TERRESTRIAL TRUNKED RADIO
Sohab Sarfraz Signature Not Verified
Digitally signed by Sohab Sarfraz Date: 2003.05.13 20:13:41 Z Reason: Owner of this book (Batch 9 Faculty of Electronic Engineering GIK Institute) Location: Topi, Pakistan
WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS FOR PROFESSIONAL USERS
TETRA
POTENTIAL
TETRA MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS FOR PROFESSIONAL USERS TETRA (TErrestrial TrunkedRAdio) was devised by ETSI to combine Cellular Mobile Telephony, Packet Data and Digital Mobile Radio together on one open cellular platform. The objective has been to ensure that the TETRA standard will provide a broad range of communication services for professional users throughout Europe and beyond. The work has been supported by the European Commission and by the TETRA MoU Association of manufacturers, operators and users, many of whom have participated in the development of the ETSI standards. Public safety and security services are among the major users of TETRA, since this is the only digital standard that can provide them with the benefits of true multisourcing of the ETSI standard combined with a technology capable to meet their most exacting needs. Police, fire and rescue organizations, border guards, first aid and ambulance units, customs, prison administration and other authorities need multi-media communication which can provide direct access to services such as voice, data, graphics and image, and do all that concurrently. Another new and exciting market for TETRA is in military applications. The significant reductions and the continuing close scrutiny of defence budgets within NATO countries and elsewhere has reduced the size of defence forces generally and is placing a greater emphasis on automation of weapon platforms and increased use of COTS (Commercial Off The Shelf) equipment in the field of computers and communication - information movement & management. By contrast, public applications also known as PAMR (Public Access Mobile Radio) or SMR/ESMR (Enhanced Special Mobile Radio
service) are similar to any public cellular system where an operator publicly sells TETRA services to a variety of users on his network. Typical customers range fromsmall local businesses operating in a small town through to international transportation companies operating across national borders. In addition to the normal voice service available with standard cellular system, these TETRA systems include additional applications such as all-informed group voice communication, fleet management, telemetry and data acquisition. To date, more than 40 contracts have been awarded world-wide, and with a combined value of more than US $1,5 billion. TETRA systems are being installed in most of the EU and EFTA countries, as well as many of the neighbouring ones, to serve both the emergency services and the civil market. A pan-European PAMR TETRA network is being rolled out, starting with the UK, France and Germany. The emergency services in the UK, Holland, Belgium, Gibraltar, Norway and Finland have chosen TETRA technology for their nationwide public safety networks, and most of them are already in the process of rolling out the network. In Sweden, Portugal, Spain, Poland, Hungary, Austria, Italy and Croatia TETRA technology has been selected for one or more emergency services on a regional basis. TETRA is also being seriously considered by several major users in the Americas. In the Asia Pacific region, TETRA systems are already operational in Australia, New Zealand and Singapore, with others under consideration for Hong Kong, India, and Malaysia. In J apan, ARIB (the Association of Radio Industries and Businesses) has adopted TETRA as its next generation of trunked mobile radio.
ROBUST AND SECURE COMMUNICATIONS TETRA is the only digital standard definedby the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to meetthe needs of the most demanding users. Private Mobile Radio (PMR) and PAMR applications depend on reliable communications products and services. A good example is the emerging post Cold War environment of peace keeping, where most of the operations will be joint efforts of several national armies. In such situations, the needs of the “battle space” for the high quality communication and information systems, with common or at least interoperable equipment, is steadily increasing. These factors are exert pressure towards harmonizing equipment procurement, and one way in
which that can be done is through the use of more commercially available communications technologies, or even products. Especially attractive are those based on an open international standard, since they bring greater financial benefits associated with multiple product & technology sourcing. TETRA is currently in the forefront of evaluation by the military both in Europe and beyond. This activity is not publicized due to its nature, though some of the initial purchases by NATO for non-combat applications, and the various trials carried out by the research agencies of national Ministries of Defence, give an idea of the future potential for TETRA in this field.
