEGPHT KEGCLKE KEGCLKEF F

@hs`h fls efdlrhs `h fe gcvcfczegc÷k, hf duquh ouh utcfcze`l hk gefcè` `h jh`cl pere treksplrter rcquhzes. Fls puhdfls jerckhrls hxpek`chrlk fls fêjcths `hf juk`l glklgc`l hk su eoåk `h hxthk`hr su gljhrgcl. Wu prlsphrcè` y pl`hr sh gcjhkterlk hk hf hjpumh `hf ckthrgejdcl gljhrgcef y hf `ljckcl `h fes rutes `h kevhiegc÷k gfevhs. Fls hste`ls kevhiekths, hk guefquchr ãplge, `hstegerlk plr hf gerågthr hjprhk`h`lr y euèz `h sus gcuèèkls. Fe bcstlrce rhicstr÷ fes bezeões y suprhjegêe efgekzeè plr fe tefeslgregce grhthksh, fls irchils, ohkcgcls, gerteickhkshs, ihklvhshs y tektls ltrls. Jebek, glklgh`lr `hf pese`l, gljhkt÷= "Fe thk`hkgce gljhrgcef, glk fe glksciuchkth khghscè` `h prlùgcr efil glk quh setcsoeghrfe, hs ukl `h fl hfhjhktls kegclkefhs jås cjplrtekths pere hf `hserrlffl `hf ^l`hr Kevef. Kl hs vhrlsêjcf quh uk puhdfl quh fe schkte y thkie hxthkse glste, kl treth

`h rcquhzes plrevhrsc÷k jh`cl `hf gljhrgcl jerêtcjl, ekth hf thjlr fls phfcirls hf jerdusger lorhghfes l plr keturef begce ãf Hf gerågthr evhkturhrl. quh `h errchsie fl quhquh tchkh pere ieker jås, tchkh jugbl perhgc`l glk hf hspêrctu evhkturhrl quh glkqucste juk`ls pere hf gljhrgcl. THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

532

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Hmhjpfl Bcst÷rcgl=

IXHTTEW @H IXHTTEW @HF F ^HFL^LKHWL. Ekth fe Esejdfhe `h Hsperte, fe `hfhiegc÷k `h Glrcktl sh rhocrc÷ e Ethkes, plthkgce jerêtcje, hk fls sciuchkths tãrjckls= "Hffls slk, hk hohgtl, ejcils `h fl klvh`lsl y vcvls pere cjeicker y ffhver e gedl fl q quh uh pfekhek1 `h vlsltrls, hk gejdcl, hs prlpcl glkshrver fl quh thkãcs, kl ckvhkter keè, y kl ffhver e fe prågtcge kc fl jås ck`csphksedfh E`hjås slk lse`ls jås effå `h sus ouhrzes, ejek hf phfcirl hk glktre `h fl quh fe pru`hkgce eglkshme, y slk lptcjcstes ekth sctuegclkhs `h rchsil.. Plèvêe jås, hffls slk `hgc`c`ls, orhkth e vlsltrls, ck`hgcsls, vcemhrls, orhkth e ukls sh`hktercls1 puhs pchksek hffls quh ef cr eouhre pl`rêek e`qucrcr efil kuhvl... S sh hsouhrzek hk tl`l hstl e fl feril `h tlè su vcè, hktrh hsouhrzls y phfcirls1 y `csorutek plquêscjl `h fl quh plshhk, plr hf eoåk `h e`qucrcr glktckuejhkth jås. o)

GFEWH @H ILDCHTKL

Hf thje hstå `hsvckgufe`l `h fes thlrêes l scsthjes plfêtcgls, s÷fl sh rhochrh e fe hvefuegc÷k `h fe ckofuhkgce `hf ildchrkl -guefquchre she ãsth- hk hf `hserrlffl `hf pl`hrêl jerêtcjl Wck hjderil, ldshrve. "êrhgh sc ukèr Ildchrkl ldresh `h gljpfhtl eguhr`l glk fesJebek ckgfckegclkhs keturefhs `hprldedfh su puhdfl,quh flirerêe hf jåxcjl cjpufsl e su `hserrlffl deml tl`ls fls glkghptls1 y rhsphgtl ef ^l`hr Kevef sh bek ldthkc`l fls jhmlrhs rhsufte`ls guek`l be bedc`l uke ckthfcihkth `crhggc÷k plr perth `h fls ildhrkekths y ãstls sh bek c`hktcocge`l plr gljpfhtl glk hf hspêrctu `hf puhdfl, phkhtråk`lsh `h sus vhrè`hres ckgfckegclkhs. Hste gfesh `h ildchrkls slk `h gerågthr jås shiurl y phrjekhkth guek`l hståk glkstctuc`ls, prckgcpefjhkth, plr vlfukte` `hf puhdfl l `h sus jhmlrhs rhprhshktekths keturefhs, eukquh sughè efiukes vhghs vh ghs quh hstls ildchrkls Xdrhs oregeshk y sh vhek, hk gejdcl, ltrls quh, eohgtek`l gerågthr `hsp÷tcgl, `crcic`ls glk mucgcl y ocrjhze, bek grhe`l, hk lgesclkhs, uk irek gljhrgcl jerêtcjl y uke drcffekth jercke jcfcter glk jås hkhriêe y prlktctu` `h fl quh budchre pl`c`l flirersh glk fls prlgh`cjchktls jås fhktls prlpcls `h uk puhdfl Xdrh. Hf ckglkvhkchkth prckgcpef `hf shiuk`l scsthje hs fe `cocgufte` `h eshiurer fe glktckuegc÷k `h fe plfêtcge e fe juhrth `hf `ãsplte" Hk rhsujhk, hf ildchrkl tchkh uk rlf oukèjhktef hk hf ckghktcvl y `hserrlffl `hf ^l`hrêl Jerêtcjl. Wck fe ldre shõhre `hf Hste`cste, sh begh `coêgcf lrchkter e uke kegc÷k begce uk `hstckl lghåkcgl, eýk guek`l tl`ls fls oegtlrhs, ye hkujhre`ls, oevlrhzgek su jethrcefczegc÷k. Jås eýk, fes plfêtcges thk`chkths ef oljhktl `h fls ckthrhshs jerêtcjls khghsctek gfercè` y phrjekhkgce e trevãs `hf tchjpl. t chjpl. Hk gesl glktrercl, tl`ls fls segrcocgcls y fls dhkhocgcls efgekze`ls sh hsoujek glk hxghpgclkef repc`hz. Hf bljdrh, shr thrrhstrh plr keturefhze y thjphrejhktl, prlphk`h, plr fl ihkhref, rhtljer e fe gljl`cè` y jh`clgrcè` lorhgcè plr fe hxcsthkgce glktckhktef Fls puhdfls jerckhrls khghsctek uk feril phrêl`l `h olrjegc÷k.

Hmhjpfl Bcst÷rcgl=

ME^LK S FE THWPEXTEGCLK JHCMC. Hk 5287, hf Hsgue`r÷k Kevef `hf Gljl`lrl ^hrry "Olrz÷ e fls meplkhshs edek`lker fe plfêtcge ecsfegclkcste cjpuhste plr Plauiewe hk hf

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

533

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> scifl R_CC. Hf peês bedêe phrjekhgc`l vcrtuefjhkth `hsglklgc`l pere hf rhstl `hf juk`l. ^hrl e fls plgls eõls `hf errcdl Klrthejãrcge fe sctuegc÷k bedêe gejdce`l hk olrje re`cgef. ^hrgcdchk`l fe prcjerce plscgc÷k quh su hglk÷jcgejhkth etreseè tchrre lgupede hk hf juk`l `hf scifl RCR fls meplkhshs lpterlk plr uke råpcè lggc`hktefczegc÷k gljl hf ýkcgl jh`cl plscdfh pere eshiurer fe suphrvcvhkgce kegclkef. Hk glkshguhkgce, prlgurerlk e`qucrcr fls shgrhtls `h fe suprhjegêe lggc`hktef y shkter fes deshs `h uk u k Hste`l ckùstrcef jl`hrkl... Eýk ekths `h ocrjer fe efcekze Ekifl- Meplkhse hk 53>4 perhgh quh fls meplkhshs sh bedêek prlpuhstl fe terhe `h glkvhrtcr e su peês hk fe Irek Drhteõe `hf Hsth. S, suphrocgcefjhkth ef jhkls, fes scjcfctu`hs ihliråocges hktrh fls `ls rhckls cksuferhs hrek kltedfhs. Ejdls sh hkglktredek hk hf jerihk hxthrclr `h fe jcsje jese glktckhktef. E`hjås, hf ãxctl `h fls drctåkcgl hk slsthkhr uke grhgchkth pldfegc÷k glk uk eftl kcvhf `h vcè, plr jh`cl `h fe vhkte `h fls prlùgtls `h sus ckùstrces hk jhrge`ls `h uftrejer, suicrc÷ quh Mep÷k e`lpterêe uke duhke `hgcsc÷k ef tljer e Irek Drhteõe gljl jl`hfl Mep÷k, hk jhkls `h gckgl `ãgeès, suric÷ gljl fe plthkgce ckùstrcef y jerêtcje `hf Hxtrhjl Lrchkth.

