Test de Wartegg

 

QH_Q AH PNSQH@@ CSHRH MD_QKSDN AHJ QH_Q AH PNSQH@@ Hmrd` Pnrth`` okehgzÿ n dgthrhsnrsh pkr jn psdokjk`ån ah jn @hstnjt ahsah jks nþks 36, aurngth jnr`k tdhepk trncniÿ skcrh jks pkstujnaks ah hstn skcrh tkak hg jk rhbhrhgth n jn adsordedgnodÿg bd`urn bkgak. Hstk hs ugn okgsd`gn okgsd`gn cîsdon quh dgadon dgadon quh hj shr muengk sdheprh adsordedgn adsordedgn hgtrh bd`urn bkgak, tngtk n gdvhj vdsunj okek n gdvhj ehgtnj. Hg hsth shgtdak Pnrth`` sh dgthrhsn pkr jk quh puhah rhvhjnr hj nrth skcrh su orhnakr. Hmrd` qudhg tnecdäg hrn bärrhk nength ahj nrth okgthepkrîghk, okehgzÿ n trncninr skcrh jn dgbjuhgodn ah jn phrskgnjdana hg hj nrth y pucjdoÿ su prdehr trncnik rhjnodkgnak, tdtujnak ‚Hj adcuik y hj onrîothr― Vnrn jk`rnr ndsjnr nsphotks pugtunjhs ah jn phrskgnjdana hg hj nrth (_dg depkrtnr sd hj ngnjdznak buhrn k gk nrtdstn) Pnrth`` dahn ug thst sdepjh advdadak hg = dthes quh adhrng ouhgtn ah rns`ks hshgodnjhs ah jn phrskgnjdana. (Vsdokokah, s.b.) 

BDOMN QHOGDON Nutkr9

Hmrd` Pnrth``.

Naedgdstrnodÿg9

Dgadvdaunj k Okjhotdvn.

Aurnodÿg9

38 n 18 edgutks nprkxdenanehgth.

Npjdonodÿg9

Gdþks, nakjhsohgths y naujtks.

_d`gdbdonodÿg9

Ngîjdsds ah nsphotks adgîedoks ah jn  phrskgnjdana okek9 pksdodkgnedhgtk brhgth nj ehadk< ehadk< rhjnod rhjnodkgne kgnedhg dhgtk tk dgthrp dgthrphrs hrskgn kgnj< j< engh en ghik ik ah ngsdh ngsdhan anah ahss y br brus ustr trno nodk dkghs ghs416 (Pnrth``, >416) y pksthrdkrehgth buh phrbhoodkgnak hg >426\3U pkr Cdhaen y Njbkgsk. Hstn pruhcn psdokjÿ`don prkyhotdvn hg rhnjdana hs cnstngth sdepjh, sh npjdon hg ug phrdkak okrtk ah tdhepk y nj shr ugn pruhcn sucihtdvn, dgthrprhtnrjn rhsujtn cnstngth shgodjjk, skcrh tkak oungak hj prkbhsdkgnj quh jk mnoh yn tdhgh odhrtk `rnak ah hxphrdhgodn.

NVJDONODKG Hj thst thst ah Phrt Phrth` h`` ` ok okgs gsds dsth th cî cîsd sdon oneh ehgt gthh hg jjhv jjhvnr nr n on onck ck ug ad adcui cuik k ad advd vdad adak ak hg =

ounarngths quh sh hgouhgtrng skcrh ug bkgak cjngok. Jn rnzÿg pkr jn ounj sh jjhvng n onck skcrh ug bkgak cjngok hs pnrn bnvkrhohr n quh jn phrskgn sh prkyhoth skcrh hj adcuik (bd`urn-bkgak). Jn pruhcn okgtdhgh = ounarks ah 1 oe pkr 1 oe onan ugk y hstîg jdedtnaks

 

hgtrh hjjks pkr ug enrok gh`rk `ruhsk. Onan ounark rhprhshgtn ugk ah jks komk rns`ks nrquhtåpdoks ah jn phrskgnjdana. Vnrn okehgznr n rhnjdznr jn pruhcn, sh jh dgadon n jn phrskgn quh

okepjhth jks adcuiks quh

hstîg hg onan ounark okg ug jîpdz, mnodägakjh mdgonpdä hg quh gk hxdsth gdg`ugn rh`jn `hghrnj hg oungtk n jn enghrn ah hjnckrnr jks adcuiks y quh gk tdhgh ah quh prhkoupnrsh yn quh tnepkok depkrtn sd snch adcuinr cdhg k gk yn quh hsk gk hs jk quh sh vn n hvnjunr hg jn  pruhcn y pkr jk tngtk hs tktnjehgth drrhjhvngth. Xgn vhz quh mnyn thredgnak jks adcuiks, sh jh pdah nj ongadantk quh hguehrh ah jn enghrn quh jk ahshh jks = ounarks tr trntngak ntngak ah sh`udr ug krahg

okgshoutdvk. Bdgnjehgth Bdgnjehgth sh jh pdah

quh hg jns = jåghns quh sh hgouhgtrng hg jn pnrth dgbhrdkr, ah nouhrak nj gùehrk quh tdhgh onan ounark okg su rhsphotdvk adcuik, jhs okjkquh hj tåtujk ah jk quh adcuiÿ.

^XH EDAH HJ QH_Q  Jn pruhcn prkyhotdvn ah Pnrth``, okek yn mheks vdstk, sh advdah hg komk ounarks y onan ugk ah hjjk hjjkss ed edah ah ug ugnn onrno onrnoth thrå råst stdo donn ah jn ph phrs rskgn kgnjd jdana ana ad adbh bhrh rhgt gth. h. N ok okgt gtdg dgun unod odÿg ÿg hxpjdonrheks hg quh okgsdsthg onan ugn ah hjjns9 

Vrdehr ounark9 Nutkokgohptk. Hg hstn pnrth sh hvnjùn jn enghrn hg jn quh sh phrodch jn  phrskgn n så edsen ah enghrn okgsodhgth h dgojusk dgokgsodhgth (nutkokgohptk). Vkr ehadk ah hsth ounark, sh puhah ahthredgnr sd jn phrskgn tdhgh ugn vdsdÿg ah hjjn edsen pksdtdvn k gh`nt gh` ntdv dvn. n. Hs Hstk tk vn n ahthr ahthred edgnr gnr sd pkr hi hihe hepj pjk k ok okgb gbån ån hg hj hjjn jn ed edse senn pn pnrn rn rh rhsk skjv jvhr  hr   prkcjhens k gk, sd hs dgahodsn, sd sh trntn ah ugn phrskgn dgenaurn hekodkgnjehgth, hto.



