Test Bank - Chapter 7 Variable Costing
January 29, 2017 | Author: Aiko E. Lara | Category: N/A
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Chapter 7 Variable Costing: A Tool for Management
True/False 1. T Easy
In the preparation of financial statements using variable costing, fixed manufacturing overhead is treated as a period cost.
2. F Hard
Direct labor is always considered to be a product cost under variable costing.
3. F Medium
Under variable costing, the unit product cost contains some fixed manufacturing overhead cost.
4. F Medium
Under variable costing it may be possible to report a profit even if the company sells less than the breakeven volume of sales.
5. T Easy
Under variable costing, the impact of fixed cost is emphasized because the total amount of such cost for the period appears in the income statement.
6. F Easy
Absorption costing treats fixed manufacturing overhead as a period cost, rather than as a product cost.
7. F Medium
The unit product cost under absorption costing contains no element of fixed manufacturing overhead cost.
8. T Easy
Absorption costing treats all manufacturing costs as product costs.
9. T Easy
When the number of units in work in process and finished goods inventories increase, absorption costing net income will typically be greater than variable costing net income.
10. F Easy
When sales exceeds production for a period, absorption costing net income will generally be greater than variable costing net income.
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11. F Medium
Absorption costing net income is closer to the net cash flow of a period than is variable costing net income.
12. F Medium
Variable costing is not permitted for income tax purposes, but it is widely accepted for external financial reports.
13. F Medium
Net income is not affected by changes in production when absorption costing is used.
14. T Easy
When JIT methods are introduced, the difference in net income computed under the absorption and variable costing methods is reduced.
15. T Easy
Since variable costing emphasizes costs by behavior, it works well with costvolumeprofit analysis.
Multiple Choice 16. C Easy
A cost that would be included in product costs under both absorption costing and variable costing would be: a. supervisory salaries. b. equipment depreciation. c. variable manufacturing costs. d. variable selling expenses.
17. C Easy CPA adapted
An allocated portion of fixed manufacturing overhead is included in product costs under:
18. B Medium CPA adapted
The variable costing method ordinarily includes in product costs the following: a. Direct materials cost, direct labor cost, but no manufacturing overhead cost. b. Direct materials cost, direct labor cost, and variable manufacturing overhead cost. c. Prime cost but not conversion cost. d. Prime cost and all conversion cost.
Absorption Variable costing costing a. No No b. No Yes c. Yes No d. Yes Yes
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19. D Easy
Cay Company's fixed manufacturing overhead costs totaled $100,000, and variable selling costs totaled $80,000. Under variable costing, how should these costs be classified? Period costs Product costs a. $0 $180,000 b. $80,000 $100,000 c. $100,000 $80,000 d. $180,000 $0
20. A Easy
Which of the following are considered to be product costs under variable costing? I. Variable manufacturing overhead. II. Fixed manufacturing overhead. III. Selling and administrative expenses. a. I. b. I and II. c. I and III. d. I, II, and III.
21. B Medium CPA adapted
What factor is the cause of the difference between net income as computed under absorption costing and net income as computed under variable costing? a. Absorption costing considers all manufacturing costs in the determination of net income, whereas variable costing considers only prime costs. b. Absorption costing allocates fixed manufacturing costs between cost of goods sold and inventories, and variable costing considers all fixed manufacturing costs as period costs. c. Absorption costing includes all variable manufacturing costs in product costs, but variable costing considers variable manufacturing costs to be period costs. d. Absorption costing includes all fixed manufacturing costs in product costs, but variable costing expenses all fixed manufacturing costs.
22. C Easy
Under variable costing, costs which are treated as period costs include: a. only fixed manufacturing costs. b. both variable and fixed manufacturing costs. c. all fixed costs. d. only fixed selling and administrative costs.
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23. C Medium
Which of the following statements is true for a firm that uses variable costing? a. The unit product cost changes as a result of changes in the number of units manufactured. b. Both variable selling costs and variable production costs are included in the unit product cost. c. Net income moves in the same direction as sales. d. Net income is greatest in periods when production is highest.
24. B Easy
Which of the following are considered to be product costs under absorption costing? I. Variable manufacturing overhead. II. Fixed manufacturing overhead. III. Selling and administrative expenses. a. I, II, and III. b. I and II. c. I and III. d. I.
25. C Easy
The term "gross margin" for a manufacturing company refers to the excess of sales over a. cost of goods sold, excluding fixed manufacturing overhead. b. all variable costs, including variable selling and administrative expenses. c. cost of goods sold, including fixed manufacturing overhead. d. variable costs, excluding variable selling and administrative expenses.
26. A Medium CPA adapted
Net income determined using full absorption costing can be reconciled to net income determined using variable costing by computing the difference between: a. Fixed manufacturing overhead costs deferred in or released from inventories. b. Inventoried discretionary costs in the beginning and ending inventories. c. Gross margin (absorption costing method) and contribution margin (variable costing method). d. Sales as recorded under the variable costing method and sales as recorded under the absorption costing method.
27. B Medium CMA adapted
Net income reported under absorption costing will exceed net income reported under variable costing for a given period if: a. production equals sales for that period. b. production exceeds sales for that period. c. sales exceed production for that period. d. the variable manufacturing overhead exceeds the fixed manufacturing overhead.
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28. D Medium CPA adapted
What will be the difference in net income between variable costing and absorption costing if the number of units in work in process and finished goods inventories increase? a. There will be no difference in net income. b. Net income computed using variable costing will be higher. c. The difference in net income cannot be determined from the information given. d. Net income computed using variable costing will be lower.
29. A Easy
The costing method that can be used most easily with breakeven analysis and other costvolumeprofit techniques is: a. variable costing. b. absorption costing. c. process costing. d. joborder costing.
30. C Hard
For the most recent year, Atlantic Company's net income computed by the absorption costing method was $7,400, and its net income computed by the variable costing method was $10,100. The company's unit product cost was $17 under variable costing and $22 under absorption costing. If the ending inventory consisted of 1,460 units, the beginning inventory must have been: a. 920 units. b. 1,460 units. c. 2,000 units. d. 12,700 units.
31. B Hard
During the most recent year, Evans Company had a net income of $90,000 using absorption costing and $84,000 using variable costing. The fixed overhead application rate was $6 per unit. There were no beginning inventories. If 22,000 units were produced last year, then sales for last year were: a. 15,000 units. b. 21,000 units. c. 23,000 units. d. 28,000 units.
32. D Hard
During the year just ended, Roberts Company' income under absorption costing was $3,000 lower than its income under variable costing. The company sold 9,000 units during the year, and its variable costs were $9 per unit, of which $3 was variable selling expense. If production cost is $11 per unit under absorption costing every year, then how many units did the company produce during the year? a. 8,000. b. 10,000. c. 9,600. d. 8,400.
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33. C Hard
Last year, Silver Company's variable production costs totaled $7,500 and its fixed manufacturing overhead costs totaled $4,500. The company produced 3,000 units during the year and sold 2,400 units. There were no units in the beginning inventory. Which of the following statements is true? a. Under variable costing, the units in the ending inventory will be costed at $4 each. b. The net income under absorption costing for the year will be $900 lower than the net income under variable costing. c. The ending inventory under variable costing will be $900 lower than the ending inventory under absorption costing. d. Under absorption costing, the units in ending inventory will be costed at $2.50 each.
34. D Hard
During the last year, Hansen Company had net income under absorption costing that was $5,500 lower than its income under variable costing. The company sold 9,000 units during the year, and its variable costs were $10 per unit, of which $6 was variable selling expense. If fixed production cost is $5 per unit under absorption costing every year, then how many units did the company produce during the year? a. 7,625 units. b. 8,450 units. c. 10,100 units. d. 7,900 units.
