TESIS MAESTRIA - Evaluación de La Gestión Educativa 14 05 21

 

  \j`vlrs`fnf Nutûjmcn fl [njtm Fmc`jim   Rlp÷ba`kn Fmc`j`knjn

Xr`cnfn fl Ncàr`kn  Eujfnfn la 24 fl mktubrl fla nþm >-8; fl Bnrndmjn. Nþm Ls Lskmanr kmanr 28>0-2828. Vls`s pnrn mptnr pmr la tãtuam fl7  Cnlstrãn lj Ilst`ûj fl Kljtrms Lfuknt`vms. [ustljtnjtl7

Lab`j R`knrfm Eàa`z Knrrnskm Nslsmrn

Au`sn Kr`slabn Xnj`niun fl ams [njtms, C.N.

Bnrndmjn, Rlp÷ba`kn Fmc`j`knjn Cnym 282>

Ams kmjklptms kmjklptms lxpulstms lxpulstms lj an prlsljtl `jvlst`ink`ûj smj fl an lxkaus`vn rlspmjsnb`a`fnf fla sustljtnjtl.

 

ÃJF@KL NIRNFLK@C@LJVM……………………………………………………………..…………… NIRNFLK@C@LJVM…………………………………………… ………………..…………….`.` FLF@KNVMR@N………………………………………………… FLF@KNVMR@N……………………… ……………………………………………………… ………………………………`` …`` VLCN……………………………………………………………………………………………```

@JVRMF\KK@ÛJ............. @JVRMF\KK@ÛJ ............................ .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ...................................... ....................... 2 KNXÃV\AM @............................ @........................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ................. ..6 6 N[XLKVM[ VLÛR@KM[ P CLVMFMAÛI@KM[................ CLVMFMAÛI@KM[............................... ............................. ............................. ..................................................... ......................................6 6 @jtrmfukk`ûj................. @jtrmfukk`ûj... ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ................................................. ................................... ; >.>

Xanjtlnc`ljtm fla Xrmbalcn......................... Xrmbalcn....................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ................................ ....................; ...;

>.2Emrcuank`ûj fla prmbalcn......................... prmbalcn....................................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ................................. .............................. ........... 5 >.2.> Xrliujtn Iljlrna7..................... Iljlrna7................................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................9 ...............9 >.2.2 Xrliujtns Lsplkãekns................. Lsplkãekns................................ .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................9 .............9 >.; Mbglvms.................... Mbglvms................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .................. ...4 4 >.;.> Mbglvm Iljlrna....................... Iljlrna..................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ......................... ...........4 4 >.;.2 Mbglvms Lsplkãekms................... Lsplkãekms................................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ................................................... ..................................... 4 >.< Fla`c`tnk`ûj Vàcpmrm-Lspnk`na................. Vàcpmrm-Lspnk`na............................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................................ ..............................0 0 >. Fla`c`tnk`ûj Vlcpmrna....................... Vlcpmrna...................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ................................... .............................. ......... 0 >..6 Guseknk`ûj................... Guseknk`ûj.................................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .................................... .......................... .....>8 >8 >.5 Unr`nbals l @jf`knfmrls................... @jf`knfmrls.................................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ........................ .........>; >; >.9 Kmjtlxtm fl an @jvlsink`ûj.................... @jvlsink`ûj................................... ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. .............................>6 ...............>6 >.9.> Cuj`k`p`m [njtn Kruz Bnrndmjn.............................. Bnrndmjn............................................ ............................. .............................. ............................. ...................... ........>6 >6 >.9.2 A`klm Nknfàc`km Fmc`jin Njtmj`n [njantl Imjzîalz.............................................................. Imjzîalz..............................................................>< >< KNXÃV\AM @@. CNRKM RLELRLJK@NA..................... RLELRLJK@NA................................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ...................................... ........................>9 >9 @jtrmfukk`ûj................. @jtrmfukk`ûj... ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................................... ................................. >9 2.> Njtlklfljtls fl an @jvlsink`ûj..................... @jvlsink`ûj.................................... .............................. ............................. ............................. ................................ ....................>9 ...>9 2.>.> Njtlklfljtls @jtlrjnk`mjnal @jtlrjnk`mjnals.............. s............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ...........................>9 ............>9 Jnk`mjnals............... 2.>.2 Njtlklfljtls Jnk`mjnals. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ................................28 .................28 Amknals............... 2.>.; Njtlklfljtls Amknals. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ........................22 .........22

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2.2 CNRKM VLÛR@KM KMJKLXV\NA.................... KMJKLXV\NA................................... .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ........................26 .........26 2.2.> Gujtn fl Kljtrm Lfuknvm...................... Lfuknvm..................................... .............................. ............................. ............................. ...................................... .......................26 26 2.2.2 Gujtns Lfuknvn...................... Lfuknvn..................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ..................................................... ....................................... 2< 2.2.; Ilsûj Lfuknvn...................... Lfuknvn.................................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .................................... ......................25 .25 2.2.6 Nsplktms iljlrnals fl an ilsûj plfniûi`kn........................ plfniûi`kn....................................... .............................. ....................................25 .....................25 2.2.< Gujtn.......................... Gujtn........................................ ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ..................................... ......................... 24 2.2.5 Ilsûj7 \j pmkm fl mr`ilj y lvmauk`ûj d`stûr`kn.............................. d`stûr`kn............................................ ............................. .........................20 ..........20 2.2.9 Ncb`ljtl anbmrna qul lx`stl lj ams Kljtrms Lfuknvms...........................................................;> Lfuknvms...........................................................;> 2.2.9.> Ka`cn mrinj`znk`mjna................... mrinj`znk`mjna.................................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ................................ .................. ;> 2.2.9.2 Ljmquls fla ka`cn mrinj`znk`mjna...................... mrinj`znk`mjna..................................... ............................. ............................. ......................................;2 .......................;2 2.2.9.; Xr`jk`p`ms fl an ilsûj........................... ilsûj......................................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ................................. .....................;; ..;; 2.2.9.6 Xrmklsm fl ilsûj........................ ilsûj....................................... ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ..............................;; ................;; 2.2.9.< Ka`cn `jstuk`mjna................... `jstuk`mjna................................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ................................................. ....................................;; .;; 2.2.4 Gujtn f`rlkvn y kuaturn mrinj`znk`mjna................... mrinj`znk`mjna.................................. .............................. ............................. ...................................;; .....................;; 2.2.0 Kr`tlr`ms pnrn ujn ilsûj fl kna`fnf......................... kna`fnf....................................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ...................;< .....;< 2.2.>8 \jn nprmx`cnk`ûj na kmjklptm fl ilsûj lfuknvn lfuknvn kmj v`s`ûj dmaãskn y lstrntài`kn..... lstrntài`kn........ ....;4 .;4 2.2.>> Ilsûj Lfuknvn7 ujn jlkls`fnf jlkls`fnf pnrn an mrinj`znk`ûj y an kna`fnf lfuknvn......................;0 lfuknvn.................. ....;0 2.2.>6 @cpmrtnjk`n fl an ilsûj fl kljtrms lfuknvms lj la nprljf`zngl.......................................6; nprljf`zngl....................................... 6; 2.2.>5 Cnrkm Alina........................ Alina....................................... ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ................................... ........................... ......69 69 2.2.>5.> Kmjstuk`ûj Fmc`j`knjn.................... Fmc`j`knjn................................... ............................. ............................. .............................. .....................................69 ......................69 2.2.>5.2 Aly 55-09 ‛ Aly Iljlrna fl Lfuknk`ûj 55-09................................ 55-09............................................... ............................. ........................64 ..........64 2.2.>5.; An Mrfljnjzn 82-2884............................... 82-2884.............................................. ............................. ............................. .............................. .............................. ............... 60 2.2.>9 Cnrkm Àkm........................ Àkm...................................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................ .............86 >86 B@BA@MIRNEÃN.............. Njlxms....................... Njlxms........ ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ....................................... ........................>89 >89

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Vãtuam @jk`fljk`n fl an Gujtn fl Kljtrm lj la Eujk`mjnc`ljtm fla A`klm Nknfàc`km Fmc`jin Njtmj`n [njantl Imjzîalz, F`str`tm Lfuknt`vm 8>-8; fl Bnrndmjn. Nþm Lskmanr 28>0-2828.

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@JVRMF\KK@ÛJ An prlsljtl `jvlst`ink`ûj trntn smbrl an @jk`fljk`n fl an Gujtn fl Kljtrm lj la Eujk`mjnc`ljtm fl flaa A`kl A`klmm Nk Nknfà nfàc` c`km km Fmc Fmc`j `jin in Nj Njtm tmj` j`nn [n [nja jant ntll Im Imjz jzîa îalz lz,, F` F`st str` r`tm tm Lf Lfuk uknt nt`v `vmm 8> 8>-8; -8; fl Bnrndmjn. Nþm Lskmanr 28>0-2828. Ans Gujtns fl kljtrm lstîj emrcnfns pmr pnfrls y cnfrls fl enc`a`n fl ams j`þms y j`þns `jskr`tns lj an lskulan, cnlstrns, cnlstrns y f`rlktmrls. Lstms sl ljknrinj fl prmp`k`nr an pnrt`k`pnk`ûj k`ufnfnjn y an prlstnk`ûj fl slrv`k`ms fl npmym lj ams kljtrms lskmanrls, yn qul an gujtn fl kljtrm lfuknt`vm ls an mrinj`znk`ûj k`v`a kmj plrsmjna`fnf gurãf`kn. Fl `iuna cnjlrn t`ljlj kmcm eujk`ûj n f`r`i`r n iljlrnr y smstljlr lj la kljtrm lfuknt`vm, tnjtm ans lstrukturns nfc`j`strnt`vns y plfniûi`kns, kmcm ams prmklsms `jtlrjms fl jnturnalzn flcmkrît`kn, lqu`tnt`vn y le`k`ljtl, qul  plrc`tnj n j`þms, j`þns, nfmalskljtls, gûvljls y nfuatms flsnrrmaanrsl kmcm plrsmjns paljns, rlspmjsnbals y le`knkls? y kmcm k`ufnfnjms knpnkls fl kmjstru`r an flcmkrnk`n y la flsnrrmaam jnk`mjna, nrcmj`znjfm su prmylktm plrsmjna kmj uj prmylktm kmalkt`vm–. Rncãrlz (2882). (p. >). Lj ams ams kl kljt jtrms rms lf lfukn uknt` t`vms vms an f` f`sk` sk`pa pa`j `jnn qu qull bu buskn skn km kmcp cprl rljfl jflrr y mr mr`l `ljt jtnr nr an anss c÷ c÷at at`p `pal alss `jtlrrlank`mjls qul flsnrrmaanj ans plrsmjns qul `jtlirnj ans mrinj`znk`mjls lfuknt`vns, lj an kmjslkuk`ûj kmjslku k`ûj fl ams prmpûs`tms `jst`t `jst`tuk`mjn uk`mjnals. als. Kngna (288). La `cpnktm fl an gujtn fl kljtrm njtl ujn smk`lfnf lj vãn fl flsnrrmaam aalin n ljknc`jnr n an lfuknk`ûj fmc`j`knjn n j`vlals fl nfc`j`strnk`ûj y pnrt`k`pnk`ûj qul vnj lj prmkurn fla bulj eujk`mjnc`ljtm fl an ilst`ûj. An Gujtn fl Kljtrm kmcm mrinj`scms fl pnrt`k`pnk`ûj7 smj ûrinjms flskljtrna`znfms lj an tmcn fl flk`s`mjls fl uj kljtrm lfuknt`vm, lstn n su vlz prmelsn ujn f`vlrs`fnf f`vlrs` fnf fl eujk`m eujk`mjls jls qul plrc` plrc`tlj tlj kucpa`r y lglkutnr lglkutnr an pnrt`k`pnk` pnrt`k`pnk`ûj ûj fl cnjlrn nkt`vn nkt`vn lj an nfc`j`strnk`ûj.

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An Aly Iljlrna fl Lfuknk`û Lfuknk`ûjj 55‐09, lstnba lstnbalkl lkl qul ‑ans Gujtns Flskljtr Flskljtrna`zn na`znfns fns smj ûrinjms ûrinjms fl ilst`ûj lfuknt`vn qul tljfrîj kmcm eujk`ûj vlanr pmr an npa`knk`ûj fl ans pmaãt`kns lfuknt`vns lcnjnfns fla Kmjslgm Jnk`mjna fl Lfuknk`ûj lj su îcb`tm fl kmcpltljk`n–, (p. 2). La C`j`stlr`m fl Lfuknk`ûj fl an Rlp÷ba`kn Fmc`j`knjn (C@JLRF), n trnvàs fl an Aly Iljlrna fl Lfuknk`ûj 55‐09, an Mrfljnjzn 84-2884, an Rlsmauk`ûj 554-28>> y mtrns f`spms`k`mjls nfc`j`strnt`vns alinals, buskn kmjtnr kmj uj prmklsm fl flskljtrna`znk`ûj rlna pnrn ujn cnymr  le le`k `k`l `ljk` jk`nn y le`k le`knk nk`n `n,, am ku kuna na km kmjt jtr` r`bu` bu`rî rî na am amir irmm fl ujn clgm clgmrr kn kna` a`fnf fnf lj an lf lfuk uknk` nk`ûj ûj fmc` fmc`j` j`kn knjn jn,, prmp prmp`k `k`n `njf jfmm fl ls lstl tl cm cmfm fm cî cîss ea eau` u`fl flzz lj an anss il ilst st`m `mjl jlss fl am amss pr prmk mkls lsms ms nfc`j`strnt`vms y plfniûi`kms. (p. 2). Fl lstl prmklsm fl trnjsemrcnk`ûj, ls pnrtl lsljk`na an Gujtn fl Kljtrm. Ls pmr laam qul sl `jvlst`in an ‑@jk`fljk`n fl an Gujtn Kljtrm lj eujk`mjnc`ljtm fla A`klm Nknfàc`km Fmc`jin Njtmj`n [njantl Imjzîalz, F`str`tm Lfuknt`vn 8>-8; fl Bnrndmjn. Nþm Lskmanr 28>0-2828–. Kmj an e`jna`fnf fl kmjmklr la eujk`mjnc`ljtm fl an Gujtn y ans nkk`mjls qul flsnrrmaan la kljtrm lfuknt`vm njtls k`tnfm y kmj kmjmk`c`ljtm fl knusn pmflr npmrtnr lstrntli`ns y dlrrnc`ljtns `jjmvnfmrns, na c`scm t`lcpm prlsljtnr n an mp`j`ûj p÷ba`kn f`kdn `jvlst`ink`ûj, s`lcprl n an lsplrn fl qul lstn pulfn slr ÷t`a pnrn flk`s`mjls l `jvlst`ink`mjls pmr vlj`r. Lstn `jvlst`ink`ûj `jvlst`ink`ûj sl rlna`zn kmj la e`j fl trntnr fl rlsmavl rlsmavlrr an prmbalcît`kn prmbalcît`kn prlsljtnfn rlsplktm na tlcît`km mbgltm fl lstuf`m, qul pmstlr`mrcljtl sl prlsljtn lj la panjtlnc`ljtm fla prmbalcn. Xnrn su cnymr kmcprljs`ûj la trnbngm lstî lstrukturnfm lj (.> Xanjtlnc`l Xanjtlnc`ljtm jtm fla Xrmb Xrmbalcn alcn Ans lskulans dn s`fm nsuc`fn kmjvljk`mjnacljtl kmcm ujn eujk`ûj bîs`kncljtl nfc`j`strnt`vn, flsa`infn fl ams nprljf`zngls, kljtrnfn lj an emrcna`fnf fl ans jmrcns y ans rut`jns fl ljslþnjzn, `jvnr`nbals lj knfn kmjtlxtm? bnsnfn nflcîs lj ujn lstrukturn klrrnfn, kmcpnrt`cljtnfn y  p`rnc`fna, fmjfl ans flk`s`mjls y an `jemrcnk`ûj sl kmjkljtrnj lj an k÷puan, cnjtlj`ljfm n fmkljtls, pnfrls fl enc`a`n y lstuf`njtls lj uj rma submrf`jnfm, y la kmjtrma fla mrflj n trnvàs fl uj s`stlcn lsljk`nacljtl puj`t`vm. Lstl ljemqul fl an ilst`ûj lskmanr pnrtl fl an klrtlzn fl qul an c`s`ûj fl an lskulan ls emrcnr `jf`v`fums qul nklptlj y rlprmfuzknj an kuaturn dlilcûj`kn, sus krlljk`ns, kmstucbrls, cmfms fl nktunr y fl pljsnr. Iulrrlrm, (28>2). (p. ;). An julvn `fln fl gujtn fl kljtrm t`ljl qul vlr kmj ams lalcljtms qul `jtlrv`ljlj lj la prmklsm lfuknt`vm7 ams nktmrls, ams prmklsms y prmylktms pnrn an ljslþnjzn, ams mbglt`vms, ams panjls y  prmirncns, ams lspnk`ms, ams t`lcpms, an `jernlstrukturn, la kmjtlxtm, ans pmaãt`kns y ujn an a`stn qul pnrlkl `jtlrc`jnbal, plrm qul plrc`tl rlkmjmklr am kmcpalgm fl an ilst`ûj. Clf`jn, (288;). (p. ;). \j bulj trnbngm enk`a`tn an mrinj`znk`ûj lskmanr y su krlk`c`ljtm n kmrtm panzm, n trnvàs fl an `cpalcljtnk`ûj fl clknj`scms nflkunfms fl nfc`j`strnk`ûj y lvnaunk`ûj fl cmv`c`ljtms. Ans  gujtns fl kljtrms busknj la em emrtnalk`c`ljtm rtnalk`c`ljtm y a`flrnzim fla s`stlcn lfuknt`vm, trnbngîjfmam flsfl fljtrm pnrn lxpnjf`ram n prmelsmrls, naucjms, pnfrls fl enc`a`n y prmvllfmrls. La clgmrnc`ljtm qul sl buskn lj ams kljtrms lfuknt`vms sl bnsn lj an kna`fnf y flbl slr   paljncljtl mr`ljtnfm n qul an pmbank`ûj lstuf`njt`a y nfc`j`strnt`vn tljin cîs y clgmrls dlrrnc`ljtns tlkjmaûi`kns. Fljtrm fla prmklsm fl ilst`ûj, jm sl flblj flgnr pnsnr ans ltnpns kmjt`juns fl f`nijûst`km, panjlnk`ûj, lglkuk`ûj, sliu`c`ljtm y lvnaunk`ûj, kmj ams qul sl lstnrîj mbtlj`ljfm ams rlsuatnfms clf`bals fl an clgmrn m lj su knsm fl ams pujtms n kmrrli`r. ;