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Market data REVENUES– EUROPE The PMR/PAMR in Europe will grow from 7,5 to 10 million users in 10 years Source: The Strategis Group, ADL estimates
REVENUES– REST OF THE WORLD The non-US PMR/PAMR will grow from 15 to 30 million users over 10 years Source: Arthur D Little (ADL)/Simoco
Market data
THE WORLD-WIDE MARKET FOR DIGITAL MOBILE RADIO INFRASTRUCTURE BY STANDARD Source: IM S
(MILLIONS OF US DOLLARS)
1998
2002
TETRA Tetrapol APCO 25 EDACS iDEN Others
172,2 225,7 323,9 297,7 1312,5 2,3
1736,1 711,1 1356,3 415,5 1401,8 0,5
Total
2334,4
5621,4
PERFORMANCE
TETRA is the first digital technology that offers the benefits of automatic operation and frequency efficiency of trunking, combined with the terminal autonomy benefit of a conventional PMR. TETRA offers a novel multi-mode capability by combining these two modes, trunking and direct (“conventional”), into a single terminal equipment, and it also provides the standardized way of interworking between these two modes. Secondly, TETRA is designed for users who need multi-tasking, i.e., to perform several functions simultaneously, e.g., voice and text messaging, or who need “bandwidth-on-demand”, facility to have a variable amount of bandwidth allocated to them for the call duration depending on the application. Thirdly, TETRA is designed for people who, in an emergency situation, demand almost instantaneous communication, both between individuals and within a group of an unlimited size. They need priority calls backed by call pre-emption if required, and on occasions an all-informed communication. All this means that for professional users who require a demanding technology for increasingly complex operational needs of today and tomorrow, TETRA provides a choice of an unrivalled performance and flexibility. TETRA has been designed fromthe start to be multi-functional: It can carry voice or data, and both voice and data simultaneously. Each radio link contains a possibility of being configured as 4 independent channels. A sophisticated voice encoder/decoder allows extremely consistent behaviour in conditions of poor signal and very high noise. Security is integrated into TETRA with the possibility of multi-level authentication (user to radio, radio to network, network to radio, network to network, user to user) as well as sophisticated encryption. The intention is to meet or exceed the security that users expect from a fixed telephone network. The multi-traffic profile of TETRA allows the same equipment to be used for voice communication and for data communication. For services such as police and utilities this allows data such as site plans, maps, operating instructions to be sent in parallel with voice communication. A particular strength of TETRA is that systems may be configured for specific user needs. The principal application foreseen is for combined voice and data communication. However, a Packet Data Optimised (PDO) version is available for situations where data transfer is the primary use. Designed originally for emergency and security services, TETRA has been designed with security and resilience in mind. Thus it includes the possibility of Direct Mode operation (that is, mobile to mobile communication without an intermediary station) for situations where mobile are out of range of a trunked network or where the trunked network is out of action.
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ADDED VALUE
TETRA SUPPORTS VOICE, DATA, VIDEO - AND DOES IT SECURELY The TETRA standard provides the ability for a single radio to be allocated multiple timeslots on a single radio frequency carrier, which allows for simultaneous data and speech communications to take place.
expected to overtake voice and constitute the majority of mobile communications traffic within the next five years. By that time integrated data and voice mobile communications will be essential to both authority and business users.
The multi-slot allocation can provide a maximumdata capacity The coverage is further enhanced by the use of TETRA of 28,8 kbit/s gross or 19,2 kbit/s net throughput using one of the terminals operating in Direct Mode – that is direct terminal to protected data services. This exceeds the capability of any terminal operation outside network coverage, or linked into the other spectrally efficient wireless technology and will become trunking network via Direct Mode Gateways. ever more important with the rise in mobile data traffic. Data is
DESIGNED WITH THE PROFESSIONAL USER IN MIND The TETRA technology brings new outstanding features to mobile communications. It combines the features of mobile cellular phones with fast data communications and the workgroup capabilities of PMR and PAMR. The present TETRA systems already offer low-cost, elegant handsets, which can operate either as cellular telephones with high quality duplex speech and all the main telephony supplementary services, or as closed user group despatch communication with almost instantaneous 'press to talk' call set-up. Users have the option of encryption for voice and data, including end-to-end, and a whole host of s tandard despatching services and facilities such as broadcast call, emergency call, call monitoring, etc.
TETRA is a fully digital technology providing consistent voice quality and low error rates for data traffic. It uses TDMA (Time Division M ultiple Access) technology with four user channels on one radio carrier, with 25 kHz spacing between carriers, which makes it at present the most spectrally efficient digital mobile communications standard in existence. TETRA's open interfaces ensure interoperability with existing services and networks. TETRA can, for example, carry IP data and is compatible with WAP. It provides an ideal platform for third-party systems and products. It is also future-proof, offering easy integration and migration to future technologies and services.
AN OPEN STANDARD As a standard, TETRA is able to address many of the technical and commercial problems of systems development in the late 20th century and beyond. The following are some of the reasons for developing the TETRA standard: •Pre-requisite for open tendering •Multi-vendor solutions become practical •Cross-industry manufacturer support and participation in the standard development •Frequency harmonization across Europe.
