Tesis - La Prueba Pericial

 

EBDWIXBH HG HG_GDMA P D@GKD@BT ^AIÊX@DBT GTDWGIB ^_AEGT@AKBI HG HG_GDMA

X_BOBLA HG TWE@D@GKD@B ^_AEGT@AKBI JÀXAHA HG DBTA LW_ÊH@DA

’UBIA_BD@ÔK HG IB ^_WGOB ^G_@D@BI GK HGI@XAT HG U@AIBD@ÔK

TG]WBI. BDWG_HA ^IGKB_@A K¾ >8-?>27/D@L-225‚ 

^B_B A^XB_ GI XÊXWIA ^_AEGT@AKBI HG BOAFBHA

BWXA_B<

LBTJ@K HGI _ADÊA ^WG_XBT FWG__B 

Tbk Lubk Obut`stb - Iargta — Jbykbs — ^grü ?>2=

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HGH@DBXA_@B Hgh`da gstg praygdta hg tgs`kb b H`as y b j`s pbhrgs. B H`as parqug mb gstbha dakj`fa b dbhb pbsa qug hay, du`hâkhajg y hâkhajg eartbigzb pbrb dakt`kubr. B j`s j`s pbhrgs, qu`gkgs b ia ibrfa h hg g j` v`h v`hb b mbk vg vgibha ibha par j j`` o`gkgstbr y ghudbd`ôk, ghudbd`ôk, s`gkha j` bpaya gk taha jajgkta.

Ib Butarb

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BF_BHGD@J@GKXA  Bfrbhgzda par gstb apartuk`hbh b j`s pbhrgs y tahbs ibs hgjâs pgrsakbs qug jg paybrak gk taha jajgkta.  jajgkta. 

Ib Butarb

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_GTWJGK  Gk gi prgsgktg bkâi`s`s lurêh`da, sg boarhb gi Bdugrha ^igkbr`a K¾ 8-?>27/D@L-225, rgegrgktg b ib Ubiarbd`ôk hg ib ^rugob ^gr`d`bi gk Hgi`tas hg U`aibd`ôk Tgxubi, hgsbrraiibha par ias lugdgs suprgjas gk ia pgkbi, `ktgfrbktgs hg ibs sbibs ^gkbigs pgrjbkgktg y trbks`tar`b hg ib dartg suprgjb hg lust`d`b hg ib rgpüoi`db gk gi @] ^igka Lur`sh`dd`akbii hg ib Lur`sh`dd`akb ibss sbibs p pgkbigs gkbigs pg pgrjbkgktg rjbkgktg y trbks`tar`b.

Gstas jbf` jbf`strbhas strbhas

rgbi`zbk uk pakhgrbha bkâi`s`s, saorg gi tgjb hg ib vbiarbd`ôk hg ib prugob pgr`d`bi gk ias hgi`tas hg v`aibd`ôk sgxubi3 sg t`gkg qug gi aolgt`va hg ib rgegr`hb dbsbd`ôk gs gstboigdgr ias Dr`tgr`as pbrb ib Ubiarbd`ôk hg ib ^rugob ^gr`d`bi, pugs gk ukb vêdt`jb hg v`aibd`ôk sgxubi, sg hgog gstboigdgr s` mb s`ha aolgta a pbs`oig hg hgseiarbd`ôk vbf`kbi, bdta daktrbkbturb y hg atrbs igs`akgs eês`dbs bi dugrpa. Jbtgr`bi y Jàtahas3 sg gjpigô ukb e`dmb hg bkâi`s`s hg hadujgktas, bkbi`zbkha ukb jugstrb daks`stgktg gk uk Bdugrha ^igkbr`a, b trbvàs hgi jàtaha Hgsdr`pt`va Gxpi`dbt`va, duya h`sgòa eug ka gxpgr`jgktbi gs past ebdta. Gktrg gi _gsuitbha, qug s`gkha rgspaksbo`i`hbh hgi pgr`ta gstboigdgr taha vgst`f`a jbtgr`bi qug sg rgibd`akg dak gstg hgi`ta, sg mbk gstboigd`gkha >8 dr`tgr`as a pbrâjgtras pbrb gstg bkâi`s`s< (`) Ib pgr`d`b daja prugob dajpiglb hgog gvbiubrsg gk gi bdta arbi b trbvàs hg ib bdrgh`tbd`ôk hgi praegs`akbi qug susdr`o`ô gi `kearjg hadujgktbha. (``) Gi `kearjg hgog mbogrsg giboarbha hg bdugrha b ibs rgfibs hg ib iôf`db y dakad`j`gktas d`gktêe`das a tàdk`das. (```) Gvbiubrsg ibs dakh`d`akgs gk qug sg giboarbha ib pgr`d`b, ib prax`j`hbh gk gi t`gjpa y gi dbrâdtgr hgtbiibha gk gi `kearjg. (`v) T` ib prugob gs d`gktêe`db, hgshg uk pr`jgr k`vgi hg bkâi`s`s, hgog gvbiubrsg s` gstb prugob pgr`d`bi sg m`za hg dakearj`hbh dak ias gstâkhbrgs e`lbhas par ib dajuk`hbh d`gktêe`db. Gk dakdius`ôk b trbvàs hg gstg bdugrha pigkbr`a, ibs sbibs ^gkbigs ^grjbkgktg y Xrbks`tar`b hg ib Dartg Tuprgjb hg Lust`d`b hg ib _gpüoi`db, gstboigdg gstas Dr`tgr`as daja hadtr`kb lur`spruhgkd`bi v`kduibktg ’^rgd`sbkha qug ias pr`kd`p`as lur`spruhgkd`bigs qug dakt`gkg ib hadtr`kb igfbi bktgs

jgkd`akbhb, hgogk sgr `kvadbhas par ias lugdgs hg tahbs ibs `kstbkd `bs `kstbkd `bs luh`d`bigs (…) sbiva s` `kdarparbk kugvbs kugvbs y h`st`ktbs bprgd`bd`akgs bprgd`bd`akgs lurêh`dbs. lurêh`dbs. 

^biborbs dibvgs< pgr`d`b, bdt`v`hbh praobtar`b, vbiarbd`ôk hg ib prugob, v`aibd`ôk hg ib i`ogrtbh g `khgjk`hbh sgxubi, gxbjgk jàh`da igfbi.

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ÊKH@DG HG DAKXGK@HA ^f. HGH@DBXA_@B……………………………………………………………………………..> ? BF_BHGD@J@GKXA ……………………………………………………………………….> 4 _GTWJGK…………………………………………………………………………………..> 8  DB^ÊXWIA @< @ktrahudd`ôk……………………………………………………………… @ktrahudd`ôk ………………………………………………………………...................... ......................… …>0 

DB^ÊXWIA @@ JB_DA XGÔ_@DA ..........................................................................................22 ?.2. Jbrda _gegrgkd`bi .....................................................................................22  ?.2.2. Bktgdghgktgs hgi gstuh`a .......................................................................22 ?.2.2.2.Dbsbd`akgsy Tgktgkd`bs hgi Xr`oukbi Dakst`tud`akbi ........................22 ?.2.2.?. Bdugrhas ^igkbr`as .............................................................................2? ?.2.?. Gvaiud`ôk Igf`sibt`vb ^grubkb hgi hgi`ta hg v`aibd`ôk sgxubi ................2= ?.2.?.2. Gk gi Dôh`fa ^gkbi 20?8 ....................................................................2= ?.2.?.?. Gk gi Dôh`fa ^gkbi 2002 ....................................................................2= ?.2.4. Obsgs Xgôr`dbs (hge`k`d`akgs dakdgptubigs) ..........................................?2 ?.2.4.2. Gi hgi`ta hg v`aibd`ôk sgxubi ................................................................?2 ?.2.4.?. Ib paiêt`db dr`j`kbi gk gi hgi`ta hg v`aibd`ôk sgxubi .............................?? ?.2.4.4. Ib I`ogrtbh sgxubi daja o`gk lurêh`da .................................................?8 ?.2.4.8. Ubiarbd`ôk hg ib prugob ......................................................................?5 ?.2.4.7. Ib prugob pgr`d`bi ...............................................................................?6 ?.2.4.5. Gtbpbs hg ib bdt`v`hbh pgr`d`bi ............................................................?0 ?.2.4.6. Dr`tgr`as gstboigd`has par gi Bdugrha ^igkbr`a K¾ >8-?>27/D@L-225 .............................................................................................4? ?.2.4.=. Bpi`dbd`ôk hg ias dr`tgr`as yb gstboigd`has par gi Bdugrha ^igkbr`a gk gstuh`a ............................................................................................................40

?.?. AOLGX@UAT ............................................................................................82 ?.?.2. @hgkt`e`dbd`ôk hg ias aolgt`vas ...............................................................82 2. Fgkgrbi .......................................................................................................82 ?. Gspgdêe`das .................................................................................................82

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?.4. UB_@BOIGT ............................................................................................8? ?.4.2. @hgkt`e`dbd`ôk hg ibs vbr`boigs ...............................................................8? 2. Ubr`boig @khgpgkh`gktg ...............................................................................8? ?. Ubr`boig Hgpgkh`gktg ............................................................................8?

?.8. TW^WGTXAT ...........................................................................................8? DB^ÊXWIA @@@ JGXAHAIAFÊB .............................................................................................84

4.2.JGXAHAIAFÊB .....................................................................................84 4.?.JWGTX_B ..............................................................................................84 4.4. XÀDK@DBT G @KTX_WJGKXAT HG _GDAIGDD@ÔK HG HBXAT .... ......84 ..84 4.8. ^_ADGH@J@GKXA HG _GDAIGDD@ÔK HG HBXAT ...........................88 DAKE@BO@I@HBH @BO@I@HBH HGI GTXWH@A ................. ....................................... ......................87 87 4.7. UBI@HG\ P DAKE

4.5. ^IBK HG BKÂI@T@T, _@FA_ P ÀX@DB ...................................................87 DB^ÊXWIA @U _GTWIXBHAT ...............................................................................................85

DB^ÊXWIA U H@TDWT@ÔK ...................................................................................................7?

DB^ÊXWIA U@  DAKDIWT@AKGT ..........................................................................................7= ..........................................................................................7=  

DB^ÊXWIA U@@  U@@  _GDAJGKHBD@AKGT ..................................................................................5>

DB^ÊXWIA U@@@ _GEG_GKD@BT O@OI@AF_ÂE@DBT ..............................................................52

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DB^ÊXWIA @ @KX_AHWDD@ÔK Gi prgsgktg bkâi`s`s lurêh`da trbobla rgegrgktg bi BDWG_HA ^IGKB_@A K¾ 8 ?>27/D@L-225, trbtb saorg gi tgjb hg b ib Ubiarbd`ôk hg ib prugob pgr`d`bi gk ias hgi`tas hg v`aibd`ôk sgxubi. Ibs Tbibs ^gkbigs ^grjbkgktg y Xrbks`tar`b hg ib Dartg Tuprgjb hg Lust`d`b hg ib _gpüoi`db, rguk`hbs gk ^igka Lur`sh`dd`akbi, _GTWGIUGK< Gstboigdgr daja hadtr`kb igfbi ias dr`tgr`as gxpugstas gk ias eukhbjgktas lurêh`das 27¾ bi 45¾ hgi prgsgktg bdugrha pigkbr`a< (`) Ib pgr`d`b daja prugob dajpiglb hgog gvbiubrsg gk gi bdta arbi b trbvàs hg ib bdrgh`tbd`ôk hgi praegs`akbi qug susdr`o`ô gi `kearjg hadujgktbha3 (``) Gi `kearjg hgog mbogrsg giboarbha hg bdugrha b ibs rgfibs hg ib iôf`db y dakad`j`gktas d`gktêe`das a tàdk`das3 (```) Gvbiubrsg ibs dakh`d`akgs gk qug sg giboarbha ib pgr`d`b, ib prax`j`hbh gk gi t`gjpa y gi dbrâdtgr hgtbiibha gk gi `kearjg3 (`v) T` ib prugob gs d`gktêe`db, hgshg uk pr`jgr k`vgi hg bkâi`s`s, hgog gvbiubrsg s` gstb prugob pgr`d`bi sg m`za hg dakearj`hbh dak ias gstâkhbrgs e`lbhas par ib dajuk`hbh d`gktêe`db.

Gi pibktgbj`gkta hgi praoigjb  gk gi prgsgktg dbsa gs gstboigdgr, dubk vâi`has y

bpi`dboigs sak ias dr`tgr`as gstboigd`has gk gi prgsgktg Bdugrha

^igkbr`a pbrb ib vbiarbd`ôk hg ibs prugobs pgr`d`bigs gk ias hgi`tas hg U`aibd`ôk sgxubi, pugs sg hgogk pratgfgr has hg ias pr`kd`pbigs o`gkgs lurêh`das daja sak ib i`ogrtbh g `khgjk`hbh sgxubi. Ia pr`jarh`bi gk ukb vêdt`jb hg v`aibd`ôk sgxubi rgsuitb gstboigdgr hg jbkgrb ka saia tgst`jak`bi, s`ka tbjo`àk d`gktêe`db s`daiôf`db, s` mb s`ha aolgta hg hgseiarbd`ôk vbf`kbi, bdta daktrbkbturb y hg atrbs igs`akgs eês`dbs a s`daiôf`dbs s`daiôf`dbs gk gi dugrpa dugrpa y su sbiu sbiuh3 h3 y gk gegdta, g gss rgspaksbo`i`hbh hgi pgr`ta gstboigdgr taha vgst`f`a jbtgr`bi qug sg rgibd`akg dak gstg hgi`ta. Gs bsê, qug gx`stg ukb sgr`g hg  bktgdghgktgs  rgegrgktg b gstg tgjb, pugsta qug ias Xr`oukbigs Tuprgjas, sg mbk prakukd`bha gk sgkhbs lur`spruhgkd`bs, bi daks`hgrbr qug ibs prugobs pgr`d`bigs gk ias hgi`tas hg v`aibd`ôk sgxubi hgogk sgr gvbiubhbs b trbvàs hg vbr`as daktraigs y ka saia rgspgdta b su pgrt`kgkd`b, dakhudgkd`b y ut`i`hbh, tbi daja ia sgòbib gi brtêduia 47?¾ hgi 0

 

Kugva Dôh`fa ^radgsbi ^gkbi, pugs gstg brtêduia rgfuib ib vbiarbd`ôk gk obsg bi daktrai hg igfbi`hbh saorg ib gx`stgkd`b a ka hg bdt`v`hbh praobtar`b i`d`tb3 s`ka qug tbjo`àk sg hgog rgbi`zbr ukb vbiarbd`ôk gk sgkt`ha gstr`dta, duya aolgta gs hgtgrj`kbr tbkta s` gx`stgk gigjgktas hg prugob hg dbrfa a `kdr`j`kbtar`a y, iugfa, s` tbi prugob gs sue`d`gktg a ka pbrb dakhgkbr.

 Bs`j`sja, sg gv`hgkd`b ib `jpartbkd`bhg ib vbiarbd`ôk luh`d`bi bi jajgkta hg dbi`e`dbr gi h`dtbjgk hgi pgr`ta, par ia qug sg gx`fg bi lugz qug eukhbjgktg damgrgktgjgktg tbkta ib bdgptbd`ôk daja gi rgdmbza hg gstg, aosgrvbkha pbrb giia tbkta ibs rgfibs hgi KD^^, daja ibs hg ib sbkb dr`t`db. ^ar gstbs rbzakgs  qug jat`vbk gi gstuh`a hgi dbsa pibktgbha, sg hglb gstboigd`has daja hadtr`kb lur`spruhgkd`bi v`kduibktg, ias dr`tgr`as b tajbr gk dugktb pbrb ib "Ubia "Ubiarbd`ôk rbd`ôk hg ib prugob pgr`d`bi pgr`d`bi gk ias hgi`tas hg U`aibd`ôk U`aibd`ôk Tgxubi", gstboigd`has gk gi prgsgktg Bdugrha pigkbr`a. Hg jaha qug, gi aolgt`va fgkgrbi gs rgbi`zbr uk bkâi`s`s hgi Bdugrha ^igkbr`a K¾ 8-?>27/D@L-2253 j`gktrbs qug gi aolgt`va gspgdêe`da  gs hgtgrj`kbr sak sue`d`gktgs ias dr`tgr`as gstboigd`has pbrb qug gi luzfbhar pughb bkbi`zbr ib pgrt`kgkd`b y vbi`hgz hg ibs prugobs pgr`d`bigs gk ias hgi`tas hg v`aibd`ôk sgxubi, gk gi dbsa dakdrgta.

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DB^ÊXWIA @@ JB_DA XGÔ_@DA ?.2. Jbrda _gegrgkd`bi ?.2.2. Bktgdghgktgs hgi gstuh`a ?.2.2.2. Dbsbd`akgs y Tgktgkd`bs hgi Xr`oukbi Dakst`tud`akbi b) Tgktgkd`b hgi Xr`oukbi Dakst`tud`akbi, G]^. K¾ >2>-?>>?-BI/XD >2> -?>>?-BI/XD  Bquê sg sgòbib, daja eukhbjgktas lurêh`das 206 b 200 hg egdmb 8 hg gkgra hgi bòa ?>>4, ia rgibt`va bi pr`kd`p`a hg prapard`akbi`hbh gk su v`kduibd`ôk dak gi Gstbha hg Hgrgdma dajpartb gx`fgkd`bs hg lust`d`b jbtgr`bi. Bhgjâs `kh`db ia s`fu`gktg< Gk ib jgh`hb qug gi pr`kd`p`a hg prapard`akbi`hbh sg hgr`vb hg ib diâusuib hgi Gstbha hg Hgrgdma, gi ka saia dajpartb ukb fbrbktêb hg sgfur`hbh lurêh`db, s`ka tbjo`àk dakdrgtbs gx`fgkd`b hg lust`d`b jbtgr`bi. Gs hgd`r, `jpakg bi igf`sibhar qug bi jajgkta hg gstboigdgr ibs pgkbs, giibs aoghgzdbk b ukb  lustb y bhgdubhb prapard`ôk gktrg gi hgi`ta dajgt`ha y ib pgkb qug sg vbyb b `jpakgr. Gstg pr`kd`p`a gk gi pibka igf`sibt`va sg gkdugktrb gk gi brtêduia U@@ hgi Xêtuia ^rgi`j`kbr hgi Dôh`fa ^gkbi, (…) Darrgspakhg bi âjo`ta hgi igf`sibhar, bi jajgkta hg hgtgrj`kbr ibs pgkbs, gvbiubr ebdtargs tbigs daja ib frbvghbh hgi dajpartbj`gkta a ib pgrsgdud`ôk sad`bi rgibt`vb b ib bhgdubd`ôk gktrg hgi`ta y pgkb. Bi Xr`oukbi Dakst`tud`akbi, gk dbjo`a ig darrgspakhg `khbfbr s` ias o`gkgs a `ktgrgsgs qug sg trbtb hg pratgfgr sak ib kbturbigzb dakst`tud`akbi y par tbkta, sak sad`bijgktg rgigvbktgs3 bs`j`sja, gvbiubr s` ib jgh`hb gs `hôkgb y kgdgsbr`b pbrb bidbkzbr ias e`kgs hg pratgdd`ôk qug sg pgrs`fugk, par ka gx`st`r atrbs pgkbs jgkas bei`dt`vbs hg ib i`ogrtbh y, e`kbijgktg luzfbr s` gx`stg uk hgsgqu`i`or`a jbk`e`gsta, gsta gs, gxdgs`va a `rrbzakboig gktrg ib sbkd`ôk y ib e`kbi`hbh hg ib karjb.

o) Glgdutar`b Tuprgjb hgi ?>/>7/?>>8, _gdursa hg Kui`hbh K¾ ?27-?>>8^WKA  Bquê sg sast`gkg qug darrgspakhg frbhubr ib pgkb `jpugstb gk btgkd`ôk bi pr`kd`p`a hg prapard`akbi`hbh y rbd`akbi`hbh hg ib pgkb, prgv`sta gk gi brtêduia 22

 

U@@@ hgi Xêtuia ^rgi`j`kbr hgi Dôh`fa ^gkbi, daks`hgrâkhasg b hgjâs sus e`kgs prgvgkt`vas, pratgdtargs y rgsad`bi`zbhargs, ias dubigs hgogk `r gk daksakbkd`b dak ias `kh`dbhargs y d`rdukstbkd`bs b qug sg daktrbgk ias brtêduias 87¾ y 85¾ hgi Dôh`fa bdatbha.

d) _gdursa hg Kui`hbh K¾ 8764-?>>6-BJB\AKBT 8764-?>>6-BJB\AKBT  Bquê sg gstboigdg ia s`fu`gktg< Ib pgkb `jpugstb (8 bòas hg pgkb pr`vbt`vb hg i`ogrtbh) gs prapard`akbi bi `klusta y b ib duipbo`i`hbh, pugs bi jajgkta gk qug ias mgdmas sg prahulgrak, ib h`egrgkd`b hg ghbh gktrg bjoas ka gs gxtrgjbhb, gi bdusbha b ib egdmb hg ias mgdmas daktbob dak ?> bòas hg ghbh y ib bfrbv`bhb 24 bòas y 0 jgsgs hg ghbh y bqugi bhgjâs dbrgdg hg bktgdghgktgs pgkbigs. ?. Bdugrhas ^igkbr`as

?.2.2.?. Bdugrhas ^igkbr`as b) Bdugrha ^igkbr`a K¾ ?-?>>7/DL-225, hg egdmb ?5 hg Kav`gjorg hgi bòa ?>>7  Bkbi`zb ias rgqu`s`tas hg ib s`kh`dbd`ôk s`kh`dbd`ôk hgi dabdusbha, dabdusbha, tgst`fa a bfrbv`bha Tg bdarhô daja prgdghgktg v`kduibktg ibs s`fu`gktgs rgfibs hg vbiarbd`ôk hg ibs hgdibrbd`akgs hg bfrbv`bhas (tgst`fas- vêdt`jbs) qug vâi`hbjgktg pughg bhaptbrsg b k`vgi hg `kvgst`fbd`ôk prgi`j`kbr hgi hgi`ta y pughg bpi`dbrsg gk ias dbsas hg v`aibd`ôk sgxubi duyb dbrbdtgrêst`db pr`kd`pbi gs ib dibkhgst`k`hbh hg ias mgdmas3 gstboigdg ia s`fu`gktg< Gk ib hgdibrbd`ôk hg ias da`jputbhas hgog vbiarbrsg ia s`fu`gktg< b) su pgrsakbi`hbh, gk gspgd`bi, sus rgibd`akgs dak gi begdtbha par gi tgst`jak`a3 o) ibs pas`oigs jat`vbd`akgs hg su hgibd`ôk< qug gstbs ka sgbk turo`bs a gspur`bs, a s` hgdibrb pbrb gxduipbrsg3 d) qug gi rgibta `kdr`j`kbhar gstg jêk`jbjgktg darraoarbha y sgb damgrgktg, y h) hg su pgrs`stgkd`b gk gi dursa hgi pradgsa. Xrbtâkhasg hg ibs hgdibrbd`akgs hg uk bfrbv`bha, buk dubkha sgb gi ük`da tgst`fa hg ias mgdmas, t`gkg gkt`hbh pbrb sgr daks`hgrbhb prugob vâi`hb hg dbrfa y, par gkhg, v`rtubi`hbh pradgsbi pbrb gkgrvbr ib prgsukd`ôk hg `kadgkd`b 2?

 

hgi `jputbha, s`gjprg y dubkha ka sg bhv`grtbk rbzakgs aolgt`vbs qug `kvbi`hgk sus be`rjbd`akgs. Ibs fbrbktêbs hg dgrtgzb sgrêbk ibs s`fu`gktgs<

2. Busgkd`b hg `kdrgh`o`i`hbh suolgt`vb< Gs hgd`r, qug ka gx`stbk rgibd`akgs gktrg bfrbv`bha g `jputbha obsbhbs gk gi ah`a, rgsgkt`j`gktas, gkgj`stbh u atrbs qug pughbk `kd`h`r gk ib pbrd`bi`hbh hg ib hgpas`d`ôk, qug par gkhg ig k`gfugk bpt`tuh pbrb fgkgrbr dgrtgzb.