35. B Medium CMA adapted
Indiana Corporation produces a single product that it sells for $9 per unit. During the first year of operations, 100,000 units were produced and 90,000 units were sold. Manufacturing costs and selling and administrative expenses for the year were as follows: Fixed Costs Variable Costs Raw materials ............ $1.75 per unit produced Direct labor ............. 1.25 per unit produced Factory overhead ......... $100,000 0.50 per unit produced Selling and administrative 70,000 0.60 per unit sold What was Indiana Corporation's net income for the year using variable costing? a. $181,000. b. $271,000. c. $281,000. d. $371,000.
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36. C Medium
Last year, fixed manufacturing overhead was $30,000, variable production costs were $48,000, fixed selling and administration costs were $20,000, and variable selling administrative expenses were $9,600. There was no beginning inventory. During the year, 3,000 units were produced and 2,400 units were sold at a price of $40 per unit. Under variable costing, net income would be: a. a profit of $6,000. b. a profit of $4,000. c. a loss of $2,000. d. a loss of $4,400.
37. D Easy CPA adapted
West Co.'s manufacturing costs are as follows: Direct materials and direct labor ....... $700,000 Other variable manufacturing costs ...... 100,000 Depreciation of factory building and manufacturing equipment ............. 80,000 Other fixed manufacturing overhead ...... 18,000 What amount should be considered product costs for external reporting purposes? a. $700,000. b. $800,000. c. $880,000. d. $898,000.
38. C Hard
At the end of last year, Lee Company had 30,000 units in its ending inventory. Lee's variable production costs are $10 per unit and its fixed manufacturing overhead costs are $5 per unit every year. The company's net income for the year was $12,000 higher under variable costing than under absorption costing. Given these facts, the number of units of product in inventory at the beginning of the year must have been: a. 28,800 units. b. 27,600 units. c. 32,400 units. d. 42,000 units.
39. B Medium
During the last year, Moore Company's variable production costs totaled $10,000 and its fixed manufacturing overhead costs totaled $6,800. The company produced 5,000 units during the year and sold 4,600 units. There were no units in the beginning inventory. Which of the following statements is true? a. The net income under absorption costing for the year will be $800 higher than net income under variable costing. b. The net income under absorption costing for the year will be $544 higher than net income under variable costing. c. The net income under absorption costing for the year will be $544 lower than net income under variable costing. d. The net income under absorption costing for the year will be $800 lower than net income under variable costing.
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40. B Hard
Last year, Ben Company's income under absorption costing was $4,400 lower than its income under variable costing. The company sold 8,000 units during the year, and its variable costs were $8 per unit, of which $3 was variable selling expense. Fixed manufacturing overhead was $1 per unit in beginning inventory under absorption costing. How many units did the company produce during the year? a. 12,400 units. b. 3,600 units. c. 7,120 units. d. 7,450 units.
41. C Hard
Last year, Stephen Company had 20,000 units in its ending inventory. During the year, Stephen's variable production costs were $12 per unit. The fixed manufacturing overhead cost was $8 per unit in the beginning inventory. The company's net income for the year was $9,600 higher under variable costing than it was under absorption costing. Given these facts, the number of units of product in the beginning inventory last year must have been: a. 21,200. b. 19,200. c. 18,800. d. 19,520.
Reference: 71 Aaker Company, which has only one product, has provided the following data concerning its most recent month of operations: Selling price ............................ $99 Units in beginning inventory ............. 0 Units produced ........................... 6,300 Units sold ............................... 6,000 Units in ending inventory ................ 300 Variable costs per unit: Direct materials ....................... $12 Direct labor ........................... 42 Variable manufacturing overhead ........ 6 Variable selling and administrative .... 6 Fixed costs: Fixed manufacturing overhead ........... $170,100 Fixed selling and administrative ....... 24,000
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42. D Easy Refer To: 71
What is the unit product cost for the month under variable costing? a. $66 b. $93 c. $87 d. $60
43. A Easy Refer To: 71
What is the unit product cost for the month under absorption costing? a. $87 b. $60 c. $66 d. $93
44. D Medium Refer To: 71
The total contribution margin for the month under the variable costing approach is: a. $72,000. b. $27,900. c. $234,000. d. $198,000.
45. C Medium Refer To: 71
The total gross margin for the month under the absorption costing approach is: a. $98,100. b. $198,000. c. $72,000. d. $12,000.
46. A Hard Refer To: 71
What is the total period cost for the month under the variable costing approach? a. $230,100 b. $194,100 c. $170,100 d. $60,000
47. B Hard Refer To: 71
What is the total period cost for the month under the absorption costing approach? a. $170,100 b. $60,000 c. $230,100 d. $24,000
48. B Medium Refer To: 71
What is the net income for the month under variable costing? a. $8,100 b. $3,900 c. $12,000 d. ($14,100)
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49. C Medium Refer To: 71
What is the net income for the month under absorption costing? a. $3,900 b. ($14,100) c. $12,000 d. $8,100
Reference: 72 Last year, Walsh Company manufactured 25,000 units and sold 22,000 units. Production costs were as follows: Direct material .................. $100,000 Direct labor ..................... 75,000 Variable manufacturing overhead .. 50,000 Fixed manufacturing overhead ..... 75,000 Sales totaled $440,000, variable selling and administrative expenses were $110,000, and fixed selling and administrative expenses were $45,000. There was no beginning inventory. Assume that direct labor is a variable cost. 50. B Easy Refer To: 72
Under absorption costing, the unit product cost would be: a. $9.00. b. $12.00. c. $13.40. d. $14.00.
51. A Medium Refer To: 72
Under absorption costing, the gross margin would be: a. $176,000. b. $242,000. c. $ 66,000. d. $ 21,000.
52. D Medium Refer To: 72
The contribution margin per unit would be: a. $15.00. b. $11.00. c. $ 8.00. d. $ 6.00.
53. A Easy Refer To: 72
Under variable costing, the total amount of fixed manufacturing cost in the ending inventory would be: a. $ 0. b. $ 9,000. c. $14,400. d. $27,000.
54. C Medium Refer To: 72
The net income under variable costing would be: a. $ 2,000. b. $21,000. c. $12,000. d. $ 9,000.
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55. D Medium Refer To: 72
The net income under absorption costing would be: a. $ 9,000. b. $12,000. c. $ 2,000. d. $21,000.
Reference: 73 Farron Company, which has only one product, has provided the following data concerning its most recent month of operations: Selling price ............................ $92 Units in beginning inventory ............. 0 Units produced ........................... 8,700 Units sold ............................... 8,300 Units in ending inventory ................ 400 Variable costs per unit: Direct materials ....................... $13 Direct labor ........................... 55 Variable manufacturing overhead ........ 1 Variable selling and administrative .... 5 Fixed costs: Fixed manufacturing overhead ........... $130,500 Fixed selling and administrative ....... 8,300 56. A Easy Refer To: 73
What is the unit product cost for the month under variable costing? a. $69 b. $84 c. $89 d. $74
57. D Easy Refer To: 73
What is the unit product cost for the month under absorption costing? a. $74 b. $89 c. $69 d. $84
58. A Medium Refer To: 73
What is the net income for the month under variable costing? a. $10,600 b. ($17,000) c. $16,600 d. $6,000
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59. B Medium Refer To: 73
What is the net income for the month under absorption costing? a. ($17,000) b. $16,600 c. $6,000 d. $10,600
Reference: 74 Jarvix Company, which has only one product, has provided the following data concerning its most recent month of operations: Selling price ............................ $111 Units in beginning inventory ............. 400 Units produced ........................... 8,800 Units sold ............................... 8,900 Units in ending inventory ................ 300 Variable costs per unit: Direct materials ....................... $34 Direct labor ........................... 37 Variable manufacturing overhead ........ 3 Variable selling and administrative .... 9 Fixed costs: Fixed manufacturing overhead ........... $ 61,600 Fixed selling and administrative ....... 169,100 The company produces the same number of units every month, although the sales in units vary from month to month. The company's variable costs per unit and total fixed costs have been constant from month to month. 60. B Medium Refer To: 74
What is the unit product cost for the month under variable costing? a. $83 b. $74 c. $90 d. $81
61. C Medium Refer To: 74
What is the unit product cost for the month under absorption costing? a. $90 b. $74 c. $81 d. $83
62. D Medium Refer To: 74
What is the net income for the month under variable costing? a. $25,900 b. $2,100 c. $17,800 d. $18,500
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63. D Medium Refer To: 74
What is the net income for the month under absorption costing? a. $2,100 b. $25,900 c. $18,500 d. $17,800
Reference: 75 Hatfield Company, which has only one product, has provided the following data concerning its most recent month of operations: Selling price ............................ $123 Units in beginning inventory ............. 0 Units produced ........................... 6,400 Units sold ............................... 6,100 Units in ending inventory ................ 300 Variable costs per unit: Direct materials ....................... $45 Direct labor ........................... 30 Variable manufacturing overhead ........ 1 Variable selling and administrative .... 8 Fixed costs: Fixed manufacturing overhead ........... $140,800 Fixed selling and administrative ....... 91,500 64. C Easy Refer To: 75
What is the unit product cost for the month under variable costing? a. $98 b. $84 c. $76 d. $106
65. A Medium Refer To: 75
The total contribution margin for the month under the variable costing approach is: a. $237,900. b. $97,100. c. $152,500. d. $286,700.