 

Lj lsl c`scm mrflj, an Rlp÷ba`kn Fmc`j`knjn lj ans ÷at`cns fàknfns fl lstl c`alj`m dn lstnfm rlna`znjfm f`vlrsns nkk`mjls qul `cpuaslj pmr kmcpaltm an kna`fnf fl an lfuknk`ûj fla pnãs, rlkmjmk`ljfm qul irnj pnrtl fl an rlspmjsnb`a`fnf pnrn qul lstm mkurrn t`ljl qul vlr kmj la pnpla qul gulin an f`rlkk`ûj fl an lskulan lj ams prmklsms fl ilst`ûj. Lj rlank`ûj n ams pnãsls kmj uj bulj j`vla lj cntlr`n fl flsnrrmaam lfuknt`vm, An Rlp÷ba`kn Fmc`j`knjn n÷j al enatn cukdm pnrn amirnr uj prmklsm fl flskljtrna`znk`ûj, y fl lstn cnjlrn  pmflr amirnr nvnjznr lj ans nkk`mjls pmr knfn kljtrm lfuknt`vm kmj c`rns n an clgmrn lj la rlsuatnfm m prmfuktm lj ams prmklsms lskmanrls, plsl n ams lseulrzms qul sl dnj lstnfm dnk`ljfm flsfl la imb`lrjm kljtrna, sl jlkls`tnj nkk`mjls kanrns y fl flk`s`ûj lstntna s`j an burmkrnk`n qul `cpms`b`a`tn ams prmklsms na `jtlrjm fl ams kljtrms fl ljslþnjzn p÷ba`kn. Lj ams kljtrms lfuknt`vms sl t`ljl kmcm prmpûs`tm an mbtljk`ûj fl rlsuatnfms lfuknt`vms fl kna`fn kna `fnf. f. Rls Rlsuat uatnfms nfms qul sl trn trnfuk fuklj lj lj nprl nprljf` jf`zng zngls ls qul pms pms`b` `b`a`t a`tlj lj lj ams `jf `jf`v` `v`fums fums uj flsnrrma flsn rrmaam am `jtlirn `jtlirna, a, ls flk` flk`r, r, nprljf` nprljf`zng zngls ls lj tmf tmfms ms ams îcb`tm îcb`tmss ([nblr, ([nblr, slr, flblr) flblr) qul al kmjv`lrtnj lj uj `jf`v`fum knpnz fl kmjfuk`r su flsnrrmaam y kmnfyuvnr kmj la flsnrrmaam fl ams flcîs. Cnjuna Mplrnt`vm fl Kljtrm Lfuknt`vm X÷ba`km, C@JLRF Rlp. Fmc., (28>;), (p. 6). An Guj Gujtn tn fl Kl Kljt jtrm rm,, ls uj en enkt ktmr mr eujfn eujfncl cljt jtna na pn pnrn rn la nflku nflkunf nfmm pm pms` s`k` k`mj mjnc nc`l `ljt jtmm fl an anss `jst`tuk`mjls lfuknt`vns. Kunjfm ams kljtrms lfuknt`vms kuljtnj kmj nktmrls le`k`ljtls y le`knkls lj la flslcplþm fl sus eujk`mjls, kmcm puf`lrn slr lj la knsm fl an Gujtn fl Kljtrm, sus nkk`mjls sl trnfuklj lj pms`k`mjnc`ljtm lfuknk`mjna n j`vla amkna, rli`mjna y jnk`mjna. Xnrn uj trnbngm pnrt`k`pnt`vm y lelkt`vm, lj knfn kljtrm lfuknt`vm flblrî lstnr kmjst`tu`fms ljtrl ams ams ûrinj ûrinjms ms fl il ilst st`û `ûjj y pnr pnrt` t`k` k`pnk pnk`û `ûj, j, an Gujtn Gujtn fl Kl Kljt jtrm rm Lf Lfuk uknt nt`v `vm. m. \j mri mrinj` nj`sc scmm flskljtrna`znfm fl ilst`ûj y pnrt`k`pnk`ûj, ljknrinfn fl krlnr ams jlxms ljtrl an kmcuj`fnf, la kljtrm lfuknt`vm y sus nktmrls, kmj la mbglt`vm fl qul àstl flsnrrmaal kmj àx`tm sus eujk`mjls y sl ljknc`jl fl cnjlrn nflkunfn pnrn la amirm fl sus mbglt`vms m cltns. Cnjuna Mplrnt`vm fl Kljtrm Lfuknt`vm X÷ba`km, C@JLRF Rlp. Fmc., (28>;), (p. 6). Ls prlk`sm slþnanr qul lj ans lskulans la pnpla fla f`rlktmr ls cuy s`ij`e`knt`vm, puls ls lj àa rlknl an rlspmjsnb`a`fnf fl an tmcn fl flk`s`mjls, fla ka`cn `jst`tuk`mjna y fla lst`am fl trnbngm qul sl fn na `jtlr`mr fl ams kljtrms lskmanrls. La f`rlkt`vm t`ljl ljtmjkls, uj pnpla prmtniûj`km lj

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la kljtrm lfuknt`vm, y ls n àa n qu`àj al kmrrlspmjfl an b÷squlfn fl clgmrls lstrntli`ns pnrn clgmrnr an kna`fnf fl an lfuknk`ûj, pnrn amirnr uj kncb`m lj an lfuknk`ûj. [`j lcbnrim, na mbslrvnr lj la A`klm Nknfàc`km Fmc`jin Njtmj`n [njantl Imjzîalz fla F`str`tm Lfuknt`vm 8>-8; fl Bnrndmjn, sl plrk`blj naiujns flb`a`fnfls lj la eujk`mjnc`ljtm fl an Gujtn fl Kljtrm, puls ams fmkljtls jm prlsljtnj uj bulj flslcplþm lj la cnjlgm fl naiujms kmcpmjljtls fla kurrãkuam kmcm ans lstrntli`ns, ams rlkursms f`fîkt`kms, y pmkm fmc`j`m lj an  panj`e`knk`ûj fla ljemqul pmr kmcpltljk`ns, s`tunk`ûj qul f`e`kuatn amirnr ujn lfuknk`ûj fl kna`fnf. Xmr mtrm anfm, sl pufm jmtnr an pmkn `jtlirnk`ûj fl ans enc`a`ns fl ams lstuf`njtls n ans nkt`v`fnfls y prmylktms qul sl rlna`znj lj la kljtrm lfuknt`vm, nflcîs fl qul jm s`lcprl `jtlirnj n an kmcuj`fnf lj ams panjls fla kljtrm, rlealgîjfmsl uj ka`cn f`stnjtl ljtrl an lskulan y an kmcuj`fnf. Mtrm lalcljtm qul emrcn pnrtl fl an prmbalcît`kn mbslrvnfn, ls an enatn fl nkmcpnþnc`ljtm y suplrv`s`ûj n ams fmkljtls, qu`ljls, lj mkns`mjls pmr jm kmjtnr kmj ans mr`ljtnk`mjls lelkt`vns smbrl la cnjlgm fl ams kmcpmjljtls fla kurrãkuam, kmjt`j÷nj npa`knjfm an cltmfmamiãn trnf`k`mjna lj an ljslþnjzn fl sus kansls, am qul a`c`tn an kna`fnf fl an lfuknk`ûj lj lstms kljtrms lfuknt`vms. Lj ans v`s`tns rlna`znfns na kljtrm sl pufm plrk`b`r ujn bngn kna`fnf lj la flslcplþm fl an ilst`ûj, puls eul jmtmr`m qul ams ilstmrls tmfnvãn kljtrna`znj an panj`e`knk`ûj y an tmcn fl flk`s`mjls, rlstîjfmal `cpmrtnjk`n n an pnrt`k`pnk`ûj fl ams flcîs c`lcbrms fl an kmcuj`fnf lfuknt`vn? nkt`tuf qul kmjtr`buyl n qul lstms jm sl `fljt`e`qulj kmj ams prmylktms y ans flk`s`mjls qul sl tmcnj? rlsuatnjfm qul lj cukdms fl ams knsms jm sl `jvmaukrnj lj k`lrtns nkt`v`fnfls qul sl rlna`znj, am qul sl kmjv`lrtl lj ujn a`c`tnjtl pnrn qul sl flsnrrmaal ujn ilst`ûj fl kna`fnf lj an rlelr`fn `jst`tuk`ûj lfuknt`vn. Xmr mtrn pnrtl, sl plrk`bl flskmjmk`c`ljtm fl naiujms fl ams c`lcbrms kmj rlsplktm n ans eujk`mjls qul flbl lglrklr an Gujtn fl Kljtrm kmcm Ûrinjm fl pnrt`k`pnk`ûj lj an `jst`tuk`ûj. Am qul `cp`fl la flsnrrmaam le`knz fl ans eujk`mjls qul lstms flblj flslcplþnr, n trnvàs fl an  pnrt`k`pnk`ûj kmjt`jun y nkt`vn. Lstl nkk`mjnr `jtlrrucpl la bulj flsnrrmaam flsnr rmaam fl lstl ûrinjm lj la kljtrm lfuknt`vm na kuna plrtljlkl.

<

 

Na pnrlklr an gujtn fl kljtrm jm dn mbtlj`fm ams amirms sue`k`ljtls kmcm ûrinjm fl pnrt`k`pnk`ûj? flstnkîjfmsl qul lstn nkk`ûj jm plrc`tl la flsnrrmaam le`knz fl ams prmklsms nfc`j`strnt`vms y  plfniûi`kms, fltlj`ljfm la kursm fl ams prmklsms pr mklsms y ans prlstnk`mjls fl slrv`k`ms. slr v`k`ms. [l plrk`bl qul lx`stl pmkn flskljtrna`znk`ûj pmr pnrtl fl an f`rlkk`ûj dnk`n ams c`lcbrms fl an Gujtn fl Kljtrm. Xlrf`àjfmsl kmj lstn la mbglt`vm pr`jk`pna fl an flskljtrna`znk`ûj? la kuna kmjs`stl lj flskmjilst`mjnr ans `jst`tuk`mjls lskmanrls, pnrn qul dnyn uj clgmr flslcplþm fl ans eujk`mjls qul sl lglrklj. Lj la kljtrm sl pufm mbslrvnr an enatn fl buljn kmjv`vljk`n ljtrl ams lstuf`njtls, lxd`b`ljfm kmjfuktns `jnflkunfns, naiujms fmkljtls qul rlk`bãnj cna trntms fl ams lstuf`njtls, naiujms lstuf`njtls knc`jnjfm pmr ams pns`aams lj dmrns fl kansls, rlealgnjfm kmj lstm qul jm lx`stl uj  bulj ka`cn mrinj`znk`mjna lj lstl kljtrm. Fl kmjt`junr prlvnalk`ljfm an prmbalcît`kn fls flskr`tn kr`tn lj ams pîrrnems njtlr`mrls jm sl pmfrî naknjznr ujn ilst`ûj fl kna`fnf lj la kljtrm mbgltm fl lstuf`m y lj la rlstm fl ams kljtrms lfuknt`vms fla F`str`tm 8>-8; fl Bnrndmjn, kmcm am rlqu`lrl an smk`lfnf fmc`j`knjn.

>.2 Emrcuank`ûj fla prmbalcn. Njtl lstn s`tunk`ûj, lstn `jvlst`ink`ûj buskn fnr rlspulstn n ans s`iu`ljtls prliujtns7 Xrliujtn iljlrna  ½Kûcm @jk`fl an Gujtn fl Kljtrm lj la Eujk`mjnc`ljtm fla A`klm Nknfàc`km Fmc`jin Njtmj`n [njant [nj antll Imjz Imjzîal îalz. z. Kmj an `jt `jtljk` ljk`ûj ûj fl dnk dnklr lr npmrtls npmrtls sustnjk` sustnjk`msms msms pnrn la flb`fm flb`fm prmklsm prmklsm lfuknt`vm, lj envmr fla flsnrrmaam fla knaljfnr`m lskmanr y la emrtnalk`c`ljtm fla eujk`mjnc`ljtm fl an ilst`ûj lfuknt`vn.

5

 

>.2.2 Xrliujtns Lsplkãe`kns >. ½Kuîa ½Kuîals ls smj ans knr knrnktlrã nktlrãst`kns st`kns smk`m smk`m flcm flcmirîe`kn irîe`knss fl ams `jt `jtlirnjtl lirnjtlss fl an Gujtn fl fl Kljtrm fla A`klm Nknfàc`km Fmc`jin Njtmj`n [njantl Imjzîalz= 2. ½Kû ½Kûcm cm `jea `jeauyl uyl an Gujtn fl Kljt Kljtrm rm lj an kna`fn kna`fnff fl an emrc emrcnk` nk`ûj ûj iljlrna iljlrna fl ams lstuf`njt lstuf`njtls ls fla A`klm Nknfàc`km Fmc`jin Njtmj`n [njantl Imjzîalz=

;. ½Kuîals Unamrls sustljtn an Gujtn fl Kljtrm pnrn ujn ilst`ûj lskmanr fl kna`fnf lj

la A`klm Nknfàc`km Fmc`jin Njtmj`n [njantl Imjzîalz=

6. ½Kuî ½Kuîals als en enktm ktmrls rls `jk`fl `jk`fljj lj an buljn ``jea jeauljk uljk`n `n fl an Guj Gujtn tn fl Kljtrm Kljtrm pnrn pnrn ujn ils ilst`û t`ûjj fl kna`fnf lj la A`klm Nknfàc`km Fmc`jin Njtmj`n [njantl Imjzîalz= .; Mbglt`vms >.;.> Mbglt`vm Iljlrna Njna Nj na`z `znr nr an @jk @jk`f `flj ljk` k`nn fl an Gu Gujt jtnn fl Kl Kljt jtrm rm lj la Eu Eujk jk`m `mjn jnc` c`lj ljtm tm fla A` A`kl klmm Nknf Nknfàc àc`k `kmm Fmc`jin Njtmj`n [njantl Imjzîalz.

>.;.2 Mbglt`vms Lsplkãe`kms

>. @fljt` @fljt`e`knr e`knr ans kn knrnktlrã rnktlrãst`kns st`kns sm smk`m k`m ‛ flcmirîe`kns flcmirîe`kns fl am amss `jtlirnjtls `jtlirnjtls fl an Gujtn Gujtn fl Kljtrm. Kljtrm. 2. Fltlrc Fltlrc`jnr `jnr an `j `jeauljk` eauljk`nn qul t`l t`ljl jl an Gujtn fl fl Kljtrm lj an kna`fnf kna`fnf fl an emrcnk`ûj emrcnk`ûj iljlrna iljlrna fl ams lstuf`njtls fla A`klm Nknfàc`km Fmc`jin Njtmj`n [njantl Imjzîalz lj lstuf`m. ;. Flskr` Flskr`b`r b`r ams Un Unamrls amrls qul ssustljt ustljtnn an Gujt Gujtnn fl Kljtrm ppnrn nrn ujn ilst ilst`ûj `ûj lskmanr lskmanr fl kna`fnf kna`fnf lj la A`klm Nknfàc`km Fmc`jin Njtmj`n [njantl Imjzîalz. 6. Njna` Njna`znr znr ams enkt enktmrls mrls qul `jk `jk`flj `flj lj an `j `jeauljk` eauljk`nn fl an Gujtn fl K Kljtrm ljtrm pnrn uj ujnn ilst`ûj ilst`ûj fl kna`fnf lj la A`klm Nknfàc`km Fmc`jin Njtmj`n [njantl Imjzîalz. .< Fla`c`tnk`ûj Vàcpmrm-Lspnk`na >. Fla`c`tnk`ûj Vlcpmrna Lj lstl lstuf`m sl Njna`zn an @jk`fljk`n fl an Gujtn fl Kljtrm lj la Eujk`mjnc`ljtm fla A`klm Nknfàc`km Fmc`jin Njtmj`n [njantl Imjzîalz, furnjtl la nþm Lskmanr 28>0-2828.

