Tesis Final

 

F^]TG]FHCG^

AF]EMÞKEHCNG^

F@

FK

RTENF^E

MF

F@^F×G@_G GRTF@MC_GOF, MF KFN]E-F^NTC]VTG F@ FK ÇTFG MF KF@HVG KF@HVG S KC]FTG]VTG KC]FTG]VTG MF KE^ @C×E^ S @C×G^ MF MF ^FHV@ME G ]FTNFT HTGME MF FMVNGNCÞ@ HF@FTGK DÇ^CNG MF KG V@CMGM FMVNG]CYG ‛ C@]C NJVTC‑  NJVTC‑   MF KG NEAV@CMGM MF NG^GCNJF NF@]TGK, RGTTEWVCG YFC@]CACKKG, NG@]Þ@ HVGTG@MG, RTEYC@NCG DEKÁYGT, RFTÁEME 427= „  427= „  4276.  4276. 

7

 

F^]TG]FHCG^

AF]EMEKÞHCNG^

F@

FK

RTENF^E

MF

F@^F×G@_G GRTF@MC_GOF, MF KFN]E-F^NTC]VTG F@ FK ÇTFG MF KF@HVG KF@HVG S KC]FTG]VTG KC]FTG]VTG MF KE^ @C×E^ S @C×G^ MF ^FHV@ME G ]FTNFT HTGME MF FMVNGNCÞ@ HF@FTGK DÇ^CNG MF KG V@CMGM FMVNG]CYG ‛ C@]C NJVTC‑ MF KG NEAV@CMGM

MF

NG^GCNJF

NF@]TGK,

RGTTEWVCG

YFC@]CACKKG, NG@]Þ@ HVGTG@MG, RTEYC@NCG DEKÁYGT, RFTÁEME 427= „  427= „  4276  4276 

4

 

C MFMCNG]ETCG Fstf trgdgoe mf c`vfstchgncþ` iuf rfgkczgme ne` aunje fsiufrze y sgnrcicnce, ne` gaer ke mfmcne g acs pgmrfs y g acs qufrcmes jcoes f jcogs neae se`? Gkfx, Acnjgfk, Ojeagyrg, G`g Dfkã` qucf`fs supcfre` gpeygr, vgkergr y af mcfre` teme fk ç`cae f` fk trg`snurse mf ac fstumce fstumce pgrg nukac`gr kg ngrrfrg. ]gadcã` mfmcne mfmcne g kes fstumcg`tfs mf kg V`cmgm Fmungtcvg C`tc Njurc prc`ncpgkaf`tf g ^fhu`me y ]frnfr G÷e mf Dçscng mf kg Neau`cmgm mf kes Ngsgcnjfs.

G@C]G

7

 

CC GHTGMFNCACF@]E Fstf fsiufrze iuf pescdkf hrgncgs gk Mfpgrtgaf`te mf Rest Hrgme mf kg V`cvfrscmgm Fstgtgk mf Dekávgr, perquf `es ne`trcduyþ ne` `ufstrg ieragncþ` c`tfhrgk. Ac sc`nfre ghrgmfncacf`te gk C`h. Eswgkme Fr`fste Kþpfz Drgve A^N, qucf` ne` su pgncf`ncg, nekgdergncþ` y fxpfrcf`ncg gngmãacng, supe hucgraf gnfrtgmgaf`tf f` fk trg`snurse mf fkgdergncþ` mfk trgdgoe mf ac tfscs. ]gadcã` ghrgmfzne ghrgmfzne g kg V`cmgm Fmungtcvg Fmungtcvg C`tc Njurc, qucf`fs af ignckctgre` kg c`ieragncþ` pgrg rfgkczgr fstf trgdgoe mf c`vfstchgncþ`. c`vfstchgncþ`.

G temes fkkes, ac ftfr`e ghrgmfncacf`te.

G@C]G

4

 

CCC NFT]CICNGNCÞ NFT]CICNGNCÞ@ @ MFK MCTFN]ET MF ]F^C^

>

 

CY GV]ETÁG @E]GTCGMG Kes ne`tf`cmes, epc`ce`fs y neaf`tgrces, mfk prfsf`tf trgdgoe mf c`vfstchgncþ`, tctukgme? F^]TG]FHCG^ AF]EMEKÞHCNG^ F@

FK RTENF^E MF

F@^F×G@_G GRTF@MC_GOF MF KFN]EKFN]E- F^NTC]VTG F^NTC]VTG F@ FK ÇTFG MF KF@HVG S KC]FTG]VTG F@ KE^ F^]VMCG@]F^ MF ^FHV@ME S ]FTNFT HTGME MF FMVNGNCÞ@ HF@FTGK DÇ^CNG MF KG V@CMGM FMVNG]CYG C@]C NJVTC, MF KG NEAV@CMGM MF NG^GCNJF NF@]TGK,

RGTTEWVCG

YFC@]CACKKG,

NG@]Þ@

HVGTG@MG,

RTEYC@NCG DEKÁYGT, RFTCEME 427=- 4276, se` mf gdsekutg rfspe`sgdckcmgm mf kg guterg.

Hugrg`mg, 4: mf oukce mfk 4276

Kcn. G`ctg Agrág Njfkg ^cagkczg N.N.

@¿…2427=79=9: @¿…2427=79=9:

=

 

=

 

Y ]GDKG MF N NE@]F@CME^ E@]F@CME^ RGH. RET]GMG…………………………………………………………………………. RET]GMG ………………………………………………………………………….   JEOG MF HVGTMG……………………………………………………………… HVGTMG………………………………………………………………   RET]GMCKKG…………………………………………………………………….. RET]GMCKKG ……………………………………………………………………..  C MFMCNG]ETCG ........................ ............................................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................. ....... 7   CC GHTGMFNCACF@ GHTGMFNCACF@]E ]E ...................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ...................... 4  CCC NFT]CICNGNCÞ@ MFK MCTFN]ET MCTFN]ET MF MF ]F^C^.................................. ]F^C^............................................ .......... >  CY GV]ETÁG @E]GTCGMG ..................... ........................................... ............................................. ..................................... .............. =  Y ]GDKG MF NE@]F@CME^.......................................... ................................................................ .................................... .............. 6  YC TF^VAF@ FOFNV]CYE ............................................ ................................................................... ..................................... .............. :  YCC C@]TEMVNNCÞ@........................................... .................................................................. ............................................. ........................ 74  7.  ]FAG ..................... ............................................ .............................................. ............................................ ......................................... .................... 7=  4. G@]FNFMF@]F^.......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ............................ ..... 76  >. ÇTDEK MFK RTEDKFAG..................... ........................................... ............................................. ................................... ............ 7:  MF^NTCRNCÞ@ MFK RTEDKFAG ......... ............................... ............................................ ...................................... ................ 73   IETAVKGNCÞ@ MFK MF K RTEDKFAG ........................................... ................................................................. ........................ 47  =. OV^]CICNGNCÞ@ .............................................................. .................................................................................... ............................... ......... 44  6. EDOF]CYE^? .......................................................... ................................................................................ .......................................... .................... 4=  9. JCRÞ]F^C^ .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ...................................... ................ 46   8. ERFTGNCE@GKC_GNCÞ@ MF KG^ YGTCGDKF^ ................... ....................................... .................... 49  NGRÁ]VKE C ................................. ....................................................... ............................................. .............................................. ........................... .... 4:  AGTNE ]FÞTCNE ..................................... ........................................................... ............................................. ................................... ............ 4:  7.7. ]FETÁG NCF@]ÁICNG ............................ ................................................... .............................................. ............................... ........ 4:  ÇTFG MF KF@HVG S KC]FTG]VTG .......................................... .............................................................. .................... 4: 

6

 

MF^]TF_G^ RGTG KG F@^F×G@_G MF KF@HVG S KC]FTG]VTG ....... 43   RTFNC^CE@F^ RGTG KG F@^F×G@_G S FK GRTF@MC_GOF .................... ...................... 43  AGNTE MF^]TF_G^

RGTG KG F@^F×G@_G MF

KF@HVG S

KC]FTG]VTG..................................................... ........................................................................... ............................................. ........................... .... >2  ]ÃN@CNG^ S AÃ]EME^ RGTG KG F@^F×G@_G MF KG KFN]EF^NTC]VTG............................. F^NTC]VTG....... ............................................ .............................................. .............................................. .............................. ........ >2  MCMÇN]CNG.............................................................. ..................................................................................... ........................................... .................... >7  F^]TG]FHCG^ F^]TG]FHCG ^ .................... ........................................... .............................................. ............................................. .................................. ............ >4  NVK]VTG F^NTC]G ...................... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ........................ >>  F@^F×G@_G GRTF@MC_GOF MF KFN]E F^NTC]VTG ................................ ................................ >3  ^C^]FAG MF KG KF@HVG (Gmqucscncþ` ( Gmqucscncþ` mfk nþmche gkigdãtcne) ...................... ...................... =7  NE@NCF@NCG KC@HÛÁ^]CNG. KC@HÛÁ^]CNG. ............................................. ................................................................... .............................. ........ =7  TFKGNCÞ@ IE@FAG- HTGIÁG S F^NTC]VTG IE@EKÞHCNG TFIKFZCYG............................. TFIKFZCYG....... ............................................ .............................................. .............................................. .............................. ........ =>  F^NTC]VTG ET]EHTÇICNG TFIKFZCYG TF IKFZCYG ........................................... .................................................... ......... ==  RTEMVNNCÞ@ MF ]FZ]E^ ................. ........................................ ............................................ ...................................... ................. =3   µWVÃ F^ F^NTCDCT5 ....................................................... .............................................................................. ................................... ............ =3   F^NTC]VTG............................. F^NTC]VTG....... ............................................ .............................................. .............................................. .............................. ........ =3  IV@NCE@F^ MF KF@HVGOF......... KF@HVGOF............................... ............................................. ............................................. ........................ 64  ]CRE^ MF ]FZ]E^ .......... ................................. ............................................. ............................................ ...................................... ................ 6>  RTENF^E^ RGTG RTEMVNCT FK ]FZ]E................... .......................................... ................................... ............ 6>   7.4.  ]FETÁG NE@NFR]VGK........................................... ................................................................. .................................. ............ 68  7.>. ]FETÁG TFIFTF@NCGK ........................... .................................................. .............................................. ........................... .... 92  7.=. ]FETÁG ^C]VGNCE@GK ............................................... ..................................................................... .............................. ........ 97  7.6. ]FETÁG KFHGK ........................... ................................................. ............................................ .......................................... .................... 9>   NGRÁ]VKE CC ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ...................................... ................ 98  4. F^]TG]FHCG^ AF]EMEKÞHCNG^ .......................................... .......................................................... ................ 98  9

 

4.7. MC^F×E MF KG C@YF^]CHGNCÞ@? .................... .......................................... ...................................... ................ 98  4.4. ]ÃN@CNG^ F C@^]TVAF@]E^ C@^]TVAF@]E^ ........................... ................................................. ...................................... ................ 9:  4.=. V@CYFT^E S AVF^]TG......................................................................... 9:  4.6. AÃ]EME MF C@YF^]CHGNCÞ@ ......................... ............................................... ...................................... ................ 93  F^]TG]FHCG MF NGADCE ............................................ ................................................................... ................................... ............ 82  NGRÁ]VKE CCC ..................................................... ........................................................................... ............................................. ........................... .... 3:  G@ÇKC^C^ F C@]FTRTF]GNCÞ@ C@]FTRTF]GNCÞ@ MF MG]E^ ................................................. ................................................. 3:  F@]TFYC^]G GRKCNGMG GK TFN]ET MF KG V@CMGM ............................ ............................ 3:  FMVNG]CYG ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ...................................... ................ 3:  F@NVF^]G GRKCNGMG G KE^ MENF@]F^ ...................... .............................................. ............................ 722  ICNJG MF ED^FTYGNCÞ@ E D^FTYGNCÞ@ MF V@G NKG^F .................. ......................................... ............................. ...... 772  NE@NKV^CE@F^ ........................................... .................................................................. ............................................ ............................ ....... 77=  TFNEAF@MGNCE@F^ TFNEAF@MGNC E@F^ ................... ......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ...................... 776  DCDKCEHTGIÁG.............................. DCDKCEHTGIÁG........ ............................................. .............................................. ............................................ ..................... 779  G@FZE^............................... G@FZE^.......... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ................................. .......... 77:  F@NVF^]G GRKCNGMG G MENF@]F^ ........................................... ......................................................... .............. 773  F@]TFYC^]G GRKCNGMG GK TFN]ET MF KG V@CMGM .......................... .......................... 747  FMVNG]CYG ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ .................................... .............. 747  ICNJG MF ED^FTYGNCÞ@ E D^FTYGNCÞ@ MF V@G NKG^F .................. ......................................... ............................. ...... 744  NTEWVC^ MF KG NEAV@CMGM............................................ ................................................................... ........................... 74>  FYCMF@NCG^ HTÇICNG^ ........................................ .............................................................. ........................................ .................. 74=  GT]ÁNVKE NCF@]ÁICNE ............................................. ................................................................... .................................... .............. 748 

8

 

YC TF^VAF@ FOFNV]CYE Jey f` kg gntugkcmgm kg c`nerrfntg gpkcngncþ` mf kgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs hf`frg fk dgoe rf`mcacf`te fsnekgr y dgoe `cvfk mf neaprf`scþ` kfnterg neae?  pene ne`encacf`te f` kg fkgdergncþ` mf kes agtfrcgkfs mcmçntcnes, mcmçntcnes, gusf`ncg mf  pkg`cicngncþ`, fsngsfs ngpgnctgnce`fs ngpgnctgnce`fs g kes menf`tfs, kgs ngpgnctgnce`fs seke f` tferág açs `e kg prçntcng prçntcng fs per tgk rgzþ` prem premunf unf fk gprf`mczgof `e ssch`cicngtcve ch`cicngtcve `e fs seke engsce`gme per kg igktg mf ne`nf`trgncþ` y mfsc`tfrãs mf kes fstumcg`tfs, sc`e quf fste pufmf pufmf sfr tgadcã` tgadcã` premunte mf mf etres ignterfs. Kg prfsf`tf c`vfstchgncþ` tctukgmg kgs kcactgmgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs mf kes fstumcg`tfs mf ^fhu`me y ]frnfr Hrgme mf kg V`cmgm Fmungtcvg C`tc Njurc mf kg Rgrrequcg Yfc`tcackkg, Ng`tþ` Hugrg`mg, f` fk pfrceme 4276. Jg scme fkgdergmg ne` kg ic`gkcmgm mf eirfnfr u`g sfrcf mf fstrgtfhcgs pgrg mcsac`ucr kg c`nerrfntg gpkcngncþ`, pgrg fkke sf rfgkczþ vgrcgs c`vfstchgnce`fs mf fstf fstf predkfag dgsg`me f` fk agrne tfþrcne, gpkcnþ f`nufstg g kes menf`tfs, icnjgs mf edsfrvgncþ` g kes `c÷es/gs mf sfhu`me y tfrnfre, f`trfvcstg gk rfnter mf kg c`stctuncþ`, kg acsag quf  pume fvcmf`ncgr fvcmf`ncgr quf se` gifntgmes gifntgmes per fstf tcpe mf mcicnuktgmfs. Fstg c`vfstchgncþ` fstç ieragmg per trfs ngpátukes iu`mgaf`tgkfs. F` fk ngpátuke C, f`ne`trgaes fk agrne tfþrcne? kes ne`nfptes, fstrgtfhcgs, tãn`cngs, fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs, sf jgnf u` fstumce mf kgs tferágs quf iu`mgaf`tg` kg c`vfstchgncþ`, pgrg gsá mftfrac`gr f` quã afmcmg kg gpkcngncþ` c`gmfnugmg mf kgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs hf`frg f` fk prenfse mf f`sf÷g`zg gprf`mczgof g kes `c÷es y `c÷gs mf sfhu`me g tfrnfr hrgme. Fk ngpátuke CC, kg aftemekehág ne`tcf`f prepcfmgm y tcpe mf c`vfstchgncþ`, epfrgnce`gkczgncþ` epfrgnce`gkczg ncþ` mf kgs vgrcgdkfs, prenfmcacf`tes mf kg c`vfstchgncþ`, vgkcmgncþ` mfk c`struaf`te, rfnekfnncþ` mf kg c`ieragncþ`, prenfsgacf`te mf g`çkcscs, vgkcmgncþ` mf kg prepufstg fs mfncr quf, pfractf cmf`tcicngr kgs ngrgntfrástcngs mfk u`cvfrse quf nerrfspe`mf g kg V`cmgm Fmungtcvg C`tc Njurc mf kg Rgrrequcg Yfc`tcackkg, tgadcã` sf mftgkkg kes aãtemes mf c`vfstchgncþ` utckczgmes, pgrg kufhe gnermgr kg ierag mf nþae sf prenfsg` kes mgtes edtf`cmes.

:

 

Fk ngpátuke CCC, nerrfspe`mf g G`çkcscs f C`tfrprftgncþ` mf Tfsuktgmes edtf`cmes mf kes nugmres y hrçicnes kg c`ieragncþ` rfnekfntgmg mf kes mgtes kg acsag quf `es mg` kes rfsuktgmes açs prc`ncpgkfs, pgrg edtf`fr mf fkke kgs pgutgs g kes rfsuktgmes mf kg c`vfstchgncþ` c`vfstchgncþ` y g`gkczgr kg neapredgncþ` neapredgncþ` mf kg jcpþtfscs. jcpþtfscs. Rgrg mftfrac`gr kes ignterfs quf hf`frg` kg c`gmfnugmg gpkcngncþ` mf kgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs. Kes trfs ngpátukes ngpátukes g`gkczgmes tgadcã` fk fstumce mf kgs vgrcgdkfs sf sf edtcf`f` kgs ne`nkusce`fs y rfneaf`mgnce`fs, pgrg kg c``evgncþ` mf kgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs mf kg kfnte-fsnrcturg y afoergr kg neaprf`scþ` kfnterg f` kes fstumcg`tfs mf sfhu`me y tfrnfr hrgme mf fmungncþ` hf`frgk dçscng. Rer ÿktcae nerrfspe`mf g kgs rfifrf`ncgs dcdkcehrçicngs f` me`mf sf nctg utckczg`me kgs `erags GRG. Gmfaçs ne`tcf`f g`fxes y kes c`struaf`tes utckczgmes. utc kczgmes.

3

 

^VAGTS ]emgy temgy acsgppkcngtce` ei aftjemekehcngk strgtfhcfs hf`frgtfs peer snjeek  pfrierag`nf g`m kew rfgmc`h neaprfjf`sce` gs? kcttkf l`ewkfmhf c` tjf mfvfkepaf`t ei tfgnjc`h agtfrcgks, kgnl ei pkg``c`h, peer trgc`c`h ier tfgnjfrs, trgc`c`h gke`f tjfery dut `et tjf prgntcnf cs ier tjcs rfgse` premunfs `e sch`cicng`t kfgr`c`h cs `et oust ngusfm dy g kgnl ei ne`nf`trgtce` g`m kgnl ei stumf`ts, dut tjcs ng` gkse df ngusfm dy etjfr ignters ]jf prfsf`t rfsfgrnj f`tctkfm c`nerrfnt gppkcngtce` ei tjf aftjemekehcngk strgtfhcfs ei stumf`ts c` sfne`m g`m tjcrm hrgmf ei tjf Fmungtce` V`ct ei tjf Rgrcsj C`tc Njurc Yfc`tfackkg Ng`te` Hugrg`mg, c` tjf 4276 pfrcem. Ct wgs mfvfkepfm wctj tjf gca ei eiifrc`h g `uadfr ei strgtfhcfs te rfmunf tjf c`nerrfnt gppkcngtce` ier tjgt sfvfrgk c`vfstchgtce`s ei tjcs predkfa wgs agmf dgsc`h e` tjf tjferftcngk irgafwerl, te stumy tjcs predkfa survfy tfgnjfrs, njcps rfagrl gppkcfs te njckmrf` / gs, c`tfrvcfw tjf Tfnter ei tjf c`stctutce`, ct wgs fvcmf`t tjgt tjfy grf giifntfm dy tjfsf predkfas. ]jcs stumy ne`scsts ei tjrff agc` sfntce`s. C` Njgptfr C, C ieu`m tjf tjferftcngk irgafwerl? ne`nfpts, strgtfhcfs, tfnj`cqufs, tfgnjc`h strgtfhcfs, g stumy ei tjf tjfercfs u`mfrkyc`h tjf rfsfgrnj cs me`f, te mftfrac`f te wjgt fxtf`t tjf c`gmfqugtf capkfaf`tgtce` ei aftjemekehcngk strgtfhcfs hf`frgtfm c` tjf prenfss ei kfgr`c`h te njckmrf` irea sfne`m te tjcrm hrgmf. Njgptfr CC, ne`tgc`s preprcftgry aftjemekehy g`m typf ei rfsfgrnj, epfrgtce`gkczgtce` ei vgrcgdkfs, c`vfstchgtce` prenfmurfs, c`struaf`t vgkcmgtce`, mgtg nekkfntce`, G`gkyscs prenfssc`h, vgkcmgtce` ei Rrepesctce` cf, cmf`tcicfs tjf njgrgntfrcstcns ei tjf u`cvfrsf nerrfspe`mc`h te tjf Fmungtce`gk V`ct C`tc Njurc ei Yfc`tfackkg Rgrcsj, gkse tjf rfsfgrnj aftjems usfm grf mftgckfm g`m tjf` ghrff e` jew te jew te prenfss tjf mgtg. Njgptfr CCC, cs ier G`gkyscs g`m c`tfrprftgtce` ei rfsukts edtgc`fm irea tjf tgdkfs g`m hrgpjs tjf mgtg nekkfntfm irea tjf sgaf mgtg tjgt hcvf us tjf lfy rfsukts ier

72

 

tjf hucmfkc`fs ct te t e tjf rfsukts ei rfsfgrnj g`m g`gkyscs njfnlc`h tjf jypetjfscs. ]e mftfrac`f tjf ignters tjgt nrfgtfs c`gmfqugtf capkfaf`tgtce` ei aftjemekehcngk strgtfhcfs. Gitfr tjf tjrff njgptfrs g`gkyzfm gkse ne`tgc`s ne`nkusce`s g`m rfneaaf`mgtce`s gitfr stumyc`h tjf vgrcgdkfs, tjf ne`nkusce`s g`m tjf` hcvf rfneaaf`mgtce`s ier aftjemekehcngk c``evgtce` strgtfhcfs te caprevf kctfrgny g`m rfgmc`h neaprfjf`sce` c` stumf`ts ei sfne`m g`m tjcrm hrgmf ei Hf`frgk Dgscn Fmungtce` grf edtgc`fm.

Ic`gkky ct nerrfspe`ms te tjf nctgtce`s c` quetc`h usc`h GRG stg`mgrms. Ct gkse ne`tgc`s g``fxfs prfsf`ts tjf c`struaf`ts usfm.

77

 

YCC C@]TEMVNNCÞ@ Fstf trgdgoe mf c`vfstchgncþ` mf kg V`cmgm Fmungtcvg ‛C`tc Njurc‑ prfsf`tg kg mcicnuktgm quf tcf`f` kes `c÷es y `c÷gs mf ^fhu`me y ]frnfr Hrgme mf Fmungncþ` Dçscng f` fk mfsgrrekke mf jgdckcmgmfs y mfstrfzgs f` kg kfnte-fsnrcturg y kgs fstrgtfhcgs quf kes menf`tfs gpkcngdg` pgrg kg f`sf÷g`zg gprf`mczgof mf kfntefsnrcturg f` kg c`stctuncþ`. c`stct uncþ`. Ne` fstf trgdgoe mf c`vfstchgncþ` sf cmf`tcicng` kgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs quf kes menf`tfs gpkcngdg` gpkcngdg` f` kg kfnturg y fsnrcturg fsnrcturg y neae fstgs quf mcicnuktgdg` kgs jgdckcmgmfs y mfstrfzgs f` kg kfnte-fsnrcturg, gsá acsae sf kehrþ mfsnudrcr quf kes menf`tfs mfsgrrekkgdg` afnç`cngaf`tf afnç`cngaf`tf quf `e aetcvgdg` fk gprf`mczgof, kes `c÷es y `c÷gs `e neaprf`mág` ke quf kfág` `c fsnrcdág`, `e gadcf`tgdg iáscng y  pfmghþhcngaf`tf fk gukg mf nkgsfs, `e fkgdergdg rc`ne`fs mf gprf`mczgof yg quf  pfmghþhcngaf`tf gk rfgkczgr kg f`trfvcstg tg`te gk rfnter neae g kes menf`tfs neaf`tgdg` tgadcã` quf kg ngkcmgm mf kfnte-fsnrcturg f` kes `c÷es y `c÷gs mf sfhu`me y tfrnfr hrgme frg auy dgoe, fs per fstg rgzþ` pufste g c`vfstchgr fstf predkfag pgrg ne`stgtgr mcnjg c`ieragncþ`. Mf gnufrme g kes rfsuktgmes edtf`cmes prenfmcaes g mcsf÷gr u` ag`ugk mf kgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs pgrg kes menf`tfs pgrg afoergr kg kfnte-fsnrcturg f` kes `c÷es y `c÷gs y df`ficncgr g kg neau`cmgm fmungtcvg, kg acsag quf ne`enfrç` kes rfsuktgmes mf mcnje prenfse c`vfstchgtcve. Kes menf`tfs mf kg gntugkcmgm f` su agyerág `e fstgaes trgdgog`me fofrncnces mf kfnte-fsnrcturg, `e fstgaes fxpkerg`me kes ne`encacf`tes mf kes fstumcg`tfs ne` fofrncnces prçntcnes y aetcvgmerfs, kkfvg`me g u` irgngse prenfses mf gprf`mczgof  prc`ncpgkaf`tf f` kg kfnturg y fsnrcturg c`tfrprftgtcvg. Kes fstumcg`tfs mf sfhu`me sfhu`me y tfrnfr hrgme prfsf`tg` mcicnuktgmfs f` kes prenfse mf f`sf÷g`zg y gprf`mczgof f` kg kfnturg y fsnrcturg. F` kg gsch`gturg mf kf`hug y kctfrgturg fs `fnfsgrce jgnfr ã`igscs f` fk duf` mfsgrrekke mf kg kfnturg y fsnrcturg, 74

 

 per ke tg`te fs iu`mgaf`tgk ne`enfr mf quf neae fstgaes f`sf÷g`me kg kfntefsnrcturg f` ^fhu`me y ]frnfr Hrgme Hrgme mf kg V`cmgm Fmungtcvg ‛C`tc Njurc‑ mf kg neau`cmgm mf Ngsgcnjf Nf`trgk. ]emg fstg c`vfstchgncþ` tf`mrç su agyer capgnte nug`me kg u`cmgm fmungtcvg sf mã nuf`tg mf kg rfgkcmgm gntugk mf kes prenfses mf f`sf÷g`zg y gprf`mczgof f` kg kfnturg y fsnrcturg pgrg fk mfsgrrekke mf jgdckcmgmfs y mfstrfzgs mfstrfzgs..