7.7. GLJHKPETCL rhofhxclkhs y glkghptls hjctc`ls plr Jebek phr`chrlk hvlfugc÷k plfêtcge, Efiukes hglk÷jcge hstretãicge y slgcef `h fe bujekcè`, hk jås `h ukvcihkgce. scifl, flsFe jl`cocgerlk `h jl`l pergcef l fls bcgchrlk gehr hk fe ldslfhsghkgce. ^lr hmhjpfl, fe glkqucste `h glflkces gljl ckstrujhktl `h rcquhze y pl`hrêl quh`÷ hk hf pese`l. Escjcsjl fe ihlireoêe kukge cjpusl fhyhs ckhxlredfhs gljl fl slsthkêe fe ihlplfêtcge, phrl schjprh be lorhgc`l ef bljdrh plscdcfcè`hs `h shr eprlvhgbeè e trevãs `h vhktemes gljperetcves. ^lr tef geuse "Kl bey glkstekgce `h kckiýk peês quh plshe fctlref jerêtcjl, y quh fl ciklrh. Eukquh she hk ire`l kckiukl, perth `h su pldfegc÷k eprlvhgberå fls rhgursls jerckls hk su dhkhocgcl, ^lr fl tektl, sc hf pl`hr hs fe gepegcè` `h ckofucr sldrh fls eglkthgcjchktl, tl`ls fls hste`ls glsthrls plshhk gchrtl pl`hr jerêtcjls. Xkl `h fls oegtlrhs quh hmhrgh jergeè ckofuhkgce hk fe olrjegc÷k `h uke plthkgce jerêtcje hs fe `hgcsc÷k `hf Ildhrkekth hk grhghr begce hf hxthrclr, êre tef hohgtl, hf Hste`l `hdh cktrlùgcr prloukès rholrjes hk fes hstrugtures hglk÷jcges, slgcefhs h ckgfusl plfêtcges. Hktrh fes prckgcpefhs sh hkguhktrek= ocmer erekghfhs demls y perhmls, hfcjcker sudsc`cls `crhgtls h ck`crhgtls, suprcjcr rcic`hghs fedlrefhs, hstedfhghr scsthjes cjplsctcvls hqucvefhkths glk fls kcvhfhs ckthrkegclkefhs, ckghktcver fe ckvhrsc÷k y hf ckirhsl `h gepctefhs, vhfer plr fe rhgcprlgcè` olråkhe, lrchkter fe hùgegc÷k begce hf jer y e`lpter uk rlf sudsc`cercl. Hk tefhs gcrgukstekgces, fe hstrugture `h prlùggc÷k ckthrke glk vhktemes gljphtctcves sh hxpek`h hk olrje glksc`hredfh. Wh grhek, glk repc`hz, kuhves y hocgchkths ouhkths ihkhre`lrhs `h rcquhze. E`hjås, hf puhdfl tchkh egghsl e dchkhs cjplrte`ls e deml prhgcl egrhghktek`l su dchkhster. Hf veflr `hf gljhrgcl hxthrclr sh hfhve hk plrghktemhs scikcocgetcvls `hktrl `hf ^rlùgtl Drutl Ckthrkl. "Hk gesc tlès fes trhckte hglkljêes jås cjplrtekths `hf juk`l, fes hxplrtegclkhs vêe jerêtcje

efgekze e jås `hf `chz plr gchktl`h`hf ckirhsl kegclkef". `hphk`hkgce `hf gljhrgcl uftrejerckl `hspchrte fe ethkgc÷k fe gcuèèkêe sldrh feXke vêe efte `h treksplrth prckgcpef= hf jer. @h jekhre keturef hjpchze e tljer glkgchkgce `h fe vckgufegc÷k hktrh fe prlsphrcè` y fe ofuc`hz `h fes gljukcgegclkhs jerêtcjes. Escjcsjl, e`quchrhk rhfchvh fls gljplkhkths `hf THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

4>>

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> ^l`hrêl Jerêtcjl= Fls Ckthrhshs Jerêtcjls y hf ^l`hr Kevef. Wldrh hf ýftcjl hs glkvhkchkth glksc`hrer quh uke `h sus "Oukgclkhs hs fe prlthggc÷k `h fls hfhjhktls hglk÷jcgls `hf pl`hr jerêtcjl, quh, gljl ye sh be `cgbl, rhsuftek vufkhredfhs e fe prhsc÷k glhrgctcve l e fe jhre `hprhègc÷k... ^hrl hf pl`hr jcfcter jerêtcjl scrvh pere prlp÷sctls juy `cohrhkths quh fe `hohkse `hf gljhrgcl y fls rhgursls. Wlk fls prlp÷sctls plfêtcgls hk shktc`l ejpfcl, y quh hk ýftcje ckstekgce glkscsthk hk hf jekthkcjchktl l jhmlre `h fe plscgc÷k `hf Hste`l hk hf juk`l... puh`h eocrjersh sck `csgusc÷k plscdfh quh e fe fuz `h fes hvc`hkgces hxcsthkths1 hf pl`hr jcfcter jerêtcjl hs uk oegtlr `h suje hohgtcvcè` `hktrl `h fes hstrugtures `hf pl`hr juk`cef. Hstl hs jås gchrtl tlèvêe pere peêshs `h glk`cgc÷k ihliråocge cksufer gljl Gbcfh guye sldrh vcvhkgce `hsgekse hk hf jer.

0.

ITE_CPE ITE_CPEGCLK GCLK @HF ^L@HTCL JETCPCJL E PTE_HW @H FE BCWPLTCE B CWPLTCE

Begh guetrl jcf eõls e G, hf Kcfl y hf Huoreths hrek surge`ls plr irek`hs hjdergegclkhs `h gerie y eýk kl sh glklgêe fe ruhè hk hstes gukes `h fe gcvcfczegc÷k. Fes pcråjc`hs sh hrcichrlk iregces ef treksplrth plr eiue1 fls hklrjhs dflquhs `h pch`re ouhrlk egerrhe`ls `hs`h fe gekthre e juhffhs glkstruc`ls hk fes ghrgekêes `h su lrcihk y `hstckl. ^hrl fls hicpgcls, plr fl gljýk, kl sh ckthrkerlk hk hf jer, glktreterlk fls shrvcgcls `h ltrls puhdfls pere sus khghscè`hs `h gljhrgcl y hxpflregc÷k. Hk fls efdlrhs `h fe Hè` `h Drlkgh, oflrhgc÷ fe Pefeslgregce grhthksh. Kl sh prhlguperlk hk ejureffer su gepctef Gklsls, su oflte `ljckede hf jer. Fls dergls, rldustls y jerckhrls, rhglrrchrlk tl`l hf Jh`cthrråkhl pere hf truhquh `h jhrge`hrêes l hf pcffemh. Xke ckvesc÷k, rhefczeè plr sus `csgêpufls, eged÷ glk hf drcffekth y slocstcge`l rhckl. Fls ohkcgcls bhrhèrlk hf `ljckcl `hf jer y hf tråocgl jerêtcjl `h fe ãplge. Wus kevhs, prlpufseès e rhjl y vhfe, trespeserlk fes Glfujkes `h Bãrgufhs y gcrgukkevhierlk Åorcge. Fuhil eperhgchrlk fes gcuè`hs- hste`l irchies y, hktrh hffes, Ethkes `hsteg÷ plr su ckgfckegc÷k ef jer. Xk hsgrctlr ethkchksh, ek÷kcjl y ekthrclr e ^fet÷k, `hsgrcdc÷ fes vhktemes `hf ^l`hrêl Jerêtcjl e`hfektåk`lsh e Jebek= "Fes jefes glshgbes `hdc`l e fes glk`cgclkhs etjlsoãrcges gehk glk phsl edruje`lr sldrh fes jeylrhs plthkgces thrrhstrhs, jchktres fes jerêtcjes fes suphrek glk oegcfcè`. Fes jefes glshgbes kl slk ohk÷jhkls ukcvhrsefhs, y plr tektl fls shõlrhs `h fls jerhs schjprh puh`hk eghrgersh e fes rhiclkhs `lk`h fes glshgbes bek sc`l edukèkths... Plès fes hxqucscthghs `h Wcgcfce, Ctefce, Gbcprh, Hicptl, Fc`ce, hf jer Khirl, hf ^hflplkhsl l `h guefquchr ltrl peês sh bek egujufe`l hk uk s÷fl fuier hk vcrtu` `hf glktrlf `hf jer... E`hjås, Ethkes hs fe ýkcge kegc÷k, bhfãkcge l kl bhfãkcge, quh hstå hk sctuegc÷k `h egujufer rcquhzes. ¼Wc sugh`h quh uk peês hs rcgl hk je`hre pere glkstruggc÷k kevef, quã jhrge`l hxcsth pere ãF sc oregese hk plkhrsh `h eguhr`l glk hf shõlr `hf jer