_h`ugak ounark9 Nbhotdvdana. Hsth nsphotk edah hj `rnak ah shgsdcdjdana shgsdcdjdana y hepntån hepntån quh tdhgh jn phrskgn mnodn jks aheîs.



Qhrohr ounark9 Necdodkghs. Hsth onepk hvnjùn jn thgahgodn ah jn phrskgn mnodn su nutkrhnjdznodÿg y hj prhthgahr njongznr sus ehtns y kcihtdvks vdtnjhs.



Ounrtk ounark9 Okgthgdaks dgokgsodhgths. Hsth onepk hvnjùn jn enghrn hg jn quh sh suhjh okepkrtnr jn phrskgn ngth sus rhprhsdkghs y ngsdhanahs dgokgsodhgths. Hs ahodr, jn notdtua quh euhstrn ngth jks okgbjdotks quh puhahg sur`drjh yn shn ah enghrn dgthrgn k hxthrgn.



^udgtk ounark9 Enghik ah hghr`ån vdtnj. Hsth nsphotk mnoh rhbhrhgodn n jn enghrn hg jn quh jn phrskgn enghin sus depujsks, jn bkren hg jn quh `hstdkgn

su depujsdvdana, mnodn

 

akgah adrd`h su hghr`ån vdtnj, okek rhnoodkgn ngth jn navhrsdana y ounj hs jn täogdon quh utdjdzn pnrn njongznr jk quh ahshn. 

_hxtk ounark9 tdpk ah rnodkodgdk. Hsth onepk hs depkrtngth pnrn okgkohr hj vnjkr quh an jn phrskgn n su prkpdn onpnodana dgthjhotunj, su onpnodana ah sågthsds y ngîjdsds y sd tdhgah eîs mnodn jk sucihtdvk k mnodn jk kcihtdvk.



_äptdekk ounark9 Notdtua dgthrphr _äptde dgthrphrskgnj skgnj hg hj îrhn jnckrn jnckrnj.j. Hsth npnrtnak sh rhbdhrh n jn notdtua y jn onpnodana ah jn phrskgn pnrn rhjnodkgnrsh okg jks aheîs n gdvhj jnckrnj. Hs ahodr, ahod r, edah edah nsphot nsphotks ks okek okek jn shgsdc shgsdcdj djdan dana, a, hj okepkr okepkrtne tnedhg dhgtk tk nbhotd nbhotdvk, vk, jn notdtu notdtua a ah shrvdodk, jn onpnodana pnrn trncninr hg hqudpk, hto.



Kotnvk ounark9 Onpnodana pnrn okeprkehthrsh okg jns gkrens. Okek sd gkecrh jk adoh, sh trntn ah hj `rnak ah okeprkedsk quh euhstrn jn phrskgn hg oungtk nj rhsphtk ah jns gkrens y vnjkrhs hstncjhodaks.

DG_QSXOODKGH_ AHJ QH_Q AH PNSQH@@ _kg jns sd`udhgths9 

Okepjhtnr jks adcuiks pnrtdhgak ahj såeckjk quh npnrhoh hg onan rhounark



Dgthgtnr mnohrjk krahgnanehgth, phrk sd gk puhah, pkghr hj gùehrk hg hj krahg quh sh mnyng rhnjdznak.



Vkghr tåtujk n onan ugk ah jks adcuiks ugn vhz quh sh mn thredgnak ah adcuinr 



Dgadonr pkr krahg ounj jh `ustÿ eîs y ounj jh `ustÿ ehgks.



Dgadonr pkr krahg jks quh rhsujtnrkg eîs bîodjhs ah rhnjdznr.

Jn aurnodÿg ahj thst ah Pnrth`` hs nprkxdenanehgth ah 36-?6 edgutks.

»VNSN ^XÄ _DSRH HJ QH_Q AH PNSQH@@; Nj`ugks kpdgng quh hs ug thst kcskjhtk, phrk oungak sh utdjdzn jk quh sh prhthgah hs hgokgtr hgok gtrnr nr dgbkre dgbkrenod nodÿg ÿg skcrh skcrh jn onpnod onpnodana ana rhskju rhskjutdv tdvnn ahj dgadvd dgadvdauk auk,, su onp onpnod nodana ana

ah

kr`n kr`ngd gdzn znod odÿg ÿg,,

ah

su

or orhn hntd tdvd vdan ana a,

phrskgnjdana (pnrngkdah,

y

tnecdäg

ahsonrtnr

nj`ugks prkc prkcjh jhe ens

hsqudzkdah,..)

Jk quh hj hgtrhvdstnakr vn n edrnr hs jn enaurhz hg hj trnzk, hj hqudjdcrdk hg hj usk ahj

 

hspnodk, hj tdpk ah bkrens quh sh rhprhshgtng (pndsnihs, phrskgns, kcihtks), jn okgokrangodn okg hj tåtujk, jn onpnodana sdecÿjdon y ah rhprhshgtnodÿg ah jks adcuiks. Hj thst sdrvh pnrn nprkxd npr kxdenr enrgks gks nj tdpk tdpk ah phrskg phrskgnjd njdana ana (nrquht (nrquhtdpk dpks), s), jn pksdod pksdodÿg ÿg ahj dgadvd dgadvdauk auk brhgth brhgth nj eugak, enghik ah jns rhjnodkghs dgthrphrskgnjhs, adgnedsek y hghr`ån vdtnj, onpnodana ah sågthsds y ngîjdsds, prhshgodn ah ngsdhana,..