66. D Hard Refer To: 75
What is the total period cost for the month under the variable costing approach? a. $140,300 b. $140,800 c. $232,300 d. $281,100
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67. B Medium Refer To: 75
What is the net income for the month under variable costing? a. $6,600 b. $5,600 c. ($17,200) d. $12,200
Reference: 76 Iancu Company, which has only one product, has provided the following data concerning its most recent month of operations: Selling price ............................ $149 Units in beginning inventory ............. 0 Units produced ........................... 4,200 Units sold ............................... 3,900 Units in ending inventory ................ 300 Variable costs per unit: Direct materials ....................... $27 Direct labor ........................... 46 Variable manufacturing overhead ........ 5 Variable selling and administrative .... 9 Fixed costs: Fixed manufacturing overhead ........... $155,400 Fixed selling and administrative ....... 70,200 68. C Easy Refer To: 76
What is the unit product cost for the month under variable costing? a. $124 b. $115 c. $78 d. $87
69. B Medium Refer To: 76
What is the net income for the month under variable costing? a. $27,300 b. $16,200 c. ($7,200) d. $11,100
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Reference: 77 The Pacific Company manufactures a single product. The following data relate to the year just completed: Variable cost per unit: Production .................... $43 Selling and administrative .... $15 Fixed costs in total: Production .................... $145,000 Selling and administrative .... $ 95,000 During the last year, 5,000 units were produced and 4,800 units were sold. There were no beginning inventories. 70. D Easy Refer To: 77
Under variable costing, the unit product cost would be: a. $91.00. b. $72.00. c. $58.00. d. $43.00.
71. C Medium Refer To: 77
The carrying value of finished goods inventory at the end of the year under variable costing would be: a. $8,800 greater than under absorption costing. b. $8,800 less than under absorption costing. c. $5,800 less than under absorption costing. d. The same as absorption costing.
72. B Medium Refer To: 77
Under absorption costing, the cost of goods sold for the year would be: a. $206,400. b. $345,600. c. $278,400. d. $360,000.
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Reference: 78 Crystal Company's variable costing income statement for the month of May appears below: Crystal Company Income Statement For the month ended May 31 Sales ($10 per unit) .............. $900,000 Less variable costs: Variable cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory ......... $125,000 Add variable cost of goods manufactured .............. 400,000 Goods available for Sale .... 525,000 Less ending inventory ....... 75,000 Variable cost of goods sold . 450,000 Variable selling expense ..... 90,000 Total variable costs ..... 540,000 Contribution margin ............... 360,000 Fixed costs: Fixed manufacturing overhead ... 240,000 Fixed selling and admin. ....... 90,000 Total fixed costs ........ 330,000 Net income ........................ $ 30,000 The company produces 80,000 units each month. Variable production costs per unit and total fixed costs have remained constant over the past several months. 73. A Hard Refer To: 78
The dollar value of the company's inventory on May 31 under the absorption costing method would be: a. $120,000. b. $ 90,000. c. $ 75,000. d. $ 60,000.
74. B Hard Refer To: 78
Under absorption costing, for the month ended May 31, the company would report a: a. $30,000 loss. b. $0 profit. c. $30,000 profit. d. $60,000 profit.
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Reference: 79 The following data were provided by Green Enterprises for the most recent period: Units in beginning inventory ........ 0 Units produced ...................... 8,000 Units sold .......................... 6,000
Variable costs per unit: Manufacturing ..................... $15 Selling and administrative ........ 5 Fixed costs, in total: Manufacturing ..................... $24,000 Selling and administrative ........ 16,000 75. C Easy Refer To: 79
Under variable costing, the unit product cost is: a. $20. b. $18. c. $15. d. $22.
76. B Easy Refer To: 79
Under absorption costing, the unit product cost is: a. $20. b. $18. c. $15. d. $25.
77. A Easy Refer To: 79
For the period above, one would expect the net income under absorption costing to be: a. higher than the net income under variable costing. b. lower than the net income under variable costing. c. the same as the net income under variable costing. d. The relation between absorption costing net income and variable costing net income cannot be determined.
Reference: 710 The following data pertain to one month's operations of Whitney, Inc.: Units in beginning inventory ....... 0 Units produced ..................... 9,000 Units sold ......................... 8,000 Variable costs per unit: Manufacturing .................... $10 Selling and administrative ....... 6 Fixed costs in total: Manufacturing .................... $18,000 Selling and administrative ....... 27,000
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78. B Easy Refer To: 710
The carrying value on the balance sheet of the ending finished goods inventory under variable costing would be: a. $16,000. b. $10,000. c. $19,000. d. $12,000.
79. C Easy Refer To: 710
The carrying value on the balance sheet of the ending finished goods inventory under absorption costing would be: a. $16,000. b. $10,000. c. $12,000. d. $21,000.
80. B Medium Refer To: 710
For the month referred to above, net income under variable costing will be: a. higher than net income under absorption costing. b. lower than net income under absorption costing. c. the same as net income under absorption costing. d. The relation between variable costing and absorption costing net income cannot be determined.
Reference: 711 Bateman Company, which has only one product, has provided the following data concerning its most recent month of operations: Selling price ............................ $117 Units in beginning inventory ............. 0 Units produced ........................... 4,700 Units sold ............................... 4,400 Units in ending inventory ................ 300 Variable costs per unit: Direct materials ....................... $36 Direct labor ........................... 38 Variable manufacturing overhead ........ 4 Variable selling and administrative .... 11 Fixed costs: Fixed manufacturing overhead ........... $89,300 Fixed selling and administrative ....... 26,400 81. D Easy Refer To: 711
What is the unit product cost for the month under variable costing? a. $89 b. $97 c. $108 d. $78
82. A Easy Refer To: 711
What is the unit product cost for the month under absorption costing? a. $97 b. $108 c. $78 d. $89
Reference: 712
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During the last year, Snyder Co. produced 10,000 units of Product S. Costs incurred by Snyder during the year were as follows: Direct materials ................... $11,000 Direct labor ....................... 21,000 Variable manufacturing overhead .... 6,100 Variable selling and general ....... 3,100 Fixed manufacturing overhead ....... 9,000 Fixed selling and general .......... 4,100 Total .............................. $54,300 83. C Medium Refer To: 712
The unit product cost under absorption costing would have been: a. $5.43. b. $3.81. c. $4.71. d. $4.12.
84. B Medium Refer To: 712
The unit product cost under variable costing would have been: a. $3.20. b. $3.81. c. $4.12. d. $3.51.