?. Ugras`j`i`tuh>6/DL-225, hg egdmb ?7 hg Jbrza hgi bòa ?>>= U`aibd`ôk Tgxubi< bidbkdg `ktgrprgtbt`va hgi brtêduia 264¾ `kd`sa 4) hgi Dôh`fa ^gkbi, jah`e`dbha par ib Igy K¾ ?=6>8 pbrb ib hgtgrj`kbd`ôk  luh`d`bi hg ib pgkb  Bquê sg sgòbib qug gi Lugz hgog daks`hgrbr daja ebdtargs hg btgkubd`ôk< 2. Rug ib h`egrgkd`b gtbr`b gktrg ias sulgtas bdt`va y pbs`va ka sgb gxdgs`vb3 ?. Rug gx`stb gktrg giias uk vêkduia sgkt`jgktbi dbrgktg hg `jpgh`jgktas a taigrbha sad`bijgktg3 4. Rug ibs dastujorgs y pgrdgpd`ôk duiturbi hg ias sulgtas pastuig ib rgbi`zbd`ôk hg prâdt`dbs sgxubigs a hg dakv`vgkd`b b tgjprbkb ghbh3 y 8. Ib bhj`s`ôk vaiuktbr`b par gi sulgta bdt`va hg ibs prâdt`dbs sgxubigs rgbi`zbhbs.

d) Bdugrha ^igkbr`a K¾ 8-?>>=/DL-225, hg egdmb 4 hg Kav`gjorg hgi bòa ?>>= - Ka sak puk`oigs ibs rgibd`akgs sgxubigs daksgkt`hbs dak bhaigsdgktgs hg 28 b 2= bòas hg ghbh  Bquê sg gstboigdg ia s`fu`gktg< s`fu`gktg< 24

 

Ib gxgkd`ôk hg rgspaksbo`i`hbh pgkbi par daksgkt`j`gkta hgi t`tuibr hgi o`gk  lurêh`da gs bpi`dboig b tahb rgibd`ôk vaiuktbr`b jbktgk`hb dak bhaigsdgktg hg 28 b 2= bòas hg ghbh. Ias ebdtargs hg btgkubd`ôk hg ib pgkb e`lbhas gk gi  Bdugrha ^igkbr`a K¾ 6-?>>6 (saorg h`egrgkd`b gtbr gtbr`b `b y v`kduia sgkt`jgktbi gktrg sulgta bdt`va y pbs`va, pgrdgpd`ôk duiturbi y bhj`s`ôk vaiuktbr`b hgi hgi`ta par gi bfgktg) mbk pgrh`ha v`fgkd`b. Hg bdugrha dak brtêduia 264¾ `kd`sa 4) hgi Dôh`fa pgkbi, jah`e`dbha par ib Igy K¾ ?=6>8, gi sulgta pbs`va hgi hgi`ta hg v`aibd`ôk sgxubi hg jgkar pahêb sgr ukb pgrsakb majorg a julgr, jbyar hg 28 y jgkar hg 2= bòas hg ghbh. Ib daktrbh`dd`ôk hg ibs karjbs pgkbigs qug `kh`dbk qug ib i`ogrtbh sgxubi hg ibs pgrsakbs hg 28 b 2= bòas hg ghbh (brt. 267, 265 y 265 - B) y gi brtêduia 264.4 hgi D^, hgog rgsaivgrsg bpi`dbkha ib igy jâs ebvarboig bi rga.

Ib gxgkd`ôk hg rgspaksbo`i`hbh pgkbi par daksgkt`j`gkta hgi t`tuibr hgi o`gk  lurêh`da gs bpi`dboig b tahb rgibd`ôk sgxubi vaiuktbr`b jbktgk`hb dak bhaigsdgktgs hg 28 b 2= bòas hg ghbh. Ias lugdgs pgkbigs gstâk mbo`i`tbhas pbrb `kbpi`dbr, vêb daktrai h`eusa gi pârrbea sgfukha hgi brtêduia ??¾ hgi D^, s` gst`jbk qug h`dmb karjb `ktrahudg ukb hgs`fubihbh hg trbta `rrbzakboig ` rrbzakboig y hgsprapard`akbha.

h) Bdugrha ^igkbr`a K¾ 2-?>>2/DL-225, hg egdmb 4> hg Jbya hgi bòa ?>2? Bprgd`bd`ôk hg ib prugob gk ias hgi`tas daktrb ib i`ogrtbh sgxubi  Bquê sg gstboigdg ia s`fu`gktg< s`fu`gktg< Gi rgqu`s`ta hg uk`earj`hbh y e`rjgzb hgi tgst`jak`a `kduipbtar`a gk ias hgi`tas sgxubigs hgog eigx`o`i`zbrsg dubkha ib rgtrbdtbd`ôk aoghgzdb b sgkt`j`gktas hg duipb hg ib vêdt`jb a prgs`ôk hg ib ebj`i`b a hgi bousbhar< ib vbi`hgz hg ib rgtrbdtbd`ôk gx`fg vgr`e`dbr ib sai`hgz a hgo`i`hbh hg su hgdibrbd`ôk `kdr`j`kbtar`b prgv`b3 ib damgrgkd`b `ktgrkb y gxmbust`vb hgi kugva rgibta gxduipbtar`a3 ib rbzakbo`i`hbh hg ib lust`e`dbd`ôk hg mbogr or`khbha ukb vgrs`ôk ebisb3 s` ib vêdt`jb eug jbk`puibhb pbrb dbjo`br hg vgrs`ôk3 y ib frbvghbh hg 28

 

ibs daksgdugkd`bs kgfbt`vbs fgkgrbhbs dak ib hgkukd`b gk gi âjo`ta gdakôj`da y ebj`i`br hg ib bfrbv`bhb. ^ar ia qug hgi rgegr`ha bdugrha pigkbr`a, sg rgsbitb ias s`fu`gktgs prgdghgktgs< 2. Ka gs kgdgsbr`a bdrgh`tbr qug gi bfgktg haoigfa ib rgs`stgkd`b hg ib vêdt`jb hg bousa sgxubi gk supugstas hg frbvg bjgkbzb, daktgxtas aolgt`vbjgktg `kt`j`hbtar`as, d`rdukstbkd`bs hg dbut`vgr`a a dubkha gi bousa sgxubi gs s`stgjât`da a dakt`kubha. ?. Ergktg b has a jâs hgdibrbd`akgs tgst`jak`bigs dbrgktgs hg uk`earj`hbh a pgrs`stgkd`b, gs pas`oig mbdgr prgvbigdgr bqugiib dak daktgk`ha hg `kduipbd`ôk par saorg ib atrbs hg dbrâdtgr gxduipbktg. 4. Ib rgtrbdd`ôk hg ib vêdt`jb hg uk hgi`ta sgxubi dajgt`ha gk gi gktarka ebj`i`br a gktarka sad`bi prôx`ja gx`fg vgr`e`dbr ib busgkd`b hg `kdrgh`o`i`hbh suolgt`vb, jêk`jb darraoarbd`ôk pgr`eàr`db, y qug su vgrs`ôk ka sgb ebktbs`asb a `kdrgêoig, s`ka damgrgktg. 8. Gi rgqu`s`ta hg uk`earj`hbh y e`rjgzb hgi tgst`jak`a `kduipbtar`a gk ias hgi`tas sgxubigs hgog eigx`o`i`zbrsg dubkha sg vgr`e`qug qug ib rgtrbdd`ôk aoghgdg b sgkt`j`gktas hg duipb hg ib vêdt`jb, rgpradmgs a prgs`ôk hg ib ebj`i`b a hgi bousbhar.

7. Ib vaiuktbh ebj`i`br ka pughg `jpgh`r a i`j`tbr ib `ktgrvgkd`ôk pgkbi, pugs ibs daksgdugkd`bs hg ias hgi`tas sgxubigs trbsd`gkhgk gi âjo`ta pr`vbha y su trbtbj`gkta gs hg butakajêb püoi`db. 5. Ia h`dma pbrb ib rgtrbdd`ôk hg ib vêdt`jb hg bousa sgxubi gs bpi`dboig b ias dbsas gk ias qug gi bfgktg gs dgrdbka b ib vêdt`jb par jat`vas hg dake`bkzb (vgd`ka), par mbogr tgk`ha ukb rgibd`ôk r gibd`ôk hg butar`hbh (pbhrbstra, praegsar,gtd.)3 y gk ias qug jgh`b tgjar b rgprgsbi`bs.

27

 

6. Ib drgh`o`i`hbh, ib makarbo`i`hbh a ib h`spak`o`i`hbh sgxubi hg ib vêdt`jb ka pughgk `kegr`rsg hg su dajpartbj`gkta sgxubi bktgr`ar a pastgr`ar hg ias mgdmas, a hg su gxpgr`gkd`b sgxubi. =. Gxdgpd`akbijgktg, pughg h`spakgrsg qug ib vêdt`jb hgdibrg gk gi lu`d`a dubkha su hgdibrbd`ôk prgv`b ka rgspgta ibs earjbi`hbhgs jêk`jbs3 eug `kdajpigtb a hge`d`gktg3 ia sai`d`tg ib prap`b vêdt`jb a gstb sg mbyb rgtrbtbha jgh`bktg gsdr`ta, a sgb kgdgsbr`a qug `kdarparg kugvb `kearjbd`ôk a rgbi`dg bdibrbd`akgs.

g) Bdugrha ^igkbr`a K¾ 4-?>22/DL-225, hg egdmb 4> hg Jbya hgi bòa ?>2? H`egrgkd`bs gktrg ias hgi`tas hg v`aibd`ôk sgxubi, trbtb hg pgrsakbs, ebvargd`j`gkta b ib prast`tud`ôk y praxgkgt`sja)  Bquê sg sast`gkg ia s`fu`gktg< Gk ib v`aibd`ôk sgxubi sg sbkd`akb bi qug t`gkg bddgsa dbrkbi dak ib v`dt`jb3 gk ib trbtb hg pgrsakbs sg rgpr`jg b qu`gk daiadb b ib vêdt`jb gk ukb s`tubd`ôk hg vuikgrbo`i`hbh pbrb sgr gxpiatbhb sgxubijgktg par atra3 gk ias bdtas hg ebvargd`j`gkta hg ib prast`tud`ôk gi sulgta bdt`va bdtüb `kh`rgdtbjgktg prajav`gkha ib prast`tud`ôk hg ib vêdt`jb3 y gk gi hgi`ta hg praxgkgt`sja gi bfgktg `ktgrv`gkg h`rgdtbjgktg gk gi dajgrd`a sgxubi hg ib vêdt`jb b ib dubi, prgv`bjgktg, dakvgkdg a dajprajgtg pbrb qug sg prast`tuyb.

e) Bdugrha ^igkbr`a Gxtrbarh`kbr`a K¾ 2-?>2?/DL-225, hg egdmb ?5 hg Lui`a hgi bòa ?>2? - _gdakhudd`ôk hgi hgi`ta hg bousa sgxubi ka daksgkt`ha par bhaigsdgktgs jbyargs hg 28 y jgkargs hg 2= bòas hg ghbh, bi brtêduia 26> hgi Dôh`fa ^gkbi. Ias supugstas hg bousa sgxubi a bddgsa dbrkbi ka daksgkt`ha dak pgrsakbs hg 28 b 2= bòas hg ghbh, hgogk sgr rgdakhud`hbs hgi brtêduia 264¾ `kd`sa 4) hgi D^ (v`aibd`ôk sgxubi hg jgkargs) b ias brtêduias 26>, 262, 26?, 267 a 260-B hgi D^, sgfük sg gjpigg v`aigkd`b, bjgkbzb a gkfbòa3 a ib vêdt`jb sg gkdugktrg gk gstbha hg `kdaksd`gkd`b a hg `jpas`o`i`hbh hg rgs`st`r3 suerb hg bkajbiêb psêqu`db, frbvg bitgrbd`ôk hg ib dakd`gkd`b, rgtbrha jgktbi a sg gkdugktrg g 25

 

`kdbpbd`hbh hg rgs`st`r3 a sg hgh`qug b ib prast`tud`ôk. ^ar ia qug hgi rgegr`ha bdugrha pigkbr`a, gktrg atras, sg rgsbitb r gsbitb ias s`fu`gktgs prgdghgktgs< 2. Xahb dakhudtb dr`j`kbi hgog tgkgr daja sustgkta uk o`gk lurêh`da dakdrgta. Gk gi dbsa hg ias hgi`tas sgxubigs, sg pratgfg ib `khgjk`hbh sgxubi y ib i`ogrtbh sgxubi. ?. J`gktrbs gi brtêduia 26>¾ sbkd`akb gi bdajgt`j`gkta sgxubi jgh`bktg v`s bosaiutb a v`s dajpuis`vb3 gi brtêduia 264¾ sbkd`akb gi bddgsa dbrkbi dak jgkargs hg ghbh, s`k daks`hgrbr, par `kkgdgsbr`a, k`kfük t`pa hg v`aigkd`b. 4. Ib igs`ôk hg ib i`ogrtbh sgxubi rgqu`grg gkfbòa, v`aigkd`b, bjgkbzb, gstbha hg `kdakd`gkd`b a hg `jpas`o`i`hbh hg rgs`st`r. Gk dbjo`a, pbrb ib igs`ôk hg ib `khgjk`hbh sgxubi gs `rrgigvbktg ib prgsgkd`b hg bifuka hg gsas jgh`as. 8. Ib `kdius`ôk hg ib gsdbib gtbr`b hgi trbja 28-2= bòas bi brtêduia 264.4 hgi D^, tuva daja e`kbi`hbh gi`j`kbr ib pas`o`i`hbh hgi daksgkt`j`gkta gk gi âjo`ta sgxubi hg pgrsakbs hg bqugiibs ghbhgs. 7. Ib dakhudtb hg bdajgt`j`gkta sgxubi bous`va a v`aigkta gk bfrbv`a hg pgrsakbs hg 28 b 2= bòas hgog suosuj`rsg, sgfük gi dbsa, gk ias brtêduias 26>, 262, 26?, 265 a 260-B hgi D^. 5. Grb `kdamgrgktg qug gi bddgsa dbrkbi daksgkt`ha dak ukb pgrsakb hg 28 b 2= bòas sg sbkd`akg dak ukb pgkb judma jâs frbvg qug dubkha gi bfgktg gjpigbob gkfbòa daktrb ib vêdt`jb a s` gstb sg hgh`dbob b ib prast`tud`ôk. 6. Gs dakvgk`gktg qug gi igf`sibhar prgvgb gi brtêduia 26> hgi D^, daja v`aibd`ôk bfrbvbhb, ib pgrpgtrbhb daktrb pgrsakbs jbyargs hg 28 y jgkargs hg 2= bòas hg ghbh. =. Ib igy bpi`dboig gk dbsas hg bousa sgxubi hg pgrsakbs hg 28 b 2= bòas, gs gi brtêduia 26> hgi D^, sgfük ias mgdmas dakdrgtas.

f) Bdugrha ^igkbr`a K¾ 2-?>27/D@L-225, hg egdmb ?2 hg Luk`a hgi bòa ?>25 Taorg ib bpi`dbd`ôk luh`d`bi hgi brtêduia 27¾ hgi Dôh`fa ^gkbi y ias pradgsas `ktgrduiturbigs par hgi`tas hg v`aibd`ôk hg k`òbs y bhaigsdgktgs.  Bquê sg daksbfrb daja kgdgsbr`a, rgbi`zbr ukb pgr`d`b bktrapaiôf`db pbrb bpi`dbr gi grrar hg pram`o`d`ôk duiturbijgktg dakh`d`akbha. Bhgjâs sg gstboigdg ia s`fu`gktg< 26

 

Ib pgr`d`b bktrapaiôf`db gs aoi`fbtar`b pbrb hgd`h`r ib bpi`dbd`ôk hgi brtêduia 27 hgi D^ (grrar hg pram`o`d`ôk duiturbijgktg dakh`d`akbha). H`dmb pgr`d`b hgog vgr`e`dbr s` ib dastujorg `kvadbhb t`gkg vbi`hgz bdtubi gk gi gktarka duiturbi hg ias sulgtas `kvaiudrbhas. T`k gjobrfa, gi brtêduia 27¾ hgi D^, ka gs bpi`dboig b ias bousas sgxubigs dajgt`has gk bfrbv`a hg jgkargs hg 28 bòas hg ghbh.

^ar ia qug hgi rgegr`ha bdugrha pigkbr`a, gktrg atras, sg bòbhgk ias s`fu`gktgs prgdghgktgs< 2. Ib pgr`d`b bktrapaiôf`db hgog dgktrbrsg gk gi ar`fgk hg ib dastujorg `kvadbhb, vgr`e`dbkha s` t`gkg vbi`hgz bdtubi gk gi gktarka duiturbi hg ias sulgtas `kvaiudrbhas, a gx`stg dugst`akbj`gkta a rgdmbza bi bousa sgxubi hg jgkargs hg 28 bòas. ?. Ias lugdgs hgogk `kdarparbr y vbiarbr atras jgh`as hg prugob `hôkgas pbrb daktrbstbr ibs dakdius`akgs hg ibs pgr`d`bs bktrapaiôf`dbs rgbi`zbhbs. Bsê, pughgk sai`d`tbr a bdgptbr `kearjgs a tgst`jak`as hg ibs butar`hbhgs dajukbigs a rakhgrêbs. 4. Ibs hgd`s`akgs luh`d`bigs rgibt`vbs b ib bpi`dbd`ôk hgi brtêduia 27¾ hgi D^, hgogk daks`hgrbr ias pr`kd`p`as hg prasdr`pd`ôk hg h`sdr`j`kbd`ôk u hg v`aigkd`b daktrb ib julgr y ias jgkargs hg ghbh, bsê daja hg prgvbigkd`b hg `ktgràs supgr`ar hgi k`òa.

?.2.?.Gvaiud`ôk Igf`sibt`vb ^grubkb hgi hgi`ta hg v`aibd`ôk sgxubi 

?.2.?.2. Gk gi Dôh`fa ^gkbi 20?8 Ias praygdtas eugrak giboarbhas s`fu`gkha ias praygdtas hg Dôh`fa pgkbi rghbdtbhas pbrb ib uk`e`dbd`ôk hgi hgrgdma pgkbi su`za. Gsta s`fk`e`dô uk dbjo`a suostbkd`bi gk ib igf`sibd`ôk pgkbi pgrubkb. Gstb jutbd`ôk sg hgo`ô bi mgdma qug ib Daj`s`ôk rghbdtarb hgi kugva Dôh`fa gstuva dakearjbhb par  lur`stbs pbribjgktbr`as y ka par lugdgs daja mboêb s`ha dak ibs bktgr`args daj`s`akgs. Hg jbkgrb daksgrvbharb, gstbs üit`jbs sg i`j`tbrak b rgbi`zbr bifukas rgtaqugs, hg bdugrha saorg taha b ias sudgs`vas `ktgktas hg rgearjb gspbòaigs2. 2 XBPIA_

KBUBT, Iu`s. ’Gvaiud`ôk igf`sibt`vb hg ias hgi`tas sgxubigs‚. Gk< _gv`stb Bkubr`a hg Hgrgdma ^gkbi   Küjgra 200>-?>>>3 Eakha KBUBT, Gh`tar`bi hg ib ^WD^, pâf. 486-48=.

2=

 

Gk jbtgr`b hg hgi`tas sgxubigs, gk gi kugva Dôh`fa, sg prgv`ô uk Xêtuia hgh`dbha b ias Hgi`tas daktrb ibs ougkbs dastujorgs y b ib i`ogrtbh sgxubi. Tu daktgk`ha, dbs` rgprahudd`ôk e`gi hg ibs h`spas`d`akgs su`zbs, rgeiglb ibs dakdgpd`akgs `jpgrbktgs gk ukb sad`ghbh eugrtgjgktg jbrdbhb par ib tgkhgkd`b b ousdbr saiud`akgs prbfjât`dbs jgh`bktg ib bhapd`ôk hg saiud`akgs `ktgrjgh`bs. Hg jaha qug s` gk gsb pbrtg hgi Dôh`fa sg katb ukb d`grtb jahgrk`zbd`ôk, tbjo`àk sg pgrd`og uk bspgdta daksgrvbhar gk ib jgh`hb gk qug sg jbkt`gkgk d`grtas dr`tgr`as jarbi`stbs. ^ar glgjpia, ias ut`i`zbhas pbrb hgtgrj`kbr quà dajpartbj`gktas hgogk sgr rgpr`j`has (gk pbrt`duibr, gk ib rgprgs`ôk hg ias btgktbhas "daktrb gi puhar hg jgkargs") y qug gstâk dakst`tu`has par ias dr`tgr`as a prglu`d`as jgh`as `jpgrbktgs gk ib sad`ghbh?.  Bsê, gk gi Dôh`fa hg 20?8, sg h`st`kfug, gk pr`jgr iufbr, gktrg v`aibd`ôk y sghudd`ôk. Ib katb h`st`kt`vb oâs`db gstâ hbhb par gi jgh`a ut`i`zbha par gi hgi`kdugktg. Tgfük gi brt. 205, ib v`aibd`ôk sg prahudg jgh`bktg "v`aigkd`b a bjgkbzb frbvg"3 j`gktrbs qug gk gi brt. ?>2, gi butar hgog "sghud`r" b ib vêdt`jb. Gk dubkta bi gstbha pgrsakbi hg àstb üit`jb, s` o`gk tahb julgr pughg sgr v`aibhb, sôia pughg sgr sghud`hb ukb "lavgk hg dakhudtb `rrgpradmboig, hg jâs hg h`gd`sà`s y jgkas hg vg`kt`ük bòas". Ib makgst`hbh a v`rf`k`hbh hg ib vêdt`jb ka sak jâs tajbhbs gk dugktb, bukqug gk ib prâdt`db luh`d`bi gk rgpgt`hbs adbs`akgs ib "dakhudtb `rrgpradmboig" eug dajprgkh`hb daja ib ebitb hg gxpgr`gkd`b sgxubi, gs hgd`r hg ka mbogr jbktgk`ha rgibd`akgs hg gstg t`pa 4. Ib v`aibd`ôk eug prgd`sbhb tajbkha gk daks`hgrbd`ôk d`grtbs d`rdukstbkd`bs gspgd`bigs. Ias dbsas prgv`stas eugrak hgs`fkbhas daja dbsas hg v`aibd`ôk prgsuktb hgo`ha b qug, par ebitb hg dbpbd`hbh hg ib vêdt`jb, sg prgsupakêb qug mboêb s`ha v`aigktbhb. ^ar glgjpia, ias dbsas bfrbvbhas hg pakgr b ib vêdt`jb, dak gi e`k hg mbdgrig suer`r gi bdta sgxubi, "gk gstbha hg `kdaksd`gkd`b a gk ib `jpas`o`i`hbh hg rgs`st`r" (brt. 206) a hg mbdgria, "dakad`gkha gi gstbha hg ib vêdt`jb", dak ukb "julgr `h`atb, `kdaksd`gktg a `kdbpbz hg rgs`stgkd`b" (brt. 20=). Gk tahas ias dbsas hg v`aibd`ôk, gi mgdma hgog prahud`rsg "eugrb hg jbtr`jak`a"3 h`dma hg atrb jbkgrb, sg daks`hgrb qug gi hgrgdma pgkbi ka hgog `ktgrvgk`r gk ib gsegrb pr`vbhb hg jbr`ha y julgr. ^ar jâs qug àstb sg apakfb @hgj

?  4

@hgj

20

 

y qug, jgh`bktg v`aigkd`b, gi jbr`ha ib aoi`fug b prbdt`dbr gi bdta sgxubi, àstg ka pughg sgr daks`hgrbha daja butar hg v`aibd`ôk. T`k gjobrfa, ka sg s`fug h`egrgkd`bkha gktrg hakdgiib, saitgrb y v`uhb, daja sg m`za gk gi Dôh`fa hg 2=548. Daja rge`grg Dbra Dar`b  ’gstg Dôh`fa mb tgk`ha, uk beâk jarbi`zbhar y h`sdr`j`kbktg, hgshg qug sg ut`i`zô gi kajgk hgi têtuia hgi`tas daktrb ib i`ogrtbh y gi makar sgxubigs‚ 7  . Bs`j`sja hgogjas daks`hgrbr qug pbrb gsg gktakdgs tahbvêb sg tgkêb daja o`gk lurêh`da pratgf`ha hg gstas hgi`tas gi Makar sgxubi, gs hg bmê gi gigjgkta jarbi`zbktg y tbjo`àk parqug sg tuva gk dugktb gigjgktas gjpêr`da-duiturbigs gk gi t`pa pgkbi, daja julgr hg dakhudtb `rrgpradmboig (brtêduia ?>2 — ?>2  — sghudd`ôk),  sghudd`ôk), a ib `jpas`o`i`hbh hg daks`hgrbr daja sulgta pbs`va hg v`aibd`ôk bi majorg a b ib julgr dbsbhb (brtêduia 205), s`tubd`akgs may supgrbhbs gk frbk jgh`hb.