A particular strength of TETRA is that systems may be configured for specific user needs. The principal application foreseen is for combined voice and data communication. However, a Packet Data Optimised (PDO) version is available for situations where data transfer is the primary use. Designed originally for emergency and security services, TETRA has been designed with security and resilience in mind. Thus it includes the possibility of Direct Mode operation (that is, mobile to mobile communication without infrastructure) for situations where mobiles are out of range of a base station or where the base station is out of action.
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OUTLOOK
ENSURING INTEROPERABILITY BETWEEN TETRA SYSTEMS Interoperability between all TETRA vendors is a precondition for the market success for manufacturers, operators and users. Although this is a very complex task, work has been running since mid-1997 and will continue as long as the standard evolves. A TETRA Interoperability Profile (TIP) has been developed as a complement to the core TETRA standards. Tests are also being created which allow conformance to the TIP to be demonstrated, in order to reduce testing costs for the user or the operator.
SERVING ORGANIZATIONS' OPERATIONAL NEEDS GSM, DECT and TETRA should be regarded as complementary standards. Where GSM is the wireless extension of the digital telephone network, TETRA is the wireless extension of Integrated Services Private Branch Exchanges. Whereas the GSM and DECT systems were specifically designed for mobile radio telephone communication, TETRA will cover the needs that GSM cannot fulfil. Some of the most obvious examples are: • Broadcast Call
• Mobile Repeater
• Group Call
• Fast Call Set-up (0,3 sec.)
• Priority Call
• Up to four concurrent services
• Open Channel •Direct Mobile to Mobile Communication without any infrastructure
• Circuit date up to 28,8 kbit/s • Packet Data IP compatible
TETRA offers the same benefits as found in many public cellular systems such as multi-site coverage, cellular organization, automatic location, roaming, advanced software design, etc. It provides a cost effective means to transmit voice and data information to remote units, mobile or fixed, in the operational area of an organization or a company.
EXTENDINGTHETETRAMARKET Without the right radio spectrum, new technology becomes superfluous. Radio spectrum is a limited resource and finding new spectrumis difficult. Additionally, re-farming existing bands can take many years. For emergency systems in Europe, ERC Decision 96/01 has designated frequency bands 380-383 MHz and 390-393 MHz for use by a single harmonized digital land mobile system. Additionally, whole or appropriate parts of the bands 383-385 MHz and 393-395 MHz can be utilized should the bandwidth be required. For civil systems in Europe there was no harmonized band and ERC Decision 04/96 has designated bands in 410-430 MHz, 450-470 MHz, 870-876/915-921 and 385-390/395-399,9 MHz. So far, the licences for PAMR systems in the north of Europe have been largely in 410-430 MHz band whilst those in the southern Europe are in 450-470 MHz. Outside of Europe, the spectrum issue becomes more complex, mainly because of traditional allocations of frequencies to other services. Most of the major challenges for the TETRA market can find a solution in appropriate regulatory actions. These include: •releasing spectrum (where possible mirroring CEPT/ERC recommendations), with spectrum management responsibility being given to licensee; •removing traditional restrictions, e.g. interconnect to PSTN; •adopting innovative approaches to type-approval, licensing and use. Today, potential users of the TETRA systemcontinue to identify new areas for standardization. Currently under consideration are requirements for extended physical range (120 km), use in helicopters and light aircraft, and an extended frequency range to cover 130 MHz to 1 GHz. The development of high speed data systems has also been placed on the TETRA agenda as a result of user requirements world-wide. In response to this growing need, the TETRA Project has been working on extending the TETRA PDO part of the standard in a project named Digital Advanced Wireless Services (DAWS), aimed at high rate packet-data service for applications such as wireless ATM. This work is being carried out in cooperation with the Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials (APCO) and Project 34 to enable a future joint standard on a global basis. Project 34 is a public safety industry-wide effort within the United States supported by a number of local, state and Federal organizations including APCO.
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PARTNERS
The TETRA MoU Association In November 1994 a number of manufacturers, users, network operators, regulators and test houses formed a group to support and promote the concept of a single European-wide standard for future digital mobile radio services ensuring a multi-vendor market. This support is based on ETSI's standard for a TErrestrial Trunked RAdio (TETRA) 25 kHz TDMA system for voice and data services and the complementary TETRA Packet Data Optimised (PDO) 25 kHz protocol for data only services. Signatories are bound by an MoU (Memorandum of Understanding), thus giving the group the name TETRA MoU.
Mission The TETRA MoU's objective is to support and promote the TETRA standard world-wide and to provide a forum to share and exchange information and ideas amongst a wide variety of individuals who share a common interest in the success of the standard. Membership fees are based upon the type of business in which the member is engaged and fall into four categories: Core manufacturers/operators/test houses; Consultants and peripheral manufacturers; Users; Non-profit making organizations.