Reference: 713 During the past year, Carr Company manufactured 25,000 units and sold 20,000 units. Production costs for the year were as follows: Fixed manufacturing overhead ...... $250,000 Variable manufacturing overhead ... $210,000 Direct labor ...................... $120,000 Direct materials .................. $180,000 Sales totaled $850,000, variable selling expenses totaled $110,000, and fixed selling and administrative expenses totaled $170,000. There were no units in beginning inventory. Assume that direct labor is a variable cost. 85. D Medium Refer To: 713
The contribution margin per unit would be: a. $12.10. b. $22.10. c. $17.70. d. $16.60.
86. D Medium Refer To: 713
Under absorption costing, the ending inventory for the year would be valued at: a. $179,500. b. $213,500. c. $222,000. d. $152,000.
87. C Medium Refer To: 713
The net income for the year under variable costing would be: a. $28,000 lower than under absorption costing. b. $28,000 higher than under absorption costing. c. $50,000 lower than under absorption costing. d. $50,000 higher than under absorption costing.
Reference: 714
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Last year, Harris Company manufactured 17,000 units and sold 13,000 units. Production costs for the year were as follows: Direct materials...................... $153,000 Direct labor.......................... 110,500 Variable manufacturing overhead....... 204,000 Fixed manufacturing overhead.......... 255,000 Sales were $780,000 for the year, variable selling and administrative expenses were $88,400, and fixed selling and administrative expenses were $170,000. There was no beginning inventory. Assume that direct labor is a variable cost. 88. D Medium Refer To: 714
The contribution margin per unit was: a. $17.50. b. $32.50. c. $27.30. d. $25.70.
89. B Medium Refer To: 714
Under absorption costing, the carrying value on the balance sheet of the ending inventory for the year would be: a. $190,800. b. $170,000. c. $230,800. d. $ 0.
90. d Hard Refer To: 714
Under variable costing, the company's net income for the year would be: a. $60,000 higher than under absorption costing. b. $108,000 higher than under absorption costing. c. $108,000 lower than under absorption costing. d. $60,000 lower than under absorption costing.
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Reference: 715 Fahey Company manufactures a single product which it sells for $25 per unit. The company has the following cost structure: Variable costs per unit: Manufacturing .................... $9 Selling and Administrative ....... 3 Fixed costs in total: Manufacturing .................... $72,000 Selling and Administrative ....... 54,000 There were no units in beginning inventory. During the year, 18,000 units were produced and 15,000 units were sold. 91. C Easy Refer To: 715
Under absorption costing, the unit product cost would be: a. $ 9. b. $12. c. $13. d. $16.
92. D Medium Refer To: 715
The company's net income for the year under variable costing would be: a. $60,000. b. $81,000. c. $57,000. d. $69,000.
Reference: 716 Erie Company manufactures a single product. Assume the following data for the year just completed: Fixed costs in total: Selling and Administrative ... $60,000 Production ................... $82,500 Variable costs per unit: Selling and Administrative ... $5 Production ................... $8 There were no units in inventory at the beginning of the year. During the year 30,000 units were produced and 25,000 units were sold. Each unit sells for $35. 93. D Easy Refer To: 716
Under absorption costing, the unit product cost would be: a. $8. b. $17.75. c. $13. d. $10.75.
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94. A Medium Refer To: 716
The company's net income under variable costing would be: a. $407,500. b. $421,250. c. $431,250. d. $417,500.
Reference: 717 Chown Company, which has only one product, has provided the following data concerning its most recent month of operations: Selling price ............................ $110 Units in beginning inventory ............. 0 Units produced ........................... 8,000 Units sold ............................... 7,800 Units in ending inventory ................ 200 Variable costs per unit: Direct materials ....................... $22 Direct labor ........................... 31 Variable manufacturing overhead ........ 3 Variable selling and administrative .... 4 Fixed costs: Fixed manufacturing overhead ........... $248,000 Fixed selling and administrative ....... 140,400 95. B Medium Refer To: 717
The total contribution margin for the month under the variable costing approach is: a. $179,400. b. $390,000. c. $421,200. d. $142,000.
96. B Medium Refer To: 717
The total gross margin for the month under the absorption costing approach is: a. $196,800. b. $179,400. c. $390,000. d. $7,800.
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Reference: 718 Delvin Company, which has only one product, has provided the following data concerning its most recent month of operations: Selling price ............................ $120 Units in beginning inventory ............. 0 Units produced ........................... 1,800 Units sold ............................... 1,500 Units in ending inventory ................ 300 Variable costs per unit: Direct materials ....................... $40 Direct labor ........................... 42 Variable manufacturing overhead ........ 2 Variable selling and administrative .... 9 Fixed costs: Fixed manufacturing overhead ........... $7,200 Fixed selling and administrative ....... 28,500 97. B Hard Refer To: 718
What is the total period cost for the month under the variable costing approach? a. $42,000 b. $49,200 c. $35,700 d. $7,200
98. A Hard Refer To: 718
What is the total period cost for the month under the absorption costing approach? a. $42,000 b. $7,200 c. $49,200 d. $28,500
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Reference: 719 Gabbert Company, which has only one product, has provided the following data concerning its most recent month of operations: Selling price ............................ $90 Units in beginning inventory ............. 0 Units produced ........................... 3,600 Units sold ............................... 3,400 Units in ending inventory ................ 200 Variable costs per unit: Direct materials ....................... $23 Direct labor ........................... 11 Variable manufacturing overhead ........ 2 Variable selling and administrative .... 8 Fixed costs: Fixed manufacturing overhead ........... $93,600 Fixed selling and administrative ....... 61,200 99. D Medium Refer To: 719
The total contribution margin for the month under the variable costing approach is: a. $62,800. b. $95,200. c. $183,600. d. $156,400.
100. A Medium Refer To: 719
The total gross margin for the month under the absorption costing approach is: a. $95,200. b. $156,400. c. $6,800. d. $107,600.
101. D Hard Refer To: 719
What is the total period cost for the month under the variable costing approach? a. $93,600 b. $154,800 c. $88,400 d. $182,000
102. A Hard Refer To: 719
What is the total period cost for the month under the absorption costing approach? a. $88,400 b. $182,000 c. $61,200 d. $93,600
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Reference: 720 Gordon Company produces a single product that sells for $10 per unit. Last year there were no beginning inventories, 100,000 units were produced, and 80,000 units were sold. The company has the following cost structure: Fixed costs Variable costs Raw materials................ $2.00 per unit produced Direct labor................. 1.25 per unit produced Factory overhead............. $120,000 0.75 per unit produced Selling and administrative... 70,000 1.00 per unit sold 103. B Medium Refer To: 720
Net income under variable costing would be: a. $114,000. b. $210,000. c. $234,000. d. $330,000.
104. B Medium Refer To: 720
The carrying value on the balance sheet of the ending finished goods inventory under absorption costing would be: a. $ 80,000. b. $104,000. c. $110,000. d. $124,000.
