Tested Easiest Method

The Tested Easiest Method of Learning & Teaching Sanskrit

Study Notes First Book – Lessons 1-30 (of 44)

Draft: February 24, 2010

Overall Syllabus – From TEM to the महभयम् .........................................................................  ......................................................................... viii Why the TEM ? ........................................................................................................................ viii TEM and other grammar texts .................................................................................................... ix Prior knowledge of सं कृतम् तम् ........................................................................................................... x Textbooks ................................................................................................................................... x Optional reference books ........................................................................................................... xi Before you begin your study of the TEM . . . .............................................................................. xi Marking up the bare अययी .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... xii How to read the TEM ............................................................................................................... xiii How to use these notes............................................................................................................ xiv Collaborative notes note s .................................................................................................................. xiv xiv Lesson 1 .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.

Goal ................................................................................................................................ 1

Lesson 2 .................................................................................................................................... 1 2.

Goal ................................................................................................................................ 1

3.

What are the various kinds of sutras?.............................................................................. 1

4.

What are the 10 लकर -s? -s? ................................................................................................. 2

Lesson 3 .................................................................................................................................... 2 5.

Goal ................................................................................................................................ 2

6.

What are the major अधकरसू ण    ? ................................................................................... 2

7.

Here, 15 अधकरसू ण   are shown. On page 281, a different list list of 21 sutras is given . . . 3    are

8.

What is the meaning of the अधकर - सू  सू ण    ?...................................................................... 3

Lesson 5a .................................................................................................................................. 4 9.

Goal ................................................................................................................................ 4

Lesson 5b .................................................................................................................................. 6 10. Goal ................................................................................................................................ 6

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Overall Syllabus – From TEM to the महभयम् .........................................................................  ......................................................................... viii Why the TEM ? ........................................................................................................................ viii TEM and other grammar texts .................................................................................................... ix Prior knowledge of सं कृतम् तम् ........................................................................................................... x Textbooks ................................................................................................................................... x Optional reference books ........................................................................................................... xi Before you begin your study of the TEM . . . .............................................................................. xi Marking up the bare अययी .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... xii How to read the TEM ............................................................................................................... xiii How to use these notes............................................................................................................ xiv Collaborative notes note s .................................................................................................................. xiv xiv Lesson 1 .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.

Goal ................................................................................................................................ 1

Lesson 2 .................................................................................................................................... 1 2.

Goal ................................................................................................................................ 1

3.

What are the various kinds of sutras?.............................................................................. 1

4.

What are the 10 लकर -s? -s? ................................................................................................. 2

Lesson 3 .................................................................................................................................... 2 5.

Goal ................................................................................................................................ 2

6.

What are the major अधकरसू ण    ? ................................................................................... 2

7.

Here, 15 अधकरसू ण   are shown. On page 281, a different list list of 21 sutras is given . . . 3    are

8.

What is the meaning of the अधकर - सू  सू ण    ?...................................................................... 3

Lesson 5a .................................................................................................................................. 4 9.

Goal ................................................................................................................................ 4

Lesson 5b .................................................................................................................................. 6 10. Goal ................................................................................................................................ 6

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11. What are the various उरण - थनन   थनन ? .............................................................................. 6 12.

 थन .................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................ 6

13. What are the आयतर  efforts?  efforts? .......................................................................................... 6 14. What are the  बया (external efforts)? ...................................................................... 7 Lesson 6 .................................................................................................................................... 7 15. Goal ................................................................................................................................ 7 16. We have 5.7.6.1, 5.7.1 and 6.1.7. 6 .1.7. When is what ordering applicable ? ............................ 8 Lessons 7-9 ( नमपदन   नमपदन ) ............................................................................................................. 8 17. Goal ................................................................................................................................ 8 18.

 of the स प् यय  -s .................................................................................................. 9  परकर  of  यय -s

19.

 हलततपदक , पदसं   and  and जश् /  / चर् ...................................................................................  ................................................................................... 9

20.

Why doesn’t पदसं   of  of वच् in  in वच् +  + ट  cause  cause the form वग ? ...........................................10

21.

 undergo changes like वच् etc,  etc, due to पद - सं Why doesn’t स गण् undergo  सं  ? ...................................11

22.

 the final form due to  पू व Why isn’t स गण स गणुु  the   सम्? ............................................................11

23. What does उपदेश  श mean? .................................................................................................11 24.

 मूधध  यदे  शा शा and आदेशययया शययया..............................................................................................11

25.

 व and  and the पदी  ...........................................................................................................12  ...........................................................................................................12

26.

 and लपा...................................................................................12  हय  स  स तस अपृ  तस अपृ ं  ं  हल् and

27. Exercises........................................................................................................................12 28. Practice ..........................................................................................................................12 Lessons 10-11 वदगण  and  and लट् लकरा  लकरा .......................................................................................13 29. Goal ...............................................................................................................................13 30. The derivation of तप् in  in वद - गणा  गणा ...................................................................................13 31.

Why don’t we have लपा of ल् in  in लु ट्? ...............................................................................14

32. On कत र शप्  र शप् and  and recursion ..............................................................................................14 33. What does अगं mean?...................................................................................................14 34.

 and आदा ....................................................................................................15  झऽता, अवयव  and

35. Why are there two sutras with

धता in contiguous sections? ..........................................15

36. Excercises ......................................................................................................................16

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Lesson 11b ( गण - यय -s) ............................................................................................................16 37.  An extra lesson...............................................................................................................16 38. Lesson Outline ...............................................................................................................16 39.

 ग णा and वृ ा ...................................................................................................................17

40. What is the ग ण  substitute of ऋ ?......................................................................................17 41. Other features common to many  गण -s ............................................................................17 42. What is the relationship between शप् and the other affixes यन् etc? ...............................18 43. What are सवधत क  / आधधत क  ? .......................................................................................18 44. In इक  ग णवृी  why do we have अन वृ ा of ग ण  and वृ ा? ..................................................18 45. How does ग णनषेधा work?...............................................................................................18 46. When does ग णा of the धता / वकरयया occur? ...............................................................19 47.

 त  च  and नम - समी  ...................................................................................................20

48. Excercises ......................................................................................................................20 Lesson 12 ( दव् / त द् / स) + लट् ....................................................................................................20 49. Goal ...............................................................................................................................20 50. Why doesn't त मा protect the last letter in

यन्? .............................................................21

51. In the derivation of स वत , why do we need  वा सवधतक े for यण्- सधा? ......................21 52. In the derivation of ज हष , how does आदेश-  ययया apply? ..............................................22 Lesson 13 ( तन् /   / अद् / ज  ) + लट् .............................................................................................22 53. Goal ...............................................................................................................................22 54.

Why don’t ज वा and ज मा have optional forms ज वा and ज ा? .......................................23

55. In the derivation of ज हत , how is   replaced with ज in the अयसा? .................................23 56. Why aren't the गणवकरण  sutras for अदद  and ज हयद  गण -s under the अधकर  of धता? 23 Lesson 14 ( ध् + णच्) + लट् .......................................................................................................24 57. Goal ...............................................................................................................................24 58. In the derivation of ध् + म् + मप्, why do we have णम  and not णम ?...................24 59. In the derivation of ध् + म् + लट्, when does the elision of ध् occur? ............................25 60. Why are the forms of धद - गणा so complicated?............................................................25 61. In सरलपा, shouldn’t सा be सा?............................................................................26

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62.

सा अलपा and अस्-धता ................................................................................................26

63.

 चरयत  and सनता धतवा .............................................................................................26

64.

आयतया आता and अच  ...................................................................................................27

65. Exercises........................................................................................................................27 66.

 सा from the थमवृ ा ..................................................................................................27

Lessons 15-16 ( करकम्) .............................................................................................................28 67. Goal ...............................................................................................................................28 68.

 करके ...............................................................................................................................28

69.

 करक  and वभ  ..............................................................................................................29

70.

अनभहते ..........................................................................................................................29

71. Excercises ......................................................................................................................29 Lessons 18-19 ( सं  ) .................................................................................................................30 72. Goal ...............................................................................................................................30 73.

 त यय - यं सवण म् ...........................................................................................................30

74.

 वरमऽवसनम् ..................................................................................................................30

75. Does घ - सं   apply only to ीलग  words? .....................................................................31 76. What is the purpose of understanding sutras 4.1.162, 4.1.163 and 4.1.172 at this time? 31 Lessons 20-21 ( परभष ) ...........................................................................................................31 77. Goal ...............................................................................................................................31 78. In the explanation of the परभष , many sutras are referenced by number only . . . .........32 79. In the sutram उरण् रपरा, how does उा refer to ऋ ? ............................................................32 80. When does replacement of a single letter / entire term occur? .......................................32 81. In तपरतकलय , why is तपरा interpreted as both बीहा and तप षा? .............................32 82.

अलऽयय  / ये न  वधतदतय  .............................................................................................33

83. What are the extra परभष - सू ण     at the end of lesson 21 ..............................................33 Lessons 22-25 ( सधा) ...............................................................................................................33 84.

Why doesn’t पू व  सं cause the inapplicability of हश  च  after ससज षा ा? .......................33

85.

Why doesn’t कृय अतापदं apply to the end of the verse (due to अता) ...........................34

86. The structure of this  सं हत  set of सू ण     ..........................................................................34

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87. Why do we have two different अधकर  sections for “सं हतयम्” ? .....................................34 Lessons 24 ( प ष  + स प्) ..............................................................................................................35 88. In the formation of प षौ , why is there so much debarring? .............................................35 89.

Why doesn’t similar debarring occur for जस्, शस् etc? ......................................................35

90. In the formation of प षा ( जस्), why is the  परभष , अलयय  quoted? .............................36 91.

Doesn’t the derivation of प ष  + ट  effectively require memorization of word endings? ....36

92. When deriving प षयं,

why doesn’t अत  दीघो  यञ suffice? ............................................36

93. When deriving प षा, why bring आदेशा of ऐस् instead of एस्? .............................................37 94. When deriving प षय , why introduce the sutram

 थनवत् आदेशा ॰ ? ................................37

95.  Are there alternate forms of प ष  + ङस ? .........................................................................38 96.

 ङसङस  and घ - सं  .......................................................................................................39

97.

 वभा of आम  in वनप  न ट् ........................................................................................39

98.

 सा from the थमवृ ा ..................................................................................................39

Lessons 26-29 (कृत्- यया) ........................................................................................................39 99.

 ग णा of आधधतक ं affixes and पत् .......................................................................................39

100. उरण् रपरा and the derivation of करका ...............................................................................40 101.What are से ट् / अनट् / वे ट्? ................................................................................................40 102.What is the difference between कृत् and कृय  यया? .......................................................41 103.We have कत ं / क ं on page 166 / 168. But there’s no mention in the errata . . . .........41 104.What is the purpose of एकच  उपदेशे ऽन दत् (7.2.10) ? ....................................................41 105. Isn’t वलदेा in आधधत कय  इट् वलदेा overly inclusive? ........................................................42 106. Why don’t यत्, यत् etc. have इडगमा ? .............................................................................42 107.Which of the 16 कृत्- यया in these lessons has इडगमा? ................................................42 108.In the illustration of यत्, what is the purpose of य आवयके  ? ..........................................43 109.What does अच् mean in उगदचं सव नमथनेऽधता ? .........................................................44 110. What is a ‘strong case’ (page 173) ? ..............................................................................44 111. शतृ doesn’t apply in थम ? But there are counter-examples . . . ......................................44 112.Location of the verbal sutras ...........................................................................................44 113. सा from the थमवृ ा ..................................................................................................45

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Other.........................................................................................................................................46 114.When looking at सू ण    , what commentaries should I look at? ........................................46

 पणनीयशदनशसनं Errata ..........................................................................................................47 Numbering in the पणनीयशदनशसनम् .......................................................................................47 TEM Errata ...............................................................................................................................48 Books Referenced in the TEM ..................................................................................................50 The format of the थमवृ ा books .............................................................................................51 Sample marked up portion of the अययी  ................................................................................53

अधकरसू ण     .............................................................................................................................54 References ...............................................................................................................................55

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 पू व  पीठक  These notes were compiled by students during their self-study of “The Tested Easiest Method of Learning & Teaching Sanskrit ,” (hereafter referred to as the TEM). It is largely a collection of

various notes that supplement the TEM text. Many people have contributed to this document.

1. TEM Part 1 – Introduction to the method and the structure of the

अययी  in 44 lessons,

with approximately 450 sutras 2. TEM Part 2 – Commonly used sutras and करणन  (approx. 3295 sutras) 3. First reading, थमवृ ा, of all 4000 sutras of the

अययी , in order

4. Verbal forms, तङतय , (with मधवीय -धत वृ ा) 5. Noun forms, स बतय , (with उणद  / िट्- सू ण     and लगनशसनम्) 6. Second reading, तीयवृ ा (शक - समधनं) of the अययी , with the कशक  7.

 महभयम्

The method of learning करणं directly through the bare अययी  has tremendous advantages. The first reading, थमवृ ा, of all 4000 sutras found in the

अययी , in order, traditionally begins

after committing the अययी  to memory. Each sutra is studied along with पदछेदा, वभा,

 समसा, अधकरा, अन वृ ा, अथा, उदहरणं and सा. The final forms of the उदहरणन  given for each sutram are formed after the application of many

 सू ण    . The sutram being studied should be understood within this context of the relevant derivations ( सा). If the अययी  has been memorized, the simple meaning of all the other

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sutras of the सा being shown can be explained. However, this is impossible for those of us who have not memorized the अययी . The आचया, दजसा recognizes that this memorization is not possible for everyone, and in his book, the TEM, he has bridged the gap. The purpose of his book is to gain enough familiarity with the structure of the

अययी , through all the fundamental kinds of सा, so that the student

(who has not memorized the text) can begin the study of the  थमवृ ा proper. There are 6 fundamental kinds of सा – namely तङत , कृदत , स बत , ी , तत  and समसा. A quick look at the सया of the examples ( उदहरणन ) for the very first sutras of the cover words from all these kinds of सया. And a look through the

अययी 

TEM’s table of contents

shows that this is precisely what the book teaches. In other words, the TEM allows those of us who have not memorized the understand the application of the very first sutras of the

अययी , to

अययी , within the context of  सया.

Some grammar texts (like the कौम दी ) teach य  without relying on the ordering of sutras in the

अययी . Others (like the वहरकं पणनीयं and पणनीय  पय शदपण  of ीअरवदमा) teach य  on the basis of

अन वृ ा. However, the emphasis is squarely on the य  at the

expense of understanding the sutra, and how its meaning is derived. The TEM book also teaches सा. However, it does so by teaching अन वृ ा, and expecting the student to understand the source of this अन वृ ा, based on an understanding of the structure of the अययी  (i.e. अधकरा). The student is expected to reorder the full form of the sutram to form his own commentary. The TEM expects the student to have a copy of the bare

अययी  in hand

at all times. The TEM is designed to lead the student to the  थमवृ ा and, eventually, to a thorough mastery of the अययी .

ix

In terms of the number of sutras taught, the TEM is no lightweight. The  लघ and मय  कौम दी  cover 1188 and 2117 sutras respectively. In comparison, the two parts of the TEM cover 450 and 3295 sutras respectively.