7>

 

7.  ]FAG Fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs f` fk prenfse mf f`sf÷g`zg gprf`mczgof mf kfntefsnrcturg f` fk çrfg mf kf`hug kf`hug y kctfrgturg f` kes fstumcg`tfs fstumcg`tfs mf ^fhu`me y ]frnfr Hrgme mf Fmungncþ` Hf`frgk Dçscng mf kg V`cmgm Fmungtcvg Fmungtcvg C`tc Njurc, mf kg Neau`cmgm mf Ngsgcnjf Nf`trgk, Rgrrequcg Yfc`tcackkg, Ng`tþ` Hugrg`mg, Rrevc`ncg Dekávgr, Rfrceme 427=- 4276.

7=

 

4. G@]FNFMF@]F^ @CYFK AGNTE Kgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs mf fsnufkgs kfntergs `gnf f` fk agrne mfk preyfnte rfhce`gk ‛Nf`tre mf fxnfkf`ncg pgrg kg ngpgnctgncþ` mf Agfstres‑, quf gsencg g trfs u`cvfrscmgmfs mf kg rfhcþ`? kg V`cvfrscmgm Ngyftg`e, V`cv V`cvfrscmgm frscmgm mf @ur mf Dekcvcg y kg V`cvfrscmgm G`mc`g ^caþ` Dekávgr mf Fnugmer, fs u` preyfnte quf  dusng afoergr kgs mcicnuktgmfs mf kes fstumcg`tfs kgs neapftf`ncgs mf kfnte fsnrcturg mf kes trfs t rfs pgásfs. F` fk Fnugmer jfaes fsnunjgme quf g `cvfk mf temgs kgs fsnufkg mf pgás fstç`  dgoes f` kg neaprf`scþ` mf kg kfnturg y fsnrcturg f` çrfg mf kf`hug y kctfrgturg  prc`ncpgkaf`tf f` kes sfnterfs rurgkfs, vcf`me e jgncf`me fses g`çkcscs kg V`cvfrscmgm G`mc`g ^caþ` Dekávgr mfk Fnugmer gsuaf fk preyfnte y ke c`tfhrg g su acscþ` mf afoergr kg ngkcmgm mf kg fmungncþ` dçscng, pfrifnnce`g`me kgs neapftf`ncgs preifsce`gkfs preifsce`gkfs mf kes agfstres mf kes prcafres y sfhu` sfhu`mes mes g÷es mf fmungncþ` dçscng mf fsnufkgs urdg`e-agrhc`gkfs y rurgkfs mfk pgás, f` kg f`sf÷g`zg mf kg kfnturg y kg fsnrcturg. Ne` fkke dusng rfvfrtcr fk jfnje mf quf kg agyerág mf `c÷es y `c÷gs fnugtercg`es tfrac`f` su fmungncþ` dçscng sc` jgdfr gmqucrcme kgs jgdckcmgmfs iu`mgaf`tgkfs mf neaprf`scþ` kfnterg y mfstrfzg fsnrctg caprfsnc`mcdkfs. Kufhe sf fofnutg hrgncgs g u` ne`vf`ce f`trf fk Ac`cstfrce mf Fmungncþ` mfk Fnugmer y kg VG^D, V G^D, jg scme gvgkgme y rfne`encme eicncgkaf`tf afmcg`tf Gnufrme Ac`cstfrcgk @e. >4:3. Kgs aftgs mfk Rrehrgag Fsnufkgs Kfntergs se`? iertgkfnfr fk kcmfrgzhe c``evgmer mf kes menf`tfs, y eptcaczgr kg f`sf÷g`zg mf kg kfnturg y mf kgs jgdckcmgmfs fsnrctergs mf kes fstumcg`tfs mf fmungncþ` dçscng mfk pgás, temg vfz quf sf rfne`enf quf kg kfnturg y kg fsnrcturg ne`stctuyf` mes jfrrgacf`tgs c`mcspf`sgdkfs  pgrg fk mfsgrrekke pfrse`gk, preifsce`gk y sencgk mf kes suoftes y kes pufdkes y, per tg`te, pgrg fk fofrncnce pkf`e mf kes mfrfnjes mf ncumgmg`ág.

76

 

Kg VG^D ierag pgrtf mfk çrfg mf fmungncþ` fmungncþ` qucf`fs ierag` pgrtf pgrtf mfk fqucpe quf fstrgtfhcgss aftemek aftemekþhcngs þhcngs gmfnugmgs pfractf` fstç` ne`vf`ncmes mf quf fk f k use mf fstrgtfhcg u` gprf`mczgof açs fifntcve quf mfrcvg mf kg ne`nfpncþ` neh`esnctcvcstg mfk gprf`mczgof, f` kg quf fk suofte ne`struyf, ermf`g y utckczg kes ne`nfptes quf gmqucfrf f` fk prenfse mf f`sf÷g`zg. F` fstf fstumce pkg`tfg kg pescdckcmgm mf quf kes fstumcg`tfs gkng`nf` u` gprf`mczgof açs fifntcve, mcsf÷g`me fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs c``evgmergs quf pfractg` afoergr fk rfsuktgme mfk rf`mcacf`te mf kg gsch`gturg f` fstumce y per f`mf afoergr kg ngkcmgm mf kg fmungncþ`. fmu ngncþ`. Fk prfsf`tf trgdgoe sf rfkgnce`g ne` `ufstrg c`vfstchgncþ` perquf pkg`tfg kg `fnfscmgm mfk use mf fstrgtfhcgs açs gmfnugmgs quf pfractg` g kes gkua`es kehrgr gprf`mczgofs açs ficngnfs y gsá afoergr su rf`mcacf`te gngmãacne, g trgvãs mf kg ne`strunncþ` mf sus sgdfrfs.  sgdfrfs. 

@CYFK AF^E Kg mcrfnncþ` mcstrctgk mf kg fmungncþ` c`tfrnukturgk mf kg Rrevc`ncg mf Dekávgr `e sf jg` prfenupgme f` ngpgnctgr g kes menf`tfs f` kgs çrfgs dçscngs pgrg fk afoergacf`te mf kg ngkcmgm juag`g preifsce`gk y mf kg fmungncþ`< Ycf`me fstes g`tfnfmf`tfs pcf`se quf kes menf`tfs mfdfaes sfhucr sfhucr gntugkczg`me y  prfpgrg`me pgrg afoergr kgs mcicnuktgmfs quf ngusg` f` fk prenfse mf f`sf÷g`zg y gprf`mczgof. Gntugkaf`tf fxcstf u`g hrg` mcvfrscmgm mf mfic`cnce`fs mf kf`hug y kctfrgturg quf fs aÿktcpkf y gnfrtgme, quf sf ne`tfapkg y g`gkczg u`g sfrcf mf ngtfherágs ne`nfptugkfs mf fstgs ngpgncmgmfs fac`f`tfaf`tf juag`gs, quf  pfractg` u`g neaprf`scþ` neaprf`scþ` f` temg su nea neapkfocmgm. pkfocmgm. F` gkhu`gs fsnufkgs rurgkfs y urdg`es mf `ufstrg prev prevc`ncg c`ncg temgvág f`sf÷gaes f`sf÷gaes ne` fk aãteme sckçdcne aunjgs mf kgs vfnfs vfnfs kgs sckgdgs `e tcf`f` sch`cicngme sch`cicngm e ‛ag‑ pf`sgaes quf ne` kg sckgdg f`tcf`mf afoer quf ne` kes se`cmes sgdcf`me quf fs afoer kes se`cmes, se`cmes, pfre ne` fse `e mche quf `e scrvf fstf fstf aãteme sckçdcne g vfnfs `es igktg fk c`tfrãs y kg rfspe`sgdckcmgm mf gpkcngr gmfnugmgaf`tf nugkqucfrg mf kes aãtemes g`tfaf`nce`gmes.

79

 

ACNTE   @CYFK ACNTE Kg V`cmgm Fmungtcvg ‛C@]C NJVTC‑ mf kg k g Neau`cmgm mf Ngsgcnjf Nf`trgk Rgrrequcg Yfc`tfackkg, aetcve mf aá trgdgoe mf c`vfstchgncþ` jf pemcme neapredgr quf fxcstf kg c`nerrfntg gpkcngncþ` mf kgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs  preveng`me fk dgoe rf`mcacf`te gngmãacne mf kes `c÷es y `c÷gs mf sfhu`me g tfrnfr g÷e mf fmungncþ` dçscng. Rerquf mfsmf aunje aunje açs g`tfs f` kg gpkcngncþ` mf kgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs aftemekþhcngs f` fk çrfg mf kf`hug y kctfrgturg jfaes tf`cme predkfags f` `ufstrg c`stctuncþ`, sf f`nuf`trg `c÷es-gs quf tgrmg` f` kffr, kff` mfkftrfg`me, ne`iusce`fs mf gkhu`gs kftrgs, kff` y `e neaprf`mf` fk tfxte, gk fsnrcdcr tcf`f igktgs ertehrçicngs, ierag` ergnce`fs auy nertgs, `e kfs hustg kg kfnturg g vfnfs sf jgnf per edkchgncþ`, vcf`me temgs fstgs fstgs mcicnuktgmfs jfaes pufste g g`gkczgr pgrg rfgkczgr fstf trgdgoe mf c`vfstchgncþ` scfaprf pf`sg`me mgr sekuncþ` g kes predkfags pkg`tfgmes. Kg gutercmgm y kes menf`tfs mf fstg c`stctuncþ` `e jfaes prfenupgme f` gntugkczgr kes ne`encacf`tes f` nug`te g kgs pkg`cicngnce`fs, utckczgncþ` mf agtfrcgkfs mcmçntcnes, utckczgncþ` nerrfntg mf kgs fstrgtfhcgs pgrg kkfhgr jgncg `ufstres fstumcg`tfs ne` fstes g`tfnfmf`tfs `e jfaes pemcme afoergr kg k g kfnturg y fsnrcturg, kg ngkchrgiág, ertehrgiág, kg `fnfscmgm `fnfscmgm y fk c`tfrãs per gprf`mfr g kffr y g fsnrcdcr,  pfre `e iuf gsá, frg seke neae u`g fxchf`ncg mf pgrtf mf kes menf`tfs, `e kfs hustgdg nepcgr, sc`e quf jgnág` per edkchgncþ`.

78

 

>. ÇTDEK MFK RTEDKFAG FIFN]E^

Dgoe rf`mcacf`te fsnekgr f` fk çrfg mf kf`hug y kctfrgturg.

Dgoe `cvfk mf neaprf`scþ` f c`tfrprftgncþ` mf tfxtes.

Mficncf`tf mfsgrrekke mf ngpgncmgmfs c`tfkfntugkfs.

Mfsgrrekke mf nkgsfs f` ierag rutc`grcg.

Rene meac`ce mf kfntefsnrcturg.

Kcactgmgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs f` fk prenfse prenfse mf f`sf÷g`zg gprf`mczgof, mf kfnte  „ fsnrcturg fsnrcturg f` fk çrfg mf kf`hug y kctfrgturg5

RTEDKFAG

NGV^G^ Mfsne`encacf`te f` kg gpkcngncþ` y utckczgncþ` mf kg aftem aftemeke eke ág mf kes

Rene ne`encacf`te mf kes menf`tfs f` kg utckczgncþ` utckczgncþ` mf agtfrcgkfs mcmçntcnes

Fsngsgs ngpgnctgncþ` mf kes menf`tfs f` kg gntugkczgncþ` nurrcnukgr

Gusf`ncg mf pkg`cicngncþ` ne` kg gntugkczgncþ` nurrcnukgr mf kes menf`tfs.

Agkg trg`sifrf`ncg mf ne`encacf`tes per pgrtf mf kes menf`tfs.

Gprf`mczgof sch`cicngtcve.

Igktg veku`tgm f c`tfrãs  per pgrtf mf kes menf`tfs.

Caprevcsgncþ` mf nkgsfs.

`e

7:

 

MF^NTCRNCÞ@ MF^NTCRNC Þ@ MFK RTEDKFAG F` kg V`cmgm Fmungtcvg C`tc Njurc mf kg neau`cmgm mf Ngsgcnjf Nf`trgk u`gs mf kgs ngusgs açs mfstgngmes mfstgngmes sf mg per fk mfsne`encacf`te mfsne`encacf`te mf kg gpkcngncþ` y utckczgncþ` mf mf kgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs, aftemekþhcngs, fs per igktg mf ngpgnctgncþ` ngpgnctgncþ` y gntugkczgncþ` nurrcnukgr nurrcnukgr  per pgrtf mf kes menf`tfs, tgadcã` neae neae ngusg sfnu`mgrce fs kg agkg trg`sifrf`ncg mmff ne`encacf`te jgncg kes fstumcg`tfs mf sfhu`me y tfrnfr hrgme, per igktg mf  prfpgrgncþ` mfk tfag, `e fkgdergncþ` mf agtfrcgkfs mmcmçntcnes cmçntcnes y igktg mf gntugkczgn gntugkczgncþ` cþ` mf kgs fstrgtfhcgs fstrgtf hcgs aftemekþhcngs, tgadcã` pufmf sfr quf gkhu`es menf`tf `e tcf`f fk me` mf qufrfr jgnfr kgs nesgs, sgdcf`me quf fstes fkfaf`tes se` c`mcspf`sgdkf pgrg kkfhgr jgncg `ufstres `c÷es y `c÷gs mf kg c`stctuncþ`. Etrgs mf kgs ngusgs quf erchc`g fk predkfag fs per pene ne`encacf`te f` kg fkgdergncþ` y utckczgncþ` mf kes agtfrcgkfs mcmçntcne mf kes menf`tfs quf `e `es gntugkczgaes tgadcã` tgadcã` igktg fk c`tfrãs mf qufrfr jgnfr kgs nesgs scf`me scf`me u`g c`stg`ncg c`stg`ncg  prcaermcgk pgrg mfsgrrekkgr mfsgrrekkgr kg nkgsf.

Gprf`mczgof `e sch`cicngtcve, fs perquf `e f`sf÷gaes g kes `c÷es mf sfhu`me y tfrnfr hrgme u`g nukturg e gadcf`tf kftrgme, kg ag`frg mf pf`sgr f c`tfrrfkgnce`gr c`tfrrfkgnce`grsf sf ne` etrgs pfrse`gs, g vgkergr kes edoftes mf kg nukturg fsnrctg yg sf kcdres, iekkftes, rfvcstgs, pfrcþmcnes, nuf`tes, kfyf`mgs, ftn., g quf sfpg` utckczgr y rfne`enfr quf fk fsnrcter e fsnrcterg prepe`f. Etres mf kes neape`f`tfs quf ngusg` fk gprf`mczgof mf kes `c÷es/gs fs per Fsngses ngpgnctgnce`fs ngpgnctgnce` fs f` kg gntugkczgncþ` nurrcnukgr mf kgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs  prc`ncpgkaf`tf f` çrfg mf kf`hug y kctfrgturg, k ctfrgturg, perquf kgs ngpgnctgnce`fs g`tfrcerfs y gntugkfs

jg` scme seke tfþrcne açs `e prçntcne y tg` pene mg` mg` sfhucacf`te y

fvgkugncþ` per pgrtf mf kes neermc`gmerfs mf kes nurses quf rfgkczg` g kes menf`tfs. Igktg mf veku`tgm f c`tfrãs per pgrtf mf kes menf`tfs perquf `e gpkcng nerrfntgaf`tf fk prenfse mf f`sf÷g`zg? `e jgy u`g aetcvgncþ` rfkgnce`gme gk tfag, `e jgy u`g sctugncþ` neau`cngtcvg e prfrrfqucsctes gk c`cnce mf kg nkgsf, f` ne`strunncþ` mf ne`encacf`tes sc` agtfrcgkfs mcmçntcnes, igktg mf agtfrcgkfs pgrg rfgkczgr

73

 

trg`sifrf`ncg mf mf ne`encacf`te, gk gpkcngr temes fstes fkfaf`tes fkfaf`tes gmfnugmgaf`tf gmfnugmgaf`tf sc  pemfaes afoergr kg kfnturg y fsnrcturg. Etres mf kes ignterfs quf c`ncmf`, fs kg gusf`ncg mf pkg`cicngncþ` nurrcnukgr  pfrag`f`tf per pgrtf mf gkhu`es menf`tfs, perquf aunjgs mf kgs vfnfs kgs nkgsfs se` caprevcsgmgs caprevc sgmgs y fste pufmf engsce`gr f` kes fstumcg`tfs fstumcg`t fs fk pene meac`ce mf kg kfnturg y fsnrcturg, per `e fxcstf fk c`tfrãs per kffr `c fsnrcdcr, kgs gntcvcmgmfs quf rfgkczg` se` nepcgs y nepcgs mf kcdre g açs mf ke quf yg fstç` f` kes tfxtes fstgs se` kgs ne`sfnuf`ncgs pgrg quf jgyg jgyg fk dgoe rf`mcacf`te fsnekgr. Rfractcf`me quf fk mfsgrrekke mf kg nkgsf sfg rutc`grce, sckçdcne neae g`tfs rfpftctcve, fstgs ngusgs se` sfnu`mgrces sfnu`mgrce s pgrg pgrg quf kes `c÷es `e mfsgrrekkf` kgs mfstrfzgs menf`tfs tf`hg` fk mfsc`tfrãs f` fk trgdgoe fmungtcve. Kufhe mf kgs ngusgs quf sf jg g`gkczgme g su vfz premunf` fifntes fifnt es `fhgtcves pgrg kg kfnturg y fsnrcturg neae? Fk pene meac`ce mf kfnturg y fsnrcturg, fsnrcturg, gk nukac`gr kg fmungncþ` prcagrcg kfnturg fs sckgdfg`me engsce`g`me kg c`neaprf`scþ` mf kg acsag

y gk fsnrcdcr pesff` mfagscgmes frrerfs ertehrçicnes, `e mcifrf`ncg` kes se`cmes ne`iuscþ` mf kgs kftrgs. Etres mf kes fifntes quf premunf fs fk mfsgrrekke mf kg nkgsf f` ierag rutc`grcg, kes `c÷es se` afaerástcnes, `c÷es rfpftctcves, ierag` ergnce`fs nertgs, `c÷es táacmes quf `e qucfrf` fxprfsgrsf g`tf kes neapg÷fres, `e kfs teag capertg`ncg g kg kfnturg, `e kfs hustg kffr. ]gadcã` sf gmvcfrtf` mfifntes f` kg kfnturg y fsnrcturg mfdcme g kg mficncf`ncg mfk mfsgrrekke mf kgs ngpgncmgmfs c`tfkfntugkfs, quf `e pfractf gk fstumcg`tf tfrac`gr sus fstumces y g su vfz mfsgrrekkgr sus gntcvcmgmfs ficncf`tfaf`tf. ficncf`tfaf`tf. Fs `eterce gmfaçs fk dgoe `cvfk mf neaprf`scþ` f c`tfrprftgncþ` mf tfxtes, jgy `c÷es/gs quf `e kfs hustg fsnunjgr kg kfnturg, mfaerg f` ngptgr, kff` sckgdfg`me, `e f`tcf`mf` kg kfnturg, fs mfncr mfncr `e tcf`f` kg `fnfscmgm y fk c`tfrãs per kffr mg`me neae fifnte supfrcer fk dgoe rf`mcacf`te fsnekgr f` kes `c÷es  „ `c÷gs `c÷gs mf sfhu`me y tfrnfr hrgme mf fmungncþ` hf`frgk dçscng.

42

 

IETAVKGNCÞ@ MFK RTEDKFAG Kcactgmgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs Kg c`gmfnugmg utckczgncþ` y gpkcngncþ` mf fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs gifntg f` fk  prenfse mf f`sf÷g`zg gprf`mczgof mf kfnte-fsnrcturg f` fk çrfg mf kf`hug y kct kctfrgturg, frgturg, f` kes fstumcg`tfs mf ^fhu`me y ]frnfr Hrgme mf Fmungncþ` Hf`frgk Dçscng mf kg V`cmgm Fmungtcvg C`tc Njurc, f` fk Rfrceme 427= - 42765 

^udpredkfags?   722% mf kes `c÷es y `c÷gs mf kg neau`cmgm mf kes Ngsgcnjfs, se` `ftgaf`tf



lcnjwg jgdkg`tfs, perquf perquf se` kf`tes f` f`tf`mfr y nngptgr gptgr kg nkgsf mf kf`hug kf`hug y kctfrgturg.    Vtckczgncþ` c`gmfnugmg mf kgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs mf f`sf÷g`zg gprf`mczgof



f` kf`hug y kctfrgturg per pgrtf mf kes menf`tfs.

  :2% mf kes fstumcg`tfs neaftf` igktgs ertehrçicngs gk fsnrcdcr.



  Kg u`cmgm fmungtcvg `e nuf`tg ne` agtfrcgkfs mcmçntcnes cmþ`fes pgrg fk çrfg mf



kf`hug y kctfrgturg.   Mfsne`encacf`te mf kes menf`tfs f` kg gpkcngncþ` y ag`foe mf kes agtfrcgkfs



mcmçntcnes.

  Kg pkg`cicngncþ` `e fs gpkcngmg nerrfntgaf`tf. nerrfntgaf`tf.



  Fsngses tfxtes rfnrfgtcves f` kg dcdkcetfng.



  Mfsc`tfrãs mf kes fstumcg`tfs f` fk prenfse mf gprf`mczgof y f` tgrfgs tgrfg s fsnekgrfs.



  Igktg mf gntugkczgncþ` gntugkczgncþ` pfmghþhcng pfmghþhcng mf kes menf`tfs.



  Gadcf`tfs y fspgnces c`gmfnugmes pgrg kg kfnturg per pkgnfr y kg ieragncþ`



c`tfkfntugk.