Reference: 721 Elliot Company, which has only one product, has provided the following data concerning its most recent month of operations: Selling price ............................ $112 Units in beginning inventory ............. 0 Units produced ........................... 4,900 Units sold ............................... 4,500 Units in ending inventory ................ 400 Variable costs per unit: Direct materials ....................... $19 Direct labor ........................... 45 Variable manufacturing overhead ........ 6 Variable selling and administrative .... 9 Fixed costs: Fixed manufacturing overhead ........... $117,600 Fixed selling and administrative ....... 22,500 105. D Medium Refer To: 721
What is the net income for the month under variable costing? a. $18,000 b. ($19,600) c. $9,600 d. $8,400
106. D Medium Refer To: 721
What is the net income for the month under absorption costing? a. ($19,600) b. $9,600 c. $8,400 d. $18,000
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Reference: 722 Khanam Company, which has only one product, has provided the following data concerning its most recent month of operations: Selling price ............................ $97 Units in beginning inventory ............. 500 Units produced ........................... 8,400 Units sold ............................... 8,500 Units in ending inventory ................ 400 Variable costs per unit: Direct materials ....................... $20 Direct labor ........................... 37 Variable manufacturing overhead ........ 1 Variable selling and administrative .... 11 Fixed costs: Fixed manufacturing overhead ........... $ 67,200 Fixed selling and administrative ....... 161,500 The company produces the same number of units every month, although the sales in units vary from month to month. The company's variable costs per unit and total fixed costs have been constant from month to month. 107. B Medium Refer To: 722
What is the net income for the month under variable costing? a. $8,500 b. $9,300 c. $3,200 d. $15,100
108. A Medium Refer To: 722
What is the net income for the month under absorption costing? a. $8,500 b. $9,300 c. $3,200 d. $15,100
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Reference: 723 DeAnne Company's variable costing income statement for August appears below: DeAnne Company Income Statement For the month ended August 31 Sales ($15 per unit) ................ $600,000 Less variable costs: Variable cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory .............. $ 72,000 Add variable cost of goods manufactured ............. 315,000 Goods available for sale ......... 387,000 Less ending inventory ............ 27,000 Variable cost of goods sold ...... 360,000 Variable selling expense ......... 80,000 Total variable costs .......... 440,000 Contribution margin ................. 160,000 Fixed costs: Fixed manufacturing .............. 105,000 Fixed selling and administrative . 35,000 Total fixed costs ............. 140,000 Net income .......................... $ 20,000 The company produces 35,000 units each month. Variable production costs per unit and total fixed costs have remained constant over the past several months. 109. C Hard Refer To: 723
The dollar value of the company's inventory on August 31 under the absorption costing method would be: a. $27,000. b. $42,000. c. $36,000. d. $47,000.
110. D Hard Refer To: 723
Under absorption costing, for the month ended August 31, the company would report a: a. $20,000 profit. b. $ 5,000 loss. c. $35,000 profit. d. $ 5,000 profit.
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Essay 111. Hard
Lee Company, which has only one product, has provided the following data concerning its most recent month of operations: Selling price ............................ $95 Units in beginning inventory ............. 100 Units produced ........................... 6,200 Units sold ............................... 5,900 Units in ending inventory ................ 400 Variable costs per unit: Direct materials ....................... $42 Direct labor ........................... 28 Variable manufacturing overhead ........ 1 Variable selling and administrative .... 5 Fixed costs: Fixed manufacturing overhead ........... $62,000 Fixed selling and administrative ....... 35,400 The company produces the same number of units every month, although the sales in units vary from month to month. The company's variable costs per unit and total fixed costs have been constant from month to month. Required: a. What is the unit product cost for the month under variable costing? b. What is the unit product cost for the month under absorption costing? c. Prepare an income statement for the month using the contribution format and the variable costing method. d. Prepare an income statement for the month using the absorption costing method. e. Reconcile the variable costing and absorption costing net incomes for the month.
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Answer: a. & b. Unit product costs Variable costing: Direct materials ....................... $42 Direct labor ........................... 28 Variable manufacturing overhead ........ 1 Unit product cost ...................... $71 Absorption costing: Direct materials ....................... $42 Direct labor ........................... 28 Variable manufacturing overhead ........ 1 Fixed manufacturing overhead ........... 10 Unit product cost ...................... $81 c. & d. Income statements Variable costing income statement Sales ...................................... $560,500 Less variable expenses: Variable cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory .................... $ 7,100 Add variable manufacturing costs ....... 440,200 Goods available for sale ............... 447,300 Less ending inventory .................. 28,400 Variable cost of goods sold ............ 418,900 Variable selling and administrative .... 29,500 448,400 Contribution margin ........................ 112,100 Less fixed expenses: Fixed manufacturing overhead ........... 62,000 Fixed selling and administrative ....... 35,400 97,400 Net income ................................. $ 14,700 Absorption costing income statement Sales ...................................... $560,500 Cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory ...................... $ 8,100 Add cost of goods manufactured ........... 502,200 Goods available for sale ................. 510,300 Less ending inventory .................... 32,400 477,900 Gross margin ............................... 82,600 Less selling and administrative expenses: Variable selling and administrative ...... 29,500 Fixed selling and administrative ......... 35,400 64,900 Net income ................................. $ 17,700
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e. Reconciliation Variable costing net income ................ $14,700 Add fixed manufacturing overhead costs deferred in inventory under absorption costing .................................. 3,000 Deduct fixed manufacturing overhead costs released from inventory under absorption costing .................................. 0 Absorption costing net income .............. $17,700 112. Medium
Mahugh Company, which has only one product, has provided the following data concerning its most recent month of operations: Selling price .............................. $122 Units in beginning inventory ............. 0 Units produced ........................... 8,300 Units sold ............................... 8,200 Units in ending inventory ................ 100 Variable costs per unit: Direct materials ....................... $27 Direct labor ........................... 46 Variable manufacturing overhead ........ 4 Variable selling and administrative .... 7 Fixed costs: Fixed manufacturing overhead ........... $199,200 Fixed selling and administrative ....... 106,600 Required: a. What is the unit product cost for the month under variable costing? b. What is the unit product cost for the month under absorption costing? c. Prepare an income statement for the month using the contribution format and the variable costing method. d. Prepare an income statement for the month using the absorption costing method. e. Reconcile the variable costing and absorption costing net incomes for the month.
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Answer: a. & b. Unit product costs Variable costing: Direct materials ..................... $27 Direct labor ......................... 46 Variable manufacturing overhead ...... 4 Unit product cost .................... $77 Absorption costing: Direct materials ..................... $ 27 Direct labor ......................... 46 Variable manufacturing overhead ...... 4 Fixed manufacturing overhead ......... 24 Unit product cost .................... $101 c. & d. Income statements Variable costing income statement Sales .................................... $1,000,400 Less variable expenses: Variable cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory .................. $ 0 Add variable manufacturing costs ..... 639,100 Goods available for sale ............. 639,100 Less ending inventory ................ 7,700 Variable cost of goods sold .......... 631,400 Variable selling and administrative .. 57,400 688,800 Contribution margin ...................... 311,600 Less fixed expenses: Fixed manufacturing overhead ......... 199,200 Fixed selling and administrative ..... 106,600 305,800 Net income ............................... $ 5,800 Absorption costing income statement Sales .................................... $1,000,400 Cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory .................... $ 0 Add cost of goods manufactured ......... 838,300 Goods available for sale ............... 838,300 Less ending inventory .................. 10,100 828,200 Gross margin ............................. 172,200 Less selling and administrative expenses: Variable selling and administrative .... 57,400 Fixed selling and administrative ....... 106,600 164,000 Net income ............................... $ 8,200 e. Reconciliation Variable costing net income ................ $5,800 Add fixed manufacturing overhead costs deferred in inventory under absorption costing .................................. 2,400 Deduct fixed manufacturing overhead costs released from inventory under absorption costing .................................. 0 Absorption costing net income .............. $8,200
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113. Medium
The EG Company produces and sells one producta microwave oven. The following data refer to the year just completed: Beginning inventory ....................... $0 Units produced ............................ 25,000 Units sold ................................ 20,000 Sales price per unit ...................... $400 Selling and administrative expenses: Variable per unit ...................... $15 Fixed (total) .......................... $275,000 Manufacturing costs: Direct materials cost per unit ......... $200 Direct labor cost per unit ............. $50 Variable overhead cost per unit ........ $30 Fixed overhead (total) ................. $300,000 Assume that direct labor is a variable cost. Required: a. Compute the cost of a single unit of product under both the absorption costing and variable costing approaches. b. Prepare an income statement for the year using absorption costing. c. Prepare an income statement for the year using variable costing. d. Reconcile the absorption costing and variable costing net income figures in (b) and (c) above. Answer: a. Cost per unit under absorption costing: Direct materials.................... $200 Direct labor........................ 50 Variable overhead................... 30 Fixed overhead ($300,000 25,000).. 12 Total cost per unit................. $292 Cost per unit under variable costing: Direct materials.................... $200 Direct labor........................ 50 Variable overhead................... 30 Total cost per unit................. $280 b. Absorption costing income statement: Sales............................... $8,000,000 Cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory................. $ 0 Cost of goods manufactured (25,000 @ $292) 7,300,000 Cost of goods available............. 7,300,000 Less ending inventory (5,000 units @ $292) ............. 1,460,000 5,840,000 Gross profit........................ 2,160,000 Less selling and administrative expenses: [($15 x 20,000) + $275,000]....... 575,000 Net income.......................... $1,585,000
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c. Variable costing income statement: Sales............................... $8,000,000 Cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory................. $ 0 Cost of goods manufactured (25,000 @ $280) 7,000,000 Cost of goods available............. 7,000,000 Less ending inventory (5,000 units @ $280) 1,400,000 Variable cost of goods sold......... 5,600,000 Variable selling and admin. expenses: (20,000 x $15)................. 300,000 5,900,000 Contribution margin................. 2,100,000 Less fixed expenses: Manufacturing overhead.............. 300,000 Selling and administrative.......... 275,000 575,000 Net income.......................... $1,525,000
114. Medium
d. Net income under variable costing... $1,525,000 Add fixed manufacturing overhead costs deferred in inventory under absorption costing (5,000 units X $12) .............. 60,000 Net income under absorption costing $1,585,000 The Dean Company produces and sells a single producta microwave oven. The following data refer to the year just completed: Beginning inventory .................... $0 Units produced ......................... 20,000 Units sold ............................. 19,000 Sales price per unit ................... $350 Selling and administrative expenses: Variable per unit .................... $10 Fixed (total) ........................ $225,000 Manufacturing costs: Direct materials cost per unit ....... $190 Direct labor cost per unit ........... $40 Variable overhead cost per unit ...... $25 Fixed overhead (total) ............... $250,000 Assume that direct labor is a variable cost. Required: a. Compute the cost of a single unit of product under both the absorption costing and variable costing approaches. b. Prepare an income statement for the year using absorption costing. c. Prepare an income statement for the year using variable costing. d. Reconcile the absorption costing and variable costing net income figures in (b) and (c) above.