Before embarking on the study of the TEM, some functional knowledge of सं कृत ं is essential 1. Consider the classes and study sessions arranged by सं कृत-  भरती . In particular, spoken samskritam and its revision through her publication अयसप तकं, followed by a refinement of basic communication skills through अयसदशनी  and सभषणसपनम्. Basic grammatical knowledge (for daily use) can be picked up through books like भष - वेशा, गीत - वेशा  etc.

1. [Required] The Tested Easiest Method of Learning and Teaching Sanskrit, by Brahmadatta Jignasu. Available from http://www.exoticindiaart.com/ for $23 including shipping. 2. [Required] Bare अययी  ( लघ numbering) without अन वृ ा markings. (e.g.

 पणनीयशदनशसनं by सयनदवे दवगीशा). A pdf version of the necessary portions of this edition (previously made available by the Digital Library of India) is distributed along with this document. Be sure to print it double-sided, so that you can see as many sutras at one time as possible. 3. [Required] थमवृ ा (3 Vols) by दजसा and दे वी . Available from http://www.bibliaimpex.com/ for $39 including shipping.

1 In

the TEM,  दजसा says otherwise, but this seems impractical to us.

x

1.

 लघ सतकौम दी , भ मीय , by भीमसे न शी . Most of the sutras that we will study are also found in the लघ- कौम दी , and this commentary does an excellent job of clearing lingering doubts.

2.

 कशक  with हदी  commentary named समले ख  (3 vols) by ईरचा. Available from http://www.easternbookcorporation.com/ for $52.08 + shipping.

1. Purchase the three primary textbooks. We found them essential for our study. 2. Read the introduction and instructions provided in the TEM book by दजसा. This is provided in two places – the content that precedes the “First Day

Lesson”, and the

content after the “Forty fourth Lesson”. i.e. pages 1 -36, 272-329. Gloss over the sections that don’t make sense, but try to get a general sense of the author’s method. Pages 3133 and 324-328 are particularly important. 3. We wanted to provide an edition of the bare अययी , with good typesetting, whose numbering is the same as the numbering of the थमवृ ा. Unfortunately, though we found an edition that comes close, there are some differences. Please correct the numbering to make it match the  थमवृ ा as shown on page 47 of this document. 4.  As you look for sutras in the bare अययी pdf that we’ve pr ovided, you will realize that it would be useful to mark each page with the range of sutras that it contains. Go through all 88 pages, and number them (with the first sutra, last sutra, or both . . . whatever helps you find the sutras quickly). While you are at it, correct the typos from the errata listed at the end of this document. 5. The TEM text contains many printing mistakes. Some of them are minor, but many of them can seriously confuse the reader. We have provided a list of errata at the end of this document. Take the time to go through it and fix these typos.

xi

The purpose of these instructions, provided by the आचया is to mark up अन वृ ा and अधकरा so as to get a feel for the structure of the text. The

अन वृ ा is underlined, and अधकरा is made to

stand out. Furthur, indicate the sutras that you have learnt, so that you can go through all such sutras from the bare text. For an example of a marked up portion of the

अययी , please see

page 53 of this document. 1. For अधकर - सू ण    , place the range of its अधकरा between quotes. i.e. ❛ . . . ❜. Put the starting red quote before the sutram, and indicate the range of अधकरा. After the last sutram covered by the अधकरा, put the ending quote, and optionally indicate the sutram whose अधकरा has lapsed. 2. When a sutram has been learnt, underline the number that precedes it to indicate that this is a sutram that you can revise from the bare text. [ The

आचया tells us to underline

the entire sutram in red once it has been learnt. I prefer to mark the number alone in black, in order to make the

अन वृ ा and अधकरा stand out. ]

3. When a word from a sutram has अन वृ ा that has been learnt, underline it, and indicate the range of its application (i.e. the number of the sutram until which the अधकरा extends). In order to help with the अन वृ ा markings, we have provided the appendix from

 ईरच’s commentary on the अययी  which is nicely typeset, and follows the same numbering scheme as the थमवृ ा. From your personal marked up copy of the अययी  alone, for each sutra that you have learnt, you should be able to tell the अन वृ ा and अधकरा that flow down to it, and rearrange these words to generate a meaningful वृ ा. In addition, especially for  वध - सू ण    , you should be able to given a relevant example. Periodically, go through all of the sutras that you have learnt in the bare marked-up ashtadhyayi, with the थमवृ ा in hand. Read the पदछेदा, वभा, वचनं, समसा, अथा and उदहरणन . This will

xii

be very helpful. Also, for each section of lessons, periodically do some सया, so that you do not forget what you have learnt in previous lessons. This kind of constant re-inforcement is helpful.

The first few lessons are simple, and can be covered quickly. Expect to spend 2-4 hours on most of the 44 lessons. Some of this will be spent on the new lesson, and marking up your copy of the अययी. Some of it will be spent revising “old

material” through the bare “marked-up”

अययी . The आचया instructs students to have a copy of the bare

अययी  in hand, and to mark it up

(with अधकरा, अन वृ ा, वभा) according to his instructions. Doing this, and revising these sutras from the bare text, is essential to gain a good understanding of the structure of the text, which is a primary goal of studying TEM. The importance of this markup and subsequent revision of the marked-up “bare” text should not be underestimated. The sutras mentioned in the TEM should be understood with वभा, पदछेदा, समसा, अधकरा,

अन वृ ा and अथा. If any of these facets is unclear from the TEM, you should go through the same sutram in the थमवृ ा. In many cases, the full

अन वृ ा is omitted in the TEM, and it would be

preferrable to refer to the थमवृ ा whenever you come across a new sutram (For a discussion on the format of the थमवृ ा books, see page 51 in this document.) If the sutram is still unclear, and the notes were not helpful, go through one of the optional reference books on the अययी .2 More than likely, the भ मी - य  will suffice.

Don’t worry about

difficult advanced details found in these sources. Those details are meant for तीयवृ ा (the second reading). Rely on these books merely to throw light on the थमवृ ा. Use it to clarify your doubts, but ignore it when it confuses you furthur.

2

If you had to do this, please drop us a note . . . help us make these notes more useful.

xiii

One problem with the TEM, is that it gives equal weight to all sutras. However, some sutras are much more important than others, because they help establish the overall pattern. To help with

this problem, the notes include “Goals” for each set of lessons. This is intended to lay out the purpose of the lesson. This should be used to figure out which sutras are more important than others. Also, in a few places, the goals enumerate minor variations from the TEM lessons. These are suggestions based on our experience that make it easier to internalize the material. Other than the errata and goals sections, it would be best if you first tried to digest the material on your own (i.e. come up with your own questions and answers), and then read the relevant portions of this document. Where the  सया from the थमवृ ा are indicated, consider looking at them for furthur reinforcement. (Note: There are multiple editions of the थमवृ ा, and the page numbers may be incorrect. In this case, look for the स  under the indicated सू म्   .)  Aim to understand each lesson, and to be able to generate the full सा of the examples given in the TEM, saying all relevant sutras (along with अन वृ ा and अधकरा), without referring to any books (except the bare अययी  when necessary). From your knowledge of spoken सं कृत,ं try to think of other cases in which this सू ं    may be applicable. This process requires some effort, but the closer you get to it, the better your understanding will be.

Some of the notes in this document may refer to “advanced details”, or concepts that show up in a later lesson. If the questions that are surfaced themselves don’t make any sense,

you can skip

the note and come back to it at a later time.

Let us work together to refine and expand this document into a copious set of notes, truly fit for self-study. Please send additional questions (optinally with t he answers) and notes for inclusion. Comments are welcome. Together, through these notes, we can help the ongoing revival of

“grammar through अययी”     

xiv

xv

 तपणीा

1.

Goal

In our opinion, students of करण  should be well beyond this point, making this lesson unnecessary. Going through grammar without basic facility in a language is unnatural. Students should have basic skills in spoken सं कृतम्.

2.

Goal

The goal of this lesson is to gain familiarity with करण  terminology. These should be explained by using examples from a domain other than करणम्. The last two  सू े   , ( नयम , अतदेश)  can be left until later (when we see सवधत कमपत्  [ङत्]). Later, in lesson 7, we will see the meaning of the 10  लकर -s. In order to facilitate this, we will also see examples of each of these लकर -s. The fact that  ल् + [अच्] + ट्/ङ् is merely a counting system should also be understood. 3.

What are the various kinds of sutras?

अधकर - सू म्  

-- अधयते पदथ या।

 सं  - सू म्  

-- सयक् जनीया यय।

 परभष - सू म्  

-- परता सव ता भयते नयमा यभा।

 वध - सू म्  

-- य  वधीयते, सा वधा वधनं व।

 नषेध- सू म्  

-- नषयते नवय ते कय ण  या।

 नयम - सू म्  

-- नययते नीयते यगा या।

अतदेश- सू म्  

-- अतदयते त यतय  वधीयते कय ण  या।

1

4.

What are the 10 लकर -s?

 लट्

-- रमा इदन  गछत 

 लट्

-- रमा परय गे जगम 

 ल ट्

-- रमा मसनतरं गत 

 लृ ट्

-- रमा ा गमयत 

 ले ट्

-- ( वे दे एव  यगा, अ  न  दय ते)

 लट्

-- रमा गछत

 लङ्

-- रमा गतमसे अगछत्

 लङ्

-- रमा गछेत ् / रमा ?

 लङ्

-- रमा (अ  / ा / गतमसे) अगमत्

 लृङ्

-- यद  रमा न अगमयत्, एकपीधमा न अभवयत्

5.

Goal

The अधकर  sutras are like headings. As you mark them in the bare

अययी  text, think about

them, and what they are trying to convey. (i.e. don’t mark them blindly). This lesson should take at least 45 minutes. It cannot be completed in 10 minutes. 6.

What are the major अधकरसू ण    ?

 करके from 1.4.23 to 1.4.55  समसा from 2.1.3 to 2.2.38  यया पर  from 3.1.1 to 5.4.160 धता from 3.1.91 to 3.4.117 कृत् from 3.1.93 to 3.4.117 कृय  from 3.1.95 to 3.1.132  तपदकत् from 4.1.1 to 5.4.160  तता from 4.1.76 to 5.4.160

2

 सं हतयम् from 6.1.70 to 6.1.151 अगय  from 6.4.1 to 7.4.97  पदय  from 8.1.16 to 8.3.54  पदत् from 8.1.17 to 8.1.69  सं हतयम् from 8.2.108 to 8.4.67 7.

Here, 15 अधकरसू ण     are shown. On page 281, a different list of 21 sutras is given . . .

Obviously, these are two different lists written by the author at two different times. Start off with the 15 सू ण    . If you have time, mark the additional सू ण     in your copy of the bare 8.

अययी .

What is the meaning of the अधकर - सू ण    ?

First, there is a section on  करकं (4) which goes from 1.4.23 to 1.4.55. This is followed by a section on समसा (13) from 2.1.3 to 2.2.38.

 यया (1) and पर  (2) – Where there is अधकरा of these two sutras (3.1.1  – 5.4.160), many affixes ( यया) are indicated, which come at the end ( परा) of the word. Within this section, there are two major headings (3) धता or roots (from 3.1.91 – 3.4.117) and (5) तपदकत् or nouns (from 4.1.1 to 5.4.160). Notice that these two sub-headings are completely contained within the

अधकरा of यया पर . The derivative affixes that come after a Notice that this covers the entire

धता is known as a कृत् (14) affix (from 3.1.93 to 3.4.117).

अधकरा of यया पर  and धता. A subset of these कृत् affixes

are known as कृय  affixes (15) (from 3.1.95 to 3.1.132) which have the sense of must / should like क ं / करणीयं / कय म्. Again, notice that this is a subsection of यया पर  / धता / कृत्.  Amongst derivative verbal affixes, those that indicate the past-tense are covered by the अधकरा of भू ते    (from 3.2.84 – 3.2.122). Following the major section of verbal affixes, we have the major section of derivative nounaffixes. These come after a  तपदकं and are known as तत  (6) affixes (from 4.1.76 to 5.4.160).

3

This is followed by a section on सधा or सं हत . This is followed by a section that deals with

अगं

(8) that we will deal with in Note #29. An अगं is anything after which an affix in enjoined (i.e. be it a verbal affix or a noun affix). Again, this is followed by a section on words  पदय  / पदत्, including सधा rules that only apply between words. (Yes, सधा applies inside words as well.

Some books refer to this as “internal सधा”). There are two sections on सधा, and we will discuss the difference later in note #87. The list on page 281 adds a few more sections on इकरणं (11) dealing with the indicatory letters of affixes. यं (12) deals with feminine affixes (e.g. क मरा  कमरी ; छा  छ ). परम पदं (14) and आमने पदं (13) deal with determining which set of affixes a given

धता takes. नपता (16)

deals with words that are अयम्. भवयत  (21) deals with affixes that convey the future tense.  And अनभहते (18) deals with affixes that are not covered by the other cases (i.e. verbal,

कृत्,

 तता and समसा).

9.

Goal

In our opinion this lesson should be split into 2 parts. Before delving into the  उरणया etc, the

 महेर - सू ण     should be thoroughly introduced in this lesson. The purpose they play, as well as how they related to the वण मल  should be thoroughly explored.

4

 यहर  formation based on the  वण मल  The वगय - नन  are ordered by पणना in terms of या and are ordered by vertical columns (from 5  1). In addition, पणना relies on the order of the वण मल  as well. Firstly, this is defined in terms of efforts, as described a little later. In addition, he uses the

उु इत् to grab each of the

horizontal rows by the terms  क , च, ट, त and प respectively. For the other columns, the  इत्-s themselves (अच्, यण्, and शर्) are sufficient. Thus, पणना has taken the advantages of the

 वण मल , married it with additional grouping properties via the महेर - सू ण    , and used both techniques in his अययी .

5

10.

Goal

This is “Lesson 5” proper from the TEM. This forms the foundation for the सध - सू ण     that we will encounter throughout the TEM, starting with the derivation of वच् + स प्. Thus, the import of the sutras themselves should be understood. 11.

What are the various उरण - थनन ?

12.

 थन 

The places from which letters are uttered are relatively straightforward and consist of  कठ , तल,

 मूध  नी   , दत , and ओ . 13.

What are the आयन् तर  efforts?