47

 

=. OV^]CICNG OV^]CICNGNCÞ@ NCÞ@ Fk prfsf`tf trgdgoe c`vfstchgtcve fs mf aunjg capertg`ncg pgrg temes kes menf`tfs y gutercmgmfs quf fstgaes c`vekunrgmes f` fk ngape fmungtcve, yg quf fstg c`vfstchgncþ` rgmcng f` kes df`ficnces  quf pufmg gpertgr g kes k es fstumcg`tfs, menf`tfs y gk acsae scstfag fmungtcve. Jg scme igntcdkf  rfgkczgr fstf trgdgoe mf c`vfstchgncþ` mf kgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs pgrg vf`nfr kg f`sf÷g`zg- gprf`mczgof mf kfnte-fsnrcturg y kg  petf`ncgncþ` mf kg premunncþ` mf tfxtes, sf nuf`tg ne` kes ne`encacf`tes, gpeye y kg prfmcspescncþ` mf kgs gutercmgmfs, menf`tfs y fstumcg`tfs mf kg u`cmgm fmungtcvg, kg acsag quf prfste acs sfrvcnces f` kg acsag c`stctuncþ` c`stctuncþ` neae menf`tf, menf`tf, per nug`te sf kf ne`enf pgrg rfgkczgr fstg c`vfstchgncþ` c`vfstchgncþ` ne` ignckcmgm ignckc mgm y ne`sfhucr c`ieragnce`fs. Fstf trgdgoe fs erchc`gk perquf `e sf jg f`ne`trgme f` etrgs c`stctunce`fs fmungtcvgs u` trgdgoe scackgr, rgzþ` per per kg nugk nugk sf jg vcsugkczgme vcsugkczgme quf quf fs `fnfsgrce rfgkczgr fstf

tfaçtcne per prcafrg vfz vfz y pgrg quf sf fofnutf f` `ufstrg c`stctuncþ`, c`stctuncþ`, fs ne` kg ic`gkcmgm mf preiu`mczgr f` kg gpkcngncþ` mf u` ag`ugk pgrg u` afoer mfsgrrekke mfsgrrekke mf kes fstumcg`tfs y vf`nfr kgs mcicnuktgmfs mfk gprf`mczgof kf`hug y kctfrgturg. Fxcstf kg hrg` prfenupgncþ` prfenupgncþ` mf temgs kgs gutercmgmfs, gutercmgmfs, menf`tfs, y pgmrfs mf igackcg  per f`ne`trgr kes aetcves c`igkcdkfs mf kg mfngmf`ncg mfngmf`ncg mfk prenfse gngmãacne y fvgkugtcve mfk scstfag mf fmungncþ` quf sf gpkcng mf`tre mf kg V`cmgm Fmungtcvg C`tc Njurc, gmfaçs fstg c`vfstchgncþ` c`vfstchgncþ` sfrvcrç pgrg fstgdkfnfr kgs afoerfs afoerfs fstrgtfh fstrgtfhcgs cgs y aftemekþhcngs gprepcgmgs gprepcgmgs pgrg fk c`tfr-gprf`mczgof mf kfnte-fsnrcturg, ne` fk edoftcve mf c`vekunrgr g temes kes hfsterfs fmungtcves, nrfg`me u`g ne`ncf`ncg mf pfrtc`f`ncg    prepcfmgm, nerrfspe`sgdckcmgm, nerrfspe`sgdckcmgm, fapemfrgacf`te y mf

pgrtcncpgncþ` epertu`g y

fifntcvg mf temes kes k es acfadres mfk qufjgnfr qufjgnfr fmungtcve. Ne` fstf trgdgoe sf qucfrf sekunce`gr kg c`gmfnugmg gpkcngncþ` mf fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs f` kes menf`tfs, me`mf sf rfikfof` kg vfrmgmfrg pgrtcncpgncþ` y fapemfrgacf`te mf fstgs gntcvcmgmfs gntcvcmgmfs fmungtcvgs, fmungtcvgs, yg quf jgstg kg gntugkcmgm gntugkcmgm f` kg V`cmgm Fmungtcvg ‛C`tc Njurc‑ `e sf jg gpkcngme fstg aftemekehág nerrfntgaf`tf kgs aftemekehágs pgrg fk gprf`mczgof mf kfnte-fsnrcturg per ke quf kes df`ficncgmes  

44

 

mcrfntes sfrç` kes fstumcg`tfs y menf`tfs mf kg V`cmgm Fmungtcvg C`tc Njurc mf kg neau`cmgm mf kes Ngsgcnjfs. Fk edoftcve prc`ncpgk mf mf fstf trgdgoe c`vfstchgtcve c`vfstchgtcve fs ne` ne` kg ic`gkcmgm mf afoergr kg kfnte-fsnrcturg, quf tf`hg` sch`cicngme y quf scrvg neae c`struaf`te mf neau`cngncþ`. Rgrg quf kg kfnturg y fsnrcturg tf`hg` sch`cicngme, f` kes `c÷es y `c÷gs `c÷g s quf mfdf` fxprfsgr ke quf quf pcf`sg`, scf`tf`, y vcvf` pgrg sfr rfne`encmes y vgkergmes. F` kg gpkcngncþ` mf fstg `ufvg aftemekehág sf pgrtf mf sctugnce`fs neau`cngtcvgs ne`nrftgs quf nerrfspe`mf` g kes c`tfrfsfs y `fnfscmgmfs mf kes fstumcg`tfs mf ^fhu`me g ^ãptcae G÷e mf Fmungncþ` Hf`frgk Dçscng. V`g vfz ne`nkucmg kg c`vfstchgncþ`, kes rfsuktgmes edtf`cmes df`ficncgrç` `e seke g kes menf`tfs mf kg c`stctuncþ` sc`e tgadcã` g fstumcg`tfs, quf per vgrcgs rgze`fs `e  pumcfre` gscackgr kes ne`encacf`tes ne`encacf`tes f` ffkk gukg mf nkgsfs mf`tre mmfk fk prenfse fmungtcve fmungtcve tf`cf`me neae ngrgntfrástcng prc`ncpgk kg gpfrturg gk ne`encacf`te y g `ufvgs fstrgtfhcg aftemekþhcngs mf f`sf÷g`zg gprf`mczgof.

@evfmgm ncf`táicng, sf nerrfkgnce`grç kes iu`mgaf`tes tfþrcnes ne` kg prçntcng  pfmghþhcng  pfmghþh cng mc`gaczgmg per kgs fstrgtfhcgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs f` fk mfsgrrekke mfk prenfse prenfse mf f`sf÷g`zg y gprf`mczgof mf kg kfnte-fsnrcturg quf ke pfractcrç afoergr kes fkfaf`tes c`tfrvc`cf`tfs f` kg neau`cngncþ`.

4>

 

6. EDOF]CYE^? EDOF]CYE HF@FTGK Mcgh`estcngr kg c`ikuf`ncg mf kgs kcactgmgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs quf sf capkfaf`tg` mf`tre mfk prenfse mf f`sf÷g`zg gprf`mczgof mf kfnte-fsnrcturg f` fk çrfg mf Kf`hug y Kctfrgturg mf kes `c÷es y `c÷gs mf ^fhu`me y ]frnfr Hrgme mf Fmungncþ` Hf`frgk Dçscng mf kg V`cmgm Fmungtcvg ‛C`tc Njurc‑.  Njurc‑. 

EDOF]CYE^ F^RFNÁICNE^? 

  Mftfrac`gr kgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs quf usugkaf`tf gpkcng` kes

menf`tfs f` kg f`sf÷g`zg mf kfnte-fsnrcturg f` fk çrfg Kf`hu Kf`hugg y Kctfrgturg.



  Fstgdkfnfr kg pfrtc`f`ncg prçntcng mf kgs nerrcf`tfs tfþrcngs vc`nukgmgs ne` kgs

fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs f` fk iertgkfncacf`te mf kg kfnturg y fsnrcturg. 



  Mcsf÷gr u` ag`ugk mf fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs pgrg fk trgtgacf`te mf kg

kfnturg y fsnrcturg f` fk çrfg mf Kf`hug y Kctfrgturg. 

4=

 

9. JCRÞ]F^C^ Kg gpkcngncþ` gmfnugmg mf kgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs pfractf afoergr fk prenfse mf f`sf÷g`zg f`sf÷g`zg gprf`mczgof mf kg kfnte- fsnrcturg fsnrcturg f` fk çrfg mf Kf`hug Kf`hug y Kctfrgturg f` kes `c÷es y `c÷gs mfk sfhu`me g tfrnfr hrgme hrgme mf Fmungncþ` Hf`frgk Dçscng mf kg V`cmgm Fmungtcvg C`tc Njurc mf kg neau`cmgm mf Ngsgcnjf Nf`trgk, pgrrequcg Yfc`tcackkg, ng`tþ` Hugrg`mg, prevc`ncg Dekávgr, Rfrceme 427=- 4276.

YGTCGDKF^

YGTCGDKF^ C@MFRF@MCF@]F Fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs. 

YGTCGDKF^ MFRF@MCF@]F Rrenfse mf f`sf÷g`zg gprf`mczgof mf kg kfnte fsnrcturg f` fk çrfg mf Kf`hug y Kctfrgturg. 

46

 

8. ERFTGNCE@GKC_GNCÞ@ ERFTGNCE@GKC_GNCÞ@ MF KG^ YGTCGDKF^ Ygrcgdkfs

Mfic`cncþ`

Mcaf`sce`fs

C@MFRF@MCF@]F ^e` temgs kgs GNNCE@F^ Fstrgtfhcgs

gnnce`fs

aftemekþhcngs

mcmçntcngs

MCMÇN]CNG^

ne`trcducr g kg  prenfse nkgsf 

mf

- 

- 

f`ngac`gmgs g fifntcvcmgm mfk

C`mcngmerfs

RTENF^E MF

- 

NKG^F - 

]ãn`cngs f C`struaf`tes ]ãn`cng Kgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs se` Edsfrvgncþ` Mfsgrrekke mf gpkcngmgs gmfnugmgaf`tf f` fk  prenfse mf f`sf÷g`zg y gprf`mczgof C`struaf`te kg ergkcmgm mf kf`hug y kctfrgturg Fsngkg `uaãrcng Gadcf`tf Mfsgrrekkg kg ergkcmgm f` kes `c÷es y kftrgme `c÷gs f` fk çrfg mf kf`hug y kctfrgturg. ]ãn`cng F`nufstg y Fk `c÷e mcntg, fk agfstre Vstfm utckczg kg fstrgtfhcg mf gadcf`tf f`trfvcstg fsnrcdf. kftrgme mf`tre mfk gukg. C`struaf`te Nufstce`grce Kfnturg per  prfhu`tgs  pkgnfr Nuç`me utckczgaes kg fstrgtfhcg mfk C]FA^ pgrg kes c`mcngmerfs

`c÷e mcntg y fk agfstre fsnrcdf. Kffs ne` rctae, hfstes y f`te`gncþ` kg kfnturg pgrg quf kes `c÷esB sf aetcvf.

49

 

MFRF@MCF@]F F` u`g jerg mf nkgsf nuapkf ne` fstes gntcvcmgmfs prfvcgs, kg  prenfses? ne`strunncþ` mf ne`encacf`tes y MCMÇN]CNG trg`sifrf`ncg mf ne`encacf`te. Gntcvcmgmfs prfvcgs m fsgrrekkg kg ne`ncf`ncg Ne`strunncþ` mfk F` kes `c÷esB mfsgrrekkg kc`hûástcng ergkaf`tf ne` agtfrcgkfs y ne`encacf`te ]rg`sifrf`ncg mfk edoftes mfk gukg y mf kg `gturgkfzg. ^C^]FAG MF ne`encacf`te Gpkcng fk menf`tf kgs ne`ncf`ncgs KF@HVG kãxcngs y sc`tçntcngs pgrg kg -  Ne`ncf`ncg fstrunturgncþ` mf kg ergncþ` ergkaf`tf. kc`hûástcng -  Tfkgncþ` Kes `c÷esB gk ieragr pgkgdrgs, ie`fag y pçrrgies tcf`f` hrgiág y ergnce`fs mcicnuktgmfs nug`me fsnrcdcr. fsnrcturg -  Fsnrcturg µNe`enf ustfm kes tcpes mf tfxtes quf RTEMVNNCÞ@ ertehrçicng  prficfrf` sus fstumcg`tfs5 rfikfxcvg MF ]FZ]E^

mf Ngmg u`g mf FOFNVNCÞ@

Rrenfse

kgs

f`sf÷g`zg

igsfs

gprf`mczgof mf kg c`tfrvc`cf`tfs f` f` kg fofnuncþ`

kfnte-fsnrcturg

çrfg mf Kf`hug y mcmçntcng pgrg fk trgtgacf`te

Kctfrgturg. 

mf kg kfnturg y fsnrcturg f` kg  premunncþ` mf tfxtes. 

F`sf÷g`zg gprf`mczgof mf kfnte fsnrcturg

- 

]cpes tfxtes -  Rrenfse

µVtckczg kgs rfhkgs ertehrçicngs pgrg mf f`sf÷gr g premuncr mfk tfxte5 Gpkcng kes prenfses aftemekþhcnes  pgrg f`sf÷gr g premuncr tfxtes5 

48

 

 

NGRÁ]VKE C AGTNE ]FÞTCNE 7.7. ]FETÁG NCF@]ÁICNG F^]TG]FHCG^ AF]EMEKÞHCNG^ AF]EMEKÞHCNG^ MF KFN]E-F^NTC]VTG F@ FK ÇTFG MF KF@HVG S KC]FTG]VTG ‛Kg f`sf÷g`zg mfk kf`hugof jg scme fk tfag açs capertg`tf mf kg fsnekgrczgncþ` mfk fstumcg`tgme mfk Fnugmer. Fstg sctugncþ` `e jg ngadcgme, ke quf sf aemcicne fs fk f`iequf quf sf kf mg g kg f`sf÷g`zg mf kg kf`hug. Fs capfrgtcve, f`te`nfs, rfsch`cicngr f` kg gntugkcmgm ke quf sf f`tcf`mf per kg f`sf÷g`zg y gprf`mczgof.

G sá acsae fs `fnfsgrce, ou`te ne` kg rfsch`cicngncþ` mfk f`iequf mfk çrfg, ngadcgr fk `eadrf mf kg agtfrcg. Rer fstg rgzþ` f` fstf iertgkfncacf`te, sf jg ngtfherczgme g kg kctfrgturg neae u` grtf quf pesff sus prepcgs ngrgntfrástcngs y u`g iu`ncþ` pgrtcnukgr mcifrf`tf. Kg kctfrgturg fs u`g iuf`tf mf mcsirutf, mf ne`encacf`tes g trgvãs mf u`g acrgmg fstãtcng, mf oufhe ne` fk kf`hugof, mf vgkergncþ` mf gspfntes vfrdgkfs f` ncrnu`stg`ncgs ne`nrftgs y mfdf rfprfsf`tgrsf mfsmf fstg pfrspfntcvg. ^fhÿ` Mg`cfk Ngssg`y ‛Gprf`mfr kf`hug sch`cicng gprf`mfr g usgrkg, g neau`cngrsf neau`cngr sf

e, sc yg yg sf sf meac`g gkhe, gprf`mfr g neau`cngrsf neau`cngr sf afoer y f`

sctugnce`fs açs neapkfogs‑. Kg Kg kf`hug rfprfsf`tg u`g jfrrgacf`tg iu`mgaf`tgk  pgrg kg c`tfrgnncþ` sencgk. Vtckczgaes kg kf`hug pgrg pgrg neau`cngr`es, pgrg pgrg fstgdkfnfr vá`nukes ne` kes mfaçs pgrtcncpg`tfs mf kg sencfmgm g kg quf pfrtf`fnfaes y, per ke tg`te, kg iu`ncþ` y kes edoftcves quf pfrschuf se` açs gapkces? sekcnctgr, ghrgmfnfr, pfrsugmcr y fxprfsgr.‑ (Fnugmer, fxprfsgr.‑ (Fnugmer, 4272) ^gdfaes quf kg f`sf÷g`zg mf kg kf`hug y kctfrgturg fs kg dgsf iu`mgaf`tg iu`mgaf`tgkk pgrg kg kg f`sf÷g`zg mf etrgs çrfgs perquf f` fstg çrfg gprf`mf g rfne`enfr kgs hrgiágs pgrg ieragr pgkgdrgs, ergnce`fs y pçrrgies nertgs. Mf fstf aeme gprf`mf kg kf`hug y 4:

 

 

kctfrgturg perquf perquf pescdckctg quf kes fstumcg`tfs mfsgrrekkf` mfstrfzgs pgrg c`tfrgntugr f`trf sc y usf` kg kf`hug f` df`ficnce mf kg c`tfrgnncþ` sencgk.

MF^]TF_G^ RGTG KG F@^F×G@_G MF KF@HVG S KC]FTG]VTG ‛Kgs mfstrfzgs ne` nrctfrces mf mfsfapf÷e fxprfsg` fk sgdfr jgnfr, ne` u`g e açs gnnce`fs quf mfdf` mfsgrrekkgr kes fstumcg`tfs, fstgdkfncf`me rfkgnce`fs ne` u` mftfrac`gme ne`encacf`te tfþrcne y ne` mcifrf`tfs `cvfkfs mf neapkfocmgm mf kes nrctfrces mf mfsfapf÷e. Kgs mfstrfzgs sf fxprfsg` rfspe`mcf`me g kgs schucf`tfs c`tfrrehg`tfs?‑‑ (Fnugmer, 4272) c`tfrrehg`tfs? µWuã mfdf sgdfr jgnfr5

Mfstrfzgs

µWuã mfdf sgdfr5

Ne`encacf`te

µNe` quã hrgme mf neapkfocmgm5

Rrfncsce`fs mf preiu`mczgncþ`

RTFNC^CE@F^ RTFNC^C E@F^ RGTG KG F@^F×G@_G S FK GRTF@MC_GOF ‛Fk f`iequf mf kg kf`hug quf prfsf`tg fk nurránuke pkg`tfg neae edoftcve iu`mgaf`tgk quf kes fstumcg`tfs mfsgrrekkf` jgdckcmgmfs kc`hûástcngs y neau`cngtcvgs `fnfsgrcgs pgrg premuncr y neaprf`mfr tfxtes ergkfs y fsnrctes, fs mfncr, kg kf`hug neau`cngncþ`. Fste capkcng u`g rfne`nfptugkczgncþ` mf kg gkigdftczgncþ` f` sfhu`me g÷e mf fmungncþ` dçscng. Dgrze`fs fxpkcng quf, f` u` prc`ncpce, kes fstumcg`tfs gpeyg` sus rfikfxce`fs sedrf kf`hugof f` fk mcgkehe ne` kgs pfrse`gs gmuktgs< pestfrceraf`tf, neacf`zg` g c`tfrrehgr su prepcg fxpfrcf`ncg ne`vcrtcã`mekg fk kf`hugof f` u`g jfrrgacf`tg  pgrg pf`sgr y neau`cngrsf, neapgrtcr sch`cicngme, mfsgrrekkgr fk pf`sgacf`te y usgr kgs iu`nce`fs mf kg kfnturg y fsnrcturg neae edofte sencgk. Rer tgk rgzþ`, fk gneapg÷gacf`te mfk menf`tf f` fk gprf`mczgof mf sus fstumcg`tfs fs iu`mgaf`tgk pgrg fk mfsgrrekke mf ngmg agnremfstrfzgs. Fs capertg`tf rfngkngr quf f` fstf g÷e mf Fmungncþ` Hf`frgk Dçscng, gk chugk quf f` kes etres, sf mfdf mfsgrrekkgr fk fsnunjgr, jgdkgr, kffr y fsnrcdcr, gsá neae fk gprf`mczgof mfk nþmche

43

 

 

gkigdãtcne quf rfqucfrf mf etrgs mfstrfzgs f` rfkgncþ` ne` fk ne`encacf`te y use mf kgs kftrgs‑ (Fnugmer, kftrgs‑ (Fnugmer, 4272)

AGNTE MF^]TF_G^ RGTG KG F@^F×G@_G MF KF@HVG S KC]FTG]VTG ‛Rgrg mfsgrrekkgr kgs agnremfstrfzgs kc`hûástcngs (fsnunjgr, jgdkgr, kffr y fsnrcdcr), fk preifsergme mfdfrç trgdgogr ne` kgs acnrejgdckcmgmfs quf sf c`vekunrg` f` fstes  prenfses mf ag`frg prehrfscvg, scstfaçtcng y rfnurscvg murg`tf temg kg Fmungncþ` Hf`frgk Dçscng neaf`zg`me ne` kg gkigdftczgncþ`< pfre tgadcã` mfsmf kg `fnfscmgm mf neau`cngr? seke sc tcf`f quf fsnrcdcr u`g sekcnctum rfgk pgrg pfmcr gkhe rfgk, fk quf fsnrcdf sf c`tfrfsgrg f` kg fstrunturg mf kg sekcnctum, kg ierag mf ne`sch`gr fk mfstc`gtgrce, quf kf`hugof sf usg, neae sf ne`stctuyf` kes pçrrgies, neae sf usg` kes vfrdes, f`trf etres etr es gspfntes‑. gspfntes‑. (Fnugmer,  (Fnugmer, 4272)

]ÃN@CNG^ S AÃ]EME^ RGTG KG F@^F×G@_G MF KG KFN]E-

F^NTC]VTG ‛F` kes aãtemes pgrg kg f`sf÷g`zg mf kg kfnte-fsnrcturg kfnte -fsnrcturg sf agrng` mcvfrses ne`nfptes y tf`mf`ncgs aftemekþhcngs y g ngmg u`e mf fkkes kf nerrfspe`mf u`g mftfrac`gmg tãn`cng mf kfnte-fsnrcturg quf sf rfikfog, neae fs `gturgk, f` kg ierag mf f`sf÷gr kes fkfaf`tes mf fxprfscþ`< gk g`gkczgr kes aãtemes quf g trgvãs mfk tcfape sf jg` utckczgme f` kg f`sf÷g`zg mf kg kfnte-fsnrcturg, sf mcstc`huf` trfs tf`mf`ncgs? Kg prcafrg fs kg mf kes aãtemes sc`tãtcnes, kg nugk sf dgsg f` quf kes neape`f`tfs mf kgs pgkgdrgs (kftrgs y ie`fags), ne`stctuyf` u` pckgr c`mcspf`sgdkf pgrg kfntefsnrcturg, neacf`nf` ne` kg f`sf÷g`zg mf fstes fkfaf`tes pgrg mfspuãs mf fifntugr `uafreses fofrncnces neadc`grkes f` ierags kc`hûástcngs mf agyer neapkfocmgm‑.  Fstf aãteme fs mf suag capertg`ncg yg quf fk gkua`e mfsgrrekkg neapkfocmgm‑.  u` prenfse mf sá`tfscs y fste sf mg g pgrtcr mf kgs kftrgs y sákgdgs, gkhu`es aãtemes utckczgmes ne` agyer irfnuf`ncg f` Aãxcne se` fk sckgdgrce y fk e`eagtepãycne. ‛Kg sfhu`mg tf`mf`ncg fs kg G`gkátcng, surhcmg neae u`g rfgnncþ` mfk gprf`mczgof sc`tãtcne, gpeygmg f` kes mfsnudrcacf`tes pscnekþhcnes mf Evcmce Mfnreká, y sedrf >2

 

 

teme f` fk sc`nrftcsae y kg pfrnfpncþ` hkedgk mfk `c÷e. Fstes aãtemes mficf`mf` mficf `mf` kg f`sf÷g`zg? quf pgrtcf`me mf kg sch`cicngncþ` mf kgs pgkgdrgs, su ne`ichurgncþ` ie`ãtcng y hrçicng pfnukcgr jgnf` kkfhgr gk gkua`e, afmcg`tf fk g`çkcscs mf sus fkfaf`tes, gk ne`encacf`te ne`encacf`te mf kgs kftrgs. kftrgs. F`trf kes aãtemes aãtemes quf sf pufmf pufmf`` mfstgngr fk aãteme aãteme hkedgk mf g`çkcscs fstrunturgk y fk aãteme c`tfhrgk aá`ogrfs‑.   (GC^RVT, 4272) Kg tfrnfrg tf`mf`ncg fs kg Fnkãntcng, kg nugk sf ngrgntfrczg per u`g ne`ouhgncþ` mf kes fkfaf`tes sc`tãtcnes-g`gkátcnes, ne`scmfrg`me quf f` fsg agtfrcg mf f`sf÷g`zg sf rfgkczg u` medkf prenfse mf g`çkcscs y sá`tfscs. Gk acsae tcfape, sf mcrchf` tg`te g mfsgrrekkgr u`g gntctum c`tfkchf`tf mfk gkua`e g`tf kes tfxtes, neae g  prepernce`grkf kgs tãn`cngs c`mcspf`sgdkfs pgrg fk rfne`encacf`te, cmf`tcicngncþ` c mf`tcicngncþ` mf pgkgdrgs y rgpcmfz mf kfnturg.

MCMÇN]CNG

‛Kg mcmçntcng sf pufmf f`tf`mfr neae purg tãn`cng e ncf`ncg gpkcngmg y neae tferág e ncf`ncg dçscng mf kg c`strunncþ`, fmungncþ` e ieragncþ`.  ieragncþ`.  Kes mcifrf`tfs aemfkes mcmçntcnes pufmf` sfr aemfkes tfþrcnes (mfsnrcptcves, fxpkcngtcves,  prfmcntcves) e aemfkes tfn`ekþhcnes (prfsnrcptcves, `eragtcves). `eragtcves). Gntugkaf`tf, kg gpkcngncþ` mf kgs ncf`ncgs neh`ctcvgs g kg mcmçntcng jg pfractcme quf kes `ufves aemfkes sfg` açs ikfxcdkfs y gdcfrtes, y aufstrf` kg f`eraf neapkfocmgm y fk mc`gacsae mf kes prenfses mf f`sf÷g`zg-gprf`mczgof (aemfke fnekþhcne)‑‑. (fs.wclcpfmcg.erh/wclc/Mcmgntcng%N>%G fnekþhcne) (fs.wclcpfmcg.erh/wclc/Mcmgntcng%N>%Gkntcng) kntcng) Rgrg quf fk gprf`mczgof mf kg fsnrcturg mf kg premunncþ` mf tfxtes sfg sch`cicngtcve,  pemfaes rfkgnce`grke ne` fk kf`hugof ergk, quf pgrg kes fstumcg`tfs mf sfhu`me y tfrnfre tcf`f sf`tcme y f` f` fk quf se` neapftf`tfs g`tfs mf f`trgr g kg fsnufkg. Fstf ne`encacf`te fspe`tg`fe quf tcf`f` kes fstumcg`tfs mf su kf`hug ergk fs fk pu`te mf pgrtcmg pgrg quf kg fsnufkg preaufvg fk mfsgrrekke, mf ag`frg c`tf`nce`gk y nrfncf`tf, mf rfprfsf`tgnce`fs af`tgkfs, cmfgs, ne`nfptes y epc`ce`fs. Kg kf`hug ergk y kg kf`hug fsnrctg se` mes ag`cifstgnce`fs mf u`g acsag, ke quf  pfractf gpeygrsf gpeygrsf f` u`g trgdgogr kg etrg. Fste `e qucfrf mfncr quf sfg` ke acsae y >7

 

 

quf kgs ne`iu`mgaes. @e, vf`tgoesgaf`tf, mcicfrf` ke suicncf`tf neae pgrg quf fxcog`, f` gkhÿ` aeaf`te, u` trgtgacf`te per sfpgrgme y u`g gtf`ncþ` fspfncgkczgmg.