»OßEK SH_KJRHS HJ QH_Q AH PNSQH@@ _NQD_BNOQKSDNEHGQH;  Gk mny ugn bÿreujn eî`don pnrn rhnjdznr hsth thst, yn quh ahch shr dgthrprhtnak pkr ug  prkbhsdkgnj, y hg ounjqudhr onsk hj rhsujtnak skcrh jn phrskgnjdana ahj dgadvdauk shrî krdhgt krd hgtntd ntdvk, vk, eîs ahstdg ahstdgnak nak n ahsonr ahsonrtnr tnr `rnvhs `rnvhs trngst trngstkrg krgks ks quh mn ahthre ahthredgn dgnrr ug phrbdj phrbdj okgorht okgo rhtk k ah jn phrskg phrskgnjd njdana. ana. Nj`ugn Nj`ugnss rhokeh rhokehgan ganodk odkghs ghs pnrn pnrn rhnjd rhnjdznr znr hsth hsth thst thst skg jns sd`udhgths. Ngths ah pkghrsh n adcuinr okgthepjh aurngth ugks edgutks jns bd`urns, gk shn depujsdvk y  pdhgsh quä pkarån adcuinr hg onan ugn ah hjjns. Okepjhth tkaks jks adcuiks, gk sh ahih gdg`ugk hg cjngok. Vjng Vj ngdb dbdq dquh uh hj hs hspn pnod odk k ahgtr ahgtrk k ah ahjj ou ouna nark rk,, ah bkre bkrenn qu quhh hj rh rhsu sujt jtna nak k ahj ad adcu cuik ik sh shnn hqudjdcrnak, gk mnoh bnjtn quh shn ugn kcrn ah nrth, phrk så quh jns pnrths rhprhshgtnans hstäg prkpkrodkgnans y ohgtrnans.

DGQHSVSHQNODßG AHJ QH_Q AH PNSQH@@

 



Mny ountrk onepks kr`îgdoks, quh dgauohg n jn rhprhshgtnodÿg ah adcuiks ngdenaks k pndsnihs ah jn gnturnjhzn, skg hj >,3,0 y =. Shprhshgtng jn nbhotdvdana y jk hekodkgnj



Mny 1 onepks dgkr`îgdoks quh dgauohg n jn rhprhshgtnodÿg ah adcuiks dgngdenaks u kcihtks. _kg hj ?, 1, 8 y 2. Shprhshgtng jk rnodkgnj, jk prn`eîtdok.

Shskjvhr onepks kr`îgdoks okek dgkr`îgdoks puhah dgthrprhtnrsh okek brdvkjdana k okek ug

hxohsk

ah

prn`entdsek,

thgahgodn

n

jn

kcihtdvdana,..

Shsk Sh skjv jvhr hr jks jks on onep epks ks dgkr dgkr`î `îgd gdok okss okek okek kr`î kr`îgd gdok oks, s, puhah puhah sd sdec eckj kjdz dznr nr ug ugnn hx hxohs ohsdv dvnn  prhkoupnodÿg pkr jns hekodkghs y jns rhjnodkghs dgthrphrskgnjhs, okg thgahgodn n jn okgbjdotdvdana. _dg hecnr`k, hecnr`k, tkak tkak hstk, hstk, adcuin adcuinrr kcihtk kcihtkss akgah akgah ahchrån ahchrån mnchr hsohgns hsohgns ah phrskg phrskgns ns k ngdenjhs, y nj okgtrnrdk, sh okgsdahrn ahgtrk ah jn gkrenjd gkrenjdana, ana, (nugquh gks an ugn den`hg ah jn thgahgodn ah jn phrskgnjdana ahj dgadvdauk) sdheprh y oungak gk sh rhbjhihg hg su tktnjdana deî`hghs sÿjk kr`îgdons k sÿjk dgkr`îgdons.

Ounarnak g¹>9 Shprhshgtn hj nutkokgohptk, oÿek jn phrskgn sh vh n så edsek hg rhjnodÿg okg hj hxthrdkr. _h puhah adcuinr jk quh sh qudhrn, phrk thgdhgak hg ouhgtn quh9

 



Shpdgtnr hj hståeujk k n`rnganrjk, sd`gdbdon ugn thgahgodn mnodn jn mdsthrdn y jn ghohsdana ah jjnenr jn nthgodÿg



Oneubjnr hj hståeujk eujtdpjdoîgakjk puhah sd`gdbdonr cnin nutkhstden y ghohsdana ah pnsnr ahsnphrodcdak.

Vugtk okek okek ohgtrk ohgtrk ah _kj, _kj, Suhan, Suhan, Adn Adngn, gn, Gnrdz ah ugn onrn,.. onrn,.. Hihepjks nahounaks9 Vugtk Hihepjks dgnahounaks9 Vugtk okek hxtrhek ah ug îg`ujk, hspdrnj, hstrhjjn, aks kiks, thjn ah nrnþn, kiks ahensdnak `rngahs,…

Ounarnak g¹39 Shprhshgtn jn nbhotdvdana y jk hekodkgnj. N thghr hg ouhgtn9 

_h okgsdahrn pksdtdvk adcuinr rkstrks k phrskgns, oksns ah jn gnturnjhzn (pîinrks), sd sh adcuin ug ngdenj sh ahchrî thghr hg ouhgtn quä ngdenj, puhstk quh gks rhprhshgtn hg guhstrns rhjnodkghs okg jks aheîs ( hvdtnr jkcks, jhkghs,..). Ngujnr k rhpdgtnr hj



hståeujk puhah okgsdahrnrsh thgahgodn n jn brdvkjdana k nj odgdsek. Adcuinr kcihtks hg hsth rhounark puhah dgadonr ugn enronan thgahgodn n hvdtnr jns rhjnodkghs dgthrphrskgnjhs.

Hihepjks Hihepj ks nahounaks9 nahounaks9 rkst rkstrk rkss (o (ohi hinn , cd`kt cd`kth, h, ph phjk jk)) rh rhpr prhs hshgt hgtno nodÿ dÿg g ah kgans kgans (g (guc uchs hs,,  pîinrks)

,

pndsnihs

gnturnjhs

y

phrskgns.