The internal efforts are of 4 kinds: पृ ं, ईषपृ ं, ववृ तं and ईषवृ तम्. Following the महेरसू ण     --

अच् vowels are all ववृ तम् (open)  यण् letters are ईषत् पृ म् (semi-contact)  ञय् letters are पृ म् (contact) शर् letters are ईषववृ तम् (semi-open) 6

14.

What are the  बया (external efforts)?

External efforts are of eight kinds, namely अपणा, महणा, ववृ तकठा, सं वृ तकठा, सन दा,

 नदन दा, अघषा, घषा. Some add three kinds of efforts specific to vowels, namely  उदा, अन दा and वरता. अपणा and महणा (unaspirated and aspirated) are well known. When the movement of air from the navel is unrestricted (i.e. throat is open), it is  ववृ तकठा. If it is restricted, it is  सं वृ तकठा. When breath comes from the mouth, it is सा, and when accompanied with sound without the breath exiting the mouth, it is नदा. These two sets are also अघषा and घषा respectively, i.e. voiceless and voiced. The vowels are all अपणा. Other than उदा, अन दा and वरता, the remainder of the

 बया

do not apply. ( खर् )

( हश् )

(अच्)

अपणा  महणा  महणा  महणा अपणा  महणा अपणा अपणा अप   क   ख   ग   घ   ङ   च   छ  श   ज   झ   ञ   य   ट   ठ   ष   ड   ढ   ण   र   त  थ   स   द  ध   न   ल   प  ि    ह   ब  भ   म   व   ववृ त - कठा  सं वृ तकठा  सं वृ तकठा सन दा  नदन दा  नदन दा अघषा  घषा  घषा

15.

Goal

This lesson explains the meaning of वभ -s as employed by पणन . However, this use by

 पणन  is actually very natural and intuitive. The use of पमी  corresponds to the use of अपदन -

7

 पमी . The use of पर - समी  corresponds to the use of the गौण - कम in कम क -धत-s. And the use of  षी  to represent the थनी , and थम  to represent the आदेश  is very natural. The वभ -s should be understood as something natural and logical, and not as something artificial. 16.

We have 5.7.6.1, 5.7.1 and 6.1.7. When is what ordering applicable ?

Believe it or not, it will be self-evident based on the वभया available for a given sutram (with full

अन वृ ा). With वध - सू ण    , something (an आदेशा) comes in the place of something else (the  थनी ). Fundamentally, there are 4 वभया – 5 { 6  1 } 7. The थनी  (6) is replaced by the आदेशा (1) when preceded by (5), and followed by (7). It is that simple. If all 4 conditions are specified, we have 5.6.1.7. On the other hand, if a sutra does not require anything to precede the थनी , 5 is omitted, and we have 6.1.7. If an addition is

indicated, “nothing” is replaced. Thus, 6 is omitted and we have 5.1.7. If the लपा of a term is indicated, the थनी  is replaced by nothing, and 1 is omitted.

To make the connection between the various options explicit, we’ve ordered the numbers differently from the TEM text. It

really doesn’t matter, as it is a matter of convention.

The exact

ordering is less important that the concept conveyed by the वभया. i.e. just as रमा ग ं  नमत  has the same meaning as ग ं  नमत  रमा, the ordering of the numbers does not change the meaning. However, a convention is always useful, and the author has picked different conventions based on वभया that are available.

17.

Goal

In lesson 7, we start off with the स प् यय -s. इत्- लण  will not be introduced until a later lesson. What needs to be internalized is that the major portion of the यय -s are logical and unartificial. Towards this end, we pick a हलत  पदं ending with ञम् so that there won’t be any changes.

8

In lessons 8 and 9, we look at other simple हलत  words. Here, it is important that the सू ण     are clearly linked with the महेर - सू ण    , and श - सू ण    . Using the वण मल , the transformations from च to क  to जश् to चर् should be shown diagramatically. The notion of substitutions based on rows & columns (i.e.

आयं and यं) should be clear. This marks the difference between

internalizing the सू ण     and artificially applying them. 18.

 परकर  of the स प् यय -s

The 21 स प् यया are स   ु, औ , जस् ॥ अम् औट् शस् ॥ ट यम् भस् ॥ ङे यम् यस् ॥ सु यम् यस् ॥ ङस् ओस्

आम् ॥ ङ ओस् स प् ॥ 1.

 उपदेशऽे जन नसक  इत् causes इसं   of the nasalized इु and उु.

2.  [उपदेश]े  हलयम्  [इत्] causes इसं   of ट् and प्. 3.  [उपदेश]े  न  वभौ  त मा [ इता] prevents इसं   of त् and स्. 4.  [उपदेशे आदौ ] च टू   [इतौ ] causes इसं   of ज्, ङ् and ङ्. 5.  [उपदेशे आदौ ] लशतते causes इसं   of श्. 19.

 हलततपदक , पदसं   and जश् / चर्

 हलतपदन  require additional transformations of the end of the तपदकम्. This is accomplished by bringing about पदसं   of the desired portion. In the derivation of non स ट् यया 3 (the 16 affixes from शस् to स प्), we have पदसं   of the तपदक  portion through वदवसव नमथने  [पदम्], where सव नमथनं is defined as स ट् अनप ं सकय   [सव नमथनम्]. We can now modify the last हल् of the portion with पद - सं   as follows. Through  [पदय ] चा क ा [ झल 

अते च ], a letter of the  च - वग moves to the क - वग. In the वण मल , the letters are organized by य . Thus, the letter simply moves up in the diagram, and च् becomes क्, or ज् becomes ग् etc.

3

 नप ं सकलग  तपदकन  are not considered here. 9

 At this point, through  [पदय ] झलं जशऽते, it becomes a जश् letter -- i.e. the third among the वगय -

 नन . For letters in the कवग or चवग, we will end up with a ग्4. For letters in  ट, त and प, we end up with ट्, ड् and ब् respectively. With स   ु, we don’t have पदसं   of the तपदक  portion because स  ु does not have सव नमथन - सं  . Here, we have पद - सं   of the entire तपदकं + स   ु portion, and पदसं   of the तपदक  is established after causing the लप  of स   ु. First, उु is elided with उपदेशऽे जन नसक  इत्, and स् is elided through हय  स त यपृ ं  हल्  [लपा]. Now, through the same procedure described above,we have possible कवं followed by required जवम्. However, we also have an optional चर् form through  [सं हतयं] वऽवसने  [झलं चर्]. The चर् letters include the first among the  वगयनन  and the ऊमण  letters श , ष , स्. These two sets ( वगय॰ and ऊमन ) have slightly different या (as described in the थनपीडनकरणम्). Since the थनी  झल् omits the ऊमण  letters, the चर् आदेश  effectively becomes a चय्

आदेश,  though पणन doesn’t use the चय् यहर  in his text.

In स प् we have something similar to स. पदसं   happens through वदष असव नमथने resulting in

 जश्. The only difference is that  वऽवसने is replaced by खर  ca, since the तपदक  is still followed by स. The अन वृ ा is the same, giving us [ सं हतयं] खर  च   [झलं चर्]. Of the 6 different kinds of derivations found in the अययी , we have now laid the foundation for the first one. 20.

Why doesn’t पदसं   of वच् in वच् + ट  cause the form वग ?

In the सा of वयम्, the च् of वच् was changed to ग्. At the derivational step “वक्  + यम्”, the full unit is considered पदं through स ङतं पदं. In order to change क् to ग्, पद - सं   of वक् is also caused for this derivational step. Then, through झलं जशऽते, क् is changed to ग्. This पदसं   occurs by वदवसव नमथने. In the lesson, वच  was previously derived. ट  is also असव नमथनं, and thus, at the derivational

step “वक् + आ”, पदसं   of वक् should cause the form वग . There is an additional sutram यच भं (1.4.18) which follows स डनप ं सकय . It is an causes भ - सं   instead of पद - सं  , since the यया starts with an 4 For

अपवदा and

अच्. The sutra applies to यच् ( य् च 

a तपदक  ending with a letter from the  चवग, it first becomes क , and then becomes  ग्.

10

अच् च , यच्, समहरा ा.) Thus, वच् in the step वच् + आ  is not considered पदम्. Since the अधकरा of पदय  is required for झलं जशऽते, it only applies to पदं, and not to भम्. Thus, वच् + आ  becomes

 वच . In the TEM, भ - सं   is explained in lesson 19. 21.

Why doesn’t स गण् undergo changes like वच् etc, due to पद - सं  ?

 झलं जशऽते, and वऽवसने  [झलं चर्] both have a झल् as the थनी . Since the झर् omits all nasals ( ञम्) including ण्, these sutras do not apply. 22.

Why isn’t स गणु  the final form due to पू व  सम्?

Since  [पदय ] स - सज ष  ा comes under the अधकर  of पू व   सं, how can we go backwards and apply तय  लपा which is a वध - सू म्   ? There is a general principle called वचन - समय which states that nothing that पणन  said can be considered useless. Here, since the उु in ु  is अन नसक , it must serve some purpose. It can only be meaningful if we go back and apply तय  लपा. Thus, this is an exception to पू व   सम्. Elsewhere, the महभयं itself states अपवद  वचनसमय त् in a similar context, and we can understand all such instances as exceptions to  प व सम्. 23.

What does उपदेश  mean?

In the इत्- सं   करणं, उपदेश  makes an appearance. The भ मी - य  summarizes the views of the

 महभयं -- उपदेश  refers to the यहर - सू ण    , धत पठ , गणपठ , यय , आगम  and आदेश.  In each of these cases, the final  हल् gets इत्- सं  . Taking the example above, at the derivational step स गणु , we have the constituent parts स गण् +

अ  + ु . This happened throught he sutra ससज षा ा, where ु  was the आदेश.  Thus, ु  is also उपदेश , as a result of which, the final उु is termed इत्. 24.

 मूध  यदे  शा and आदेशययया.

आदेशययया has अन वृ ा of इका, अपदतय , सा, and मूध  या  . In व, the ककर  caused the change in the सकर  of the स प् यय . Similarly, letters from the  इण् यहर  also cause this change, as seen in अष, ग ष and पतृ ष.

11

25.

 व and the पदी 

When deriving व, we first form pada सं   of वच् when it is followed by स प्. Then with चा का and

 झलं जशऽते, we come to the derivation step वग् + स. In order to turn वग् into वक्, we have to apply खर  च , and in order to turn स into ष, we have to apply आदेशययया. A careful reading of the TEM shows that the ordering is  चा का (8.2.30), झलं जशऽते (8.2.38), आदेशययया (8.2.59) and finally खर  च  (8.4.54), which preserves the logic of  पू व   सम्. 26.

 हय  स तस अपृ ं हल् and लपा

Usually, when लपा of a term is enjoined, it is a  षतं पदं -- for example तय  लपा, where लपा means अदश नम्. However, in this case,  स तस , अपृ ं  and हल् are all थमत - पदन . Furthur लपा is defined as ल यते असौ  लपा, and this is effectively  कम ण - यगा.

 लपा has अन वृ ा from 6.1.64, where it has the regular meaning of अदश नम्. For some reason, it changes to कम ण  only with अन वृ ा in sutras 6.1.66-7. The reason for this difference is unclear. We have seen how the हल् condition in the सू      operates with हलतपदन  like स गण् and वच्. Similarly, the ङी  and आप् conditions work in रम  + स   ु = रम , नदी  + स  ु = नदी  etc. 27.

Exercises

Derive forms using various स प् affixes for the following  पतदक -s -- ऋवज्, बणज्, सरट्, मत्,

 सपद्, स प्, कक भ्, समध्, ध,्  स यध,् अन भ्, भ्, अमथ्, स लख्. 28.

Practice

In the थमवृ ा, look at the derivations of:

भग  + स  ु  वक् अधभज् + स  ु ॰ वच  ॰ वचा  वभा

page 657, vol 1

1.1.1

page 789, vol 1

1.2.41

page 790, vol 1

1.2.41

page 803, vol 1

1.3.7

page 805, vol 1

1.3.8

page 828, vol 1

1.4.18

 वृ रद च् अपृ   एकयया अपृ   एकयया  च टू   लशतते  वदवसव नमथने 12

In the derivations of भगा and अधभक् , ingore the portions of the derivations prior to the introduction of the affix  स   ु, as we have not learnt those सू ण    .

29.

Goal

Through पठ् + तप्, we are introduced to the general pattern of तङत -  प . It should be made clear that पठत isn’t particularly representative of the वद - गण , and भवत  is more representative. The सवधत क - सं   of शप् should be clearly indicated. The use of

अत  ग णे should be used to

explain पदत - सधा and अपदत - सधा and the overlap between them. झऽता and अत  दीघो  यञ  should be used to introduce the concept of अग . The focus should not be on the specifics of these two sutras, but on the general pattern. 30.

The derivation of तप् in वद - गणा

The धत पठा is known as भू वदा    since the भू- धता is the first root listed there. Through भू वदय   

धतवा, all ~2000 roots get धत- सं  , and as a result, we can access the सू ण     which require अधकरा of धता यया पर . Then, we can perform  परकरा of any इता that are found on the धता.  After choosing the लकरा like [धता यया पर ] व मने लु ट्, and removing अु ट् from लट् via the

 इपरकरण - सू ण    , we choose one of the तङ् affixes by [ लय ] तझ - सथथ - मवमस्॰. Like before, we have some सं   through तङा ीण  ीण  थममयममा, तन  एकवचन - दवचन - बवचनये कशा, and

 वभ  [ तङा स पा ीण  ीण ]. Out of the 18 तङ्- यया, the first 9 are said to be परम पदी  through the two sutras ला परम पदं and तङनवममे पदम्. The भू धत takes the परम पदं endings through

शे षत् कत र  परम पदम्. Now, we need to add the वकरण - यया inbetween the धता and the तङ् यया. Since the अधकरा of सवधतक ं is required, we use तशत् सवधतक,ं and then invoke it with [धता] कत र शप्

 [सवधतक]े . Note that here, अन वृ ा of धता does not come from the अधकर - सू ं  , and comes instead from an earlier सू     . This शप् affix applies to roots of the all गण -s by default (though other

13

 गण -s will invoke sutras that are exceptions to this). Once again, we do the परकरा of शप्, and  तङ्. This is the general pattern that is applicable to any verbal derivation. The वकरण - यया needs to be understood for each of the 10

धत- गण -s, which will be discussed

next. 31.

Why don’t we have लपा of ल् in लु ट्?

Through लशतते, the leading ल् is marked as an इत्, and is subsequently elided by तय  लपा.

However, in this case it doesn’t happen. The कौम दी  says उरणसमय त् लय  न  इवम्. In other words, if ल् is considered to be an इत्, the sutra तप्॰महङ्  can never apply, and would be wasted. Thus, पणन  could not have intended for ल् to have been considered an इत्. 32.