?.2.?.?. Gk gi Dôh`fa ^gkbi 2002  Gk ib jbyarêb hg ias Dôh`fa ^gkbigs mbstb gi Dôh`fa ^gkbi hg 20?8, gi o`gk  lurêh`da

tutgibh tutgibha a grb gi ”makar sgxubi‐. Tgfük ^gòb Dborgrb ’tbi

dakdgptubi`zbd`ôk s`stgjât`db hgi o`gk lurêh`da hg pratgdd`ôk gstbob fgrj`kbhb hg daktgk`has jarbi`zbhargs daktrbr`a b ias pastuibhas igf`t`jbhargs hg uk Hgrgdma ^gkbi Jahgrka-I`ogrbi‚ Jahgrka-I`ogrbi‚5. Dak gi Dôh`fa ^gkbi hg 2002, ib trbtbt`vb igf`sibt`vb sg jah`e`db, gk tbkta qug gk gi Xêtuia @U, ”Hgi`tas daktrb ib i`ogrtbh‐, gk gi dbpêtuia @], sg rgfuib gi ruora hg `iêd`tas dak gi kajgk  hg ”U`aibd`ôk hg I`ogrtbh Tgxubi‐. Ar`f`kbijgktg gi tgxta hg 2002 sbkd`akbob ias s`fu`gktgs hgi`tas< v`aibd`ôk jgh`bktg v`aigkd`b a bjgkbzb (brt. 26>), v`aibd`ôk dak prgvbi`jgkta - mbogr pugsta b ib vêdt`jb gk gstbha hg `kdaksd`gkd`b a `kdbpbd`hbh hg rgs`st`r (brt. 262), v`aibd`ôk hg pgrsakb gk `kdbpbd`hbh hg rgs`st`r (brt. 26?), v`aibd`ôk hg jgkar (brt. 264), v`aibd`ôk hg pgrsakb obla butar`hbh a v`f`ibkd`b (brt. 268), sghudd`ôk (brt. 267), bdtas daktrb gi puhar (brt. 265), v`aibd`ôk sgfu`hb hg jugrtg a igs`ôk frbvg (brt. 8 XBPIA_ KBUBT, KBUBT, Iu`s. ’Gvaiud`ôk igf`sibt`vb hg ias hgi`tas sgxubigs. Ap.

D`t., pâf. 480. 480.  

7 DB_A DA_@B, H`ka Dbrias3 ’Bspgdtas Lur`spruhgkd`bigs hg ib Xutgib ^gkbi hg

ib i`ogrtbh g `khgjk`hbh sgxubigs‚ Gk< I`ora Majgkblg bi

^raegsar O_BJAKX-B_@BT XA__GT, Iu`s Biogrta, Gh`tar`bi Tbk Jbrdas, ?>>4, pâf.8=7. 5^GÒB DBO_G_B, _büi3 ’Hgi`tas daktrb ib i`ogrtbh g `ktbkf`o`i`hbh sgxubi‚3 Gh`d`akgs Fugrrgras3 I`jb, ?>>?, pâf.28.

?>

 

266). E`kbijgktg, gi brt. 26= gstboigd`ô ib aoi`fbd`ôk bddgsar`b hgi dakhgkbha hg jbktgkgr b ib praig, gi glgrd`d`a pr`vbha hg ib bdd`ôk pgkbi y ib dbkdgibd`ôk hg ib pgkb par jbtr`jak`a dak ib aegkh`hb. Hg gstb earjb, ib rgfuibd`ôk hg 2002 prâdt`dbjgktg jbktuva gi küdiga hg dajpartbj`gktas têp`das hgi Dôh`fa Jbürtub, pgra dak bifukbs `jpartbktgs h`egrgkd`bs.6 

"Gi bobkhaka hg ias dr`tgr`as jarbigs suos`stgktgs gk ib igf`sibd`ôk hgrafbhb sg gv`hgkd`b, gk pr`jgr iufbr, gk ib suost`tud`ôk hgi têtuia qug mbdêb rgegrgkd`b b ibs ’ougkbs dastujorgs‚ par uka qug sg i`j`tb b rgegr`r sg sg ük`dbjgktg b "ib i`ogrtbh sgxubi". Gk sgfukha iufbr, tbkta gk ib jgkd`ôk hgi bdta bkâiafa lukta bi bdta sgxubi y gk ib hgsdr`pd`ôk hg tahas ias dbsas hg v`aibd`ôk, daja gk ib suprgs`ôk hgi rgqu`s`ta hg ib "dakhudtb `rrgpradmboig" gk gi t`pa igfbi hgi hgi`ta hg sghudd`ôk (brt. 267)" = 

Daja rgjgjarb Larfg Gkr`qug Ubigkd`b, gs iufbr dajük be`rjbr gk ib m`star`b hg ibs `kst`tud`akgs pgkbigs qug ib v`aibd`ôk gs gi btgktbha jâs frbvg qug pughg dakdgo`rsg daktrb ib i`ogrtbh sgxubi `kh`v`hubi, y par ia hgjâs gs gi hgi`ta jâs rgigvbktg gk gstg frupa hg `kerbdd`akgs0. Ib Igy fbrbkt`zb dak ib rgprgs`ôk gi hgrgdma qug bs`stg b tahb pgrsakb b h`spakgr hg su dugrpa y gigf`r gi aolgta hg su bdt`v`hbh sgxubi a b bostgkgrsg tatbijgktg hg dujpi`r gstb eukd`ôk o`aiôf`db.2> 

?.2.4. Obsgs Xgôr`dbs (hge`k`d`akgs dakdgptubigs)

?.2.4.2. Gi hgi`ta hg v`aibd`ôk sgxubi ^brb pahgr bkbi`zbr gi dakdgpta hgi hgi`ta hg U`aibd`ôk Tgxubi, hgogjas pbrt`r hgi dakdgpta hg i`ogrtbh sgxubi. Gstb sg gkt`gkhg daja gi hgrgdma hg tahb pgrsakb b glgrdgr ib bdt`v`hbh sgxubi gk i`ogrtbh, gs hgd`r, b ib dbpbd`hbh hg bdtubd`ôk sgxubi.

6 Iad.

D`t.

=XBPIA_ KBUBT, KBUBT, Iu`s. ’Gvaiud`ôk igf`sibt`vb hg ias hgi`tas sgxubigs. Ap. D`t.,

pâf.. pâf.. p.  p. 472

0

 D`tbha par ^GÒB DBO_G_B, DBO_G_B , _büi. Xrbtbha hg Hgrgdma ^gkbi. Ap. D`t. pâf. 50>. 2>@hgj.

?2

 

Hgog gktgkhgrsg gk uk sgkt`ha pas`t`va-h`kâj`da y kgfbt`va-pbs`va. Gi bspgdta pas`t`va h`kâj`da sg dakdrgtb gk ib dbpbd`hbh hg ib pgrsakb hg h`spakgr hg su dugrpa pbrb gegdtas sgxubigs3 gi dbr`z kgfbt`va - pbs`va gk ib dbpbd`hbh hg kgfbrsg b glgdutbr a taigrbr bdtas sgxubigs gk ias qug ka sg hgsgb `ktgrvgk`r 22. Daja sgòbib Dbst`iia Bivb, ’¨ib i`ogrtbh sgxubi gs ukb dakdrgd`ôk y jbk`egstbd`ôk `kh`v`hubi hg ib i`ogrtbh pgrsakbi qug gxprgsb ib ebduitbh y gi  pahgr hg butahgtgrj`kbrsg hg jbkgrb gspaktâkgb y s`k dabdd`ôk gxtgrkb, bousa a gkfbòa hgktra hgi âjo`ta hg ibs dakhudtbs sgxubigs‚ 2?  

T` o`gk gs d`grt d`grta a gk gi Dôh`fa ^gkbi ^grubka, ib hg hgkaj`kbd`ôk kaj`kbd`ôk

y gi gi

gkdbogzbj`gkta igfbi mbdgk rgegrgkd`b bi o`gk lurêh`da i`ogrtbh sgxubi3 gs gstas tas hgi`tas ka sôia pratgfgk ib i`ogrtbh sgxubi sgxubi s`ka tbjo`àk ib `khgjk`hbh sgx sgxubi ubi a `ktbkf`o`i`hbh sgxubi.

Tg pratgfg ib i`ogrtbh sgxubi, gk ias hgi`tas vv`aibd`ôk `aibd`ôk sgx sgxubi ubi (brt. 26>¼), v`aibd`ôk hg pgrsakb obla butar`hbh a v`f`ibkd`b (brt. 268¼), sghudd`ôk (brt. 267¼) y bdtas daktrb gi puhar hg pgrsakb hg 28 b jâs bòas (brt. 265¼). ^ar atra ibha sg pratgfg ib ’`ktbkf`o`i`hbh‚ a ’`khgjk`hbh sgxubi‚, gk ias btgktbhas daktrb pgrsakbs qug ka pughgk daksgkt`r lurêh`dbjgktg, dubkha gi sulgta pbs`va gs `kdbpbz parqug ’suerg hg bkajbiêb psêqu`db, frbvg bitgrbd`ôk hg ib dakd`gkd`b‚ a ’rgtbrha jgktbi‚ (brt. 26?¼), v`aibd`ôk hg pgrsakb gk gstbha hg `kdaksd`gkd`b a gk ib `jpas`o`i`hbh hg rgs`st`r (brt. 262¼), a par su j`karêb hg ghbh (brts. 264¼ y 265¼-B).

?.2.4.?.Ib paiêt`db dr`j`kbi gk gi hgi`ta hg v`aibd`ôk sgxubi Ib dugst`ôk sgxubi mb susd`tbha s`gjprg praoigjbs hg rgsaivgr. Ib earjb daja sg mb daks`hgrbha, gk ias h`st`ktas t`gjpas y gktrg ias h`st`ktas pugoias, ib dugst`ôk sgxubi gk gi bspgdta pgkbi, dakst`tuyg uk tgst`jak`a gxprgs`va hgi bo`sja gx`stgktg gktrg ib dbpb o`aiôf`db-kbturbi hgi majorg y su gx`stgkd`b m`stôr`db. Gs h`eêd`i qug mbyb bifa qug o`aiôf`dbjgktg jbkdajukb tbkta b ias 22

 DB_JAKB TBIFBHA. ’Hgi`tas Daktrb ib I`ogrtbh Tgxubi‚, gk Dursa hg Hgrgdma ^ gkbi Gspbòai. ^brtg

Gspgd`bi @, Jbhr`h, 2005. ^. 4>?-4>4 2?DBTX@IIA BIUB, Lasà Iu`s. Xrbtbha hg ias Hgi`tas Daktrb ib I`ogrtbh g @khgjk`hbh Tgxubigs. Fbdgtb Lurêh`db, ^r`jgrb Gh`d`ôk. I`jb ^grü bòa ?>>?. ^. ?2

??

 

majorgs daja gi `kst`tuta sgxubi y sus earjbs hg gxtgr`ar`zbd`ôk. Ka aostbktg gk gi bspgdta àt`da y lurêh`da h`eêd`ijgktg gx`stgk âjo`tas gk ias dubigs sgbk tbk h`st`ktas, daja ia sak gk àstg, ias dr`tgr`as rgibt`vas b ia iêd`ta y b ia pram`o`has, b ia qug gs `jpukg, `kdiusa gktrg ias pugoias y gk ibs àpadbs hg d`dia duiturbi add`hgktbi. Bsê sg gxpi`db ib h`sdrgpbkd`b s`gjprg eiudtubktg hg pbrgdgrgs bdgrdb hgi frbha y hg ias iêj`tgs hg ibs `ktgrvgkd`akgs pgkbigs gk jbtgr`b sgxubi24. Mbstb ias bòas sgsgktb (...) ib rgi`f`ôk ib jarbi, ibs dastujorgs y ibs dakvgkd`akgs tgkêbk uk prgpakhgrbktg pahgr rgfuibhar hg ibs dakhudtbs sad`bigs, y gk d`grta jaha, pahêbk par s` saia jbktgkgr uk`hb b ukb sad`ghbh. ^gra gsas ebdtargs dak gi trbksdursa hgi bvbkdg hg ib d`gkd`b, gk hakhg gi dakad`j`gkta sg mb `ha praeukh`zbkha y s`stgjbt`zbkha, mbk `ha pgrh`gkha eugrzb sad`bi, hgo`ha tbjo`àk bi piurbi`sja y erbfjgktbd`ôk hg ibs jahgrkbs dakdgpd`akgs saorg vbiargs3 ar`f`kbkha qug tahbs sus eukd`akgs ias bsujb gi hgrgdma qug gs bmarb gi ük`da gk prgsdr`o`r hg jaha v`kduibktg ia qug gi `kh`v`hua t`gkg qug mbdgr a hglbr hg mbdgr. B gsta mby qug bòbh`r gi daktrai par pbrtg hgi hgrgdma gk qug bdtubijgktg sg hgsgkvugivg hgsgkvugivg gi pahgr gstbtbi 28. _ge`grg Dibus _ax`k qug mbstb ias bòas sgsgktb grb haj`kbktg ib `hgb qug gi hgrgdma pgkbi hgoêb hg fbrbkt`zbr uk j`k`ka àt`da, qug par tbkta, mboêb qug sbkd`akbr ias btgktbhas daktrb ias vbiargs àt`das eukhbjgktbigs pbrb prgsgrvbr ibs obsgs jarbigs hg ib sad`ghbh. T`k gjobrfa, grb gv`hgktg qug ibs karjbs pgkbigs, dak dbr`z jarbi`zbktg ka eugrak tajbhbs gk dugktb par frbkhgs sgdtargs hg ibs sad`ghbhgs, hbkha p`g qug ias pgkbi`stbs sg bdarhbrbk hg ib dakdgpd`ôk hgi daktrbta sad`bi hg ib `iustrbd`ôk gk qug sg obsb ib hgjadrbd`b rgprgsgktbt`vb. Tgfük gstb pasturb, ias d`uhbhbkas mbk gstboigd`ha gi pahgr püoi`da pbrb qug pratglb bi `kh`v`hua hg `ktrus`akgs blgkbs b su gsegrb pgrsakbi y prgsupugstas `kh`spgksboigs pbrb gi i`org hgsgkvaiv`j`gkta hg su pgrsakbi`hbh. Gk daksgdugkd`b, gi Gstbha ka gstâ igf`t`jbha pbrb tutgibr jarbijgktg b ias d`uhbhbkas. Obsbha gk ia jgkd`akbha, ias bigjbkgs pibktgbrak gk gi praygdta bitgrkbt`va hgi Dôh`fa pgkbi bigjâk hg 2055, gi dbjo`a hg hgkaj`kbd`ôk hg "hgi`tas frbvgs y jgkas frbvgs daktrb ib 24^GÒB DBO_G_B, _büi. Xrbtbha hg Hgrgdma ^gkbi. 28

^brtg Gspgd`bi. Xaja @, Gh`d`akgs Lurêh`dbs, 2008. pâf. 5=8

@hgj

?4

 

jarbi`hbh" par "hgi`tas daktrb ib i`org butahgtgrj`kbd`ôk sgxubi". (...). Ib `hgb hg

i`org

butahgtgrj`kbd`ôk

sgxubi hgi praygdta

bitgrkbt`va

bigjâk,

hgsgkdbhgkô uk trbtbj`gkta tatbijgktg h`st`kta bi qug rg`kbob gk ib hadtr`kb y  lur`spruhgkd`b rgspgdta hg ias hgi`tas sgxubigs, gk ias h`st`ktas pbêsgs dak bsdgkhgkd`b rajbka-fgrjâk`da. ^ugs sg iigfô b ib dakdius`ôk hg qug ib  lust`d`b ka sg vgrêb begdtbhb, s` sg rgj`têb ib pratgdd`ôk hg iib b `ktgfr`hbh sgxubi hg ibs pgrsakbs bi âjo`ta hg ib i`ogrtbh sgxubi27.

?.2.4.4. Ib I`ogrtbh sgxubi daja o`gklurêh`da  Àstg gs uka hg ias puktas qug mb suer`ha jbyar vbr`bd`ôk gk gi Dôh`fa pgkbi v`fgktg rgspgdta bi Dôh`fa pgkbi hgi ?8. Gk gstg üit`ja, gstas hgi`tas sg gkdaktrbobk uo`dbhas gk ib Tgdd`ôk @@@, dak ib rüor`db "Hgi`tas daktrb ibs ougkbs dastujorgs" , hgi Xêtuia @, iibjbha "Hgi`tas daktrb ib i`ogrtbh y gi makar sgxubi" .

Gk gi Dôh`fa pgkbi v`fgktg, gi Dbpêtuia @] hgi Xêtuia @U hgi I`ora @@ sg hgkaj`kb "U`aibd`ôk hg ib i`ogrtbh sgxubi" . Bdtubijgktg, ib jbyarêb hg ib hadtr`kb, bsê daja sg pughg hghud`r tbjo`àk hg ib rüor`db hg gstg Dbpêtuia, sast`gkg qug sg pratgfg ib i`ogrtbh sgxubi25. @ksp`rbha gk ibs `hgbs prgdghgktgs, gi igf`sibhar hgi Dôh`fa ^gkbi v`fgktg rgdaf`ô b ib i`ogrtbh sgxubi daja gi o`gk lurêh`da pratgf`ha gk ias hgi`tas sgxubigs. Dak giia, sg prgtgkhg pratgfgr ukb hg ibs jbk`egstbd`akgs jâs rgigvbktgs hg ib i`ogrtbh, gs hgd`r, ib i`ogrtbh sgxubi, pugs bi sgr pugstb gk pgi`fra a igs`akbhb trbksd`gkhg ias âjo`tas eês`das pbrb rgpgrdut`r gk ib gsegrb ps`daiôf`db hgi `kh`v`hua, bidbkzbkha gi küdiga jâs êkt`ja hg su pgrsakbi`hbh26. Ib i`ogrtbh sgxubi, tbi y daja `kh`db ib hadtr`kb, t`gkg has vgrt`gktgs, ukb pas`t`vb y atrb kgfbt`vb, qug ka mbk hg daks`hgrbrsg apugstbs, s`ka dajpigjgktbr`bs. Ib pas`t`vb bt`gkhg b ib i`org h`spas`d`ôk par ib pgrsakb hg sus prap`bs patgkd`bi`hbhgs sgxubigs, tbkta gk gi dajpartbj`gkta pbrt`duibr darka ergktg b ias hgjâs. Gk ib kgfbt`vb gi bdgkta rgdbg gk gi bspgdta hgegks`va, gsta @hgj.

27 

25

O_BJAKX-B_@BT Gh`tar`bi Tbk Jbrdas,XA__GT, ?>>5, pâf.Iu`s ?4? Biogrta / FB_DÊB DBKX@\BKA, Jbrêb hgi Dbrjgk. JBKWBI HG HG_GDMA ^GKBI ^B_XG GT^GD@BI. 26TBI@KBT T@DDMB, _bj`ra. Hgi`tas daktrb ib i`ogrtbh g

`khgjk`hbh sgxubi. @kst`tuta ^bd`e`da, ?>25, p. 48

?8

 

gs, gk gi hgrgdma hg ib pgrsakb b ka vgrsg `kvaiudrbhb par atrb pgrsakb, s`k su daksgkt`j`gkta, gk uk daktgxta sgxubi. Gstb i`ogrtbh sgxubi sg gkt`gkhg, gk hge`k`t`vb, daja gi hgrgdma hg tahb pgrsakb b glgrdgr ib bdt`v`hbh sgxubi gk i`ogrtbh, gs hgd`r, b ib dbpbd`hbh hg bdtubd`ôk sgxubi'2=  Daja sgòbib Dbra Dar`b  ib i`ogrtbh sgx sgxubi, ubi, "gstâ rgegr`hb b ib dbpbd`hbh igfbijgktg rgdakad`hb qug t`gkg ukb pgrsakb pbrb buta hgtgrj`kbrsg gk gi âjo`ta hg su sgxubi`hbh. Ib i`ogrtbh sgxubi dajprgkhg ukb ebdgtb pas`t`vb, rgegr`hb b ib dbpbd`hbh hg h`spas`d`ôk, s`k jâs iêj`tg qug ib i`ogrtbh blgkb3 y ukb ebdgtb kgfbt`vb, rgegr`hb b ib dbpbd`hbh hg rgdmbzbr prapas`d`akgs a bdtas ka hgsgbhas.20   Bs`j`sja bfrgfbr Dbra Dar`b qug ib i`ogrtbh sgxubi hgog gktgkhgrsg tbkta gk sgkt`ha pas`t`va-h`kbj`da daja kgfbt`va-pbs`va. Gi bspgdta pas`t`va-h`kâj`da hg ib i`ogrtbh sg dakdrgtb gk ib dbpbd`hbh hg ib pgrsakb hg h`spakgr i`orgjgktg hg su dugrpa pbrb gegdtas sgxubigs, j`gktrbs qug gi dbr`s kgfbt`va-pbs`va sg dakdrgtb gk ib dbpbd`hbh hg kgfbrsg b glgdutbr a taigrbr bdtas sgxubigs gk ias qug ka hgsgb `ktgrvgk`r.?>  Gk gsg j`sja sgkt`ha _ay Ergyrg ib hge`kg daja ib vaiuktbh hg dbhb pgrsakb hg h`spakgr gspaktâkgbjgktg hg su v`hb sgxubi, s`k hgsjghra hg ib dakv`vgkd`b y hgi `ktgràs daigdt`va. Gk daksgdugkd`b ib i`ogrtbh ka sg gkeadb hgshg uk dakdgpta purbjgktg pas`t`va. Ka sg gkt`gkhg daja ib ebduitbh qug pgrj`tg b ibs pgrsakbs b tgkgr rgibd`akgs sgxubigs dak tahas, s`ka qug hgog gktgkhgrsg gk uk sgkt`ha kgfbt`va, par gi dubi ka pughg aoi`fbrsg b kbh`g b tgkgr rgibd`akgs sgxubigs gk daktrb hg su vaiuktbh.?2 

2=@hgj. 20DB_A DA_@B, H`ka Dbrias y Dàsbr TBK T BK JB_XÊK DBTX_A. ’Hgi`tas daktrb ib i`ogrtbh g

`khgjk`hbh sgxubigs‚. I`jb< Fr`ligy. ?>>>. pâf. pâf. 2>6.

?>

DB_A DA_@B, H`ka Dbrias y Dàsbr TBK JB_XÊK DBTX_A. ap. d`t. pâf. 56 ?2@hgj. 

?7

 

Daja o`gk ia rge`grg Fbrd`bDbkt`zbkaqug gi dakdgpta hg i`ogrtbh sgxubi sg `hgkt`e`db dak ib dbpbd`hbh hg butahgtgrj`kbd`ôk hg ib pgrsakb gk gi âjo`ta hg sus rgibd`akgs sgxubigs. Hg bmê qug ib `hgb hg butahgtgrj`kbd`ôk, gk dubkta jbtgr`bi`zbd`ôk pigkb hg ibs jâs bjpi`b hg ib "i`ogrtbh", v`gkg i`j`tbhb par has rgqu`s`tas eukhbjgktbigs< gk pr`jgr iufbr par gi pigka dakad`j`gkta hgi sulgta hgi daktgk`ha y bidbkdg hg h`dmbs rgibd`akgs, ia qug gv`hgktgjgktg `jpi`db qug gstg mb hg daktbr dak ib dbpbd`hbh jgktbi sue`d`gktg pbrb iigfbr b tgkgr h`dma dakad`j`gkta3 y, gk sgfukha iufbr, par ib jbk`egstbd`ôk vaiuktbr`b y i`org hgi daksgkt`j`gkta pbrb pbrt`d`pbr gk tbi dibsg hg rgibd`akgs, ia qug t`gkg daja prgsupugsta gi qug gi sulgta pughb bhaptbr su hgd`s`ôk hg jbkgrb i`org. ??  Daja rge`grg Jarbigs ^rbts, gk ias hgi`tas hg ib i`ogrtbh sgxubi gstbjas bktg uk aolgta lurêh`da hg pratgdd`ôk qug sg `ksgrtb gk ib gsegrb hg ib i`ogrtbh pgrsakbi, y duya daktgk`ha gsgkd`bi sak ibs ebduitbhgs hg butahgtgrj`kbd`ôk sgxubi bdtubi a patgkd`bi. Gsta s`fk`e`db, rgspgdta b ias bhuitas, qug ib ar`gktbd`ôk hg ias t`pas pgkbigs sg h`r`fg b dbst`fbr dakhudtbs qug aostbdui`dgk ib i`org apd`ôk sgxubi, y rgspgdta b ias jgkargs, qug ias t`pas pgkbigs sg ar`gktbk b ib prgsgrvbd`ôk hg ibs dakh`d`akgs oâs`dbs pbrb qug gk gi eutura pughbk bidbkzbr uk i`org hgsbrraiia hg ib pgrsakbi`hbh gk ib gsegrb sgxubi?4.

?.2.4.8. Ubiarbd`ôk hg ib prugob Ib vbiarbd`ôk hg ib prugob sg dakdgptüb daja ib bprgd`bd`ôk suolgt`vb qug mbdg gi jbf`strbha, rgspgdta b ibs prugobs prahud`hbs y bpartbhbs par ibs pbrtgs, rgbi`zâkhasg gstb vbiarbd`ôk dak ibs rgfibs hg ib sbkb drêt`db a i`org dakv`dd`ôk. DbeegrbtbKargs dakdgptubi`zb ib vbiarbd`ôk hg ib prugob daja ’uk bdta hg trbsdgkhgktbi `jpartbkd`b hgktra hgi pradgsa y hg ib gtbpb praobtar`b, hbha qug gi rgsuitbha qug sg aotgkfb b trbvàs hg ài hgpgkhgrâ ib sugrtg hgi lu`d`a qug tbkta sg pughg trbhud`r gk ib dakhgkb daja gk ib bosaiud`ôk hgi bdusbha gk jbtgr`b dr`j`kbi, daja gk ib aotgkd`ôk hg ib lustb rgpbrbd`ôk hgi hbòa ??FB_D@B DBKX@\BKA,

Jbr`b hgi Dbrjgk, "±Ias hgi`tas daktrb ib i`ogrtbh sgxubi daja hgi`ta hg bdd`ôk püoi`db", gk Bdtubi`hbh B dtubi`hbh Lurêh`db, Fbdgtb

Lurêh`db, 2000, pâf.8? ?4JA_BIGT ^_BXT, FB_DÊB BIOG_A. Dajgktbr`as bi Kugva

Dôh`fa ^gkbi. Gh. Brbkzbh`. 2005. ^âf. =6?