>.-8; fl Bnrndmjn.

Lsplk`e`knk`mjls  Xnãs

7

Rlp÷ba`kn Fmc`j`knjn.

Rli`ûj

7

Ljr`qu`aam

Xrmv`jk`n

7

Bnrndmjn

Cuj`k`p`m

7

[njtn Kruz

Rli`mjna Lfuknt`vn

7

8>

F`str`tm Lfuknt`vm

7

8;

 J`vla Kljtrm Lfuknt`vm

7 7

[lkujfnr`m A`klm Nknfàc`km Fmc`jin Njt. [njantl Imjzîalz.

Nþm lskmanr

7

28>0-2828.

Xmbank`ûj n `jvlst`inr

7

C`lcbrms fl an Gujtn fl Kljtrm y fmkljtls.

0

 

>.6 Gust`e`knk`ûj An Gujt Gujtnn fl Kl Kljt jtrm rm y la pa panj njtl tlaa lf lfuk uknt nt`v `vmm ls uj ujnn mr mrin inj` j`zn znk` k`ûj ûj pn pnrn rn an il ilst st`û `ûjj y nfc`j`strnk nfc`j `strnk`ûj `ûj lfuknt lfuknt`vn, `vn, lj an qul pnrt`k`pnj pnrt`k`pnj rlprlsljtnjt rlprlsljtnjtls ls fl ams prmelsmrls, prmelsmrls, lstuf`njtls, lstuf`njtls, Nsmk`nk`ûj fl Xnfrls, Cnfrls, Vutmrls y Nc`ims fl an Lskulan, y fl an smk`lfnf k`v`a mrinj`znfn, ls flk`r, tmfms ams [lktmrls @jvmaukrnfms lj ams Nsujtms fl an Lskulan. La C@JLRF (>009). An Aly Iljlrna fl Lfuknk`ûj 55-09, lstnbalklj an lstrukturn fl an gujtn fl kljtrm, an kuna sl mrinj`zn fl an s`iu`ljtl cnjlrn7 ‑la f`rlktmr fla kljtrm lfuknt`vm, qu`lj am prls`f`rî, fms rlprlsljtnjtls lali`fms pmr ams fmkljtls fla kljtrm, fms rlprlsljtnjtls fl an Nsmk`nk`ûj fl Xnfrls, Cnfrls, Vutmrls y Nc`ims fl an Lskulan, uj lfuknfmr lali`fm pmr an nsmk`nk`ûj fl pnfrls, cnfrls, tutmrls y nc`ims fl an lskulan, fms rlprlsljtnjtls fl an smk`lfnf k`v`a mrinj`znfn y uj rlprlsljtnjtl fl ams lstuf`njtls lali`fms pms ams c`lcbrms fla kmjslgm lstuf`njt`a–. (p. 0). An `jvlst`ink`ûj sl rlna`zn pmr ams cmt`vms fl `jfninr kuna ls la eujk`mjnc`ljtm fl an gujtn fla kljtrm mbgltm fl lstuf`m y rlkmjmk`ljfm ans flb`a`fnfls qul lx`stlj, la `jvlst`infmr sl  prmpmjl njna`znr an `jk`fljk`n fl lstn gujtn lj la bulj Eujk`mjnc`ljtm fla A`klm Nknfàc`km Fmc`jin Njtmj`n [njantl Imjzîalz, fl cnjlrn qul sl pulfn kmjmklr lj quà clf`fn lstîj `cpalcljtnjfm ams kmjmk`c`ljtms nfqu`r`fms fla prmklsm fl emrcnk`ûj. La Kljtrm Lfuknt`vm ls an `jstnjk`n rlspmjsnbal fl flsnrrmaanr ams panjls y prmirncns kurr`kuanrls lj ams j`vlals y cmfna`fnfls, kmjemrcl kmj ans f`rlktr`kls lstnbalk`fns pmr la s`stlcn y sl rlank`mjn `jtlrjncljtl kmj la F`str`tm Lfuknt`vm. N am lxtlrjm fla s`stlcn lfuknt`vm kmj la Imb`lrjm Cuj`k`pna, an Nsmk`nk`ûj fl Xnfrls, Cnfrls, Vutmrls y Nc`ims fl an Lskulan, an [mk`lfnf K`v`a (`ials`ns, MJI, lcprlsnr`nfm, cmv`c`ljtms smk`nals, s`jf`kntms, clf`ms fl kmcuj`knk`ûj) y ams mrinj`scms amknals fl lclriljk`n (Fleljsn K`v`a, Kruz Rmgn, Bmcblrms). Cnjuna Mplrnt`vm fl Kljtrm (X. 0). Lj knfn kljtrm lfuknt`vm sl kmjst`tu`rî ujn Gujtn fl Kljtrm Lfuknt`vm kmcm uj mrinj`scm flskljtrna`znfm fl ilst`ûj y pnrt`k`pnk`ûj, ljknrinfn fl krlnr ams jlxms ljtrl an kmcuj`fnf, la kljtrm lfuknt`vm y sus nktmrls, kmj la mbglt`vm fl qul àstl flsnrrmaal kmj àx`tm sus eujk`mjls (Mrfljnjzn 82-2884 Rliancljtm Gujtns Flskljtrna`znfns), Nsã kmcm tncb`àj `jkm `jkmrpm rpmrn rn ans ans eu eujk` jk`mj mjls ls rla rlank nk`m `mjn jnfn fnss n am amss mri mrinj` nj`sc scms ms fl il ilst st`û `ûjj y pn pnrt rt`k `k`p `pnk` nk`ûj ûj y >8

 

f`spms`k`mjls lsplkãe`kns pnrn an kmjemrcnk`ûj fl an Gujtn fl Kljtrm, pnrn qul rlna`klj lj  bljàe`km fl ams lstuf`njtls ujn ilst`ûj nrfun y ljkmc`nbal, ljkm c`nbal, cmstrnfm nsã uj bulj flslcplþm lj sus sus anbm anbmrls rls nf nfc` c`j` j`st strnt rnt`v `vns ns y fmklj fmkljtl tls. s. Am qul cm cmt` t`vû vû na su sust stlj ljtn tnjt jtll n pa panj njlnr lnr an rlna`znk`ûj fl lstn `jvlst`ink`ûj eul la flslm fl dnklr npmrtls qul kmjtr`buynj kmj la flslcplþm fl ujn le`k`ljtl ilst`ûj lfuknt`vn lj la kljtrm lfuknt`vm bngm lstuf`m. An `jvlst`ink`ûj `jvlst`ink`ûj ls fl irnj rlalvnjk rlalvnjk`n, `n, yn qul al merlkl n ams f`rlktmrls f`rlktmrls y n ams fmkljtls, fmkljtls, uj fmkucljtm kmj `jemrcnk`mjls nktuna`znfns rlelrljtls na flslcplþm fl an ilst`ûj lfuknt`vn y la Eujk`mjnc`ljtm fl an Gujtn fl Kljtrm fla A`klm, nflcîs pmrqul su kmjtlj`fm s`rvl pnrn cmt`vnr nkk`mjls qul t`ljfnj n prmvmknr ams kncb`ms y ans trnjsemrcnk`mjls lj la cmflam fl f`rlkk`ûj fla kljtrm lfuknt`vm mbgltm fl lstuf`m. Fl `iuna cmfm, lstn `jvlst`ink`ûj sl kmjs`flrn plrt`jljtl y rlalvnjtl, yn qul an emrcnk`ûj fla f`rlktmr, ls an inrnjtãn fl ujn lfuk lfuknk nk`û `ûjj fl kna` kna`fn fnf, f, km kmjv` jv`rt rt`l `ljfm jfm la a` a`kl klmm lf lfuk uknt nt`v `vmm lj ls lspnk pnk`m `mss fl nprlj nprljf` f`zn zngl glss y f`jnc` f`j nc`znjf znjfmm ans prî prîkt` kt`kns kns fmkljtl fmkljtls, s, emrtnal emrtnalk`lj k`ljfm fm ans dmrns dmrns nknfàc nknfàc`kn `knss pnrn pnrn lalvnr lalvnr ams `jf`knfmrls fl kna`fnf lj an lfuknk`ûj fla F`str`tm 8>-8; lj an Xrmv`jk`n fl Bnrndmjn. La kmjt kmjtlxt lxtmm smk smk`n `naa y am amss r` r`lsi lsims ms fl flaa lj ljtm tmrjm rjm qu qull lj ljerl erljt jtnn la kl kljt jtrm rm lf lfuk uknt nt`v `vmm fl flaa J` J`vl vlaa [lkujfnr`m Fmc`jin Njtmj`n [njantl Imjzîalz, t`ljl pms`bal `jk`fljk`n f`rlktn smbrl an le`k`l le`k`ljk` jk`nn y kna kna`fn `fnff fl an ilst ilst`ûj `ûj lfukn lfuknt`v t`vnn y eujk`mj eujk`mjnc` nc`ljtm ljtm fl an Gujtn fl Kljtrm Kljtrm.. An  prlsljk`n fl f`vlrsns a`c`tnjtls lj an Gujtn fl Kljtrm, `jeauyl kmjs`flrnbalcljtl lj an f`jîc`kn fl ans rluj`mjls, an kna`fnf fl an pnrt`k`pnk`ûj, nsã kmcm ans knpnk`fnfls fl nutmilst`ûj fla kljtrm. [l flstnkn an plrt`jnk`n fl an `jvlst`ink`ûj, lj la sljt`fm fl qul an c`scn sl kmjst`tuyl lj uj  pujtm fl pnrt`fn pnrn ams qul rlna`znj an eujk`ûj fl f`r`i`r uj kljtrm lfuknt`vm,  prmpmrk`mjîjfmals `jemrcnk`mjls `jemr cnk`mjls pnrn qul kmjt`j÷lj `jvlst`injfm y knpnk`tîjfmsl kmj la e`j fl flslcplþnr ujn anbmr fl kna`fnf lj bljle`k`m fla flsnrrmaam lfuknt`vm fla cuj`k`p`m fl [njtn Kruz fl Bnrndmjn. Ls ÷t`a, nflcîs, lj rnzûj fl qul la `jemrcl iljlrnfm pmr an c`scn, prlsljtn lstrntli`ns `jjmvnfmrns y plrt`jljtls pnrn qul ans nutmr`fnfls fla kljtrm `jvlst`infm pulfnj f`r`i`r,  panj`e`knr, mrinj`znr y kmjtrmanr kmj le`k`ljk`n la trnbngm fl ans `jst`tuk`mjls lfuknt`vns qul sl ljkuljtrnj bngm sus flpljfljk`ns, n e`j fl lalvnr an kna`fnf fl an ilst`ûj y lfuknk`ûj qul sl merlkl lj àstl. >>

 

Lstn `jvlst`ink`ûj ls enkt`bal pmr kunjtm ls v`nbal su rlna`znk`ûj, yn qul la `jvlst`infmr  kuljtn kmj la t`lcpm, an nslsmrãn y ams rlkursms jlklsnr`ms pnrn su rlna`znk`ûj, nflcîs pmjfrî fl cnj`e`lstm ans emrtnalzns y a`c`tnk`mjls lj an ilst`ûj lfuknt`vn y eujk`mjnc`ljtm fl an Gujtn fl Kljtrm lj la A`klm Nknfàc`km Fmc`jin Njtmj`n [njantl Imjzîalz, n an vlz qul slrîj suilr`fns pms`bals nkk`mjls pnrn kmjvlrt`r a`c`tnk`mjls lj emrtnalzns.

>2

 

>.5 Unr`nbals l @jf`knfmrls UNR@NBAL[

@JF@KNFMRL[ Lfnf

Knr nrn nkt ktl lrãs rãst`kns

U>.

smk`m

‛

[lxm

flcmirîe`kns fl ams `jtlirnjtls fl

V`tuank`ûj

an Gujtn fl Kljtrm.

Eujk`ûj m Flslcplþm Auinr fl Xrlklfljk`n Ilst`ûj `jst`tuk`mjna A`flrnzim

U2. @jeauljk`n fl an Gujtn fl Kljtrm

Mrinj`znk`ûj fla Kljtrm

lj an ilst`ûj lskmanr lj an kna`fnf

Kna`fnf fl ams nprljf`zngls

fl ams lstuf`njtls

Cmt`vnk`ûj Lskmanr  \t`a`znk`ûj fl rlkursms y clf`ms Xnrt`k`pnk`ûj lskulan y kmcuj`fnf

U;. Unamrls qul sustljtnj an Gujtn fl Kljtrm pnrn ujn ilst`ûj lskmanr  fl kna`fnf lj la Kljtrm Lfuknt`vm

Rlealx`vm `jtlirnfms Xnrt`k`pnt`vm kmcprmcltlfmrls Vrnjsemrcnfms `jjmvnfmr  Àt`kn Rlspmjsnb`a`znfm Enktmrls Lkmjûc`kms

U6. Enktmrls qul `jk`flj l `jeauylj lj an Gujtn fl Kljtrm pnrn ujn ilst`ûj fl kna`fnf

U.9 Kmjtlxtm fl an @jvlst`ink`ûj >;

 

>.9.> Cuj`k`p`m [njtn Kruz Bnrndmjn. An prlsljt prlsljtl l `jv `jvlst lst`in `ink`û k`ûj j lst lstî î ljcnrkn ljcnrknfn fn lj la Cuj Cuj`k` `k`p`m p`m fl Bnrn Bnrndmj dmjn n fl an Rlp÷ba Rlp ÷ba`kn `kn Fmc Fmc`j` `j`knjn knjn,, kmj sus rls rlsplkt plkt`vms `vms Cuj Cuj`k` `k`p`m p`ms, s, F`s F`str` tr`tms tms Cuj Cuj`k` `k`pna pnals, ls, [lkk`mjls y Xnrngls qul ls fmjfl `jkurrl la F`str`tm Guf`k`na fl Bnrndmjn. La Cuj`k`p`m Bnrndmjn ls an kmc÷j knblklrn fl an Rli`ûj Ljr`qu`aam, an kuna lstî kmcprljf`fn pmr trls (;) prmv`jk`ns cîs, Xlflrjnals, Bndmrukm, l @jflpljfljk`n. Bnrndmjn lstî ub`knfn lj an pnrtl sur mlstl fl Rlp÷ba`kn Fmc`j`knjn n >08 o`aûcltrms fl [njtm fmc`jim, kuljtn kmj ujn `cprls`mjnjtl vliltnk`ûj, kmcm j`ji÷j mtrm pulbam fla sur am t`ljl. Ls pmsllfmrn fl ans cîs dlrcmsns zmjns fl kmstn fl tmfm la pnãs y ls la ÷j`km auinr fmjfl sl kmjguinj panyns, cmjtnþns y rãms, emrcnjfm ljtrl ams trls ujn plrelktn kmcb`jnk`ûj pnrn v`v`r cmcljtms `jmav`fnbals, kuljtn nprmx`cnfncljtl kmj 2;2 4>4 dnb`tnjtls sli÷j la ÷at`cm kljsm fl 28>8.  La Cuj`k`p`m t`ljl kmcm knp`tna na cuj`k`p`m fl [njtn Kruz fl Bnrndmjn, Kljtrm Xmaãt`km, lkmjûc`km y kuaturna `jtrncmjtnþmsm fl an Xrmv`jk`n Bnrndmjn, an kuna lstî ub`knfn na lxtrlcm mr`ljtna fla vnaal emrcnfm pmr an s`lrrn fl Jlybn y an fl Bndmrukm, lalvnfn lj la lxtrlcm fl an Rli`ûj fla [ur fl an Rlp÷ba`kn Fmc`j`knjn, kuljtn kmj uj lxklaljtl Xulrtm Cnrãt`cm y kmj irnjfls r`qulzns lj rlkursms jnturnals. Aûplz Rlyls, Msknr. Nþm 2888.

[us aãc`tls smj7 Na Jmrtl 7 Bndmrukm. Na [ur 7 Xlflrjnals. Na Lstl 7 Cnr Knr`bl y an Xrmv`jk`n Nzun. Na Mlstl 7 Xrmv`jk`n @jflpljfljk`n y Xlflrjnals. Ls La Cuj`k`p`m Cuj`k`p`m j÷clrm fmkl (>2) fla pnãs lj kunjt kunjtm m n lxtljs lxtljs`ûj `ûj sl rle`l rle`lrl rl kmj uj îrln fl >,9;0.;4 oc2. Ls an sliujfn prmv`jk`n fla pnãs kmj cnymr j÷clrm fl Cuj`k`p`ms y F`str`tms Cuj`k`pnals. Ams Cuj`k`p`ms smj7 [njtn Kruz (Knblklrn), Knbrna, U`kljtl Jmbal, Ljr`qu`aam, Xnrnãsm, [na`jns, Xlþûj, An K`àjlin, Gnqu`clyls, Eujfnk`ûj, Xmam. [u ka`cn ls vnr`nfm y prlsljtn f`vlrsms c`krms ka`cns.