On कत र शप् and recursion

The sutra कत र शप्  [सवधतक]े enjoins the आदेश  of the शप् यय  before a term with  सवधत क  सं  . Since the शप् affix itself is  शत्, it is also सवधत क  according to तशत् सवधत कम्. Thus, कत र शप् could be applied to the previous शप् आदेश  as well, leading to an infinite number of

शप् terms.

Obviously this is undesireable, and we don’t proceed down this path. 33.

What does अगं mean?

अगं is defined as यमत् ययवधा, तदद  यये. In the derivation of पठत , we start with the धता  पठु. Then, in place of लट्, we have तप्. i.e. पठ् + तप्. Through क र शप्, we have पठ् + शप् + तप्. Here, both शप् and तप् are यया that comes after धता. Everything starting with the portion after which the affix is enjoined, is considered अगं, including portions that intervene. Here, both

शप्

and तप् are enjoined after धता. Thus, पठ् is अगं that comes before शप्. At the same time,  पठ् +

शप् is also अगं that comes before तप्. This may be easier to understand with the derivation of [अगय ] अत  दीघो  यञ   [सवधतक]े . Here, we know that this sutra causes the elongation of the

अ  in पठ् + अ  + म . However, the थनी  here

is the अकरत -अग . Thus, even though तप् came after पठ्, the entire intervening portion, starting with पठ् itself (i.e. पठ् + अ ) is an

अग  with relation to मप्. 14

The concept of अगं is not specific to verbal affixes, or the derivation of verbal forms. It applies to anything after which an affix is enjoined. As we will see in lesson 24,  प ष  is termed as अगं in the derivation step प ष  + ट  (since the स प्- यया are enjoined after a तपदकम्). This is important to derive the final form,  प षे ण . 34.

 झऽता, अवयव  and आदा

There are a couple of caveats that go along with झऽता. Firstly, though the  थमवृ ा shows the

अन वृ ा of आदेा, the कशक  and कौम दी  disagree. The तवबधनी  in particular explains this. Secondly, why do the वृ ीा include अवयवय ? In some cases, we have आगम  like आट् that precedes झ , and the entire आट् + झ् + ॰ is considered to be the यय . Does अवयव  is specifically brought out in the वृ ीा. 35.

Why are there two sutras with

धता in contiguous sections?

३।१।७

धता कम णा समनकतृ   कदछयं व  ( सन् यय )

३।१।२२

धतरेकच  हलदेा यसमभहरे यङ्

३।१।९१

धता

Three sutras are listed above. In the first sutra, धता has no अन वृ  , and is required to form the

 सन् यय . Following this, we have two sutras -- धता has अन वृ ा from 3.1.22 to 3.1.90, and the अधकर  from 3.1.91 to 3.4.117. It seems like अन वृ   would suffice, and the अधकर  sutra is redundant. 3.1.91 is immediately followed by  तपपदं समीथं (३।१।९२) which provides उपपद - सं   for all words in समी - वभ  within this अधकर . This is desired only for the scope of this

अधकर , and

not for the scope of the previous अन वृ  . The word धता is repeated and followed by त  to highlight this difference. Note that त  has अन वृ   as a result of which other sutras are also scoped to this section. For example,

कृदतङ् is also scoped to this section.

Sutras which simply fall after 3.1.91 are not scoped to this section. In 3.4.113 we have तङ्- शत्

 सवधतक ं [धता यया पर  ] and 3.4.114 आधधतकं शे षा which provides सवधत क  and आधधत क  सं   wherever there is the presence of धता. 15

36.

Excercises

Practice the derivations of all forms of तङ्, for each of the following धतवा, all of which are in the

वदगणा -- अट्, कूज,्  ग, , .

37.  An extra lesson The concept of ग ण  / ग णनषेध,  as well as how this related to the  वकरण - यय  should not be buried within these lessons, but should be explicitly brought out right at the beginning. Sutras that are common to many गण -s, like प गतलघू पधय     च , शे षं आधधतक ं should also be brought out up front. (The TEM attempts to do this, but here, we make it explicit). In addition, the focus of this extra lesson is not on the derivation of all the तङ् forms of the various गण -s, but is on the derivation of the तप् forms of the गण -s. Rather than pick the first

धत of each गण , we pick a more

representative धत. This “extra lesson” does not add any new material, but only rearranges material to first establish the general framework. 38.

Lesson Outline

 After finishing lesson 12, first derive शत  to understand प गतलघू पधय     च  within the context of

वदगण . Then, reinforce the concept of  ग ण  with the sutras अदेङ ् ग णा and इक  ग णवृ ी . Now introduce ग ण - नषेध  with ङत  च , and link this to known यय -s like  , वत् and contrast this other यय -s like शतृ. Now, explain the

अतदेश  with सवधत कमपत्.

Now, explain the concept of गण -s, and गण - यय -s. Derive the following forms, in order to establish a framework of गण -s. Look at त दत , क यत , स नत , and तनत  to understand ग ण , ङवं,

आधधत कवम्. After this is done, bring out these same forms with the  तस् यय  to bring out the role of पत् within the तङ् यय -s. The details of these derivations are present in lessons 12-14, but should be taught separately, before getting into the detailed derivations for each गण .

16

39.

 ग णा and वृ ा

From here on, ग ण  and वृ   play crucial roles, and need to be understood. As we have seen before, only the व  form of a vowel is given in the  महेरसू ण    , but represents all the 18 varieties. When पणना specifically wants to mention a vowel with a given length, he uses the त -

 करा to indicate it like अत्, आत् etc.  ग ण  is defined with अदेङ ् ग णा i.e. अ , ए  and ओ . Similarly वृ   is defined with वृ ा आत् ऐच् i.e. आ , ऐ  and औ . In the अययी , replacements by either ग ण  and वृ   are prescribed in many places, and these should only be understood as comin in place of the इक् letters इ , ई , उ , ऊ , ऋ , ऋ  and ऌ  with the परीभष  sutra इक  ग णवृ ी  (१।१।३). There are also a standard set of exceptions that have been defined. With the sutra ङत  च , whenever we have proximity with the क्, ग् or ङ् इता, prescribed ग ण  or वृ   don’t take place. In the derivation of verbal forms, it is a more restricted set. With  सवधत कम् अपत्  [कत्], we have an extension (अतदेश-  सू     ). i.e. when a सवधत क  affix follows a root, and the इत् प् doesn’t, prescribed

 ग ण  / वृ  don’t take place. This is described for each  गण  in a later note. 40.

What is the ग ण  substitute of ऋ ?

 ग ण  is defined as अ , ए , or औ . However, in the case of  ऋ  (or ऌ ) we invoke the परभष  sutra उरण्  रपरा. According to this sutra, when  ऋ  is replaced by an अण् letter (अ , इ  or उ ), it is followed by a र  यहर  letter (i.e. र् or ल्). Thus, the possible ग ण -आदेशा for ऋ  are actually अर्, अल्, ए  and ओ . The letter ऋ  is a मूध   या   letter. Of the possible replacements, the only substitute that contains a मूध  य   effort is अर्, since अ  is का and र् is मूध   या  . Thus, the ग ण  substitute of ऋ  is अर्. Please see note #79 as well. 41.

Other features common to many गण -s

By [अगय ] सवधत कधधत कया [ ग णा], the ग ण  is prescribed for any portion that precedes

 सवधतक,ं i.e. what precedes the  शत् (any वकरणयय  with an indicatory श्) and any तङ् affix.

17

With [अगय  सवधतक]े अत  दीघो  यञ , what precedes व् and म् from वस् and मस् have their short अ  (from some वकरण - यय -s) replaced with a long आ . 42.

What is the relationship between

शप् and the other affixes यन् etc?

यन् etc. are अपवदा of शप्. In reality, शप् does not apply in the derivation process of गणा other than वदगना (with the exception of अददगणा and ज हयदगणा, where लक ् / ल लपा of शप् occurs). Otherwise, due to the  परभष , ययलपे ययलणं, all of the affixes would be considered

 पत्, and ङत्-अतदेशा of the वकरणयया could never occur. Consequently, in place of स नत , we would be required to form सनत . Even in the case of अददगणा and ज हयदगणा, where लक ् and ल of शप् occurs, पत्- लणं does not remain due to the परभष , न  ल मतगय . Both of these परभष  are explained in lesson 20. 43.

What are सवधत क  / आधधत क  ?

Through तशत् सवधतक,ं all the 18-affixes तङ् are सवधतक.ं In addition, any

 वकरणयया with

5

an indicatory श् are also सवधतक.ं Thus, शप्, यन्,   etc are सवधतक,ं while only उ  and णच् are not. The sutra following तशत् सवधतक,ं namely, आधधतकं शे षा defines all other affixes under the अधकर  of धता as having 44.

आधधत क - सं  .

In इक  ग णवृ ी  why do we have अन वृ ा of ग ण  and वृ ा?

This अन वृ ा is brought down to indicate that this परभष  only applies when आदेश  with a ग ण  or

 वृ ा is brought about by the word ग ण  or वृ ा themselves. i.e. if ओ  is specified as the आदेश,  the  परभष  will not apply, even though ओ  is a ग ण  letter. The word ग ण  itself should have been used in order to apply this परभष . 45.

How does ग णनषेधा work?

 ग णा occurs whenever we have an appropriate अच् (i.e. इक्) at the end of a धता, or in its उपध . It also occurs whenever the वकरणयया ends in an appropriate अच् (i.e. इक्). However, whenever

5 The

 वकरण - यया is the affix that comes inbetween a धता and its तङ् endings. i.e. शप् or its अपवदा. 18

the portion that follows has an indicatory ङ्, or is a सवधतकं which doesn’t have an indicatory प्, the ग णा is prohibited. In the case of भू  + शप् + ॰, the ग णा of the धता can always occur, since the

 वकरणयया has a प् (and ग णनषेधा therefore, never happens). Thus, in the derivational step स + (श्) न + त ( प्), we see that both the

धता and the वकरणयया

end in suitable letters, and through ग णा, the form सनत  might be formed. Now,  ग णनषेधा should be considered. Since the वकरणयया  is सवधतक,ं and doesn’t have an indicatory प्, it is termed as ङत्. Thus, it prevents  ग णा of स. ग णा of न, on the other hand, is not prohibited, since what follows is a सवधतक ं with an indicatory प्. Thus, we have  स + न  + त  = स नत . 46.

When does ग णा of the धता / वकरयया occur?

If what follows is

आधधतक ं (आ ), ग णा of the धता always occurs. On the other hand, if it is followed

by सवधतक ं ( स ), ग णा occurs when it is followed by पत्. What follows are an explanation for all the गण -s. Please note that this includes information that will be covered in lessons 12-13.

वदया अददया

भवत  अ 

शप्  स   ग णा occurs since शप् is पत् शप् + लक्  स  Since there is elision of शप्, the धता is directly followed by the affixes. Thus,  ग णा occurs for तप्, सप् and मप्  ज हयदया  ज हत  शप् + ल  स  Same as अददया above. ग णा occurs for तप्, सप्, मप्  ददया  दीत  यन्  स   ग णा does not occur, since यन् is अपत् i.e. ङत्  वदया  स नत    स   ग णा does not occur, since  is अपत् i.e. ङत्  त ददया  त दत  श   स   ग णा does not occur, since श  is अपत् i.e. ङत्  धदया  ण  म्  स   ग णा does not occur, since  नम् is not suitable for ग णा  तनदया  तनत   उ  आ   ग णा does occur, since उ  is आधधत कम् यदया  णत     स   ग णा does not occur, since   is अपत् i.e. ङत्  च रदया  चरयत   णच् + शप् आ   ग णा does occur, since णच् is आधधत कम्

On the other hand, ग णा of suitable वकरणयया (end in इक्) occur for the terminations तप्, सप् and मप्. This occurs for

 and उ . Here,  is सवधतक ं and उ  is आधधतक.ं However , it doesn’t

matter, since ग णा occurs to the अगं when it is followed by सवधत कधधत कया. Since तप्, सप्,

 मप् are सवधतक,ं  ग णा of these यया does occur. 19

47.

 त  च  and नम - समी 

The थमवृ   for त  ca specifically mentions that the  समी  is नम - समी . Due to आदेा परय , if

 समी  is understood as पर - समी , the इत् has to follow the थनी . In the case of सवधत कधधत कया there is no problem. However, with प गतलघू पधय     च , what follows the थनी  is the last letter of the

अग  itself, while ङत् applies to what follows the अग . Therefore, पर - समी  cannot apply. In order to ensure that ग ण - नषेध  also applies to प गतलघू पधय     च , the समी  is specifically called out as

 नम - समी . This is really a matter of terminology as pointed out in the  तवबधनी . It does mention how समधनं can be achieved while continuing to think about this समी  as पर - समी  by carefully qualifying अगय  with सधपतय . In both cases, 48.

आदेा परय  is not strictly adhered to.

Excercises

First, practice the derivations of all forms of  तङ्, mixing and matching with all the following

धतवा, all of which are in the वदगणा -- अच्  ,  श्, कृष्, गज, तृ, य त्, च ब्, य, बक्, बध,्  ल, सृ, वद्, मृ, and सृ प्. Now, practice the derivations of the following forms, only with the तप् or तस् यय .

 दवद - गणे -- कप्, ध्, त ष्,   , प ष्, सध्,    त दद - गणे --  ट्, मृश्, लख्, वश्, सृ ज्, ि ट्  वदगणे -- स, च , स , तृ, आप्, शक्  तनदगणे -- तन्, कृ

49.

Goal

Note: For an introductory course on पणनीय - करणं, lessons 12-15 (with the exception of

 चरयत ) are of limited interest. The general model has already been communicated with what we have seen thus far, and with the exception of अयस , these lessons are clearly focused on minor details. It may be worth skipping these lessons until the end of the course.

20

This lesson shows the full   प  of one धत in दवद , त दद  and वद  गण -s. It is best if you have first gone through the extra lesson 11b, which establishes the general framework of what we are trying to accomplish.  After lesson 11b, we already know how to derive all the forms of the दवद - गण  with representative धत-s like क प्. At this stage, introduce  हल  च  which brings about the elongation in

 दीत . The त दद - गण  has been fully covered in lesson 11b. For the वद - गण , first show the derivation of the

आपॢ धत. When deriving आ वत , this requires

the sutra अच धतयं वरयङवङौ  (६।४।७७) which is not covered in the TEM. Then, for the optional form स वा, we have the sutra  लपयतरयं वा. Once all the forms of आप् have been derived, introduce  वा सवधतक े as an exception to अच धतयं॰, which results in स वत  rather than स न वत . The तनद - गण  can optionally be introduced in this lesson itself, since it requires no new sutras. Only 4 sutras are introduced in this class, which allows time to digest the यपद -  प . 50.

Why doesn't त मा protect the last letter in यन्?