Hihepjks dgnahounaks9 kcihtks ohrrnaks (tnzn, njn, ourvn ah ugn onjjh,..) Ounarnak g¹?9 Hs hj onepk ah jns ehtns, jks kcihtdvks y jn prkyhoodÿg ah jn vdan 

Vrkjkg`nr jns jåghns y anrjhs orhodedhgtk hg bkren ah hadbdodk, îrckjhs, hto,.. ah adbhrhgth tnenþk puhah dgthrprhtnrsh okek shr pkok kr`ngdznak



Adcuinr hsonjhrns quh thredgng hg pjntnbkren, dgadon okgbkredana okg jk kcthgdak mnstn nmkrn



_d sh tnomn k sh ngujn hj hståeujk, sd`gdbdon thgahgodn n shgtdrsh hstngonak



_d sh ughg jns trhs jåghns dgadon pkons necdodkghs

Hihepjks nahounaks9 Hsonjhrns, cnrrns hstnaåstdons mdjhrn ah îrckjhs (euihrhs), onsn okg thinak,..

Hihepjks dgnahounaks9 Hadbdodks drrh`ujnrhs, enronan thgahgodn mnodn ncnik,..

 

Ouna Ou nark rk g¹ 19 Hs hj ou ouna nark rk ah jks jks ok okgt gthg hgda daks ks dg dgok okgs gsod odhg hgth ths, s, hs ah ahod odr, r, oÿ oÿek ek gk gkss okepkrtneks brhgth n guhstrns rhprhsdkghs, guhstrns ngsdhanahs. Nj`ugns oksns quh ahchg okgsdahrnrsh hg jn rhskjuodÿg ah hsth ounark ouna rk skg jns sd`udhgths9 Hs cuhgk quh hsth shn hj ùjtdek ounark, puhstk quh hs hj quh eîs adbdoujtnahs



 pjngthn hg su rhskjuodÿg _kecrh _ke crhnr nr hj ounark ounark k gujnrj gujnrjk k puhah puhah dgadon dgadonrr cjkquhk cjkquhk,, bnj bnjtn tn ah rhskju rhskjuodÿ odÿg g ngth ngth



sdtunodkghs ah prhsdÿg 

Adcuinr kcihtks dgbngtdjhs, puhah sdeckjdznr dgenaurhz



Adcuinr ug tncjhrk ah niharhz sd`gdbdon quh jn phrskgn hs onjoujnakrn y rnodkgnj



Adcuinr pndsnihs gnturnjhs puhah depjdonr ug njtk `rnak ah sucihtdvdana

Hihepjks nahounaks9 n cstrnoodkghs sdeätrdons, vhgtngns, anaks, tncjhrks ah iuh`ks,.. Hihepjks dgnahounaks9 okehtns, trhghs vdstks ahsah jhiks, tdrk nj cjngok,.. Onepk g¹ 8 Shprhshgtn hj okgtrkj ah jks depujsks y jn hghr`ån vdtnj _h ok okgs gsda dahr hrnn pk pksd sdtd tdvk vk hq hqud udjd jdcr crnr nr hj adcui adcuik k mn mnod odnn jn ah ahrh rhomn omn,, pu puhs hstk tk quh rh rhpr prhs hshg hgtn tn adgnedsek y thgahgodn n jn notdvdana. Vkr hj okgtrnrdk gk mnohrjk sd`gdbdonrån pnsdvdana. Hs

cuhgk

Hi Hihe hepj pjks ks

rhprhshgtnr

ugn

na naho houn unak aks9 s9 Vnjn,

noodÿg, enrtdjjk,

y

gk

skjnehgth

okgk

ah

kcihtks mhjnak,

dghrths hspnan,..

Hihepjks dgnahounaks9 Bkok ah juz, jhtrn t, thomks, ngthgns,.. Onepk g¹2 Shprhshgtn hj rnodkodgdk. _h okgsdahrn pksdtdvk dgth`rnr jns aks jåghns ahgtrk ah ug edsek adcuik, hg vhz ah mnohr  aks bd`urns dgahphgadhgths. Jn dgth`rnodÿg an euhstrns ah hqudjdcrdk y okmhrhgodn. Jk quh adcuiheks, adcuih eks, ahthredgnrî ahthredgnrî guhstrn guhstrn bkren bkren ah ngîjdsds. ngîjdsds. Vkr hihepjk hihepjk sd adcuineks ugn vhgtng vhgtngn, n,  puhah

dgadonr

quh

skeks

kcshrvnakrhs.

Hihepjks nahounaks9 Onsns, onrrks, hjhvdsdÿg, bd`urns `hkeätrdons dgth`rnans, vhgtngn, enrok

ah

ug

ounark,..

Hihepjk Hihe pjkss dgn dgnahou ahounaks naks99 adcui adcuiks ks drrh drrh`uj `ujnr nrhs hs,, kc kcih ihtk tkss nc ncdh dhrt rtks ks,, or oruz uz,, mkron, mkron, kc kcih ihtk tkss shpnrnaks h dgokghxks,..

 

Onepk g¹0 Vuhah rhprhshgtnr jn enaurhz shxunj, phrk skcrh tkak sh vn n prhstnr nthgodÿg n jns rhjnodkghs dgthrphrskgnjhs hg hj trncnik. _h ahch thghr hg ouhgtn jk sd`udhgth9 

Shsphtnr hj hståeujk (gk pdgtnr hgoden gd tnomnrjk k okjkrhnrjk) dgadon rhsphtk y onjdana hg jns rhjnodkghs dgthrphrskgnjhs, pkr hj okgtrnrdk sd sh rhpdgtn k sh okjkrhn  puhah sd`gdbdonr dgenaurhz.



_d jk quh sh adcuin adcuin rhprhshgtn rhprhshgtn ugn bugodÿg rhnj, ug kcihtk kcihtk rhnj, sd`gdbdon sd`gdbdon enaurhz y hqudjdcrdk.

Hihe Hihepj pjks ks

naho nahoun unak aks9 s9 Nakrgks,

bjkrhs,

brutns,

muhjjns

ah

mkred`ns,..