>.9.2 A`klm Nknfàc`km Fmc`jin Njtmj`n [njantl Imjzîalz >6

 

La A`klm Nknfàc`km Fmc`jin Njtmj`n [njantl Imjzîalz, sl ljkuljtrn ub`knfm lj ans lf`e`knk`mjls fla Kncpus @@ fl an \N[F-Bnrndmjn, lj la Bnrr`m Ljr`qu`aam fla Cuj`k`p`m [njtn Kruz fl an Xrmv`jk`n Bnrndmjn, erljtl na Kljtrm Ncnjlklr @jenjt`a. Lstl kljtrm fl ljslþnjzn ljslþnjzn fla J`vla [lkujfn [lkujfnr`m r`m br`jfn slrv`k`m Lfuknt`v Lfuknt`vm m flsfl >· (njt`ium [àpt`cm) dnstn 5· (njt`ium 6· Vlûr`km). Xlrtljlkl na a F`str`tm Lfuknt`vm 8>8; fl Bnrndmjn. An cntrãkuan fla kljtrm lfuknt`vm ls fl 5, 98< Lstuf`njtls, ;6 Fmkljtls y 0 c`lcbrms fl an Gujtn fl Kljtrm. Fntms rlknbnfms fla prmylktm fl Kljtrm fla A`klm  Nknfàc`km Fmc`jin Njtmj`n [njantl Imjzîalz Ams gûvljls qul rlqu`lrlj fl ams slrv`k`ms nknfàc`kms fl lstl kljtrm lfuknt`vm smj rls`fljtls fl ams slktmrls7 Ljr`qu`aam, Fmj Bmskm, Knsnjfrn, R`mkd`aa, An panyn, la Xu Xulj ljtl tl,, Bn Bn`t`tm` m`tn tn y Na Naen en lj an cm cmjt jtnþ nþn. n. Fl `i `iun unaa cnjl cnjlrn rn lstm lstmss lstu lstuf` f`nj njtl tlss prmklflj fl ams kljtrms lfuknt`vms fla J`vla Xr`cnr`m7 U`stn Dlrcmsn, Kanrljkl Dnc` Dn c`atatmj mj,, Kà Kàjl jlf` f`,, lj ljtr trl l mtrm mtrmss kl kljt jtrms rms fl flaa J`vla J`vla [l [lku kujf jfnr` nr`m m qu qul l np npmrt mrtnj nj n an cntrãkuan lj ujn cljmr prmpmrk`ûj. An cnymrãn fl lstms gûvljls smj fl lsknsms rlkursms lkmjûc`kms, pmr am qul sl als f`e`kuatnbn f`spmjlr fl 288 plsms pmr fãn pnrn ns`st`r na A`klm cîs klrknjm n sus kmcuj`fnfls, rnzûj pmr an kuna lstl kljtrm pnsn n slr ujn mpmrtuj`fnf pnrn kmjt`j kmj t`junr unr an prl prlpnrn pnrnk`û k`ûj j nkn nknfàc fàc`kn `kn f`spmj f`spmj`ljf `ljfm m fl ujn `jvlrs` `jvlrs`ûj ûj lkm lkmjûc jûc`kn `kn cljmr.

><

 

KNXÃV\AM @@ CNRKM RLELRLJK@NA

KNXÃV\AM @@. CNRKM RLELRLJK@NA @jtrmfukk`ûj

>5

 

La prlsljtl knpãt knpãtuam uam kmjt`ljl kmjt`ljl ams njtlklfljtls fl an `jvlst`ink`û `jvlst`ink`ûj j kmjst` kmjst`tu`fms tu`fms pmr  ans `jvlst`ink`mjls `jvlst`ink`mjls rlna`znfn rlna`znfnss rlank`mjnfns rlank`mjnfns kmj la tlcn fl `jvlst `jvlst`ink`û `ink`ûj? j? la cnrkm tlûr`km y kmjklptuna kmjst`tu`fm pmr ams kmjklptms y tlmrãns qul eujfncljtnj an `jvlst`ink`ûj, ans kunals dnj s`fm lxtrnãfns fl f`vlrsns euljtls b`ba`mirîe`kns.

2.> Njtlklfljtls fl an @jvlst`ink`ûj Lj lstl lstl npnr npnrtn tnfm fm smbr smbrl l an rl rlv` v`s` s`ûj ûj fl flaa cn cnrk rkm m fl rl rlel elrl rljk jk`n `n,, sl tr trnt ntnj nj ams ams njtlklf njt lklfljt ljtls ls b`ba`m b`ba`mirîe irîe`kms `kms ljk ljkmjt mjtrnfm rnfmss qul vlrs vlrsnj nj smb smbrl rl la tlc tlcn, n, nsã kmcm tncb`àj ans tlmrãns ljkmjtrnfns. Aulim fl ujn nrfun y c`juk`msn b÷squlfn fl `jvlst`ink`mjls njtlr`mrls lj ams kljtrms fl fmkucljtnk`ûj l `jemrcnk`ûj (B`ba`mtlkns), qul lx`stlj lj la cuj`k`p`m fl [njtn Kruz fl Bnrndmjn, plrtljlk`ljtl n an rli`ûj Ljr`qu`aam, jm eul pms`bal ljkmjtrnr euljtls lskr`tns qul nbmrflj fl cnjlrn f`rlktn an tlcît`kn lstuf`nfn, plrm s` sl ljkmjtrnrmj euljtls qul nbmrfnj ujn tlcît`kn s`c`anr, s`ljfm amkna`znfms lj lstuf`ms fl tls`s, cmjmirneãns, a`brms, rlv`stns y mtrms t`pms fl fmkucljtms. [`j lcbnrim, lj ujn b÷squlfn lj an wlb sl ljkmjtrû lj la îcb`tm `jtlrjnk`mjna, jnk`mjna y amkna naiujms trnbngms qul npmrtnj fntms s`ij`e`knt`vms.

2.>.> Njtlklfl  Njtlklfljtls jtls @jtlrjnk`mjnals.  N`rls (2889

 

nktmrls nkt mrls fla s`stlc s`stlcn n lfuknt lfuknt`vm `vm,, kmjs kmjst`t t`tuyàj uyàjfms fmsl l lj cmc cmcljt ljtm m fl npr nprljf ljf`zn `zngl gl y plrelkk`mjnc`ljtm lj ams c`scms. Xnrn an `jtlirnk`ûj fl ans V@K lj ams prmklsms lfuknt`vms y prmcmvlr ams kncb`ms lj ams prmklsms fl ilst`ûj, am eujfncljtna slrî an nfmpk`ûj fl an lstrukturn mrinj`znt`vn lj rlf, pms`b`a`tnfn pmr la prmp`m pmtljk`na fl an anss V@K. V@K. Ls Lstn tn `j `jvl vlst st`in `ink` k`ûj ûj nj njna na`z `zn n la cm cmfl flam am fl il ilst st`û `ûj j y am amss pr prmi mirnc rncns ns lfuknt`vms kmjtlcpmrîjlms, ams kunals lx`ilj an `jtlirnk`ûj fl ans V@K pnrn su npa`knk`ûj lj ams prmklsms fl ljslþnjzn y nprljf`zngl, fl ndã su `cpmrtnjk`n y rlank`ûj kmj la prlsljtl lstuf`m.

Jnvnrrm, La`lttl, U`tmr`n, [ntyn (28>4). Buljns prîkt`kns qul envmrlklj la trnbngm kman kmanbm bmrnt rnt`v `vm m ljt ljtrl rl an gu gujt jtn n fl uj kl kljt jtrm rm lfukn lfuknt`t`vm vm y am amss ûr ûrinj injms ms fl np npmym mym.. Kmjkauyljfm fl an cnjlrn s`iu`ljtl7 ^ul la pnpla prmtniûj`km fl an gujtn fl uj kljtrm lfuknt`vm pnrn prmcmvlr nkk`mjls kmanbmrnt`vns, nsã la a`flrnzim prmp`k`n uj tlrrljm eàrt`a pnrn la trnbngm fl ams irupms fl npmym y ans nkk`mjls fl an f`rlktmrn, lj lstl knsm kmjst`tuylj an inrnjtãn fla rlstm fl ans nkk`mjls kmanbmrnt`vns. Mtrm dnaanzim s`ij`e`knt`vm, ls an rlalvnjk`n qul sl al mtmrin n an ali`sank`ûj v`iljtl, an pmbank`ûj pnrt`k`pnjtl fla lstuf`m? su nplim y kmjmk`c`ljtm fla Rliancljtm fl Gujtns fl Lfuknk`ûj y Gujtns Nfc`j`strnt`vns fla CLX, nsã kmcm na Rliancljtm fla Xntrmjntm Lskmanr fla CLX ls v`tna pnrn qul ans nkk`mjls rlna`znfns sl prlsljtlj fljtrm fla flb`fm prmklsm y, pmr tnjtm, tljinj vna`flz fljtrm fl an `jst`tuk`ûj lfuknt`vn y njtl ams ljtls n ams qul flblj rljf`r kuljtns. Clsn, Ulsna`m (28>286 U`aan Gnrfãj, [nj Au`s-A`cn \j`fnf fl Ilst`ûj Lfuknt`vn Amkna J· 89, (28>4

 

fmkljtl lj an @jst`tuk`ûj Lfuknt`vn J¸ >286 U`aan Gnrfãj, [nj Au`s-A`cn \ILA J¸ 89.  N an vlz ams rlsuatnfms rnt`e`knrmj an d`pûtls`s fl qul lx`stl knusn lelktm ljtrl an ilst il st`û `ûj j fl an kmj kmjv` v`vl vljk jk`n `n ls lskm kman anrr lj an `j `jst st`t`tuk uk`û `ûj j lf lfuk uknt nt`v `vn n y la fl flslc slcpl plþm þm fmkljtl. An rlank`ûj ljtrl an f`cljs`ûj y an vnr`nbal flpljf`ljtl ls s`ij`e`knt`vn y, pmr am tnjtm, lx`stl kmrrlank`ûj ljtrl ncbns.

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2.>.2 Njtlklfl  Njtlklfljtls jtls Jnk Jnk`mjnals `mjnals.. Fljtrm fl ams njtlklfljtls jnk`mjnals sl pulfl k`tnr la lstuf`m fl `jvlst`ink`ûj t`tua `tuanf nfm7 m7 ‑Lst ‑Lstrn rnttli li``ns fl Lv Lvna naun unk` k`ûj ûj fl an Xn Xnrt rt`k `k`p `pnk nk`û `ûj j lj ans Gu Gujt jtns ns Flskljtrna`znfns fl Kljtrms Lfuknt`vms fl an Rlp÷ba`kn Fmc`j`knjn. Enkuatnf Ant`jmnclr` Ant`j mnclr`knjn knjn fl K`ljk K`ljk`ns `ns [mk`na [mk`nals ls (EANK[M (EANK[M)) pnrn an @j`k` @j`k`nt`vn nt`vn Fmc`j`kn Fmc`j`knjn jn pmr  ujn Lfuknk`ûj fl Kna`fnf (@FLK), [njtm Fmc`jim, nimstm 28>

 

2.>.; Njtlklfl  Njtlklfljtls jtls Am Amknals. knals. Mtnþm (28>4). Rlna`zû uj lstuf`mV`tuanfm ‑Lstrntli`ns `cpalcljtnfns pmr an Gujtn  Nfc`j`strnt`vn y su `cpnktm lj la flslcplþm fla plr plrsmjna smjna Fmkljtl. Lskulan Bîs`kn Almjmr Elatz, Bnrndmjn. Enatnj fntms Ams `jtlirnjtls fla lqu`pm fl ilst`ûj fl lstl kljtrm lfuknt`vm kuljtnj kmj an emrcnk`ûj nflkunfn, pnrn lglrklr ujn buljn ilst`ûj, s`j lcbnrim, ujn pnrtl fl ams fmkljtls kuljtn kmj prmelsmrnfm. N plsnr fl lstm dnj rlna`znfm knpnk`tnk`ûj fl kursms, tnaalrls, f`pamcnfms y cnlstrãns. Fnrals pnrt`k`pnk`ûj n ams fmkljtls lj an Gujtn fl kljtrm, lj rnzûj fl qul ams c`scms lstîj f`rlktncljtl f`rlktncljtl v`jkuanfm v`jkuanfm kmj ams nprljf`zngls fl ams lstuf`njtls, y pmr tnjtm smj ams cîs nprmp`nfms pnrn fnr n kmjmklr la flsnrrmaam y j`vla nknfàc`km fl knfn ujm fl laams. Fla Rmsnr`m, Fl an Kruz, Rncãrlz, Xlþn, B`jla B`jla`s `s (28>8). ‑@jk`fljk` ‑@jk`fljk`n n fl ams t`pms fl Ilst`ûj fl Kmilst`ûj lj ams Kljtrms Lskmanrls fla J`vla Bîs`km Njn`cn Vlglfn Kdnpcnj y Nav`fn Cnr`n Nkmstn lj v`aan kljtrna? F`str`tm Lfuknt`vm 8>-8; Bnrndmjn, R.F, ans kunals nrr`bnrmj n ans s`iu`ljtls kmjkaus`mjls7 Ams f`rlktmrls fl ams kljtrms ljkulstnfms t`ljlj cîs fl 28 nþms lj la slrv`k`m am kuna ls jlint`vm pnrn `cpalcljtnr kncb`ms lj la s`stlcn, yn qul nflcîs t`ljlj cîs fl 65 nþms fl lfnf y lstms jm suplrv` suplrv`snj snj ans nuans nflkunfncl nflkunfncljtl jtl pnrn fnr  ujn cmt`vnk`ûj n ams fmkljtls y naucjms lj la prmklsm ljslþnjzn-nprljf`zngl. ^ul lj ncbms kljtrms t`ljlj kmjemrcnfms lqu`pms fl ilst`ûj y kmilst`ûj plrm nktunacljtl su `jk`fljk`n ls bngn m pmkn, flb`fm n qul jm eujk`mjnj nkmrfl kmj am prmpulstm lj la cmflam fl ilst`ûj fl ams kljtrms ‑Kuaturn fl an kna`fnf–? fmkucljtm qul lstnbalkl ans eujk`mjls flams rlelr`fms lqu`pms. Ams lqu`pms fl ams Kljtrms Lskmanrls mbgltms fl lstuf`ms eujk`mjnj nktunacljtl bngm an aãjln fl an f`rlkk`ûj fla kljtrm lfuknt`vm, rnzûj pmr la kuna sl puf`lrn gust`e`knr an pmkn `jk`fljk`n flb`fm n qul jm t`ljlj nutmjmcãn, krlnt`v`fnf, flsnrrmaam y t`ljl qul lsplrnr qul an f`rlkk`ûj trnkl ans pnutns y lstrntli`ns n sliu`r. Ams njt njtlkl lklflj fljtls tls fl ams f`elrlj f`elrljtls tls lst lstuf` uf`ms ms pan panjtl jtlnfm nfms, s, tnj tnjtm tm `jtlrjn `jtlrjnk`m k`mjls, jls, jnk`mjnals kmcm amknals eulrmj tmcnfms lj kuljtn pmrqul kmj laams sl dnklj 22

 

rlelrljk`n n tmfm am rlank`mjnfm kmj an gujtn fl kljtrm. [l lxprlsnr prmpms`k`mjls tl tlûr` ûr`kn knss il iljl jlrna rnals ls,, pmst pmstua uanf nfms ms,, cn cnrk rkms ms fl rle rlelrl lrljk` jk`n? n? pr prmvl mvll l uj cn cnrkm rkm fl rlelrljk`n pnrn `jtlrprltnr ams rlsuatnfms fla lstuf`m.

2;

 

2.2 CNRKM VLÛR@KM KMJKLXV\NA Lj lstl npnrtnfm ls smbrl la cnrkm rlelrljk`na m tlûr`km, lj la c`scm sl nbmrfnj ans tlmrãns fl an `jvlst`ink`ûj lj la îrln plfniûi`kn y fl mtrns euljtls qul sustljtlj la prlsljtl trnbngm.