Even though the न् is in the त - वग, the इत्- नषेध  by न  वभौ  त मा requires वभ - सं   through

 वभ  [ तङा स पा]. Since यन् is neither तङ् nor स प्, it is not a वभ , and thus undergoes लप  through हलयम्. 51.

In the derivation of स वत , why do we need  वा सवधतक े for यण्- सधा?

We have already learnt that यण्- सधा can be effected by इक  यणच . At the derivation step स + न + अत, why doesn’t this sutram suffice (just like it does in the derivation of

तवत )?

The author provides the derivation of the first धता in each गणा, to make the substitution of the

 वकरण - यया easy to understand. Perhaps a different धता like आलृ would have been a better choice here. आलृ (आत ) also belongs to the वदगणा. However, from the equivalent derivation step आप् + न + अत , we have to form

आ वत . If इक  यण् अच  were applied, we would end up with

21

the undesirable form आवत . We apply अच धत वं   वा इयुङ-् उवु ङौ  (6.4.77), and the उ  of  is replaced by उवुङ.् Thus, we have आप् + न व् + अत  = आ वत . In the same way,

अच धत वं   वा इयु ङ व ङौ  ु  should apply in the derivation of स + न + अत . But, if

this were applied, we would once again end up with an undesirable fo rm, namely स न वत . Thus,

  वा सवधतक,े is an अपवदा, which applied due to अने कचा असं यगपू व  य . Unlike आप् which is  हलता, स is अजता. Thus, स+ न becomes असं यगपू व  य , and the result is once again यण्. In short, in the derivation of स वत , at first glance,  इक  यण् अच  should apply. However, this is preempted by अच धत वं   वा इयङवङौ . And this second सू ं   is also preempted by  वा

 सवधतक े ! 52.

In the derivation of ज हष , how does आदेश -ययया apply?

आदेश -ययया has अन वृ   of इका, and we have seen the impact that का has on व. Here, at the stage ज ह  + स , we must apply this sutram. It cannot be applied earlier, because this sutra is in the पदी . How does इण् (अ , इ , उ ) include ओ ? The यहर  इण् actuallys grabs the second णत् from the महेरसू ण    . Thus, it actually includes

अ , इ , उ , ऋ , ऌ , ए , ओ , ऐ , औ , ह , य , व , र , ल्. Thus, it includes the ओ - कर , and we have our नम  for अपदतय  सा मूध  या  , which results in ज हष .

53.

Goal

Before starting on this lesson, the   प  from previous lessons should be clear. If not, this lesson will result in an overload of material, and ultimately, confusion. The derivation of तनत  can be included in lesson 12 itself, and can be shown here as revision, since it requires no additional sutras.

22

Instead of णत , first use the

धत अश् to derive अत , without the complication of णवम्. This

requires 2 new sutras, हयघा and यतयरता. Now, णत  can be introduced with रषयं न 

 णा समनपदे. Deriving the forms of

अद् is simple. The notion of लक ् and लपा should be introduced. The rest is

straightforward, since it is accomplished by  खर  च  which we already saw in the derivation of व. The major concept in this lesson is the reduplication introduced in ज हयद  forms. This will take the bulk of the time for the lesson. 54.

Why don’t ज वा and ज मा have optional forms ज वा and ज ा?

With स न वा and स न मा, we have elision of the last उ  through लपा अयतरयं वा. This has the

अन वृ   of ययय असं यगय . Since न is a part of the affix , it can be elided. However,   is the धता itself, and not a यया, and thus, no elision takes place. 55.

In the derivation of ज हत , how is   replaced with ज in the अयसा?

 After the reduplication, we have   +   + त , and the sutra कहा causes the replacement of    with च - वगा. From Table 1 (page 7), ह  is महणा and घषा. Amongst the letters of the  च - वगा, only

 झ  is महणा and घषा. Thus, we have झ +   + त . Now, we apply अयसे चर् च   [झलं जश्]. The sutra does replaces vowels with  चर् or जश्, which are incompatible with each other. The लघ-

 कौम दी  says झशं जशा, खयं चर् इत  ववे का. i.e.

the first and second columns of the वगय - नन 

are replaced by चर्. The first, third and fourth columns are replaced by जश्. i.e. अघष  and घष  terms are replaced by like terms. In our case, झ  is a घषा which is clearly replaced by जश् using थनेऽतरतमा. Thus, we replace  झ् with ज् and end up with ज + ह  + त  = ज हत . 56.

Why aren't the गणवकरण  sutras for अदद  and ज हयद  गण -s under the अधकर  of धता?

 All the गण - वकरण  यय -s have either सवधत क  or आधधत क  सं  . However, in the case of these two गण -s, all that we seek to do is cause the  लप  of शप् which was affixed through क र शप्. In the case of सवधत क  and आधधत क , the वृ ा clearly specifies 23

धता वहता यया, as a result of

which धता must be explicitly specified in the sutra. However, in the case of these two  गण -s, since we don't seek to apply these sutras, this is not required. As a result it can be inferred. By placing these sutras prior to धता यया पर , पणन  is able to make use of the

अन वृ   of लक ् for

the अददगण  and then ues the अन वृ   of ला for the ज हयद - गणा.

57.

Goal

The goal here is to understand the last two गण -s. ध् appears needlessly complicated. In our opinion, it is better to first derive the forms of the  भदर् धत, which is more representative of this

 गण , and then show the peculiarities of ध्. In our opinion, the ध् धत should be skipped altogether. It serves no purpose here. 58.

In the derivation of ध् + म् + मप्, why do we have णम  and not णम ?

This appears to be a typo. There are discrepancies between the forms given in the Hindi and English versions of the TEM text. Unfortunately, for the forms of the  ध् + लट्, neither edition is error free. According to us, the correct form is णम . Both the बृ हत पवला and बृ हत क स मकरा only show the forms after the elision (which was accomplished by झर  झर  सवण  [हला लपा अयतरयम्]). i.e. ण , धा, धत ॥ णस , धा, ध ॥

 णम , वा, मा ॥ For some reason, these books do not show the optional forms prior to elision. [ Is this because they do not accept the

अन वृ ा of अयतरयं, thus making the elision

mandatory? ] M.R. Kale shows both forms, as described here. For तप्, ण  is formed, and there is no elision, since द् is not preceded by a हल्. For तस्, थस् and थ  we have ा and   with optional forms धा and ध . For झ , have ध् + अत  = धत . There is no सव णा or subsequent elision. Similarly, with मप्, वस् and मस्, there is no सवण, and no elision.

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Showing the derivation for मप्, we have ध् + म् + मप्  नध् + म  नम  णम . Thus, following the method and sutras shown in the TEM, the forms are  – ण , ा / धा, धत ॥

 णस , ा / धा,   / ध ॥ णम , वा, मा॥ 59.

In the derivation of ध् + म् + लट्, when does the elision of ध् occur?

The optional elision only occurs when you have a सवणा झर् preceded by हल्. In the derivation of

 ध्, it’s form with the म् यया is नध्. None of the तङ् endings begin with a ध् which would allow for सवण elision with झर  झर  लपा [ हला अयतरयम्]. However, with the sutra झषा तथा धा अधा, तङ् endings which begin with त् or थ् are changed to ध्. i.e. this is only applicable to four यया, namely तप्, तस्, थस् and थ . But, in order for ध् to be preceded by हल्, we need लपा of म्’s अ - करा by सा अलपा [ ङत  सवधतक]े . Since तप् is not

 ङत्, it’s अ  is not elided, and the optional elision does not occur. Thus, the optional elision only occurs for remaining three affixes – तस्, थस् and थ , each of which is ङत्. As a result of the elision of

अ  for the ङत् affixes, ध् is preceded by a हल् (i.e. न्). Since ध्

are adjacent सवण झर् letters, the elision occurs optionally. 60.

Why are the forms of  धद - गणा so complicated?

In reality, this गणा is no more difficult that the forms of other  गणा. The peculiarities are the addition of न  (म्) within the धता, and elision of its अ  for the ङत् forms. However, for the  ध् धता, this is combined with णवं, the change of त् from तप् with a new sutra, and optional reduplication everywhere, which complicates matters. Let us take a different example from the same गणा – भदर् ( भद्). Because of सधा, the final द् becomes त् before most तङ् endings through खर  च . And, we easily end up with the final forms –

 भन , भता / भत् ता, भदत ॥ भनस , भथा, भथ ॥ भन , भा, भा ॥ Let us look at the full derivation. For तप्, we have भनद् + त . Through खर  च , we have भन . For तस्, we have भनद् + तस्. Again, we have खर  च , and elision of अ  through सरलपा giving

 भत् ता. Through झर  झर  लपा, we have optional elision, results in two forms – भत् ता and भता.

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For झ , we get भनद् + अत , and with mandatory elision of अ , we have भदत . With सप्, the

elision doesn’t occur resulting in भनस . Again, with the next two we have भथा and भथ . Since त् and थ  are not सवण, झर  झर  लपा does not apply. For मप्, like तप् and सप्, we have

 भन . Since म् is not खर्, द् ( झल्) does not change to त् ( चर्). And, for वस् and मस्, we have भा and भा respectively. Again, in both cases,  व् and म् are not खर्, and the final द् remains as is. With this गणा, a few things happen – न  moves into the धता, and can change into अन वरा, or णवं can occur. Also, the last letter of the

धता is not followed by a वरा, and हल्- सधा can apply.

 भदर् is an easier धता since it does not contain any cause for अन वरा or णवम्. Furthur, सधा occurs via खर  च , which is a सू ं    that we are familiar with from previous derivations. 61.

In सरलपा, shouldn’t सा be सा?

Yes, however this is an exception as noted in the थमवृ ा -- ा च अस् च सा (शकधदवत्). 62.

सा अलपा and अस्-धता

Note the inclusion of the common

अस्-धता in the sutram सा अलपा. Again, the distinction

between ङत् and अङत् is important, and the three

अङत् affixes, i.e. पत् affixes, are treated

differently (excluded from the लपा). Thus, we have अत , ता, सत ॥ अस , था, थ ॥ अम , वा, मा

॥ With this sutram, and the standard application of the शप् वकरण - यया, we can form all 9 forms of the अस्-धता in लट्- लकरा ! 63.

 चरयत  and सनता धतवा

In the derivation of चरयत , च र् + णच्  चर् + इ  = चर  is considered सनता. Thus, it becomes

धता, and चर  + शप् + तप्  चरयत . There are 11 such affixes with start with सन्. It starts with  ग का सन् (3.1.5) and continues until णङ् indicated by कमे णङ् (3.1.30). Following this,  सनता धतवा (3.1.32) defines these यया ( सनता) as धतवा. Since णच् is defined in this group by सयपप ॰ च रदय  णच् (3.1.25 which is between 3.1.5 and 3.1.32), whatever ends in

 णच् (in our case चर ) is also considered to be a धता..

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64.

आयतया आता and अच 

Please note that since this is followed by ई  हयघा, the sutra effectively contains derivation of ञ्, for example, 65.

अच . In the

आयतया आता only applies when it is followed by झ , i..e अत .

Exercises

Having gone through the derivation of यपदन  from each गणा in the ललकरा, it is interesting to

peruse through a book on verbal forms, and see how much we’ve learned. You might notice that a धता with an इ - करा इत् ends up with a न - करा inside the धता (e.g. नद 

 नदत ). With the sutra इदत  न  ु म् धता (7.1.58), न  ु म् comes after the धता if it contains a व - इ - करा as इत्. In न   ु म्, Both उु and म् are इत्, leaving न्. Due to the indicatory म्, using the परभष ,

 मदचयत् परा, (which was used with the म् यया), न् is placed after the last vowel of the धता. Thus, नद  (वद ) becomes नदत , पथ  ( च र द ) becomes पथयत , etc. 66.

 सा from the थमवृ ा

Look at the derivations of the following. In the derivations of कृ-धता and -धता, note the similarities to what we have already learnt. Ignore the new peculiarities.

 जयत   पचत   चन ता ॰ स न ता  चवत   भन   ण   मत   शषत   ज हत   क ता ॰ कव त   दीत 

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1.1.2

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1.1.5

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1.1.46

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अदेङ ् ग णा अदेङ ् ग णा  ङत  च   ङत  च   ङत  च   मदचऽयत् परा  मदचऽयत् परा  मदचऽयत् परा

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3.1.69

 ययय  लश ल पा  सवधत कम् अपत्  सवधत कम् अपत्  दवदया यन् 27

 स नत   वीत  ॰ वीष  ॰  वत 

67.

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 वदया ा   वा पन॰   वा पन॰   वा पन॰

Goal

These are short lessons that enumerate a handful of sutras. Students who have some grasp over spoken सं कृत ं will be able to quickly grasp the underlying concept. It is worth spending some time on each of the सू     -s. Since these lessons are short and light on details, a few additional points are given in these notes. Even so, both lessons can be completed in a single class. 68.

 करके

There is a some difference of opinion in understanding this sutra, and what is means. The

 कशक , तवबधनी  and महभयं each go into detail in this subject. There are a few points: Whether of not terms like

अपदनं get करक - सं  . Different texts (e.g. तवबधनी , महभयं) differ on

the subject, and it's not worth splitting hairs. In लौकक - करणं, it is understood as having करक -

 सं  , and there's no reason to explicitly dispell that notion.  करके should be understood as ययं सत  / यसौ , i.e. it is यवय . Thus, it should not be taken merely as नध रण - समी  which has अन वृ ा.

 यसौ  applies to करकण  that are generally understood as कत (be it वता of परता). For example, we have धनकत, करणकत and अधकरणकत, with the examples  दे वदा पचत , थली 

 पचत  and इधनं पचत . On the other hand, ययं सत  is applicable for the remaining करकण , due to the असवं of कत even though there are some counter-examples like मे घत् व त् वतते and मे घा वतते.

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69.

 करक  and वभ 

 करक  in this context refers to words that are directly bound to the  यपदं, and not to other words in the sentence. In particular, सं बध -शी  and उपपद - वबया are excluded. Furthur, words first gain some kind of करक - सं   ( क, कम etc) followed by a वभ  in practice. Let us look at the following two sentences रमा कटं करत  and रमे ण  कटा यते. In both sentences रम  has कतृ   - सं  , and कट  has

 करण - सं  . Yet, in the first sentence,  कट  takes तीयवभ , while in the second, it takes  थमवभा. In this lesson, we look at the straightforward कत र - यग . 70.

अनभहते

अनभहते means अन े . As described above, a given करक  may be used in other prayogas ... in these cases, the वभ  is overriden. Thus, sutras under the

अधकर  of अनभहते express

themselves only when the वभ  has not already been expressed elsewhere. This is relevant not only for straightforward expressions of  वभ , but also in cases when the वभ  is implicitly hidden. For example, in a समत - पदं, the words took स प्- यय -s for which लप  occured. These are also excluded from regaining a particular वभ - सं   through अनभहते. For additional details, see Ram Nath Sharma's commentary. 71.