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Answer: a. Cost per unit under absorption costing: Direct materials.................... $190.00 Direct labor........................ 40.00 Variable overhead................... 25.00 Fixed overhead ($250,000 20,000).. 12.50 Total cost per unit................. $267.50 Cost per unit under variable costing: Direct materials.................... $190.00 Direct labor........................ 40.00 Variable overhead................... 25.00 Total cost per unit................. $255.00 b. Absorption costing income statement: Sales................................. $6,650,000 Cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory................... $ 0 Cost of goods manufactured (20,000 @ $267.50) ................. 5,350,000 Cost of goods available............... 5,350,000 Less ending inventory (1,000 units @ $267.50) ............ 267,500 5,082,500 Gross profit.......................... 1,567,500 Less selling and administrative expenses: [($10 x 19,000) + $225,000]......... 415,000 Net income............................ $1,152,500 c. Variable costing income statement: Sales................................. $6,650,000 Cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory................... $ 0 Cost of goods manufactured (20,000 @ $255) .................... 5,100,000 Cost of goods available............... 5,100,000 Less ending inventory (1,000 units @ $255) ............... 255,000 Variable cost of goods sold........... 4,845,000 Variable selling and administrative expenses: (19,000 x $10)............ 190,000 5,035,000 Contribution margin................... 1,615,000 Less fixed expenses: Manufacturing overhead................ $ 250,000 Selling and administrative............ 225,000 475,000 Net income............................ $1,140,000 d. Net income under variable costing..... $1,140,000 Add fixed manufacturing overhead costs deferred in inventory under absorption costing (5,000 units X $12) ......... 12,500 Net income under absorption costing... $1,152,500
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115. Medium
Operating data for Fowler Company and its absorption costing income statements for the last two years are presented below: Year 1 Year 2 Units in beginning inventory ... 0 3,000 Units produced ................. 18,000 18,000 Units sold ..................... 15,000 20,000 Year 1 Year 2 Sales ............................ $240,000 $320,000 Cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory ............ 0 30,000 Add cost of goods manufactured . 180,000 180,000 Goods available for sale ....... 180,000 210,000 Less ending inventory .......... 30,000 10,000 Cost of goods sold ........... 150,000 200,000 Gross margin ..................... 90,000 120,000 Selling & admin. expenses ........ 80,000 90,000 Net income ....................... $ 10,000 $ 30,000 Variable manufacturing costs are $6 per unit. Fixed manufacturing overhead totals $72,000 in each year. This overhead is applied at the rate of $4 per unit. Variable selling and administrative expenses were $2 per unit sold. Required: a. What was the unit product cost in each year under variable costing? b. Prepare new income statements for each year using variable costing. c. Reconcile the absorption costing and variable costing net income for each year. Answer: a. The manufacturing cost of $6 per unit is the unit product under variable costing in both years.
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b. Year 1 Year 2 Sales ................................... $240,000 $320,000 Less variable expenses: Variable cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory ................. 0 18,000 Add variable manufacturing costs @ $6 108,000 108,000 Goods available for sale ............ 108,000 126,000 Less ending inventory @ $6 .......... 18,000 6,000 Variable cost of goods sold ......... 90,000 120,000 Variable selling and administrative @ $2 30,000 40,000 Total variable expenses ............... 120,000 160,000 Contribution margin ..................... 120,000 160,000 Less fixed expenses: Fixed manufacturing overhead .......... 72,000 72,000 Fixed selling and administrative* ..... 50,000 50,000 Total ................................ 122,000 122,000 Net income .............................. $( 2,000) $ 38,000 Year 1: $80,000 $2 x 15,000 = $50,000 c. Year 1 Year 2 Variable costing net income ............. $( 2,000) $38,000 Add fixed factory overhead deferred in inventory under absorption costing (3,000 units x $4 per unit) ... 12,000 Less fixed factory overhead released from inventory under absorption costing (2,000 units x $4 per unit) ... (8,000) Absorption costing net income ........... $10,000 $30,000 116. Hard
Pabbatti Company, which has only one product, has provided the following data concerning its most recent month of operations: Selling price ............................ $112 Units in beginning inventory ............. 500 Units produced ........................... 2,800 Units sold ............................... 2,900 Units in ending inventory ................ 400 Variable costs per unit: Direct materials ....................... $37 Direct labor ........................... 19 Variable manufacturing overhead ........ 7 Variable selling and administrative .... 5 Fixed costs: Fixed manufacturing overhead ........... $109,200 Fixed selling and administrative ....... 5,800
The company produces the same number of units every month, although the sales in units vary from month to month. The company's variable costs per unit and total fixed costs have been constant from month to month.
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Required: a. What is the unit product cost for the month under variable costing? b. Prepare an income statement for the month using the contribution format and the variable costing method. c. Without preparing an income statement, determine the absorption costing net income for the month. (Hint: Use the reconciliation method.) Answer: a. Variable costing unit product cost Direct materials ...................... $37 Direct labor .......................... 19 Variable manufacturing overhead ....... 7 Unit product cost ..................... $63 b. Variable costing income statement Sales ................................... $324,800 Less variable expenses: Variable cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory ................. $ 31,500 Add variable manufacturing costs .... 176,400 Goods available for sale ............ 207,900 Less ending inventory ............... 25,200 Variable cost of goods sold ......... 182,700 Variable selling and administrative . 14,500 197,200 Contribution margin ..................... 127,600 Less fixed expenses: Fixed manufacturing overhead ........ 109,200 Fixed selling and administrative .... 5,800 115,000 Net income .............................. $ 12,600 c. Computation of absorption costing net income Fixed manufacturing overhead per unit .... $39.00 Change in inventories (units) ............ (100) Variable costing net income .............. $12,600 Add fixed manufacturing overhead costs deferred in inventory under absorption costing ................................ 0 Deduct fixed manufacturing overhead costs released from inventory under absorption costing ................................ (3,900) Absorption costing net income ............ $8,700 117. Medium
Qabar Company, which has only one product, has provided the following data concerning its most recent month of operations: Selling price ............................ $110 Units in beginning inventory ............. 0 Units produced ........................... 4,600 Units sold ............................... 4,200 Units in ending inventory ................ 400
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Variable costs per unit: Direct materials ....................... $46 Direct labor ........................... 28 Variable manufacturing overhead ........ 5 Variable selling and administrative .... 10 Fixed costs: Fixed manufacturing overhead ........... $55,200 Fixed selling and administrative ....... 25,200 Required: a. What is the unit product cost for the month under variable costing? b. Prepare an income statement for the month using the format and the variable costing method. c. Without preparing an income statement, determine the costing net income for the month. (Hint: Use the reconciliation method.)