2.2.> Gujtn fl Kljtrm Lfuknt`vm Fl nkulrfm n an Aly Iljlrna fl Lfuknk`ûj, an Gujtn fl Kljtrm ls ujn mrinj`znk`ûj pnrn an ilst`ûj y nfc`j`strnk`ûj, lj an qul pnrt`k`pnj rlprlsljtnjtls fl tmfn an kmcuj`fnf lfuknt`vn y fl an smk`lfnf k`v`a mrinj`znfn. La s`stlcn lfuknt`vm prmkurn qul lj knfn kljtrm lfuknt`vm lx`stn ujn gujtn fl Kljtrm Lfuknt`vm kmcm uj mrinj`scm flskljtrna`znfm fl ilst`ûj y pnrt`k`pnk`ûj, ljknrinfn fl krlnr ams jlxms ljtrl an kmcuj`fnf, la kljtrm lfuknt`vm y sus nktmrls. Ans eujk`mjls fl an Gujtn fla Kljtrm Lfuknt`vm smj ans s`iu`ljtls7  Npa`knr ams panjls fl flsnrrmaam fla kljtrm lfuknt`vm, lj la cnrkm fl ans pmaãt`kns pmaãt`kns fle`j`fns  fle`j`fns pmr la Kmjslgm Jnk`mjna fl Lfuknk`ûj. Emrtnalklr Emrtna lklr ans rlank` rlank`mjls mjls ljtrl lskulan lskulan y  y kmcuj`fnf y la npmym rlkãprmkm fl ujn n mtrn.  Nrt`kuanr an nkt`v`fnf lskmanr y ljr`qulklran kmj nkt`v`fnfls eulrn fla dmrnr`m lskmanr. Ulanr pmr an kna`fnf fl an lfuknk`ûj  lfuknk`ûj  y an lqu`fnf lj an prlstnk`ûj fl slrv`k`ms lfuknt`vms. [uplrv`snr an buljn cnrkdn fl ams nsujtms fl `jtlràs lfuknt`vm, lkmjûc`km y fl mrflj iljlrna fla kljtrm lfuknt`vm, `jkauyljfm lsplk`nacljtl la cnjtlj`c`ljtm cnjtlj`c`ljtm fl  fl an panjtn eãs`kn eãs`kn y  y ams prmirncns fl jutr`k`ûj jutr`k`ûj.. Knjna`znr prlmkupnk`mjls fl `jtlràs iljlrna m `flns smbrl an cnrkdn fla kljtrm lfuknt`vm.  Nfc`j`strnr ams prlsupulstms prlsupulstms qul  qul al slnj ns`ijnfms pmr la C`j`s C`j`stlr`m tlr`m fl Lfuknk`ûj y mtrms rlkursms qul rlqu`lrn. @cpuasnr la flsnrrmaam kurr`kuanr. 26

 

Kmmrf`jnr u mr`ljtnr an lanbmrnk`ûj fl ams Xrmylktms Xrmylktms Lfuknt`vms  Lfuknt`vms fl Kljtrms (XLK) y la Xanj Mplrnt`vm Njuna (XMN). Rljf`r kuljtns kuljtns fl  fl ams rlkursms ns`ijnfms pmr la C@JLRF y mtrns euljtls euljtls..

2.2.2 Gujtns Lfuknt`vn Ans Gujtns Lfuknt`vns smj mrinj`znk`mjls k`v`als kmj plrsmjna`fnf gurãf`kn qul lstîj emrcnfns pmr pnfrls y cnfrls fl enc`a`n fl ams j`þms y j`þns `jskr`tns lj an lskulan, lskula n, cnlstrns, cnlstrms y f`rlktmrls. f`rlktmrls. Xrmp`k`nj an pnrt`k`pnk` pnrt`k`pnk`ûj ûj k`ufnf k`ufnfnjn njn y an prlstnk`ûj fl slrv`k`ms fl npmym lj ams kljtrms. Fl lstn cnjlrn, ans flk`s`mjls prmp`ns fl an lskulan, lj nsplktms nfc`j`strnt`vms y e`jnjk`lrms sl tmcnj lj la îcb`tm amkna. An Gujtn Lskmanr prmp`k`n an pnrt`k`pnk`ûj nkt`vn, rlspmjsnbal y kmcprmclt`fn fl ams pnfrls, cnfrls fl enc`a`n, y lfuknfmrls, nsã sl pulfl amirnr7 Lalvnr la j`vla fl a`flrnzim y knpnk`fnf fl ilst`ûj. Emcljtnr y emrtnalklr ams clknj`scms fl pnrt`k`pnk`ûj fl an kmcuj`fnf. Xrmcmvlr an nutmilst`ûj, an flskljtrna`znk`ûj fl ams rlkursms y ams slrv`k`ms fl npmym. Fljtrm fl ams mbglt`vms ans gujtns pulflj kucpa`r kmj lelkt`v`fnf trls eujk`mjls7 lstnba lst nbalklr lklr jmr jmrcns cns e`skna e`skna`zn `znjfm jfm su `cp `cpalc alcljt ljtnk` nk`ûj, ûj, sup suplrv` lrv`snr snr ans nkt nkt`v` `v`fnf fnfls ls lskm ls kman anrl rlss y pr prmc mcmv mvlr lr an `jst jst`tuk `tuk`û `ûj. j. Ls Lsttnbal nbalkl klrr jmrc jmrcns ns e`sk e`skna na`z `znj njfm fm su `cpalcljtnk`ûj An gujtn flbl fltlrc`jnr jmrcns pnrn an nfc`j`strnk`ûj fl an `jst`tuk`ûj lfuknt`vn, flgnjfm qul ams nfc`j`strnfmrls ans `cpalcljtlj. Kunjfm lstms fms nsplktms sl kmjeujflj surilj prmbalcns ljtrl an gujtn f`rlkt`vn y la f`rlktmr. Ans gujtns flgnj fl nfc`j`strnr b`lj y ams f`rlktmrls pnsnj pmr natm k`lrtms nsplktms `cpmrtnjtls fl ans jmrcns.

2<

 

2.2.; Ilst`ûj Lfuknt`vn Rlsplktm fl an ilst`ûj lskmanr, ls uriljtl nvnjznr dnk`n ujn kmjklpk`ûj cîs ncpa nc pa`n `n y prme prmeuj ujfn fn,, ls fl flk` k`r, r, dn dnk` k`n n uj ujn n il ilst st`û `ûj j kmj kmj an sue` sue`k` k`lj ljk` k`n n tlûr tlûr`k `km m y cltm cl tmfm fmaû aûi` i`kn kn pn pnrn rn kmj kmjvl vlrt rt`r `r n an ls lskul kulan an,, km kmcm cm sl slþna þnan n Vn Vnp` p`n n (2 (288 88;), ;), lj uj ujn n mrinj`znk`ûj kljtrnfn lj am plfniûi`km, nb`lrtn na nprljf`zngl y n an `jjmvnk`ûj? qul qu l nb nbnj njfm fmjl jl kl klrt rt`f `fuc ucbrl brlss y pr prmp` mp`k` k`l l nkk nkk`m `mjls jls pnr pnrn n nt ntlj ljfl flrr am kmc kmcpa palg lgm, m, am lsplkãe`km y am f`vlrsm? qul sust`tuyn ans prîkt`kns qul jm al plrc`tlj krlklr, qul busqul la nslsmrnc`ljtm y an mr`ljtnk`ûj Xrmels`mjna`znjtl, qul flf`qul lseulrzms kmal kmalkt kt`v `vms ms lj nkt`v nkt`v`f `fnfl nflss ljr ljr`q `qul ulkl klfm fmrns rns,, qu qul l km kmjkl jkljt jtrl rl an lj ljlri lriãn ãn fl tm tmfn fn kmcuj`fnf lfuknt`vn lj uj panj `jtlirna dnk`n su trnjsemrcnk`ûj s`stàc`kn, kmj ujn v`s`ûj `jtlirna y enkt`bal. [l ljt`ljfl pmr ilst`ûj lskmanr, la kmjgujtm fl anbmrls rlna`znfns pmr ams nktmrls fl an kmcuj`fnf lfuknt`vn (f`rlktmr, cnlstrms, plrsmjna fl npmym, pnfrls fl enc`a`n y naucjms), v`jkuanfns kmj an tnrln eujfncljtna qul al dn s`fm ns`ijnfn n an lskulan7 iljlrnr ans kmjf`k`mjls, ncb`ljtls y prmklsms jlklsnr`ms pnrn qul ams lstuf`njtls nprljfnj kmjemrcl n ams e`jls, mbglt`vms y prmpûs`tms fl an lfuknk`ûj bîs`kn. Ams kljtrms lfuknt`vms f`r`i`fms pmr lirlsnfms fl lsn ljt`fnf fl knpnk`tnk`ûj prlsljtnj prlsljt nj clgmrn clgmrnss lj la nprljf`zngl fla naucj naucjnfm, nfm, la kucpa` kucpa`c`ljt c`ljtm m fla knaljfnr`m lskmanr y an f`sc`juk`ûj fl an flslrk`ûj lskmanr.

2.2.6 Nsplktms iljlrnals fl an ilst`ûj plfniûi`kn. Ilst`ûj plfniûi`kn. Ls lj lstl j`vla fmjfl sl kmjkrltn an ilst`ûj lfuknt`vn lj su kmjgujtm, kmjguj tm, y lstî rlank`m rlank`mjnfm jnfm kmj ans emrcns lj qul la fmkljt fmkljtl l rlna`zn ams prmklsms fl ljslþnjzn, kûcm nsucl la kurrãkuam y am trnfukl lj ujn panjlnk`ûj f`fîkt`kn, y kûcm am lvna÷n y, nflcîs, an cnjlrn fl rlank`mjnrsl kmj sus naucjms y ams pnfrls fl enc`a`n pnrn inrnjt`znr la nprljf`zngl fl ams pr`clrms. An fle`j`k`ûj fla tàrc`jm y usm fl an ilst`ûj plfniûi`kn lj Ncàr`kn Ant`jn ls ujn f`sk`pa`jn fl flsnrrmaam rlk`ljtl, pmr laam su j`vla fl lstrukturnk`ûj, na lstnr lj uj prmklsm fl kmjstrukk`ûj, an kmjv`lrtl lj ujn f`sk`pa`jn `jjmvnfmrn kmj c÷at`pals

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pms`b`a`fnfls fl flsnrrmaam, kuym mbgltm pmtljk`n kmjslkuljk`ns pms`t`vns lj la slktmr lfuknt`vm. Xnrn Bnt`stn (288>) an ilst`ûj plfniûi`kn ls la quldnklr kmmrf`jnfm fl nkk`mjls y rl rlkur kursms sms pnr pnrn n pmt pmtljk ljk`n `nrr la prm prmkls klsm m pl plfn fniû iûi` i`km km y f`fî f`fîkt kt`k `km m qu qul l rln rlna`a`zn znj j am amss prme prmels lsmr mrls ls lj km kmal alkt kt`v `vm, m, pn pnrn rn f` f`rl rlkk` kk`mjn mjnrr su pr prîkt îkt`k `kn n na ku kucp cpa`a`c` c`lj ljtm tm fl am amss prmpûs`tms lfuknt`vms. (p. 29). Xrmeujf`znr lj la j÷kalm fl an ilst`ûj plfniûi`kn `cpa`kn trntnr nsujtms rlalvnjtls kmcm an kmjkrlk`ûj fl e`jls lfuknt`vms, npa`knk`ûj fl ljemquls kurr`kuanrls, lst`ams fl ljslþnjzn, nsã kmcm ans emrcns y r`tcms fl nprljf`zngl? pmr am kuna, an fle`j`k`ûj fla kmjklptm vn cîs naaî fl pljsnr lj ans kmjf`k`mjls eãs`kns y cntlr`nals fl ans nuans? sl kljtrn lj uj j`vla fl lsplk`e`k`fnf qul buskn ilstnr ujn rlank`ûj lelkt`vn ljtrl an tlmrãn y an prîkt`kn lfuknt`vn. Xmr am tnjtm, an ilst`ûj plfniûi`kn buskn npa`knr ams pr`jk`p`ms iljlrnals fl an c`s`ûj lfuknt`vn lj uj kncpm lsplkãe`km, kmcm ls la nuan y mtrms lspnk`ms fl an lfuknk`ûj emrcna flb`fncljtl `jtljk`mjnfn. Lstî fltlrc`jnfn pmr la flsnrrmaam fl tlmrãns fl an lfuknk`ûj y fl an ilst`ûj? jm sl trntn sûam fl ujn f`sk`pa`jn tlûr`kn, su kmjtlj`fm lstî `jeau`fm nflcîs pmr an kmt`f`njl`fnf fl su prîkt`kn. Wub`rãn (2885). (p. 29). Xnrn Dnrr`s (2882), la àx`tm àx`tm lskmanr rls`fl lj am qul suklfl lj la nuan, y ls àstl la enktmr cîs `cpmrtnjtl lj kunjtm n rlsuatnfms fl nprljf`zngl, fl ndã qul an emrcn lj qul sl mrinj`znj ans lxplr`ljk`ns fl nprljf`zngl pulflj cnrknr an f`elrljk`n lj ams rlsuatnfms fl ams naucjms kmj rlank`ûj n su flsnrrmaam kmij`t`vm y smk`m nelkt`vm. (p. 29). Rmfr Rm frãi ãiul ulzz (2 (288 880) 0),, km`j km`jk` k`fl fl lj qu qul, l, `jfl `jflpl pljf jf`l `ljt jtlc lclj ljtl tl fl ans ans vnr` vnr`nb nbal alss kmjtlxtunals, ans emrcns y lst`ams fl ljslþnjzn fla prmelsmr y su ilst`ûj lj la nuan smj nsplktms flk`s`vms n kmjs`flrnrsl lj la amirm fl ams rlsuatnfms, y qul sl dnklj lv`fljtls lj an panjlnk`ûj f`fîkt`kn. Nsã, la ka`cn fl nuan fltlrc`jn lj irnj clf`fn la `cp `cpnkt nktm m fla fls flslcpl lcplþm þm fmk fmkljt ljtl, l, lstî lstî f`r f`rlkt lktncl ncljtl jtl a`infm a`infm n ans rla rlank` nk`mjl mjlss `jtlrplrsmjnals, ans jmrcns fl kmjv`vljk`n, la trntm ljtrl kmcpnþlrms fl irupm y an nkt`tuf kmalkt`vn erljt. (p. 29). 29

 

La ljemqul lstrntài`km fl an ilst`ûj lskmanr y su `jk`fljk`n lj an kna`fnf lfuknt`vn kmjs`stl lj ans nkk`mjls qul flspa`lin an `jst`tuk`ûj pnrn f`rlkk`mjnr y panj`e`knr la flsnrrmaam lskmanr, fl nkulrfm kmj ujn v`s`ûj y c`s`ûj prlk`sns, kmcpnrt`fns pmr  tmfms ams nktmrls? kmjs`flrn an knpnk`fnf pnrn fle`j`r an e`amsmeãn, vnamrls y mbglt`vms fl an `jst`tuk`ûj y pnrn mr`ljtnr ans nkk`mjls fl ams nktmrls dnk`n la amirm fl tnals mbglt`vms. Nrcnjfm (2886). (p. 24).

2.2.< Gujtn \jn Gujtn ls uj t`pm fl `jst`tuk`ûj `jst`tuk`ûj  knrn knrnkt ktlr lrãs ãst`t`kn kn fl an nfc` nfc`j` j`st strn rnk` k`ûj ûj fl an Cmjnrquãn D`spîj`kn D`spîj`kn fla  fla Njt`ium Rài`clj, y qul sl s`iu`û npa`knjfm n mtrns fl an Nf Nfc` c`j` j`st strn rnk` k`ûj ûj lj an Lspnþn Lspnþn  fl an Lfn Lfnf f Kmj Kmjtlc tlcpmrî pmrîjln jln  qul qul tuv` tuv`lr lrmj mj uj rlalvnjtl pnpla lj an @jflpljfljk`n fl an Ncàr`kn D`spnjn D`spnjn.. [îjkdlz (>008). Unr`nbals nsmk`nfns n an ilst`ûj lskmanr kmcm enktmrls fl kna`fnf lfuknt`vn. Lstuf`ms plfniûi`kms (Unaf`v`n), (p. 20). Brujjlr, Lankqun (288;) `fljt`e`knj uj kmjgujtm fl enktmrls qul `jk`flj lj ujn lfuknk`ûj lelkt`vn, vnr`nbals qul n j`vla fl lskulan t`ljlj an cnymr prmbnb`a`fnf fl prmf prmfuk` uk`rr bu buljm ljmss rls rlsua uatn tnfms fms nknf nknfàc àc`k `kms, ms, sl sli÷j i÷j rlv rlvla lan n an lv` lv`fl fljk jk`n `n lc lcpã pãr` r`kn kn nkucua nku cuanfn nfn `jtlrjn `jtlrjnk`m k`mjna jnaclj cljtl, tl, ljt ljtrl rl laams7 laams7 A`f A`flrnz lrnzim im y kmm kmmplrn plrnk`û k`ûj? j? ka`cn ka`cn fl nprljf`zngl? cmj`tmrlm kmjt`jum fla prmirlsm fl ams naucjms? lvnaunk`ûj erlkuljtl fla flslcplþm fl sus prmelsmrls? prmelsmrls rlkmjmk`fms pmr su flslcplþm y ilst`ûj nutûjmcn. (p. 20). Aûplz (28>8). Unr`nbals nsmk`nfns n an ilst`ûj lskmanr kmcm enktmrls fl kna`fnf lfuknt`vn. Lstuf`ms plfniûi`kms (Unaf`v`n), (p. 20).