Excercises

There are only a few new sutras that were introduced in these lessons, and their application is relatively straghtforward. Depending on the वव , the requisite वभ  for each future सबत - पद  is determined. At this point, using वभ  and तये कवचन - वचन - बवचनन  एकशा, we can continue with the पद -  पा. With the वव  that one would expect, derive the following sentences. Derive the नम - पद  and

 य - पद  when possible. 

 रम  + हत  + पठु (वदौ )



 स लख् + लख  (वदौ )

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Determine the करकवं of the नमपदन  in the following sentences: रमा लमणय  हते न  थे पठं

अन लखत। हता अन लखत।

72.

Goal

It may be better to teach new सं  -s at the end of the lessons, as indicated by the author in his note after lesson 21. At this point in time, it is better to review / teach all  सं  -s that are directly referenced by sutras that we have used. i.e. (१) वृ   (२) ग ण  (३) सं यग , (४) अन नसक  (५) सवण, (१५)

 वभष  (१७) लप  (१८) लक ् (१९) ल (२०) ल प् (२२) उपध  (२४) व  (२५) दीघ (२६) ल त  (३०) अपृ   (३२)  उपसज न  (३३-४) तपदक  (३५) धत (३६) इत् (३९) लघ (४०) ग   (४१) अग  (४२) पद  (४३) भ  (४७) परम पद  (४८) आमने पद  (४९) थम  (५०) मयम  (५१) उम  (५२) एकवचन  (५३) वचन  (५४) बवचन  (५५) वभ  (५६) सं हत  (५७) अवसन  (६२) कृत् (६४) सवधत क  (६५) आधधत क , (**) अपदन , सदन , करण , कम, क,

अयीभव , तप ष , बीह ,  , and तत . 73.

 त यय - यं सवण म्

Letters that have the same

आयं (place of utterance) and यं (effort) are considered सवण.

Examples of the आयं are कठ , तल etc. Efforts are of two kinds:

आयतर  and ब . This sutra only

considers आयतर efforts, and not ब  efforts. This is important because it forms the basis of the

 परभष  sutra अण दत् सवण य  चयया which we will see shortly. 74.

 वरमऽवसनम्

The TEMOLAT somewhere (page number ???) describes अवसनं in two ways: (a) it is the pause that follows the last letter of a word, or (b) it is the last letter of a final word. The  महभयं has a rather lengthy discussion on the subject starting with " इदं वचय ते -- अभव  ववसन - लणं यद्,

 वरम  वे त ", but doesn't pick one point of view over the other. Taking वऽवसने  [झलं चर्] as an example, we could phrase this in two ways: (a) a  झल् letter which is followed by a pause is replaced optionally by चर्, or (b) a झल् letter which occurs in a pause is

30

replaced optionally by चर्. In both cases, the application of the sutra remains the same. As a result, furthur discussion is better left to professional grammarians. 75.

Does घ - सं   apply only to ीलग  words?

By यू ययौ  नदी  (1.4.3), ीलगपदन  ending in ई  or ऊ  are termed नदी . The sutras that follow, 1.4.4 – 1.4.6 furthur define and restrict नदी . Finally, we have घ - सं   by शे ष  घ -असख   [वा] (1.4.7). Amongst ीलगपदन , those that end in व  इ  or उ  and are not known as नदी . Also all

 प ं लग  and नप ं सकलग  words that end in व  इ  or उ  are known as घ . Thus, घ  can apply to words in all three लगा. 76.

What is the purpose of understanding sutras 4.1.162, 4.1.163 and 4.1.172 at this time?

We don’t know. Presumably, the सं   of गं etc. will be used in Part 2 of the TEM book. It doesn’t seem particularly important at this stage, and probably could have been introduced later.

77.

Goal

The point here is to teach परभष  that are directly invoked in sutras that we have used. In some cases, it is useful to teach additional sutras to complete the topic. The following sutras will be easy to teach since they relate to concepts that the students already apply unknowingly -- (२)

 इक  ग णवृ ी , (५) षी  थने यग , (६) थनेऽतरतमा, (७) उरण् रपरा, (८) अलऽयय  (९) ङ , (१०) आदेा  परय , (११) अने कशत् सव य , (१२) ययलपे ययलणं, (१३) न  ल मतगय , (१४) तमत  नदे  पू व  य , (१५) तमदय रय , (१६) वं पं शदयशदसं  , (१७) अण दत् सवण य  चयया, (१८)  तपरतकलय  (१९) आदरये न  सहे त , (२०) ये न  वधतदतय , (२१) अच , (२२) यथसं यमन देशा समनम्, (२४) वतषेध े परं कय म्.

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78.

In the explanation of the परभष , many sutras are referenced by number only . . .

They are important only because they explain the परभष  sutra under discussion. If you understand the परभष, good enough. If you don’t understand it, you might want to take a quick look at the example sutra in the थमवृ ा. Don’t spend too much time on it. 79.

In the sutram उरण् रपरा, how does उा refer to ऋ ?

Just as the षी - वभा of पतृ is पता, मतृ is मता etc, the 6.1 form of  ऋ  is उा. The थमवृ ा also explains उा as ऋ - वण- थने. For a discussion about अण्, please see note #100. 80.

When does replacement of a single letter / entire term occur?

In note #51, we discussed the derivation of

आ वत . At the derivational step आप् + न + अत , न is

to be replaced by उव्(अुङ)् through the sutra अच धत वं   वा इयु ङवु ङौ . Since उव् consists of more than one letter, through the परभष , अने कशत् सव य , the undesirable form आप वत  would be formed. However, we wish for the  न् to stay. Phrased differently,  उव् should only replace the last letter of न. This is accomplished with  ङत् and the परभष  sutra ङ , which restricts the substitution to the last letter of the थनी . Thus, we have आत . When the परकृत आदेश  consists of a single letter, it normally replaces a single letter through

अलऽयय . When it consists of multiple letters, it normally replaces the entire  थनी  through अने कशत् सव य . When the opposite is desired, the ङ् and श् markers results in the replacement of the last letter and entire थनी  respectively through the sutras ङ , and अने कशत् सव य . 81.

In तपरतकलय , why is तपरा interpreted as both बीहा and तप षा?

By the बीहा definition, the vowel that precedes the ट् is limited to a given length. By the  तप षा definition, the vowel that comes after  ट् is limited to a given length. Thus, in the very first sutram,

 वृ रद च्, आद च् is seen as आट् + टच.् By the बीहा तपरा, the vowel that precedes ट्, i.e. आ  is limited to the दीघा variety (i.e.

 वा and ल ता are not considered). Similarly, by the तप षा तपरा,

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the vowel that comes after  ट्, i.e. ऐच् ( ऐ  and ओ ) are limited to the दीघा variety (i.e. ल ता is not considered). The बीहा usage (i.e. अट्, आट् etc. ) is the one used primarily in the 82.

अययी .

अलऽयय  / ये न  वधतदतय 

Though the domain of these sutras is different, they sometimes seem very similar. The first sutra is applicable in the थनी , while the second sutra gives us the relationship between the

 थनी  ( वशे यं) and its वशे षणं (if such an adjective is specified). Let us look at the example given in the थमवृ ा, अच  यत् [धता] ३।१।९७. Here, धता is the थनी , and अचा is an adjective that describes the धता. In these cases, the adjective is understood to come at the end of the कय थनं, i.e. it becomes अजतय धता. This was accomplished by  ये न 

 वधतदतय . Thus, the थनी  is the अजत -धत. Similarly, in अत  दीघो  य  [अगय ], the अग  is described by अता, and we have the meaning

अकरतय अगय  दीघो भवत . What does the दीघ देश replace? Does it replace the entire अग ? To answer this question, we have the परभष  sutra अलऽतय  which states that the comes in the place of the last letter. In this case, it will replace the

आदेश , by default,

अकर  that is the last letter in

the अग . See note #80 to see the exceptions to this rule. 83.

What are the extra परभष - सू ण     at the end of lesson 21

Read them in the थमवृ ा if you wish. Understanding them is not necessary at this point.

84.

Why doesn’t पू व  सं cause the inapplicability of हश  च  after ससज षा ा?

The sutra सस षा ा occurs in the पदी  portion of the अययी  after which sutras like  हश  become inapplicable. However, without the application of ससज षा, we cannot derive our desired form. The भ मी  य  exaplains that we must overlook  पू व   सं because of वचनसमय, or else many

 सू     -s can never be invoked.

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85.

Why doesn’t कृय अतापदं य अतापदं apply  apply to the end of the verse (due to अता)

 is an अयीभव - समसा अतापदं is  समसा. The word अता simply implies the locative, and not the precise location. It could have implied the beginning, middle or end. The meaning comes from the intent of the author, as showed by the वहवयं. In this case, it is  मये पदय   पदय . The word कृता ता implies the natural state. This negates the  सधा altogether. Rama Nath Sharma quotes the कशक , which states that this  सू ं  only applies to Vedic usage.    only

Why is a sutra which applies only in Vedic usage taught at this point? We’re not sure. 86.

The structure of this  सं हत  set  set of सू ण   

Take a look at your marked up copy of the

अययी , from 6.1.70 to 6.1.121, where we have

studied many सू ण    . The अन वृ ा of सं हतयं occurs  occurs throughout. The अन वृ ा of अच  also  also occurs throughout, except in the places where it is temporarily negated. First, we have a few sutras (namely  इकयणच  and  and एचयवयवा) where the आदेशा शा occurs in the place of the first letter of the सधा. Then, all replacement occurs in the place of both letters of the सधा ( एका पू  (6.1.91), the last letter replaces the  सधा, and then  एका पू व  परया). Starting with परपं (6.1.91), starting with पू व   ा (6.1.98), the first letter replaces the  सधा. 87.

Why do we have two different अधकर  sections  sections for

“सं हतयम्” ?

 At the end of the परभष  lessons,  lessons, one of the sutras listed without explanation was पू व   सं (8.2.1). This sutra divides the

 into two parts. Simply put, from the perspective of the अययी  into

sutras of the first 7 अयया and the first पदा of the 8th अयया, it is as if the remainder of the sutras (called पदी) don’t exist (or don’t apply). apply). The first सं हतयं sutra  sutra has अधकरा from 6.1.70 to 6.1.151, and the second one has अधकरा from 8.2.108 to 8.4.67. i.e. they belong to the two different sections outlined below. Let us look at हरे +  + इह . Through एचयवयवा, we have हरय् +  + इह . Through लपा शकयय  (8.3.19),  (8.3.19), there is लपा according to the आचया शकया (from our perspective, the लपा is optional). Without

 लपा, we have हरयह , and with लपा, we have हर  इह   इह . 34

Once the लपा functions, अ  +  + इ  should  should cause ग णसधा with आग णा resulting in the undesireable form हरेह.  How is this resolved? Due to पू व   सं, from the perspective of

आग णा, it is as if लपा

शकयय  (which  (which belongs to the second section) does not exist, and its effect does not occur. In other words, with the formation of

आग णा due to a sutra which comes after पू व  सं, the sutras

of the previous section no longer continue to function.

88.

In the formation of  प षौ , why is there so much debarring?

For प षौ  (  ( प  + औ ), ), four sutras were shown ( १) आत् ग  प ष  +  ग णा (२) वृ ा एच   ा एच  ( (३) थमया पू  थमया पू व  सवणा (४) नत्

 इच . Depending on the sutra used, any of the following forms could have resulted: प ष , प षौ  and प ष . Some authors directly show the applicable सू ं    (e.g.  (e.g. वृ ा एच   ा एच ) at a given derivational step. However, the author of TEM, who is an ardent disciple of पणना is unwilling to overlook the general rule. Instead, he first states the general rule, and then states the rule which is “more

applicable”. This helps us understand the relationship between sutras, and to get a feel for their spheres of influence. 89.

Why doesn’t similar debarring occur for जस्, शस् etc?  etc?

It does. After the discussion of debarment in the formation of  प षौ , the author does not explicitly state the exceptions in the derivations of other forms of  प ष  +  + स प्. However, it still functions in the same way. For example, in the derivation of प ष  +  + जस् =  = प षा, we have (१) आत् ग  ग णा (२) अका सवण अका सवण दीघ  दीघा (३)

 थमया पू  थमया पू व  सवणा. By applying the first sutra, we would have  ग णदेशा शा (i.e. the final form  प षा). This is debarred by the second sutra, which is then debarred by the third sutra. The same desired form, प षा is formed by applying either अका सवण अका सवण दीघ  दीघा, or by applying थमया पू  थमया पू व  सवणा. If the final form for प ष  +  + जस् is  is derived by applying अका सवण अका सवण दीघ  दीघा, why do we cast it aside with  applies to the sutra which  थमया पू  थमया पू व  सवणा? In the formation of तमत् शसा ना शसा ना प  प स   ं , the word तमत् applies

35

precedes it. i.e. only थमया पू  थमया पू व  सवणा. Without the debarment, in the application of शस् (desired  (desired form is प षन्) we would end up with प ष  +  + जस् =  = प षस् (  ( प  प षा). By the debarment and application of अका सवण अका सवण दीघ  दीघा, we end up with the same immediate form. However, it is not the final form, and is taken one step furthur by तमत् शसा ना  to form प षन्. शसा ना प  प स   ं  to 90.

In the formation of  प षा ( जस्  जस्),), why is the  परभष , अलयय  quoted?  quoted?

Depending on the length of the आदेशा शा, the entire थनी  or  or just its last letter is replaced. In  सधा, the थनी  is  is usually just a single letter, so there is no difference between the two. Or, through

 एका पू  एका पू व  परया, we have an explicit instruction. However, with तमत् शसा ना शसा ना प  प स   ं , the थनी  is  is शस् which consists of more than one अल्. Thus, if the आदेशा शा is a single letter, only the last letter is replaced. However, if it consists of more than one letter, the entire  यया, शस् is  is replaced. Since

 न् is  is a single lettered आदेशा शा, we have प षन्. 91.

 + ट  effectively  effectively require memorization of word endings? Doesn’t the derivation of प ष  +

 करणं through  through अययी  does  does not supplant memorization. It merely avoids the meaningless memorization of the वृ ा, when memorization of सू ण     will  will suffice. These rules are as generic as possible, thus reducing memorization to the essentials. 92.

When deriving प षयं,

 suffice? why doesn’t अत  दीघो   दीघो  यञ   यञ  suffice?

In the derivation of भवमा, lengthening of the अगं, भू +   + शप् =  = भव  before  before the affix मस् occurred  occurred through अत  दीघो   दीघो  यञ   यञ . The sutram स प  च   च  follows,  follows, with full

अन वृ ा of अत  दीघो   दीघो  यञ   यञ . There is an

important difference. The अन वृ ा of सवधत धतके क extends  े extends to अत  दीघो   दीघो  यञ   यञ , but not to स प  च   च . Thus, for the derivation of nouns, we need स प  च   च .