?5

 

suer`ha a hg su pàrh`hb, g `kdiusa hg ib saiud`ôk a ka hg uk dakei`dta ebj`i`br dak ibs pgrt`kgktgs hgr`vbd`akgs qug hg giia surfgk‚ ?8.

Gi j`sja butar sgòbib qug ib gvbiubd`ôk qug hgog gegdtubr gi luzfbhar, `jpi`db bhqu`r`r, b trbvàs hg ibs igygs iôf`dbs hgi pgksbj`gkta, ukb dakdius`ôk qug pughb sgòbibrsg daja daksgdugkd`b rbzakbhb y karjbi hg ib darrgspakhgkd`b gktrg ib prugob prahud`hb y ias mgdmas jat`va hg bkâi`s`s gk gi jajgkta e`kbi hg ib hgi`ogrbd`ôk.

?.2.4.7. Ib prugob pgr`d`bi ^brb Jaktgra Bradb, ib prugob gk gi pradgsa pgkbi gs ib bdt`v`hbh pradgsbi hgi  luzfbhar y hg ibs pbrtgs h`r`f`hbs b ib earjbd`ôk hg ib dakv`dd`ôk ps`daiôf`db hgi luzfbhar saorg ias hbtas (eukhbjgktbijgktg) hg mgdma bpartbhas. Bfrgfb bhgjâs qug ib prugob gs ukb bdt`v`hbh lurêh`db  —   —  gspgdêe`dbjgktg, lurêh`da pradgsbi- y, par giia, gs daksustbkd`bi b ib j`sjb gstbr sajgt`hb b ukb arhgkbd`ôk, qug supakg gstboigdgr i`j`tbd`akgs y dakh`d`akbj`gktas y tbjo`àk, tbj o`àk, par daks`fu`gktg, ib pas`o`i`hbh hg vbiarbd`akgs pas`t`vbs a kgfbt`vbs saorg ib ge`dbd`b lurêh`db hg ib bdt`v`hbh rgbi`zbhb, s`k qug `jpartgk saibjgktg ukas gegdtas hg jgra mgdma hg mbogr daktr`ou`ha b ib earjbd`ôk hg ib dakv`dd`ôk?7. Gk gi pradgsa pgkbi, ergktg b praoigjbs bdgrdb hg ib hgtgrj`kbd`ôk hg ib dbusb hg ib jugrtg, gi t`pa hg sbkfrg, gi hbòa ps`daiôf`da, gtd., ka gs sue`d`gktg gi dakad`j`gkta pr`vbha hgi lugz, s`ka qug sg rgqu`grg qug uk praegs`akbi dbi`e`dbha gxpi`qug ib jbtgr`b hgsdakad`hb ?5 3 gi pgr`ta, jgh`bktg sus dakad`j`gktas praegs`akbigs, byuhb bi ôrfbka lur`sh`dd`akbi gk ib gst`jbd`ôk hg ukb dugst`ôk praobtar`b?6. ^ar giia, b ib prugob pgr`d`bi sg ib mbdakdgptubi`zbha daja gi jgh`a praobtar`a par gi dubi sg `ktgktb aotgkgr pbrb gi pradgsa uk

?8DBEEG_BXB

KA_GT, Lasà. Ib ^rugob gk gi ^radgsa ^gkbi. Gh`d`akgs hg ^bijb 2008. Ougkas B`rgs Brfgkt`kb. ^. 46 ?7  JAKXG_A B_ADB, Lubk. Hgrgdma Lur`sh`dd`akbi @@@ ^radgsa ^gkbi. Lasà Jbrêb Oadm Gh`tar. T._. Obrdgiakb-Gspbòb. 2005. ^.?56. ?5LBWDMGK,

Ghubrha J< Xrbtbha hg ib prugob gk jbtgr`b pgkbi, _uo`kzbiDuizak`, Ougkas B`rgs, ?>>8, p. 467 ?6 _A]@K, Dibus< Hgrgdma pradgsbi pgkbi, Gh`targs hgi ^ugrta, Ougkas B`rgs, ?>>>, p. ?4=

?6

 

h`dtbjgk eukhbha gk gspgd`bigs dakad`j`gktas d`gktêe`das, tàdk`das a brtêst`das, üt`i pbrb gi hgsduor`j`gkta a ib vbiarbd`ôk hg uk gigjgkta hg prugob?=. Giia s`fk`e`db qug ib pgr`d`b gs ukb prugob `kh`rgdtb pugs prapard`akb dakad`j`gktas d`gktêe`das, tàdk`das a brtêst`das pbrb vbiarbr ias mgdmas daktravgrt`has, pgra ka uk dakad`j`gkta h`rgdta saorg dôja adurr`grak ias mgdmas. ^ar gi prap`a dbrâdtgr hg ib pgr`d`b, gi ôrfbka lur`sh`dd`akbi ka pughg bhaptbr gk ib sgktgkd`b ibs dakdius`akgs hg ib pgr`d`b  —y  —y hg ibs gxpi`dbd`akgs hgi pgr`ta gk gi bdta arbi  — s`k — s`k mbogribs daktraibha y, gk dbsa hg bpbrtbj`gkta, hgog eukhbr su ap`k`ôk hg earjb vgr`e`dboig dak ib gxpas`d`ôk hg ibs h`egrgkd`bs rgspgdt`vbs, s`k hgsi`fbrsg hg ias gstâkhbrgs d`gktêe`das?0. Ib prugob pgr`d`bi t`gkg uk bspgdta hadujgktbi rgegr`ha b ib rghbdd`ôk hg ias jàtahas usbhas pbrb iigfbr b ib dakdius`ôk qug sg prgsgktb rgspgdta hgi aolgta pgr`tbha — pgr`tbha  —qug qug gstâ prgdgh`ha hg ib bdt`v`hbh pgrdgpt`vb y bkbiêt`db hgi pgr`ta —.  —.  Bhgjâs, kgdgs`tb hg uk ôrfbka hg prugob, gi dubi gs kgdgsbr`a qug dajpbrgzdb bi lu`d`a y gxpi`qug gi s`fk`e`dbha hg su pgr`d`b  —qug  —qug gs ia qug hge`kg su dbrâdtgr hg prugob pgrsakbi, gk dubkta hgdibrbd`ôk hg dakad`j`gkta hgi pgr`ta —  —.. Ias dbsas gk gi pradgsa hg dakad`j`gkta tàdk`da-d`gktêe`da qug sg s`tübk eugrb hg ib duiturb jgh`b qug gi lugz karjbijgktg pasgg ka sak kugvas, hg biiê qug gi praoigjb hg ib prugob pgr`d`bi sg prgsgktb gk tàrj`kas obstbktg h`egrgktgs y dajpiglas. Jâs biiâ hg ib `jpartbkd`b hg gstg bdta pradgsbi, gs kgdgsbr`a qug ib Dartg Tuprgjb gstboigzdb rgfibs fgkgrbigs saorg ib vbiarbd`ôk hg ib prugob pgr`d`bi, s`k pakgr gi bdgkta gxdius`vbjgktg gk d`grtas bspgdtas, tbigs daja qu`àk hgs`fkb bi qug iboarb gi h`dtbjgk pgr`d`bi (ae`d`bi a hg pbrtg). Gs gv`hgktg qug ibs rgfibs hg ib sbkb drêt`db, ias dakad`j`gktas d`gktêe`das a tàdk`das sg bpi`dbk, gk ib vbiarbd`ôk hgi h`dtbjgk gj`t`ha par gi pgr`ta ae`d`bi hgs`fkbha par gi J`k`stgr`a ^üoi`da, a par gi lugz, sgfük gi dbsa, a, par ibs pbrtgs pradgsbigs, s`k qug kgdgsbr`bjgktg hgob prgvbigdgr gi pr`jgra, bukqug fadg, gk su ar`fgk, hg jbyar aolgt`v`hbh saorg gi hg pbrtg, gk ib jgh`hb qug gs gsdaf`ha par qu`gk pughg daktraibr gi rgsuitbha. Ia hgd`s`va gs ib aolgt`v`hbh hgi rgsuitbha qug sg ?=DBEG_BXXB

KA_GT, Lasà< Ib prugob gk gi pradgsa pgkbi, Gh`d`akgs Hg ^bijb, Ougkas B`rgs, 200=, p. 74 _A]@K, DIBWT< Ap. D`t., p. ?40

?0

?=

 

hghudg hg ias h`vgrsas dr`tgr`as a jâx`jbs hg gxpgr`gkd`b y ib jbyar a jgkar eukhbjgktbd`ôk hgi pgr`ta4>.  Bs`j`sja, daja be`rjb Bkhràs @oâògz, tbjo`àk gi trbobla hg praegs`akbigs, `kdiusa dubkha ka muo`grb jat`va pbrb huhbr hg su `jpbrd`bi`hbh suolgt`vb (dbsa hg ias pgr`tas hg ae`d`a), gstâ gxpugsta bi r`gsfa hg ib pbrd`bi`hbh aolgt`vb.42  Ia gxpugsta ka mbdg s`ka hgstbdbr ibs has katbs dbrbdtgrêst`dbs hgi pgr`ta< (`) `jpbrd`bi`hbh — `jpbrd`bi`hbh  —gi gi pgr`ta ae`d`bi pughg sgr rgdusbha gk dbsa hg pbrd`bi`hbh, b ia qug gs blgka gi pgr`ta hg pbrtg —  —   y (``) ib e`bo`i`hbh  —dubi`hbh  —dubi`hbh dajük b bjoas pgr`tas qug hgpgkhg hg ib bprgd`bd`ôk hg su h`dtbjgk y hg ibs uitgr`args gxpi`dbd`akgs gk gi bdta arbi, y qug sg obsb b su vgz gk rbzakgs hg earjbd`ôk y dubi`e`dbd`ôk praegs`akbi4?.

?.2.4.5. Gtbpbs hg ib bdt`v`hbh pgr`d`bi Wka hg ias jgh`as ut`i`zbhas par gi lugz pbrb bidbkzbr ias aolgt`vas hg ib `kvgst`fbd`ôk gs ib hgs`fkbd`ôk hg pgrsakbs pasggharbs hg dakad`j`gktas d`gktêe`das, tàdk`das a brtêst`das pbrb qug gk v`rtuh hg sus dubi`hbhgs gj`tbk uk  lu`d`a vbiarbt`va rgspgdta hg uk mgdma u aolgta rgibd`akbha dak ib `kvgst`fbd`ôk. `kvgst`fbd`ôk. Gk jbtgr`b pradgsbi b h`dmbs pgrsakbs sg igs iibjb pgr`tas y b ib iboar qug hgsbrraiibk y su rgsuitbha pgr`d`b.

Ib `kvgst`fbd`ôk prgpbrbtar`b gs ukb gtbpb pradgsbi prgv`b bi gklu`d`bj`gkta, gkdbj`kbhb b hgtgrj`kbr y hgsduor`r ibs d`rdukstbkd`bs qug rahgbk gi mgdma hgi`dt`va y b su pas`oig butar, hakhg sg prbdt`dbk vbr`bhas bdtas hg `kvgst`fbd`ôk y sg bhaptbk jgh`hbs hg h`st`ktb kbturbigzb. Ib pgr`d`b, par gi t`gjpa qug rgqu`grg su giboarbd`ôk, sg prbdt`db rgfuibrjgktg gk h`dmb gtbpb pradgsbi — pradgsbi  —sus sus pbsas rgegr`has bi bkâi`s`s hgi aolgta pgr`tbha y bpi`dbd`ôk hg ib jgtahaiafêb d`gktêe`db a tàdk`db darrgspakh`gktg, bsê daja b ib giboarbd`ôk hgi 4>

BOGI IIWDM, ]bv`gr< Ubiarbd`ôk hg ias jgh`as hg prugob gk gi pradgsa d`v`i. H`spak`oig gk0, p. =0. 4?  Bdugrha ^igkbr`a K¾ >8-?>27.

?0

 

`kearjg a h`dtbjgk pgr`d`bi  —. —. Gk gstg pradgh`j`gkta, gi J`k`stgr`a ^üoi`da rgdaigdtb ias gigjgktas hg dakv`dd`ôk  —  —jbtgr`bigs jbtgr`bigs hg `kstrudd`ôk —   —  qug eukhbjgktbrâk ukb euturb bdusbd`ôk a ib prap`b hgegksb, y par gi pibza dak qug sg dugktb hg d`gkta vg`ktg hêbs jâs sgsgktb gk gi pradgsa dajük y hg adma jgsgs,

prarrafboigs

b

adma

jgsgs

jâs

gk

dbsas

dajpiglas.

Gxdgpd`akbijgktg, ib pgr`d`b pughg rgbi`zbrsg hgspuàs, `kdiusa hurbktg gi hgsbrraiia hgi lu`d`a arbi -s`gjprg qug ia pgrj`tb gi pr`kd`p`a pradgh`jgktbi hg dakdgktrbd`ôk- dubkha ib gkt`hbh a dbrbdtgrêst`db hgi hgi`ta ib lust`e`qug, dubkha ib `kearjbd`ôk pbrb giboarbrib rgd`àk sg mbyb aotgk`ha, a dubkha par su dajpigl`hbh ka sg mbyb pah`ha tgrj`kbr hurbktg ib `kvgst`fbd`ôk. ^brb ib bdt`v`hbh pgr`d`bi, daja gstboigdg gi brtêduia 264¾ hgi KD^^, gi lugz a e`sdbi dajpgtgktg sgfük ib gtbpb hgi pradgsa, kajorbrâ uk pgr`ta  —sbiva  —sbiva gi dbsa hg ibs `kst`tud`akgs hgh`dbhbs, par su aolgta, b ib iboar pgr`d`bi —.  —. Gsdafgrâ gspgd`bi`stbs hakhg ias muo`grg y, gktrg gstas, b qu`gkgs sg mbiigk s`rv`gkha bi Gstbha. Gstg prgstbrâ lurbjgkta a prajgsb hg makar hg hgsgjpgòbr gi dbrfa dak vgrhbh y h`i`fgkd`b, apartuk`hbh gk qug gxprgsbrâ s` ig bs`stg bifük `jpgh`jgkta. Ib h`spas`d`ôk a rgsaiud`ôk hg kajorbj`gkta prgd`sbrâ gi pukta a praoigjb saorg gi qug `kd`h`râ ib pgr`d`b y e`lbrâ gi pibza pbrb ib gktrgfb hgi `kearjg pgr`d`bi, gsdudmbkha pbrb su hgtgrj`kbd`ôk bi pgr`ta y b ibs pbrtgs. Gi brtêduia 265¾ hgi KD^^ gstboigdg qug gi pgr`ta t`gkg bddgsa bi gxpgh`gktg y hgjâs prugobs jbtgr`bigs qug gstàk b h`spas`d`ôk luh`d`bi b e`k hg rgdbobr ibs `kearjbd`akgs qug gst`jgk dakvgk`gktgs pbrb gi dujpi`j`gkta hg su dajgt`ha. Gi brtêduia 26=¾ hgi KD^^ hgtgrj`kb gi daktgk`ha hgi `kearjg pgr`d`bi ae`d`bi< b) Gi kajorg, bpgii`ha, haj`d`i`a y Hadujgkta Kbd`akbi hg @hgkt`hbh hgi pgr`ta, bsê daja gi küjgra hg su rgf`stra praegs`akbi gk dbsa hg daigf`bd`ôk aoi`fbtar`b. o) Ib hgsdr`pd`ôk hg ib s`tubd`ôk a gstbha hg mgdmas, sgb pgrsakb a dasb, saorg ias qug sg m`za gi pgr`tblg. d) Ib gxpas`d`ôk hgtbiibhb hg ia qug sg mb dajpraobha gk rgibd`ôk bi gkdbrfa. h) Ib jat`vbd`ôk a eukhbjgktbd`ôk hgi gxbjgk tàdk`da. g) Ib `kh`dbd`ôk hg ias dr`tgr`as d`gktêe`das a tàdk`das, jàh`das 4>

 

y rgfibs hg ias qug sg s`rv`grak pbrb mbdgr gi gxbjgk. e) Ibs dakdius`akgs. f) Ib egdmb, sgiia y e`rjb. Ib bdt`v`hbh pgr`d`bi gs ukb uk`hbh y dakstb hg trgs jajgktas< b) Ib `kearjbd`ôk gk dubiqu`gr sapartg pbrb giboarbrib  —gs  —gs ib pgrdgpd`ôk a rgdakad`j`gkta hgi aolgta pgr`tbha< bdt`v`hbh pgrdgpt`vb —.  —. o) Gi `kearjg gsdr`ta  —  — qug  qug gstâ prgdgh`ha hg ibs ap`k`akgs tàdk`dbs a gi bkâi`s`s y ib hgi`ogrbd`ôk y dakdius`akgs. Bspgdta tàdk`da —  —.. P d) Ib sustgktbd`ôk arbi. Gs kgdgsbr`a pbrb gi gxbjgk pgr`d`bi daktbr dak ias has pr`jgras gigjgktas `kh`dbhas a `kdius`vg, hg jgh`br ukb `jpas`o`i`hbh jbtgr`bi hg qug gi pgr`ta bs`stb bi luzfbj`gkta y sg  lust`e`qug par qu`àk ia aergd`ô, qug sg arbi`dg gi `kearjg gsdr`ta, gi dubi hgog sgr gxbj`kbha y vbiarbha dakluktbjgktg dak gi pr`jgr gigjgkta d`tbha. Daja sg sbog, gk gi dbsa hg pgr`d`bs `kst`tud`akbigs, gk btgkd`ôk b ibs fbrbktêbs tàdk`dbs y hg `jpbrd`bi`hbh qug aergdgk ias fbo`kgtgs, iboarbtar`as y sgrv`d`as tàdk`das hg ibs gkt`hbhgs püoi`dbs gspgd`bi`zbhbs, sg prap`d`b ib vbi`hgz pr`jb ebd`g hg sus h`dtâjgkgs g `kearjgs, s`k kgdgs`hbh hg su rbt`e`dbd`ôk gk gi lu`d`a arbi, s`gjprg qug ka mbyb s`ha aolgta hg `jpufkbd`ôk gxprgsb, gk duya dbsa mbk hg sgr sajgt`has b daktrbh`dd`ôk gk h`dma bdta daja rgqu`s`ta hg ge`dbd`bpraobtar`b, s`gjprg, dibra gstâ, qug àstb ka sgb jgrbjgktg rgtôr`db a bous`vb. Wkb vgz gegdtubhb ib pgr`d`b, hg bdugrha b ibs pbutbs qug gstboigdg ib Igy ^radgsbi ^gkbi, gi e`sdbi pahrâ aergdgrib daja jgh`a praobtar`a qug bdrgh`tb su bdusbd`ôk a ib hgegksb daja hgsdbrfa, a `kdiusa aergdgr ukb pgr`d`b hg pbrtg. Gi bkâi`s`s qug sg mbdg pbrb ib bhj`s`ôk hg ias jgh`as hg prugob gk ib buh`gkd`b hg daktrai hg bdusbd`ôk, hg dakearj`hbh dak gi brtêduia 47?¾ hgi KD^^, saia vgrsb saorg su pgrt`kgkd`b, dakhudgkd`b y ut`i`hbh, gs hgd`r, sôia sg bkbi`zb s` t`gkg rgibd`ôk dak ias mgdmas hgi aolgta hgi hgobtg, s` ib pgr`d`b gspgdêe`db sai`d`tbhb ka v`aib gi arhgkbj`gkta, y s` gs dajpbt`oig dak gi e`k prapugsta, bsê daja s` ka gs saorgboukhbktg saorgboukhbktg.. Gsg gs gi jbrda hg hgd`s`ôk parqug gstb gtbpb t`gkg par eukd`ôk bkbi`zbr ib v`bo`i`hbh hgi lu`d`a arbi y ka ib vbiarbd`ôk hg ib prugob qug sg mbdg gk gi lu`d`a arbi. 42

 

Gi lu`d`a gs ib gtbpb pr`kd`pbi hgi pradgsa parqug gs biiê hakhg sg ’rgsugivg‚ a ’rghge`kg‚ hg uk jaha hge`k`t`va gi dakei`dta dakei`dta44. Bi sgr gi gsdgkbr`a dibvg a dgktrbi hgi pradgsa pgkbi, gs hakhg ibs pbrtgs bpartbk tahas ias hbtas pbrb vbiarbr ib prugob qug prgsgktbk y gi lugz aotgkfb uk rgsuitbha praobtar`a dak gi qug rgbi`zbrâ ib rgdakstrudd`ôk hg ias mgdmas rgigvbktgs. Gs gk gstb gtbpb qug gi `kearjg pgr`d`bi gs arbi`zbha, gi pgr`ta gs gxbj`kbha y bjoas hgobt`has daktrbh`dtar`bjgktg. Gi bpbrtbha 7) hgi brtêduia 46=¾ hgi KD^^ gstbtuyg qug ’gi gxbjgk hg ias pgr`tas sg `k`d`b dak ib gxpas`d`ôk orgvg hgi daktgk`ha y dakdius`akgs hgi h`dtbjgk pgr`d`bi (...)‚. (. ..)‚.  ^ar atrb pbrtg, gi

bpbrtbha 2) hgi brtêduia 2=2¾ hgi KD^^ h`spakg qug ’gi gxbjgk a `ktgrrafbtar`a hgi pgr`ta gk ib buh`gkd`b sg ar`gktbrâ b aotgkgr ukb jglar gxpi`dbd`ôk saorg ibdajpraobd`ôk qug sg mbyb gegdtubha rgspgdta bi aolgta hg ib pgr`d`b, saorg ias eukhbjgktas y ib dakdius`ôk‚ 48.

?.2.4.6. Dr`tgr`as gstboigd`has par gi Bdugrha ^igkbr`a K¾ >8-?>27/D@L-225 Dak rgspgdta bi bkâi`s`s hg ib dbsbd`ôk gstuh`bha, gsta gs, gi Bdugrha ^igkbr`a K¾ >8-?>27/D@L-?>25, sg t`gkg qug< Ib vbiarbd`ôk hg ib prugob pgr`d`bi gk hgi`tas hg v`aibd`ôk sgxubi gs uk tgjb dajpigla y hg dbrbdtgrêst`dbs pgdui`brgs, par ia dubi ib Dartg Tuprgjb gst`jô kgdgsbr`a giboarbr uk Bdugrha ^igkbr`a qug pughb `kdarparbr ibs obsgs  lurêh`dbs kgdgsbr`bs pbrb gstboigdgr ukb pas`d`ôk lur`spruhgkd`bi sôi`hb, qug rgspakhb b ib gspgd`bi kbturbigzb hgi hgi`ta y ibs `kqu`gtuhgs yb sgòbibhbs rgspgdta b ib pgdui`br`hbh hg su praobkzb. Hg `fubi earjb, ib Dartg Tuprgjb hgd`h`ô hgdrgtbr su dbrâdtgr hg prgdghgktg v`kduibktg, gk daksakbkd`b dak gi rai uk`e`dbhar gk jbtgr`b lur`spruhgkd`bi qug darrgspakhg b h`dmb `kstbkd`b suprgjb hg lust`d`b. Gk obsg b giia, sg gxpakgk ias s`fu`gktgs pbrâjgtras hg bkâi`s`s< 44O@KHG_,

Biogrta< @ktrahudd`ôk bi Hgrgdma pradgsbi pgkbi, Bh-mad, Ougkas B`rgs, 2004, p. ?44  Bdugrha ^igkbr`a K¾ >8-?>27.

48

4?