4>5

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> plr jh`cl `hf jer, jchktres kckiýk ltrl peês `csplkh `ls `h hffls scjuftåkhejhkth". Jås `h `ls jcf eõls etrås, fls irchils, glk su ejpfctu` hk ckèier fe hshkgce `h fes glses, glklgêek fe gepegcè` `hf pl`hrêl jerêtcjl glk tlès sus plscdcfcè`hs. Wu hmhrgcgcl fhs oeguftede ilzer `hf prh`ljckcl hk hf juk`l glkthjplråkhl, jekthkhr rhfegclkhs hxph`ctes y oevlredfhs, prlthihr fls ckthrhshs kegclkefhs, thkhr egghsl e fes jethrces prcjes hshkgcefhs, glktrlfer hf tråocgl gljhrgcef ckthrhstetef, hxpflter fes gljukcgegclkhs jerêtcjes hglk÷jcges, oegcfcter hf dchkhster `h fe pldfegc÷k, rhsiuerèr fe shiurcè` hxthrclr `hf Hste`l y gleggclker l `hstrucr e sus e`vhrsercls. Fls bhfhkls, `hsieste`ls plr fe iuhrre oretrcgcè `hf ^hflplkhsl, edek`lkerlk su prhplk`hrekgce jerêtcje schk`l sustctuc`ls plr uke hx-glflkce ohkcgce= Gerteil. Hste ýftcje ef phr`hr hf glktrlf `hf jer sh fh `hsplm÷ beste `h su c`hktcè` gljl puhdfl. Wu vhkgh`lr, Tlje, susthkt÷ su cjphrcl hk fe suprhjegêe hk hf Jh`cthrråkhl glkvhrtc`l hk uk feil rljekl. Fe êz Tljeke `hsgeksede hk uke jercke hocgchkth y hk uk vestl hmãrgctl cjphrcef. Eukquh hre gljperetcvejhkth phquhõe, fe jercke ffhv÷ e gedl sus oukgclkhs tek hocgezjhkth quh fls rljekls jektuvchrlk su glktrlf sldrh hf Jh`cthrråkhl plr 4>> eõls sck fcdrer uke deteffe". ^hrl hf Jh`cthrråkhl peufetckejhkth `csjckuy÷ su prlteilkcsjl, hf Etfåktcgl gljhkz÷ e `hsphrter. Glk hf e`vhkcjchktl `h fe "Hre `h fls @hsgudrcjchktls", hf ghktrl `hf pl`hr juk`cef sh tresfe`÷ `hockctcvejhkth ef Etfåktcgl. Gedh rhglrèr quh hf jer be sc`l hf hsghkercl pere fes deteffes grugcefhs `lk`h sh mui÷ hf `hstckl `h fe bujekcè`. Wefejcke phrjctc÷ fe prhhjckhkgce `hf phksejchktl irchillggc`hktef ekth fe hjdhstcè `h Lrchkth phrslkcocge`l hk fls phrses. Hf juk`l grcstcekl sldrhvcvc÷ e fe eirhsc÷k `hf csfejcsjl hk Fhpektl. Fe `hrrlte `h fe Erjeè Ckvhkgcdfh shõef÷ hf ckcgcl `hf lgesl `hf Cjphrcl Hspeõlf. Preoefier jerg÷ hf eplihl `hf Thckl Xkc`l y hf gljchkzl `h fe êx Drctåkcge. Fhyth rudrcg÷ hf prh`ljckcl juk`cef `h Klrthejãrcge. Pl`l fl ekthrclr glkocrje quh fe plfêtcge juk`cef `hphk`h `hf pl`hrêl jerêtcjl y kl `h fls hmãrgctls thrrhstrhs. Gljl glrlfercl `h fe bcstlrce, sh `hsprhk`h, tef gljl fl hsgrcdh hf irchil ek÷kcjl ye gcte`l, quh uk peês ef grher y `hserrlffer su ^l`hrêl Jerêtcjl eujhkte su ckofuhkgce plfêtcge, hglk÷jcge, slgcef y jcfcter. Hf åjdctl `lk`h hmhgute sus egtcvcè`hs ederge, e trevãs `h fls jerhs, hf pfekhte gljpfhtl. Wh begh b egh vhgckl `h tlès fes kegclkhs glk fctlref puhs sus orlkthres sh hxtchk`hk beste `lk`h rhgefek sus duquhs gljhrgcefhs, gchktêocgls y jcfcterhs. Wcr Yefthr Tefhcib eocrj÷ "Uuchk jekè hk hf jer, jekè hk hf gljhrgcl, quchk jekè hk hf gljhrgcl `csplkh `h fes rcquhzes `hf juk`l y `ljcke, hk glkshguhkgce, ef juk`l hkthrl. Fe oresh ekthrclr glktckýe jekthkchk`l su vcihkgce e gesc guetrl scifls `h shr `couk`cè y sciuh schk`l våfcè jchktres hf duquh she hf jh`cl `h treksplrth jås rhktedfh pere hf gljhrgcl ckthrkegclkef. Wc hk hf outurl fl rhhjpfeze ltrl vhbêgufl `h jeylr hocgegce, Jebek y sus thlrêes hståk glk`hke`ls e peser ef lfvc`l. ^hrl beste fe ohgbe, keè begh suplkhr quh fl ekthrclr puhè sugh`hr. Hf ^l`hrêl Jerêtcjl ouh hf ckstrujhktl utcfcze`l plr Hste`ls quh e`qucrchrlk uke irevctegc÷k `hsjhsureè hk gljperegc÷k `h su rhùgcè hxthksc÷k, pldfegc÷k y rhgursls. rhg ursls. ^hrl

guek`l `hsgucèrlk hsh pl`hrêl sh erruckerlk, phr`chrlk fe fcdhrte` h ckgfusl hf `hrhgbl e vcvcr gljl hk hf gesl `h Gerteil. Hk hf prhshkth scifl, Efhjekce suorc÷ `ls `hrrltes glkshgutcves plr `hsethk`hr hf jer1 uke plr geuse `h fe esocxce `h uk hocgez dflquhl hglk÷jcgl y fe ltre plr gerhghr `h uk pl`hr kevef e`hgue`l pere hvcter fe ckvesc÷k. THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

4>4

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Ockefjhkth, gedh beghr prhshkth quh fls jerhs gldrek geè `êe jeylr rhfhvekgce. Hk prcjhr fuier, glkstctuyhk uke cjplrtekth ouhkth `h rhgursls vcvls y rhklvedfhs e ock `h efcjhkter uke bujekcè` bejdrchkte hk hxpflscvl grhgcjchktl. Hk tektl fls sugcls eprlvhgbedfhs sh eiltek plr fe hrlsc÷k, jef jekhml y sldrhxpfltegc÷k. Pejdcãk, e fls lgãekls sh fhs glksc`hre fe irek rhshrve `h hfhjhktls kl vcvls, puhs fls `hp÷sctls hk tchrre sh eiltek glk repc`hz. Hk ltrl esphgtl, sus eiues iuerèk hklrjhs gektcè`hs `h hkhriêe fcjpce h ckeiltedfh hk olrje `h jerhes, lfhemh, `cohrhkgces `h thjphreture l prhsc÷k y ltres. Hk glkshguhkgce, hf ^l`hrêl Jerêtcjl prlsciuh egrhghktek`l sus efgekghs.

8.

FEW GLJXKCGEGCLKHW JETÊPCJEW HK HF GLKPHRPL @HF ^L@HTÊL JET

8.5. IHKHTEFC@E@HW Glkstctuyhk fe t÷kcge quh ltlrie vcè y veflr jethrcef ef ^l`hrêl Jerêtcjl. Thvcsthk scikcocge`l hglk÷jcgl, plfêtcgl y hstretãicgl. Wh ffhvek e gedl e trevãs `hf jer, hf guef hs "Xk irek gejckl, l jhmlr `cgbl, uke veste hxthksc÷k `h prlpchè` gljýk plr fe quh hf bljdrh puh`h tresfeèrsh hk tlès `crhggclkhs. Hffes slplrtek fe jeylr perth `hf schjprh grhgchkth ckthrgejdcl gljhrgcef hktrh fes kegclkhs hk uk juk`l prlirhscvejhkth ckthr`hphk`chkth. ^hrl hk hf hjpfhl `hf tãrjckl Fêkhes `h Gljukcgegclkhs Jerêtcjes (FGJ) sh hxeihre beste `hkljckerfes "Gejckls Thefhs `hf Lgãekl". Fl ekthrclr tchk`h e èr fe shksegc÷k quh glrrhsplk`hk e vêes oêscges glkgrhtes gljl fls gejckls thrrhstrhs. Guek`l hk vhrè` s÷fl sh jethrcefczek ef hster prhshkth hf duquh glk su gerie. ^lr glksciuchkth= "Hf ldmhtcvl `h fe iuhrre jerêtcje hs cjph`cr hf tråocgl `h fls duquhs d uquhs quh glkùzgek trlpes l geriejhktls `h l pere fls hkhjcils, y prlthihr fls duquhs quh rhefczek kuhstrl gljhrgcl jerêtcjl l quh treksplrtek trlpes prlpces l ejcies. Ef thkhr uke vcsc÷k dlrrlse sldrh hste vhrè` tek kêtcè, ckùgh e fe e`lpgc÷k `h `hgcsclkhs hrreès hk hstrethice jerêtcje glk irevhs glkshguhkgces.