F^]TG]FHCG^ ‛Rfractf` cmf`tci cngr cngr prc`ncpces y prenfmcacf`tes quf ne`ichurg` kg ierag mf gntugr mfk menf`tf ne` kg prehrgagncþ`, capkfaf`tgncþ` y fvgkugncþ` mfk prenfse mf f`sf÷g`zg gprf`mczgof. Kg rfspe`sgdckcmgm fmungtcvg mfk fmungmer e kg fmungmerg fs neapgrtcmg ne` kes `c÷es y kgs `c÷gs quf gtcf`mf`, gsá ne` kgs igackcgs y pfrse`gs mf kg neau`cmgm quf sf c`vekunrg` f` kg fxpfrcf`ncg fmungtcvg. Kg pgrtcncpgncþ` mf kgs fmungmergs y kes fmungmerfs sf fxprfsg f` kg netcmcg`cmgm mf kg fxprfscþ` gk erhg`czgr prepþsctes, fstrgtfhcgs y gntcvcmgmfs. Kgs fmungmergs y fmungmerfs gpertg` sus sgdfrfs, fxpfrcf`ncg, ne`nfpnce`fs y faence`fs quf se` kes quf mftfrac`gr su gnnce`gr f` fk `cvfk y quf ne`stctuyf` su

c`tfrvf`ncþ` fmungtcvg‑ fmungtcvg‑ (grfgmcgzhe`zfks.hg (grfgmcgzhe`zfks.hgkfe`.nea) kfe`.nea)   Tfsuacf`me fstgs mfic`cnce`fs mf kgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekehágs fs u` pgpfk iu`mgaf`tgk pgrg kes menf`tfs menf`tfs,, fs u` ngac`e, ngac`e, fs u` prenfse, prenfse, ne`ou`tes mf mf pgses, epfrgnce`fs, quf u` `c÷e gmqucfrf y utckczg pgrg gprf`mfr sch`cicngtcvgaf`tf y  pgrg mfsgrrekke mf kg nkgsf ne` kes `c÷esB trgzgme g u` edoftcve g me`mf qucfre kkfhgr e quf qucfre kehrgr ne` fkkes, kufhe rfgkczgr kg fvgkugncþ` mfk prenfse mf f`sf÷g`zg gprf`mczgof. Ycf`me fstgs mfic`cnce`fs mf kgs fstrgtfhcgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs, aftemekþhcngs, sgdfaes quf kffr y fsnrcdcr se` ngpgncmgmfs neapkfogs, supfrcerfs y fxnkuscvgs mfk sfr juag`e f` kgs quf sf neapreaftf` scauktç`fgaf`tf temgs sus ignuktgmfs y quf neapertg` u`g sfrcf mf prenfses pscnekþhcnes gifntcves y sencgkfs, mf fstf ne`nfpte, kg kfnturg y kg fsnrcturg sf ne`vcfrtf f` gntcvcmgmfs fac`f`tfaf`tf sencgkfs y iu`mgaf`tgmgs  pgrg ne`enfr, neaprf`mfr, ne`sekcmgr, g`gkczgr, sc`tftczgr, gpkcngr, nrctcngr, ne`strucr, y rfne`strucr kes `ufves sgdfrfs mf kg juag`cmgm f`rcqufncmes per u` sch`cicngme prepce.

>4

 

 

Fstrgtfhcgs mf gprf`mczgof ‛^e` kes prenfmcacf`tes, gnnce`fs, gnnce`fs, pf`sgacf`tes y jfrrgacf`tgs quf kes fstumcg`tfs utckczg` pgrg gprf`mfr. Kgs fstrgtfhcgs mf kfnturg c`nkuyf` kg cmf`tcicngncþ` mf pgkgdrgs, fk jgnfrsf  prfhu`tgs g sá sá acsae, kg vcsugkczgncþ`, kg c`ifrf`ncg, pgrgirgs pgrgirgsfgr, fgr, rfsuacr y utckczgr utckczgr agpgs mf pgkgdrgs. Kgs fstrgtfhcgs mf fstumce y pgrg rfnermgr c`ieragncþ` c`nkuyf` afaerczgr kg  prcafrg kftrg, kg gsencgncþ` mf pgrfs, fsnunjgr y teagr gpu`tfs y fstrgtfhcgs mf gprf`mczgof mf vengdukgrce. Kgs fstrgtfhcgs mf fsnrcturg ne`scstf` f` pgrgirgsfgr, ae`cterfgr frrerfs, fmctgr y sfhucr pgtre`fs mf fsnrcturg.

Kgs fstrgtfhcgs pgrg afoergr kgs tgrfgs y fk rf`mcacf`te f` kgs prufdgs ne`scstf` f` kg neapkftgncþ` mf tgrfgs, kgs tuterágs, y kg prçntcng mf fsnrctes y prufdgs. Kgs fstrgtfhcgs mf c`tfrgnncþ` sf mcstc`huf` f` mes hrupes? kgs fstrgtfhcgs mf  pf`sgacf`te neepfrgtcve neepfrgtcve y kgs fstrgtfhcgs mf ne`strunncþ` ne`strunncþ` mf kg neau`cmgm. Kgs fstrgtfhcgs aetcvgnce`gkfs se` kg gutemfif`sg pgrg kg prfsf`tgncþ` gmfnugmg mf u` mcsnurse y kg fstrgtfhcg mf kes ye pescdkfs pgrg icogrsf aftgs, edoftcves, trgzgr pkg`fs y pf`sgr f` mcstc`tgs pescdckcmgmfs f` fk iuture‑. (F^]TG]FHCG^ iuture‑.  (F^]TG]FHCG^ MF RGTF@MC_GOF)

NVK]VTG F^NTC]G ‛Kg jcstercg mf kg nukturg fsnrctg sf prfhu`tg qucf` fsnrcdf y per quã fsnrcdf, g`gkczg teme fk ne`tfxte quf remfg kg fsnrcturg y fstumcg sedrf teme kes uses y kg mciuscþ` mf kg fsnrcturg, kg kfnturg, kes kcdres, kg fsnufkg, kes menuaf`tes netcmcg`es, kgs afaercgs fsnrctgs. ^f mfsgrrekkg u` aãteme mf g`çkcscs mf kg fsnrcturg, ne`scmfrgmg fstg neae u` jfnje ngrgntfrástcne y prcvgtcve mfk jeadrf, quf mfdf tf`fr scfaprf f` nuf`tg fk ne`tfxte jcstþrcne jcstþrcn e f` quf sf jg` premuncme

>>

 

 

fstes tfstcae`ces fsnrctes. Mfk fstumce mf kg fsnrcturg, vfrmgmfre edofte mf kg  pgkfehrgiág, f`tf`mcmg fstg tgadcã` neae jcstercg mf kg fsnrcturg, sf pufmf` fxtrgfr c`ieragnce`fs vgkcesgs mf kg nukturg mf ngmg ãpeng G pgrtcr mf fstgs ne`nfpnce`fs sf jg cme cape`cf`me ke quf sf ne`enf ne` fk `eadrf mf jcstercg mf kg nukturg fsnrctg, quf prftf`mf g`gkczgr fk pgpfk quf oufhg kg fsnrcturg f` ngmg sencfmgm. ^f fstumcg` kgs prçntcngs mf fsnrcturg y kfnturg, kes  premuntes fsnrctes, kes hrupes sencgkfs quf fsnrcdf` y kff`, kes aetcves per kes nugkfs ke jgnf`. S mf gquá sf mfsprf`mf temgvág u`g `ufvg ká`fg mf c`vfstchgncþ` c `vfstchgncþ`?? kg jcstercg mf kg mciuscþ` sencgk mf kg fsnrcturg y tgadcã` kg jcstercg mfk gkigdftcsae. Fs mfncr, sf trgtg mf ne`enfr fk prenfse mf sencgkczgncþ` mfk premunte fsnrcte, su trg`sacscþ`, kes çadctes sencgkfs f` kes quf sf mcstrcduyf` fstes  premuntes y sc jgy u`gs tcpekehágs pgrg ngmg hrupe... ^gdfr nþae kgs pfrse`gs kkfhg` g gmqucrcr kes afng`csaes `fnfsgrces pgrg utckczgr mf ierag açs e af`es jgdctugk kg fsnrcturg y kg kfnturg, fs mfncr, kes prenfses mf gprf`mczgof y kg

gkigdftczgncþ`< vfr kgs mcifrf`ncgs f`trf kgs nkgsfs sencgkfs y f`trf kes jeadrfs y kgs auofrfs‑. (NVK]VTG auofrfs‑. (NVK]VTG F^NTC]G, ^/I) ‛Fstg f`sf÷g`zg tcf`f quf vfr ne` fk mfsgrrekke mf u`g gntctum jgncg kg kfnturg y fsnrcturg. Rgrg fkke fs `fnfsgrce mfsnudrcr kgs serprfsgs, quf eirfnf kg nukturg fsnrctg. Fsnunjgr nuf`tes, pefságs, mf mcifrf`tfs tcpes mf tfxtes, rfne`enfr fk sch`cicngme quf tcf`f kg kfnturg y fsnrcturg pgrg fsnrcterfs fxpfrtes mf kg neau`cmgm. ]f`fr ne`tgntes y ne`enfr kes edoftes mf kg nukturg fsnrctg neae se` kgs mcstc`tgs nkgsfs mf kcdres, rfvcstgs, f`ncnkepfmcgs, pfrcþmcnes, ngrtgs gicnjfs,  prepghg`mgs,, rfnftgs, ftn. Ycsctgr kes kuhgrfs  prepghg`mgs kuhgrfs me`mf kg nukturg fsnrctg fs fstç tç prfsf`tf<  dcdkcetfngs, kcdrfrágs, ausfes. ]eme fste, ne` fk edoftcve mf quf fk fstumcg`tf eterhuf vgker f capertg`ncg g kg kfnturg y fsnrcturg y sf vufkvg u` prgntcng`tf mf kg nukturg fsnrctg.‑ fsnrctg.‑ (DEKCYGT, 422:) Rgrg f`trgr g fstg `ufvg nukturg fsnrctg, `es fxchf prcafre prfhu`tgrsf per quã y  pgrg quf sf kff y sf fsnrcdf. Rer ke tg`te kes fstumcg`tfs mfdfrç` mfsnudrcr, gprepcgrsf y vgkergr kgs vf`tgogs quf kfs prepernce`g fk jfnje mf sfr acfadres mf kg nukturg fsnrctg. Fstg fstrgtfhcg fs auy capertg`tf mfsgrrekkgr perquf se` kes

>=

 

 

 prcafre pgses pgrg kg kfnturg y fsnrcturg, mfdf fstgr tgadcã` t gadcã` f`agrngmes mf`tre mf sctugnce`fs neau`cngtcvgs pgrg quf kes fstumcg`tfs kfs f`nuf`trf` sf`tcme y sch`cicngme, g kg vfz gapkág` sus epertu`cmgmfs mf pgrtcncpgncþ` y neau`cngncþ` f`trf pgrfs y ne` kes mfaçs. Fs `fnfsgrce tgadcã` quf kes fstumcg`tfs teaf` ne`ncf`ncg mf quf fstgaes mf`tre mf kg nukturg fsnrctg gkigdftczgmg y rfne`ezng` kes juses jgdctugkfs mf kg kf`hug fsnrctg, mf`tre mf fstg nukturg fsnrctg, kgs pfrse`gs kffaes y fsnrcdcaes pgrg rfsekvfr sctugnce`fs mf kg vcmg mcgrcg. F^]TG]FHCG^ RGTG HGTG@]C_GT KG NVK]VTG F^NTC]G F@  @VF^]TG GVKG GVKG

Gadcf`tf kftrgme e gkigdftczgmer ‛V` fspgnce kftrgme fs gkhe açs quf u` fspgnce mf kfnturg e pgrg kg kfnturg< `e fs,

 pufs, u` ne`tf`fmer mf kcdres. Kg sgkg mf kfnturg, tgk neae sf prgntcng f` aunjgs  dcdkcetfngs e gukgs, gpf`gs fs açs quf u` fspgnce mf use c`mcvcmugk mf kg c`ieragncþ`, g vfnfs u`g sgkg mf fstumce, me`mf rgrg vfz jgy kfnturg sencgkczgmg e mf c`tfrgnncþ`. ]gapene mfdf ne`iu`mcr`es fk quf mcnje fspgnce fstã remfgme mf kcdres, ermf`gmerfs u etres grtfigntes, perquf, per sá sekes, `e se` kes rfnurses kes quf nrfg` u` gadcf`tf kftrgme. Fk gadcf`tf kftrgme `e fs seke u` fspgnce, u`gs  pfrse`gs, u` aedckcgrce, sc`e quf fs u` fspgnce mf ne`vcvf`ncg, mf c`tfrgnncþ` y,  per fkke, mf mfdgtf y nrátcng. Kg gkigdftczgncþ` nrátcng capkcng quf jgy pfrse`gs quf sgdf` usgr kes tfxtes, kes grtfigntes e kgs rfhkgs ne` nrctfrce, fs mfncr, quf se` ngpgnfs mf mf-ne`strucr fk tfxte, mf gpkcngrkf u`g kfnturg pkurgk, mf f`tf`mfr mcvfrses `cvfkfs mf sch`cicngme (kctfrgk, scadþkcne...)‑.  scadþkcne...)‑.   (F^RGNCE^ KF]TGME^, ^/I)  Gk g`gkczgr kg fstrgtfhcg mfk m fk gadcf`tf kftrgme `e fs quf tf`fr aunjes kcdres neae? nuf`tes, içdukgs rfvcstgs, gmcvc`g`zgs, rftgjákgs, trgdgkf`hugs ftn. f` kg dcdkcetfng e f` rc`nþ` mf kg nkgsf, sc`e açs dcf` sgdfr mf nþae utckczgrke y neae ne`strucrke ne` fkkes acsae pgrg kg gadcf`tgncþ` tfxtugkczgmg mfk gukg, mfdf sfr

>6

 

 

 petf`ncgkaf`tf sch`cicngtcvg pgrg quf kes `c÷esB pufmg` gprf`mfr mfsnudrcf`me, fkgderg`me y ne`struyf`me f` fk prenfse mf gprf`mczgof. Rgrg quf kg kfnturg y fsnrcturg tf`hg tf`hg ãxctes f` kes `c÷es y `c÷gs mf sfhu`me sfhu`me y tfrnfr hrgme mfdfaes gpkcngr fstgs fstrgtfhcgs neae? Tetukgncþ` mfk gukg, @eadrf mf kes fstumcg`tfs, Nugmre mf pgutgs mf ne`vcvf`ncg mf kg nkgsf, Nugmre e rfhcstre mf gscstf`ncg, Nugmre mf rfspe`sgdckcmgm, Ghf`mg mfk mág, Duzþ` mf af`sgof, Ngkf`mgrce, Fstgme mf tcfape. Fstgs fstrgtfhcgs pfractf mfsgrrekkgr f` kes fstumcg`tfs fstumcg`tfs kg gsencgncþ` mmff kg pgkgdrg ne` fk edofte, edofte, gsencf` `eadrf `eadrf ne` kg kg pgkgdrg fsnrctg, fsnrctg, gyumg gyumg g rfkgnce`gr kes ie`fags ne` kgs hrgiágs, mfsgrrekkg` kg gutemcsncpkc`g, mfsgrrekkg gutene`trek mf kg gscstf`ncg mf kes fstumcg`tfs, gyumg tgadcã` nrfgr rfspe`sgdckcmgm y jçdctes, ae`cterfg` fk nuapkcacf`te mf kgs gntcvcmgmfs mcgrcgs, pfractf` nrfgr kgs ne`mcnce`fs pgrg quf kes `c÷esB vfg` kg `fnfscmgm mf premuncr tfxtes.

Fk `c÷e mcntg y fk agfs agfstre tre fsnrcdf Kg fstrgtfhcg fk `c÷e mcntg y fk agfstre fsnrcdf ne`scstf f` quf kes fstumcg`tfs mcntg` sus cmfgs g sus menf`tfs, qucf`fs rfhcstrg` f` u` pgpfketf fstgs cmfgs f` ierag c`mcsnutcdkf sc` rfgkczgr aemcicngnce`fs. Fs u`g fstrgtfhcg quf pfractf quf kes fstumcg`tfs teaf` ne`ncf`ncg mf quf ke quf jgdkg` sf pufmf trgskgmgr gk kf`hugof fsnrcte, Rufmf sfr gpte mf trgskgmgr gk kf`hugof fsnrcte, mcifrf`ncg`me quf ngmg u`e mf fstes kf`hugofs tcf`f su prepcg `eragtcvg. @e seke sf fsnrcdf ng`nce`fs, sf pufmf fsnrcdcr `etgs, `eadrfs, c`vctgnce`fs, nuf`tes quf vg` nrfg`me ne` fkkes. 

Kfnturg per pkgnfr ‛Kg kfnturg gmfaçs mf sfr u`g iuf`tf mf ne`encacf`te, ne`encacf`te,

fs u`g iuf`tf mf

mfsgrrekke gifntcve, pfrse`gk, sencgk y u`g iuf`tf mf pkgnfr. V`g pfrse`g quf kff jgdctugkaf`tf tcf`f kg epertu`cmgm mf c`nerpergr `ufves pu`tes mf vcstg g sc  prepcg ag`frg mf f`tf`mfr f`tf`mfr fk au`me y mf ne`vfrtcrsf ne`vfrtcrsf f` u`g pfrse`g açs ikfxcdkf, ikfxcdkf, gdcfrtg g kes ngadces, ngadces, açs rgnce`gk, rgnce`gk, ngpgz mf f`ne`trgr f`ne`trgr sekunce` sekunce`fs fs y rfspufstgs >9

 

 

 prepcgs g sus predkfags f c`qucftumfs. Kg kfnturg per pkgnfr sf trgtg mf u` f`nuf`tre pfrse`gk pfrse`gk ne` kes tfxtes, per fk pkgnfr mf mfsnudrcr su sf`tcme, sf`tcme, ke quf mcnf`, mf quf sf trgtg`, sc` quf c`tfricfrg` prfhu`tgs mfk menf`tf, `c fvgkugnce`fs mf ke kfáme, `c`hÿ` tcpe mf fxpescncþ` e neaf`tgrce edkchgme pestfrcer. ^f fstcaukg g kes `c÷esB pgrg quf pgrg quf kfg` per sá acsae y pgrg gsá acsae. Kes açs pfquf÷es quf `e sgdf` kffr, jgrç` u`g kfnturg fxpkergtercg dusng`me ke quf açs kfs c`tfrfsg, jeofg`me kes agtfrcgkfs pgrg pe`frsf f` ne`tgnte ne` ke quf  drc`mg`, acrg`me kgs ngrgtukgs e kgs k gs ckustrgnce`fs pgrg fkfhcr ke quf kffrç` e sedrf ke quf prfhu`tgrg`‑ prfhu`tgrg`‑ (Hkercg, GRTF@MFT G IETAGT @C×E^BKFN]ETF^ S F^NTC]ETF^,, 4223) F^NTC]ETF^

Mfsgrrekke Mfsgrre kke mf kg ergkcmgm ‛Kg ergkcmgm sf prepe`f gnnfmfr g kg nukturg fsnrctg mf`tre mf u` prenfse sencgk, me`mf kg c`tfrgnncþ` f`trf kes c`mcvcmues fs ne`mcncþ` `fnfsgrcg pgrg gprf`mfr g kffr y fsnrcdcr, per ke tg`te pgrg quf fk gprf`mczgof sfg sch`cicngtcve, sf ke

rfkgnce`g ne` fk kf`hugof ergk, quf tcf`f sf`tcme y f` fk quf se` neapftf`tfs kes fstumcg`tfs g`tfs mf f`trgr g kg fsnufkg. Fstf ne`encacf`te fspe`tg`fe quf kes fstumcg`tfs tcf`f mf su kf`hug ergk fs fk  pu`te mf pgrtcmg pgrg quf kg fsnufkg preaufvg preaufvg fk mfsgrrekke mf ag`frg c`tf`nce`gk c`tf`nce`gk y nrfncf`tf mf rfprfsf`tgnce`fs af`tgkfs, cmfgs, ne`nfptes y epc`ce`fs pgrg mgr sch`cicngme gk kf`hugof fsnrcte. Rgrg f`sf÷g`zg g kes `c÷esB g neau`cngrsf ergkaf`tf fs iu`mgaf`tgk nrfgr f` kg fsnufkg fspgnces mf c`tfrngadce quf rfspe`mg` g kes c`tfrfsfs y `fnfscmgmfs mf kes fstumcg`tfs y mfsgrrekkf` su mfsfe  per neau`cngrsf mf`tre mf u` nkcag gifntcve y mf rfspfte‑  rfspfte‑   (DEKCYGT, CC F@NVF@]TE RFMGHEHCNE RFMGHEHCNE MF KFN]VTG S F^NTC]VTG, 422:) Rgrg quf fk gprf`mczgof mf kg kfnturg y fsnrcturg sfg sch`cicngtcve, fstey auy mf gnufrme ke rfkgnce`g ne` fk kf`hugof ergk, quf tcf`f sf`tcme, y f` fk quf se` neapftf`tfs kes `c÷es y kgs `c÷gs g`tfs mf f`trgr g kg fsnufkg. Fstf ne`encacf`te fspe`tg`fe quf kes `c÷es tcf`f` mf su kf`hug ergk fs fk pu`te mf pgrtcmg pgrg quf kg fsnufkg preaufvg. Kes fstumcg`tfs utckczg` kg fxprfscþ` ergk neae u`g jfrrgacf`tg pgrg? >8

 

 



  Tfkgnce`fs ne` etrgs pfrse`gs.



  Gpkcngrkg f` mcstc`tgs epertu`cmgmfs. epertu`cmgmfs.



  ^gtcsignfr kgs `fnfscmgmfs `fnfscmgmfs agtfrcgkfs.



  Ne`trekgr fk neapertgacf`te mf etres.



  Fxprfsgr su prepcg cmf`tcmgm.



  Gmqucrcr y fxprfsgr `ufves ne`encacf`tes. ne`encacf`tes.



  Gmqucrcr `ufve vengdukgrce pgrg quf utckcnf f` sus ne`vfrsgnce`fs mcgrcgs.

Ne`mcnce`fs pgrg mfsgrrekkgr kg ergkcmgm 7.- nrfgncþ` mf u` gadcf`tf mf gifnte y neaprf`scþ` f` fk gukg pgrg preaevfr kg fxprfscþ`? 

  Ne`tgnte vcsugk y nerpergk.



  ]cfapes y fspgnces pgrg fsnunjgr`es.



  Tfspftgr kg pgkgdrg mfk etre.

4.- gnfptgncþ` mf kes frrerfs mfk `c÷e f` sus fxprfsce`fs ergkfs. 

  Fk menf`tf mfdf sfr fk aemfke mfk use gprepcgme mfk kf`hugof.

>.- fstcaukgr y rfspe`mfr pesctcvgaf`tf g temes kes c`tf`tes mf neau`cngncþ` quf rfgkcnf` kes `c÷es.

µWuã capkcng kg neau`cngncþ` ergk5 Nug`me fk `c÷e e kg `c÷g sf neau`cng ergkaf`tf, sf mg mes `cvfkfs mf neau`cngncþ`? prenfses mf fxprfscþ` y prenfses mf rfnfpncþ`. F` fk prenfse mf fxprfscþ` (premunncþ`), jgdkgr, fk `c÷e mfsgrrekkg kgs iu`nce`fs y epfrgnce`fs neh`ctcvg quf kf pfractf` ag`tf`fr mcçkehes nejfrf`tfs y erhg`czgmes (fstgdkfnf rfkgnce`fs tfapergkfs, fspgncgkfs, mf sfafog`zgs, mf mcifrf`ncgs, mf ngusgs-fifnte, g`çkcscs, sá`tfscs, c`ifrf`ncg, ftn. ]gadcã` pfractf quf quf sf mfsgrrekkf u`g pre`u`ncgncþ` pre`u`ncgncþ` y grtcnukgncþ` gmfnugmgs mf kg kf`hug.

>:

 

 

F` fk prenfse mf rfnfpncþ` (neaprf`scþ`), fsnunjgr, fk `c÷e y `c÷g gapkág fk vengdukgrce, utckczg kgs iu`nce`fs y epfrgnce`fs neh`ctcvgs `fnfsgrcgs pgrg neaprf`mfr kes grhuaf`tes mf u`g ne`vfrsgncþ` y, g kg vfz, mfsgrrekkg kgs iu`nce`fs gumctcvgs (pfrnfpncþ`, afaercg y mcsnrcac`gncþ` gumctcvg). Fk mcgkehe erhg`czgme y mcsncpkc`gme pfractf g temes kes `c÷es fxprfsgrsf y neaprf`mfr, mfsgrrekkgr kgs prepcgs jgdckcmgmfs nug`me jgdkg`, pfre, pgrg pemfr jgdkgr, mfdf` gprf`mfr g sfr duf`es eyf`tfs y g prfstgr gtf`ncþ` g kg grhuaf`tgncþ` mfk etre.