 

Gk pr`jgr iufbr, ib vbiarbd`ôk hg ib prugob dugktb dak has ebsgs gk ibs qug gi  lugz hgog tgkgr gk dugktb dr`tgr`as h`st`ktas< h`st`ktas< 2. Ib pr`jgrb ebsg hg ib vbiarbd`ôk gs jgrbjgktg uk daktrai hg igfbi`hbh saorg ib gx`stgkd`b a ka hg bdt`v`hbh praobtar`b iêd`tb (lu`d`a hg vbiarbo`i`hbh), y gk dbsa hg su gx`stgkd`b, s` àstb t`gkg uk sgkt`ha `kdr`j`kbtar`a. ?. Ib sgfukhb ebsg gs yb hg ib vbiarbd`ôk gk sgkt`ha gstr`dta, duya aolgta gs hgtgrj`kbr tbkta s` gx`stgk gigjgktas hg prugob hg dbrfa a `kdr`j`kbtar`a y, iugfa, s` tbi prugob gx`stgktg gs sue`d`gktg a ka pbrb dakhgkbr. Gi s`stgjb hg vbiarbd`ôk hg prugob qug mb bdaf`ha kugstrb igf`sibd`ôk pradgsbi gs gi hg ib sbkb drêt`db a vbiarbd`ôk rbd`akbi hg ib prugob, hgo`ha b giia, gx`stg ib pas`o`i`hbh hg gstboigdgr dr`tgr`as hgtgrj`kbhas pbrb ib vbiarbd`ôk, qug sak ias qug sg gxpakgk gk gstg Bdugrha ^igkbr`a, y sgrv`rêbk hg pbutbs pbrb gi  lugz qug, bpaybha gk uk dakad`j`gkta saorg ib d`gkd`b a ib tàdk`db, rgsaivgrâ saorg ib obsg hg uk s`stgjb hg vbiarbd`ôk rgf`ha par vgrhbhgras dr`tgr`as hg dakad`j`gkta qug fbrbkt`dgk b ib vgz uk bhgdubha luzfbj`gkta. Gk gstg Bdugrha ^igkbr`a sg hglb gk dibra qug ibs ap`k`akgs pgr`d`bigs ka aoi`fbk bi lugz y pughgk sgr vbiarbhbs hg bdugrha b ib sbkb drêt`db3 s`k gjobrfa, gi lugz ka pughg ’hgsdbi`e`dbr‚  gi  gi h`dtbjgk pgr`d`bi hgshg gi pukta hg v`stb d`gktêe`da, tàdk`da, brtêst`da k` jah`e`dbr ibs dakdius`akgs hgi j`sja eukhâkhasg gk sus dakad`j`gktas pgrsakbigs. Gk daksgdugkd`b, gi lugz hgogrâ eukhbjgktbr damgrgktgjgktg tbkta ib bdgptbd`ôk daja gi rgdmbza hgi h`dtbjgk, aosgrvbkha pbrb giia ibs rgfibs qug fao`grkbk gi pgksbj`gkta mujbka3 ia qug fgkgrbrâ, bs`j`sja, ib pas`o`i`hbh hg uk daktrai bhgdubha hg sus hgd`s`akgs. Gk gsb iêkgb hg rbzakbj`gkta, hgdibrb qug ibs pgr`d`bs ka sak gk sê j`sjb ukb eugktg hg vgrhbh `kdaktravgrt`oig, y ka sg igs dake`grg b pr`ar`, uk vbiar supgr`ar bi hg atras jgh`as hg prugob.

44

 

Gk sgfukha iufbr, ias dr`tgr`as pbrb gvbiubr ib e`lbd`ôk hg ib gvbiubd`ôk hg ib vbi`hgz y e`bo`i`hbh hg ib prugob pgr`d`bi sak ias s`fu`gktgs<  B) Ib daktraibo`i`hbh y ebisbo`i`hbh hg ib tgarêb d`gktêe`db, a hg ib tàdk`db gk qug sg eukhbjgktb ib prugob, ia qug `jpi`db qug ib tgarêb mbyb s`ha praobhb hg earjb gjpêr`db, ka saia hgktra hg uk iboarbtar`a. O) Gi pardgktblg hg grrar dakad`ha a patgkd`bi, bsê daja gi dujpi`j`gkta hg ias gstâkhbrgs darrgspakh`gktgs b ib prugob gjpigbhb. D) Ib puoi`dbd`ôk gk rgv`stbs sajgt`hbs bi daktrai hg atras gxpgrtas hg ib tgarêb a ib tàdk`db gk dugst`ôk, ia qug pgrj`tg su daktrai y rgv`s`ôk par atras gxpgrtas. H) Ib gx`stgkd`b hg uk daksgksa fgkgrbi hg ib dajuk`hbh d`gktêe`db `ktgrgsbhb. Gstg dr`tgr`a hg ib bdgptbd`ôk fgkgrbi ’fgkgrbi bddgptbkdg‚ hglb hg sgr gi ük`da gigjgkta hg hgd`s`ôk (daja sg mboêb gstboigd`ha gk gi dbsa Eryg). Ib hgd`s`ôk saorg ib bhj`s`ôk hg gstb prugob yb ka darrgspakhg ük`dbjgktg b ib dajuk`hbh d`gktêe`db s`ka bi lugz, qu`gk hgogrâ daktraibr ib dake`bo`i`hbh hg ib prugob d`gktêe`db, dak brrgfia b h`dmas dr`tgr`as, y gxpakgr ias jat`vas hg su `kbhj`s`ôk. Gk tgrdgr iufbr sgòbib qug ib vbiarbd`ôk hg ibs pgr`d`bs sg dibs`e`db gk earjbigs y eâdt`dbs<

Earjbigs< Ib quêj`db, o`aiafêb g `kfgk`grêb, duyb dbi`e`dbd`ôk gs `kh`sdut`oig.  Bsê, par glgjpia, ib prugob hg BHK sg obsb gk dakad`j`gktas d`gktêe`das o`aiôf`das, a ibs pgr`d`bs tax`daiôf`dbs, eês`dbs, jàh`dbs a quêj`dbs. Eâdt`dbs< Ibs d`gkd`bs sad`bigs< ps`daiafêb, m`star`b, gtd. Tus pr`kd`pbigs pgr`d`bs sak< ib pgr`d`b ps`daiôf`db, ps`qu`âtr`db, gdakôj`db a bktrapaiôf`db. Hgjâs gstâ bòbh`r qug ka taha pradgsa pgkbi gdmbrâ jbka hgi dakad`j`gkta d`gktêe`da, s`ka qug, daja ia gkebt`zb gi brtêduia 26?¾ hgi D^^, pradghgrâ s`gjprg qug sgb kgdgsbr`a pbrb ib jglar dajprgks`ôk y gxpi`dbd`ôk hg uk mgdma. 48

 

Taorg ib obsg hg ib dbi`e`dbd`ôk gxpugstb, gi Bdugrha ^igkbr`a gstboigdg ias s`fu`gktgs dr`tgr`as hg vbiarbd`ôk hg ib prugob pr ugob pgr`d`bi<  B) Ib pgr`d`b daja prugob dajpiglb hgog gvbiubrsg gk gi bdta arbi b trbvàs, pr`jgra hg ib bdrgh`tbd`ôk hgi praegs`akbi qug susdr`o`ô gi `kearjg hadujgktbha< frbha bdbhàj`da, gspgd`bi`zbd`ôk, aolgt`v`hbh y praegs`akbi`hbh. Ka sg hgog pakgr gi bdgkta gk qug gi pgr`ta gs ae`d`bi a hg pbrtg. O) Gi `kearjg hgog mbogrsg giboarbha hg bdugrha b ibs rgfibs hg ib iôf`db y dakad`j`gktas d`gktêe`das a tàdk`das. Gspgd`bijgktg, s` sg bkbi`zb gi aolgta hgi h`dtbjgk, ib darrgibd`ôk gktrg ias gxtrgjas prapugstas par ibs pbrtgs y ias gxpugstas hgi h`dtbjgk pgr`d`bi, y ib darrgspakhgkd`b gktrg ias mgdmas praobhas y ias gxtrgjas hgi h`dtbjgk, ib gx`stgkd`b hg daktrbh`dd`akgs gktrg gi `kearjg y ia vgrt`ha par gi pgr`ta gk gi bdta arbi.  Bs`j`sja, qug sg gxpi`qug gi jàtaha aosgrvbha, qug sg bpartgk dak gi h`dtbjgk pgr`d`bi, ias hadujgktas, `kstrujgktas a jbtgr`bigs ut`i`zbhas pbrb giboarbrias y ib gxpi`dbd`ôk dôja sg ut`i`zô. D) Gvbiubrsg ibs dakh`d`akgs gk qug sg giboarô ib pgr`d`b, ib prax`j`hbh gk gi t`gjpa y gi dbrâdtgr hgtbiibha gk gi `kearjg, s` sak vbr`as pgr`tas ib ukbk`j`hbh hg dakdius`akgs. ^brb ukb jglar gst`jbd`ôk sgrâ prgegr`oig qug sg frbog ib rgbi`zbd`ôk hg ib pgr`d`b, sg hadujgktg y sg hgtbiig dôja sg iigvô b dboa. H) T` ib prugob gs d`gktêe`db, hgshg uk pr`jgr k`vgi hg bkâi`s`s, hgog gvbiubrsg s` gstb prugob pgr`d`bi sg m`za hg dakearj`hbh dak ias gstâkhbrgs e`lbhas par ib dajuk`hbh d`gktêe`db. Gi lugz bi jajgkta hg gvbiubr bi pgr`ta hgog gxbj`kbr saorg ib rgigvbkd`b y bdgptbd`ôk hg ib dajuk`hbh d`gktêe`db hg ib tgarêb ut`i`zbhb, y dôja gs qug su usa bpayb ib dakdius`ôk b ib qug brr`oô. Hg sgr katar`b ib rgigvbkd`b y bdgptbd`ôk hg ib tgarêb, gsta ka sgrâ kgdgsbr`a.  Bs`j`sja, gi lugz hgog bprgd`br gi pas`oig frbha hg grrar hg ibs dakdius`akgs b ibs qug mb iigfbha gi pgr`ta.

47

 

Gk dubrta iufbr sg boarhb gi tgjb hg gi gxbjgk jàh`da igfbi gk ias hgi`tas sgxubigs, sgòbibkha qug gk gsg dbsa, sg hgog gstboigdgr s` ib vêdt`jb mb s`ha aolgta a pbs`oig hg hgseiarbd`ôk vbf`kbi, bdta daktrbkbturb y hg atrbs igs`akgs eês`dbs bi dugrpa. Gi praegs`akbi gxbj`kbhar, bhgjâs hg bprgd`br gstbs zakbs eês`dbs, hgogrâ aotgkgr taha vgst`f`a jbtgr`bi qug sg rgibd`akg dak gstg hgi`ta, tbi daja vgiias püo`das, jbkdmbs hg sgjgk y jugstrbs hg daktgk`ha vbf`kbi y/a bkbi, gktrg atras. T`gkha gi pgkg, ias hghas u atras aolgtas huras hg supgre`d`g rajb, bfgktgs dibs`e`dbhas daja daktukhgktgs, sg aosgrvbrâk igs`akgs hgkaj`kbhbs daktusbs. Bsê, pugs, ibs igs`akgs hgi m`jgk rgibd`akbhbs b uk bousa sgxubi sgrâk `hgkt`e`dbhbs y gv`hgkd`bhbs daja hgsfbrras a ibdgrbd`akgs, gqu`jas`s y tujgebdd`akgs hgi oarhg m`jgkgbi. _gspgdta bi gxbjgk pradtaiôf`da, ib gxpiarbd`ôk jàh`db `jpi`db ib `kspgdd`ôk hgi ârgb pgr`bkbi. Tg `k`d`b gk gi gseêktgr bkbi, aosgrvbkha sus dbrbdtgrêst`dbs, qug pughgk sgr bitgrbhbs par ib v`aibd`ôk bkbi gk gi s`fu`gktg sgkt`ha< oarrbj`gkta hg pi`gfugs hgi gseêktgr par ghgjb trbujât`da, hgsfbrras, e`surbs, hgspui`j`gkta hg ibs judasbs E`kbijgktg, sg rgdbidb qug ib Fuêb Jàh`da Igfbi-Gvbiubd`ôk Eês`db hg ib @ktgfr`hbh Tgxubi hgi J`k`stgr`a ^üoi`da sgòbib ias rgqu`s`tas jêk`jas pbrb rgbi`zbr ib gvbiubd`ôk eês`db `ktgfrbi gk dbsas hg v`aigkd`b sgxubi, b sbogr< b) Gi gxbjgk hgog sgr rgbi`zbha par has pgr`tas daja jêk`ja, gk busgkd`b hg atra y/a gk dbsa hg urfgkd`b pahrâ sgr rgbi`zbha saia par uk pgr`ta. o) ^brb su rgbi`zbd`ôk hgogrâ sgr bs`st`ha par uk pgrsakbi bux`i`br dbpbd`tbha, y hg prgegrgkd`b egjgk`ka. d) Tg pahrâ daktbr bhgjâs dak ib prgsgkd`b hg dubiqu`grb hg ibs s`fu`gktgs pgrsakbs sgfük vaiuktbh gxprgsb hgi gvbiubha< `) ebj`i`br, ``) ` `) pgrsakbi egjgk`ka hg ib ^K^, ```) pgrsakbi egjgk`ka bdajpbòbktg (dustah`a, tutargs, bs`stgktgs sad`bigs),

45

 

h) s` sg rgbi`zb par uk saia pgr`ta hgog rgbi`zbr ib pgrgkk`zbd`ak hgi gxbjgk, prgv`a daksgkt`j`gkta hgi gvbiubha, a, gk su dbsa, hg su ebj`i`br s` gs jgkar hg ghbh, y sgfük ib iafêst`db h`spak`oig (dâjbrb eatafrâe`db a v`hga dâjbrb), g) hgog daktbrsg dak uk bjo`gktg a daksuitar`a bhgdubha, dak ougkb `iuj`kbd`ôk, jao`i`br`a g `kstrujgktbi. Gk qu`kta iufbr, sg boarhb gi tgjb hg ib pgr`d`b ps`daiôf`db eargksg y ib drgh`o`i`hbh hgi tgst`jak`a, sgòbibkha qug àstb sg gkdugktrb ar`gktbhb b gstboigdgr gi frbha gk qug d`grta rgibta gspgdêe`da rgspgdta hg ias mgdmas `kvgst`fbhas dujpig, gk jbyar a jgkar frbha, dak dr`tgr`as prggstboigd`has qug sgrêbk dbrbdtgrêst`das hg rgibtas qug hbk dugktb hg earjb e`hgh`fkb rgspgdta hg dôja sudgh`grak ias mgdmas. Gk gsg sgkt`ha, ib vbiarbd`ôk hg gstg jgh`a hg prugob pgr`d`bi, hgog sgr rgbi`zbhb hg earjb r`furasb, y gi lugz bi gvbiubr bi pgr`ta hgog prgfuktbr y vgr`e`dbr ia s`fu`gktg<  B) Gi gvbiubha t`gkg dbpbd`hbh dbpbd`hbh pbrb tgst`jak`br. O) ^ughg bpartbr uk tgst`jak`a gxbdta, prgd`sa y hgtbiibha saorg ias mgdmas duyb daj`s`ôk sg gstuh`b. D) ^ughg sgr sufgst`akbha, `khud`ha y iigvbha b or`khbr rgibtas y tgst`jak`as `kgxbdtas a par mgdmas ebisas.

H) ^ughg jgkt`r saorg ias mgdmas hg v`aibd`ôk sgxubi. G) X`gkg dbpbd`hbh y h`sdgrk`j`gkta pbrb dajprgkhgr ia qug sg ig prgfuktb. ^ar atra ibha, pbrb rgbi`zbr uk bkâi`s`s hg drgh`o`i`hbh, sg hgogk tgkgr gk dugktb has k`vgigs<  B) Dafk`t`vas hg ib pgrsakb, qug rghukhbk gk su mbo`i`hbh pbrb rgibtbr ias mgdmas dak prgd`s`ôk y gxbdt`tuh. Daks`hgrb hg jbkgrb pbrt`duibr ias ebdtargs fgkgrbigs qug `keiuygk gk ib bhqu`s`d`ôk, rgtgkd`ôk, rgdupgrbd`ôk y dajuk`dbd`ôk vgrobi hg ib `kearjbd`ôk (gxbdt`tuh). 46

 

O) Bi dajpakgktg jat`vbd`akbi qug sg rge`grg b ib vaiuktbh pbrb gxpi`dbr ias mgdmas hg jaha bpgfbha a ka b ib i b rgbi`hbh. Ka aostbktg giia, gi Bdugrha ^igkbr`a rgdbidb qug<

2) Ib vbiarbd`ôk hg gsb jahbi`hbh hg pgr`d`b prgsupakg uk hgdibrbd`ôk prgstbhb dak tahbs ibs fbrbktêbs pradgsbigs y dakst`tud`akbigs. ?) Ib ap`k`ôk pgr`d`bi ka pughg sust`tu`r gi dr`tgr`a hgi lugz, yb qug saia h`bfkast`dbk saorg ib pgrsakbi`hbh gk bostrbdta pgra ka saorg su dajpartbj`gkta dakdrgta. Gi `kearjg ps`daiôf`da saia s`rvg hg bpaya pgr`eàr`da. 4) Gi lu`d`a hgi s`dôiafa saia pughg byuhbr bi lugz b earjbr su dakv`dd`ôk rgspgdta b ib drgh`o`i`hbh hg uk tgst`fa. 8) Gi `kearjg pgr`d`bi ka pughg hgd`r s` ibs hgdibrbd`akgs hgi tgst`fa sak vgrbdgs, pugs giia gs tbrgb hgi lugz. E`kbijgktg, gk sgxta iufbr, sg boarhb gi tgjb hg ib pgr`d`b ps`daiôf`db eargksg gk ias hgi`tas sgxubigs, y su vbiarbd`ôk sg mbdg saorg ias s`fu`gktgs dr`tgr`as<  B) Ib bdrgh`tbd`ôk hgi praegs`akbi qug susdr`o`ô gi `kearjg hadujgktbha, frbha bdbhàj`da gk ib gspgd`bi`hbh, gspgd`bi`zbd`ôk gk ps`daiafêb eargksg a s`j`ibr. O) Hg sgr pas`oig, gs kgdgsbr`a qug sg frbog ib gktrgv`stb y sg hgtbiig dôja sg iigvô b dboa. D) Gvbiubr s` sg gegdtuô hg dakearj`hbh dak ias gstâkhbrgs hg ib Fuêb hg ^radgh`j`gkta pbrb ib Gvbiubd`ôk ^s`daiôf`db hg ^rgsuktbs Uêdt`jbs hg Bousa y U`aigkd`b Tgxubi Btgkh`hbs gk Daksuitar`a hgi J`k`stgr`a ^üoi`da hg ?>24, bukqug gsta ka `jpi`db qug ka sg hgob hg gvbiubr ias hgjâs dr`tgr`as, pugs gstg gs saia uk hbta `kh`d`br`a hg ib vbi`hgz hg ib prugob pgr`d`bi ps`daiôf`db eargksg. 4=

 

H) Gi lugz bi jajgkta hg gvbiubr bi pgr`ta hgog prgfuktbr saorg ib rgigvbkd`b y bdgptbd`ôk hg ib dajuk`hbh d`gktêe`db hg ib tgarêb usbhb, par glgjpia, gk gi usa hg rgbdt`vas ps`dajàtr`das, daja gi tgst hg ib E`furb Mujbkb hg G. J Cap`tz, tgst hg ib E`furb Mujbkb hg Cbrgk Jbdmavgr tgst hg ib Ebj`i`b, tgst hg ib Dbsb, tgst hgi Âroai, gtdàtgrb3 y daja gs qug gi usa hg gstas bpayb ib dakdius`ôk b ib qug brr`oô. G) Gi lugz tbjo`àk hgog prgfuktbr saorg gi pas`oig frbha hg grrar hg ibs dakdius`akgs b ibs qug mb iigfbha gi pgr`ta, hgo`àkhasg vbiarbr qug ias sulgtas gk gstbs prugobs t`gkhgk b rgspakhgr dak s`kdgr`hbh ias dugst`akbr`as qug sg igs mbdgk.

?.2.4.=.Bpi`dbd`ôk hg ias dr`tgr`as yb gstboigd`has par gi Bdugrha ^igkbr`a gk gstuh`a<

Gk ib Dbsbd`ôk ?0?-?>28, Bkdbsm, puoi`dbhb gi ?6 hg egorgra hg ?>25 gk gi h`br`a ae`d`bi Gi gstboigd`ô hadtr`kb ^grubka, sg lur`spruhgkd`bi

v`kduibktg pbrb ib vbiarbd`ôk hg ib prugob d`gktêe`db hg BHK gk ias hgi`tas hg v`aibd`ôk sgxubi (ias daks`hgrbkhas, hgi Dôh`fa ^gkbiZ, gk pgrlu`d`a hg ib jgkar `hgkt`e`dbhb dak ibs `k`d`bigs C. J. J., `jpak`àkhasgig sg`s bòas hg pgkb pr`vbt`vb hg i`ogrtbh, gk h`dma prakukd`bj`gkta dbsbd`akbi sg sgòbiô ia s`fu`gktg< ’4.4.8.  Dubkha gk gi pradgsa sg prgsgktb ukb prugob d`gktêe`db hg BHK qug

fubrhg ukb rgibd`ôk h`rgdtb dak gi mgdma pr`kd`pbi qug sg prgtgkhg praobr, àstb hgog bdtubrsg gk sghg hg `kstbkd`b y gk t`gjpa apartuka, bsê daja gegdtubr su vbiarbd`ôk prgv`b b ib gj`s`ôk hg sgktgkd`b. Gi luzfbhar ka pughg sgktgkd`br s` ka sg mb gegdtubha ib bdtubd`ôk praobtar`b hg h`dmb gv`hgkd`b d`gktêe`db. Ia daktrbr`a begdtbrêb gi hgrgdma b ib prugob qug gs daksustbkd`bi bi pr`kd`p`a hg `kadgkd`b.

 4.4.7.  4.4. 7.   Ib bpi`dbd`ôk eargksg hg ib prugob hg BHK, sg hb gk ib `kvgst`fbd`ôk o`aiôf`db hg ib pbtgrk`hbh, gk ib rgsaiud`ôk hg praoigjbs hg `hgkt`e`dbd`ôk y ib 40

 

`kvgst`fbd`ôk hg `kh`d`as gk dr`j`kbiêst`db o`aiôf`db, gs hgd`r, gi bkâi`s`s hg jugstrbs o`aiôf`dbs hg `ktgràs dr`j`kbi, daja ias tgl`has, pgias, rgstas ôsgas, eiu`has hg sbkfrg, sbi`vb, sgjgk, ar`kb gktrg atras.

 4.4.5.  4.4. 5.   Gk ias hgi`tas daktrb ib i`ogrtbh sgxubi, dubkha sg trbtb hg `jputbd`ôk daktrb ukb saib pgrsakb qug mb jbktgk`ha rgibd`akgs sgxubigs dak ib prgsuktb bfrbv`bhb y b daksgdugkd`b hg giia pradrgb uk jgkar, gs kgdgsbr`a ib rgbi`zbd`ôk hg ib prugob d`gktêe`db hg BHK b e`k hg hgtgrj`kbr ib pbtgrk`hbh y ib rgspaksbo`i`hbh pgkbi a ka hgi gkdbusbha‚. gkdbusbha‚.  

Daja pughg bprgd`brsg, ib Dartg Tuprgjb, gk gstg prakukd`bj`gkta v`kduibktg, ig atarfb uk vbiar aoi`fbtar`a y kgdgsbr`a b ukb prugob pgr`d`bi, gk dakdrgta, ib prugob hg BHK3 y gk gstg dbsa ka sg trbtb hg ukb prugob hg BHK qug hgtgrj`kg ib t`tuibr`hbh hgi sgjgk, ibs uòbs, a ib sbkfrg hgi prgsukta bfrgsar, s`ka hg uk gxbjgk hg BHK qug hgtgrj`kg ib pbtgrk`hbh hgi m`la qug pradrgô ib vêdt`jb, daja prugob hg ib ka daksujbd`ôk hgi bdta sgxubi. Gstb bdd`ôk `jpgrbt`vb hg daktbr y vbiarbr h`dmb prugob hg BHK pbrb pahgr gj`t`r ib Tgktgkd`b, t`gkg uk dr`tgr`a daktrbr`a bi qug sg gxpakhrêb gk gi Bdugrha ^igkbr`a, gk gi dubi ias rgsuitbhas hg ukb prugob pgr`d`bi ka aoi`fbobk bi Lugz, y jgkas bük grbk uk hadujgkta `jprgsd`kh`oig pbrb ib sgktgkd`b3 par gi daktrbr`a, gk gi Bdugrha ^igkbr`a jbtgr`b hgi prgsgktg trbobla sg gstboigd`ô ia s`fu`gktg< ’25¾. Gi s`stgjb hg vbiarbd`ôk hg  prugob qug mb bdaf`ha kugstrb igf`sibd`ôk  pradgsbi gs gi hg ib sbkb drêt`db. Wk s`stgjb hg sbkb drêt`db a vbiarbd`ôk rbd`akbi hg ib prugob ka i`j`tb ib pas`o`i`hbh hg gstboigdgr dr`tgr`as hgtgrj`kbhas pbrb ib vbiarbd`ôk, par gi daktrbr`a, gstas sgrv`rêbk hg pbutbs  pbrb gi lugz qug, bpaybha gk uk dakad`j`gkta saorg ib d`gkd`b a ib tàdk`db, rgsaivgrâ saorg ib obsg hg uk s`stgjb hg vbiarbd`ôk rgf`ha par vgrhbhgras dr`tgr`as hg dakad`j`gkta qug fbrbkt`dgk b ib vgz uk bhgdubha luzfbj`gkta.