8.4. WCIKCOCGE@L @H FEW FÊKHEW @H GLJXKCGEGCLKHW JETÊPCJEW JETÊPCJEW FGJ Fes FGJ tchkhk `cstcktl scikcocge`l pere fes kegclkhs `h eguhr`l e trhs peråjhtrls hsphgêocgls= ^lfêtcgl, hglk÷jcgl y hstretãicgl. êre jugbls peêshs hffes tchkhk uke cjplrtekgce vctef puhs setcsoeghk ckhfu`cdfhs rhquhrcjchktls `h fe vcè gltc`ceke. Wu susphksc÷k, hk guefquchr gcrgukstekgce, prlvlge hk glrtl pfezl fe perefczegc÷k `h fes egtcvcè`hs `h sus hstrugtures `h shrvcgcls y prlùggc÷k. E ltrls Hste`ls kl fhs eohgtek tektl su eushkgce ef glkter glk efthrketcves pere rhhjpfezerfes. ^lr glksciuchkth, hf veflr quh fh etrcduyhk fls peêshs e fes FGJ hstå hk rhfegc÷k `crhgte glk su `hphk`hkgce `h hffes. Fes FGJ hk tchjpl `h pez slk uk oegtlr `h dchkhster y prlirhsl. Hk glkofcgtl puh`hk

efgekzer uk gerågthr `h vcè l juhrth. Kl s÷fl ckofuyhk sldrh hf gejpl `h eggc÷k dãfcgl, sckl tejdcãk hk hf hglk÷jcgl h ckthrkl. Hf Efjcrekth _lk JEFP]EBK gljhkte= "Fls duquhs `hdhk `hthkhrsh `lk`h hf jer thrjcker phrl plr hkgcje `h fe glste sh eferierå hf oãrrhl puõl `hf `ljckcl `hf jer y ilfpherå ruèjhkth hk hf jlstre`lr `hf gljhrgcekth hk hf ckthrclr `hf peês,

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

4>7

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> hk fls plrtlkhs `h fes oådrcges `h fls ghktrls ckùstrcefhs, y hk fes jlreès `h tl`ls fls ldrhrls. Hsth mucgcl sh `hrcve `h fe ejerie hxphrchkgce `h Efhjekce hk fe fe. Iuhrre Juk`cef, guyl gejpl `h eggc÷k ckthrkl sh `hsjlrlk÷ plr geuse `hf dflquhl hglk÷jcgl drctåkcgl.

8.7.

GFEWCOCGE GFEWCOCGEGC×K GC×K @H FLW ÊÊWHW WHIÝK WX @H^HK@HKGCE @H FEW FGJ e)

GLK@CGC GLK@CGC×K ×K IHLITÅOCGE HWHKGCEF

Fe glk`cgc÷k ihliråocge hshkgcef `h uk peês shõefe su ire`l `h `hphk`hkgce `h fes FGJ hk fe pez y hk fe iuhrre. Wu `hthrjckegc÷k sh hohgtýe plr jh`cl `h uk hstu`cl juftc`csgcpfcke`l `h gerågthr plfêtcgl, hglk÷jcgl, hstretãicgl y ihliråocgl eifutcke`l plr fe ckofuhkgce `h fes FGJ. êrhgh f÷icgl ckohrcr quh uk Hste`l `hphk`chkth `h fes FGJ hk fe pez tejdcãk fl she hk glkofcgtl. Hstes, e`hjås `h slsthkhr fes egtcvcè`hs `h treksplrth klrjefhs, sh fh suje hf phsl `h fes jýftcpfhs hxcihkgces `h fe iuhrre. Wh rhglklghk trhs glk`cgclkhs ihliråocges hshkgcefhs têpcges. Glk rhsphgtl e fes glk`cgclkhs hxtrhjes hxcsth gchrtl glkshksl hk su `hkljckegc÷k y geregthrêstcges, phrl hk hf ire`l ckthrjh`cl rhcke fe ekerquêe.

ÊÊW @H GLK@CGC×K IHLITÅOCGE HWHKGCEF CKWXFET @hphk`h `h jl`l vctef `h fes FGJ. Hmhjpfl = Irek Drhteõe, Mep÷k y Gbcfh.

ÊÊW @H GLK@CGC×K IHLITÅOCGE HWHKGCEF DFLUXH GLKPCKHKPEF. Kl `hphk`h `h fes FGJ. Hmhjpfl = Tusce, Gbcke y Glrhe `hf Klrth hrek glksc`hre`ls tre`cgclkefjhkth hk hste gethilrêe, phrl bly tejdcãk `hphk`hk `hf jer hk gchrtl ire`l.

ÊÊW @H GLK@CGC× GLK@CGC×K K IHLITÅOCGE HWHKGCEF JETÊPCJ JETÊPCJL L GLKPCKHKPEF. Hmhjpfl = Erihktcke, Jãxcgl y Tujekce.

d)

GLJHKPETCL

Hk hf prhshkth kl bey peêshs eutårqucgls, tl`ls hståk ldfcie`ls e gljpfhjhkter sus hglkljêes jh`cekth hf gljhrgcl hxthrclr. ^lr glksciuchkth, rhgurrhk e fes FGJ y esê pesek e

`hphk`hr hk gchrtl ire`l `h hffes. E`hjås, fes kegclkhs jås pr÷sphres desek su prlirhsl hk fe hxplrtegc÷k `h sus hxgh`hkths h xgh`hkths `h prlùggc÷k. Gljl pere`lme, hktrh hffls `hstegek E Efhjekce fhjekce y Mep÷k, fes `ls prckgcpefhs plthkgces `hrrlteès hk fe ýftcje glkofeiregc÷k juk`cef. Fe Xkc÷k Wlvcãtcge y Gbcke, ltrlre hmhjpfls `h peêshs `h dflquh glktckhkth¡, sldrhvcvchrlk hk fe ffe. Iuhrre Juk`cef hk vcrtu` `hf ofuml `h eyuè `h Lggc`hkth. Fes FGJ glk phrtrhgbls prlgh`hkths THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

4>0

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> `h Klrthejãrcge, hk su irek jeylrêe, rhghfedek e _fe`cvlstla, Jurjuksa, Ilfol ^ãrscgl h Ck`ce. M.T. Bcff hk su fcdrl "Hstrethice Jerêtcje pere ^lthkgces Jh`cekes" prlplrgclke ekthgh`hkths klvh`lsls pere eprhgcer fe `hphk`hkgce `h uk peês rhsphgtl ef jer. Plje hk guhkte hf plrghktemh `h fes hxplrtegclkhs hk hf ^rlùgtl Drutl Ckthrkl, pldfegc÷k, jercke jhrgekth, glkstruggclkhs kevefhs, phsge y zlke hglk÷jcge hxgfuscve.

^lr ýftcjl hk hf gesl kegclkef, Gbcfh hs uk peês `h glk`cgc÷k ihliråocge hshkgcef cksufer glk tlès sus `hsvhktemes y kckiukl `h sus dhkhocgcls. @hphk`h hk olrje vctef `h fes FGJ quh slk vufkhredfhs plr su hxthksc÷k, e`hjås `hdh prhlgupersh `h uke ferie orlkthre thrrhstrh.

8.0.

GFEWCOCGE GFEWCOCGEGC×K GC×K @H FEW F.G.J. e)

CKPTL@XGGC×K

êre ockhs `h scsthjetczegc÷k fes FGJ sh gfescocgek shiýk hf åjdctl `lk`h treksctek y su hjpfhl. d)

ÅJDCPL

(5) Hglk÷jcges= Wetcsoeghk fes khghscè`hs hglk÷jcges `hf peês. Wlk phrjekhkths y treksctek ùrekth `h pez p ez y glkofcgtl. (4) Jcfcterhs= Wetcsoeghk fes khghscè`hs `h treksplrth hstretãicgl `h fes ouhrzes. Wlk hvhktuefhs y rhsplk`hk e fe sctuegc÷k quh sh vcvh. Wcrvhk fes sciuchkths khghscè`hs `h fes OO.EE. - Glkghktregc÷k - @hspfchiuh - Thouhrzls - Thshrves Hstretãicges - Ouhrzes Ekocdce - Thtcreè l Hveguegc÷k

(7)

Jekthkcjchktl= Wetcsoegh khghscè`hs fliêstcges, egerrhl `h destcjhktls `h fes trhs ouhrzes erjeès, khghscè`hs `h vcè v cè y gljdeth `h fls `csplsctcvls y pldfegc÷k gcvcf `h fls thetrls `h lphregclkhs. Ldh`hghk e uk gcgfl `hockc`l y glk phrêl`l plgl ofhxcdfhs.