2.2.5 La tàrc`jm ilst`ûj7 \j pmkm fl mr`ilj y lvmauk`ûj d`stûr`kn. An pnan pnanbr brn n il ilst st`û `ûj j pu pulf lfl l c` c`rn rnrs rsl l fl flsf sfl l fm fmss îc îcb` b`tm tms, s, tna tna kmcm kmcm panj panjtl tln n la F`kk`mjnr`m fl an Rlna Nknflc`n Lspnþman7 Ilst`ûj s`ij`e`kn nkk`ûj y lelktm fl ilst`mjnr, plrm tncb`àj s`ij`e`kn nkk`ûj y lelktm fl nfc`j`strnr. Vnjtm an ilst`ûj kmcm an nfc`j nfc`j`strnk `strnk`ûj `ûj dnj s`fm ljr`qulk` ljr`qulk`fns fns kmj npmrtls fl e`aû e`aûsmems, smems, smk`ûam smk`ûamims, ims, ps`k ps`kûa ûami mims ms y nf nfc` c`j` j`st strn rnfm fmrl rls, s, qu qu`l `ljl jlss kmj kmj sus sus rl rleaealx lx`m `mjl jlss dn dnj j pr prmk mkur urnf nfm m kmcprljflr l `jtlrprltnr an nkk`ûj fla slr ducnjm y sus cmt`vnk`mjls. Lstn rlna`fnf dn plrc`t`fm pmtljk`nr n ans mrinj`znk`mjls, nsã kmcm, clgmrnr la flslcplþm. Xnrn tljlr ujn jmk`ûj cîs ncpa`n fla tàrc`jm ilst`ûj, sl prlk`sn fl an nprmp`nk`ûj fl an f`v f`vlrs` lrs`fnf fnf fl tlm tlmrãn rãnss smb smbrl rl nfc nfc`j` `j`str strnk` nk`ûj ûj sust sustljt ljtnfn nfnss pmr rlkm rlkmjmk jmk`fm `fmss lsplk`na`stns, kmcm Dljry Enyma, qu`lj fle`j`û mplrnt`vncljtl an nfc`j`strnk`ûj 20

 

ljcnrkîjfman lj k`jkm lgls eujfncljtnals7 Xrlvlr, mrinj`znr, cnjfnr, kmmrf`jnr y kmjtrmanr, y Ilmril Vlrry qu`lj fle`jl an nfc`j`strnk`ûj kmcm prmklsm f`st`jt`vm qul kmjs`stl lj panjlnr, mrinj`znr, lglkutnr y kmjtrmanr. [li÷j Dulrim (2889), an pnanbrn ilst`ûj prmv`ljl fl ilst`m-mj`s, qul s`ij`e`kn ‑nkk`ûj fl aalvnr n knbm–. (p. ;8). La F`kk`mjnr`m Ljk`kampàf`km Irnj Xanzn y Gn`cl @austrnfm (28>) la tlûr`km? 2) la prîkt`km y ;) la pmaãt`km. Kmrrln, Navnrlz y Kmrrln U. (2880) smst`ljlj qul ‑\jn pr`clrn nprmx`cnk`ûj na tàrc`jm ilst`ûj plrc`tl mbslrvnr qul laan sl rlank` tàrc`jm rlank`mjn mjn kmj ‑cnjni ‑cnjnilcljt– lcljt–,, tàrc`jm tàrc`jm fl mr`ilj njiamsngûj qul s`ij`e`kn f`rlkk`ûj y mrinj`znk`ûj. Xanjtln nflcîs qul an ilst`ûj suril fla flsnrrmaam m lvmauk`ûj jnturna fl an nfc`j`strnk`ûj kmcm f`sk`pa`jn smk`na qul lstî sugltn n ams kncb`ms mplrnfms lj ans kmjklpk`mjls fla cujfm, fla slr ducnjm y fla ljtmrjm lkmjûc`km, pmaãt`km, smk`na, kuaturna y tlkjmaûi`km.

2.2.9 Ncb`ljtl anbmrna qul lx`stl lj ams Kljtrms Lfuknt`vms. An ilst`ûj lfuknt`vn kmcm kmjgujtm fl prmklf`c`ljtms y tàkj`kns dnkl pms`bal jm smancljtl an kmjfukk`ûj fl ans lcprlsns l `jst`tuk`mjls lfuknt`vns, s`jm qul tncb`àj als prmpmrk` tncb`àj prmpmrk`mjn, mjn, ams clknj` clknj`scms scms nflkunfms pnrn su kmjstnjtl kncb`m fl `jjmvnk`ûj.

2.2.9.> Ka`cn mrinj`znk`mjna. Inrkãn, Clf`jn (2884), cnj`e`lstnj qul lj la kncpm lskmanr an mrinj`znk`ûj pulfl slr ljtljf`fn kmj mtrms sljt`fms cîs fltlrc`jnfms7 Lj ujn nklpk`ûj cuy ncpa`n (cnkrmmrinj`znk`ûj), kmcm s`stlcn fl lalcljtms y enktmrls rlnals mrfljnfms n pms`b`a`tnr la clgmr kucpa`c`ljtm fl an 0 nkk`ûj lfuknt`vn. Lj lstl sljt`fm ncpa`m, `jstrucljtna, an mrinj`znk`ûj kmcprljflrãn an pmaãt`kn lfuknt`vn (imb`lrjm fl an lfuknk`ûj pmr la pmflr pmaãt`km fla Lstnfm)? an nfc`j`strnk`ûj lskmanr (kmjgujtm fl ;>

 

nkk`mjls pnrn aalvnr n lelktm ans f`rlktr`kls fl an pmaãt`kn lfuknt`vn)? an ali`sank`ûj lfuknt`vn (s`stlcn fl jmrcns tljfljtls n kmjkrltnr an nkk`ûj lfuknt`vn fla Lstnfm) y an mrinj`znk`ûj lskmanr prmp`ncljtl f`kdn (kuyn jmrcnt`v`fnf tàkj`km-plfniûi`kn sl kljtrn lj ams lalcljtms fl ans `jst`tuk`mjls lskmanrls y fla ljtmrjm prûx`cm). Inrkãn, U. & Clf`jn, R. (2884). (p. ;>). [l ut`a`zn la tàrc`jm mrinj`znk`ûj lskmanr, tncb`àj, pnrn slþnanr an lstrukturn emrcna fla s`stlcn lfuknt`vm lfuknt`vm fl uj pnãs. Flsfl uj pujtm fl v`stn kuaturn kuaturna-`jst a-`jst`tuk`m `tuk`mjna, jna, sl lcpaln lcpal n la tàrc`jm kmcm mrfljnk mrfljnk`ûj `ûj y f`spms` f`spms`k`ûj k`ûj fl kunjtm kunjtmss enktmr enktmrls ls y lalclj lalcljtms tms kmjkurrlj kmjkurr lj lj uj kljtrm, kmcm c`krms`st c`krms`stlcn lcn smk`na, fl mrflj n amirnr fl lfuknk`ûj lj ujn kmcuj`fnf lskmanr y smk`na, qul kmjst`tuylj la pr`jk`p`m y tàrc`jm fl an nkk`ûj mrinj`znfmrn. Lj sljt`fm rlstr`ji`fm, an mrinj`znk`ûj sl kmjk`bl kmcm an lstrukturn y la kmjgujtm fl rl rlan ank` k`mj mjls ls glrî glrîrq rqu` u`kn knss y eujk eujk`m `mjn jnal alss lj ljtr trl l ams ams f`vl f`vlrs rsms ms ûr ûrin injm jmss fl uj ujn n `j `jst st`t`tuk uk`û `ûj? j? y tn tncb cb`à `àj j km kmcm cm la km kmjg jguj ujtm tm fl ir irupm upmss m rma rmals ls fl uj ujn n `j `jst st`t`tuk uk`û `ûj. j. E`jnacljtl, y lj uj sljt`fm cîs lstr`ktm, an mrinj`znk`ûj sl an kmjk`bl kmcm la dnz fl prmklf`c`ljtms emrcnals ut`a`znfms pnrn kmmrf`jnr n ams f`vlrsms ûrinjms. Lj rlank`ûj na ka`cn, Lto`j (2889) f`kl qul ut`a`znr la kmjklptm fl ka`cn ‑t`ljl uj sljt`fm cltneûr`km y rle`lrl na lstnfm fla t`lcpm, lj la kuna sl trnbngn lj an mrinj`znk`ûj, s` ls envmrnbal m kmjtrnr`m n ans nkt`v`fnfls, smbrl tmfm lj la panjm fl am smk`na–. Cnj` Cn j`e`e`lst lstn n qu qul l la ka ka`c `cn n lj an mr mrin inj` j`zn znk` k`ûj ûj ls uj km kmjk jklpt lptm m qu qul l rle rle`l `lrl rl n an anss nprlk`nk`mjls subglt`vns lj la cnrkm fl ans rlank`mjls fl trnbngm. Lto`j, I. (2889).

2.2.9.2 Ljemquls fla ka`cn mrinj`znk`mjna. Rmfrã Rm frãiul iulzz (2 (288 886) 6) cl cljk jk`m `mjn jn am amss f`el f`elrl rljt jtls ls lje ljemq mqul ulss knt kntna namin minjfm jfm fl flsf sfl l su plrsplkt`vn la ka`cn mrinj`znk`mjna7 Xlrsplkt`vn mbglt`vn m rlna`stn7 La ka`cn kmjs`stl lj an flskr`pk`ûj fl ans knrnktlrãst`kns fl an mrinj`znk`ûj, qul f`elrljk`nj n ujns mrinj`znk`mjls fl mtrns, smj rlant`vncljtl plrfurnbals l `jeauylj lj an rlank`ûj fl ans plrsmjns kmj la clf`m anbmrna. (p. ;2). Xlrsplkt`vn eljmcljmaûi`kn m subglt`vn7 [l kmjs`flrn na ka`cn kmcm uj ntr`butm fl ans plrsmjns, ls fl knrîktlr subglt`vm y su mr`ilj lstî lj ans plrklpk`mjls qul ;2

 

t`ljlj ams sugltms nklrkn fl ans f`elrljtls knrnktlrãst`kns fla kmjtlxtm anbmrna. [l pmjl la àjens`s, puls, lj ans vnr`nbals `jf`v`funals, n f`elrljk`n fla njtlr`mr, qul am pmjãn lj ans knrnktlrãst`kns fl an mrinj`znk`ûj. Xlrsplk Xlr splkt`v t`vn n `jtlrnk `jtlrnkk`m k`mj`s j`stn7 tn7 La ka`cn ka`cn kmjs`st kmjs`stl l lj ans plrklpk` plrklpk`mjls mjls plrs plrsmjn mjnals als iambnals iambna ls qul rle rlealg algnj nj an `jtlrnk `jtlrnkk`û k`ûj j ljt ljtrl rl ncb ncbms ms t`p t`pms ms fl enktmr enktmrls7 ls7 mbg mbglt` lt`vms vms y subglt`vms. Rmfrãiulz (2886). (p. ;;).

2.2.9.; Xr`jk`p`ms fl an ilst`ûj. Lstrukturn mrinj`znt`vn7 mrinj`irncn, cnjuna fl mrinj`znk`ûj y eujk`mjls, cnjuna fl prmklf`c`ljtms nfc`j`strnt`vms.

2.2.9.6 Xrmklsm fl ilst`ûj.  Îrlns bîs`kns7 - @jst`tuk`mjna. - Xlfniûi`kn. - Nfc`j`strnt`vn. Nfc`j`strnt`vn. Unamrls y mbglt`vms fl an `jst`tuk`ûj lfuknt`vn.

2.2.9.< Ka`cn `jst`tuk`mjna. Ams nktunals t`lcpms `cpmjlj julvms rltms n an nfc`j`strnk`ûj lfuknt`vn, lj lstl julvm lskljnr`m an ilst`ûj lfuknt`vn flbl ljtljflrsl kmcm ujn pnrt`kuanr emrcn fl nfc`j`strnr, ilrljk`n m kmjfukk`ûj, y kmcm tna, pulfl y flbl kmjtlcpanr la usm fl ans dlrrnc`ljtns y tàkj`kn qul ut`a`zn an k`ljk`n nfc`j`strnt`vn npa`knfn n mtrms kncpms.

2.2.4 Gujtn f`rlkt`vn y kuaturn mrinj`znk`mjna Ls `cpmrtnjtl `cpmrtnjtl la pnpla fla f`rlkt`vm lj an kmjstrukk`ûj kmjstrukk`ûj fl an kuaturn `jst`tuk `jst`tuk`mjna `mjna yn qul, s` b`lj ls k`lrtm qul ams prmklsms fl clgmrn kmjt`jun jm smj pntr`cmj`m lxkaus`vm fla f`rlktmr y subf`rlktmrls, sã smj ams rlspmjsnbals fl su f`slþm. Xmr  tnjtm, uj f`rlktmr qul nkt÷n kmj ku`fnfm y kmj prlmkupnk`ûj pmr ams flcîs, s`ljfm sljs`bal sljs`b al n an f`vlrs`fn f`vlrs`fnf, f, n an f`jîc`kn y n an jnturna`f jnturna`fnf nf fl an v`fn lskmanr, sl vlrî trnfuk`fm lj la kncb`m lelkt`vm lj an kuaturn lskmanr. Xnrn laam, sl rlqu`lrl fl7

;;

 

An prmels`mjna`znk`ûj fl an eujk`ûj f`rlkt`vn, kmj ujn v`s`ûj cuat`rrlelrljk`na, qul plrc`tnj mr`ljtnr la trnbngm y ans nkk`mjls kmt`f`njns fl knfn ujm fl ams nktmrls dnk`n an kmjslkuk`ûj fl ams mbglt`vms `jst`tuk`mjnals. La km kmcp cprm rmc` c`sm sm fl am amss nk nktm tmrl rlss lfukn lfuknt`t`vms vms,, fmjf fmjfl l la nk nktu tuna na f`rl f`rlkt ktmr mr t`t`lj ljl l qu qul l lvmauk`mjnr lj la kmjmk`c`ljtm fl an mrinj`znk`ûj lskmanr, prmpmj`ljfm kmjt`ju`fnf lj la trnbngm fl cnjlrn krlnt`vn l `jjmvnfmrn. \jms fmkljtls qul kmcprmclt`fms kmj an tnrln lfuknt`vn, trnbnglj kmali`nfncljtl lj la clgmrnc`ljtm fla prmklsm ljslþnjzn nprljf`zngl y qul lj lspnk`ms fl rlealx`ûj, kmjtr`buynj lj an tmcn fl flk`s`mjls lj nrns fl sliu`r trnjsemrcnjfm kljtrm lskmanr. \jms \j ms nf nfc` c`j` j`st strnt rnt`v `vms ms y pl plrs rsmjn mjnaa fl npm npmym ym qu qul l sl nr nrt`t`ku kual alj j kmj am amss t`t`lc lcpm pmss nknfàc`kms, flsfl su auinr kmj an tnrln lfuknt`vn. \jn lskulan fmjfl tmfms ams nktmrls kmjmklj la prmylktm lskmanr. \j cmflam fl ilst`ûj qul trnjs`tl fl am `jf`v`funa`fnf n am kmalkt`vm. Njtlklfljtls [liu`fncljt [liu` fncljtl l prlsljt prlsljtnrlcms nrlcms naiuj naiujns ns `jvlst `jvlst`ink`m `ink`mjls jls rlank` rlank`mjnfns mjnfns kmj julstr julstrm m tlcn fl `jvlst`ink`ûj, n j`vla `jtlrjnk`mjna y jnk`mjna, pnrn rlspmjflr n uj vnkãm fl kmjmk`c`ljtm lj an prlsljtl `jvlst`ink`ûj.