Hihepjks dgnahounaks9 (kcihtks phsnaks) jjngtn ah ug okomh, trhg, muhvk, gnrdz, phjkt phjktnn Onepk g¹= Shprhshgtn hj îecdtk jnckrnj prkpdnehgth adomk. Qnecdäg rhprhshgtn jn bd`urn  pnthrgn, jn nutkrdana. 

_d jk adcuinak hstî pkr ahcnik dgadon suedsdÿg, pnsdvdana.



_d jk adcuinak hstî pkr hgoden, dgadon ug njtk gdvhj ah oråtdon y adbdoujtnahs pnrn nsuedr jn gkren.



Jn ehikr kpodÿg hs hqudjdcrnr hj adcuik, rhprhshgtngak oksns tngtk pkr ahcnik okek  pkr hgoden.

Hihe ihepj pjkks

naho hou unaks ks99 _kecrhrk,

pnrn`uns,

skecrdjjn,

nrok

Hihepjks dgnahounaks9 Onsok, kcihtks ohrrnaks, pkrtÿg, rhjki,.. (Mhrrhrn, 3661 )

drds,..

 

NVJDONODßG AHJ QH_Q AH PNSQH@@ D.

ANQK_ @HGHSNJH_

GKECSH_ T NVHJJDAK_

9 SK_N D_NCHJ OMNRHY MXNJVN

_H]K

9 Bhehgdgk.

HANA

9 38 nþks.

KOXVNODßG

9 Hstuadngth.

H_QNAK ODRDJ

9 _kjthrn.

DGQHSRHGDAK VKS 

9 Krjngak Mnrajy Munjpn Njbnrk

BHOMN AH HRNJXNODßG

9 >0/6>/363>

DD.

EKQDRK AH HRNJXNODßG

Nj rhsp rhspho hotk tk ah ahjj ektd ektdvk vk ah jn dgth dgthrv rvhg hgod odÿg ÿg hv hvnj njun untd tdvn vn hs

AHQHSEDGNS AHQHSE DGNS JN_

ONSNOQ ONS NOQHSÅ HSÅ_QDO _QDON_ N_ AH JN VHS VHS_KG _KGNJD NJDANA ANA, su `r `rna nak k ah nb nbrk rkgt gtne nedh dhgt gtk k hg sdtu sdtuno nodk dkgh ghss hstr hstrhs hsngt ngths hs,, ah d`un d`unjj engh enghrn rn,, sh cu cuso sonn dg dgan an`nr `nr su no notd tdtu tua a jn jnckr ckrnj nj,, ah dgth dgthrr rrhj hjno nodk dkgn gnrs rshh hg hj trnc trncni nik k tn tngt gtk k n gdvhj gdvhj dgad dgadvd vdau aunj nj ok okek ek ok okjh jhot otdv dvk k hg hgtr trhh kt ktrn rnss onrnothråstdons ah su phrskgnjdana, y nj bdgnj `hghrnr ug phrbdj ahj pkstujngth, sdhgak okg bdghs ah trncnik prnotdok pnrn jn enthrdn ah pruhcns.

 

DDD.

DG_QSXEHGQK_ XQDJDYNAK_

-

Kcshrvnodÿg

-

Hgtrhvdstn Vsdokjÿ`don

-

Qhst ah Pnrth`` quh phredth okgkohr nj`ugks nsphotks ah jn phrskgnjdana

DR.

AH_OSDVODßG AH JN OKGAXOQN



Nj dgdodk ah jn hvnjunodÿg, hvnjunodÿg, jn hxnedgnan snjuaÿ okradnjehgth okradnjehgth y sh shgtÿ n hsouomnr  hsouomnr  jns dgadonodkghs.



Aurngth jn hvnjunodÿg, sh engtuvk trngqudjn y okgohgtrnan rhnjdzngak jks adcuiks ah jks jks ko komk mk on onep epks ks y jn jnss prh`u prh`ugt gtns ns hg ug td tdhe hepk pk np nprk rkxd xden engak gak ah >8 ed edgut gutks ks,, okehgzngak okg hj onepk ugk y thredgngak okg hj onepk komk, nj bdgnjdznr, jjh`ÿ n rhjj rhjjhg hgnr nr hj tåtu tåtujk jk ah on onan an ou ounar nark k y prks prksd` d`ud udÿ ÿ ok okgt gths hstn tnga gak k n jn jnss pr prh` h`ugt ugtns ns,. ,. Shnjdzngak crhvhs ckrrkghs hg jks ounarks Aurngth hj prkohsk ah hjnckrnodÿg ah jn  pruhcn gk puah mnohr gdg`ugn kcshrvnodÿg k ngktnodkghs

okg rhsphotk n jks

adcuik adc uiks, s, phrk phrk jk`rh jk`rh prh`ug prh`ugtnr tnr nj`ugks nj`ugks nsphot nsphotks ks rhj rhjhvng hvngths ths y quh bnodjd bnodjdtnr tnrång ång jn dgthrprhtnodÿg ah jns `rîbdons okek hj then quh eîs jh n`rnak sh`ùg jk engdbhstnak  pkr hjjn buh, jk adcuinak hg hj ounark ugk, akgah rhnjdzk ug hspdrnj. 

Vkr ktrk jnak hj adcuik quh ehikr rhnjdzk buh hj gùehrk 0, akgah mdzk ug pndsnih. Nj  prh`ugtnr ouîj buh hj then quh eîs jh ahsn`rnak buh hj gùehrk >, yn quh gk supk quh adcuinr, engdbdhstn gk mncärshjh kourrdak gnan, pksdcjhehgth pkr shr hj ounark ok okg g ehgk ehgkss bd`u bd`urn rnss ah ahgt gtrk rk ah äj äj,,

jk quh jh on onus usk k ug pkok pkok ah prkcj prkcjhe henn ah

kcihtdvdana. 

Hg jks adcuiks sh kcshrvng okg ojnrdana ehgtnj, kcihtdvdana, kr`ngdznodÿg y eätkak, oungak sh mncjn ah ojnrdana ehgtnj mnoh rhbhrhgodn nj `rnak ah prhodsdÿg, gdtdahz, ahjdedtnodÿg y purhzn ah jns jåghns.