`)

GLJHKPETCL

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

4>8

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Hf treksplrth jcfcter, hf guef tejdcãk rhgcdh hstretãicgl, gljýkjhkth sh rhefcze ùrekth fe oesh prhiuhrre. Hk hf gesl `h hmhgutersh ùrekth hf treksgursl `h fes blstcfcè`hs, su errcdl lplrtukl y shiurl rhvcsth tef tresghk`hkgce quh fe Erjeè hstå ldfcieè gljprljhthr e sus prckgcpefhs ÷riekls `h jekcldre hk fe terhe. Escjcsjl, hf treksplrth `h jekthkcjchktl, j ekthkcjchktl, glk sus gcgfls ocmls, hk lgesclkhs efgekze uk scikcocge`l vctef pere fe suhrth `hf thetrl. ^lr `cgbes rezlkhs tektl hf treksplrth jcfcter gljl hf `h jekthkcjchktl puh`hk prlvlger fe deteffe `hgcscve hk hf jer. Ltre oeghte `h ckthrãs hs quh, hk fe prågtcge, hf treksplrth hglk÷jcgl, jcfcter y `h jekthkcjchktl sh jhzgfek schk`l `coêgcf prhgcser su gfescocgegc÷k glk hxegtctu`.

Hmhjpfl Bcst÷rcgls= CC IXHTTE JXK@CEF JH@CPHTTÅKHL (5305). Fes FGJ `h jekthkcjchktl drctåkcges glk Jefte y fes `hf Hmh glk Åorcge `hf Klrth prlùmhrlk orhguhkths hkguhktrls ehrlkevefhs. E ockhs `h Whptchjdrh zerp÷ `h Icdrefter uk glkvly `h kuhvh treksplrths, fe ouhrze B hkgerieè `h prlthihrfl fe ckthiredek trhs eglreze`ls, gckgl grughrls y `chgclgbl `hstrugtlrhs. Hf `êe 49 EJ fe eirupegc÷k ouh etegeè plr ehrlkevhs y ukl `h fls duquhs gepctefhs rhsuft÷ evhrce`l. Jås ter`h, fls eglreze`ls rhirhserlk e su desh jchktres hf glkvly prlsciuc÷ e su `hstckl hsglfte`l plr fls grughrls y kuhvh `hstrugtlrhs. "Fe oflte `hf Efjcrekth fegbckl (Eglreze`ls Fcttlrcl y _cttlrcl _hkhtl, gckgl grughrls y vercls `hstrugtlrhs) sefc÷ e fe jer, pere hkglktrersh hf 49, ef jh`cl `êe, ef sur `h Ghr`hõe1 glkolrjh e fes ckstruggclkhs phrjekhkths `h Wuphrjercke, `hdêe hstedfhghr glktegtl glk hf hkhjcil, hk prckgcpcl, hk olrje `h pl`hr dhkhocgcersh `hf eplyl eãrhl hk eiues ctefcekes y slfejhkth sc hf hkhjcil hre `h ouhrze ckohrclr. ^hrl fls ckolrjhs ldthkc`ls sldrh fe gljplscgc÷k `h fe Hsgue`re ckifhse hrek glktre`cgtlrcls, Wuphrjercke `cl ÷r`hkhs y glktre÷r`hkhs, y uke vhz jås fe lgesc÷k sh phr`c÷... Hk fe oflte drctåkcge sh gljperede, glk esljdrl, fe cktrhpc`hz `h fes `ltegclkhs `h eseftl glk fe hxtrhje pru`hkgce quh hf Eftl Jek`l jlstrede hk hf hjpfhl `h fe Hsgue`re eglrezeè ctefceke, pru`hkgce quh fckède glk fe puscfekcjcè`. ^lr ltre perth, pere èrfh shiurcè` e sus FGJ jcfcterhs (glkghktregc÷k y rhouhrzls) y `h jekthkcjchktl, "fls ckifhshs sh shrvêek, prckgcpefjhkth, `h fe rute `h Hf Gedl. @urekth fls shcs prcjhrls jhshs `h 5305, jås `h 77>.>>> bljdrhs peserlk plr equhffe rute glk `hstckl ef ^r÷xcjl Lrchkth y ef Hxtrhjl Lrchkth.

8.8. GLKGHKPTEGC GLKGHKPTEGC×K ×K S THXKC×K @H FE FEW W FÊKHEW @H GLJXKC GLJXKCGEGCLKHW GEGCLKHW JE JETÊPCJEW TÊPCJEW e)

CKPTL@XGGC×K

Fe ihlireoêe y fe ldre `hf bljdrh ckofuyhk hk fe `cstrcdugc÷k `h fes FGJ hk fe suphrocgch `hf ifldl. Bey århes lghåkcges hk quh hstes sh `csphrsek y hk ltres glkofuyhk eifljhråk`lsh. Hk uke, fls duquhs duq uhs jhrgekths treksctek glk hsgese orhguhkgce1 jchktres, hk fe

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

4>?

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> shiukè treocgek hk jeylr kýjhrl, ckgfusl rhquchrhk `h rhiufegclkhs hsphgcefhs pere èrfh shiurcè` e su pesemh.

d)

]LKEW OLGEFHW

E hffes glkvhrihk l crre`cek FGJ. ^lr fl ihkh ihkhref, ref, sh ihk ihkhrek hrek hk fes eprlxcjegclkhs `h fls thrjckefhs jerêtcjls l gekefhs ertcocgcefhs. Hmhjpfls= Dlge `hf Têl `h fe ^fete, Debêe @hfewerh, århe Uuckthrl-Wek Ektlkcl y Gekef `h êkejå.

h)

]LKEW @H GLKOFXHKGCE Fe ihlireoêe gekefcze fes FGJ eujhktek`l su `hkscè`.

Hmhjpfls= Gekef `h fe Jekgbe, Gedl Duhke Hsphrekze, Gedl Betthres y Hstrhgbl `h Oflrcè.

8.?. FE JETCKE JHTGEKPH êre ockhs prågtcgls, fls duquhs jhrgekths y su gerie ffhvek e fe rhefcè` fes FGJ sck prhshkgce hstes kl hxcsthk. Fls treksplrths glkstctuyhk fls ldmhtcvls oêscgls. Glrter FGJ scikcocge `hstrucr kevhs jhrgekths glk sus geriejhktls l cjph`cr su errcdl e puhrtls hkhjcils. ^rlthihr FGJ rhprhshkte `hohk`hr duquhs hsphgêocgls glk hf ldmhtl quh rhgefhk e sefvl y lplrtukejhkth e sus `hstckls `h treksohrhkgce `h gerie. Hf gljhrgcl jerêtcjl be hxphrcjhkte`l irek`hs efthregclkhs hk hf treksgursl `hf tchjpl. Glk fe hvlfugc÷k `h fe thgklfliêe tektl fe gerie gljl su vhbêgufl `h egerrhl suorchrlk jl`cocgegclkhs sudstekgceshs. ^lr jcfhs `h eõls fe prlpufsc÷k `h fes hjdergegclkhs ouh fe ouhrze bujeke, e trevãs `hf rhckl, fuhil, plr scifls, hf vchktl y fe vhfe. W÷fl begh plgl jås `h gchk eõls, sh cjpusl fe prlpufsc÷k jhgåkcge, ihkhrefczåk`lsh fe bãfcgh. Escjcsjl, fe "Hre `h fls Irek`hs @hsgudrcjchktls", ef hxthk`hr fes trevhsêes, hxcic÷ jhmlrer fes glk`cgclkhs jerckhres y eujhkter hf tejeõl `h fes kevhs1 phrl fe gerie glkshrv÷ su plrth rhùgc`l, plgl phsl y eftl veflr ukctercl. Glk hf e`vhkcjchktl `h fe Thvlfugc÷k Ckùstrcef sh edereterlk fls dchkhs y su prlùggc÷k sh bczl jescve, hk glkshguhkgce, sh eirekèrlk fes kevhs y hf pl`hr jltrcz. Jås ter`h, fe prlùggc÷k e hsgefe, kuhves ckklvegclkhs tãgkcges y fe gljphthkgce `hjek`÷ ckgrhjhkter fe hocgchkgce `h fls dergls y sus scsthjes `h geriuêl. Hk 528>, hf tejeõl jh`cl `h uke kevh gljhrgcef ofugtuede hktrh ?>> e 2>> tlkhfeès jchktres bly sh glkstruyhk phtrlfhrls y irekhfhrls `h 7>>.>>> tlkhfeès. Fe geuse `h hsth ckgrhjhktl fl hxpfcge uk

glkstrugtlr kevef. Fe rez÷k, gljl schjprh, ouh hglk÷jcge. Xk dergl `h 7>>.>>> tlkhfeès, plr hmhjpfl, kl guhste sckl plgl jås `hf `ldfh quh ukl `h ?>.>>>1 fe `ltegc÷k hs fe jcsje1 pere ciuef vhflgcè`, khghscte uke jåqucke `hf lr`hk `h trhs vhghs jås plthkth, hs `hgcr, glksujh eprlxcjeèjhkth trhs vhghs jås gljdustcdfh, fudrcgekth y iestl `h jekuthkgc÷k y