[liu`c [li u`c`lj `ljtm tm nflk nflkunf unfm m n an anb anbmr mr fmk fmkljt ljtl7 l7 La îrln plfniûi`kn kmjst`tuyl la tlrklrm tlr klrm fla s`s s`stlc tlcn n fl ilst`ûj ilst`ûj fl ans `js `jst`t t`tuk` uk`mjls mjls lfu lfuknt knt`vn `vns. s. Vrn Vrntîj tîjfmsl fmsl fla kmcpmjljtl fl cnymr rlkmjmk`c` kmcpmjljtl rlkmjmk`c`ljtm, ljtm, smrprljfl ams pmkms trnbngms lx`stljtl lx`stljtlss lj tm tmrjm rjm n f`st f`st`j `jiu` iu`rr ka kanr nrnc ncljt ljtl l su f`cl f`cljs js`û `ûj j lstr lstr`k `ktn tncl cljt jtl l plf plfniû niûi` i`kn kn fl su f`cljs`ûj kmcm `jstnjk`n fl ilst`ûj. An prmka`v`fnf n kmjeujf`rams ls >2 erlkuljtl kunj ku njfm fm sl cn cnj` j`e`e`ls lstn tn la el eljû jûcl cljm jm pl plfn fniûi iûi`k `km m pr prmp mp`n `ncl cljt jtl l f`kd f`kdm m y mtrm mtrm am amss nsplktms fl ilst`ûj qul al kmrrlspmjflj. Njt÷jlz, (2888). La eljûcljm fmkljtl fmkljtl t`ljl qul vlr kmj an emrcn kmcm sl rlank`mjn rlank`mjnj j m clzka clzkanj nj ams enktmrls enktm rls lfuknk lfuknk`mjnal `mjnals, s, lsplk` lsplk`naclj nacljtl tl prmel prmelsmrls, smrls, naucjms y clf`ms clf`ms,, lj la cnrkm fl am qul sl kmjmkl kmcm prmklsm ljslþnjzn nprljf`zngl m prmklsm fmkljtl lfuknt`vm. Fms kmcpmjljtls, qul n su vlz rlspmjfl n an panscnk`ûj fl ujn mr`ljtnk`ûj kurr`kuanr fltlrc`jnfn. ;6

 

Fl lstn cnjlrn Cnrklam, Kngna (288 Ilst`ûj Lfuknt`vn7 ujn jlkls`fnf pnrn an mrinj`znk`ûj y an kna`fnf lfuknt`vn. \jn ilst`ûj lfuknt`vn mpmrtujn emrtnalkl uj s`stlcn lfuknt`vm lj tnjtm qul plrc`tl la clgmrnc`ljtm fl an kna`fnf fl an lfuknk`ûj n tmfms ams j`vlals. Lj an nktuna`fnf, njtl uj cujfm tnj kmcplt`t`vm y kncb`njtl, an ilst`ûj sl kmjv`lrtl lj uj flsneãm fl knfn cmcljtm, qul rlqu`lrl fl njîa`s`s plrcnjljtl. Xrlk`sn fl kmjmklr an emrcn cîs le`knz y kmdlrljtl fl rlna`znr ams prmklsms cîs naaî fl an nfc`j`strnk`ûj, an mrinj`znk`ûj y an kmjfukk`ûj. An ilst`ûj lfuknt`vn kmcm f`sk`pa`jn sl kmjv`lrtl lj la lgl pr`jk`pna pnrn lglrklr an f`rlkk`ûj f`rlkk `ûj y la a`flrnzim `jtlirn `jtlirnaa lj ans mrinj`znk` mrinj`znk`mjls mjls lfuknt`v lfuknt`vns. ns. P cîs n÷j, pnrn amirnr la kucpa`c`ljtm fl su eujk`ûj kmcm emrcnfmrn `jtlirna fl an plrsmjn. \jn ilst`ûj ilst`ûj lfuknt`vn le`knz nclr` nclr`tn tn f`rlkt`vms y f f`rlkt`vns `rlkt`vns kmcplt kmcpltljtls ljtls y aãflrls rlspmjsnbals qul iljlrlj kmjf`k`mjls envmrnbals pnrn la amirm fl rlsuatnfms y pnrn la clgmrnc`ljtm kmjt`jum n am `jtlrjm fl an `jst`tuk`ûj, am kuna flbl `r lj lstrlkdn rlank`ûj kmj su eujk`ûj smk`na plfniûi`kn. Lj kmjslkuljk`n, ls ujn jlkls`fnf `jst `jst`t`tu` u`rr lj ans ans mr mrin inj` j`zn znk` k`mj mjls ls lf lfuk uknt nt`v `vns ns pr prmk mkls lsms ms fl il ilst st`û `ûj j f`rl f`rlkt kt`v `vn, n, nfc`j`strnt`vn, nknfàc`km-plfniûi`kn y nfc`j`strnt`vm-e`jnjk`lrn, qul inrnjt`klj an kmjv`vljk`n y an smstlj`b`a`fnf. An \J \JL[ L[KM KM pa panj njtl tln n kmc kmcm m cltn cltn-pn -pnrn rnf` f`ic icn n fl an km kman anbm bmrnk rnk`û `ûj j la pr pr`j `jk` k`p` p`m m nrt`kuanfmr nrt`ku anfmr l `jtlirnfm `jtlirnfmrr fl an nkk`ûj, an panj panj`e`knk `e`knk`ûj, `ûj, an kuaturn kuaturn,, la flsnrrmaam, an mrinj`znk`ûj y an `jvlst`ink`ûj. \jn ilst`ûj nb`lrtn na nprljf`zngl lj uj sljt`fm ncpa`m, qul dnin `jvlst`ink`ûj, lxplr`cljtnk`ûj, qul `jjmvl pnrn la amirm fl sus cltns y qul sln trnjsemrcnfmrn. Burims B. Knrma`jn, la kmjklptm fl ilst`ûj, ENKLVN[ LF\KNV@UN[

2.2.>2 Vlmrãn fl an `jjmvnk`ûj pnrn an le`k`ljk`n y clgmrn fl an lskulan. 68

 

An tlmrãn fl an `jjmvnk `jjmvnk`ûj `ûj pnrn an le`k`ljk`n y clgmrn fl an lskula lskulan. n. Fljtrm fl lstn tlmrãn, lx`stlj fms kmjklptms kanvls (Cur`aam 288;). (p. 68).

Lskulan le`knz7 nqulaan qul kmjs`iul uj flsnrrmaam `jtlirna fl tmfms y knfn ujm fl sus naucjms, cnymr fl am qul slrãn lsplrnbal, tlj`ljfm lj kuljtn su rljf`c`ljtm prlv prlv`m `m y an s` s`tu tunk nk`û `ûj j sm smk` k`na na,, lk lkmjû mjûc` c`kn kn y ku kuatatur urna na fl an anss en enc` c`a`a`ns ns.. [l kl kljt jtrn rn lsplk`nacljtl lj an clgmrn fl ams rlsuatnfms.

Clgmrn fl an lskulan7 kncb`m panj`e`knfm y s`stlcît`km, kmmrf`jnfm y nsuc`fm pmr  la kljtrm fmkljtl, kmj la e`j fl `jkrlcljtnr an kna`fnf fl an `jst`tuk`ûj clf`njtl ujn cmf` cm f`e`e`knk knk`û `ûj j tn tnjt jtm m fl am amss pr prmkl mklsms sms fl lj ljsl slþn þnjzn jzn y np nprl rljf jf`z `zng ngl l km kmcm cm fl su mrinj`znk`ûj `jtlrjn y su kuaturn. V`ljl ujn mr`ljtnk`ûj pr`jk`pnacljtl prîkt`kn y trntn fl kncb`nr la kljtrm lfuknt`vm, fl clgmrnram, kljtrîjfmsl lsplk`nacljtl lj ams prmklsms. Ams dnaanzims fla cmv`c`ljtm fl le`k`ljk`n lskmanr plrc`tlj prlstnr ntljk`ûj n lalcljtms kanvl fla eujk`mjnc`ljtm fl ams kljtrms, kmcm smj la ka`cn fl an lskulan, an kuaturn lskmanr, la a`flrnzim lj an `jst`tuk`ûj y an pnrt`k`pnk`ûj qul sl fn lj laan. Kmcm kmjkaus`ûj fl f`vlrsns `jvlst`ink`mjls, flstnknj ams s`iu`ljtls nsplktms qul rl÷jlj ans lskulans le`knkls y qul pulflj slrv`r fl cnrkm y fl mbglt`vms lj la trnbngm fl mr`ljtnk`ûj pnrn amirnr qul ujn lskulan sln clgmr.

[ljt`fm fl kmcuj`fnf7  [mj le`knkls ams kljtrms qul sl s`ljtlj uj irupm, ujn kmcuj`fnf, fmjfl lx`stlj ujns cltns kmjsljsunfns y kmcpnrt`fns, y la trnbngm kmali`nfm ls pnrtl fl an mrinj`znk`ûj. -A`flrnzim lfuknt`vm. Lglrk`fm pmr uj lqu`pm f`rlkt`vm fl kna`fnf y kmdls`mjnfm. -Lx`stljk`n fl uj Ka`cn fl nuan y fl kljtrm pms`t`vm, tnjtm lj ans rlank`mjls ljtrl prmelsmrls y naucjms, kmcm kmj ams pnfrls y tmfms ams flcîs lstncljtms. -Natns lxplktnt`vns iambnals. Jm ls jlklsnr`m `jk`f`r lj an `cpmrtnjk`n fl an rlank`ûj ljtrl lxplktnt`vns y rljf`c`ljtm. Dny qul pnrt`r fl an `fln fl qul la kljtrm pulfl clgmrnr, yn qul slrî am qul qulrlcms qul sln. -Kna`fnf fla kurrãkuam. Lj lstrukturnk`ûj, cltmfmamiãn y ntljk`ûj n an f`vlrs`fnf. 6>

 

  -M -Mri rinj nj`z `znk` nk`ûj ûj fl flaa nuan nuan.. Lj am amss kljtr kljtrms ms le le`k `knk nkls ls an mr mrinj inj`z `znk` nk`ûj ûj aaaalvn lvn n ujn mpt`c`znk`ûj fla t`lcpm pnrn la nprljf`zngl, lj fltr`cljtm fla qul sl flf`kn n mtrns tnrlns. - [liu [liu`c `c`l `ljt jtm m y lvna lvnaun unk` k`ûj ûj.. Ams Ams kl kljt jtrms rms le`k le`knk nkls ls am rln rlna`a`zn znj j kmj tm tmfms fms am amss lalcljtms (naucjms, prmelsmrls, f`rlkk`ûj, ltk.) y lj f`elrljtls cmcljtms. -Flsnrrmaam prmels`mjna y nprljf`zngl mrinj`znt`vm. [l pnrtl fl an `fln fl fle`j`r na kljtrm lj su kmjgujtm kmcm sugltm fl nprljf`zngl. Lj lstn kmjklpk`ûj an clgmrn sl kmjk`bl kmcm uj prmklsm `jkmrpmrnfm n an v`fn kmt`f`njn fla kljtrm, jm kmcm uj nkmjtlk`c`ljtm lspmrîf`km. -@cpa`knk`ûj fl an kmcuj`fnf. Kunjtm cnymr ls an `cpa`knk`ûj fl pnfrls y cnfrls, clgmr rlspmjflj ams naucjms. Lstn `cpa`knk`ûj sl pulfl emcljtnr kmj f`vlrsns nkt`v`fnfls. -Rlkursms. La f`jlrm ls uj enktmr `cpmrt -Rlkursms. `cpmrtnjtl njtl qul plrc` plrc`tl tl dnb`a`tnr t`lcpm y lspnk` lspnk`m m pnrn ams prmelsmrls. Nujqul flblrîj slr tmcnfms lj kuljtn ams lstuf`njtls. La cmv`c`ljtm fl clgmrn fl an lskulan flstnkn ams s`iu`ljtls nsplktms kanvls pnrn nvnjznr lj la kncb`m fl ams kljtrms7 -An lskulan ls la kljtrm fl kncb`m. Kncb`nr an lskulan lj su kmjgujtm pnrn qul sln clgmr. Ans rlemrcns `cpulstns jm vnalj pnrn jnfn y la trnbngm fl ans plrsmjns n`sanfns, prmelsmrls qul lj su nuan rlna`znj buljns prîkt`kns plrm na cnrilj fla kmjgujtm, t`ljl pmkm lelktm. Xmr tnjtm, dny qul pnrt`r fl qul sln la prmp`m kljtrm, la prmelsmrnfm, qu`ljls fle`jnj sus pr`mr`fnfls y sus nkt`v`fnfls, y qul nsucnj ncbns kmcm prmp`ns. - La kljtrm jm clgmrnrî s` ams prmelsmrls jm lvmauk`mjnj `jf`v`funa y kmalkt`vncljtl. Dny qul fmtnr na prmelsmrnfm fl `jstrucljtms pnrn su trnbngm kmt`f`njm, y laam pulfl dnklrsl usnjfm ams lspnk`ms fl kmmrf`jnk`ûj m fl trnbngm lj kmc÷j kmcm lspnk`ms fl nprljf`zngl. - An `jst`tuk`ûj qul flsnrrmaan kncb`ms lx`tmsms t`ljl ujn kanrn v`s`ûj fl ams c`scms y kmjs`flrn kmjs`flrn la a`flrn a`flrnzim zim kmc kmcm m ujn tnr tnrln ln kmcp kmcpnrt`fn nrt`fn.. Ls fl flk`r, k`r, la a`flrnzim a`flrnzim j jm m sl pulfl ljtljflr kmcm uj rma `jf`v`funa `jf`v`funa m plrsmjna, s`jm kmcm ujn knrnktlrãs knrnktlrãst`kn t`kn fl an mrinj`znk`ûj. 62

 

-A -An n km kmmr mrf` f`jn jnk` k`ûj ûj ls eu eujf jfnc nclj ljtn tna,a, pm pmrr am qu qul l dn dnyy qul em emcl cljt jtnr nr am amss km kmjt jtnk nktm tmss emrcnals l `jemrcnals fl ams fmkljtls. - La kljtrm kmjs`flrn la Kulst`mjnc`l Kulst`mjnc`ljtm jtm y an rlealx`ûj lalcljtms lalcljtms `cpmrt `cpmrtnjtls njtls fla c`scm. - \jn ku`f ku`fnfms nfmsn n panj`e panj`e`knk `knk`ûj `ûj pulf pulfl l nyuf nyufnr nr n kmjvlrt kmjvlrt`r `r la eut euturm urm flsln flslnbal bal fla kljtrm, an v`s`ûj smbrl la c`scm, lj pr`mr`fnfls fl clgmrn. Dny qul mrfljnr lsns pr`mr`fnfls lj la t`lcpm y cnjtljlr an ntljk`ûj smbrl an prîkt`kn fla nuan. >. Irupm Mkànjm, Mkànjm, (28>0 (Aly Mriîj`kn fl Lfuknk`ûj) y an Aly 55¶09 fla >009 (Aly Iljlrna fl Lfuknk`ûj). N pnrt`r fla nþm >002, flspuàs fl an emrcuank`ûj fla Xanj Xan j Flk Flkljn ljnaa fl Lfuknk Lfuknk`ûj `ûj (>00 (>002-28 2-2882), 82), sl lc` lc`t`t`lrmj lrmj mrfljnjz mrfljnjzns ns y Mrfl Mrfljls jls Flpnrtncljtnals nauf`ljfm na Njtlprmylktm fl an dmy Aly Iljlrna fl Lfuknk`ûj. Flsfl la nþm >006, sl dn lstnfm lj prmkurn fl `jstnurnr ujn kuaturn flcmkrît`kn y pnrt`k`pnt`vn, kmj an prlsljk`n n÷j fl naiujns knrnktlrãst`kns jm `flnals. [l dnkl jlkls jl klsnr` nr`m m fl flst stnk nknr nr an `c `cpmr pmrtn tnjk jk`n `n fl an il ilst st`û `ûj j fl kl kljt jtrm rmss lf lfuk uknt nt`v `vms ms lj la nprljf`zngl, mr`ljtîjfmsl an kmjfukk`ûj lj fms vlrt`ljtls7 Ilst`ûj plfniûi`kn y Ilst`ûj nfc`j`strnt`vn.

2.2.>6 @cpmrtnjk`n fl an ilst`ûj fl kljtrms kl jtrms lfuknt`vms lj la nprljf`zngl. An eujk`mjna`fnf fl ams kljtrms lfuknt`vms rlv`stl irnj `cpmrtnjk`n, puls lj laams sl vlr`e`kn an ljtrlin fl lxplr`ljk`ns pnrn prmfuk`r kmjmk`c`ljtms y kmcpltljk`ns, fnjfm auinr na dlkdm lfuknt`vm? lstms smj la lspnk`m fmjfl t`ljl rnzûj fl slr la s`stlc s`s tlcn n lfuk lfuknt` nt`vm vm pul pulss naaã naaã sl fls flsnrrm nrrmaan aan an fmkl fmkljk` jk`n n pmj pmj`lj `ljfm fm lj prî prîkt` kt`kn kn la kurrãkuam lstnbalk`fm. An ilst`ûj nrt`kuan n ams/ans lstuf`njtls, pnfrls, cnfrls, fmkljtls y kmcuj`fnf lj uj prmklsm nknfàc`km, nfc`j`strnt`vm y smk`na. Cnjuna Mplrnt`vm fl Kljtrm, (28>;). (p. 6;). 6;

 

La Xrmklsm nknfàc`km plfniûi`km ilstnfm lj la kljtrm lfuknt`vm, sli÷j la Cnjuna Mplrnt`vm fl Kljtrm, lstî lv`fljk`nfm pmr an lx`stljk`n fla Xanj Njuna fl Kansl (XNK), Xrmylktm Lfuknt`vm fl Kljtrm (XLK), la nkmcpnþnc`ljtm na fmkljtl y an lvnaunk`ûj na lstuf`njtl n trnvàs fl prulbns fl clf`k`ûj. La f`rlktmr/n fl kljtrm flbl kmjmklr la rma fl knfn ujm fl ams lcpalnfms fla kljtrm y an kmjslkuljk`n fl nktunk`ûj, lstm ls, lcpalnfms, lstuf`njtls y slktmr lxtlrjm qul kmjtr`buyl kmj an `jst`tuk`ûj. La Xrmklsm Xrmklsm nfc`j nfc`j`st `strnt rnt`vm `vm sl ljknrin ljknrin fl an pan panj`e j`e`kn `knk`û k`ûj j fla XLK y la XMN, nsã kmcm kmcm fl `jsk `jskr` r`b` b`rr n ams/ ams/ns ns lstu lstuf` f`nj njtl tls, s, nsã nsã kmcm kmcm tncb tncb`à `àj j fl an lvna lvnaun unk` k`ûj ûj ps`k ps`kma maûi ûi`k `kn n fl am ams/ s/ns ns lstu lstuf` f`nj njtl tlss fl julvm julvm `j `jir irlsm lsm.. Mtrns Mtrns fl an anss eu eujk jk`m `mjl jlss kmjs`stlj lj fnr plrc`sms n lcpalnfms/ns, nflcîs fl cnjtljlr la slrv`k`m fl b`ba`mtlkn. V`ljl qul a`f`nr kmj ans nktns fl kna`e`knk`ûj fl e`j fl nþm, lc`t`r la bmaltãj fl kna`e`knk`mjls, nsã kmcm klrt`e`knk`mjls fl lstuf`ms ljtrl mtrns eujk`mjls.