F@^F×G@_G GRTF@MC_GOF GRTF@MC_GOF MF KFN]E F^NTC]VTG ‛^f kkgag kfntefsnrcturg g kg ngpgncmgm y jgdckcmgm mf kffr y fsnrcdcr gmfnugmgaf`tf, pfre tgadcã`, kg kfntefsnrcturg ne`stctuyf u` prenfse mf gprf`mczgof f` fk nugk kes fmungmerfs pe`mrç` fspfncgk ã`igscs murg`tf kg

fmungncþ` c`cncgk prepe`cf`me g kes `c÷es mcvfrsgs tgrfgs quf capkcng` gntcvcmgmfs mf kfntefsnrcturg. Fxcstf` vgrcgmes aãtemes y tferágs gnfrng mf nþae kkfvgr g duf`  pufrte fk prenfse mf kfntefsnrcturg, per fofapke, gkhu`es sf nf`trg` f` gspfntes açs ieragkfs y f`te`nfs trgtg` fk prenfse mfsmf sus pgrtfs jgncg ke hf`frgk, fs mfncr, pgrtcf`me mf kgs kftrgs, schucf`me per kgs sákgdgs, pgrg kufhe pgsgr per kgs  pgkgdrgs y ic`gkaf`tf per kgs irgsfs< y per fk ne`trgrce, kes kkgagmes ne`struntcvcstgs, prepe`f` quf kg pfrnfpncþ` mfk `c÷e neacf`zg scf`me u`g afznkg, ngptg`me kg tetgkcmgm, sc` mftf`frsf f` kes mftgkkfs, f`te`nfs, pgrtf` mfk teme y kf prfsf`tg` gk `c÷e pgkgdrgs neapkftgs ne` sus pfrtc`f`tfs sch`cicngmes.

Rer supufste quf fk use mf tgk e nugk pesturg, mfpf`mfrç mf u` ne`encacf`te f`  preiu`mcmgm mf kes gkua`es prcafre pgrg kufhe sá pemfr fstcpukgr kgs afoerfs y açs gmfnugmgs fstrgtfhcgs. Neae mf su mf`eac`gncþ` sf mfsprf`mf, kfntefsnrcturg supe`f kg u`cþ` mf mes prenfses á`tcagaf`tf vc`nukgmes, tgk fs fk ngse mf kg

>3

 

 

fsnrcturg y mf kg kfnturg< kffr y fsnrcdcr se` gntcvcmgmfs neapkfogs pfre iu`mgaf`tgkfs mf kgs nugkfs mfpf`mfrç fk jfnje quf fk c`mcvcmue schg gprf`mcf`me  per fk rfste mf su vcmg‑  vcmg‑ (mfic`cnce`gdn.nea/neau`cngnce`/kf (mfic`cnce`gdn.nea/neau`cngnce`/kfnte-fsnrcturg) nte-fsnrcturg) Kfnte-fsnrcturg fs u` prenfse mf f`sf÷g`zg y gprf`mczgof f` fk quf sf pe`f ã`igscs fspfncgkaf`tf f` fk prcafr pfráeme mf kg fmungncþ` prcagrcg. Kes  preifserfs yg quf prfpgrg` mfsmf fmungncþ` c`ig`tck g sus fstumcg`tfs pgrg kgs tgrfgs kfnte-fsnrcturgs quf pre`te gpgrfnfrç`, g trgvãs mf gntcvcmgmfs quf kfs kkfvg` g mfsgrrekkgr kgs k gs ngpgncmgmfs `fnfsgrcgs `fnfsgrcgs pgrg u` mfsf`vekvcacf`te gmfnugme  pestfrcer. F` kg quf fxcstf` aÿktcpkfs aãtemes y ttferágs ferágs quf kes iu`mgaf`tg`. V`es sf nf`trg` f` kes gspfntes açs ieragkfs mfk gprf`mczgof y trgtg` fk prenfse mfsmf kgs pgrtfs jgncg fk teme, fs mfncr, pgrtcf`me mf kgs ie`fags, pestfrceraf`tf kgs pgkgdrgs y kufhe kgs ergnce`fs y irgsfs ir gsfs nertgs. Ne`enfr g sus fstumcg`tfs pgrg fsnehfr kgs afoerfs fstrgtfhcgs mf kg f`sf÷g`zg

gprf`mczgof mf kg kfnte fsnrcturg Mfsnudrcrfaes auktctum mf icnjgs pgrg kffr, fsnrcdcr y pc`tgr, gntcvcmgmfs mcvfrtcmgs y fmungtcvgs pgrg kg fmungncþ` c`ig`tck y  prcagrcg, nuf`tes, vcmfes, oufhes fmungtcves fmungtcves rfkgnce`gmes ne` kg kfntefsnrcturg y etres prenfses mf f`sf÷g`zg gprf`mczgof.

Kfnte-fsnrcturg y prffsne prffsnekgr kgr ‛Rrfpgrgr g kes `c÷es mf prffsnekgr pgrg kg utckczgncþ` mf kes k es sch`es hrçicnes fs u`g tgrfg pfmghþhcng mf suag rfspe`sgdckcmgm quf c`nuadf f` pgrtf gk prffsnekgr neae fskgdþ` mfk prenfse fmungtcve. V`g mf sus iu`nce`fs fs kg mf drc`mgr gntcvcmgmfs, fxpfrcf`ncgs y agtfrcgkfs quf mfsgrrekkf` kgs fstrunturgs dçscngs pgrg kg gmqucscncþ` mf kg kfnte fsnrcturg? neae temes sgdfaes fk kf`hugof fs u` afmce pgrg neau`cngr cmfgs neae nugkqucfr afmce mf neau`cngncþ` kkçafsf kcdres, pfrcþmcnes, rgmce, tfkfvcscþ`, ngrtgs ftn. S su rgzþ` mf sfr fs sgtcsignfr kg `fnfscmgm mf vc`nukgncþ` ne` kgs pfrse`gs ‑  (GKYGTF_ S. A., 4272) Neae temes sgdfaes fk kf`hugof fs u` afmce pgrg neau`cngr cmfgs neae nugkqucfr afmce mf neau`cngncþ` kkçafsf kcdres, pfrcþmcnes, rgmce, tfkfvcscþ`, =2

 

 

ngrtgs ftn. S su rgzþ` mf sfr fs sgtcsignfr kg `fnfscmgm mf vc`nukgncþ` ne` kgs  pfrse`gs Fxcstf tgadcã` u` kf`hugof ngmg vfz nug`me sf fxprfsg u` pf`sgacf`te vgkcã`mesf mf sch`es mf mcvfrsg á`mekf (vcsugkfs, gumctcves, aáacnes, pcntþrcnes, auscngkfs ftn.) y scrvf` pgrg nemcicngr mftfrac`gmes af`sgofs. Mf temgs kgs ierags mf kf`hugofs açs utckczgmgs, kg açs neapkftg fs kg ergk, per fkke fk kf`hugof sf trg`sieraþ f` u` sc`þ`cae mf pgkgdrg. Rfre neae fk fspgnce y fk tcfape kcactg` kgs pescdckcmgmfs mfk kf`hugof iþ`cne, sf prfncsgre` `ufvgs ierags  pfrmurgdkfs ^C^]FAG MF KG KF@HVG (Gmqucscncþ` mfk nþmche gkigdãtcne) Fste sf rficfrf gk ne`encacf`te mf kg `eragtcvg mf kg kf`hug. k f`hug. Fs mfncr kg hrgaçtcng y sus ne`tf`cmes, neae kg nerrfspe`mf`ncg ie`fag-hrgifag, kg sc`tgxcs, kg

ertehrgiág.  Fstg prepufstg pgrtf c`cncgkaf`tf mfk ne`encacf`te quf quf fk suofte tcf`f mf kes se`cmes quf ne`ierag` kg pgkgdrg quf pre`u`ncg jgdctugkaf`tf< sf jgnf ne`ncf`ncg mf fses se`cmes, pfre gu` `e mfdf gpgrfnfr kg fsnrcturg mfk vengdke 

NE@NCF@NCG NE@NCF@NC G KC@HÛÁ^]CNG. ^f mfsgrrekkg ergkaf`tf ne` kg gyumg mf agtfrcgkfs neae kçac`gs y edoftes mfk gukg y mf kg `gturgkfzg. Capkcng fk mfsgrrekke mf nugtre ne`ncf`ncgs. V`g vfz quf sf jgnf ne`ncf`ncg ne`ncf`ncg mf quf pgrg jgdkgr sf usg` usg` se`cmes cmþ`fes mf sfr gcskgmes y ag`cpukgmes, sf kf suac`cstrg` 72 pgkgdrgs hf`frgmergs f` trfs sfrcfs? mf nufrpe juag`e ag`e, mfme, mfme, u÷g, pcf, mf kes g`cagkfs kede, rgtþ`, ocrgig y mf kg gkcaf`tgncþ` kfnjf, qufse, hgkkftgs quf rfnehf` 44 ie`fags mfk ngstfkkg`e, quf g su vfz fstç` rfprfsf`tgmes g trgvãs mf >2 rfprfsf`tgnce`fs hrçicngs. Kufhe sf  preaufvf kg ne`strunncþ` ne`strunncþ` mf u`g fsnrcturg prepcg y kg kfnturg mf sus premunnce`fs.

Rrfncsce`fss pgrg pgrg kg gmqucscncþ` mf nþmche gkigdãtcne.- Fs iu`mgaf`tgk quf Rrfncsce`f fk preifsergme neaprf`mg quf fk scstfag mf fsnrcturg f` fspg÷ek fs u` scstfag

=7

 

 

gkigdãtcne, me`mf kgs pgkgdrgs fstç` ieragmgs per se`cmes (fsg fs kg ne`mcncþ`  dçscng mf u`g u`g kf`hug? kg ergkcmgm) e ie`fags quf sf prfsf`tg` prfsf`tg` g trgvãs mf kftrgs. F` fstf ne`tfxte sf rfneacf`mg quf kes menf`tfs trgdgof` f` ierag pfrag`f`tf sedrf kg rfikfxcþ` mfk kf`hugof ergk, pgrg kehrgr fk mfsgrrekke mf nugtre ne`ncf`ncgs?‑ ne`ncf` ncgs?‑ (Fnugmer,  (Fnugmer, 4272)

Ne`ncf`ncg sfaç`tcng Fs kg jgdckcmgm aftgkc`hûástcng quf pfractf sgdfr quf kgs pgkgdrgs tcf`f` u`e e açs sch`cicngmes. Mf gnufrme gk ne`tfxte f` quf sf f`nuf`trg f` kg ergncþ`, sf  pufmf prfncsgr nuçk nuçk mf kes pescdkfs pescdkfs sch`cicngmes tcf`f kg pgkgdrg f` nufstcþ`.

Ne`ncf`ncg sc`tçntcng Fs kg jgdckcmgm aftgkc`hûástcng mf mgrsf nuf`tg mf u`g cmfg u ergncþ` sf mcnf gkhe

mf u` sfr, u` edofte e u`g cmfg quf pfractf pfractf mftfrac`gs fk ermf` ermf` sfnuf`ncgk sfnuf`ncgk y nuçkfs se` kgs pgkgdrgs gmfnugmgs gmfnugmgs mf kg ergncþ` y prfncsgs pgrg fxprfsgr u` suofte suofte mf qucf` sf jgdkg y kgs quf mfdf` usgrsf pgrg fxprfsgr ke quf sf mcnf mf fsf suofte (prfmcngme5

Ne`ncf`ncg kãxcng Fs kg jgdckcmgm aftgkc`hûástcng mf rfne`enfr quf kg ngmf`g jgdkgmg fstç ieragmg  per u`g sfrcf mftfrac`gmg mf pgkgdrgs quf quf sf rfkgnce`g f`trf sá pgrg fstrunturgr kgs cmfgs quf mfsfg` fxprfsgr. Rfractf fk ngadce mf kuhgr mf kgs pgkgdrgs mf`tre mf u`g acsag ergncþ` pgrg teagr ne`ncf`ncg mf quf fxcstf` mcifrf`tfs ag`frgs mf fxprfsgr u`g acsag cmfg ne` kg acsag pgkgdrg, f` mcifrf`tf ermf`.

Ne`ncf`ncg ie`ekþhcng Fs kg jgdckcmgm aftgkc`hûástcng quf capkcng kg neaprf`scþ` mf quf kgs pgkgdrgs fstç` ieragmgs per se`cmes. se`cmes. Ne` fk mfsgrrekke mf kg ne`ncf` ne`ncf`ncg ncg ie`ekþhcng kes

=4

 

 

`c÷es- `c÷gs tcf`f` ne`ncf`ncg mf nugkfs se`cmes se`cmes ierag` kgs pgkgdrgs. pgkgdrgs. Rfractf gcskgrkes, ag`cpukgrkes pgrg ieragr etrgs pgkgdrgs g`tfs mf ne`enfr kgs hrgiágs quf kes rfprfsf`tg` y ngadcg fk sch`cicngme mf kg pgkgdrg. Gk mfsgrrekkgr kg ne`ncf`ncg ie`ekþhcng, gprf`mf` kg nerrfspe`mf`ncg mf sus ie`fags ne` sus hrgiágs y fapcfzg` g fsnrcdcr pgkgdrgs g`gkczg`me f` ierag ergk kes se`cmes quf kgs ne`ierag`. Fstf prenfse pufmf edsfrvgrsf nug`me kes fstumcg`tfs sf mcntg` g sá acsae pgrg fsnrcdcr kgs pgkgdrgs, fs mfncr preke`hg` f cmf`tcicng` kes se`cmes mf kg pgkgdrg f` vez gktg g`tfs mf fsnrcdcrkg. ‛F` u` sfhu`me aeaf`te fk menf`tf prepe`mrç u` prenfse pgrg mfsnudrcr e mgr g ne`enfr kgs hrgiágs quf nerrfspe`mf` g kes se`cmes pkg`tfgmes f` kes dkequfs nurrcnukgrfs, mfsnudrcf`me g sc kg rfkgncþ` f`trf fk ie`fag y su rfspfntcvg hrgiág.

Gmfaçs, f`sf÷grg` kg mcrfnnce`gkcmgm mf kgs hrgiágs ne` sus rfspfntcves rgshes gsnf`mf`tfs y mfsnf`mf`tfs. Restfrceraf`tf, kes fmung`mes fapfzgrg` g fsnrcdcr  pgkgdrgs y ergnce`fs ne` fk nþmche gprf`mcme. Fs capertg`tf quf kes menf`tfs tf`hg` f` nuf`tg quf g pgrtcr mf fstf aeaf`te kes fsnekgrfs mfdf` rfikfxce`gr sedrf kg fstrunturg nerrfntg mf temgs kgs pgkgdrgs Fstf fs u` prenfse quf sf mfdg jgnfr f` ierag scstfaçtcng y pfrag`f`tf murg`tf teme fk g÷e, pgrg quf kes fstumcg`tfs ag`fof mf aeme gnfrtgme fk nþmche gkigdãtcne y ke utckcnf f` kg kfnturg y fsnrcturg neae afmces mf neau`cngncþ`, mcsirutf, ne`encacf`tes, mfsgrrekke mfk pf`sgacf`te pf`sgacf`te y rfkgncþ` sencgk‑.  sencgk‑.  (Fnugmer, 4272)

TFKGNCÞ@ IE@FAG- HTGIÁG S F^NTC]VTG IE@EKÞHCNG TFIKFZCYG ‛Fk edoftcve mf fstf aeaf`te fs fstgdkfnfr kg rfkgncþ` mf kes ie`fags ne` kg hrgiág y fsnrcturg ie`ekþhcngs ie`ekþhcngs rfikfxcvgs. Rgrg fstf aeaf`te aeaf`te kufh kufhee mf quf kes fstumcg`tfs jgyg trgdgogme aunje mf ierag ergk kgs 3 pgkgdrgs hf`frgmergs (ag`e, mfme, u÷g, pgte, ocrgig, durre, qufse, kfnjf, hgkkftg), afmcg`tf aÿktcpkfs =>

 

 

fstrgtfhcgs f` kes `cvfkfs `cvfkfs sfaç`tcne, kãxcne kãxcne y ie`ekþhcne sf kfs c`vctg g prepe`fr kgs ierags pescdkfs mf rfprfsf`tgncþ` pgrg ngmg u`e mf kes ie`fags mf kes sfrcfs.   Fs capertg`tf trgdgogr ÿ`cngaf`tf ne` fk se`cme mfk ie`fag y `e ne` fk `eadrf mf kg kftrg, yg quf fste pufmf hf`frgr ne`iuscþ` f` fk aeaf`te mf fsnrcdcr  pgkgdrgs‑.  pg kgdrgs‑. (DEKCYGT,  (DEKCYGT, KFN]VTG S F^NTC]VTG, 422:)   Fs capertg`tf rfnermgr quf f` fk sfhu`me aeaf`te sf prfsf`tg` kgs mcvfrsgs hrgiágs quf fxcstf` pgrg fsnrcdcr u` ie`fag. Rgrg prfvf`cr frrerfs ertehrçicnes, sf suhcfrf pc`tgr ne` reoe kgs kftrgs mf kgs kçac`gs quf prfsf`tg` fstgs mcicnuktgmfs (açs mf u`g kftrg pgrg hrgicngr u` ie`fag), ne` fk edoftcne mf rfnermgr gk fstumcg`tf quf mfdf gvfrchugr ne` quf kftrg nerrfspe`mf fsnrcdcr kg pgkgdrg mfsfgmg. Fk menf`tf hucgrç fk prenfse pgrg gnnfmfr g kg c`ieragncþ` `fnfsgrcg, afmcg`tf rfhkgs mf trg`sieragncþ` quf pemrç` teme fk tcfape gk gkng`nf mf kes fstumcg`tfs.

Mfdfaes mfsgrrekkgr f` kes `c÷es kg ne`ncf`ncg mf kg pescdckcmgm mf frrer quf fxcstf f` fk prenfse mf fsnrcturg‑ fsnrcturg ‑.

F^NTC]VTG ET]EHTÇICNG TFIKFZCYG Kg ertehrgiág Fs u`g mf kg f`sf÷g`zg açs mciánck. Gmqucrcr meac`ce mf kg ertehrgiág supe`f u` gmcfstrgacf`te fspfncgk fspfncgk y mfkcngme mf kg af`tf, f` fk quf c`tfrvcf`f` trfs gspfntes? kg rfprfsf`tgncþ` hrçicng, ke ie`ekþhcne y ke sfaç`tcne. ^c fk c`ig`tf fstç gprf`mcf`me mf u`g vfz kg pgkgdrg nerrfntgaf`tf fsnrctg y g kg vfz gprf`mf quf sch`cicng auy predgdkfaf`tf fstgaes prepcncg`me u`g gsencgncþ` mfic`ctcvg y u`g jufkkg (vcsugk, ie`ekþhcng, y sfaç`tcng nerrfntgaf`tf caprfsg f` fk nfrfdre mfk `c÷e. Fk edoftcve mf fstf aeaf`te fs kehrgr quf kes fstumcg`tfs ne`struyg` ne`struyg` kg ertehrgiág ne`vf`nce`gk, c`nkuscvf nug`me temes kes `c÷es y `c÷gs ieraf` kgs prcafrgs  pgkgdrgs neae ag`e.

==

 

 

Ertehrgiág (sch`es mf pu`tugncþ`, use mf agyÿsnukg) ‛Kg ertehrgiág fs u`g mf kgs f`sf÷g`zgs açs mciánckfs. Gmqucrcr meac`ce mf kg ertehrgiág supe`f u` gmcfstrgacf`te fspfncgk y mfkcngme mf kg af`tf, f` fk quf c`tfrvcf`f` trfs gspfntes? kg rfprfsf`tgncþ` hrçicng, ke ie`ekþhcne y ke s=fag`tcne. ^c fk c`ig`tf fstç gprf`mcf`me mf u`gs vfs kg pgkgdrg nerrfntgaf`tf fsnrctg y g kg vfz gprf`mf quf sch`cicng, auy predgdkfaf`tf fstgaes prepcncg`me u`g gsencgncþ` mfic`ctcvg y u`g (vcsugk, ie`ekþhcng y sfaç`tcng) nerrfntgaf`tf caprfsg f` fk nfrfdre mfk `c÷e‑. (AF@G, F^]TG]FHCG^ AF]EMEKEHCNG^, 4223)

µWuã fstrgtfhcgs utckczg` pgrg trgdgogr kg ertehrgiág5



  ]rgdgogr kg ertehrgiág mfsmf kg pre`u`ncgncþ` pre`u`ncgncþ` mf kg pgkgdrg.



  Rre`u`ncgncþ` mf kes se`cmes.



  Fxpfrcf`ncgs, afaercgs, pu`te mf pgrtcmg, prfrrfqucsctes (ke quf sgdf fk

`c÷e) 

  (nuç`te jg` gprf`mcme mfspuãs mfk prenfse) g trgvãs mf kes g`mgaces

(afmcgmerfs). 

  ]rgdgogr fk prc`ncpce ie`ekþhcne.



  Rrc`ncpce sfaç`tcne.



  Ertehrgiág hrçicng (vcsugk). Rfrnfpncþ` vcsugk, afaercg vcsugk.



  Kcstgme mf pgkgdrgs. Vtckczgr kg tãn`cng fk agfstre fsnrcdf y kes `c÷es

mcntg`. 

  Fsnrcturg mf pgkgdrgs



  Vtckczgr kes hrçicnes? durre-vgng, ]rgdgogr kes mcac`utcve, mcac `utcve, durrcte, vgquctg.



 



  Vse mf hrçicne, utckczg`me fk agtfrcgk ne`nrfte, g`etgr f` fk nugmfr`e kgs

Vse mf kg hrgdgmerg,

 pgkgdrgs ne` 

  Tetukgncþ` mf pgkgdrgs

=6

 

 

Fstrgtfhcg pgrg kg ertehrgiág Fofapke? mf d y v.



  Ne` kg tãn`cng fk `c÷e mcntg y fk agfstre fsnrcdf, jgnfaes fk kcstgme mf

 pgkgdrgs. 

  Nkgscicngr kgs pgkgdrgs ne` d y v.



  ]rgdgogr kg ne`ncf`ncg sfaç`tcng. Ieragr kgs ergnce`fs.



  Neae rfiufrze pc`tgr e sf÷gkgr kg d y v.



  Kffr kgs pgkgdrgs



  ^f÷gkf kg hrgiág quf fstç g`tfs mf d.



  µWuã se`cme fstç g`tfs mf kg d.



  Kfnturg mfk tfxte



  F`sf÷g`zg mf kg ertehrgiág.

^cfaprf mfsmf fstf aeaf`te neaf`zgaes g trgdgogr ne` kg nerrfnncþ` ertehrçicng, fs mfncr nug`me f`nuf`trf e jgyg `fnfscmgm mf kg acsag. 

  Rrc`ncpce ie`ekþhcne.



  Rrc`ncpce sfaç`tcne.

Ertehrgiág hrçicng (vcsugk). Rfrnfpncþ` vcsugk, afaercg vcsugk. 

  Fk menf`tf afmcgmer. µWuã jgdckcmgmfs mfdfaes mfdfaes tf`fr u` duf` afmcgm afmcgmer5 er5

Rgrg sfr u` duf` afmcgmer mfdfaes jgnfr u` duf` prfhu`tþ`. 

  Gapkcgr y f`rcqufnfr su vengdukgrce ertehrçicne.



  Mfsgrrekkgr f` fk fstumcg`tf u`g ne`ncf`ncg ertehrçicng.





  Ignckctgr gk `c÷e fk gprf`mczgof mf kg fsnrcturg nerrfntg mf kgs pgkgdrgs.   Jgdctugrke gk use mfk mcnnce`grce.

Rrc`ncpces mfk gprf`mczgof mf kg ertehrgiág 

  Kes fstumcg`tfs f`trg` ne` kg jgdckcmgm mf eár y jgdkgr.

=9

 

 



  Kg ertehrgiág sf gprf`mf vcsugkaf`tf? vcf`me y fsnrcdcf`me.



  Kg ertehrgiág mfdf f`sf÷grsf mf ag`frg prfvf`tcvg.



  Kg f`sf÷g`zg f`sf÷g`zg mf kg ertehrgiág fstç kchgmg kc hgmg g kg ergkcmgm y kg fsnrcturg.



  Fk gprf`mczgof mf kg ertehrgiág tcf`f u` c`hrfmcf`tf vcsugk, jgy quf

 prfsf`tgr aemfkes mf fsnrcturg ertehrgiág. ertehrgiág. 

  Ngmg pgkgdrg `ufvg quf sf prfsf`tg gk fstumcg`tf f` su sch`cicngme.