Why didn’t Panini stop the अनवृ ा अनवृ ा of सवधत धतके क earlier  े earlier so that nouns could also benefit from अत   verbal forms are exempt from this lengthening.  दीघो  यञ   यञ ? This is because आधधत धत क  verbal

36

93.

When deriving प षा, why bring आदेशा of ऐस् instead of एस्?

Perhaps it was an arbitrary choice? It looks to have the same end result, especially since it is only applicable to stems ending in अ . 94.

When deriving प षय , why introduce the sutram

 थनवत् आदेशा ॰ ?

What does replacement mean? What was there before goes away, and something else comes

in it’s place. Thus, the function of whatever was there before does not remain. With the परभष ,  ययलपे ययलणं, we have seen that a यय ‘s effect continues to occur when its  लपा is indicated. Through this परभष, “continued influence” applies only to लपा (i.e. not to

आदेशा).

In the derivation of प षा ( जस्), we have पद - सं   of प षस् through स ङतं पदम्. Then, [ पदय ] स -

 सज षा ा comes to form प षा. Before this step, it is still पद , since the जश्- यया (which causes  स बतत , and thus, पद - सं  ) lives on. When deriving प षय , the situation is different. The lengthening occurs through स प  च  [अत  दीघो 

 यञ ]. At the derivational step प ष  + ङे, the affix ङे is स प्. But, once ङे is replaced by य , it is no longer one of the 21 affixes known as स प्. If it is not  स प्, lengthening through स प  च  is not applicable. The परभष , थनवत् आदेशा अनवधौ  now plays a role. It says that the new replacement,

आदेशा,

acts like its predecessor. This occurs in the 8 cases outlined in the थमवृ ा – धत-अग -कृत-्

 तत -अय - स प्- तङ्- पददेशा. Since स प् is one of these 8 cases, and  य  is an आदेशा which replaces  स प् (ङे in this case), य  is still considered स प्. Thus, स प  च  is indeed applicable, and we end up with प षय . By अवधौ , the individual letters are exempted. Quoting Singh in his encyclopedia, “When the occasion for the grammatical operation is furnished by the letters, the substitue does not behave

like its substituend.” i.e. it applies to the word and not its letters. Figure 2 below, also from Singh, is helpful.

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Intuitively, this makes sense. If  थनवत् आदेशा is extended to the point where all the letters continue to live on, replacement becomes meaningless, and सधा cannot function post replacement. An example of the this is given in the सा of दय  (page 740, vol 1), amidst

 सू ण     that we have not yet seen. 95.  Are there alternate forms of प ष  + ङस ? We have seen that प षा + ङस  = प षत्. Earlier, when looking at वच् + स, we saw that after the application of चा क ा, the sutra झलं जशऽते resulted in the form वग् followed by वऽवसने resulting in the optional form वक्. Similarly, मत् + स had forms मद् / मत्. Here, with प षत्, we have another तकरतं पदम्. From the previous discussion, we know that आत् continues to be known as

 स प्, and thus, प षत् is पदम्.  ईरचा, in his commentary gives the form  प षद् which becomes प षत् through वऽवसने. However, most books, including य धर - मीमं सक’s शदपवला omit the form प षद्. The reasoning is unclear.

38

96.

 ङसङस  and घ - सं  .

We have discussed घ - सं   before (note 72). Since प ं and नप ं सक  words ending in इ  or उ  are always घ , two प ं लग  words, अा and वया are given as examples. In पमी  and षी , with ङत्

 यय -s following, the application of घेा ङत   [ग णा] followed by ङसङस  results in अेा and वया. Let us now consider a ीलगपदं ending in इ  or उ  (e.g. कृता). With ङत  व   [व  नदी ] (1.4.6), it is optionally termed नदी . This means that it is optionally termed घ  as well ! Thus, just like अेा, it optionally has the form कृतेा. 97.

 वभा of आम  in वनप  न ट्

 न ट् has अन वृ ा from 7.1.54 to 7.1.57. Unlike other affixes, न ट्, due to आतौ  टकतौ  comes before the थनी . Thus, when the सू ं    does not explicitly state the  थनी  (i.e. षतं पदं), and instead references what comes before ( पयतं) and after ( सयतं), there is a conflict.

 तमत  नदे पू व  य  precedes तमदय रय . By वतषेध े परं कय, in such cases, the later (i.e.  तमदय रय ) wins, and न ट् does not come before the पयतं पदम्. The net result is that the  सयतं पदं is effectively turned into the  थनी , and is thus treated as a षतं पदम्. Why wasn’t it specified as a थनी  in षी - वभा to begin with? It isn’t clear to us either. 98.

 सा from the थमवृ ा

Look at the derivations of:

 प षा  प षय 

99.

page 728, vol 1

1.1.54

page 731, vol 1

1.1.55

अने कशसव य   थनवददेशनवधौ 

 ग णा of आधधतक ं affixes and पत्

In the introduction to lesson 26, the text says that  ग णा only occurs before for the इक् vowels which are followed by सवधद क  / आधधत क  affixes which are पत्. However, as discussed

39

previously, the ग ण - नषेधा based on पत् / अपत् only applies to सवधतक ं affixes based on the

अतदेशा, सवधत कम् अपत्  [ङत्]. This confusing reference to पत् and आधधतक ं does not occur in the Hindi edition of TEM.  ग णनषेधा based on ङत् / कत् / गत् (where there is no अतदेशा of अपत्) does occur before both सवधध क  and आधधत क  affixes. 100.  उरण् रपरा and the derivation of करका The derivation of करका exemplifies the application of  उरण् रपरा. The affix व ल् is enjoined after कृ. Through अत  णत , वृ ाis enjoined, and through the परभष  sutram इक  ग णवृ ी , वृ ा is allowed in place of ऋ . Which letter replaces ऋ ? Through उरण् रपरा, it is replaced by अण् followed by र्. What is अण्? Looking at the महेरसू ण    , it would be अच् + ह  य  व  र  and ल्. In this case, it is a little different. In the महेर - सू ण    , the अ  that follows the consonants is only for the ease of pronounciation. Thus ह  य  व  र  ट् is actually   य् व् र् ट्. In the case of ल  ण्, however, there is a real

अ  that follows the ल्. Thus, अण् here refers is the यहरा which starts with the अ - करा that follows  ल्. (Just like there are two occurences of   in the सू ण    , there are also two occurances of अ  in the स ण ). Thus, कृ + व ल्, where वृ ा occurs through अत  णत  first becomes क् अर् + व ल्. However, वृ ा is defined as आ  ऐ  and औ . Thus, through थनेऽतरतमा, the letter आ  comes in the place of अ , and we have क् आ  र् व ल्  कर् व ल्  करका. 101. What are से ट् / अनट् / वे ट्? The धतवा are classified based on usage. We have seen the classification into 10 गणा based on the वकरणयया. Similarly, based on the presence (or absence) of इ - करा ( इट्) with some यया ( इट्-अनकूल-  यया) like व , the धतवा are classified as से ट् ( इट  सह ), अनट् ( न  इट्) and वे ट् ( व  इट्). The यया व  takes an इट् if the

धता is से ट्, and optionally if it is वे ट्. Since we know पठ् ( पठत ) to

be से ट् (with इट्) from the धत पठा, we get पठ् + इट् + व  = पठव . On the other hand, since we know श् ( शत ) to be अनट् (without इट्), we get श् + व  = व . रम् ( रमते) is वे ट् (optionally with इट्), and can be रम् + इट् + व  = रमव  or रम् + व  = रव . (Notice the prohibition of ग णा with the आधधत क  affix व  which is कत्, thus invoking ङत  च , resulting in व ). 40

To determine if a धता is से ट्, अनट् or वे ट्, you have to resort to a reference book on

धतवा (e.g.

 बृ हत रकरा / बृ हत पवला), or शयगा. 102. What is the difference between The कृत् pratyayas come after

कृत् and कृय  यया?

धतवा to form verbal derivatives. This is usually contrasted with

 तत  pratyayas which come after तपदकन  (nouns) to form noun derivatives. कृदतङ् has अधकरा from 3.1.91 up to the end of 3.4. कृया has अधकरा from 3.1.95 – 3.1.132. Thus, कृत् has अधकरा wherever कृया has अधकरा. In other words, the कृय  pratyayas are a subset of कृत् pratyayas. They posses the sense of what “should

be done”. This is exemplified by

the कृदत  words क ं, करणीयं and कय म्.

 यत् is an example of a कृय - यया. The इड्- नषेधा occurs by ने त् वश कृत  precisely because it is also a कृत्- यया. 103. We have कत ं / क ं on page 166 / 168. But there’s no mention in the errata . . . Both forms are correct. Through

अच  रहयं े  [यर  व  सं हतयं] (8.4.45), the वं of the त - करा

optionally occurs. When an अच् is followed by र् or  , which is followed by a  यर् (any नं except

 ह ), वं optionally occurs. Note that this can be applied very frequently. The थमवृ ा gives the common word   as an example, which also has the form म  ! We have previously seen झर  झर  सवण, by which लपा of सवण letter occurs. Since यर् is a subset of झर्, how are these sutras related? Remember that with the अन वृ ा of अयतरयं, the elision was optional. So, with

अच  हरयं े, the reduplication is optional, and with झर  झर  सवण, elision

is optional. 104. What is the purpose of एकच  उपदेशे ऽन दत् (7.2.10) ?

During Panini’s time, the धत पठा was memorized with svara markings, and it was possible to tell if a धता was से ट्, ने ट् or वे ट् with sutras like एकच  उपदेशेऽन दत्. Though the svara markings in this text were lost with time, some scholars have reconstructed them on the basis of the desired outcome. Without sutras like this one, even the धत पठा alone does not suffice. 41

105.

Isn’t वलदेा in आधधत कय  इट् वलदेा overly inclusive?

 Among the consonants, it is almost all-encompassing, and excludes only य . Notably, it excludes all the वरा. In addition, there are exceptions as noted below. 106.

Why don’t यत्, यत् etc. have इडगमा ?

 वल् does not include य , so यत् cannot have इडगमा through आधधत कय  इट् वलदेा. Therefore, we have चे यं, जे यं, ने यं for अजत -धतवा. The हलत -धतवा take the यत् affix instead of यत्. Since ण् falls in वल्, it should have इडगमा. However, the TEM shows  पं and पयं without इडगमा . . . The TEM mentioned that the sutras from 7.2.10 – 7.2.34 cover the subject of अनट्. According to the थमवृ ा, the इट - नषेध-  करणं actually starts from  ने वश कृत  (7.2.8). Because of 7.2.8,  ईडगमा does not occur before कृत् pratyayas that begin with वश् ( व  र  ल ,  ञ  म  ङ  ण  न , झ भ  घ  ढ ध , ज  ब  ग  ड  द ). This is an important exception to

आधधत कय  इट् वलदेा.

The pratyayas यत् and यत् are both कृत्- यय -s, since कृदतङ् has अधकरा from 3.1.93 upto the end of 3.4. यत् is also वशदा since ण् falls within the  यहरा, वश्. Thus, it is not subject to

 इडगमा. 107. Which of the 16 कृत्- यया in these lessons has इडगमा? Two of them, शतृ and शनच् are सवधतक ं through तङ्- शत् सवधत कम्. Since आधधत कय  इट् वलदेा requires आधधतक,ं these two affixes are not prefixed with इट्. Three of them, अनीयर्, यत् and अच् are not वलदा and do not take इट्. Amongst the remainder of these कृत्- यया, four of them are

 वश् ( यत्, व ल्, घञ् and य ट्), and have इट्- नषेधा. The remaining 7 यया – तत्, तृ च्,  , वत,  न्, त म न् and व  are prefixed with इट्. The same logic is shown in table form below, by applying the logic above in the same order.

 इडगमा आधधत कय  इट् वलदेा आधधतकं  वलदा 1

 तत्





42

 इड्- नषेधा  ने ट् वश कृत  कृत्  वशदा 



 इट् 

 इडगमा आधधत कय  इट् वलदेा आधधतकं  वलदा 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

अनीयर्  यत्  यत्  व ल्  तृ च्     वत  घञ् अच्  न्  य ट्  त म न् व  शतृ शनच्

 इड्- नषेधा  ने ट् वश कृत  कृत्  वशदा

 इट्





-

-







-

-



































































-

-













































-

-

-





-

-

-



108. In the illustration of  यत्, what is the purpose of य आवयके  ? The sutra चजा क घयता causes कवं because of यत्. Thus पच् should become पयं, and वच् should become वयम्. The sutra य आवयके  is an अपवदा which applies in the sense of “must be

done”. Thus, पयं and वयं (with क वं) mean ‘to be cooked’ and ‘to be said’. पयं and वयं (without क वं due to य आवयके) mean ‘must be

cooked’ and ‘must be said’.

Though the standard commentaries give examples अवयपयं, अवयवयं etc. in मयू रं    सकद -

 समसा, Cardona gives the stand-alone examples. Furthur, he seems to give अवय  a weaker sense – “From the verb वच ‘say, speak’ are derived, with the suffix यत् , both वय , which refers in general to anything that can be said or is to be said, and  वय , which denotes in particular a speech unit, an utterance or sentence.”

43

It is interesting to note that there are other peculiarities in the

आवयक  sense. With the sutram ओा

आवयके  (3.1.125), उ - वण त -धतवा which normally take the affix यत् instead take the affix  यत्. 109. What does अच् mean in उगदचं सव नमथनेऽधता ? The first portion of उगदचं refers to whatever has an इत् formed by the यहरा known as उक्. From the महेरसू ण    , we know this to be उ , ऋ  and ऌ . The second portion

अच्, is not a वरा. It is

a धता. The धत पठा does not list a plain-old अच् धता, so which धता is it? Here are relevant धतवा – (१) अच १उ , गतौ  यचने च , अत - ते (२) अच २उ , गतौ  यचने च , अचत - ते (३)

अच १उ , गतौ  यचने च , अत - ते (४) अच १उ , गतपू जनया   , अत - ते, अच, १०उ , वशे षणे, अयत - ते॥  As per the commentaries, अच् is the धता अच with form अत . Based on this, it is to the third or fourth

१उ  and refers

धता above. Perhaps it refers to both.

110. What is a ‘strong case’ (page 173) ?

A ‘strong case’ simply means a सव नमथनं affix, i.e. स ट्. 111.

शतृ doesn’t apply in थम ? But there are counter-examples . . .