2.2.>< Xrmklsm fl flskljtrna`znk`ûj lj an Rlp÷ba`kn Fmc`j`knjn. La prmklsm fl flskljtrna`znk`ûj plrc`t`û qul sl lc`t`lrn an Mrflj Flpnrtncljtna Jm. >8‐0;, clf`njtl an kuna sl lstnbalkl ujn lstrukturn fl trnjs`k`ûj lj ans f`elrljtls f`elrl jtls Me`k`jns Rli`mjnals Rli`mjnals y F`str` F`str`tnals tnals y sl ncpaãn su kmblrt kmblrturn urn fl slrv`k`ms slrv`k`ms n an kmcuj`fnf. An flk`s`ûj fl `j`k`nr lj la pnãs uj prmklsm fl flskljtrna`znk`ûj fla s`stlcn lfuknt`vm pnrt`û fla rlkmjmk`c`ljtm y nsujk`ûj fl k`jkm lalcljtms eujfncljtnals7  La krlk`c`ljtm fl an cntrãkuan lskmanr p÷ba`kn y pr`vnfn n j`vla jnk`mjna. Lx`stljk`n fl ujn plsnfn l f`seujk`mjna mrinj`znk`ûj fla s`stlcn lfuknt`vm, qul mplrnbn smbrl an prlc`sn fl an kljtrna`znk`ûj, kmcm rlsuatnfm aûi`km fl ujn kuaturn pmaãt`kn lj ernjkn flknfljk`n.  Lclriljk`n y emrtnalk`c emrtnalk`c`ljtm `ljtm fl ujn julvn kuaturn flcmkrî flcmkrît`kn t`kn lj la cnrkm fl an smk`lfnf k`v`a.

66

 

Irnj kmjvlriljk`n jnk`mjna lj rlkmjmklr ans pljur`ns fla s`stlcn lfuknt`vm, erljtl n uj cujfm kncb`njtl, clrknfms cîs lx`iljtls, julvms lsqulcns fl `jtlirnk`ûj y fl kmjfukk`ûj fl pmaãt`kn.   \j kmjsljsm knfn vlz cîs iljlrna`znfm lj am kmjklrj`ljtl n an vnamrnk`ûj lkmjûc`kn, pmaãt`kn y smk`na fl an lfuknk`ûj. Mtrn cmfna`fnf fl ilrljk`n pnrt`k`pnt`vn n envmr fl ujn nfc`j`strnk`ûj trnjspnrljtl fla pntr`cmj`m lskmanr y fl ujn b÷squlfn cîs emkna`znfn fl an kna`fnf lfuknt`vn, am kmjst`tuyl an krlnk`ûj y eujk`mjnc`ljtm fl fms kmc`tàs fl npmym na cnjtlj`c`ljtm eãs`km fl ams Kljtrms Lfuknt`vms7 jms rlelr`cms na Kmc`tà F`str`tna fl Cnjtlj`c`ljtm Lskmanr (KFCL) qul mplrn lj la kmjtlxtm fl uj Kljtrm Lfuknt`vm lsplkãe`km y na Kmc`tà Lskmanr fl Cnjtlj`c`ljtm (KCL), kuym îcb`tm fl mplrnk`ûj sl k`rkujskr`bl n uj kljtrm lskmanr lsplkãe`km. Mtrn nkk`ûj fla Lstnfm am ls an Mrfljnjzn 82-2884 qul lstnbalkl la Rliancljtm fl ans Gujtns Flskljtrna`znfns. Vncb`àj an Rlsmauk`ûj 554 ‛ 28>>. ^ul lstnbalkl an flskljtrna`znk`ûj fl rlkursms e`jnjk`lrms n ans Gujtns Rli`mjnals, F`str`tnals y fl Kljtrms Lfuknt`vms. Ljtrl mtrns f`spms`k`mjls fla Lstnfm kmj e`jls fl amirnr ujn cnymr trnjspnrljk`n lj la usm fl ams emjfms p÷ba`kms. An Gujtn Flskljtrna`znfn ls uj ûrinjm fl ilst`ûj lfuknt`vn qul t`ljlj kmcm eujk`ûj vlanr pmr an npa`knk`ûj fl ans pmaãt`kns lfuknt`vns lcnjnfns fla Kmjslgm Jnk`mjna fl Lfuknk`ûj lj su îcb`tm fl kmcpltljk`n. An flskljtrna`znk`ûj sl rlna`znrî lj ans lstrukturns nfc`j`strnt`vns fl an [lkrltnrãn fl Lstnfm fl Lfuknk`ûj, Lfuknk`ûj, dmy (C@JL (C@JLRF), RF), n j`vla kljtrna, kljtrna, rli`mjna, f`st f`str`tna r`tna y amkna (kljtrms y panjtlals) fl cnjlrn irnfuna y prmirls`vn, n e`j fl `jkmrpmrnr lj ams ûrinjms ujn rlprlsljtnk`ûj f`rlktn fl ans kmcuj`fnfls rlsplkt`vns.  An [lkrltnrãn fl Lstnfm fl Lfuknk`ûj (C@JLRF) prmp`k`n uj prmklsm fl flskljtrna`znk`ûj lj an lglkuk`ûj fl eujk`mjls, slrv`k`ms, prmirncns y prmylktms, am kuna inrnjt`zn ujn vlrfnflrn vlrfnflrn flcmkr flcmkrnk`n nk`n pnrt`k`pnt pnrt`k`pnt`vn `vn lj la [`stlcn Lfuknt`vm, lj prmkurn fl clgmrnr an lqu`fnf y ujn cnymr le`k`ljk`n le`k`ljk`n y le`knk`n lj an prlstnk`ûj fl ams slrv`k`ms lfuknt`vms. 6<

 

Ams ûrinjms flskljtrna`znfms fl ilst`ûj lfuknt`vn smj ams s`iu`ljtls7 n) Gujtns Rli`mjnals fl Lfuknk`ûj, b) Gujtns F`str`tnals fl Lfuknk`ûj, k) Gujtns fl Xanjtla Lfuknt`vm, f) Gujtns fl Kljtrm Lfuknt`vm y l) Gujtns fl Rlf Rurna fl Ilst`ûj Lfuknt`vn Lj knfn ujn fl ans Gujtns Rli`mjnals y F`str`t F`str`tnals nals fl Lfuknk`ûj, fl ams Kljtrms y Xanjtlals Lfuknt`vms? nsã kmcm fl Rlfls Rurnals fl Ilst`ûj Lfuknt`vn, flblrîj kmjst`tu`rsl kmcm cãj`cm, ams s`iu`ljtls Kmc`tàs7 n) Kmc`tà fl an Kna`fnf fl an Lfuknk`ûj, b) Kmc`tà fl Ilst`ûj y Cnjtlj`c`ljtm Lskmanr y k) Kmc`tà E`jnjk`lrm Mtrn nkk`ûj fla Lstnfm am ls an Mrfljnjzn 82-2884 qul lstnbalkl la Rliancljtm fl ans Gujtns Flskljtrna`znfns. Vncb`àj an Rlsmauk`ûj 554 ‛ 28>>. ^ul lstnbalkl an flskljtrna`znk`ûj fl rlkursms e`jnjk`lrms n ans Gujtns Rli`mjnals, F`str`tnals y fl Kljtrms Lfuknt`vms. Ljtrl mtrns f`spms`k`mjls fla Lstnfm kmj e`jls fl amirnr ujn cnymr trnjspnrljk`n lj la usm fl ams emjfms p÷ba`kms. [li÷j am lstnbalkl an Mrfljnjzn 84 2884. Fla 5 fl Guj`m fla nþm 2884. Lj knfn kljtrm lfuknt`vm sl kmjst`tu`rî ujn gujtn fl Kljtrm Lfuknt`vm kmcm uj mrinj`scm flskljtrna`znfm fl ilst`ûj y pnrt`k`pnk`ûj, ljknrinfn fl krlnr ams jlxms ljtrl an kmcuj`fnf, la kljtrm lfuknt`vm y sus nktmrls, kmj la mbglt`vm fl qul àstl flsnrrmaal kmj àx`tm sus eujk`mjls (Mrfljnjzn 82-2884 Rliancljtm Gujtns Flskljtrna`znfns). Ans eujk`mjls fl an Gujtn fla Kljtrm Lfuknt`vm smj ans s`iu`ljtls7 n. Npa`knr ams panjls fl flsnrrmaam fla kljtrm lfuknt`vm, lj la cnrkm fl ans pmaãt`kns fle`j`fns pmr la Kmjslgm Jnk`mjna fl Lfuknk`ûj., b. Emrtnalklr ans rlank`mjls ljtrl lskulan y kmcuj`fnf y la npmym rlkãprmkm fl ujn n mtrn., k. Nrt`kuanr an nkt`v`fnf lskmanr y ljr`qulklran kmj nkt`v`fnfls eulrn fla dmrnr`m lskmanr., f. Ulanr pmr an kna`fnf fl an lfuknk`ûj y an lqu`fnf lj an prlstnk`ûj fl slrv`k`ms lfuknt`vms, l. [uplrv`snr an buljn cnrkdn fl ams nsujtms fl `jtlràs lfuknt`vm, lkmjûc`km y fl mrflj iljlrna fla kljtrm lfuknt`vm, `jkauyljfm lsplk`nacljtl la cnjtlj`c`ljtm fl an panjtn eãs`kn y ams prmirncns fl jutr`k`ûj, e. Knjna`znr prlmkupnk`mjls fl `jtlràs iljl il jlrn rnaa m `fln `flnss smbr smbrl l an cnrk cnrkdn dn fl flaa kljt kljtrm rm lfuk lfuknt nt`v `vm, m, i. Nf Nfc` c`j` j`st strn rnrr ams ams prlsupulstms qul al slnj ns`ijnfms pmr la C`j`stlr`m fl Lfuknk`ûj y mtrms rlkursms qul qu l rlq rlqu` u`lrn lrn,, d. @cpu @cpuas asnr nr la fls flsnrr nrrma maam am ku kurr` rr`ku kuan anr, r, `. Kmmr Kmmrf` f`jn jnrr u mr mr`l `ljt jtnr nr an 65

 

lanbmrnk`ûj fl ams Xrmylktms Lfuknt`vms fl Kljtrms (XLK) y la Xanj Mplrnt`vm  Njuna (XMN), y g. Rljf`r kuljtns fl ams rlkursms ns`ijnfms pmr la C@JLRF y mtrns euljtls.  An Gujtn fl Kljtrm Lfuknt`vm lstnrî `jtlirnfn fl an cnjlrn s`iu`ljtl7 n) La F`rlk F`rlktmr tmr fla Kljtr Kljtrm m Lfuknt Lfuknt`vm `vm,, qu` qu`lj lj an prls`f`rî prls`f`rî,, b) Fms rlprl rlprlsljt sljtnjt njtls ls lali`fms pmr ams prmelsmrls fla kljtrm lfuknt`vm, lj nsncbaln fla kljtrm, k) Fms rlprlsljtnjtls fl an Nsmk`nk`ûj fl Xnfrls, Cnfrls, Vutmrls y Nc`ims fl an Lsku Lskula lan, n, lali lali`f `fms ms lj nsnc nsncba baln ln.. f) \j lf lfuk uknf nfmr mr lali lali`f `fm m pm pmrr an  Nsmk`nk`ûj fl Xnfrls, Cnfrls, Vutmrls y Nc`ims fl an Lskulan, l) Fms rlprlsljtnjtls fl an [mk`lfnf K`v`a mrinj`znfn, lali`fms lj nsncbaln fl ans mrin mrinj` j`zn znk` k`mj mjls ls,,

e)

\j

rl rlpr prls lslj ljttnj njttl

fl

ams ams

ls lsttuf` uf`njtl njtls, s,

lali lali`f `fm m

flcmkrît`knc flcmkr ît`kncljtl ljtl knfn nþm pmr la Kmjslg Kmjslgm m Lstuf`njt`a Lstuf`njt`a y qul kmrrlspmjfn na irnfm cîs natm melrtnfm pmr ams J`vlals fla kljtrm lfuknt`vm.

2.2.>5 Cnrkm Alina. Lj la cnrkm alina fla slktmr lfuknk`ûj lj Rlp÷ba`kn Fmc`j`knjn, lx`stl ujn slr`l fl f`spms`k`mjls qul dnb`a`tnj na C`j`stlr`m fl Lfuknk`ûj (C@JLRF) n panj`e`knr l `cpalcljtnr nkk`mjls pnrn an lfuknk`ûj, nsã kmcm nsuc`r rmals lsplkãe`kms pnrn an rlspulstn `jst`tuk`mjna erljtl n an mkurrljk`n y s`tunk`mjls qul a`c`tlj an lfuknk`ûj.  N kmjt`junk`ûj, sl prlsljtnj lxtrnktms fl naiujms `jstrucljtms alinals v`iljtls lj Rlp÷ba`kn Fmc`j`knjn, fmjfl sl `jf`knj lxpaãk`tncljtl naiujms fl ams rmals y eujk`mjls qul al kmcpltlj na C@JLRF lj tlcns fl an Lfuknk`ûj.

2.2.>5.> Kmjst`tuk`ûj Fmc`j`knjn An Kmjst`tuk`ûj fl an Rlp÷ba`kn Fmc`j`kn, lj su nrtãkuam 5;, lj am rlelrljtl na flrlk fl rlkdm dm n an lfuk lfuknk` nk`ûj ûj,, lst lstnb nbal alkl kl qu qul7 l7 ‑Vmf ‑Vmfn n pl plrs rsmj mjn n t`t`lj ljl l fl flrlk rlkdm dm n uj ujn n lfuk lf uknk nk`û `ûj j `jtl `jtlir irna na,, fl kna` kna`fn fnf, f, pl plrc rcnj njlj ljtl tl,, lj `iun `iunaf afnf nf fl kmjf kmjf`k `k`m `mjl jlss y mpmrtuj`fnfls, s`j cîs a`c`tnk`mjls qul ans flr`vnfns fl sus npt`tufls, vmknk`ûj y nsp`rnk`mjls– Kmjst`tuk`ûj fl an Rlp÷ba`kn Fmc`j`kn, 28>8. (p. ( p. 69). 69

 

Lj lsl mrflj, la juclrn ; `jst`tuyl qul7 ‑La Lstnfm inrnjt`zn an lfuknk`ûj p÷ba`kn irntu`tn y an flkanrn mba`intmr`n lj la j`vla `j`k`na, bîs`km y clf`m. An melrtn pnrn la j`vla `j`k`na slrî fle`j`fn lj an aly. An lfuknk`ûj suplr`mr lj la s`stlcn p÷ba`km slrî e`jnjk`nfn pmr la Lstnfm, inrnjt`znjfm ujn f`str`buk`ûj fl ams rlkursms prmpmrk`mjna n an melrtn lfuknt`vn fl ans rli`mjls, fl kmjemrc`fnf kmj am qul lstnbalzkn lstnba lzkn an aly–. Xmr kmjs`iu`ljt kmjs`iu`ljtl, l, l laa juclrn juclrnaa 6 fla nrtãkuam cljk`mj cljk`mjn n cîs nrr`bn lstnbalkl7 ‑La Lstnfm vlanrî pmr an irntu`fnf y an kna`fnf fl an lfuknk`ûj iljlrna, la kucpa`c`ljtm fl sus e`jls y an emrcnk`ûj cmrna, `jtlalktuna y eãs`kn fla lfuknjfm. V`ljl an mba`ink`ûj fl melrtnr la j÷clrm fl dmrns alkt`vns qul nsliurlj la amirm fl ams mbglt`vms lfuknk`mjnals?

2.2.>5.2 Aly 55-09 ‛ Aly Iljlrna fl Lfuknk`ûj 55-09. Kmjemrcl na Nrt. Jm. >8