Rrc`ncpce mf kg mcmçntcng mf kg ertehrgiág.  Kg f`sf÷g`zg f`sf÷g`zg mf kg ertehrgiág sf mfdf neaf`zgr per fk vengdukgrce ne`encme. ne`encme. Afmcgr kg rfikfxcþ` (menf`tf). Kg ie`ekehág mfdf sfr u` gpeye pgrg kg nerrfnncþ` ertehrçicng? fofapke? ngape, ngadce. Kg ertehrgiág tcf`f u` c`hrfmcf`tf hrçicne (pgkgdrg fsnrctg), mfsgrrekke mf

fstrgtfhcgs vcsugkfs (kcstg mf pgkgdrgs). Mfstgngr kg hrgiág mumesg ne` mcifrf`tf neker. F`sf÷g`zg mf ag`frg scstfaçtcng. Kg ertehrgiág sf nerrchf acf`trgs fk fstumcg`tf fsnrcdf ne` u` prenfse rfikfxcve, gneapg÷gacf`te gneapg÷gacf` te pfrag`f`tf mfk menf`tf.

Ikucmfz kfnterg ‛Rgrg mfsgrrekkgr kg ikucmfz kfnterg fxcstf` fkfaf`tes `fnfsgrces pgrg trgdgogr f` iu`ncþ` mf kg neaprf`scþ`. Fstes fkfaf`tes se` fk g`çkcscs mfk pgrgtfxte neae (caçhf`fs, tátukes, nekerfs, guter, ftn.) kes ne`encacf`tes prfvces sedrf fk tfag mf kg kfnturg, fk vengdukgrce, kg prfmcnncþ` g pgrtcr mfk tátuke, ckustrgnce`fs, pertgmg, f`trf etres< kes fkfaf`tes fxpkánctes, fstgdkfnfr rfkgnce`fs mf g`tfnfmf`tfs/ ne`sfnuf`tf, sfafog`zg/ sfafog`zg/ mcifrf`ncg y sfnuf`ncgs kþhcngs. Etre gspfnte `fnfsgrce pgrg kg neaprf`scþ` fs kg ikucmfz  (kchgmg g kg neaprf`scþ`), sf mg per u`g nufstcþ` purgaf`tf neh`ctcvg. Nug`te açs sf mfaerf f` mfnemcicngr, açs sf tgrmgrg f` kg gmoumcngncþ` mf sf`tcme g ke quf sf kff y sf

=8

 

 

tf`mrç` agyerfs predkfags pgrg kg sch`cicngncþ` hkedgk mf kg ergncþ` e mfk  pçrrgie, pufste quf kg afaercg e nerte pkgze fstgrç sgturgmg trgtg`me mf u`cr kgs kftrgs y `e pemrç u`cr kes sf`tcmes. Rer fstg rgzþ`, sf rfneacf`mg trgdgogr kg ikucmfz f` kg kfnturg mfsmf u`g vgrcfmgm mf fstrgtfhcgs neae dc`hes, pfsng`me  pgkgdrgs, neapkftgr vgnáes f` kgs ergnce`fs, ergnce`fs, kfnturg f` ierag pcrgacmgk, f`trf etres pescdckcmgmfs, f` iu`ncþ` mf neaprf`mfr tfxtes‑. (Fnugmer, tfxtes‑. (Fnugmer, 4272) Kg ikucmfz kfnterg fs kg ngpgncmgm mf kffr tfxtes f` ierag rçpcmg, ne` prfncscþ` y f`te`gncþ` gmfnugmg. Fstg rgpcmfz sf dgsg f` kg mfnemcicngncþ` guteaçtcng f` me`mf fk `c÷e pene g pene tcf`f quf cr gapkcg`me su ngape mf vcscþ`, pgsg`me mf rfne`enfr u`g hrgiág y gsencgrkg ne` fk ie`fag nerrfspe`mcf`tf, jgstg rfne`enfr  pgkgdrgs neapkftgs mf u`g sekg acrgmg y açs tgrmf, g rfne`enfr hrupes mf  pgkgdrgs. Rgrg quf quf fk `c÷e guaf`tf guaf`tf su rgpcmfz f` kg kfnturg fs `fnfsgrce `fnfsgrce‑‑.

Tfgkczgr fofrncnces c`tf`nce`gmes ercf`tgmes ercf`tgmes g gapkcgr fk ngape vcsugk mfk `c÷e. Tfgkczgr fofrncnces c`tf`nce`gmes pgrg quf fk `c÷e gprf`mg g g`tcncpgr pgrtfs mf u`g pgkgdrg y pgkgdrgs neapkftgs . ^c fk `c÷e mfsgrrekkg fstgs mes jgdckcmgmfs mf kfnturg tgadcã` guaf`tg kg prfncscþ` fs mfncr neaftfrç af`es frrerfs gk kffr. Kg f`te`gncþ` sf rficfrf g kg kfnturg fxprfscvg me`mf sf trg`sactf sf`tcacf`tes y ngrgntfrástcngs mfk pfrse`gof. Kg f`te`gncþ` mfdf trgdgogrsf gu` g`tfs mf quf fk `c÷e e `c÷g sfpg mfnemcicngr pgkgdrgs y pgrg mfsgrrekkgrkg fk menf`tf mfdf kffr g kes fstumcg`tfs nuf`tes, `grrgnce`fs, `grrgnce`fs, pefags, pefags, ftn.

Capertg`ncg mf kg ikucmfz kfnterg ‛Mfsgrrekkgr kg ikucmfz kfnterg fs capertg`tf, pufs fs fk puf`tf quf ne`fntg kg mfnemcicngncþ` ne` kg neaprf`scþ` kfnterg. Nug`me u` `c÷e kff ikucmgaf`tf pe`f su gtf`ncþ` f` jgnfr kgs rfkgnce`fs f`trf ke quf mcnf fk tfxte y ke quf ãk yg sgdf. Nug`me u` `c÷e `e kff ikucmgaf`tf, pe`f temg su f`frhág y gtf`ncþ` f` mfnemcicngr kgs pgkgdrgs y `e pufmf ne`fntgrsf f` fk sch`cicngme mfk tfxte.

=:

 

 

Fs `fnfsgrce gpeygr fk mfsgrrekke mf kg ikucmfz kfnterg murg`tf fk prenfse c`cncgk mf gprf`mczgof mf kg kfnturg g trgvãs mf gntcvcmgmfs pkg`cicngmgs y rfhukgrfs. Fs auy capertg`tf quf sf trgdgof scfaprf f` u` gadcf`tf ghrgmgdkf y jgncf`me quf kes `c÷es y `c÷gs f`nuf`trf` f` nuf`trf` sf`tcme g kg gntcvcmgm‑.  gntcvcmgm‑.   (AF@G, F^]TG]FHCG^ AF]EMEKEHCNG^,, 4223) AF]EMEKEHCNG^

RTEMVNNCÞ@ RTEMVNNC Þ@ MF ]FZ]E^ µWVÃ F^ F^NTCDCT5 Fsnrcdcr fs u` prenfse prenfse neapkfoe neh`ctcve quf rfqucfrf rfqucfrf kg pgrtcncpgncþ` gntcvg mfk fsnrcter, qucf` pe`f f` fofrncnce vgrcgs epfrgnce`fs af`tgkfs f` kgs mcvfrsgs igsfs  per kgs quf pgsg kg fkgdergncþ` mf u` tfxte. Fsnrcdcr fs fxprfsgr cmfgs, fxpfrcf`ncgs, sf`tcacf`tes pgrg neau`cngrkes g etres, per fse fk af`sgof fsnrcte

mfdf sfr nkgre, prfncse, ermf`gme pgrg quf kg etrg pfrse`g f`tcf`mg fk af`sgof. 

F^NTC]VTG ‛Kg fsnrcturg fs u` scstfag mf rfprfsf`tgncþ` mf rfprfsf`tgncþ` hrçicng mf u` cmceag, u` cmceag, per  per afmce mf sch`es trgzgmes e hrgdgmes sedrf u` sepertf. F` tgk sf`tcme, kg fsnrcturg fs u` aeme hrçicne tápcngaf`tf juag`e mf trg`sactcr  c`ieragncþ`.  c`ieragncþ`.  Neae afmce mf rfprfsf`tgncþ`, kg fsnrcturg fs u`g nemcicngncþ` scstfaçtcng afmcg`tf sch`es hrçicnes quf pfractf rfhcstrgr ne` hrg` prfncscþ` fk kf`hugof jgdkgme per jgdkgme  per afmce mf sch`es vcsugkfs rfhukgraf`tf mcspufstes< edvcg fxnfpncþ` g fstg rfhkg fs kg dgstg`tf aemfr`g fsnrcturg Drgckkf nuyes sch`es se` tçntckfs.  tçntckfs.  Kg fsnrcturg sf mcifrf`ncg mf kes  pcntehrgags f` quf fstes `e sufkf` tf`fr u`g fstrunturg sfnuf`ncgk kc`fgk fvcmf`tf. Fxcstf` mes prc`ncpces hf`frgkfs f` kg fsnrcturg, mf u` kgme kg rfprfsf`tgncþ` afmcg`tf kehehrgags quf pufmf` rfprfsf`tgr ne`nfptes e ngapes sfaç`tcnes y mf etre kg nemcicngncþ` afmcg`tf hrgifags quf rfprfsf`tg` se`cmes e hrupes mf se`cmes (pumcã`mesf mcstc`hucr f`trf scstfags purgaf`tf gkigdãtcnes,  gkigdãtcnes,  g duhcmgs,  duhcmgs,  sckçdcnes e acxtes). Kgs fsnrcturgs fhcpncg y njc`g neadc`g` gades tcpes mf prc`ncpces (kehrgaes y

=3

 

 

hrgifags), acf`trgs quf kgs fsnrcturgs f` gkigdfte kgtc`e se` purgaf`tf hrgiãacngs‑. (aftemes hrgiãacngs‑.  (aftemes mf gprexcagnce` g kg kctfrgturg, k ctfrgturg, 4277)  Kg fsnrcturg tcf`f u`g ic`gkcmgm neau`cngtcvg, per tgk rgzþ` kgs gntcvcmgmfs quf sf mcsf÷g` f` fk gukg mfdfr tf`fr u`g ic`gkcmgm mftfrac`gmg schucf`me u` prenfse y u` trgtgacf`te fspfnáicne (fstumcg`me, c`ieragncþ`, rfkgncþ`, fstãtcne). Gmfaçs kes fsnrctes mfdf` tf`fr u` kfnter g nuygs ngrgntfrástcng sf mfdg gneaemgm fk tfxte. Kes `c÷es  „   `c÷gs `e pemrç` fsnrcdcr cmfgs, fxpfrcf`ncgs, mfsfes quf mfsff neau`cngr, g`tfs mf fsnrcdcr mfde erhg`czgr sus cmfgs y sgdfr nþae fsnrcdcrkes.

F`sf÷gr g fsnrcdcr? 

  Vtckczgr fk kf`hugof ergk neae g`mgacgof pgrg kg fsnrcturg. 



  Ieragr pfrse`gs quf pufmg` neau`cngrsf ne` kg pgkgdrg fsnrctg, f`sf÷gr g

fsnrcdcr fs f`sf÷gr g neau`cngrsf afmcg`tf kg pgkgdrg fsnrctg.



  Fs mgr g ne`enfr su utckcmgm neau`cngtcvg f` ne`tfxtes fspfnáicnes.



  Fk pkg`fgr f` fk gukg gntcvcmgmfs iu`nce`gkfs mf fsnrcturg, igverfnf fk

neapreacse mfk fstumcg`tf ne` kg tgrfg, pufste quf su fsiufrze sfrvcrç



 pgrg gkhe ne`nrfte. ne`nrfte.   ^fhÿ` kgs ÿktcags tferágs mfk gprf`mczgof, `c÷es y `c÷gs `e mfsgrrekkg` f` ierag `gturgk e dcekþhcng kgs ngpgncmgmfs y mfstrfzgs neh`ctcvgs rfqufrcmgs  pgrg kg premunncþ` mf tfxtes fsnrctes (neermc`gr pf`sgacf`tes, pf`sgacf`tes, mfmuncr f c`ifrcr cmfgs,…) sc`e quf `fnfsctg` mf u`g afmcgncþ` quf ‛ogke`f‑ ‛ogke`f‑   fstes gprf`mczgofs.

^C]VGNCÞ@ NEAV@CNG]CYG ‛Kg ierag f` quf kg fsnufkg pufmf hgrg`tczgr fk mfsgrrekke mf kgs neapftf`ncgs kc`hûástcngs mf kes `c÷esB fs eirfncã`mekf, mfsmf fmgmfs auy tfaprg`gs, kg  pescdckcmgm mf ne`tgnte ne`tgnte ne` mci mcifrf`tfs frf`tfs tcpes mf tfxtes. tfxtes. Kg fsnrcturg, ou`te ne` kg kfnturg, se` kgs neapftf`ncgs açs capertg`tfs y ÿtckfs quf kes `c÷esB mfdf` gprf`mfr f` temg su fsnekgrcmgm, tfrac`g`, quczçs, f` kg

62

 

 

u`cvfrscmgm. @e se` prenfses quf neacf`zg` y tfrac`g` f` kes prcafres g÷es mf kg fmungncþ` sc`e quf se` prenfses quf sf c`cncg` mfsmf fk prffsnekgr y tfrac`g`, quczçs, f` kg u`cvfrscmgm. ^gdfr fsnrcdcr, neae sf jg ne`icragme mfsmf fk c`cnce mfk nurse, `e fs sekgaf`tf trg`sieragr kes se`cmes f` sus nerrfspe`mcf`tfs sáadekes hrçicnes. Fsnrcdcr fs  pf`sgr, sfr prfncse f` kgs cmfgs, rfkgnce`gmgs, dusngr fk vengdukgrce pfrtc`f`tf, gmfnugr kgs cmfgs y fk vengdukgrce sfhÿ` fk kfnter, premuncr neapkfogs fstrunturgs cmfçtcngs, g trgvãs mf kgs nugkfs sf fxprfsg` kg ncf`ncg, kg tfn`ekehág y fk g rtf‑ rtf‑   (DEKCYGT, KFN]VTG S F^NTC]VTG, 422:). Ne` fstes ne`tfxtes fstey auy mf gnufrme perquf pgrg fsnrcdcr scfaprf mfdf  pgrtcr

mfsmf kg sctugncþ` neau`cngtcvg, perquf fs auy capertg`tf quf kgs

gntcvcmgmfs mf fsnrcturg c`cncf` ne` u`g rfikfxcþ` mf pgrg quã fsnrcde y per quã fsnrcde. ]gadcã` kes y kgs fstumcg`tfs mfdf` sf`tcr quf fsnrcdcr y fs u`g fstrgtfhcg

neau`cngtcvg quf rfsufkvf predkfags y mcicnuktgmfs netcmcg`gs mf ierag ficncf`tf, quf pfractf fxprfsgr cmfgs y epc`ce`fs, y quf pescdckctg kg neau`cngncþ`, aunjgs mf kgs vfnfs `e ke fsnunjgaes, `e ke teagaes f` sfrce ke quf fkkes fxprfsg` e qucfrf` fxprfsgr.

µWVÃ F^ V@ ]FZ]E5 ‛Kg pgkgdrg tfxte tcf`f su rgáz f` fk kgtá` tfxfrf, quf sch`cicng tfofr  , , trf`zgr e f`kgzgr. Gsá f`tf`mcme, u` tfxte fs u`g f`tcmgm nfrrgmg y neapkftg quf ierag u`g u`cmgm mf sf`tcme y quf tcf`f u`g c`tf`ncþ` neau`cngtcvg< fs mfncr, u`g u`cmgm kc`hûástcng nuyg ic`gkcmgm fs kg neau`cngncþ`. Rer ke tg`te, kes tfxtes pufmf` sfr ergkfs e fsnrctes< kgrhes e nertes< kctfrgrces e `e< pgrg kffr e fsnunjgr< pgrg  pre`u`ncgrkes e fsnrcdcrkes. Mf fstg ag`frg, se` tfxtes kgs edrgs kctfrgrcgs quf kffaes, kgs rfmgnnce`fs mf kes y kgs fstumcg`tfs, kgs fxpescnce`fs mf u` menf`tf, kes mcçkehes, kgs ne`vfrsgnce`fs, kgs `etcncgs mf prf`sg, kgs pg`ngrtgs pudkcnctgrcgs, kgs kftrgs mf kgs k gs ng`nce`fs, ftn.

67

 

 

V` tfxte mfdf nuapkcr ncfrtgs ne`mcnce`fs  pgrg pgrg sfr ne`scmfrgme neae tgk, f`trf kgs  prc`ncpgkfs? tf`fr nejfrf`ncg sfaç`tcng, sfaç`tcng, fs mfncr quf ttemgs emgs sus cmfgs sf rfkgnce`g` y ne`fntg` ne`fntg` u`gs ne` etrgs, ke quf pufmf kkgagr tf`fr u` ‛jcke kþhcne‑ quf ne`ieraf u`g cmfg hkedgk mf teme fk tfxte, y tf`fr nejfscþ` kc`hûástcng, fs mfncr quf fstç erhg`czgme mf gnufrme g kgs rfhkgs mfk cmceag mf tgk ierag quf `e  prfsf`tf rfpftcnce`fs c``fnfsgrcgs y quf rfsuktf nkgre pgrg fk kfnter. Gmfaçs mf kg c`tf`ncþ` neau`cngtcvg, mf fstgr f`agrngme f` u`g sctugncþ` neau`cngtcvg, fs mfncr, mfdf sfr fxprfsgme mfsmf u`g sctugncþ` y u` aeaf`te ne`nrfte, ke quf  pfractf fstgdkfnfr u` jercze`tf mf fxpfntgtcvgs y u` ne`tfxte pgrg su neaprf`scþ`‑‑ (DEKCYGT, KFN]VTG S F^NTC]VTG, 422:). neaprf`scþ`

IV@NCE@F^ MF KF@HVGOF ‛Kgs iu`nce`fs mfk kf`hugof  sf rficfrf` gk use mf kg kf`hug kg kf`hug quf jgnf u` jgdkg`tf.

^e` kes mcifrf`tfs edoftcves, prepþsctes y sfrvcnces quf sf kf mg` gk kf`hugof gk neau`cngrsf, mç`mesf u`g iu`ncþ` mfk kf`hugof per ngmg ignter quf tcf`f ãstf, f` me`mf kg iu`ncþ` quf prfvgkfnf fs fk ignter f` me`mf açs sf pe`f ã`igscs gk neau`cngrsf‑.  (fs.wclccpfmcg.erh/wclc/]fxte) neau`cngrsf‑. (fs.wclccpfmcg.erh/wclc/]fxte) Kg iu`ncþ` mf kf`hugof pfractf g kgs pfrse`gs kg c`tfrgnncþ` y neermc`gncþ` mf sus gnnce`fs, afmcg`tf kg neau`cngncþ` mf sch`cicngmes ne`strucmes per u` facser y mfstc`gmes g u` rfnfpter. Neae jfrrgacf`tgs mf c`tfrgnncþ` y neau`cngncþ`, fk kf`hugof tcf`f ÿ`cngaf`tf trfs iu`nce`fs? Kg iu`ncþ` pfrsugscvg e gpfkgtcvg , fs mf ne`vf`nfr gkhe mf nrffr e jgnfr gkhe. Rer fofapke? u` gvcse pudkcnctgrce quf prftf`mf ne`vf`nfr g kes rfnfpterfs mf neaprgr u mftfrac`gme premunte, premunte, mcsnurse mcsnurse pekátcne, grtánuke mf epc`cþ`, epc`cþ`, nrátcng mf grtf. Kg iu`ncþ` fxprfscvg e faetcvg   quf fxprfsg` sf`tcacf`tes mfk facser neae? ergnce`fs fxnkgagtcvgs, pu`tes suspf`scves, u`es mf mcac`utcves. ^e` pefság, `evfkg, nuf`te, tfgtre, ngrtg. 64

 

 

Kg iu`ncþ` c`ieragtcvg e rfifrf`ncgk fs mf c`ieragr gkhe e gkhucf` mf u` jfnje, u` fvf`te, u`g sctugncþ` e nugkqucfr tcpe tc pe mf kg rfgkcmgm neae? grtcnuke c`ieragtcve `etcncgs, kes tfxtes fsnekgrfs, kgs ne`ifrf`ncgs, kgs ngrtgs, huág turástcng y kes ngrtfkfs c`ieragtcves. c`ieragtcves.

]CRE^ MF ]FZ]E^ Kes tcpes mf tfxtes mf u`gs `erags fstgdkfncmgs se`? Hã`fre `e kctfrgrce y Hã`fres kctfrgrces.

Hã`fres kctfrgrces  C`ieragtcves C`strunnce`fs, rfnftgs, prenfses, c`ierafs, ngrtfkfs, pudkcncmgm, iekkftes, f`trfvcstg, gvcses nkgscicngmes, `etgs, c`vctgnce`fs, c`vctgnce`fs, ngrtg, sekcnctum.

Hã`fres kctfrgrces  @grrgtcves actes, igdukgs, kfyf`mgs, nuf`tes, jcstercftgs, dcehrgiágs, `evfkg

RTENF^E^ RGTG RTEMVNCT FK ]FZ]E Afmcg`tf kg c`vfstchgncþ`, kes menf`tfs jg` kehrgme cmf`tcicngr nugtre aeaf`tes  pgrg premuncr u` tfxte? pkg`cicngncþ`, tfxtugkczgncþ`, rfvcscþ`-fmcncþ` y  pudkcngncþ`, ngmg u`g mf fkkes tcf`f` u` prenfmcacf`te prenfmcacf`te pgrg mfsgrrekkgr fk prenfse mf premuncr tfxtes.

RKG@CICNGNCÞ@

^gdcf`me quf fsnrcdcr tfxtes dcf` dcf` fstrunturgmes `e fs sf`nckke, sf`nckke, perquf f` fst fstff mfdf fsnrcdcr kes tfxtes quf kes fstumcg`tfs kf mcntf` g ag`frg mf ‛fsnrcdg‑. Kg fsnrcturg fs u` prenfse y quf ne`stg ne`stg mf u`g pkg`cicngncþ` mf kes tfxtes quf f` fstf `cvfk pufmf mgrsf afmcg`tf kgs prfhu`tgs.

6>

 

 

7.- Kg sctugncþ` neau`cngtcvg f` kg quf f`ne`trgaes, kg nugk `es pfractf nrfgr kg `fnfscmgm mf fsnrcdcr 4.- µNe` quã prepþscte vgaes g fsnrcdcr5 fsnrcdcr 5 >.- µRgrg qucã` sf vg g fsnrcdcr5 =.- µ@cvfk mf use mf kf`hugof mf gnufrme ne` fk pÿdkcne gk quf vg mcrchcrke5 6.- Fk tcpe mf tfxte quf sf vg g fsnrcdcr y sus ngrgntfrástcngs. 9.- µWuã vgaes g fsnrcdcr5 Tfqucfrf rfikfxce`gr sedrf quf vg g mfncr fk tfxte. 

  Rremuncr u`g kkuvcg mf cmfgs pgrg ngmg pgrtf mfk tfxte. (]emgs kgs cmfgs quf

surog`, sc` pe`fr icktres.) 

  Fkcac`gr kgs cmfgs pgrfncmgs e neapkfaf`tgrcgs (quf gpgrfnf` f` kg kkuvcg

mf cmfgs). 

  Fkcac`gr kgs cmfgs (mf kg kkuvcg mf cmfgs) quf `e se` pfrtc`f`tfs pgrg fk

tfxte e pgrg fsg pgrtf mfk tfxte. ^c pufmf` pufmf` sfr pfrtc`f`tfs f` etrg pgrtf mfk tfxte, sf kfs pufmf trgskgmgr g fkkg.



  Ermf`gr mf ag`frg kehcg e nre`ekþhcng (sfhÿ` fk tcpe mf tfxte y fk

ne`tf`cme) kgs cmfgs quf qufmgre` pgrg ngmg grtf mfk tfxte.

]FZ]VGKC_GNCÞ@ ]FZ]VGKC_GN CÞ@ E TFMGNNCÞ@ MFK ]FZ]E ‛Kufhe mf tf`fr nkgre quã tcpe mf tfxte quf sf vg g fsnrcdcr, nuçk vg g sfr su ne`tf`cme, g qucf` fstç mcrchcme y ne` quã prepþscte, prenfmfaes g fsnrcdcr. Murg`tf kg tfxtugkczgncþ` mfsgrrekkgrfaes f` ergnce`fs y pçrrgies kgs cmfgs quf qufmgre` f` fk fsqufag, nucmg`me quf tf`hg` nejfrf`ncg c`tfr`g y f`trf sá, ne`ieraf gk prepþscte, mfstc`gtgrce y tcpe mf tfxte quf fstgaes fkgderg`me. Fkfhcaes tgadcã` fk vengdukgrce pfrtc`f`tf y gmfnugme pgrg neau`cngrkgs cmfgs.