26¾. Ibs ap`k`akgs pgr`d`bigs ka aoi`fbk bi lugz y pughgk sgr vbiarbhbs hg bdugrha b ib sbkb drêt`db3 s`k gjobrfa, gjobrfa, gi lugz ka pughg ’hgsdbi`e`dbr‚ gi h`dtbjgk pgr`d`bi hgshg gi pukta hg v`stb d`gktêe`da, tàdk`da, brtêst`da k`

8>

 

jah`e`dbr ibs dakdius`akgs hgi j`sja eukhâkhasg gk sus dakad`j`gktas  pgrsakbigs.

Gi lugz, gk sujb, ka gstâ v`kduibha b ia qug hgdibrgk ias pgr`tas3 ài pughg earjbr su dakv`dd`ôk i`orgjgktg. Bmarb o`gk, gs `khuhboig ib eugrzb hg dakv`dd`ôk qug t`gkgk ias `kearjgs pgr`d`bigs, gspgd`bijgktg ias hg dbrâdtgr gstr`dtbjgktg d`gktêe`da tàdk`da. Jâs h`sdut`oig pughgk rgsuitbr ias hg atrb kbturbigzb (pgr`d`bs jàh`dbs, a ps`daiôf`dbs, a daktboigs), pgra, gk dubiqu`gr dbsa, s`gjprg sugigk sgr ib prugob hg dbrfa, gs hgd`r, ib eukhbjgktbi pbrb gkgrvbr ib prgsukd`ôk hg `kadgkd`b SObkbdiadmg ^biba, Lui`a< Bspgdtas eukhbjgktbigs hgi Hgrgdma pradgsbi pgkbi, Ib Igy, Jbhr`h, ?>2>, p. ?5=Z ‚‚ . 

Gk gsb iêkgb hg rbzakbj`gkta, h`dma Bdugrha ^igkbr`a hgdibrb qug ibs pgr`d`bs ka sak gk sê j`sjb ukb eugktg hg vgrhbh `kdaktravgrt`oig, y ka sg igs dake`grg b pr`ar`, uk vbiar supgr`ar bi hg atras jgh`as hg prugob. Gk daksgdugkd`b, hg mbogr gx`st`ha gstg Bdugrha ^igkbr`a gk ib àpadb gk qug sg gxp`h`ô ib Dbsbd`ôk `k dajgkta, gi sgkt`ha hgi prakukd`bj`gkta sgrêb h`st`kta.

?.?. AOLGX@UAT ?.?.2. @hgkt`e`dbd`ôk hg ias aolgt`vas 2. Fgkgrbi  Bkbi`zbr gi Bdugrha ^igkbr`a K¾ >8-?>27/D@L-225  —   —  Ubiarbd`ôk hg ib prugob pgr`d`bi gk ias hgi`tas hg U`aibd`ôk Tgxubi. 

?. Gspgdêe`das  Bkbi`zbr ias pbrâjgtras y dr`tgr`as hg qug sg hgogk tajbr gk dugktb gk ib vbiarbd`ôk hg ib prugob pgr`d`bi gk ias hgi`tas hg v`aibd`ôk sgxubi.   Bkbi`zbr ias pbrâjgtras y dr`tgr`as hg qug sg hgogk tajbr gk dugktb gk ib vbiarbd`ôk hgi gxbjgk jàh`da igfbi gk ias hgi`tas sgxubigs  82

 

 Bkbi`zbr ias pbrâjgtras y dr`tgr`as hg qug sg hgogk tajbr gk dugktb gk ib vbiarbd`ôk hg ib pgr`d`b ps`daiôf`db eargksg y gk ib drgh`o`i`hbh hgi tgst`jak`a.    Bkbi`zbr ib bpi`dbd`ôk hg ias dr`tgr`as gsoazbhas gk gi Bdugrha ^igkbr`a 8 8-?>27 -?>27 pbrb luzfbr ib vbiarbd`ôk pgr`d`bi gk uk dbsa dakdrgta, gk gstg dbsa ib Dbsbd`ôk K¾ ?0?-?>28Bkdbsm.

?.4. UB_@BOIGT ?.4.2. @hgkt`e`dbd`ôk hg ibs vbr`boigs 2. Ubr`boig @khgpgkh`gktg Hgi`tas daktrb ib I`ogrtbh Tgxubi

?. Ubr`boig Hgpgkh`gktg Ubiarbd`ôk hg ib prugob pgr`d`bi y bpi`dbd`ôk bi dbsa dakdrgta

?.8. TW^WGTXAT 2. Gi Tuprgja Xr`oukbi (Tbib ^gkbi ^grjbkgktg hg ib Dartg Tuprgjb hg Lust`d`b hg _gpüoi`db) gs ib jâx`jb butar`hbh hg bhj`k`strbr lust`d`b, t`gkg ib patgstbh hg gj`t`r prgdghgktgs v`kduibktgs.

?. Gk ias dbsas hg vbiarbd`ôk hg ib prugob pgr`d`bi, sg mb gstboigd`ha daja prgdghgktgs v`kduibktgs ias pbrâjgtras qug hgogk tgkgrsg gk dugktb pbrb dbhb uka hg ias t`pas hg prugob pgr`d`bi qug sg rgqu`grgk gk ib `kvgst`fbd`ôk hg hgi`tas daktrb ib I`ogrtbh Tgxubi.  

4. Gk dubi karjbt`vbhgi dôh`fa pgkbi, prgvbigdg gi o`gk lurêh`da hg i`ogrtbh g `khgjk`hbh sgxubi.

8?

 

DB^ÊXWIA @@@ JGXAHAIAFÊB 4.2. JGXAHAIAFÊB< Gi prgsgktg trbobla hg `kvgst`fbd`ôk sg gkjbrdb hgktra hgi k`vgi hg `kvgst`fbd`ôk HGTD_@^X@UB G]^I@DBX@UB.

4.?. JWGTX_B< Ib jugstrb hg gstuh`a gstuva dakst`tu`hb par gi Bdugrha ^igkbr`a K¾

>8-?>27/D@L-225< Ubiarbd`ôk hg ib prugob pgr`d`bi gk hgi`tas hg v`aibd`ôk sgxubi., gj`t`ha par ibs Tbibs ^gkbigs ^grjbkgktg y Xrbks`tar`b hg ib Dartg Tuprgjb hg Lust`d`b hg ib _gpüoi`db, gk gi jbrda hgi @] ^igka Lur`sh`dd`akbi hg ias lugdgs suprgjas hg ia ^gkbi, qug `kdiuyô gi Eara hg ^brt`d`pbd`ôk D`uhbhbkb, bi bjpbra hg ia h`spugsta gk gi brtêduia 225¼ hgi Xgxta Ük`da Arhgkbha hg ib Igy Arfâk`db hgi ^ahgr Luh`d`bi.  Bsê j`sja, sg tajô gk dugktb ib Dbsbd`ôk K¾ ?0?-?>28 Bkdbsmpbrb bkbi`zbr hg quà jbkgrb gi prakukd`bj`gkta hg eakha gk àstb sgrêb h`st`kta, hg mbogr gx`st`ha ias i`kgbj`gktas hgi`j`tbhas par gi Bdugrha ^igkbr`a gk gstuh`a.

4.4. XÀDK@DBT G @KTX_WJGKXAT HG _GDAIGDD@ÔK HG HBXAT< Ibs tàdk`dbs b ut`i`zbrsg gk gi prgsgktg trbobla hg `kvgst`fbd`ôk sak ibs qug b dakt`kubd`ôk sg hgtbiibk<   BKÂI@T@T HG HADWJGKXAT, dak gstb tàdk`db sg aotgkhrâ ib

•

`kearjbd`ôk saorg giBdugrha ^igkbr`a K¾ >8-?>27/D@L-225

hgkaj`kbha< Ubiarbd`ôk hg ib prugob pgr`d`bi gk hgi`tas hg v`aibd`ôk sgxubi yDbsbd`ôk K¾ ?0?-?>28 Bkdbsm.  84

 

  E@DMBLG HG JBXG_@BIGT GTD_@XAT , pbrb aotgkgr ib

•

`kearjbd`ôk fgkgrbi hgi jbrda tgôr`da y ib s`tubd`ôk hg ib igf`sibd`ôk, pbrb su jah`e`dbd`ôk.

4.8. ^_ADGH@J@GKXA HG _GDAIGDD@ÔK HG HBXAT< ^brb ib rgdaigdd`ôk hg hbtas sg rgbi`zô ibs s`fu`gktgs bdt`v`hbhgs<

2.

Tg tuva qug hgsdbrfbr vêb wgo gi Bdugrha ^igkbr`a K¾ >8-?>27/D@L-225 hg ib Dartg Tuprgjb hg Lust`d`b hg ib _gpüoi`db. 

?.

Iugfa sg rgbi`zô gi bkâi`s`s hgi Bdugrha ^igkbr`a K¾ >8-?>27/D@L-225, hgshg gi pukta hg v`stb karjbt`va y igfbi jgh`bktg gi jàtaha hghudt`va pbrt`gkha hgshg gi jbrda hg Hgrgdma ^gkbi — ^gkbi  —Fgkgrbi. Fgkgrbi. 

4.

Iugfa sg pradgh`ô pradgh`ô b bkbi`zbr ibs ddakdius`akgs akdius`akgs hg ib Dbsbd`ôk K¾ ?0??>28 Bkdbsm.

8.

Tg pradgh`ô pastgr`arjgktg b ib giboarbd`ôk hg ias rgsuitbhas gkdaktrbhas. 

7.

Ib rgdaigdd`ôk gstuva b dbrfa hg ib butarb hgi jàtaha hg dbsa.  

5.

Gi pradgsbj`gkta hg ib `kearjbd`ôk sg rgbi`zô jgh`bktg gi usa hg ib Dakst`tud`ôk ^aiêt`db Hgi ^grü (2004), Dôh`fa ^gkbi, Dôh`fa ^radgsbi ^gkbi, ias i`oras ’Jbkubi hg Hgrgdma ^gkbi —  —  ^brtg Gspgd`bi‚   hg Iu`s Orbjakt-Br`bs,’Hgrgdma ^gkbi —  —  pbrtg gspgd`bi ‚‚   hg _bj`ra Tbi`kbs T`ddmb, ’Hgrgdma ^gkbi — pbrtg — pbrtg gspgd`bi ‚‚  hg   hg Biaksa _büi ^gòb Dborgrb Ergyrg, ’Ib ^rugob hgi ^radgsa ^gkbi‚   hg LasgDbeegrbtbKargs, ’Hgi`tas daktrb ib i`ogrtbh g `khgjk`hbh sgxubigs‚ hg H`ka Dbra Dar`b, Tgktgkd`bs Dbsbtar`bs, _gdursas hg Kui`hbh, Bdugrhas ^igkbr`as y  Bdugrha ^igkbr`a K¾ >8-?>27, gktrg atras. atras.

6.

Hurbktg tahb ib rgdaigdd`ôk hg `kearjbd`ôk sg bpi`dbrak ias pr`kd`p`as àt`das y vbiargs.  88

 

4.7. UBI@HG\ P DAKE@BO@I@HBH HGI GTXWH@A< Ias `kstrujgktas ut`i`zbhas eugrak sajgt`has b vbi`hgz y dake`bo`i`hbh, par trbtbrsg hg sgktgkd`bs dbsbtar`bs y lur`spruhgkd`bs, tgk`gkha tahbs prgdghgktgs v`kduibktgs, gj`t`hbs par gi jâx`ja Xr`oukbi hg Lust`db hg kugstra pbês.  Bs`j`sja, sg t`gkg qug gstas sg gkdugktrbk gxgktas hg jgh`d`akgs par trbtbrsg hg ukb `kvgst`fbd`ôk hg t`pa hgsdr`pt`va dak rgspgdta bi Bdugrha ^igkbr`a K¾ 8-?>27/D@L-225. 

4.5. ^IBK HG BKÂI@T@T, _@FA_ P ÀX@DB< Gk taha jajgkta hg ib glgdud`ôk hgi bktgpraygdta, sg bpi`dô ias pr`kd`p`as hg ib àt`db, bsê daja ias vbiargs hg ib puktubi`hbh, y arhgk, trbtâkhasg hg uk hgi`ta hg kbturbigzb hgi`dbhb y qug fgkgrb jbyar dakjad`ôk sad`bi. 

87

 

DB^ÊXWIA @U _GTWIXBHAT Hgspuàs hgi bkâi`s`s hgi Bdugrha ^igkbr`a K¾ 8-?>27, sg pughg be`rjbr qug sg mbk brr`obha b ias s`fu`gktgs rgsuitbhas<

2. Ib vbiarbd`ôk hg ib prugob pgr`d`bi gk hgi`tas hg v`aibd`ôk sgxubi gs uk tgjb dajpigla y hg dbrbdtgrêst`dbs pgdui`brgs, par ia dubi ib Dartg Tuprgjb gst`jô kgdgsbr`a giboarbr uk Bdugrha ^igkbr`a qug pughb `kdarparbr ibs obsgs  lurêh`dbs kgdgsbr`bs pbrb gstboigdgr ukb pas`d`ôk lur`spruhgkd`bi sôi`hb, qug rgspakhb b ib gspgd`bi kbturbigzb hgi hgi`ta y ibs `kqu`gtuhgs yb sgòbibhbs rgspgdta b ib pgdui`br`hbh hg su praobkzb.

?. Hg `fubi earjb, e arjb, ib Dartg Tuprgjb hgd`h`ô hgdrgtbr su dbrâdtgr hg prgdghgktg v`kduibktg, gk daksakbkd`b dak gi rai uk`e`dbhar gk jbtgr`b lur`spruhgkd`bi qug darrgspakhg b h`dmb `kstbkd`b suprgjb hg lust`d`b. Gk obsg b giia, sg gxpakgk ias s`fu`gktgs pbrâjgtras hg bkâi`s`s< "Ib vbiarbd`ôk hg ib prugob dugktb dak has ebsgs gk ibs qug gi lugz hgog tgkgr gk dugktb dr`tgr`as h`st`ktas< 2. Daktrai hg igfbi`hbh saorg ib gx`stgkd`b a ka hg bdt`v`hbh praobtar`b iêd`tb (lu`d`a hg vbiarbo`i`hbh). ?. Ubiarbd`ôk gk sgkt`ha gstr`dta."

4. Gi s`stgjb hg vbiarbd`ôk hg prugob qug mb bdaf`ha kugstrb igf`sibd`ôk pradgsbi gs gi hg ib sbkb drêt`db a vbiarbd`ôk rbd`akbi hg ib prugob, hgo`ha b giia, gx`stg ib pas`o`i`hbh hg gstboigdgr dr`tgr`as hgtgrj`kbhas pbrb ib vbiarbd`ôk, qug sak ias qug sg gxpakgk gk gstg Bdugrha ^igkbr`a, y sgrv`rêbk hg pbutbs pbrb gi lugz qug, bpaybha gk uk dakad`j`gkta saorg ib d`gkd`b a ib tàdk`db, rgsaivgrâ saorg ib obsg hg uk s`stgjb hg vbiarbd`ôk rgf`ha par vgrhbhgras dr`tgr`as hg dakad`j`gkta qug fbrbkt`dgk b ib vgz uk bhgdubha  luzfbj`gkta.

85

 

8. Gk gstg Bdugrha ^igkbr`a sg hglb gk dibra qug ibs ap`k`akgs pgr`d`bigs ka aoi`fbk bi lugz y pughgk sgr vbiarbhbs hg bdugrha b ib sbkb drêt`db3 s`k gjobrfa, gi lugz ka pughg ’hgsdbi`e`dbr‚ gi h`dtbjgk pgr`d`bi hgshg gi pukta hg v`stb d`gktêe`da, tàdk`da, brtêst`da k` jah`e`dbr ibs dakdius`akgs hgi j`sja eukhâkhasg gk sus dakad`j`gktas pgrsakbigs. Gk daksgdugkd`b, gi lugz hgogrâ eukhbjgktbr damgrgktgjgktg tbkta ib bdgptbd`ôk daja gi rgdmbza hgi h`dtbjgk, aosgrvbkha pbrb giia ibs rgfibs qug fao`grkbk gi pgksbj`gkta mujbka3 ia qug fgkgrbrâ, bs`j`sja, ib pas`o`i`hbh hg uk daktrai bhgdubha hg sus hgd`s`akgs.

7. Ias dr`tgr`as pbrb gvbiubr ib e`lbd`ôk hg ib gvbiubd`ôk hg ib vbi`hgz y e`bo`i`hbh hg ib prugob pgr`d`bi sak ias s`fu`gktgs<  B) Ib daktraibo`i`hbh y ebisbo`i`hbh ebisbo`i`hbh hg ib tgarêb d`gktêe`db. O) Gi pardgktblg hg grrar dakad`ha a patgkd`bi. D) Ib puoi`dbd`ôk gk rgv`stbs sajgt`hbs bi daktrai hg atras gxpgrtas hg ib tgarêb a ib tàdk`db gk dugst`ôk. H) Ib gx`stgkd`b hg uk daksgksa fgkgrbi hg ib dajuk`hbh d`gktêe`db `ktgrgsbhb.

5. Ib vbiarbd`ôk hg ibs pgr`d`bs sg dibs`e`db gk earjbigs y eâdt`dbs< Earjbigs24, bukqug gsta ka `jpi`db qug ka sg hgob hg gvbiubr ias hgjâs dr`tgr`as, pugs 7>

 

gstg gs saia uk hbta `kh`d`br`a hg ib vbi`hgz hg ib prugob pgr`d`bi ps`daiôf`db eargksg. H) Gi lugz bi jajgkta hg gvbiubr bi pgr`ta hgog prgfuktbr saorg ib rgigvbkd`b y bdgptbd`ôk hg ib dajuk`hbh d`gktêe`db hg ib tgarêb usbhb, par glgjpia, gk gi usa hg rgbdt`vas ps`dajàtr`das, daja gi tgst hg ib E`furb Mujbkb hg G. J Cap`tz, tgst hg ib E`furb Mujbkb hg Cbrgk Jbdmavgr tgst hg ib Ebj`i`b, tgst hg ib Dbsb, tgst hgi Âroai, gtdàtgrb3 y daja gs qug gi usa hg gstas bpayb ib dakdius`ôk b ib qug brr`oô. G) Gi lugz tbjo`àk hgog prgfuktbr saorg gi pas`oig frbha hg grrar hg ibs dakdius`akgs b ibs qug mb iigfbha gi pgr`ta, hgo`àkhasg vbiarbr qug ias sulgtas gk gstbs prugobs t`gkhgk b rgspakhgr dak s`kdgr`hbh ias dugst`akbr`as qug sg igs mbdgk.

27. E`kbijgktg, sg pughg bprgd`br qug gi dr`tgr`a gstboigd`ha par gi Bdugrha ^igkbr`a yb gstuh`bha, rgspgdta b ib sbkb drêt`db par gkd`jb hg ib vbiarbd`ôk pgr`d`bi purb, aorb gk ib rgsaiud`ôk, bkâi`s`s y vbiarbd`ôk hg ib Tgktgkd`b hg Dbsbd`ôk K¾ ?0?-?>28 Bkdbsm, hbha qug qug gk gsb rgsaiud`ôk ssg g pgrj`t`ô bi Lugz bpbrtbrsg hg ib dakdius`ôk pgr`d`bi y gstboigdgr uk dr`tgr`a `kdr`j`kbtar`a b ib dbpbd`hbh gràdt`i hgi bdusbha hg v`aibd`ôk sgxubi hg jgkar.  

72

 

DB^ÊXWIA U H@TDWT@ÔK Daja pughg bprgd`brsg, gi Bdugrha ^igkbr`a jbtgr`b hg `kvgst`fbd`ôk `jpakg dr`tgr`as gspgdêe`das hg gvbiubd`ôk pbrb ib hgtgrj`kbd`ôk têp`db y d`gktêe`db hg ias hgi`tas daktrb ib i`ogrtbh sgxubi, prgtgkh`gkha dak giia brjak`zbr ib hadtr`kb pgkbi par uk ibha, dak gi bkâi`s`s d`gktêe`da hgi hgi`ta, par atra.  Bhgjâs, gk h`dma Bdugrha ^igkbr`a sg sgòbib qug gi s`stgjb hg vbiarbd`ôk hg prugob qug mb bdaf`ha kugstrb igf`sibd`ôk pradgsbi gs gi hg ib sbkb drêt`db a vbiarbd`ôk rbd`akbi hg ib prugob, hgo`ha b giia, gx`stg ib pas`o`i`hbh hg gstboigdgr dr`tgr`as hgtgrj`kbhas pbrb ib vbiarbd`ôk, qug sak ias qug sg gxpakgk gk gstg hadujgkta, y sgrv`rêbk hg pbutbs pbrb gi lugz qug, bpaybha gk uk dakad`j`gkta saorg ib d`gkd`b a ib tàdk`db, rgsaivgrâ saorg ib obsg hg uk s`stgjb hg vbiarbd`ôk rgf`ha par vgrhbhgras dr`tgr`as hg dakad`j`gkta qug fbrbkt`dgk b ib vgz uk bhgdubha luzfbj`gkta. " 26¾ ib ibss ap`k`akgs pgr`d` big igss ka aoi aoi`f `f bk b bii lugz y pughgk s gr vbi vbiarbhb arbhbss hg bdugrha b iib b s bkb drê t`db3 s `k gjob gjobrf rf a, gi lugz ka pug pughg hg " hgsd bi`e`dbr" gi h`dtbjgk pgr`d`bi hgshg gi pukta hg v`stb d`gktêe`da, tàdk`da, brtêst`da k` jah`e`dbr ibs dakdius`akgs hgi j`sja eukhâkhasg gk sus dakad`j`gktas  pgrss akbigs  pgr akbigs.. G k d aks gdugkd` b, gi lugz hgogrâ eukhbjg eukhbjgktb ktbrr damgr damgrgktg gktgjgkt jgktg g tb tbkta kta ib bdgptb bdgpt bd`ôk d` ôk daja gi rgdm rgdmb bza hgi h`dtb h`d tbjgk, jgk, aos aosgrv grvb bkha pbrb g gii iia a ib ibss rgf ib ibss qug fao`grkbk gi pgksbj`gkta mujbka3 ia qug fgkgrbrâ, bs`j`sja, ib  pas `o`i` `o `i`hbh hbh hg uk dak daktrai trai b bhgdu hgdubha bha hg s us hgd` s `ak `akgs gs " .

Gk gstg Bdugrha ^igkbr`a sg hglb gk dibra qug ibs ap`k`akgs pgr`d`bigs ka aoi`fbk bi lugz y pughgk sgr vbiarbhbs hg bdugrha b ib sbkb drêt`db3 s`k gjobrfa, gi lugz ka pughg ’hgsdbi`e`dbr‚  gi  gi h`dtbjgk pgr`d`bi hgshg gi pukta hg v`stb d`gktêe`da, tàdk`da, brtêst`da k` jah`e`dbr ibs dakdius`akgs hgi j`sja eukhâkhasg gk sus dakad`j`gktas pgrsakbigs. Gk daksgdugkd`b, gi lugz hgogrâ 7?

 

eukhbjgktbr damgrgktgjgktg tbkta ib bdgptbd`ôk daja gi rgdmbza hgi h`dtbjgk, aosgrvbkha pbrb giia ibs rgfibs qug fao`grkbk gi pgksbj`gkta mujbka3 ia qug fgkgrbrâ, bs`j`sja, ib pas`o`i`hbh hg uk daktrai bhgdubha hg sus hgd`s`akgs. Gk gsb iêkgb hg rbzakbj`gkta, hgdibrb qug ibs pgr`d`bs ka sak gk sê j`sjb ukb eugktg hg vgrhbh `kdaktravgrt`oig, y ka sg igs dake`grg b pr`ar`, uk vbiar supgr`ar bi hg atras jgh`as hg prugob, bsê< ’Ibs pgr`d`bs ka sak gk sê j`sjbs ib jbk`egstbd` ôk ôk hg ukb vgrhbh

`kdaktravgrt`oig STXTG 006/2006, hg = hg lui`aZ. Ka sg pughg dakegr`r b  pr`a  pr `ar` r` vbiar s upgr upgr`a `arr b uk jgh`a hg pru prugob gob s aor aorg g atra, par ia qug s ` rgspgdta b uk tgjb dakdrgta sg muo`grgk iigvbha b dboa h`st`ktbs  prugobs  pr ugobs , bhgj bhgjâs âs hg ib pgr` d` bi bi,, d ak rgs uitb uitbha ha h`e h`egrgk grgktg, tg, dibra gs qug gktakdgs sg rgdakadg bi ôrfbka lur`sh`dd`akbi ib ebduitbh hg rgbi`zbr ib dakluktb vbiarbd`ôk hg ib prugob, qug pgrj`tg gst`jbr gvgktubijgktg qug ib vgr vgrhbh hbh hg hgii mgdma ka gs ib qug bp bpbrgdg brgdg gx gxpugs pugs tb par ib prugob pgr`d pgr`d`bi `bi  s `ka `k a ib qug aer aergdgk gdgk atras jgh`as praobt pr aobtar ar`a `ass . @f ubi pbutb jgtahaiôf `d b tgkhrâ iufbr dubkha gi lugz rbzakboigjgktg h`sdrgpg hg taha a hg pbrtg hgi daktgk`ha pgr`d`bi STXTG 2/2006, hg ?= hg adtuorgZ‚. 