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

4>9

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> rhperegc÷k. Bey uke hglkljêe `h hsgefe. Preksplrter hk uk dergl `h 7>>,>>> tlkhfeès tchkh uk glstl ckohrclr ef 7>5/l `h fl quh guhste hk ukl `h ?>.>>> 4,8. ^hrl, fes oehkes plrtuerces rhprhshktek efrh`h`lr `hf 8>% `hf ofhth, y fls erje`lrhs dusgek rhdemer su veflr. "Fe thgklfliêe jl`hrke c`h÷ feHfukcterczegc÷k fe gerie, gukcè`hs erie, plr jh`cl `h pefhtes y glkthkh`lrhs, shjcrrhjlfquhs y iederres. hjpfhl `h `h hstes lgesclk÷ kuhvls tcpls `h kevhs= hf plrteglkthkh`lr, hf duquh `h eutltreksdlr`l (Tl-Tl), hf dergl plrteiederres (FEWB) y hf duquh `h usl jýftcpfh... Fe ukcterczegc÷k `h geries hs uke lphregc÷k oêscge, jethrcef, hk tektl quh hf treksplrth juftcjlèf hs uk glkghptl ckstctugclkef. Hf e`vhkcjchktl `h fe hre `hf glkthkh`lr -y su glkshguhkgce, fe cjpfhjhktegc÷k `hf treksplrth juftcjlèf- grh÷ fe khghscè` `h hstedfhghr rhifes pere hsth kuhvl muhil". Fe thk`hkgce phrjekhkth rhsc`h hk fe eutljetczegc÷k `h fls duquhs hk fe kevhiegc÷k y hk fes oehkes plrtuerces glk fe glksciuchkth `csjckugc÷k `h fes `ltegclkhs y hf hkgerhgcjchktl `h fls dergls. Fe irek `cvhrscocgegc÷k cktrlùgcès hk fes ofltes jhrgekths, hk efiýk jl`l, `cocgufte hkglktrer duquhs eptls pere hf treksplrth `h gerie jcfcter, hk hsphgcef, hf hqucpl phse`l `h fes ouhrzes thrrhstrhs. E`hjås, fes kevhs jl`hrkes khghsctek ckstefegclkhs plrtuerces hsphgcefhs pere hohgtuer fe treksohrhkgce `h gerie.

8.9. EFIXKL EFIXKLW W PÃTJCKLW @H GEÊGC@E@ @H PTEKW^LTPH e)

PLKHFEMH

Hf lrcihk `hf tãrjckl ète `hf scifl R_. Whõefe fe gepegcè` hk tlkhfhs `h vckl quh uk duquh puh`h treksplrter. Xk ttlkhf lkhf glrrhsplk`h e 484 ieflkhs. ieflkhs. Hste gco gcore re juftcpfcgeè plr fe `hkscè` `hf vckl (>,23) errlme 4.40> fcdres1 hs `hgcr uke tlkhfeè ckifhse l ferie (5>5? Ais.). Fe tlkhfeè jãtrcge hqucvefh e 5>>> Ais. Hf tlkhfemh sh utcfcze gljl hxprhsc÷k `h phsl l vlfujhk. Hk rhfegc÷k ef vlfujhk hxcsth fe tlkhfeè `h erquhl l rhicstrl, fe guef glrrhsplk`h e 5>> pchs gýdcgls. (4.27 J7). d) ETUXHL Glkscsth hk hf vlfujhk ckthrkl ghrre`l `h uk duquh. Wu `hthrjckegc÷k sh rhefcze deml gchrtes rhifes, vercek`l ãstes `h eguhr`l e fls peêshs quh rhefczek hf erquhl. Wh hxprhse hk tlkhfeès `h erquhl l rhicstrl.

g)

@HW^FE]EJCHKPL

Hs hf phsl `hf duquh `hockc`l hk tlkhfeès feries l tejdcãk hk tlkhfeès jãtrcges. Hqucvefh ef phsl `hf vlfujhk `h eiue `hseflme`l plr fe ldre vcve `h fe kevh.

`)

@HW^FE]EJCHKPL HK TLWGE

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

4>2

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Glkscsth hk hf phsl `hf gesgl `hf duquh, sus jåquckes, gef`hres y kckiýk ltrl phsl e`cgclkef.

h)

GLKWPEKPH

Fl ckthire hf phsl `h fe je`hre `h hstcde, utcfhrêe j÷vcf, rhpuhstls, phrtrhgbls y vêvhrhs htg. Hsth phsl rhsufte ckýtcf puhs `csjckuyh fe gepegcè` `h gerie.

o)

@HW^FE]EJCHKPL HK FEWPTH

Glrrhsplk`h ef duquh fcstl pere kevhier, gljpuhstl plr fe glkstekth, gljdustcdfh, fudrcgekths, festrh, htg. phrl sck gerie.

i)

@HW^FE]EJCHKPL HK GETIE

Hs hf phsl jåxcjl `h fe kevh glk tl`ls fls phrtrhgbls y gerie e treksplrter rhohrc`l ef orekgl dlr`l `h vhrekl.

b)

^HWL JXHTPL L @HE@YHCIBP

Hstå gljpuhstl plr hf phsl `h fe gerie, glkstekth, gljdustcdfh, fudrcgekths, eiue y festrh. Hqucvefh e fe `cohrhkgce ` cohrhkgce hktrh hf `hspfezejchktl hk Tlsge y hf `hspfezejchktl hk Ge Gerie. rie. Hs uke geregthrêstcge `h utcfczegc÷k `hf duquh hk phsl y sh fh hjpfhe hk fls glktretls `h ofhtejhktl. ^lr fl gljýk, fls phsls ckthirekths puh`hk vercer e ock `h phrjctcr uke jeylr gerie ýtcf, `hphk`chk`l `h fe `cstekgce e rhglrrhr.

m)

PLKHFEMH, @H THICWPTL DTXPL L ETUXHL DTXPL Hs hf vlfujhk `h tl`ls fls hspegcls ckthrclrhs `hf dergl. Hk hste gcore hståk dese`ls fls

prhgcls `h fes kevhs, prcjes `h kevhiegc÷k, shiurls, `hrhgbls `h pesl, `cquh y gerhke, htg. m) PLKHFEMH @H THIC THICWPTL WPTL KHPL L E ETUXHL TUXHL KHPL Glkscsth hk hf vlfujhk `h fls hspegcls ýtcfhs pere gerie. Wh ldtchkh `hùgchk`l `hf Erquhl Khtl fls vlfýjhkhs vl fýjhkhs quh kl slk `hstcke`ls e fe gerie tefhs gljl gejerlths, sefes `h jåquckes, peõlfhs, htg. Hk hste gcore sh desek fes hste`êstcges `h tråocgl y fls `hrhgbls `h puhrtl.

a)

GLJHKPETCL Hf treksplrth jcfcter, jethrcef `h gljdeth y phrslkef, hk su irek jeylrêe sh rhfegclke

glk vlfujhk l suphrocgch `h gudchrte. Hk pertcgufer, hf geriuêl `h gljdeth `csjckuyh `h jl`l `råstcgl fe gepegcè` `h fes kevhs k evhs jhrgekths.

8.2.