F` fk prenfse mf ne`strunncþ` mfk tfxte, kes gnufrmes prfvces pufmf` aemcicngrsf neae premunte mf gnte acsae mf fsnrcdcr, perquf acf`trgs sf c`tf`tg ne`nrftgr kgs cmfgs c`cncgkfs, c`cncgkfs, surhcfrg` `ufvgs `ufvgs cmfgs qquf uf ne`scmfrgr e `ufves predkfags quf quf rfsekvfr. ^c fs mf ngse, rfieraukgrfaes, suprcacrfaes e g÷gmcrfaes cmfgs g kgs quf jgdágaes pkg`tfgme c`cncgkaf`tf. (AF@G H. , 4272)

6=

 

 

F` fstf aeaf`te, fs auy capertg`tf fk gneapg÷gacf`te gneapg÷gacf`te quf jghgaes g es `c÷es  pgrg gyumgrkfs g gnkgrgr sus cmfgs, utckczg`me prfhu`tgs neae? µWuã qufrágaes fsnrcdcr gquá5, µWuã qucfrf mfncr ne`…5 µ]f igktg gkhÿ` se`cme f` fstg pgkgdrg5 Gquá pe`mrfaes f` oufhe kgs fstrgtfhcgs mf ne`ncf`ncg ie`ekþhcng, kãxcng y seaçtcng pgrg afoergr kg fsnrcturg mf pgkgdrgs, ergnce`fs y pçrrgies.

TFYC^CÞ@ E FMCNCÞ@ MFK ]FZ]E ‛Fs fk aeaf`te f` quf kes fsnrcterfs kff` ke quf jg` fsnrcte, yg sfg neae trgapeká` pgrg ne`tc`ugr fsnrcdcf`me fk tfxte quf fstç` premuncf`me, e ne` fk  prepþscte mf fxgac`gr fk tfxte fsnrcte f c`tremuncr ngadces f` fk pgrg afoergr su fstrunturg, sc`tgxcs, ertehrgiág, nejfrf`ncg, ftn. Fstes pfrcemes mf g`çkcscs ne` irfnuf`ncg kkfvg` g `ufves ncnkes mf pkg`cicngncþ`, tfxtugkczgncþ` y rfvcscþ`. F` kg rfgkcmgm, aeaf`te mf kg rfvcscþ` y afoergacf`te mfk tfxte `e sf rfgkczg seke g

ic`gk mf u` prcafr c`tf`te mf tfxtugkczgr, sc`e quf pufmf sunfmfr f` nugkqucfr ftgpg mfk prenfse prenfse mf rfmgnncþ`. rfmgnncþ`. Fs mfncr mfdf mfdf sfr vcste neae u` prenfs prenfsee mf rfvcscþ`

y

nerrfnncþ`

pfrag`f`tfs‑.   pfrag`f`tfs‑.

(AF@G,

F^]TG]FHCG^

AF]EMEKEHCNG^,, 4223) AF]EMEKEHCNG^ Rerquf kg rfvcscþ` mf tfxte fs kg ÿktcag ftgpg mfk prenfse, sf hf`frg nug`me kes menf`tfs fsnrcdf` pgrg kes fstumcg`tfs, f` fstg igsf mfdf kffr f` vez gktg g afmcmg quf rfmgntg`, sf÷gkg`me gspfntes ne`vf`nce`gkfs mf kg fsnrcturg, kg ercf`tgncþ` czqucfrmg, mfrfnjg y grrcdg, gdgoe, kes sch`es mf pu`tugncþ` y kg sfpgrgncþ` f`trf  pgkgdrgs fs mfncr kg kãxcng, mf fstg ag`frg sf mfaufstrg mf nþae sf fsnrcdf fk tfxte.

RVDKCNGNCÞ@ Kes sudprenfses c`jfrf`tfs g fstg igsf 

  Tfne`enfr fk prepþscte mfk fsnrcte. 



  Cmf`tcicngr fk prfvcscdkf kfnter e kfnterg. 



  Cmf`tcicngr kgs ngrgntfrástcngs mfk tcpe mf tfxte. 

66

 

 



  Ne`strucr cmfgs gnfrng mf su ne`tf`cme.



  Ermf`gr y ofrgrquczgr kgs cmfgs. 

Vtckczgncþ` mf fstrgtfhcgs pgrg hf`frgr cmfgs 

 



  Rfrsfhucr u`g cmfg c`tfrfsg`tf 



  Rf`sgr per ne`ikcnte. 



  Mfncr ke quf rfgkaf`tf qucfre mfncr.



  Nf`trgr fk predkfag f` u` seke gspfnte.

Kkuvcg mf cmfgs 

Vtckczgncþ` mf fstrgtfhcgs pgrg ermf`gr cmfgs? 

  ^fkfnncþ` mf kg c`ieragncþ` açs ÿtck. 



  Fstrunturgr u` pkg` c`cncgk (mche G y kufhe D< mfde mcsnutcr G, D, N…).  



  Re`frsf f` pu`te mf vcstg mfk kfnter. 

Fsnrcturg y aftgneh` aftgneh`cncþ` cncþ` Kg aftgneh`cncþ` fs kg ngpgncmgm c`mcspf`sgdkf pgrg quf fk fstumcg`tf pufmg fsnrcdcr. ^u gusf`ncg sf fxprfsg f`?



  Fsngsg ne`ncf`ncg mf kes pgses g sfhucr f` su tgrfg mf fxprfscþ` fsnrctg. 



  C`suicncf`tf ne`encacf`te mf kgs mcvfrsgs fstrgtfhcgs ÿtckfs pgrg prfsf`tgr

cmfgs. 

  Ngrf`ncg mf prenfmcacf`tes pgrg sfkfnnce`gr f c`tfhrgr c`ieragnce`fs mf

mcifrf`tfs iuf`tfs. 

  Mfsne`encacf`te mf kes mcvfrses aemes mf ne`trekgr y rfhukgr fk prenfse

mf fsnrcturg. 



 

Igktg mf ieragncþ` f` fk use mf pgutgs erhg`czgtcvgs pgrg hf`frgr u erhg`czgr cmfgs y ne`trekgr kg ngkcmgm mfk tfxte fsnrcte. 

69

 

 

7.4.  ]FETÁG NE@NFR]VGK Dcdkcetfng mfk gukg? Fs u` fspgnce f` fk quf sf f`nuf`trf` f`nuf`trf` mcifrf`tfs tcpes mf tfxtes  pgrg sfr ag`cpukgmes ag`cpukgmes per kes `c÷es `c÷es y `c÷gs. `c÷gs.

Nþmche gkigdãtcne? Fs fk aeaf`te quf quf kes fstumcg`tfs rfne`enf kgs hrgiágs mf kes mcifrf`tfs se`cmes.

Neau`cngncþ` ergk? Fs kg neau`cngncþ` f` kg quf c`tfrvcf`f fk jgdkg< fs mfncr kg grtcnukgncþ` mf kes ie`fags mf`tre mf kgs pgkgdrgs.  

Nukturg fsnrctg? ‛Fs fk ne`ou`te mf `erags, rfhkgs y nestuadrfs quf utckczg u`g kf`hug pgrg fxprfsgr sus cmfgs y sf`tcacf`tes afmcg`tf kg utckczgncþ` mf sch`es kc`hûástcnes‑ (NVK]VTG kc`hûástcnes‑  (NVK]VTG F^NTC]G, ^/I)

Ne`ncf`ncg kc`hûástcng? Fs kg ngpgncmgm mf rfikfxce`gr y g`gkczgr kg fstrunturg mf

kf`hug ergk f` kg quf g mfsgrrekkg nugtre ne`ncf`ncgs.

Mcmçntcng? ‛Fs fk grtf mf f`sf÷gr, neae tgk fs u`g mcsncpkc`g mf kg pfmghehág c`snrctg f` kgs ncf`ncgs mf kg fmungncþ` quf sf f`ngrhg mfk fstumce y kg c`tfrvf`ncþ` f` fk prenfse mf f`sf÷g`zg-gprf`mczgof ne` kg ic`gkcmgm mf afoergr aãtemes, tãn`cngs y jfrrgacf`tgs quf fstç` c`vekunrgmes c`vekunrg mes f` ãk‑  ãk‑  (GN]VGKC_GNCE@ S IET]GKFNCACF@]E NVTTCNVKGT MF ]FTNFT G.F.D, 4272) 

Mfstrfzg? Fs kg jgdckcmgm quf sf tcf`f pgrg rfgkczgr nerrfntgaf`tf gkhe, `e sf trgtg jgdctugkaf`tf mf u`g tãn`cng c``gtg, sc`e quf `eragkaf`tf fs gmqucrcr. gmqucrcr .

Fstrgtfhcgs? ^e` ne`muntgs e pf`sgacf`tes quf ignckctg` fk gprf`mczgof.

Fstrgtfhcgs mf gprf`mczgof? ^e` kes prenfmcacf`tes, gnnce`fs, pf`sgacf`tes y jfrrgacf`tgs quf kes fstumcg`tfs utckczg` pgrg gprf`mfr. Fspgnces kftrgmes? V` fspgnce kftrgme fs gkhe açs quf u` fspgnce mf kfnturg e  pgrg kg kfnturg< `e fs, pufs, u` ne`tf`fmer ne`tf`fmer mf kcdres sc`e teme u` gadcf`tf mf c`tfrgnncþ` f`trf kfnterfs y su f`ter`e.

68

 

 

Fsnufkg kfnterg? Fs u` preyfnte preyfnte quf dusng quf kes fstumcg`tfs fstumcg`tfs mf kgs mcifrf`tfs c`stctunce`fs fmungtcvgs fmungtcvgs mf kes trfs pgásfs sf sf ne`vcfrtg` f` usugrces neapftf`tfs. neapftf`tfs.

Fsnrcturg?  ‛Fs u` scstfag mf rfprfsf`tgncþ` hrçicne mf u`g kf`hug, per afmce mf sch`es hrgdgmes hrgdgmes e mcduogmes

sedrf u` sepertf‑  sepertf‑  (DEKCYGT, KFN]VTG S

F^NTC]VTG,, 422:) F^NTC]VTG

Fsnrcdcr? Fs u` gnte neau`cngtcve quf surhf mf kg `fnfscmgm mf kgs pfrse`gs mf neau`cngrsf< `e fs seke ngkchrgicgr u` ne`ou`te mf kftrgs y pgkgdrgs, sc`e neau`cngr g etrgs cmfgs, pf`sgacf`tes, fxpfrcf`ncgs g trgvãs mfk kf`hugof.

Kfnturg per pkgnfr? ^f trgtg mf u` f`nuf`tre f`nuf`tre pfrse`gk ne` kes tfxtes, per fk pkgn pkgnfr fr mf mfsnudrcr mfsnudrcr su sf`tcme, sf`tcme, ke quf mcnf`, mcnf`, mf quf sf trgtg`, sc` quf c`tfricfrg prfhu`tgs prfhu`tgs mfk menf`tf, menf`tf, `c fvgkugnce`fs fvgkugnce`fs mf ke kfáme, `c`hÿ` tcpe mf fxpescncþ` e neaf`tgrce neaf`tgrce edkchgme pestfrcer.

Kfnturg? Kfnturg fs pgrtf mfk u`cvfrse mf kg neau`cngncþ`, ne` fkkg fk `c÷e y kg `c÷g sf gmf`trg` f` fk ne`encacf`te mf kgs edrgs quf rgf` kes tfxtes, pemrç` c`nursce`gr f` fk agrgvckkese au`me quf kfs c`tfrfsg y tf`mrç` kg epertu`cmgm pgrg utckczgr utckczgr kg caghc`gncþ` y nrfgtcvcmgm quf pesff`.

Agnremfstrfzgs? ‛^e` jgdckcmgmfs neau`cngtcvgs mfsgrrekkgmgs mfsgrrekkgmgs f` fk sfr juag`e  pgrg quf fstf pufmg c`tfrgntugr f` su f`ter`e sencgk, fkkgs pufmf` sfr mf neaprf`scþ` y mf fxprfscþ`? mf neaprf`scþ` sgdfr fsnunjgr, sgdfr kffr. S mf fxprfscþ`? fxprfscþ `? sgdfr jgdkgr, sgdfr fsnrcdcr‑ (Fnugmer fsnrcdcr‑  (Fnugmer A. m., 4272)  

Aãteme? Ngac`e quf huág, ne`munf g u` kuhgr, fs mfncr quf sf rficfrf gk afmce utckczgme pgrg kkfhgr g u` ic`.

Ergkcmgm? ‛Fs u` prenfse mf f`sf÷g`zg mf kg kf`hug fsnrctg sf gpeyg, `utrf y rfnehf kgs ierags mf jgdkgr f c`tfrgntugr mfspkfhgmes f` fk jgdkg, neae g`mgacgof  pgrg mfsgrrekkgr fk kf`hugof fsnrcte‑ (AF@G fsnrcte‑  (AF@G H. , 4272) 

Rrfncscþ`? Fxgntctum y ne`sf`tcacf`te g kg jerg mf fofnutgr gkhe.

6:

 

 

Rfmghehág? Fs kg ncf`ncg mf mf kg fmungncþ`, fmungncþ`, fs fk aãteme pgrg kg f`sf÷g`zg f`sf÷g`zg,, sf f`nugmrg mf`tre mf kgs Ncf`ncgs ^encgkfs y kgs k gs Juag`cmgmfs y sf rfkgnce`g ne` etrgs ncf`ncgs.

^ctugncþ` neau`cngtcvg? ‛Fs fk aeaf`te f` quf surhf kg `fnfscmgm mf nrfgr u`g neau`cngncþ` afmcg`tf afmcg`tf gkhÿ` tcpe mf kf`hugof‑  kf`hugof‑   (AF@G ^. , F^]TG]FHCG^

AF]EMEKEHCNG^, 4223)  ]ãn`cngs? ^e` gntcvcmgmfs fspfnáicngs quf kkfvg`   g ngde kes gkua`es nug`me gprf`mf`? rfpftcr, sudrgygr, fsqufagtczgr, rfgkczgr prfhu`tgs, mfmuncr, c`muncr, ftn.

]fxtugkczgncþ`? Fs u` prenfse quf pe`f f` f` iu`nce`gacf`te u`g hrg` ng`tcmgm ng`tcmgm mf ne`encacf`tes rfkgnce`gmes ne` kg kf`hug.

]fxte? Fs u` ne`ou`te mf cmfgs quf fstç` erhg`czgmgs f` u`g fstrunturg

mftfrac`gmg ne` vengdukgrce vengdukgrce gmfnugme mfpf`mcf`me mf mf c`tf`ncþ` neau`cngtcvg neau`cngtcvg mfk guter y fk mfstc`gtgrce.

63

 

 

7.>. ]FETÁG TFIFTF@NCGK Fsnufkgs Kfnturgs `gnf f` fk agrne mfk preyfnte rfhce`gk ‛Nf`tre mf Fxnfkf`ncg  pgrg kg Ngpgnctgncþ` mf mf Agfstres, ‛quf gsencg g trfs u`cvfrscmgmfs u `cvfrscmgmfs mf kg rfhcþ`? kg V`cvfrscmgm Ngyftg`e Jfrfmcg mf Rfrÿ, kg V`cvfrscmgm @ur mf Dekcvcg y kg V`cvfrscmgm G`mc`g ^caþ` Dekávgr mfk Fnugmer, f` u` preyfnte quf dusng quf kes fstumcg`tfs mf kgs fsnufkgs icsngkfs mf kes trfs pgásfs sf ne`vcfrtg` f` usugrces neapftf`tfs mf kg nukturg fsnrctg. Jey f` Fnugmer, fk prehrgag Fsnufkgs Kfntergs sf jgnf u` ne`vf`ce ne` kg V`cvfrscmgm G`mc`g ^caþ` Dekávgr, pgrg iertgkfnfr y afoergr kg kfnturg y fsnrcturg f` temes kes `cvfkfs mf kg fmungncþ` y gsuaf kg rfspe`sgdckcmgm mf ne`tc`ugr ne` su fofnuncþ` y gapkcgr kg nedfrturg g temgs kgs fsnufkgs icsngkfs mfk pgás. kg V`cmgm Fmungtcvg ‛C@]C NJVTC‑ sfhÿ` kg c`vfstchgncþ` quf fstey rfgkczg`me

mf fstgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs pgrg kg f`sf÷g`zg mf kg kfnturg y fsnrcturg, `e nuf`tg ne` `c`hÿ` tcpe mf c`ieragncþ` c`ieragncþ` mf fstf trgdgoe f` fk fstgdkfncacf`te, pfre sf jg vcste, vcste, kg `fnfscmgm `fnfscmgm mf c`vfstchgr fstf fstf tfag yg yg quf fs auy capertg`tf pgrg temes kes preifserfs mf kg fmungncþ` c`tfrnukturgk, ne` fk edoftcve capkg`tgr y ieragr f`tfs ngpgnfs, ngpgnfs, nrfgtcves, g`gkátcne y rfikfxcve quf f` f` fk iuture pufm pufmg` g` mfsf`vekvfrsf mfsf`ve kvfrsf f` kg sencfmgm. Rgrg rfgkczgr fstf trgdgoe mf c`vfstchgncþ` tuvf quf gnumcr g kgs pçhc`gs wfd mfk rfpfrterce mf kg V`cvfrscmgm V`cvfrscmgm Fstgtgk mf Dekávgr, fxcstf` fxcstf` gkhu`gs ne` fstf tfag mf kgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs mf kf`hug y kctfrgturg, `c`hu`g mf fses tfags fstç`  pufste f` prçntcng, pcf`se quf fstf trgdgoe c`vfstchgtcve sf mcifrf`ncg f` gkhu`gs mf kgs fstrgtfhcgs pgrg fk fk mfsgrrekke mf kg nkgsf. Fk acsae quf qucfrf ne`vf`nfr ne`vf`nfr g kes menf`tfs y fstumcg`tfs mf kg u`cmgm fmungtcvg f mungtcvg Fstey ne`vf`ncmg ne` fstf trgdgoe mf c`vfstchgncþ` quf pufmg gpertgr g kg c`stctuncþ` quf gyumf g neapf`sgr kgs c`qucftumfs sencgkfs y g rfvfrtcr gqufk  prfoucnce quf kkfvg g pf`sgr quf temes kes fstumcg`tfs tcf`f u` iuture y quf, per ke tg`te, afrfnf u`g fmungncþ` mf ngkcmgm, f` su iuture sf mcduogrç` etrgs gktfr`gtcvgs y epertu`cmgmfs.

92

 

 

7.=. ]FETÁG ^C]VGNCE@GK Kg V`cmgm Fmungtcvg C`tfrnukturgk Dckc`hûf C`tc Njurc sf f`nuf`trg udcngmg f` kg Rgrrequcg Yfc`tcackkg, Ng`tþ` Hugrg`mg, Rrevc`ncg Dekávgr g u`g mcstg`ncg mf 73 lckþaftres mf kg ncumgm mf Hugrg`mg gk agrhf` czqucfrme mf kg vág prc`ncpgk g kg ncumgm mf Tcedgadg, sf sctÿg g u`g gkturg mf >622 aftres sedrf fk `cvfk mf agr, su tfapfrgturg fs mf 77 -74 hrgmes nf`táhrgmes fs mfncr fxcstf` kg rfhukgrcmgm.  Iuf nrfgmg dgoe kg ourcsmcnncþ` jcspg`g fk g÷e mf 7386 ne` fk `eadrf mf Mr. Tcngrme Hgkgrzg, `eadrf quf iuf gnehcmg f` rfne`encacf`te g su kgder f` kg hfstcþ` mf kg nrfgncþ` mf fstg c`stctuncþ`. F` fk g÷e mf 73::, ne` kg nrfgncþ` mfk ^cstfag mf Fmungncþ` C`tfrnukturgk Dckc`hûf pgsg g sfr pgrtf mf fkkg< ne` fk Gnufrme Ac`cstfrcgk 947= mfk 46 mf ou`ce

mf 7334 ne` fk `eadrf mf C`tc Njurc quf f` fspg÷ek sch`cicng (Jcoes mfk ^ek)< gmac`cstrgtcvg, tãn`cng y pfmghþhcngaf`tf pfmghþhcngaf`tf mfpf`mfaes mf kg mcrfnncþ` mcstrctgk mf Hugrg`mg, gmfaçs

mf`tre mf fstg c`stctuncþ` trgdgogdg` 7= preifserfs

 pfrtf`fncf`tfs g kg nukturg nukt urg c`máhf`g< enje menf`tfs ne` `eadrgacf`te y sfcs ne` ne`trgte kes nugkfs mfsgrrekkg` fk prenfse mf f`sf÷g`zg gprf`mczgof f` fk cmceag lcnjwg neapkfaf`tg`me ne` fk fspg÷ek yg quf fk 722% mf gkua`es quf c`hrfsg` gk prcafr `cvfk se` ae`ekc`hûfs lcnjwgs. Kg V`cmgm Fmungtcvg C`tc Njurc, pfrtf`fnf g kg erhg`czgncþ` Tu`glu`gpgl ]g`tgrc C`tc Njurc quf ghrupg g sfcs neau`cmgmfs mf kes Ngsgcnjfs? Grf`gk, Hrupe Ngnug`he. ^g` G`te`ce, Njc`cpgadg, Kkgag Nerrgk y Jfrgpgadg. Gntugkaf`tf ne`tgaes ne` 47: fstumcg`tfs fstumcg`tfs f`trf fkkes fk prcafr G÷e mf Fmungncþ` Hf`frgk Hf`frgk Dçscng fkfaf`tgk y dgnjckkfrgte, ne` 79 menf`tfs prenfmf`tfs mf kgs mcifrf`tfs neau`cmgmfs c`máhf`gs c`máhf`gs mf kg Rrevc`ncg? Kcn. Ngrkes Suadgy, Fne. Fackce Fack ce Ygkkfoe, Kcn. @fkse` Nuvc, Rrei. Oesã Njfkg, Kcn. @ãster Wuckkf, C`h. Irf`g`me Rgtá`, Mr. Rfmre Rgtá`, Kcn. Agrág Nermfre, Kcn. Kgurg Njfkg, Kcn. G`ctg Njfkg, Kcn. Fvctg Ghugke`he, Kcn. Agrkf`f ]f`fkfag, Kcn. @grncsg ^cagkczg, Kcn. Nrcstcg` Ghugke`he, Kcn. Ngractg Ngrrgsne, Kcn. Sekg`mg, kg acsag quf mcntg` nkgsfs per hrgme jgstg sãptcae y per çrfg ne` kes mfaçs `cvfkfs mf kg fmungncþ`. 97

 

 

YC^CÞ@ C@^]C]VNCE@GK Kg V`cmgm Fmungtcvg C`tfrnukturgk Dckc`hûf C@]C NJVTC, f` u` tcfape g kgrhe  pkgze sf vf neae f`tcmgm iufrtf, fstrunturgkaf`tf ne` gukgs gmfnugmg gmfnugmgs, s, rfnurses juag`es ficncf`tfs, ficncf`tfs, rfnurses fne`þacnes fne`þacnes y tfn`ekþh tfn`ekþhcnes cnes suicncf`tfs, quf kcmfrg y grtcnukg kgs gntcvcmgmfs fmungtcvgs, sencgkfs y nukturgkfs mf temes kes jgdctg`tfs mfk sfnter < u`g pedkgncþ` mf fhrfsgmes rfgicragmg f` su prepcg cmf`tcmgm nukturgk, ngpgnfs mf c`tfrrfkgnce`grsf mf`tre mf kg sencfmgm y gpertgr gk mfsgrrekke mfk fstgme mf u`g ierag ficngz y nejfrf`tf. V` fstgdkfncacf`te ngrgntfrczgme f` u`g fmungncþ` c`tfhrgk, juag`czg`tf y kcdfrgmerg, me`mf kes `c÷es y `c÷gs sfg` suofte mf ngadce mf kg sencfmgm, ne` u` gkte mfsgrrekke mfk pf`sgacf`te, ne`strunterfs mf su prepce ne`encacf`te y ierogmerfs mf u` c`strunncþ` mc`çacng, dgsgme f` kg gpkcngncþ` mf aãtemes gntcves f` teme fk prenfse mf f`sf÷g`zg gprf`mczgof.

AC^CÞ@ C@^]C]VNCE@GK Kg VFCNJ, VFCNJ, fs u`g c`stctuncþ` quf quf preaufvf preaufvf kg Fmungncþ` C`tfrnukturgk Dckc`hûf Dckc`hûf mf kg neau`cmgm mf Ngsgcnjf, ze`g mf c`ikuf`ncg, pgrg ieragr `c÷es, `c÷gs y  oþvf`fs quf ne`trcduyf ne`trcduyf gk afoergacf`te mf kg ngkcmgm mf vcmg mf sus jgdctg`tfs, gpkcng`me kgs fstrgtfhcgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs gntcves mf f`sf÷g`zg f`sf÷g`zg gprf`mczgof. gprf`mczgof. Ne` kg pgrtcncpgncþ` gntcves mf temes kes gnterfs sencgkfs f` temgs kgs gntcvcmgmfs mf kg fmungncþ` f`agrngmes ne` kes vgkerfs, prc`ncpces y ickeseiág mf kes pufdkes c`máhf`gs, gsá neae tgadcã` mf gnufrme gk gvg`nf ncf`táicne y tfn`ekþhcne neae fstf ne`strunterfs mf su prepce mfsgrrekke, quf hgrg`tcnf kg supfrvcvf`ncg mf kes  pgsgmes y iuturg hf`frgncþ` ne` u` mfsgrrekke graþ`cne f`trf fk jeadrf y `gturgkfzg.