contribution absorption
Answer: a. Variable costing unit product cost Direct materials ....................... $46 Direct labor ........................... 28 Variable manufacturing overhead ........ 5 Unit product cost ...................... $79 b. Variable costing income statement Sales .................................... $462,000 Less variable expenses: Variable cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory .................. $ 0 Add variable manufacturing costs ..... 363,400 Goods available for sale ............. 363,400 Less ending inventory ................ 31,600 Variable cost of goods sold .......... 331,800 Variable selling and administrative .. 42,000 373,800 Contribution margin ...................... 88,200 Less fixed expenses: Fixed manufacturing overhead ........... 55,200 Fixed selling and administrative ....... 25,200 80,400 Net income ............................... $ 7,800 c. Computation of absorption costing net income Fixed manufacturing overhead per unit .... $12.00 Change in inventories (units) ............ 400 Variable costing net income .............. $7,800 Add fixed manufacturing overhead costs deferred in inventory under absorption costing ................................ 4,800 Deduct fixed manufacturing overhead costs released from inventory under absorption costing ................................ 0 Absorption costing net income ............ $12,600 118. Medium
UHF Antennas, Inc., produces and sells a unique television antenna. The company has just opened a new plant to manufacture the antenna, and the
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following cost and revenue data have been reported for the first month of the new plant's operation: Beginning inventory .................... 0 Units produced ......................... 35,000 Units sold ............................. 30,000 Selling price per unit ................. $50 Selling and administrative expenses: Variable per unit ................... $2 Fixed (total) ....................... $360,000 Manufacturing costs: Direct material cost per unit ....... $9 Direct labor cost per unit .......... $8 Variable overhead cost per unit ..... $3 Fixed overhead cost (total) ......... $350,000 Management is anxious to see how profitable the new antenna will be and has asked that an income statement be prepared for the month. Assume that direct labor is a variable cost. Required: a. Assuming that the company uses absorption costing, compute the unit product cost and prepare an income statement. b. Assuming that the company uses variable costing, compute the unit product cost and prepare an income statement. c. Explain the reason for any difference in the ending inventories under the two costing methods and the impact of this difference on reported net income. Answer: a. Unit product cost under absorption costing: Direct materials cost per unit............... $ 9 Direct labor cost per unit................... $ 8 Variable overhead cost per unit.............. $ 3 Fixed overhead cost per unit: $350,000/35,000 units...................... $10 Total cost per unit under absorption costing. $30 Income statement under absorption costing: Sales ($50 x 30,000)................... $1,500,000 Cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory....................$ 0 Cost of goods manufactured............. 1,050,000 Cost of goods available................ 1,050,000 Ending inventory (5,000 x $30)......... 150,000 900,000 Gross margin........................... 600,000 Selling and administrative expense: [360,000 + ($2 x 30,000)............. 420,000 Net income............................. $ 180,000 Cost of goods manufactured: $30 x 35,000 = $1,050,000.
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b. Unit product cost under variable costing: Direct materials cost per unit............... $ 9 Direct labor cost per unit................... $ 8 Variable overhead cost per unit.............. $ 3 Total cost per unit under variable costing... $20 Income statement under variable costing: Sales ($50 x 30,000).................... $1,500,000 Cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory..................... $ 0 Cost of goods manufactured ($20 x 35,000 units) ................. 700,000 Cost of goods available................. 700,000 Ending inventory (5,000 x $20).......... 100,000 Variable cost of goods sold............. 600,000 Variable selling and administrative expenses: ($2 x 30,000)............... 60,000 660,000 Contribution margin..................... 840,000 Fixed expenses: Fixed overhead........................ $350,000 Fixed selling and administrative...... 360,000 710,000 Net income.............................. $ 130,000 c. Net income under variable costing....... $130,000 Add fixed manufacturing overhead costs deferred in inventory under absorption costing (5,000 units X $10) ........... 50,000 Net income under absorption costing..... $180,000 119. Medium
Data concerning Sonderegger Company’s operations last year appear below: Units in beginning inventory ............ 0 Units produced .......................... 70,000 Units sold .............................. 60,000 Selling price per unit .................. $12.00 Variable costs per unit: Direct materials ...................... $2.00 Direct labor .......................... 1.00 Variable manufacturing overhead ....... 1.00 Variable selling and administrative ... 1.50 Fixed costs in total: Fixed manufacturing overhead .......... $140,000 Fixed selling and administrative ...... 150,000 Required: a. Prepare an income statement for the year using absorption costing. b. Prepare an income statement for the year using variable costing. c. Prepare a report reconciling the difference in net income between absorption and variable costing for the year.
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Answer: a. Sales .................................... $720,000 Cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory ....................$ 0 Add cost of goods manufactured @ $6* ... 420,000 Goods available for sale ............... 420,000 Less ending inventory @ $6* ............ 60,000 360,000 Gross margin ............................. 360,000 Selling and administrative expenses* ..... 240,000 Net income ............................... $120,000 * $6 = $2.00 + $1.00 + $1.00 + $140,000/70,000 ** 60,000 units x $1.50 per unit variable plus $150,000 fixed. b. Sales ..................................... $720,000 Less variable expenses: Variable cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory ................... 0 Add variable manuf. costs @ $4 ........ 280,000 Goods available for sale .............. 280,000 Less ending inventory @ $4 ............ 40,000 Variable cost of goods sold ........... 240,000 Variable selling & admin. @ $1.50 ....... 90,000 330,000 Contribution margin ....................... 390,000 Less fixed expenses: Fixed manufacturing overhead ............ 140,000 Fixed selling & admin. .................. 150,000 290,000 Net income ................................ $100,000 c. Variable costing net income ............... $100,000 Add fixed factory overhead deferred in inventory under absorption costing (10,000 units x $2 per unit) ............ 20,000 Absorption costing net income ............. $120,000 120. Hard
Nelson Company, which has only one product, has provided the following data concerning its most recent month of operations: Selling price ............................ $84 Units in beginning inventory ............. 500 Units produced ........................... 1,900 Units sold ............................... 2,100 Units in ending inventory ................ 300 Variable costs per unit: Direct materials ....................... $25 Direct labor ........................... 10 Variable manufacturing overhead ........ 7 Variable selling and administrative .... 10
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Fixed costs: Fixed manufacturing overhead ........... $38,000 Fixed selling and administrative ....... 21,000 The company produces the same number of units every month, although the sales in units vary from month to month. The company's variable costs per unit and total fixed costs have been constant from month to month.