Nj`ugns jåghns sh gktng aäcdjhs phrk okgiugtk prhodsk, hstk gks dgadonrån sågthsds ehgtnj.



Hj tnenþk ah jks adcuiks hs ah ehgks ah 1oe, hstk gks dgadon ngîjdsds, kcihtdvdana, shgtdak ah kcshrvnodÿg, akedgdk ah sd, pruahgodn, pnodhgodn.



Jks adcuiks gk tdhghg adgnedsek jk ounj hs dgadodk ah bnjtn ah notdvdana, dgdodntdvn y onpnodana ah nanptnodÿg.

 



Hj hepj hepjnzn nzned edhg hgtk tk ah jks jks adcu adcuik ikss sh hg hgouh ouhgt gtrn rn hg sh shgt gtda dak k mkrdz mkrdzkg kgtn tnjj ehad ehadk, k, okgshgtdedhgtk k sd`gk ah prhakedgdk hektdvk y nph`k n jk oktdadngk, y hg shgtdak vh vhrt rtdo donj nj hg cn cngan gan oh ohgt gtrn rnjj qu quhh gk gkss dgad dgadon on dg dgth thrä räss pkr hj pr prhs hshg hgth th y jn rh rhnj njda dana na dgehadntn.

 

Jks adcuiks hg `hghrnj sh okgsdahrng krd`dgnjhs yn quh gk tdhghg onjdana.



Jn prkbugadana y buhrzn ah jks adcuiks hs buhrth, jk ounj hs dgadontdvk ah okgbdngzn hg så, okgstngodn, ahodsdÿg, akedgdk ah så, hxpngsdÿg hx pngsdÿg y hghr`ån.



Jks adcuiks sh okepkghg ah nrquhtdpks sdepjhs y pkoks okepjhiks, ahgtrk ah jks sdepjh sde pjhss hgokgt hgokgtrne rneks ks rhotns rhotns, juh`k 3, ?, 8, 2, 0 y pkr ùjtdek ùjtdek hj =.



Hj edhak n jn bd`urn ah ugn nutkrdana n eärdtk ah jn bd`urn ah rkckt okg bkren muengn.

n. _D _D@G @GDB DBDO DONA NAK K AH ON ONAN AN OX OXNA NASK SK H_OK H_OK@D @DAK AK VKS VKS JN HR HRNJ NJXN XNAN AN (gùehrks ahthredgnaks pkr jn pnrtdodpngth, ens gk jks onepks) >. bjhomn 3. rkstrk ah rkckt. ?. kik 1. bjkr  8. onsn 2. ounarnak 0. pndsnih =. rkstrk euy njh`rh okg onchjjk.

c. ONSNOQHSÅ_QDON_ AH JK_ ONEVK_ >. Ohgtrnak9 Ohgtrnak9 Tk, sh`urda sh`urdana na phrskgnj phrskgnj (nutkokgkod (nutkokgkodedhgtk edhgtk), ), rhjnodÿg rhjnodÿg okg hj hgtkrgk. hgtkrgk. 3. Kgaujnak9 Kgaujnak9 Shjnodkghs Shjnodkghs dgthrph dgthrphrskgn rskgnjhs, jhs, îrhn îrhn skodnj, skodnj, oÿek sh rhjnod rhjnodkgn kgn okg jks aheîs. aheîs.

 

?. Orhodhgth9 Orhodhgth9 necdodÿg, necdodÿg, ahshk ahshk ah ahsnrrkjjk, ahsnrrkjjk, orhodedh orhodedhgtk, gtk, ehtns, ehtns, vdsdÿg vdsdÿg mnodn hj buturk. buturk. 1. _ÿjdak9 _ÿjdak9 Dgokgsodhg Dgokgsodhgth, th, enghik enghik ah okgbjdotks, okgbjdotks, hj eîs eîs adbåodj adbåodj pkr jk `hghrnj `hghrnj.. 8. Adrhoodÿg9 Adrhoodÿg9 hghr`ån hghr`ån vdtnj, vdtnj, adgnedse adgnedsek, k, jk`rk, rhsujt rhsujtnaks, naks, prkauotd prkauotdvdana. vdana. 2. Ahsnrtdouj Ahsnrtdoujnodÿg9 nodÿg9 hstdjk hstdjk ah rnodkodg rnodkodgdk dk 5 nskodntdvk nskodntdvk k sdgtätdok, sdgtätdok, kcihtdvk kcihtdvk k sucihtdvk. sucihtdvk. 0. Vugthnak9 Vugthnak9 enaurhz enaurhz shxunj, shxunj, dahgtdana dahgtdana ah `äghrk, `äghrk, okgthgtk okgthgtk okg su su ouhrpk. ouhrpk. =. Nepjdtua9 Nepjdtua9 nbdjdn nbdjdnodÿg odÿg skodnj, skodnj, okeprkeds okeprkedsk k okg gkrens, gkrens, rh`jns rh`jns y vnjkrhs. vnjkrhs.

Ounark G¶>9 Hsth ounark rhprhshgtn jn notdtua ngth jn rhchjdÿg, suedsdÿg ahj suihtk, quh tng nutÿgkek h dgahphgadhgt dgahphgadhgthh hs hj suihtk, suihtk, buhrzn ah vkjugtna vkjugtna y onpnodana onpnodana ah ahodsdÿg< ahodsdÿg< hg hsth onsk hj suihtk ugh jns jåghns rhotns, hstk gks dgadon quh hj suihtk quh, sd pkshh onpnodana onpnod ana ah ahodsdÿg, ahodsdÿg, buhrzn ah vkjugtna vkjugtna y okepkrtned okepkrtnedhgtk hgtk vkjugtnrdk. vkjugtnrdk.

_dg hecnr`k,

euhstrn pkon orhntdvdana yn quh skjk adcuik ugn bhomn koupngak ug throdk ahj hspnodk. OXNASK G―39 Hs ah ugn phrskgn phrskgn k ug rkckt hg hj Onepk 1, dgadon thekr thekr brhgth n jns bd`urns ah nutkrdana. Jk quh suohah hg hj adcuik 3, hg hj onepk 1, hg hj prhshgth onsk, nj  pnrhohr hs ug rkckt okg bkren ah muengk, hgtkgohs ahgktnrån thekr n ugn nutkrdana.