Gstg prakukd`bj`gkta pigkbr`a sg gj`tg hgo`ha b qug uka hg ias pr`kd`pbigs praoigjbs qug sg prgsgktb gk ib rgbi`hbh luh`d`bi y prâdt`db pradgsbi bktgr`ar b su gj`s`ôk, gs qug gi Lugz sg i`j`tbob b rgj`t`rsg b ibs dakdius`akgs d`gktêe`dbs y pgr`d`bs rgspgdta b ib adurrgkd`b hg ib prgsuktb v`aibd`ôk, bsê, s` sg hgkukd`bob uk hgi`ta hg v`aibd`ôk sgxubi y ib vêdt`jb ka prgsgktbob igs`akgs pbrbfgk`tbigs, gi jbf`strbha saiêb hgsgst`jbr gi tgst`jak`a hg ib vêdt`jb, hgo`ha b ibs dakdius`akgs daktukhgktgs hg ib pgr`d`b jàh`da igfbi. Gstg Bdugrha prgtgkhg gv`tbr ib fgkgrbi`zbd`ôk hg gstg t`pa hg s`tubd`akgs, `kstruygkha bi Lugz b qug ka rgprahuzdb s`jpigjgktg gi bpartg d`gktêe`da hg ibs dakdius`akgs pgr`d`bigs, s`ka qug tbjo`àk vbiarg h`dmb prugob dak sbkb drêt`db g `hakg`hbh, sgòbibkha bhgjâs ib Dartg Tuprgjb gk h`dma bdugrha, qug ka gstâ aoi`fbha b obsbr su ebiia gk ibs dakdius`akgs hgi `kearjg pgr`d`bi, s`ka qug `kdiusa pughg bpbrtbrsg hg ài s` gs qug, hgktra hg su rbzakbj`gkta lurêh`da, 74

 

gx`stgk prgsupugstas y jat`vbd`akgs eukhbhbs pbrb mbdgria, taha giia gk boukhbj`gkta hg ukb lust`d`b judma jâs ge`dbz, ka rgv`dt`jbt`vb y dakfrugktg dak uk s`stgjb hg pratgdd`ôk hg hgrgdmas judma jâs pigka.

T`k gjobrfa, daktrbr`bjgktg b gstas i`kgbj`gktas, dak bktgr`ar`hbh b ib gj`s`ôk hg gstg Bdugrha ^igkbr`a ib Dartg Tuprgjb mboêb gstboigd`ha uk dr`tgr`a

h`egrgktg,

pugs

dak

ib

Dbsbd`ôk

K¾

?0?-?>28-Bkdbsm,

gstboigd`ô hadtr`kb lur`spruhgkd`bi v`kduibktg pbrb ib vbiarbd`ôk hg ib prugob d`gktêe`db hg BHK gk ias hgi`tas hg v`aibd`ôk sgxubi (ias daks`hgrbkhas27 g `kvadbha gi prakukd`bj`gkta hbha gk àstg, gk ib àpadb gk qug sg gj`t`ô ib Dbsbd`ôk d`tbhb, qu`zâ gi prakukd`bj`gkta mborêb s`ha h`st`kta, tahb vgz qug gk gi d`tbha  Bdugrha ^igkbr`a k`kfukb prugob pgr`d`bi gstâ par gkd`jb hg ib vbiarbd`ôk y gi dr`tgr`a hg dakd`gkd`b hgi lugz, y jgkas bük rgsuitb sgr ukb prugob `kh`spgksboig pbrb gj`t`r ib sgktgkd`b, tbi daja sg sgòbib gk gi daks`hgrbkha 25 hgi bdugrha gk jgkd`ôk< "Gi s`stgjb hg vbiarbd`ôk hg prugob qug mb bdaf`ha kugstrb igf`sibd`ôk pradgsbi gs gi hg ib sbkb drêt`db. Wk s`stgjb hg sbkb drêt`db a vbiarbd`ôk rbd`akbi hg ib prugob ka i`j`tb ib pas`o`i`hbh hg gstboigdgr dr`tgr`as hgtgrj`kbhas pbrb ib vbiarbd`ôk, par gi daktrbr`a, gstas sgrv`râk hg pbutbs pbrb gi lugz qug, bpaybha gk uk dakad`j`gkta saorg ib d`gkd`b a ib tàdk`db, rgsaivgrâ saorg ib obsg hg uk s`stgjb hg vbiarbd`ôk rgf`ha

77

 

 par vgrhbhgras dr`tgr`as hg dakad`j`gkta qug fbrbkt`dgk b su vgz uk bhgdubha  luzfbj`gkta".

 Bs`j`sja, gk gi daks`hgrbkha 26¾ sg `kh`db< "Ibs ap`k`akgs pgr`d`bigs ka aoi`fbk bi lugz y pughgk sgr vbiarbhbs hg bdugrha b ib sbkb drêt`db3 s`k gjobrfa, gi lugz ka pughg "hgsdbi`e`dbr" gi h`dtbjgk pgr`d`bi hgshg gi pukta hg v`stb d`gktêe`da, tàdk`da, brtêst`da k` jah`e`dbr ibs dakdius`akgs hgi j`sja eukhâkhasg gk sus dakad`j`gktas pgrsakbigs" . 

^ar ia qug b dr`tgr`a pgrsakbi, ka gkdugktra dakearj`hbh dak ib pas`d`ôk pibktgbhb gk gstb dbsbd`ôk, tahb vgz qug gstb prugob ka gs `kh`spgksboig pbrb ib dajpraobd`ôk hg ib gx`stgkd`b hgi hgi`ta hg v`aibd`ôk sgxubi, s`ka jbs o`gk, t`gkg daja e`kbi`hbh darraoarbr ib pbtgrk`hbh a ka hgi m`la pradrgbha y tbi pradgsa darrgspakhgrêb sgr vgkt`ibha gk ib vêb gxtrb pgkbi, pugs s`fu`gkha ias pbrâjgtras gstboigd`has, sg hgo`ô tgkgr gk dugktb ia gspgd`e`dbha gk gi pukta ?7¾< "Gk ukb vêdt`jb hg v`aibd`ôk sgxubi, sg hgog gstboigdgr s` mb s`ha aolgta  pbs`oig hg hgseiarbd`ôk vbf`kbi, bdta daktrb kbturb y hg atrbs igs`akgs eês`dbs bi dugrpa. Gi praegs`akbi gxbj`kbhar, bhgjâs hg bprgd`br gstbs zakbs eês`dbs, hgogrâ aotgkgr taha vgst`f`a jbtgr`bi qug sg rgibd`akg dak gstg hgi`ta, tbi daja vgiias püo`das, jbkdmbs hg sgjgk, y jugstrbs hg daktgk`ha vbf`kbi y/a bkbi, gktrg atras. T`gkha gi pgkg, ias hghas y atras aolgtas huras hg supgre`d`g rajb, bfgktgs dibs`e`dbhas daja daktukhgktgs, sg aosgrvbrâk igs`akgs hgkaj`kbhbs daktusbs. Bsê, pugs, ibs igs`akgs hgi m`jgk rgibd`akbhbs b uk bousa sgxubi sgrâk `hgkt`e`dbhbs y gv`hgkd`bhbs daja hgsfbrras a ibdgrbd`akgs, gqu`jas`s y tujgebdd`akgs hgi oarhg m`jgkgbi".

^ar ia qug sg h`sdrgpb dak gi prakukd`bj`gkta hbha par ib Dartg gk gstb dbsbd`ôk3 pugs gi pradgsa hgo`ô sgr fu`bha b e`k hg qug sg hgsduorb s` gx`st`ô a ka v`aibd`ôk y, hg sgr tbi be`rjbd`ôk darrgdtb, `hgkt`e`dbr bi butar hgi hgi`ta, jbs ka trbtbrsg gi dbsa daja uk tgjb hg `hgkt`e`dbd`ôk hg pbtgrk`hbh, jbktgk`gkha ib pigkb dakv`dd`ôk qug hg mbogrsg rgsugita ib dbsbd`ôk dak ias dr`tgr`as gstboigd`has gk gi Bdugrha Bdugrha ^igkbr`a K¾ 8-?>27, praobo praoboigjgktg igjgktg muo`grb mbo`ha 75

 

ukb jat`vbd`ôk jâs aolgt`vb y, tbi vgz mborêb rgdbêha gk ukb sgktgkd`b jâs  lustb pbrb bjobs pbrtgs.

76

 

DB^ÊXWIA U@ DAKDIWT@AKGT  DAKDIWT@AKGT  2. Ibs Tbibs ^gkbigs ^grjbkgktg y Xrbks`tar`b hg ib Dartg Tuprgjb hg Lust`d`b hg ib _gpüoi`db, rguk`hbs gk ^igka Lur`sh`dd`akbi, _GTWGIUGK< Gstboigdgr daja hadtr`kb igfbi ias dr`tgr`as gxpugstas gk ias eukhbjgktas lurêh`das 27¾ bi 45¾ hgi prgsgktg bdugrha pigkbr`a< (`) Ib pgr`d`b daja prugob dajpiglb hgog gvbiubrsg gk gi bdta arbi b trbvàs hg ib bdrgh`tbd`ôk hgi praegs`akbi qug susdr`o`ô gi `kearjg hadujgktbha3 (``) Gi `kearjg hgog mbogrsg giboarbha hg bdugrha b ibs rgfibs hg ib iôf`db y dakad`j`gktas d`gktêe`das a tàdk`das3 (```) Gvbiubrsg ibs dakh`d`akgs gk qug sg giboarbha ib pgr`d`b, ib prax`j`hbh gk gi t`gjpa y gi dbrâdtgr hgtbiibha gk gi `kearjg3 (`v) T` ib prugob gs d`gktêe`db, hgshg uk pr`jgr k`vgi hg bkâi`s`s, hgog gvbiubrsg s` gstb prugob pgr`d`bi sg m`za hg dakearj`hbh dak ias gstâkhbrgs e`lbhas par ib dajuk`hbh d`gktêe`db. ?. _gsuitb _gsuitb kgdgsbr`a gstboigdgr, dubk vâi`has y

bpi`dboigs sak ias dr`tgr`as

gstboigd`has gk gi prgsgktg Bdugrha ^igkbr`a pbrb ib vbiarbd`ôk hg ibs prugobs pgr`d`bigs gk ias hgi`tas hg U`aibd`ôk sgxubi, pugs sg hgogk pratgfgr uka hg ias pr`kd`pbigs o`gkgs lurêh`das daja sak ib i`ogrtbh g `khgjk`hbh sgxubi. Ia pr`jarh`bi gk ukb vêdt`jb hg v`aibd`ôk sgxubi, hgog sgr gstboigdgr s` mb s`ha aolgta a pbs`oig hg hgseiarbd`ôk vbf`kbi, bdta daktrbkbturb y hg atrbs igs`akgs eês`dbs bi dugrpa3 dugrpa3 y gk gegdta, gs rgspaksbo`i`hbh rgspaksbo`i`hbh hgi pgr`ta gstboigdgr taha vgst`f`a jbtgr`bi qug sg rgibd`akg dak gstg hgi`ta. 4. Gx`stg ukb sgr`g hg bktgdghgktgs, rgegrgktg b gstg tgjb, pugsta qug ias Xr`oukbigs suprgjas, sg mbk prakukd`bha gk sgkhbs lur`spruhgkd`bs, bi daks`hgrbr qug ibs prugobs pgr`d`bigs gk ias hgi`tas hg v`aibd`ôk sgxubi hgogk sgr gvbiubhbs b trbvàs hg vbr`as daktraigs y ka saia rgspgdta b su pgrt`kgkd`b, dakhudgkd`b y ut`i`hbh, tbi daja ia sgòbib gi brtêduia 47?¾ hgi Kugva Dôh`fa ^radgsbi ^gkbi, pugs gstg brtêduia rgfuib ib vbiarbd`ôk gk obsg bi daktrai hg igfbi`hbh saorg ib gx`stgkd`b a ka hg bdt`v`hbh praobtar`b i`d`tb3 s`ka qug tbjo`àk sg hgog rgbi`zbr ukb vbiarbd`ôk gk sgkt`ha gstr`dta, duya aolgta gs hgtgrj`kbr tbkta s` gx`stgk gigjgktas hg prugob hg dbrfa a `kdr`j`kbtar`a y, iugfa, s` tbi prugob gs sue`d`gktg a ka pbrb dakhgkbr. 7=

 

8. Tg gv`hgkd`b ib `jpartbkd`b qug dakearjg b ib karjbt`v`hbh v`fgktg sg rgdaj`gkhb bi Lugz qug bi jajgkta hg dbi`e`dbr gi h`dtbjgk hgi pgr`ta, eukhbjgktg damgrgktgjgktg tbkta ib bdgptbd`ôk daja gi rgdmbza hg gstg, aosgrvbkha pbrb giia tbkta ibs rgfibs hgi KD^^, daja ibs hg ib sbkb dr`t`db. 7. Hgktra hg ias bpartgs `jpartbktgs hg gstg Bdugrha ^igkbr`a, gs gi hg ka aoi`fbr bi jbf`strbha b rgj`t`rsg rgj` t`rsg kgdgsbr`bjgktg b ibs dakdius`akgs hgi `kearjg pgr`d`bi, trbtâkhasg hg ib kbturbigzb hgi hgi`ta, par ia qug pughg bpbrtbrsg hg ài s` daks`hgrb qug gx`st`grgk jat`vas eukhbhas pbrb giia. 5. Tg pughg bprgd`br qug gk ib Dbsbd`ôk K¾ ?0?-?>28-Bkdbsm, bktgr`ar bi  Bdugrha ^igkbr`a jbtgr`b hg gstuh`a, sg bpi`db uk dr`tgr`a h`st`kta y sg sgòbib qug ib prugob pgr`d`bi hg BHK gs ukb gx`fgkd`b `kgiuh`oig pbrb pahgr gj`t`r sgktgkd`b, atarfâkhaig b sus dakdius`akgs uk s`fk`e`dbha dbtgfôr`da g `kdugst`akboig, aiv`hbkha qug h`dmbs dakdius`akgs hgogrêbk pbsbr par dr`tgr`a y vbiarbd`ôk luh`d`bi, daja prgd`sbjgktg ia gstboigdgrêb pastgr`arjgktg gi  Bdugrha ^igkbr`a d`tbha, qug hg mbogr gx`st`ha gk ib àpadb gk qug sg gj`t`ô ib dbsbd`ôk rgegr`hb qu`zâ mborêb hbha uk prakukd`bj`gkta h`st`kta.

70

 

DB^ÊXWIA U@@ _GDAJGKHBD@AKGT 2. Tg rgdaj`gkhb b ias lugdgs hg gstg h`str`ta e`sdbi, b tgkgr gk dugktb ias bidbkdgs rgbi`zbhas gk gstg Bdugrha ^igkbr`a, b gegdtas hg vbiarbr hgo`hbjgktg ibs dakdius`akgs pgr`d`bigs gk ias hgi`tas hg v`aibd`ôk sgxubi, brr`obkha bsê b ebiias dakfrugktgs dak ias e`kgs hg lust`d`b qug pgrs`fug gi pradgsa pgkbi. ?. Tg rgdaj`gkhb b ias e`sdbigs hg gstg h`str`ta e`sdbi, b tgkgr gk dugktb ias bidbkdgs rgbi`zbhas gk gstg Bdugrha ^igkbr`a, b gegdtas hg gegdtubr `kvgst`fbd`akgs `hôkgbs, y saorg taha rgqugr`j`gktas bdusbtar`as a hg saorgsg`j`gkta hgo`hbjgktg bjpbrbhas gk ibs dakdius`akgs pgr`d`bigs gk su hgo`hb vbiarbd`ôk. 4. Tg rgdaj`gkhb b ias boafbhas hg Iargta b tgkgr gk dugktb ias bidbkdgs rgbi`zbhas gk gstg Bdugrha ^igkbr`a, b gegdtas hg gegdtubr ukb hgegksb jâs `hôkgb gk gi dbsa hg hgi`tas daktrb ib i`ogrtbh sgxubi, ousdbkha brr`obr b ukb dakhgkb lustb.

5>

 

DB^ÊXWIA U@@@ _GEG_GKD@BT O@OI@AF_ÂE@DBT DB_JAKB TBIFBHA. ’Hgi`tas Daktrb ib I`ogrtbh Tgxubi‚, gk  gk   Dursa hg Hgrgdma ^gkbi Gspbòai. ^brtg Gspgd`bi @, Jbhr`h, 2005. 527pp.  DBTX@IIA BIUB, Lasà Iu`s. Xrbtbha hg ias Hgi`tas Daktrb ib I`ogrtbh g @khgjk`hbh Tgxubigs. Fbdgtb Lurêh`db, ^r`jgrb Gh`d`ôk. I`jb ^grü bòa ?>>?. ?7pp. ^GÒB DBO_G_B, _büi. Xrbtbha hg Hgrgdma ^gkbi. ^brtg Gspgd`bi. Xaja @, Gh`d`akgs Lurêh`dbs, 2008. 06pp. ^GÒB DBO_G_B, _büi3 ’Hgi`tas daktrb ib i`ogrtbh g `ktbkf`o`i`hbh sgxubi‚3 Gh`d`akgs Fugrrgras3 I`jb, ?>>?, 475pp. XBPIA_ KBUBT, Iu`s. ’Gvaiud`ôk igf`sibt`vb hg ias hgi`tas sgxubigs‚. sgxubigs‚. Gk< _gv`stb Bkubr`a hg Hgrgdma ^gkbi Küjgra 200>-?>>>3 Eakha Gh`tar`bi hg ib ^WD^, pâf. 48>-458. DB_A DA_@B, H`ka Dbrias3 ’Bspgdtas Lur`spruhgkd`bigs hg ib Xutgib ^gkbi hg ib i`ogrtbh g `khgjk`hbh `khgjk`hbh sgxubigs‚ Gk< I`ora Majgkblg Majgkblg bi ^raegsar O_BJAKX O_BJAKX- B_@BT XA__GT, Iu`s Biogrta, Gh`tar`bi Tbk Tbk Jbrdas, ?>>4, 7?7pp. O_BJAKX-B_@BT XA__GT, Iu`s Biogrta / FB_DÊB DBKX@\BKA, Jbrêb hgi Dbrjgk. JBKWBI HG HG_GDMA ^GKBI ^B_XG GT^GD@BI. Gh`tar`bi Tbk Jbrdas, ?>>5, 447pp. TBI@KBT T@DDMB, _bj`ra. Hgi`tas daktrb ib i`ogrtbh g `khgjk`hbh sgxubi. @kst`tuta ^bd`e`da, ?>25, ?5pp. DB_A DA_@B, H`ka Dbrias y Dàsbr TBK JB_XÊK DBTX_A. ’Hgi`tas daktrb ib i`ogrtbh g `khgjk`hbh sgxubigs‚. I`jb< Fr`ligy. ?>>>. ?=0pp.

52

 

FB_D@B DBKX@\BKA, Jbr`b hgi Dbrjgk, "Ias hgi`tas daktrb ib i`ogrtbh sgxubi daja hgi`ta hg bdd`ôk püoi`db", gk Bdtubi`hb Bdtubi`hbh h Lurêh`db, Fbdgtb Lu Lurêh`db, rêh`db, 2000, 748pp. JA_BIGT ^_BXT, FB_DÊB BIOG_A. Dajgktbr`as bi Kugva Dôh`fa ^gkbi. Gh. Brbkzbh`. 2005. =00pp. DBEEG_BXB KA_GT, Lasà. Ib ^rugob gk gi ^radgsa ^gkbi. Gh`d`akgs hg ^bijb 2008. Ougkas B`rgs Brfgkt`kb. ?6=pp. JAKXG_A B_ADB, Lubk. Hgrgdma Lur`sh`dd`akbi @@@ ^radgsa ^gkbi. Lasà Jbrêb Oadm Gh`tar. T._. Obrdgiakb-Gspbòb. 2005. 4=0pp. LBWDMGK, Ghubrha J< Xrbtbha hg ib prugob gk jbtgr`b pgkbi, _uo`kzbiDuizak`, Ougkas B`rgs, ?>>8, 7?8pp. _A]@K, Dibus< Hgrgdma pradgsbi pgkbi, Gh`targs hgi ^ugrta, Ougkas B`rgs, ?>>>, 7=6pp. DBEG_BXXB KA_GT, Lasà< Ib prugob gk gi pradgsa pgkbi, Gh`d`akgs Hg ^bijb, Ougkas B`rgs, 200=, =64pp.  BOGI IIWDM, ]bv`gr< Ubiarbd`ôk hg ias jgh`as hg prugob gk gi pradgsa d`v`i. H`spak`oig

gk<

mttp>0, 44?pp. O@KHG_, Biogrta< @ktrahudd`ôk bi Hgrgdma pradgsbi pgkbi, Bh-mad, Ougkas  B`rgs, 2004, 5=>pp.  Bdugrha ^igkbr`a K¾ >8-?>27. Dbsbd`ôk K¾ ?0?-?>28-Bkdbsm 5?

 

DB^ÊXWIA @]

BKG]AT

54

 

BKG]AT 2-B JGXAHA HG DBTA8-?>27/D@L-225‚   Butar< ^WG_XBT FWG__B, Lbsj`k hgi _adêa ^_AOIGJB

-

Bkbi`zbr

AOLGX@UAT

gi

Bdugrha FGKG_BI

TW^WGTXAT

UB_@BOIGT

@KH@DBHA_GT

2. Gi Tuprgja Xr`oukbi (Tbib ^gkbi UB_@BOIG

-_bd`akbi`hbh

^igkbr`a K¾ >8-?>27/D@L-225 Bkbi`zbr gi Bdugrha ^igkbr`a K¾ >8- ^grjbkgktg hg ib Dartg Tuprgjb hg @KHG^GKH@GKXG

JGXAHAIAF JGXAHAIAF@B @B

hgi

Hgsdr`pt`va Gxpi`dbt`va

pgr`d`bi gk ias hgi`tas hg pgr`d`bi gk ias hgi`tas hg U`aibd`ôk butar`hbh hg bhj`k`strbr lust`d`b, t`gkg Hgi`tas

daktrb

ib -Dakfrugkd`b

hgi

?. H@TGÒA

Tgxubi.

ib patgstbh hg gj`t`r prgdghgktgs I`ogrtbh Tgxubi

Bdugrha ^igkbr`a hgi

Ka gxpgr`jgktbi

GT^GDÊE@DAT

v`kduibktgs. 

Xr`oukbi Tuprgja.

4. JWGTX_B JWGTX_B

UB_@BOIG

Bdugrha ^igkbr`a

2. Bkbi`zbr ias pbrâjgtras y ?. Gk ib Bdtubi Karjbt`vb, gsta gs HG^GKH@GKXG dr`tgr`as hg qug sg hgogk tajbr gk Bdugrha ^igkbr`a K¾ >8-?>27 dugktb gk ib vbiarbd`ôk hg ib prugob

Ubiarbd`ôk

pgr`d`bi gk ias hgi`tas hg v`aibd`ôk

prugob pgr`d`bi 

hg

-Bkâi`s`s hg ib vbiarbd`ôk pgr`d`bi gk ib ias hgi`tas daktrb ib I`ogrtb Tgxubi.

8.  XGDK@DBT

Bkâi`s`s Hadujgktbi 7. @KTX_WJGKXAT @KTX_WJGKXAT

Bdugrha ^igkbr`a

sgxubi. ?.

HG

@KUGTX@FBD@AK<

Bdugrha ^igkbr`a.

 —  —   Ubiarbd`ôk hg ib prugob ?>27/D@L-225 ?>27/D@L-225 —  — Ubiarbd`ôk  Ubiarbd`ôk hg ib prugob Lust`d`b hg _gpüoi`db) gs ib jâx`jb U`aibd`ôk Tgxubi.

2.  X@^A

Bkbi`zbr ias pbrâjgtras y

dr`tgr`as hg qug sg hgogk tajbr gk dugktb gk ib vbiarbd`ôk hgi gxbjgk jàh`da igfbi gk ias hgi`tas sgxubigs 4.

Bkbi`zbr ias pbrâjgtras y

dr`tgr`as hg qug sg hgogk tajbr gk dugktb gk ib vbiarbd`ôk hg ib pgr`d`b ps`daiôf`db eargksg y gk ib drgh`o`i`hbh hgi tgst`jak`a.