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Required: a. Prepare an income statement for the month using the format and the variable costing method. b. Prepare an income statement for the month using the costing method.
contribution absorption
Answer: a. Variable costing income statement Sales ................................... $176,400 Less variable expenses: Variable cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory ................. $ 21,000 Add variable manufacturing costs .... 79,800 Goods available for sale ............ 100,800 Less ending inventory ............... 12,600 Variable cost of goods sold ......... 88,200 Variable selling and administrative . 21,000 109,200 Contribution margin ..................... 67,200 Less fixed expenses: Fixed manufacturing overhead .......... 38,000 Fixed selling and administrative ...... 21,000 59,000 Net income .............................. $ 8,200 b. Absorption costing income statement Sales ................................... $176,400 Cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory ................... $ 31,000 Add cost of goods manufactured ........ 117,800 Goods available for sale .............. 148,800 Less ending inventory ................. 18,600 130,200 Gross margin ............................ 46,200 Less selling and administrative expenses: Variable selling and administrative ... 21,000 Fixed selling and administrative ...... 21,000 42,000 Net income .............................. $ 4,200 121. Medium
Oakes Company, which has only one product, has provided the following data concerning its most recent month of operations: Selling price ............................ $108 Units in beginning inventory ............. 0 Units produced ........................... 1,100 Units sold ............................... 900 Units in ending inventory ................ 200 Variable costs per unit: Direct materials ....................... $28 Direct labor ........................... 30 Variable manufacturing overhead ........ 7 Variable selling and administrative .... 11 Fixed costs: Fixed manufacturing overhead ........... $14,300 Fixed selling and administrative ....... 1,800
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Required: a. Prepare an income statement for the month using the format and the variable costing method. b. Prepare an income statement for the month using the costing method.
contribution absorption
Answer: a. Variable costing income statement Sales .................................... $97,200 Less variable expenses: Variable cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory .................. $ 0 Add variable manufacturing costs ..... 71,500 Goods available for sale ............. 71,500 Less ending inventory ................ 13,000 Variable cost of goods sold .......... 58,500 Variable selling and administrative .. 9,900 68,400 Contribution margin ...................... 28,800 Less fixed expenses: Fixed manufacturing overhead ........... 14,300 Fixed selling and administrative ....... 1,800 16,100 Net income ............................... $12,700 b. Absorption costing income statement Sales .................................... $97,200 Cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory .................... $ 0 Add cost of goods manufactured ......... 85,800 Goods available for sale ............... 85,800 Less ending inventory .................. 15,600 70,200 Gross margin ............................. 27,000 Less selling and administrative expenses: Variable selling and administrative .... 9,900 Fixed selling and administrative ....... 1,800 11,700 Net income ............................... $15,300 122. Medium
The Miller Company had the following results for its first two years of operation: Year 1 Year 2 Sales ................................ $1,200,000 $1,200,000 Cost of goods sold ................... 800,000 680,000 Gross margin ......................... 400,000 520,000 Selling and administrative expense ... 300,000 300,000 Net income ........................... $ 100,000 $ 220,000 In Year 1, the company produced and sold 40,000 units of its only product; in Year 2, the company again sold 40,000 units, but increased production to 50,000 units. The company’s variable production cost is $5 per unit and its fixed manufacturing overhead cost is $600,000 a year. Fixed manufacturing overhead costs are applied to the product on the basis of each year's unit production (i.e., a new fixed overhead rate is computed each year). Variable selling and administrative expenses are $2 per unit sold.
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Required: a. Compute the unit product cost for each year under absorption costing and under variable costing. b. Prepare an income statement for each year, using the contribution approach with variable costing. c. Reconcile the variable costing and absorption costing income figures for each year. d. Explain why the net income for Year 2 under absorption costing was higher than the net income for Year 1, although the same number of units were sold in each year. Answer: a. Cost per unit under absorption costing: Year 1 Year 2 Variable production cost per unit ..... $ 5 $ 5 Fixed manufacturing overhead cost: ($600,000/40,000) ................ $15 ($600,000/50,000) ................ ___ $12 Unit product cost ..................... $20 $17 Cost per unit under variable costing: Year 1 Year 2 Variable production cost per unit...... $5 $5 b. Income statements for each year under variable costing: Year 1 Year 2 Sales................................. $1,200,000 $1,200,000 Cost of goods sold ($5 x 40,000)...... 200,000 200,000 Variable selling and administrative expense ($2 x 40,000)............... 80,000 80,000 Contribution margin................... 920,000 920,000 Fixed expenses: Fixed manufacturing overhead........ 600,000 600,000 Fixed selling and administrative expense ......................... 220,000 220,000 Net income............................ $ 100,000 $ 100,000 c. Reconciliation of absorption costing and variable costing net incomes: Year 1 Year 2 Net income under variable costing....... $100,000 $100,000 Fixed manufacturing overhead deferred in (released from) inventory: Year 1 ............................. 0 Year 2 (10,000 units x $12 per unit) ________ 120,000 Net income under absorption costing..... $100,000 $220,000 d. The increase in production in Year 2, in the face of level sales, caused a buildup of inventory and a deferral of a portion of the overhead costs of Year 2 to the next year. This deferral of cost relieved Year 2 of $120,000 of fixed manufacturing overhead. Income for Year 2 was $120,000 higher than income of Year 1, even though the same number of units was sold each year. By increasing production and building up inventory, the company was able to increase profits without increasing sales. This is
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major criticism of the absorption 123. Hard
costing approach.
The Hadfield Company manufactures and sells a unique electronic part. The company's plant is highly automated with low variable and high fixed manufacturing costs. Operating results on an absorption costing basis for the first three years of activity were as follows:
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Sales ........................ $704,000 $528,000 $704,000 Cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory .......... 0 0 220,000 Cost of goods manufactured ... 520,000 550,000 496,000 Goods available for sale ..... 520,000 550,000 716,000 Less ending inventory ........ 0 220,000 186,000 Cost of goods sold ........... 520,000 330,000 530,000 Gross margin ................. 184,000 198,000 174,000 Less selling and administrative expense ..... 180,000 160,000 180,000 Net income (loss) ............ $ 4,000 $ 38,000 $ (6,000)
Additional information about the company is as follows: -
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Variable manufacturing costs (direct labor, direct materials, and variable manufacturing overhead) total $3 per unit, and fixed manufacturing overhead costs total $400,000. Fixed manufacturing costs are applied to units of product on the basis of the number of units produced each year (i.e., a new fixed overhead rate is computed each year). The company uses a FIFO inventory flow assumption. Variable selling and administrative expenses are $2 per unit sold. Fixed selling and administrative expenses total $100,000. Production and sales information for the three years is as follows:
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Production in units .... 40,000 50,000 32,000 Sales in units ......... 40,000 30,000 40,000
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Required: a. Compute net income for each year under the variable costing approach. b. Referring to the absorption costing income statements above, explain why net income was higher in Year 2 than in Year 1 under absorption costing, in light of the fact that fewer units were sold in Year 2 than in Year 1. c. Referring again to the absorption costing income statements, explain why the company suffered a loss in Year 3 but reported a profit in Year 1, although the same number of units was sold in each year. d. If the company had used JIT during Year 2 and Year 3 and produced only what could be sold, what would the company's net income (loss) have been each year under absorption costing. Answer: a. Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Sales .......................... $704,000 $528,000 $704,000 Less variable expenses: Variable cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory .......... 0 0 60,000 Variable manufacturing costs . 120,000 150,000 96,000 Goods available for sale ..... 120,000 150,000 156,000 Less ending inventory ........ 0 60,000 36,000 Variable cost of goods sold .. 120,000 90,000 120,000 Variable selling expense ...... 80,000 60,000 80,000 Total variable expenses ..... 200,000 150,000 200,000 Contribution margin ............ 504,000 378,000 504,000 Less fixed expenses: Fixed manufacturing overhead .. 400,000 400,000 400,000 Fixed sellling and admin. ..... 100,000 100,000 100,000 Total fixed expenses ........ 500,000 500,000 500,000 Net income (loss) .............. $ 4,000 $(122,000) $ 4,000 b. Production increased sharply in Year 2 even though unit sales declined. The increase in production resulted in a lower unit product cost in Year 2 than in Year 1. Furthermore, because production exceeded sales, fixed manufacturing overhead costs were deferred in inventories. These effects more than offset the loss of revenue due to lower sales. The company's income thus rose even though sales were down. c. Production decreased sharply in Year 3. This resulted in an increase in the unit product cost. In addition, inventories decreased and as a result fixed manufacturing overhead deferred in inventories in Year 2 were released to the income statement in Year 3. d. If JIT had been in use, the net income under absorption costing would have been the same as under variable costing in all three years. With production geared to sales, there would have been no ending inventory, and therefore, there would have been no fixed overhead costs deferred in inventory to other years.
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