Ounark G¶?9 _h dgthrprhtn okek jn notdtua ahj suihtk brhgth n jks prkcjhens y su bkren ah okgbrkgtnrjks, hg hsth onsk jn phrskgn rkahn hj then okg ugn ourvn jk ounj gks dgadon quh dgmdch jn prhkoupnodÿg shgtdehgtnj, jn hxnedgnan adcuiÿ ug kik jk ounj gks dgadon su ahshk ah okepjnohgodn hg jks shgtdaks k ah jn nbhotdvdana, rkengtdodsek, prhkoupnodÿg shgtdehgtnj, rhskjuodÿg ah prkcjhens hbhotdvnehgth.

Ounark G¶19  _h kcshrvn quh prksd`uh hj then okg ourvns, jk quh dgadon ckgana, shgsdcdjdana, aujzurn y pkthgodnj nptdtua hstätdon. _h pkarån ahodr quh su hgbkquh jnckrnj tdhgh thgahgodn mnodn jk muengåstdok y okg rhnoodkghs ngth jn gnturnjhzn.

Ounark Oun ark G¶89 G¶89  Hg hj ounar ounark k ah jks jks ok okgt gthg hgda daks ks dg dgok okgs gsod odhg hgth ths, s, hs ah ahod odr, r, oÿ oÿek ek gks okepkr oke pkrtne tneks ks brhgth brhgth n guhstrn guhstrnss rhprhs rhprhsdkg dkghs, hs, guhstr guhstrns ns ngsdha ngsdhanah nahs., s., Hst Hsthh ounark ounark gks euhs eu hstr trnn jn vdan dgthrd dgthrdkr kr ah jn ph phrs rskg kgnn

y ng ngnj njdz dznn sd jn ph phrs rskgn kgnjd jdana ana tdhgah tdhgah n sh shr  r 

hxtrkvhrtdan k dgtrkvhrtdan< hg hsth onsk hj adcuik gks euhstrn ojnrnehgth okek odhrrn hj then pkr okepjhtk, okepjhtk, hstk hs dgadodk ah dgtrkvhrsd dgtrkvhrsdÿg, ÿg, thgahgodns hsqudzkdahs hsqudzkdahs y rhauoodÿg rhauoodÿg ahj Tk hg hsth hsth onsk jn hxnedgnan adcuik ugn onsn `rngah, hstk hstk gks euhstrn jn adbdoujtna  pnrn vhgohr k ekadbdonr jks prkcjhens oungak sh jh prhshgtng sdtunodkghs, tdhgah n

 

shgtdrsh phsnan hg oungtk nj trncnik, hs phsnan y su gdvhj ah rhgadedhgtk hg hj trncnik hg ongtdana hs pkok. _deckjdzngak ug pkok ah dgenaurhz.

Ounark G¶29 Jn dgthrprhtnodÿg ah hsth ounark vn rhjnodkgnan okg jn onpnodana quh tdhgh hj suihtk pnrn hj hgjnoh k jn nskodnodÿg ah dahns y hj bugodkgnedhgtk ah su phgsnedhgtk,  pkr jk quh Shprhshgtn hj rnodkodgdk, guhstrn hgouhstnan ugdÿ jns

rhotk, y bkren ugn

ounardoujn, hstk gks dgadon hxohsk ah ngîjdsds y bnjtn ah ojnrdana hg hj prkohsk ah dahns, hj bugodkgnedhgtk ahj phgsnedhgtk hs eîs jjhvnak n jn ekanjdana rnodkgnj, mny pkon nskodn nsk odnodÿ odÿg g ah dahns, dahns, prhake prhakedgd dgdk k ah

ahauood ahauoodÿg ÿg y odhrtn odhrtn jdedtno jdedtnodÿg dÿg ah okgohpt okgohptks ks y

Bdrehzn hg hj trnzk.

Ounark G¶0 Vrkyhoodÿg ahj hstnak ngåedok, sus onrnothråstdons hvkjuodkghs nj rhsphotk y ahthredgnaks hg okgshouhgodn ahj thst, jk quh sh hvdahgodn hg hj adcuk Hg hj onepk 3, hj ounj hs ug pndsni pndsnih, h, akgah h ahgktn ahgktn ug ndrh ndrh ah njh`rå njh`rånn quh trnsed trnsedth th

thgahgo thgahgodn dn n

sdtunodkghs ah bhjdodana prkpdodnaks pkr jn phrskgn k hj hgtkrgk skodnj.

Ounark G¶=9 rhprhshgtnr jn enaurhz shxunj, dahgtdana shxunj, phrk skcrh tkak sh vn n  prhstnr nthgodÿg n jns rhjnodkghs dgthrphrskgnjhs hg hj trncnik. Nquå sh hvdahgodn jn ghohsdana n hxthrdkrdznr prkcjhens nbhotdvks k n jn hxprhsdÿg ah jn shgsdcdjdana y hj hstnak ah enaurhz nbhotdvn, hg hsth ounark sh tdhgh hg ouhgtn sd hj dgadvdauk tkon hj then, hg hsth onsk jn hxnedgnan gk tkon hj then y jn okgtdgun okg ugn ourvn oÿgonvn, hxprhsngak bnjtn ah enaurhz nbhotdvn. Nj rhnjdznr hj adcuik ahj skj engdbdhstn bnjtn ah sh`urdana dgthrphrskgnj hg sdtunodkghs ah okgvdvhgodn. D.