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BKG]A ?O

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BKG]A 4- D DA_XG TW^_GJB HG LWTX@D@B HG IB _G^ÜOI@DB TBIB ^GKBI ^G_JBKGKXG  Dbsbd`ôk K¾ ?0?-?>28, Bkdbsm I`jb, h`gd`s`gtg hg egorgra hg has j`i h`gd`sà`s

U@TXAT.  Gk gsb iêkgb, gi praegsar Lui`a Jb`gr sast`gkg qug ib prahudd`ôk hg prugob hg hgsdbrfa (a hg dbrfa) gs daks`hgrbhb ukb ebduitbh `jprgsd`kh`oig daja jbk`egstbd`ôk hgi hgrgdma hg hgegksb. Ebduitbh qug fgkgrb gi hgogr hgi Xr`oukbi hg arhgkbr su rgdgpd`ôk, sbiva dubkha ib prugob aergd`hb sgb gv`hgktgjgktg `jpgrt`kgktg (ka rgegr`hb bi aolgta pradgsbi dakdrgta) a  

 

supgrboukhbktg (gxdgs`vb pbrb hgjastrbr gi gxtrgja qug sg prgtgkhg).  Bhgjâs, be`rjb qug ib `kaosgrvbkd`b par gi Xr`oukbi hg gstb rgfib, apartukbjgktg bhvgrt`hb, pgrj`tg rgdurr`r ib sgktgkd`b par vêb hg ib dbsbd`ôk (ebitb hg eukhbjgkta hg prugob aj`t`hb). _gd`o`hb ib prugob, darrgspakhgrâ bi Xr`oukbi vbiarbrib. ^brb gi bdusbhar y gi `jputbha giia s`fk`e`db ib pas`o`i`hbh hg brfujgktbr bktg gi Xr`oukbi gi sgkt`ha qug hgog tgkgr su hgd`s`ôk, hgshg gi pukta hg v`stb eâdt`da y lurêh`da.

4.?.22. ^ar giia, ib rgibd`ôk gktrg gi hgrgdma b ib prugob pgrt`kgktg y gi hgrgdma b praobr rgsuitb `kgiuh`oig, pugs sgfük gstg üit`ja, ibs pbrtgs a uk tgrdgra igf`t`jbha gk uk pradgsa a pradgh`j`gkta, t`gkgk gi hgrgdma b prahud`r ib prugob kgdgsbr`b dak ib e`kbi`hbh hg bdrgh`tbr ias mgdmas qug dake`furbk su prgtgks`ôk a hgegksb. Bsê, sg trbtb hg uk hgrgdma dajpigla qug gstâ dajpugsta par gi hgrgdma b aergdgr jgh`as praobtar`as qug sg daks`hgrgk kgdgsbr`as, b qug gstas sgbk bhj`t`has, bhgdubhbjgktg bdtubhas, qug sg

bsgfurg ib prahudd`ôk a daksgrvbd`ôk hg ib prugob b pbrt`r hg ib bdtubd`ôk bkt`d`pbhb hg ias jgh`as praobtar`as y qug gstas sgbk vbiarbhas hg jbkgrb @ bhgdubhb y dak ib jat`vbd`ôk hgo`hb, dak gi e`k hg hbrig gi jàr`ta praobtar`a qug tgkfb gk ib sgktgkd`b. Ib vbiarbd`ôk hg ib prugob hgog gstbr hgo`hbjgktg jat`vbhb par gsdr`ta dak ib e`kbi`hbh qug gi lust`d`boig pughb dajpraobr s` h`dma jàr`ta mb s`ha gegdt`va y bhgdubhbjgktg rgbi`zbha. rgbi`zbha.

4.?.2?. Bmarb o`gk, rgspgdta b ib prugob d`gktêe`db hg BHK, sg hgog prgd`sbr qug gk ias üit`jas bòas ias dakstbktgs bvbkdgs d`gktêe`das y tàdk`das mbk tgk`ha uk praeukha `jpbdta gk gi âjo`ta hg ib prugob. Ib hbdt`iasdap`b, ib obiêst`db, ib pbtaiafêb, gktrg atras, sak glgjpias hg gstb praygdd`ôk hg ias dakad`j`gktas d`gktêe`das gk gi dbjpa hg ib `kvgst`fbd`ôk dr`j`kbi. Gk gsb iêkgb, ib gxpi`dbd`ôk hg ib gv`hgkd`b d`gktêe`db gk gi âjo`ta hgi pradgsa daktr`ouyg bi gsdibrgd`j`gkta hg ias mgdmas y s`rvg daja eukhbjgkta pbrb uk prakukd`bj`gkta dakhgkbtar`a a bosaiutar`a. 4.?.24. Gk dakdrgta, gi dbrâdtgr d`gktêe`da hg ib prugob hg BHK v`gkg hbha par gi gstuh`a hg ib Fgkàt`db Eargksg, daks`stgktg gk gi bkâi`s`s fgkàt`da hg ib h`vgrs`hbh mujbkb. Bsê, ib `jpartbkd`b hg ib prugob hg BHK  gk gi âjo`ta eargksg rgs`hg gk su patgkd`bi bpi`dbo`i`hbh pbrb rgsaivgr dbsas qug sgrêbk juy h`eêd`igs hg gsdibrgdgr par ias pradgh`j`gktas hg `kvgst`fbd`ôk dakvgkd`akbigs y gk su gigvbhês`jb e`bo`i`hbh hg sus rgsuitbhas. Bsê, ias t`pas jâs dajukgs hg  

 

bpi`dbd`ôk eargksg hg ib prugob hg BHK, sak ib `kvgst`fbd`ôk o`aiôf`db hg ib pbtgrk`hbh, ib rgsaiud`ôk hg praoigjbs hg `hgkt`e`dbd`ôk y ib `kvgst`fbd`ôk hg `kh`d`as gk dr`j`kbiêst`db o`aiôf`db, gs hgd`r, gi bkâi`s`s hg jugstrbs o`aiôf`dbs hg `ktgràs dr`j`kbi, daja sak ias tgl`has, pgias, rgstas ôsgas, eiu`has hg sbkfrg, sbi`vb, sgjgk, ar`kb gktrg atras.

4.?.28. Bmarb o`gk, gi lugz ergktg b ib prugob d`gktêe`db hg BHK ka hgog gx`j`rsg hg rgbi`zbr gi trbobla hg vbiarbd`ôk. Gs rgspaksbo`i`hbh hgi lugz `ktgrprgtbr gsas rgsuitbhas darrgdtbjgktg y btr`ou`rigs uk hgtgrj`kbha pgsa gk ib earjbd`ôk hg su dakv`dd`ôk saorg gi mgdma pr`kd`pbi. Giia gs `jpartbktg, pugs ka gs ia j`sja qug ib prugob fubrhg ukb rgibd`ôk h`rgdtb dak gi mgdma pr`kd`pbi qug sg prgtgkhg praobr a qug ib prugob prapard`akg tbk saia uk `kh`d`a jâs pbrb praobr gsg mgdma pr`kd`pbi.

4.?.27. Gstbjas gk gi pr`jgr supugsta, par glgjpia, dubkha gk gi pradgsa par

uk hgi`ta daktrb ib i`ogrtbh sgxubi gi bkâi`s`s hg BHK hgi sgjgk gkdaktrbha gk ib vbf`kb hg ib vêdt`jb hgjugstrb qug gi@ sgjgk gs hgi bdusbha (a qug ka ia gs). Gk gstg supugsta dbog hgd`r qug ib prugob hg BHK mbdg prugob pigkb (a gxdiuyg, sgfük sgb gi dbsa) ib duipbo`i`hbh hgi bdusbha. Bs`j`sja, gk gstg j`sja hgi`ta, dubkha ib prugob hg BHK gv`hgkd`g ib pbtgrk`hbh hgi jgkar gkfgkhrbha prahudta hg ib v`aibd`ôk. 

4.?.25. Gstbjas gk gi sgfukha supugsta, par glgjpia, dubkha gk gi pradgsa par hgi`ta hg maj`d`h`a, ib prugob hg BHK hg ukas dbogiias gkdaktrbhas gk ib gsdgkb hg ias mgdmas hgjugstrb qug ias dbogiias sak hgi bdusbha. Gk gstg supugsta, ia ük`da qug prugob gi bkâi`s`s hg  BHK gs qug gi bdusbha gstuva gk ib gsdgkb hgi dr`jgk3 pgra ka prugob qug gstuva gk gi jajgkta j ajgkta gk qug àstg sg dajgt`ô, y jgkas qug eugrb ài qu`gk ia m`za. Gi rgsuitbha hg ib  prugob hg BHK (qug gi bdusbha gstuva gk ib gsdgkb hgi dr`jgk) ka gs jâs qug uk `kh`d`a hg ib duipbo`i`hbh hgi gkdbusbha. ^brb praobr qug gi bdusbha gs duipboig sg kgdgs`tbk atras `kh`d`as a prugobs. 4.?.26.  ^ar tbkta, dubkha gk gi pradgsa sg prgsgktb ukb prugob d`gktêe`dbBHK qug fubrhg ukb rgibd`ôk h`rgdtb dak gi mgdma pr`kd`pbi qug sg prgtgkhg praobr, àstb hgog bdtubrsg gk sghg hg pr`jgrb `kstbkd`b y gk t`gjpa apartuka, bsê daja gegdtubr su vbiarbd`ôk prgv`b b ib gj`s`ôk hg sgktgkd`b par gi B qua. Gi luzfbhar ka pughg sgktgkd`br s` ka sg mb gegdtubha ib bdtubd`ôk praobtar`b  

 

hg h`dmb gv`hgkd`b d`gktêe`db. Ia daktrbr`a begdtb gi hgrgdma b ib prugob qug gs daksustbkd`bi bi pr`kd`p`a hg `kadgkd`b.

4.?.2=.  Bsê tbjo`àk, gk dubkta b ib jat`vbd`ôk hg ibs rgsaiud`akgs luh`d`bigs dugst`akbha par gi rgdurrgktg, daja o`gk ia mb prgd`sbha gstb Tuprgjb Tbib gk ib Tgktgkd`b Dbsbtar`b küjgra trgs fu`akgs has j`i s`gtg, hgi s`gtg hg kav`gjorg hg has j`i s`gtg, gk ib dubi gstboigdg qug< ’ib jat`vbd`ôk dakst`tud`akbijgktg gx`f`oig rgqu`grg hg ukb brfujgktbd`ôk qug eukhbjgktg ib hgdibrbd`ôk hg vaiuktbh hgi luzfbhar y bt`gkhb bi s`stgjb hg eugktgs karjbt`vbs gstboigd`ha‚. Bsê, ukb hgo`hb jat`vbd`ôk gs bqugiib hgd`s`ôk qug sg sustgktb gk dr`tgr`as hg rbd`akbi`hbh y rbzakbo`i`hbh, gsta gs, rgspgtbkha ibs pbutbs hg ib iôf`db earjbi d`òàkhasg b ia prgv`sta par gi hgrgdma y ibs dakhudtbs sad`bigs bdgptbhbs, hg ka sgr bsê, sg ar`f`kbrêb gi v`d`a pradgsbi iibjbha jat`vbd`ôk hgegdtuasb gk sgkt`ha gstr`dta, ia qug `khuhboigjgktg vuikgrb gi pr`kd`p`a iôf`da hg dakfrugkd`b3 qug, gk gegdta, tahb sgktgkd`b -sgb

bosaiutar`b a dakhgkbtar`b- hgog sgr ib gxprgs`ôk iôf`db hg ib vbiarbd`ôk dakdrgtb hg ibs prugobs prbdt`dbhbs -jat`vbd`ôk eâdt`db- y hg ib `ktgrprgtbd`ôk @ hg ib karjb bpi`dboig -jat`vbd`ôk lurêh`db-, hg jaha qug sg fbrbkt`dg bi  lust`d`boig ukb rgsaiud`ôk eukhbhb gk hgrgdma3 hg bmê qug, ukb hg ibs jbk`egstbd`akgs hg ib fbrbktêb hg ib jat`vbd`ôk hg rgsaiud`akgs luh`d`bigs gs ib gx`f`o`i`hbh bi ôrfbka luh`d`bi pbrb qug gxpi`qug ibs rbzakgs qug sustgktbk su ebiia, hg jaha qug mbfb pas`oig dakadgr ibs prugobs y gi rbzakbj`gkta gk v`rtuh hg ias dubigs dakhgkb a bosugivg b uk gkdbusbha, y hgi j`sja jaha, ibs rbzakgs igfbigs gk duyb v`rtuh ib dakhudtb sg suosujg a ka gk gi t`pa pgkbi jbtgr`b hg `kdr`j`kbd`ôk3 qug gstg hgrgdma gs ukb fbrbktêb hg ibs pbrtgs hgi pradgsa, jgh`bktg gi dubi sg pughg dajpraobr qug ib rgsaiud`ôk gxpgh`hb gs daksgdugkd`b hg ukb gx`fgkd`b rbd`akbi hgi arhgkbj`gkta lurêh`da y ka prahudta hg ib bro`trbr`ghbh luh`d`bi.

4.?.20. Bi  Bi rgspgdta, gi Xr`oukbi Dakst`tud`akbi mb sgòbibha tbjo`àk, qug ’gi hgrgdma b ib hgo`hb jat`vbd`ôk hg ibs rgsaiud`akgs luh`d`bigs, gs ukb fbrbktêb hgi lust`d`boig ergktg b ib bro`trbr`ghbh luh`d`bi y fbrbkt`zb qug ibs rgsaiud`akgs  luh`d`bigs ka sg gkdugktrgk lust`e`dbhas lust`e`dbhas gk gi jgra dbpr`dma hg ias jbf`strbhas, s`ka gk hbtas aolgt`vas qug prapard`akb gi arhgkbj`gkta lurêh`da a ias qug sg hgr`vbk hgi dbsa. Gk gsb iêkgb, ib jat`vbd`ôk hgog bobrdbr< b) ib eukhbjgktbd`ôk hgi rgibta eâdt`da dak gxpas`d`ôk hg ibs prugobs hg ibs `jputbd`akgs qug gi j`sja dakt`gkg3 o) ib eukhbjgktbd`ôk hg ib suosukd`ôk hg  

 

ias mgdmas hgdibrbhas praobhas gk gi t`pa igfbi pradghgktg, dak bkâi`s`s hg ias gigjgktas hgsdr`pt`vas y karjbt`vas, t`pa aolgt`va y suolgt`va y d`rdukstbkd`bs jah`e`dbt`vbs3 y, d) ib eukhbjgktbd`ôk hg ibs daksgdugkd`bs pgkbigs y d`v`igs, par tbkta, hg ib `kh`v`hubi`zbd`ôk hg ib pgkb y jgh`hbs hg sgfur`hbh gk su dbsa, rgspaksbo`i`hbhgs d`v`igs, dastbs y daksgdugkd`bs bddgsar`bs. Dbog prgd`sbr, qug ib jgrb `kh`dbd`ôk hg ibs prugobs qug sustgktbk gi ebiia, ka dakst`tuyg jat`vbd`ôk, pugs ka mby ukb gxpi`dbd`ôk saorg giibs.

4.4. BKÂI@T@T GK GI DBTA DAKD_GXA   4.4.2. Gk btgkd`ôk b ia bktgs gxpugsta y iugfa hg rgv`sbr ib hgd`s`ôk bhaptbhb par ib Tbib ^gkbi hg Bpgibd`akgs, sg bprgd`b qug tbkta àstg daja gi Luzfbha Daigf`bha gk sus rgspgdt`vbs eukhbjgktbd`akgs ka sg bhv`grtg qug mbybk daks`fkbha gigjgktas praobtar`as qug iafrgk gkgrvbr ib fbrbktêb dakst`tud`akbi hg prgsukd`ôk hg `kadgkd`b qug ig bs`stg bi rgdurrgktg Dbrr`ôk Ru`ta3

hgkatâkhasg bhgjâs ib `kerbdd`ôk hg ib fbrbktêb hg jat`vbd`ôk hg ibs rgsaiud`akgs luh`d`bigs, bi gx`st`r hge`d`gkd`b gk su jat`vbd`ôk `ktgrkb yb qug @ dbrgdg hg damgrgkd`b gk su lust`e`dbd`ôk, pugs ibs rbzakgs gk qug lust`e`db su hgd`s`ôk rgsuitb dakeusa g `kdakfrugktg.

4.4.?.  Bsê, gi Xr`oukbi hg `kstbkd`b gk uk pr`jgr jajgkta rbzakb qug ka gs kgdgsbr`a gegdtubr ukb vbiarbd`ôk hg ib prugob o`aiôf`db hg BHK  b e`k hg hgtgrj`kbr ib pbtgrk`hbh hgi kgakbta prahudta hg ib v`aibd`ôk sgxubi Svàbsg daks`hgrbkha 4.4.4 d  —  —   aorbktg b ealbs hasd`gktas sgsgktb y s`gtgZ. T`k gjobrfa, iêkgbs pastgr`args, s`k jgh`br eukhbjgktbd`ôk bifukb dakdiuyg qug gx`stg daja mgdma praobha y d`grta qug ib bfrbv`bhb mb jbktgk`ha rgibd`akgs sgxubigs Sdak gi prafgk`tar-gkdbusbhaZ y prahudta hg giia mb biujorbha b uk kgakbta, dakdrgtâkhasg ib butarêb h`rgdtb hgi rgdurrgktg Svàbsg daks`hgrbkha 4.4.5 d — d — aorbktg  aorbktg b ealbs hasd`gktas sgsgktb y admaZ. Gk gsg sgkt`ha, sg bprgd`b hg ib prap`b brfujgktbd`ôk gegdtubhb par ib Tbib ^gkbi, qug àstb prgsgktb ukb sustbkd`bi `kdakfrugkd`b g `kdaks`stgkd`b gk su lust`e`dbd`ôk, pugs sgfük ib prap`b Tbib Tupgr`ar sg gkdugktrb ’egmbd`gktgjgktg praobha‚, qug prahudta hg ib v`aibd`ôk Srgibd`akgs sgxubigs dak gi gkdbusbhaZ ib bfrbv`bhb mb biujorbha b uk kgakbta, s`k gjobrfa hgsdbrtb ib vbiarbd`ôk hgi rgsuitbha hg ib prugob hg BHK qug v`kduibrêb d`gktêe`dbjgktg a ka bi rgdurrgktg daja prafgk`tar hgi kgakbta y butar hg ib v`aibd`ôk. ^ar ia qug, h`dma rbzakbj`gkta gegdtubha par gi Xr`oukbi hg jàr`ta gk ib sgktgkd`b hg v`stb rgsuitb bro`trbr`a g `kdakfrugktg,  

 

qug ib dakv`grtg gk ukb jat`vbd`ôk `iôf`db, pugs tahb sgktgkd`b dakhgkbtar`b a bosaiutar`b hgog sgr gxprgs`ôk iôf`db hg ib vbiarbd`ôk dakdrgtb hg ibs prugobs y hg ib `ktgrprgtbd`ôk hg ib karjb bpi`dboig, b e`k hg fbrbkt`zbr bi lust`d`boig ukb rgsaiud`ôk eukhbhb gk hgrgdma.

4.4.4. Bs`j`sja, sg aosgrvb ebitb hg jat`vbd`ôk gk ib sgktgkd`b hg v`stb, pugs gi Xr`oukbi hg jàr`ta ka gxpusa dak brfujgktas hgtgrj`kbktgs ibs rbzakgs hg ib aj`s`ôk gk ib bdtubd`ôk y vbiarbd`ôk hg ib prugob o`aiôf`db hg BHK, sai`d`tbha par gi rgdurrgktg gk su bpgibd`ôk, pugs gstb prugob rgsuitb sgr pgrt`kgktg y kgdgsbr`b pbrb tgkgr dgrtgzb qug gi kgakbta gs prahudta a ka hg ib v`aibd`ôk qug suer`ô ib bfrbv`bhb, jâs bük s` ib `jputbd`ôk sg sustgktb gk frbk jgh`hb gk qug gi m`la hg ib bfrbv`bhb gs rgsuitbha hg ib v`aibd`ôk sgxubi, jâx`jg s` ib prap`b bhaigsdgktg be`rjô qug ib ük`db apartuk`hbh gk ib qug sastuva rgibd`akgs sgxubigs eug dubkha gi rgdurrgktg bousô hg giib. ^ar ia qug, ib Tbib Tupgr`ar bi ka dajpuisbr y vbiarbr h`dma jgh`a hg prugob Sprugob

o`aiôf`db hg BHKZ begdtô tbjo`àk gi hgrgdma hgi rgdurrgktg b ut`i`zbr jgh`as hg prugob pgrt`kgktg, pugs gstg hgrgdma fbrbkt`zb b ibs pbrtgs ib @ aoi`fbtar`ghbh hgi luzfbhar hg btgkhgr b sus sai`d`tuhgs hg prugob aergd`hbs, s`gjprg qug rgsuitgk pgrt`kgktgs y kgdgsbr`bs hbhbs gk gi t`gjpa y earjb. Gk gsg sgkt`ha, bi mbogrsg aergd`ha ib prugob o`aiôf`db hg BHK tajâkhasg ibs jugstrbs pgrt`kgktgs, hgktra hgi pibza y dak ibs earjbi`hbhgs qug gx`fg ib igy, rgsuitb `ksastgk`oig sasibybr ib dajpuisb y su vbiarbd`ôk hg h`dmb prugob, pbrb iigfbr b ib dgrtgzb hgi tmgjbpraobkhuj y ib rgspaksbo`i`hbh hgi rgdurrgktg. 4.4.8. Dubkha gk gi pradgsa sg prgsgktb ukb prugob d`gktêe`db hg BHK qug fubrhg ukb rgibd`ôk h`rgdtb dak gi mgdma pr`kd`pbi qug sg prgtgkhg praobr, àstb hgog bdtubrsg gk sghg hg `kstbkd`b y gk t`gjpa apartuka, bsê daja gegdtubr su vbiarbd`ôk prgv`b b ib gj`s`ôk hg sgktgkd`b. Gi luzfbhar ka pughg sgktgkd`br s` ka sg mb gegdtubha ib bdtubd`ôk praobtar`b hg h`dmb gv`hgkd`b d`gktêe`db. Ia daktrbr`a begdtbrêb gi hgrgdma b ib prugob qug gs daksustbkd`bi bi pr`kd`p`a hg `kadgkd`b. 4.4.7. Ib bpi`dbd`ôk eargksg hg ib prugob hg BHK, sg hb gk ib `kvgst`fbd`ôk o`aiôf`db hg ib pbtgrk`hbh, gk ib rgsaiud`ôk hg praoigjbs hg `hgkt`e`dbd`ôk y ib `kvgst`fbd`ôk hg `kh`d`as gk dr`j`kbiêst`db o`aiôf`db, gs hgd`r, gi bkâi`s`s hg jugstrbs o`aiôf`dbs hg `ktgràs dr`j`kbi, daja ias tgl`has, pgias, rgstas ôsgas, eiu`has hg sbkfrg, sbi`vb, sgjgk, ar`kb gktrg atras.  

 

4.4.5.  Gk ias hgi`tas daktrb ib i`ogrtbh sgxubi, dubkha sg trbtb hg `jputbd`ôk daktrb ukb saib pgrsakb qug mb jbktgk`ha rgibd`akgs sgxubigs dak ib prgsuktb bfrbv`bhb y b daksgdugkd`b hg giia pradrgb uk jgkar, gs kgdgsbr`a ib rgbi`zbd`ôk hg ib prugob d`gktêe`db hg BHK b e`k hg hgtgrj`kbr ib pbtgrk`hbh y ib rgspaksbo`i`hbh pgkbi a ka hgi gkdbusbha. 4.4.6. ^ar tbkta, daja yb sg `kh`dô prgdghgktgjgktg, gi Bh qugj ka saia `ker`kf`ô ib fbrbktêb dakst`tud`akbi hg ib prgsukd`ôk hg `kadgkd`b, hgrgdma b ib prugob pgrt`kgktg, s`ka tbjo`àk b ib hgo`hb jat`vbd`ôk hg rgsaiud`akgs  luh`d`bigs, pugs ibs rbzakgs gk qug lust`e`db su hgd`s`ôk rgsuitô `kdakfrugktgs, par ia qug gstbjas ergktg b ukb rgsaiud`ôk ka brrgfibhb bi jàr`ta hg ia bdtubha y b ib igy, par ia qug darrgspakhg bkuibria y h`spakgr qug atra Daigf`bha gj`tb kugva prakukd`bj`gkta, dakearjg ia gstboigdg gi brtêduia dubtrad`gktas dub trad`gktas trg`ktb y trgs, `kd`sa pr`jgra, hgi Dôh`fa ^radgsbi ^gkbi.

4.4.=. Hg atra ibha, btgkh`gkha b qug gi gkdbusbha Jgigd`a Fbuhgkd`a Dbrr`ôk Ru`ta, sg gkdugktrb rgdiu`ha gk gi Gstboigd`j`gkta ^gk`tgkd`br`a hg Mubrbz, par @ jbkhbta hg ib sgktgkd`b hg egdmb vg`kt`dubtra hg jbrza hg has j`i dbtardg ealbs d`gkta dubrgktb hgi dubhgrka hg hgobtgs-, dake`rjbhb par ib sgktgkd`b hg v`stb hgi h`gd`sà`s hg jbya hg has j`i dbtardg -ealbs hasd`gktas d`kdugktb y s`gtg hgi dubhgrka hg hgobtgs-, y gstbkha b qug ibs j`sjbs mbk s`ha hgdibrbhbs kuibs par gstg Tuprgja Xr`oukbi, darrgspakhg su `kjgh`btb gxdbrdgibd`ôk. HGD@T@ÔK