Using the Paninian sutras, it shouldn’t apply in थम  वभा. The purpose of this sutra is to qualify words in other वभया, e.g. सा खदतं बलकं पयत . There are some traditional examples in

 थम  वभा like णा सन् ॰. And the use of शतृ- यया in थम  वभा is quite common in modern सं कृतम्. Rama Nath Sharma has a long discussion on the subject. For our purposes, suffice it to say that the common use of

शतृ in थमवभा is a post-Paninian development.

Relying on शचरा, we find no fault in its usage (See the

भषपका column in सभषण - सदेश’s

 Apr 2009 issue for a discussion and list of exemplary usages). 112. Location of the verbal sutras From 3.1.1 up until the end of 5.4, we have

अधकरा of यया पर . Starting from 3.1.93 we have

the अधकरा of कृदतङ् until the end of 3.4. After the addition of these verbal affixes (with the exception of तङ्), we thus have the addition of स प् affixes through कृत्- तत - समस . Thus, what

44

precedes कृततङ् are verbal affixes that do not require the addition of स प् affixes. Which are these? In the formation of  खदत , we have खद् + शप् + तप्. Through कृदतङ्, all the तङत  affixes are already exempt from being called कृत्. Thus, they don’t take the स प् affixes. How about the

 वकरण - यया? In the derivation of खदत , शप् is not a तङ् affix. If it comes in the अधकरा of कृदतङ्, we would have the undesireable derivation खद् + शप् + स प् + तप्. Thus, Panini has placed this sutra prior to कृदतङ् such that it is a verbal affix which is not

कृत्.

Why don’t they have अधकरा of धता? It is a topic for the तीयवृ ा (i.e. we don’t know ). Note that these sutras do have the अन वृ ा of धता from धतरेकच  हलदेा यसमभहरे यङ् (3.1.22). Again the सनत - यया through which we have derivative roots should not take स प् affixes. Thus, they also precede the

अधकरा of कृदतङ्.

On the other hand, within the अधकरा of यया पर  / धता / भू ते   , we have the sutras न  (3.2.102) as well has the sutras for ल   ुङ् and अनतने लुङ् (3.2.110-1). The former is a

कृत् affix.

However, the लकरा shouldn’t take स प् affixes ! How is this resolved? They are replaced by the

 तङ् affixes. Even if they are first considered कृत् by थनवत् आदेशा अनवधौ , they will also be तङ्, and cannot be considered कृत् through कृत् अतङ् . Thus, ल   ुङ् and लुङ् do not need to be placed in a separate section outside the अधकरा of कृत् (presumably with अन वृ ा of भू ते   ). We can also look at the known sub-sections under यया पर  / धता / कृदतङ्. We have कृया from 3.1.95 – 132, भू ते    from 3.2.84 – 122, व मने from 3.2.123 – 188, भवयत  from 3.3.3 – 15,

भवे from 3.3.18 – 112 and finally लय  from 3.4.77 – 117. The लपा of शप् in अदद  and ज हयद  गणा with लक ् and ल characteristics precedes यया पर  altogether. 113.  सा from the थमवृ ा Look at the derivations of:

 क म्

page 863, vol 1

3.1.3

आ द 

45

114. When looking at सू ण    , what commentaries should I look at? Historically, we have three periods of  करण  development. 1.

 म न - यं -- अययी , वतक , महभयम्

2.

 कशक  (and it's commentaries यस , पदमरी ) and the मधवीय -धत वृ ा

3.

 कौम दी  (and it's commentaries तवबधनी  and शदे दश खरा े )

Even though the महभयं is rightfully studied by everyone, it is by no means the final word on

 करणम्. Thus, when a question arises, one can do the following until one is satisfied 1. look at the लघ- सत - कौम दी  and भ मी  य  (hindi) 2. look at the कौम दी  and तवबधनी  3. look at the कशक  and यसा / पदमरी  4. for धत related questions, look at the मधवीय -धत वृ ा 5. if the doubt remains, look at the बृ हछदे दश खर  े  / महभयम्.     

46

अन बधा

This errata is specific to the bare अययी  that we have suggested, and was provided by our

आमीयबधा. The second typo has already been corrected in the pdf text.

४।४।२० ७।३।२१

अश  - पम्  े म म् नयम्  दे ते च 

श  - पम् े म म् नयम्  दे वते च 

There are some variations in the exact text of the traditions. The followers of the

अययी  used by different commentarial

आय समज , including दजसा use the short ( लघ) edition,

which is prepared from the महभयम्. Most other texts follow the numbering of the कशक , which is the longer ( वृ  ) edition. Since we are following the TEM and थमवृ ा of दजसा, it is best to follow a bare text which uses the same numbering. Otherwise, you have to convert between the numberings every time a सू ं   , or the scope of अन वृ ा is mentioned. The pdf that we have provided was prepared by a follower of the

आय समज , and generally

follows the थमवृ ा numbering. Unfortunately, some minor differences still exist. Finding a text with identical numbering isn’t easy . . . the

bare अययी - सू     - पठा edited by दजसा himself

differs from the numbering of the थमवृ ा in the same places ! pdf text

४।३।११७ ४।३।११८

 सं यम्  क ललदय  व ञ्

६।२।१०७ ६।२।१०८

 उदरे ष ष े पे

 थमवृ ा  सं यं क ललदय  व ञ्

 उदरे ष ष े पे

47

Thus, in the pdf text, sutras 4.3.117 and 4.3.118 should be merged into a single sutra, and sutras 4.3.119 – 4.3.166 shift up. Sutra 6.2.107 is split into two, and sutras 6.2.108  –  6.2.198 shift down. For completeness, please note that the  थमवृ ा itself does deviate from the  लघ text as shown below. However, since we’re working towards the थमवृ ा, we’re sticking with its numbering. For additional details, see the second part of पणनीयं शदनशसनं published by the Ram Lal Kapoor Trust.

३।१।१२६ ६।१।१११ ६।२।१०७ ६।२।१०८

 थमवृ ा आस य वपरपलपपचम   कृयता पदम्  उदरे ष ष े पे

 महभयन सरी  लघ पठा आस य वपरपपचम   नता पदम्  उदरे ष ष े पे

This errata was carefully compiled by a member of our study group. Page

Line

अश  - पम्

श  - पम्

45

7

3.2.34

3.2.84

45

17

4.1.55

1.4.55

48

10

शकटयनये व 

शकटयनय व 

54

10

56

1

65

4

67

5

67

16

72

20

72

22

1.1.42 after स डनप ं सकय 

73

12

1.1.49 after थनेऽतरतमा

74

20

8.4.55 after वऽवसने

74

24

6.1.64 after लप  व ल 

77

12

1.4.102 after स पा

3.2.115 after परे लट्

अततने  स गण  यम् ओ   सवनमथने

अनतने  स गण् यस् औ   सव नमथने

48

Page

Line

अश  - पम्

श  - पम्

77

14

1.4.102

1.4.103

77

16

 केयर्

 े कयर्

80

4

80

9

1.4.96

1.4.99

81

23

 सवधत क 

 सवधत क 

82

1

1.1.50

1.1.59

82

12

8.3.84

8.3.15

83

9

9.4.1

6.4.1

86

2

6.1.73

6.1.74

90

14

3.4.112

3.4.113

91

10

91

16

 स वत   सवधत क 

 स वत   सवधत क 

93

17

1.2.4

1.1.4

94

8

98

6

8.5.52

8.4.52

98

7

 णम 

 णम 

107

18

2.3.20

2.3.28

109

16

1.5.42

1.4.42

110

12

2.8.36

2.3.36

111

13

1.4.45

1.4.54

123

24

2.1.42

1.2.42

124

4

 उदसज न 

 उपसज न 

129

20

4.1.62

4.1.162

130

1

130

4

6.1.4

6.1.5

132

18

 ग णवृ  

 ग णवृ ी 

142

21

1.4.42

1.4.2

145

6

6.1.78

6.1.70

146

3

6.1.77

6.1.74

152

1

6.1.10

6.1.110

154

23

1.1.42

1.1.49

155

15

1.1.52

1.1.55

3.4.77 after लय 

  is misprinted

6.1.4 after पू वोयसा  

49

Page

Line

अश  - पम्

श  - पम्

157

14

2.3.48

2.3.47

159

9

159

20

 ज हत   रम 

 ज हत   रमं

160

10

5.1.110

6.1.110

160

22

8.3.39

8.3.19

163

12

7.3.85

7.3.86

165

10

धता

धता

163

12

7.3.85

7.3.86

168

13

अनीयर्, व ल्, घञ्, य ट् are not वलद 

अनीयर् is not वलद ; although व ल्, घञ् and य ट् are  वलद , they are also वशद  (7.2.8)

169

14

1.1.91

3.1.91

170

28

 तच्

 तृ च्

171

16

add अनुङ् before सौ 

172

23

add सौ  of 6.4.13

174

1

add घन् of 3.3.17

177

16

8.2.20

8.2.23

181

19

4.1.82

4.1.81

आयतक   – This is a portion of वमी  दयनद  सरवती’s वे दग - कशका, which deals with the formation of verbs.

 उत 

 – A standard commentary on the महभयं by नगेश-  भा.

 कशक 

 – This is a running commentary on all sutras of the अययी . The standard grammatical tradition of the म न - यं is based on the अययी  of पणना, वक  of

 कययना and महभयं of पतला. The कशक  differs from these texts in a few places, and relies on a slightly different reading of the अययी  (the वृ ा numbering). It is named after its place of origin ( कशी  / वरणसी ), and is held in very high esteem.

50

 नमक 

 – This is a portion of वमी  दयनद  सरवती’s वे दग - कशका, which deals with the formation of nouns.

 दीप 

 – A standard commentary on the महभयं by कयट .

 महभयं

 – The final authority on sanskrit grammar, written by पतला.

 सधवषया  – This is a portion of वमी  दयनद  सरवती’s वे दग - कशका, which deals with सधा.

There are several editions of the थमवृ  , and there may be some differences between them. In particular, the page numbers indicated in this document may not tally with your edition. In that case, look for the material by firt locating the relevant sutra. Each of the थमवृ ा books is split into two parts – in the first portion, the sutra is explained, and in the second potion (i.e. appendix) the various सा relevant to the sutra are given. The

sutras (explanation from part one, along with it’s example स -s from the appendix) are meant to be read serially. Sometimes, a given sutra’s explanation (usually in the hindi portion) will reference a सा by sutram or page number. It is worth looking at them. Please note that the scope of अन वृ ा is always listed in the थमवृ ा. However, to find it, you will have to look at the Hindi

अथा. It is usually mentioned in the last line of the Hindi commentary.

The book has indices for the words whose full derivation is given. The two indices for the first and second volume can be found at the end of the second volume. An index of the words in the third volume (much fewer by comparison) has not been given. Given that volume 1 consists of most of the सया, start there. Some words in the index are prefixed with “॰”. When that symbol is shown, the word is mentioned after the सा of some other word, and it’s similarity or peculiarity in the derivation is mentioned. Howver, its full सा is not given. When you find a सा in the थमवृ ा, you may see sutras that were not explained in the TEM. Sometimes, the author of the TEM teaches the primary structure of a given स  in first, and fills

51

in the details in a later lesson. Eventually, all the sutras will be taught  – the स  as taught in the

 थमवृ ा should be the standard reference. Very often, the सा from the थमवृ ा will be missing many sutras. This is because the full structure has been previously taught, and the very, very frequently used sutras are omitted from mention in each and every सा. The examples chosen to desribe a sutra via सा are not arbitrary. They are standard examples from the grammatical tradition. Thus, you can often find the same सा given under the same

 सू ं   in other books – for example, Rama Nath Sharma’s textbook. In this document, example सया from the थमवृ ा are listed, when appropriate. In some cases, the entire सा has been previously studied. In other cases, only a portion is familiar. The purpose of these सया in these notes is to put sutras that we have learnt into context, and not to introduce new sutras.

52

१५१

❛ ६।१।७०

 सं हतयम् ।

६।१।७१

 छे च ।

Red flag indicates अधकरा

...

१२६

६।१।७४

 इक  यणच ।

अच  has अन वृ ा until 126

६।१।७५

 एचऽयवयवा ।

This sutra has been studied

६।१।८१

 एका पू व  परया ।

Full sutra अन वृ ा until 107

६।१।८२

अतदव ।

...

१०७

...

९३

६।१।८४

आद् ग णा ।

आत् has अन वृ ा till 93

८९, ८६

६।१।८५

 वृ   रेच । 

Different अन वृ ा for बृ ा, एच 

...

६।१।१५०

 कतीरजत दे नगरे ।

६।१।१५१

 परकरभृ तीन  च  सं यम् । ❜

53

अधकरा of सं हतयं ends

 इकरणं from 1.3.2 to 1.3.9 आमने पदम् from 1.3.12 to 1.3.77  परम पदम् from 1.3.78 to 1.3.93  करके from 1.4.23 to 1.4.55  नपता from 1.4.56 to 1.4.97  समसा from 2.1.3 to 2.2.38 अनभहते from 2.3.1 to 2.3.73  यया पर  from 3.1.1 to 5.4.160 धता from 3.1.91 to 3.4.117 कृत् from 3.1.93 to 3.4.117 कृय  from 3.1.95 to 3.1.132 भू ते   from 3.2.84 to 3.2.122 भवयत  from 3.3.3 to 3.3.17  तपदकत् from 4.1.1 to 5.4.160  यम् from 4.1.3 to 4.1.81  तता from 4.1.76 to 5.4.160  सं हतयम् from 6.1.70 to 6.1.151 अगय  from 6.4.1 to 7.4.97  पदय  from 8.1.16 to 8.3.54  पदत् from 8.1.17 to 8.1.69  सं हतयम् from 8.2.108 to 8.4.67 54

अययी , चले ख - यय  समवत। प॰ ईरचा॥  इडगमा। जनद न  हे गडे। सं कृतभरती॥  थमवृ ा। दजसा, दे वी  च। रमलल  कपू र     ट॥  पणनीयशदनशसनम्। सयनदवे दवगीशा॥  पणनीयं शदनशसनम्। अम का। रमलल  कपू र     ट॥  बृ हत पवला। अम का। ीशकर अ तशधनकेम्॥  बृ हत कस मकरा। हरेकता मा। चौखब  दली॥  लघ- सत - कौम दी , भ मीय। भीमसे न शी॥  करणचदया। चदे वशी॥  करणमहभयम्। पत म ना॥ शदपवला। य धरमीमं सका। रमलल  कपू र     स् ट॥  सभषण - सदेशा ( मसक - सं कृत- पक )। सं कृतभरती॥ The Astadhyayi of Panini. Rama Nath Sharma.  A Dictionary Of Sanskrit Grammar. Kashinath Vasudev Abhayankar, and J.M. Shukla. Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Nagendra Singh.  A Higher Sanskrit Grammar. M.R. Kale. Panini: His Work And Its Traditions (Volume One). George Cardona.

    

55