DGQHSVSHQNODßG AH SH_XJQNAK_

Hg `hghrn `hghrnj, j, hs ugn phrskg phrskgnn rkeîgt rkeîgtdon don quh sh prhkoup prhkoupnn pkr hj nsphot nsphotk k shgtde shgtdehgtn hgtnj, j, gkrenj gkr enjehg ehgth th hs onpnz onpnz ah skjuod skjuodkgnr kgnr sus prkcjh prkcjhens ens hbhotd hbhotdvne vnehgth hgth.. Hs ugn phrskg phrskgnn  ckganaksn, shgsdcjh okg aujzurn y nptdtuahs hstätdons. Vkr ktrk jnak, hs muengdstn y tdhghg n anrjh depkrtngodn n jn gnturnjhzn. Hs nj`udhg okg dgthjd`hgodn prkehadk, hs prîotdon, krd`dgnj, okg ahshks ah suphrnrsh, hs onpnz ah tkenr  jn dgdodntdvn y tkenr ahodsdkghs oungak hs ghohsnrdk. Nugquh tdhgh ahshks ah suphrnodÿg hs ugn phrskgn quh theh nj brnonsk y quh hstî  prhkoupnan okgstngthehgth pkr hj buturk. _uhjh thghr onpnodanahs pnrn mnohr jns oksns  phrk gk okgbån hg shr onpnz hg nj`ugns konsdkghs. Hg oungtk n hj îecdtk jnckrnj y jn

 

enghrn hg oÿek nbrkgtn jks prkcjhens pkaheks ahodr quh su gdvhj ah rhgadedhgtk hg hj trncnik hs euy pkok y quh q uh euhstrn adbdoujtna pnrn vhgohs k ekadbdonr jks prkcjhens. Okek Oke k ahoån ahoån ngths, ngths,

hs ugn phrskg phrskgnn onpnz onpnz ah tkenr tkenr ahodsdkg ahodsdkghs, hs, hs dgahph dgahphgad gadhgt hgth, h,

nutÿgken y pkshh buhrzn ah vkjugtna. Hg oungtk nj nsphotk ok`gdtdvk, pkarån ahodr quh pkshh jn onpnodana ah nskodnr dahns phrk okg hxohsk ah ngîjdsds, gkrenjehgth hstk dgthrbdhrh hg jn ojnrdana ah adomns dahns, hs ugn  phrskgn rnodkgnj y jjhvnan n jn ahauoodÿg. Hg oungtk n jn enaurhz nbhotdvn, hs ug pkok dgenaurn, nugquh hs nj`udhg quh gk suhjh vhgtdjnr sus prkcjhens nbhotdvks. Hs ugn phrskgn quh jh `ustn quh jn prkthing phrk quh nj edsek tdhepk tdhgah n shr  akedgngth ahgtrk ah jns rhjnodkghs dgthrphrskgnjhs. _h pkarån ahodr quh hs nj`udhg okg ug pjng ah vdan kr`ngdznak quh jh an depkrtngodn nj pjngk nbhotdvk, hs ugn phrskgn shgsdcjh phrk quh pkshh nspdrnodkghs pnrn hj buturk. Hs nj`udhg kcshrvnakrn, kcihtdvn y okg ug ahshk dgmhrhgth n kcshrvnr n jn skodhana. Hg ugn phrskg phrskgnn okg onrnot onrnothrå hråstd stdons ons prkpdn prkpdnss ah ugn phrskg phrskgnjd njdana ana dgt dgtrkv rkvhrt hrtdan dan quh sh rhshrvn y hs pruahgth okg euomks nsphotks ah su vdan. Hs nj`udhg euy thgadhgth nj `ustk  pkr jns oksns ahj pnsnak, pkr jk mdstÿrdok y jns trnadodkghs.  GKQN9 Tn qu quhh nj`u nj`ugk gkss adcu adcuik ikss sh tdhg tdhgah ahg g mn mnod odnn jn dz dzqud qudhr hran an hs sd sd`gk `gk ah ph phsd sded edse sek, k, dgnotdvdana. Nj sd hstks sh tdhgah mnodn jn ahrhomn dgadon noodÿg, phrk hxn`hrnanehgth puhah pnrhohr  bnjtn ah okgtrkj k iudodk. Nj prhak prhaked edgn gng g jks jks kc kcih ihtk tkss hg jn pn pnrt rthh nj njtn tn,, gk gkss dg dgad adon on bn bngt gtns nsån ån,, or orhn hntd tdvd vdan ana, a,  phgsnedhgtk. Edhgtr Edh gtrns ns quh hg jn pnrth pnrth cnin cnin prhake prhakedgn dgng g tngtk tngtk kcihtk kcihtkss okek okek bd`urn bd`urnss shgodj shgodjjns jns,, rhnjdsek, rutdgn, njtk okgtnotk okg jn rhnjdana DD.

OKGOJX_DKGH_ -

Dgadonakr ah edhak n jn bd`urn ah ugn nutkrdana

-

Dgadonakrhs ah dgenaurhz hekodkgnj.

-

Okgbjdotk hekodkgnj.

-

Vkok nph`k n jns gkrens.

 

DDD.

Okgbdngzn, hqudjdcrdk y nanptncdjdana skodnj.

SHOKEHGANODKGH_ -

Vsdokthrnpdn adrd`dan nj edhak ah ugn bd`urn ah a h nutkrdana.

-

Vsdokthrnpdn adrd`dan n jn dgenaurhz hekodkgnj.

-

Vsdokthrnpdn pnrn rhskjvhr jks okgbjdotks okg bjdotks dgthrgks

 

CDCJDK@SNBDN Mhrrhrn, V. O. (3661 ). @udn ah dgthrprhtnodkg ahj thst ah Pnrth``. Cnsnak Pnrth``.  Cnsnak hg hj Engunj ah Qhjen S. ah Ekrnhs y hj jdcrk ‚Hj jhg`unih ahj adcuik― ah Cdhaen. Vsdokokah. (s.b.). Vsdokokah (s.b.). Vsdokokah.. Kcthgdak ah mttps9//psdokokah.oke/psdokjk`dn/thst-ah-wnrth``/ mttps9//psdokokah.oke/psdokjk`dn/thst-ah-wnrth``/

VN@ PHC_. Pnrrth`` Pn th``,, H. (>41 (>416) 6).. _om _omdom domtad tadn`g n`gkst kstdl. dl. Ahr Yhdomhg Yhdomhgths thstt (PYQ). (PYQ).   Hd Hdgb gbúmr úmrug ug` ` dg ad adhh hxphrdehgthjjh @rnpmkslkpdh.