THK@CJCHKPL @HF PTEKW^LTPH JETÊPCJ JETÊPCJL L

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

4>3

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> êre fe iuhrre, fe iuhrre jescve hs fe ýkcge glk rhef scikcocgegc÷k hstretãicge. Fls hmhrgcgcls jl`hrkls guhktek glk vhbêgufls `h gljdeth, `h eplyl y ertcffhrêe1 tl`ls hffls glkscsthk hk hqucpls `h irek phsl y vlfujhk crrhiufer. êre jekthkhr su jlvcfcè` y efte gepegcè` `h ouhil rhquchrhk hklrjhs gektcè`hs `h gljdustcdfh, jukcgc÷k, rhpuhstl y ltrls glksujls vctefhs. Hf rhquchrhk hklrjhs gektcè`hs `h gljdustcdfh, gljdustcdfh, jukcgc÷k, rhpuhstl y ltrls glksujls vctefhs. Hf duquh glkstctuyh hf jh`cl cksustctucdfh `hstcke`l e èr setcsoeggc÷k e `cgbes khghscè`hs, hsphgcefjhkth sc sh trete `h feries `cstekgces. ‖Jcfcterjhkth hs cjplscdfh `hspfhier y jekthkhr irek`hs guhr guhrpls pls `h trlpes hk guefquchr puktl `h uftrejer sck sck fe escsthkgce `hf pl`hrêl jerêtcjl. Wh bek flire`l irek`hs evekghs hk hf treksplrth eãrhl `h ouhrzes jcfcterhs e puktls grêtcgls `hf ifldl, phrl su errcdl `hdh hster gllr`cke`l glk fe udcgegc÷k prhgcse `hf hqucpl phse`l y `h sus edesthgcjchktls, rhefcze`ls ektcgcpeèjhkth plr hf treksplrth jerêtcjl. jerêtcjl. Hf treksplrth eãrhl hstå ccjplscdcfcte`l jplscdcfcte`l pere jlvcfczer hf phse`l hqucpl rhquhrc`l plr uk hmãrgctl jl`hrkl, tejplgl puh`h jekthkhr uke ouhrze hk uftrejer, plr hf hklrjh glksujl `h jethrcef y edesthgcjchktls. Hsth mucgcl, `hrcve`l `h fe iuhrre `h Glrhe, sh gljpruhde, uke vhz jås, hk hf glkofcgtl `hf Ilfol. Fe prcjhre irek ukcè` thrrhstrh `hspfhieè hk hf århe, glk rhef gepegcè` `h gljdeth, fe glkolrj÷ fe ouhrz ouhrze e `h Ckoekthrê Ckoekthrêe e `h Jercke. Fes `cvcsclkhs ehrltr ehrltreksplrteès eksplrteès hstedek `lteès glkDusb erjejhktl juy fcvcekl, hsphgcef fls`ces vhbêgufls `h hf gljdeth. Hf 9 `h eilstl, hf ^rhsc`hkth lr`hkl ckthrvhkcr hk hfhkIlfol. Lgbl `hspu ãs, `hspuãs, JWG, Hsgue`r÷k Jerêtcjl ^rhplscgclke`l @ls `hshjdergl hf prcjhr hqucpl `h gljdeth phse`l p hse`l hk hf puhrtl seu`c Mudecf. Hf 57 `h eilstl, hf prcjhrl `h fls lgbl duquhs `h treksplrth rråpc`l åpc`l edek`lkl fes glstes `h HH.XX. hk hf Ilfol `h Jãxcgl glk hf hqucpl phse`l `h fe 40 @cvcsc÷k `h Ckoekthrêe Jhgekczeè, hk hf Ilfol `h Jãxcgl glk hf hqucpl phse`l `h fe 40 @cvcsc÷k `h Ckoekthrêe Jhgekczeè, hk uk vcemh `h 2.9>> jcffes e uke vhflgcè` `h 49 ku`ls... @hktrl `h guetrl jhshs, hf treksplrth jerêtcjl ckcgcef hstede thrjcke`l; 5,52 jcfflkhs `h tlkhfeès glrtes hk geries y jes jes `h `ls jcfflkhs ouh ffe e ffevh jehstre `hf eplyl ffliêstcgl liêstcgl `h ffe e lphregc÷k Hsgu`l `hf @hschrtl. ^lr ecrh sh treksplrtl fe gesc tltefcè` `h fls 8>> jcf gljdetchkths `h fe ouhrze hxph`cgclkerce y slfl duquh `h tejeõl jh`cl `h 52.>>> P@Y hqucvefh e.

PTEKW^LTPH EÃTHL ?>> veilkhs `h `h OO.GG. `h 7> tlkhfeès. 3>> gejclkhs `h 4> tlkhfeès

?.

OXHT]E KE_EF

?.5. CKPTL@XGGC×K Hk hf glkthxtl hf ^l`hrêl Jerêtcjl, hf ^l`hr Kevef hs hf gljplkhkth jcfcter y rhsplksedfh `h fe prlthggc÷k `h fls Ckthrhshs Jerêtcjls. Hf glkmuktl ^l`hr Kevef h Ckthrhshs Jerêtcjls ltlrie ef ^l`hrêl Jerêtcjl su rhef `cjhksc÷k plfêtcge, hglk÷jcge, slgcef y

Jerêtcjls ltlrie ef ^l`hrêl Jerêtcjl su rhef `cjhksc÷k plfêtcge, hglk÷jcge, slgcef y hstretãicge.glkstctuyh êre beghr hohgtls fls `ls sh y gljpfhjhktek. hqucfcdrcl erj÷kcgl ukerhefcè` `h fessus terhes prclrcterces `hf eplyek Hste`cste, sldrh tl`l hkWupeêshs `h glk`cgc÷k ihliråocge cksufer.

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

45>

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> ?.4. GLJ^LKHKPHW @HF ^L@HT KE_EF Fe ouhrze kevef y fe plscgc÷k hstretãicge slk fls ckirh`chkths `hf ^l`hr Kevef. Hstls `ls hfhjhktls `h keturefhze `csêjcf, ukl hstretãicgl y hf ltrl ihliråocgl, khghsctek shr ukcès y puhstls hk eggc÷k plr fe vlfukte` hstretãicge. Hffe ekcje y begh irevcter ef pl`hr kevef tektl hk fe pez gljl hk glkofcgtl. Hk ltrl esphgtl, kl jhkls cjplrtekth, fe plscgc÷k hstretãicge ckvlfugrl, hk olrje cjpfêgcte, e fes gljukcgegclkhs jerêtcjes guyl glktrlf hs ukl `h fls ldmhtcvls prhohrhkths `h fe hstrethice jerêtcje y hk jugbes lplrtukcè`hs hf prckgcpef. êre rhsujcr, hf ^l`hr Kevef hk uke o÷rjufe glkghptuef sh hxprhse gljl sciuh.. ^K : Ouhrze x ^lscgc÷k Hf oegtlr juftcpfcge`lr glrrhsplk`h e fe vlfukte` hstretãicge. E glktckuegc÷k sh rhefcze uk ekåfcscs sljhrl `h fls gljplkhkths `h¡ ^l`hr Kevef.

e)

FE OXHT]E

Hs hf glkmuktl `h jh`cls bujekls y jethrcefhs glk quh guhkte uke Erjeè pere hf gujpfcjchktl `h su jcsc÷k. Gljprhk`h kl s÷fl fes ukcè`hs kevefhs y ehrlkevefhs y sus `ltegclkhs rhsphgtcves sckl tlè fe hstrugture `h gljek`l, glktrlf, gljukcgegclkhs, ckthfcihkgce y eplyl fliêstcge. Pejdcãk ckgfuyh fe @hohkse `h Glste. Fe ouhrze kevef fe gljplkhk ukcè`hs `h suphrocgch, sudjerckes, eãrhes y `hshjdergl ekocdcl. Hffes sh lriekczek shiýk fes terhes e gujpfcr. Hf prckgcpef ÷riekl `h jekcldre `h uke Erjeè glrrhsplk`h e fe Ou Ouhrze hrze Lriekczeè. Wh ffeje esê p plr lr guektl hstå lriekczeè glk hf prlp÷sctl `h ldthkhr fe `hgcsc÷k hk hf jer plr jh`cl `h fe Deteffe.

d)

FE ^LWCGCLK HWPTEPHICGE Hs hf oegtlr ihliråocgl oukèjhktef `h fe hstrethice jerêtcje. Wu udcgegc÷k phrjcth efgekzer fls ldmhtcvls hstretãicgls `h fe iuhrre hk hf jer Guek`l `cgbl ldmhtcvl, sldrh hf guef irevcte, glkscsth hk fes Fêkhes `h Gljukcgegclkhs Jerêtcjes _ctefhs `h Wuphrocgch (FGJ_W) prlpces y `hf e`vhrsercl, su tresghk`hkgce hs hxtrelr`ckerce. Fe plscgc÷k `lteè glk uke ckorehstrugture `h eplyl fliêstcge y hfhjhktls `h `hohkse e`hgue`ls ltlrie e fe ouhrze fe phrscsthkgce khghserce pere ffhver e gedl sus lphregclkhs glk tlè fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k. e ggc÷k. Jchktres fe ouhrze phrjekhzge Hste pere egtuer fe irevctegc÷k `h fe plscgc÷k sh begh kêtcè y hohgtcve. E fe plscgc÷k sh fh ` `hsgrcdh hsgrcdh gljl= O-5 glkmuktl `h debêes, p puhrtls uhrtls y l ltrls trls eggc`hkths e ggc`hkths ihliråocgls quh phrjcthk shr use`ls plr fes ouhrzes kevefhs gljl desh `h lphregclkhs

ghrgeke ef Phetrl `h Lphregclkhs y quh fhs oeguftek irevcter sldrh fls ldmhtcvls hstretãicgls prhvcstls, esê gljl glkgurrcr, hk olrje råpcè, ef hkorhktejchktl hk orhktejchktl glk hf hkhjcil. Fe ihlireoêe eohgte ef hjpfhl `h fe ouhrze hk `ls esphgtls=

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

455

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> (5) ^hrjcth fe `hohkse l etequh, shiýk she hf gesl, `h fls fls ldmhtcvls hstretãicgls hsglic`ls, hk hsphgcef e fes FGJ_W. (4)

g)

E fe egtctu` hstretãicge glk rrhsphgtl hsphgtl e fe plscgc÷k. Wc ukl `h fls e`vhrsercls gerhgh l plshh uke `hocgchkth plscgc÷k tchkh gljl cjphretcvl hstretãicgl glkqucsterfe l jhmlrerfe. Fl ekthrclr hs plscdfh flirerfl hk fe pez glk fe `cpfljegce l hk fe iuhrre e trevãs `h uke lohkscve hstretãicge.

_LFXKPE@ HWPTEPHICGE

Fe vlfukte` hstretãicge ekcje tektl ef ^l`hr Kevef gljl ef Jerêtcjl, puhs ãste "kl hs ltre glse sckl fe vlfukte` `h shr plthkgce glk jcres begce hf jer. Fe plscgc÷k hstretãicge glkscsth hk uk oegtlr ihliråocgl y gljl tef ckhrth, fl quh fh ckouk`h vcè hs fe ouhrze eplyeè hk hffe. ^hrl fe ouhrze khghscte egtuer pere hmhrghr su hohgtl. Uuchk fh ltlrie `ckejcsjl y egtcvcè` ef dckljcl gljplkhkth `hf ^l`hr Kevef sh ffeje vlfukte` hstretãicge. Thtlrkek`l e fe o÷rjufe ^K : Ouhrze x ^lscgc÷k, sc efiukl `h fls oegtlrhs tchk`h e ghrl, hf veflr `h fe hguegc÷k tejdcãk tchk`h e ghrl.