Contact TETRA MoU Administration c/o Simoco International P.O.Box 24 St. Andrew's Road Cambridge CB4 1DP United Kingdom Tel: +44 1223 876200 Fax: +44 1223 879200 e-mail:
[email protected] http://www.tetramou.com/
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Within ETSI, the task of developing standards for this innovative technology has been assignedtoETSI ProjectTETRA.Theproject works in close collaboration with the TETRAMoUAssociation.
Glossary MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TETRA TRANSMISSIONMETHOD........................ TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) MODULATION..............................................π/4 DQPSK (Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) CARRIER SPACING.....................................25 kHz TRAFFIC CHANNELSPERCARRIER........ 4 GROSS BIT RATEPER CARRIER...............36 kbit/s MAX DATA TRANSFERRATE ...................28 kbit/s SPEECHCODING METHOD.......................ACELP, 4,56 kbit/s ENCRYPTION ..............................................Optionally on radio path and end-to-end
TETRA TELESERVICES
TETRA BEARER SERVICES
INDIVIDUALCALL
CIRCUIT MODE DATA 7,2/ 14,4/ 21,6/ 28,8 kbit/s CIRCUIT MODE PROTECTED DATA 4,8/ 9,6/ 14,4/ 19,2 kbit/s CIRCUIT MODE STRONGLY PROTECTED DATA 2,4/ 4,8/ 7,2/ 9,6 kbit/s IP
GROUPCALL ACKNOWLEDGED GROUP CALL BROADCAST CALL
LIST OF DESPATCH-ORIENTED SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES OF TETRA CAD ..............................................................Call Authorized by Dispatcher AS .................................................................Area Selection AP .................................................................Access Priority PC .................................................................Priority Call LE ..................................................................Late Entry PPC ...............................................................Pre-Emptive Priority Call DL .................................................................Discreet Listening DGNA............................................................ Dynamic Group Number Assignment AL................................................................... Ambience Listening
Glossary ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
APCO Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials
ACELP Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction
CEPT European Conference of Posts and Telecommunications Administrations
DAWS Digital Advanced Wireless Services
DECTTM Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications
DM/DMO Direct Mode
DIRECT MODE Mobile to mobile communication without the intermediary of a base station
ERC (CEPT) European Radiocommunications Committee
(E)SMR (Enhanced) Special M obile Radio (US term for PAM R)
GSMTM Global System for Mobile communications TM
LMR Land Mobile Radio (US term for PMR)
PAMR Public Access Mobile Radio
PDO Packet Data Optimised
PMR Private (Professional) Mobile Radio
TETRA Terrestrial Trunked Radio Trunked, trunking. A method of automatic allocation of communication channels for the call from a common pool of channels.
TIP TETRA Interoperability Profile
WAP Wireless Application Protocol GSM and Global Systemfor Mobile communications are trade marks of the GSM Association. DECT is a trade mark of ETSI.
ETSI Project TETRA has today over
THE FUTURE IS BUILT THROUGH PARTNERSHIP
150representatives involvedin the various technical WorkingGroups, withsupportfromtheTETRAMoU Associationprovidingfurther expertiseinspecialistareas. Besides representatives fromthe CEPT countries, the activity is now
ETSI’s Missi on ETSI plays a major role in developing a wide range of standards and other technical documentation as a contribution contribution to world-wide standardization in telecommunications, broadcasting and information technology. ETSI's prime objective is to support global standards harmonization by providing a forum in which all the key players can contribute actively.
extended worldwide, to include the USA, China, Asia Pacific, and the Middle East countries.
ETSI’s Structure Based in Sophia Antipolis (France), ETSI is a non-profit making organization which unites nearly 700 members from 50 countries around the world, representing administrations, network operators, manufacturers, service providers, technical bodies and users. The Institute's work programme is determined by its members, who are also responsible for approving its deliverables. As a result, ETSI's activities are maintained in close alignment to the market needs expressed by its members. ETSI is an independent organization, but operates in close collaboration with many other organizations, notably the ITU, CEN and CENELEC, the European Commission and the EFTA Secretariat, plus numerous other regional and world-level bodies with the ultimate goal of achieving common global standards.
Contact ETSI infocentre – 06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex – France Tel: +33 (0) 4 92 94 42 22 Fax: +33 (0) 4 92 94 43 33 e-mail:
[email protected] www: http://www.etsi.org
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www.etsi.org
European Tel ec ommuni cati ons Standards I nstitute F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France Tel : + 33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: + 33 4 93 65 47 16
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