OXHT]E WCK ^LWCGCLK KL PCHKH ITE_CPEGCLK ^LWCGCLK WCK OXHT]E KL PCHKH _EFLT. ^L@HT KE_EF WCK _LFXKPE@ HWPTEPHICGE KL PCHKH ITE- _CPEGCLK Kc _EFLT ?.7 GLKWC@HTEGC GLKWC@HTEGCLKHW LKHW DEWCGEW WLD WLDTH TH HF HJ^FHL @HF ^L@HT KE_E KE_EF F e)

CKPTL@XGGCLK Fe hstrethice jerêtcje, hk uk glkofcgtl, glkgcdh hf hjpfhl y epfcge hf ^l`hr Kevef pere

hf jl`l phrjekhkth dusge Hk ldthkhr hf glktrlf `hf jerhk y hxpflterfl flsflirl ockhs`h`hsufejcsc÷k. iuhrre@hkhiåk`lshfl ef hkhjcil. fe pez, sh hsouhrze `csue`cr epere fes plthkgces eirhslres y, escjcsjl, efgekzer ldmhtcvls l vhktemes plfêtcges rhspefèk`l fe eggc÷k `hf ildchrkl. Hf ^l`hr Kevef hs perth `hf plthkgcef jcfcter `h fe kegc÷k, y gljl tef sh utcfcze hk oukgclkhs emhkes e fe Hstrethice Jerêtcje. ^lr `cgbe rez÷k, hk lgesclkhs, eplye e fe ^lfêtcge y e fes hstrethices glfethrefhs. Ef hxcstcr uke hstrhgbe y e`hgueè glrrhsplk`hkgce hktrh fe iuhrre hk tchrre y fe `hf jer sh `cgh quh hxcsth uke duhke "glrrhfegc÷k jerêtcje y glktckhktef. Gesthx tejdcãk fe `hockh gljl "fe hklrjh h klrjh ckofuhkgce quh tchkhk fes gljukcgegclkhs jerêtcjes sldrh fes lphregclkhs thrrhstrhs... Fe glrrhfegc÷k jerêtcje y glktckhktef sh eghktýe hk fls tchjpls jl`hrkls".

Hmhjpfl Bcst÷rcgl=

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

454

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> IXHTTE TXWL-ME^LKHWE. Fe oflte meplkhse `cl shiurcè` ef `hshjdergl `h fes trlpes hk fe phkêksufe `h Glrhe. E su vhz, fes ouhrzes thrrhstrhs glkqucsterlk ûhrtl Erturl, e glste `h irek`hs segrcocgcls, efckhek ek`l fe Hsgue`re `hf êgcocgl y fe ^lscgc÷k Hstretãicge zercste hk hf århe. Hste gcrgukstekgce ltlri÷ pfhke fcdhrte` `h eggc÷k e Plil pere detcr e Tlz`hstsvhksay hk hf Hstrhgbl `h Psusbcje.

d)

^XKPLW E GLKWC@HTET ÊTE HF HJ^FHL @HF ^L@HT KE_EF Ekth uke bcp÷thscs `h iuhrre hs khghsercl khghsercl hvefuer fls sciuchkths puktls=

(5)

Hstedfhghr fe keturefhze `hf L^ y sus ccjpfcgegclkhs= jpfcgegclkhs= ILF l Iuhrre cfcjcteè.

(4)

@hthrjcker hf hkhjcil prckgcpef y hf jås phfcirlsl.

(7) @hockcr fe cjplrtekgce `hf glktrlf `h fes FGJ_W y fe irevctegc÷k `h fe iuhrre hk hf jer hk fe suhrth `hf glkofcgtl. Fl ekthrclr shõefe hf gerågthr `h fe iuhrre= jerêtcje l glktckhktef. (0)

^rhgcser hf thetrl prckgcpef y hf `h fe `hgcsc÷k.

(8)

Phkhr prhshkth fe "XKC@E@ @H FE IXHTTE".

?.0. THFEGCLKHW HKPTH HF ^L@HTCL JETCPCJL S HF ^L@HT KE_EF Hf ^l`hrêl Jerêtcjl gljprhk`h `ls hfhjhktls= Fls Ckthrhshs Jerêtcjls y hf ^l`hr Kevef Hf rhprhshkte dåscgejhkth sus esphgtls hglk÷jcgls y slgcefhs, hk tektl hf ltrl glrrhsplk`h e fe ouhrze y hxprhsc÷k plfêtcge. Ef ekefczer fe rez÷k `h shr `hf ^l`hrêl Jerêtcjl `h uk Hste`l, fl f÷icgl, hs hvefuer hf defekgh hxcsthkth hktrh sus `ls hfhjhktls. Hk fe irek jeylrêe `h fls gesls, hf rhsphgtl ^l`hr Kevef sh hkguhktre hk erjlkêe glk ^hrl fls Ckthrhshs Jerêtcjlsye e rhsiuerèr, hk pertcgufer ef treksplrth y gljhrgcl plr jer. bey hxghpgclkhs, quh hxcsth uk jerge`l `hshqucfcdrcl hktrh ejdls, prcjek`l hf ^l`hr Kevef, h ckgfusl, fls Ckthrhshs Jerêtcjls perhghk shr ertcocgcefhs ef kl ldh`hghr e geuses slgcefhs y hglk÷jcges kêtcès. Hk glkshguhkgce sh `cstckiuhk `ls gfeshs `h ^l`hrêl Jerêtcjl, e sedhr=

^l`hrêl Jerêtcjl glk Desh `h Ouhrze = Hxcsth pere shrvcr uke c`he plfêtcge y hf ^l`hr Kevef kl iuerè rhfegc÷k glk fls Ckthrhshs Jerêtcjls e prlthihr. ^rh`ljcke glk gfercè` fe ouhre. ^l`hrêl Jerêtcjl glk Desh Hglk÷jcge= Hstå lrchkte`l begce fe hglkljêe, hf ^l`hr Kevef sh fh `hstcke e rhsiuerèr fls cjprhsgck`cdfhs Ckthrhshs jerêtcjls.

Hmhjpfl

^L@HTCL JETCPCJL JETCPCJL GLK DEWH @H OXHT]E=

THO=G^K_.HJG(W^).YE^.CC THO=G^K_.HJG(W^ ).YE^.CC /5>

457

EGE@HJCE @H IXHTTE KE_EF CKPTL@XGGC×K E FE HWPTEPHICE GXTWL @H GLJEK@L 4>5> Gbcfh= Fe ^rcjhre Hsgue`re Kegclkef kegc÷ pere glkslfcèr fe Ck`hphk`hkgce `h Gbcfh y fe `hf rhstl `h Wuèjãrcge. Ouh uke grhegc÷k `hf ihkcl `h L“Bciicks, hf peês gerhgêe `h ckthrhshs jerêtcjls quh `hohk`hr. Xkc÷k Wlvcãtcge= êês `h dflquh glktckhkth su Z^l`hrêl Jerêtcjl ldh`hgc÷ e uke c`he plfêtcge. "Hf ^l`hrêl Jerêtcjl, fls slvcãtcgls fl glksc`hrejls gljl uk glkmuktl ckthiref `h `cvhrsls gljplkhkths phrthkhgchkths e fe hsohre `h fe hglkljêe `hf peês, e fe plfêtcge `hf êrtc`l Gljukcste, e fe gepegcè` `hohkscve, fe gchkgce y e fe prhperegc÷k `h gue`rls, e fe hsphre `h fe rhefczegc÷k prågtcge prå gtcge `h tlès fes plscdcfcè`hs quh edrh hf eprlvhgbejchktl `h fls jerhs y lgãekls hk fe glkstruggc÷k `hf gljukcsjls. Fe Erjeè Tlme e`qucrc÷ uk tejeõl glflsef. Pejdcãk grhgchrlk fes ofltes jhrgekth y phsquhre slvcãtcges. ^hrl ef `hrrujdersh hf cjphrcl gljukcste, irek gektcè` `h duquhs jhrgekths y phsquhjls edek`lkerlk fls lgãekls plr kl shr rhktedfhs.

^L@HTCL JETCPCJL @H DEWH HGLKLJCGE= Irek Drhteõe- êês cksufer, su hglkljêe y suphrvcvhkgce `hphk`hk `hf treksplrth y gljhrgcl ckthrkegclkef. Fe Erjeè Thef tchkh glrkl jcsc÷k fe prlthggc÷k `h sus Ckthrhshs Jerêtcjls, fls guefhs slk vctefhs pere fe sudscsthkgce suds csthkgce `hf Thckl Xkc`l.

Texto.-Estrategia. Tomo-I Solis.O

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