94

 

 

7.6. ]FETÁG KFHGK Fk prehrgag sf fofnutg hrgncgs g u` ne`vf`ce f`trf fk Ac`cstfrce mf Fmungncþ` mfk Fnugmer y kg V`cvfrscmgm G`mc`g ^caþ` Dekávgr, y jg scme gvgkgme y rfne`encme eicncgkaf`tf afmcg`tf Gnufrme Ac`cstfrcgk @e. >4:3. Kgs aftgs mfk Rrehrgag Fsnufkgs Kfntergs se` iertgkfnfr fk kcmfrgzhe c``evgmer mf kes menf`tfs, y eptcaczgr kg f`sf÷g`zg mf kg kfnturg y mf kgs jgdckcmgmfs fsnrcturgs mf kes fstumcg`tfs mf fmungncþ` dçscng mfk pgás, temg vfz quf sf rfne`enf quf kg kfnturg y kg fsnrcturg ne`stctuyf` mes jfrrgacf`tgs c`mcspf`sgdkfs  pgrg fk mfsgrrekke pfrse`gk, preifsce`gk y sencgk mf kes suoftes y kes pufdkes y, per tg`te, pgrg fk fofrncnce pkf`e mf kes mfrfnjes mf ncumgmg`ág. Fk

Ac`cstfrce mf Fmungncþ` f` fk g÷e 4272 4272 rfgkczþ rfgkczþ kg Gntugkczgncþ` y

Iertgkfncacf`te mfk Nurránuke mf kg Fmungncþ` Hf`frgk Dçscng quf dusng quf kgs

hf`frgnce`fs vf`cmfrgs vf`cmfrgs gprf`mf` mf afoer ag`frg g rfkgnce`grsf rfkgnce`grsf ne` kes mfaçs sfrfs juag`es y ne` su f`ter`e y sedrf teme, g se÷gr ne` kg pgtrcg quf vcvf mf`tre mf `ufstres suf÷es y mf `ufstres nergze`fs.

NE@^]C]VNCÞ@ NE@^]C]VNC Þ@ MF KG TFRßDKCNG Grtánuke 49.- Kg fmungncþ` fs u` mfrfnje mf kgs pfrse`gs g ke kgrhe mf su vcmg y u` mfdfr c`fkumcdkf f c`fxnusgdkf mfk fstgme. Ne`stctuyf u` çrfg prcerctgrcg mf kg pekátcng pÿdkcng y mf c`vfrscþ` fstgtgk, hgrg`tág mf chugkmgm f c`nkuscþ` sencgk y ne`mcnce`gk c`mcspf`sgdkf pgrg fk duf` vcvcr. Kgs  pfrse`gs, kgs igackcgs y kg sencfmgm tcf`f` fk mfrfnje y kg rfspe`sgdckcmgm mf  pgrtcncpgr f` fk prenfse prenfse fmungtcve fmungtcve

Grtánuke 48.- Kg fmungncþ` sf nf`trgrç f` fk sfr juag`e y hgrg`tczgrç su mfrfnje jekástcne f` fk agrne mf rfspfte g kes mfrfnjes juag`es, gk afmce gadcf`tf sustf`tgdkf y kg mfaenrgncg< sfrç pgrtcncpgtcvg, edkchgtercg, c`tfrnukturgk, mfaenrgncg, c`nkuyf`tf y mcvfrsg, mf ng`tcmgm y ngkcmfz< fstcaukgrç fk sf`tcme

9>

 

 

nrátcne, fk grtf mf kg nukturg iáscng, kg c`cncgtcvg c`mcvcmugk y neau`ctgrcg, y fk mfrfnje mf neapftf`ncg y ngpgncmgmfs pgrg pgrg nrfgr y trgdgogr. Kg fmungncþ` fs c`mcspf`sgdkf pgrg fk ne`encacf`te, fk fofrncnce mf kes mfrfnjes y kg ne`strunncþ` mf u` pgás sedfrg`e y ne`stctuyf u` fof fstrgtãhcne pgrg fk mfsgrrekke `gnce`gk.

Grtánuke 4:.- Kg fmungncþ` rfspe`mfrç gk c`tfrãs pÿdkcne y `e fstgrç gk sfrvcnce mf c`tfrfsf c`mcvcmugkfs y nerpergtcves. ^f hgrg`tczgrç fk gnnfse u`cvfrsgk,  pfrag`f`ncg, aevckcmgm y fhrfse fhrfse sc` mcsnrcac`gncþ` mc snrcac`gncþ` gkhu`g y kg edkchgtercfmgm f` fk `cvfk c`cncgk dçscne y dgnjckkfrgte e su fqucvgkf`tf. Fs mfrfnje mf temg pfrse`g y neau`cmgm c`tfrgntugr f`trf nukturgs y pgrtcncpgr f` u`g sencfmgm quf gprf`mf. Fk fstgme preaevfrç fk mcçkehe c`tfrnukturgk f` sus aÿktcpkfs mcaf`sce`fs.

Fk gprf`mczgof sf mfsgrrekkgrç f` ierag fsnekgrczgmg y `e fsnekgrczgmg. Kg fmungncþ` pÿdkcng sfrç u`cvfrsgk y kgcng f` temes sus `cvfkfs y hrgtuctg gk tfrnfr `cvfk mf fmungncþ` supfrcer c`nkuscvf. c `nkuscvf.

Grtánuke :>.-  ^e` mfdfrfs y rfspe`sgdckcmgmfs mf kes fnugtercg`es y kgs fnugtercg`gs,, sc` pfroucnce mf etres prfvcste f` kg Ne`stctuncþ` y kg Kfy. fnugtercg`gs

Fk `uafrgk 79.- Gscstcr, gkcaf`tgr, fmungr y nucmgr g kgs jcogs f jcoes. Fstf mfdfr fs rfspe`sgdckcmgm mf agmrfs y pgmrfs f` chugk preperncþ`, y nerrfspe`mfrç tgadcã` g kgs jcogs f jcoes nug`me kgs agmrfs ke `fnfsctg`.

Grtánuke >=>.- Fk scstfag `gnce`gk mf fmungncþ` tf`mrç neae ic`gkcmgm fk mfsgrrekke mf ngpgncmgmfs y petf`ncgkcmgmfs c`mcvcmugkfs y nekfntcvgs mf kg  pedkgncþ`, quf sf pescdckctf` fk gprf`mczgof, gprf`mczgof, y kg hf`frgncþ` y utckczgncþ` mf ne`encacf`tes tãn`cngs, sgdfrfs, grtf y nukturg. Fk scstfag neae nf`tre gk suofte quf gprf`mf, y iu`nce`grç mf ag`frg ikfxcdkf y mc`çacng, c`nkuyf`tf, ficngz y ficncf`tf.

9=

 

 

Fk scstfag `gnce`gk mf fmungncþ` c`tfhrgrç u`g vcscþ` c`tfrnukturgk mf gnermf ne` kg mcvfrscmgm hfehrçicng, nukturgk y kchÿstcng fk, pgás y fk rfspfte g kes mfrfnjes mf kgs neau`cmgmfs, pufdkes y `gnce`gkcmgmfs. `gnce`gkcmgmfs.

Grtánuke >=8.- ^frç rfspe`sgdckcmgm mfk fstgme. 7.- Iertgkfnfr kg fmungncþ` pÿdkcng y kg nefmungncþ`< gsfhurgr fk afoergacf`te  pfrag`f`tf mf kg ngkcmgm, kg k g gapkcgncþ` mf kg k g nedfrturg, kg c`irgfstrunturg c `irgfstrunturg iáscng y fk fqucpgacf`te `fnfsgrce mf kgs c`stctunce`fs fmungtcvgs fmungtcvgs pÿdkcngs.

^FHß@ KG KFS ETHÇ@CNG MF FMVNGNCÞ@ C@]FTNVK]VTGK MF KG^ EDKCHGNCE@F^ MFK F^]GME TF^RFN]E G KG FMVNGNCÞ@

Grtcnuke 6.- Kg fmungncþ` neae edkchgncþ` mfk Fstgme. Fk Fstgme tcf`f kg

edkchgncþ` c`fkumcdkf f c`fxnusgdkf mf hgrg`tczgr fk mfrfnje g kg fmungncþ`, g kes jgdctg`tfs fk tfrrcterce fnugtercg`e y su gnnfse u`cvfrsgk g ke kgrhe mf m f kg vcmg, pgrg ke nugk hf`frgrç kgs ne`mcnce`fs quf hgrg`tczg kg chugkmgm mf epertu`cmgm pgrg gnnfmfr, pfrag`fnfr, aevckczgrsf y fhrfsgr mf kes sfrvcnces fmungtcves. Fk fstgme fofrnf kg rfnterág mf sedrf fk scstfag fmungtcve g trgvãs mf gutercmgm `gnce`gk mf fmungncþ` mf ne`ieracmgm ne` kg Ne`stctuncþ` mf kg Tfpÿdkcng Tfpÿ dkcng y kg Kfy. Fk Fstgme hgrg`tczgrç u`g fmungncþ` pÿdkcng mf ngkcmgm, hrgtuctg y kgcng.

Grtcnukg 9.  Kctfrgk f.- Gsfhurgr fk afoergacf`te ne`tc`ue mf kg ngkcmgm f` sus `cvfkfs c`cncgk, dçscne y dgnjckkfrgte, gsá neae prevffr c`irgfstrunturg iáscng y fqucpgacf`te `fnfsgrce g kgs c`stctunce`fs fmungtcvgs pÿdkcngs.

Kctfrgk i.-  Gsfhurgr quf kgs f`tcmgmfs fmungtcvgs mfsgrrekkf` u`g fmungncþ` c`tfhrgk, nefmungtcvg, ne` u`g vcscþ` trg`svfrsgk trg`svfrsgk y f`iequf mf mfrfnjes.

Kctfrgk x.- Hgrg`tczgr quf kes pkg`fs y prehrgags mf fmungncþ` c`cncgk, dçscng y  dgnjckkfrgte, fxprfsgme f` fk nurránuke ieaf`tf` fk mfsgrrekke mf neapftf`ncgs y ngpgncmgmfs pgrg nrfgr ne`encacf`tes y ieaf`tgr kg c`nerpergncþ` mf kes ncumgmg`es gk au`me mf trgdgoe.

96

 

 

MF KE^ MFTFNJE^ S EDKCHGNCE@F^ MF KE^ F^]VMCG@]F^ GT]ÁNVKE 8 Kctfrgk g.- ^fr gnterfs iu`mgaf`tgkfs f` fk prenfse fmungtcve. Kctfrgk d.-  Tfncdcr u`g ieragncþ` c`tfhrgk y ncf`táicng, quf ne`trcduyg gk pkf`e mfsgrrekke mf su pfrse`gkcmgm, ngpgncmgmfs y petf`ncgkcmgmfs, rfspftg`me sus mfrfnjes, kcdfrtgmfs iu`mgaf`tgkfs y preaevcf`me kg chugkmgm mf hã`fre, kg `e mcsnrcac`gncþ`, kg vgkergncþ` mf kgs mcvfrscmgmfs, kg pgrtcncpgncþ`, gute`eaág y neepfrgncþ`.

Grtcnuke 77.- Edkchgnce`fs.- kgs y kes menf`tfs tcf`f` kgs schucf`tfs edkchgnce`fs. Kctfrgk d.-  ^fr gnterfs iu`mgaf`tgkfs f` u`g fmungncþ` pfrtc`f`tf, mf ngkcmgm y

ngkcmfz ne` kgs y kes fstumcg`tfs g su ngrhe.

Kctfrgk f.- Tfspftgr fk mfrfnje mf kgs y kes fstumcg`tfs y mf kes acfadres mf kg neau`cmgm fmungtcvg, g fxprfsgr sus epc`ce`fs iu`mgaf`tgkfs y preaevfr kg ne`vcvf`ncg ne`vcvf` ncg graþ`cng y kg rfsekuncþ` pgnáicng mf kes ne`ikcntes. Ieaf`tgr u`g gntctum ne`struntcvg f` sus rfkgnce`fs c`tfrpfrse`gkfs f` kg c`stctuncþ` fmungtcvg.

99

 

 

NGRÁ]VKE CC 4. F^]TG]FHCG^ AF]EMEKÞHCNG^ Kg fstrgtfhcg aftemekþhcng ne`scstf f` erhg`czgr temes kes fkfaf`tes utckczgdkfs f` u` pkg` mf gnncþ` pgrg mftfntgr sc fk fifnte mf u` ignter gsencgme fxpkcng kg c`ikuf`ncg mf ngadce sedrf kg vgrcgdkf pgrg fkke mfdfaes teagr f` nuf`tg kes schucf`tfs gspfntes.

4.7. MC^F×E MF KG CC@YF^]CHGNCÞ@? @YF^]CHGNCÞ@? Rer fk prepþscte.- Iuf u`g c`vfstchgncþ` gpkcngmg, neae premunte mf kes rfsuktgmes mfk trgdgoe mf ngape, sf prenfmcþ g mcsf÷gr u`g prepufstg mf c`tfrvf`ncþ` tf`mcf`tf g supfrgr fk predkfag.

Rer fk `cvfk.- Iuf mfsnrcptcvg, pufste quf sf kehrþ neapredgr f` ierag scstãacng y prehrfscvg kgs ngrgntfrástcngs, tg`te mf kg pedkgncþ` fstumcg`tck, neae mf menf`tfs g trgvãs mf kg rfnepckgncþ` mf mgtes ne` su rfspfntcvg fxpkcngncþ` mfk  perquã mfk if`þaf`e. if`þaf`e.

Rer fk kuhgr.- Kg c`vfstchgncþ` iuf mf ngape perquf sf teaþ kg c`ieragncþ` mcrfntgaf`tf mfsmf fk kuhgr mf kes jfnjes e if`þaf`es, pgrg rfu`cr kes mgtes `fnfsgrces pgrg neapredgr kg jcpþtfscs pkg`tfgmg.

Rer fk erchf`.- C`vfstchgncþ` menuaf`tgk dcdkcehrçicng, sf sf sustf`tþ sustf`tþ f` iuf` iuf`tfs tfs fsnrctgs mf vgrces guterfs ne` fk prepþscte mf ne`enfr, neapgrgr, gapkcgr kgs tferágs y kgs ne`nfptugkczgnce`fs. ne`nfptugkczgnce`fs.

Rer kg mcaf`scþ` tfapergk.- ^f ke ne`enf neae trg`svfrsgk pufs sf rfnekfntþ kes mgtes f` u` tcfape ÿ`cne ne` fk prepþscte mf fsnrcdcr vgrcgdkfs y g`gkczgr su c`ncmf`ncg f c`tfrrfkgncþ` f` u` aeaf`te mgme.

Rer fk tcfape mf enurrf`ncg.-Rer fk pfrceme mf tcfape f` quf sf rfgkczþ kg c`vfstchgncþ` iuf

rftrespfntcvg rftrespfntcvg y prespfntcvg, perquf perquf `es pfractcþ mfmuncr mfmuncr

c`tfrprftgnce`fs pgrg prepe`fr kgs gktfr`gtcvgs. gk tfr`gtcvgs. 98

 

 

4.4. ]ÃN@CNG^ F C@^]TVAF@]E^ F`nufstg ? ^f gpkcnþ g kes menf`tfs pgrg tf`fr fvcmf`ncgs sedrf kgs vgrcgdkfs quf sf c`vfstchg` y kufhe fstgdkfnfr prepufstgs mf c`tfrvf`ncþ`.

Icnjg mf edsfrvgncþ`? ^f utckczþ pgrg ne`enfr fk prenfse mf nkgsf f` fk quf c`tfrvcf`f` kes fstumcg`tfs fstumcg`tfs ou`tes g sus menf`tfs. menf`tfs.

F`trfvcstg? Fstg iuf gpkcngmg gk rfnter mf kg V`cmgm Fmungtcvg ne` kg ic`gkcmgm mf ne`trgstgr kgs c`tfrrehg`tfs pkg`tfgmgs y edoftcvcmgm fk prfsf`tf trgdgoe c`vfstchgtcve.

4.> RKG@ MF RTENF^GACF@]E MF KG C@ C@IETAGNCÞ@ IETAGNCÞ@ Fk Rkg` mf Rrenfsgacf`te mf kg c`ieragncþ` neaprf`mcþ kes schucf`tfs gspfntes

sfnuf`ncgkfs? - 

Tfnepckgncþ` mf kg c`ieragncþ` f` dgsf g kes c`struaf`tes gpkcngmes

- 

]gdukgncþ` mf kes rfsuktgmes edtf`cmes

Erhg`czgncþ` f` tgdkgs y hrçicnes fstgmástcnes -  G`çkcscs f c`tfrprftgncþ` mf kgs rfspufstgs factcmgs.

- 

F` fk ngse mf kg f`trfvcstg sf teaþ kg cmfg nf`trgk factcmg per kg f`trfvcstgmg y kufhe sf prenfmcþ ne` fk g`çkcscs y kg c`tfrprftgncþ`. Fstes mgtes iufre` kes c`suaes ne` kes quf sf fstgdkfncfre` kgs ne`nkusce`f ne`nkusce`fss y kgs rfneaf`mgnce`fs< rfneaf`mgn ce`fs< y gyumgre` g ne`sekcmgr kgs fstrgtfhcgs mf ngadce.

4.=. V@CYFT^E S AVF^]TG Tfnter

7

Menf`tfs

7=

Fstumcg`tfs mf ^fhu`me

49

Fstumcg`tfs mf ]frnfre

4= 9:

 

 

]etgk mf kg pedkgncþ`

96 

Neae kg pedkgncþ` fs auy pfquf÷g `e sf gpkcnþ `c`hÿ` tcpe mf aufstrfe, sf trgdgoþ ne` teme fk u`cvfrse. u`cvfrse.

4.6. AÃ]EME MF CC@YF^]CHGNC @YF^]CHGNCÞ@ Þ@ Rgrg rfgkczgr fstf trgdgoe c`vfstchgtcve c`vfstchgtcve sf utckczgre` kes schucf`tfs aãtemes? aãtemes? c`muntcve y mfmuntcve, ncf`táicne, fstgmástcne, ddcdkcehrçicne. cdkcehrçicne.

C`muntcve.- Vtckczgme gk aeaf`te mf gpkcngr kes c`struaf`tes mf c`vfstchgncþ`, mf ag`frg pgrtcnukgrczgmg g ngmg u`e mf kes suoftes c`vfstchgmes y quf pfractcfre` fstgdkfnfr pestfrceraf`tf, hf`frgkczgnce`fs.

Mfmuntcve.- Iuf mf aunjg utckcmgm pgrg g`gkczgr kg tferág ncf`táicng y fstgdkfnfr

mf ag`frg hf`frgk kgs mcvfrsgs nerrcf`tfs tfþrcngs y ncf`táicngs vc`nukgmgs ne` kgs vgrcgdkfs f` fstumce.

Ncf`táicne.- Iuf gpkcngme murg`tf teme fk prenfse c`vfstchgtcve pufs, hrgncgs g fstf aãteme sf pume fstgdkfnfr u`g rfkgncþ` kþhcng f`trf fk predkfag, kes edoftcves, kg jcpþtfscs< y, mgrkf iu`mgaf`te g kgs k gs fstrgtfhcgs mf ngadce.

Aãteme fstgmástcne.- G trgvãs  mf fstf aãteme sf jcze kg tgdukgncþ` y g`gkczþ g`gkczþ kg c`ieragncþ` edtf`cmg f` kgs kgs f`nufstgs, f`nufstgs, f`trfvcstgs y huág huág mf edsfrvgncþ`, pgrg kg neapredgncþ` mf jcpþtfscs factcr ne`nkusce`fs ne`nkusce`fs y rfneaf`mgnce`fs. rfneaf`mgnce`fs.

Aãteme dcdkcehrçicne.- afmcg`tf kg gpkcngncþ` mf fstf aãteme `es pfractcþ rfnepckgr kg c`ieragncþ` fxcstf f` kg c`stctuncþ` fmungtcvg neae f` kcdres caprfses, mchctgkfs, iekkftes, huágs pgrg sfkfnnce`gr y rfmgntgr fk agrne tfþrcne y sustf`tgr kg prepufstg pgrg sekunce`gr fk predkfag fxcstf`tf f` kg u`cmgm fmungtcvg.

93

 

 

F^]TG]FHCG MF NGADCE ]Á]VKE? AG@VGK

MF

F^]TG]FHCG^

AF]EMEKÞHCNG^

RGTG

FK

]TG]GACF@]E MF KG KFN]VTG S F^NTC]VTG.

RTF^F@]GNCÞ@   Fk prfsf`tf ag`ugk tcf`f neae prepþscte mf mftfrac`gr kg c`ikuf`ncg c`ikuf`ncg mf mf kgs kcactgmgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs, afmcg`tf kg gmfnugmg gpkcngncþ` y sencgkczgncþ` mf kg acsag, fs u` ag`ugk quf dusng quf kes fstumcg`tfs, ne` gyumg mf kes menf`tfs mf kg V`cmgm Fmungtcvg ‛C`tc Njurc‑  Njurc‑  sf ne`vcfrtg` f` usugrces neapftf`tfs mf kg nukturg ergk y fsnrctg. ^c dcf` fs ncfrte kg agyerág mf kes menf`tfs jfaes rfncdcme vgrces nurses rfifrcmes g kg mcmçntcng y aftemekehág mf

f`sf÷g`zg gprf`mczgof, gprf`mczgof, pfre `e jfaes scme ngpgnfs mf gpkcngr f` fk gukg, gukg , per igktg mfk sfhucacf`te y fk gsfsergacf`te rfspfntcve per pgrtf mf kgs gutercmgmfs fmungtcvgs.

Kgs mcicnuktgmfs quf sf jg` prfsf`tgme pgrtf` mfsmf fk use mf kes tfxtes, kes acsaes quf `e fstgdg` mcsf÷gmes mf gnufrme g kg agkkg nurrcnukgr `c g kgs `fnfscmgmfs f c`tfrfsfs mf kes fstumcg`tfs y igktg mf u`g sfnuf`ncg pfmghþhcng f caprevcsgnce`fs mf kgs nkgsfs quf mçdgaes kes menf`tfs. Neae c`vfstchgmerg jf g`gkczgme fstg predkfaçtcng quf irfnuf`tfaf`tf gifntg fk  dgoe rf`mcacf`te gngmãacne mf kes fstumcg`tfs, prepe`cf`me gpkcngr mcifrf`tfs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs f` fk prenfse mf f`sf÷g`zg y gprf`mczgof mf kfntefsnrcturg, quf kkfvgrg kkfvgrg g kg ne`ncf`tczgncþ` ne`ncf`tczgncþ` f c`tfrãs per pgrtf mf kes fstumcg`tfs fstumcg`tfs y menf`tfs ne` u` seke seke edoftcve mf afoergr kg kfntefsnrcturg kfntefsnrcturg y fk rf`mcacf`te gngmãacne. Fstf ag`ugk fstç ercf`tgme g kes fstumcg`tfs y menf`tfs mf kg V`cmgm Fmungtcvg C`tc Njurc y ic`gkaf`tf g temes gqufkkes quf fstç` c`tfrfsgmes prgntcngr fstgs fstrgtfhcgs, mfsgrrekkg`me su ergkcmgm. ^f prftf`mf quf kes fstumcg`tfs yg `e 82

 

 

scf`tg` tfaer pgrg jgdkgr y f`rcqufzng` su kãxcne, quf mfsgrrekkf` kg ne`ncf`ncg kãxcng y ie`ekþhcng, gspfntes capertg`tfs pgrg mfsgrrekkgr kg kfnturg y fsnrcturg per quf kes fstumcg`tfs mfsnudrf`, ne`struyf` nugkqucfr pgkgdrg quf qucfrf` fxprfsgr y neaprf`mf` fk sch`cicngme acsae ne` kg cmfg c mfg quf sf prfsf`tg f` kg ergncþ`.

EDOF]CYE^? Hf`frgk Fkgdergr fk ag`ugk mf fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs pgrg su gpkcngncþ` f` fk trgtgacf`te mf kg kfnturg y fsnrcturg f` fk çrfg mf Kf`hug y Kctfrgturg ne` kes fstumcg`tfs mfk ^fhu`me y ]frnfr Hrgme mf Fmungncþ` Dçscng, mf kg V`cmgm Fmungtcvg ‛C`tc Njurc‑  Njurc‑ 

Fspfnáicnes Mfaestrgr g kes fstumcg`tfs kg capertg`ncg mfk mfsgrrekke mf kgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs f` fk çrfg mf Kf`hug y Kctfrgturg. G`gkczgr y rfikfxce`gr sedrf kes predkfags quf hf`frg kg c`ikuf`ncg mf kgs kcactgmgs fstrgtfhcgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs aftemekþhcngs f` kes `c÷es y `c÷gs. ^encgkczgr y gpkcngr fk ag`ugk mf kgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs ne` menf`tfs y fstumcg`tfs pgrg fk trgtgacf`te mf kg kfnturg y fsnrcturg f` fk çrfg mf Kf`hug y Kctfrgturg.

MF^NTCRNCÞ@ MF^NTCRNC Þ@ MF KG RTERVF^]G RTERVF^]G RGTG RGTG FK ]TG]GACF@ ]TG]GACF@]E ]E MF KG KFN]VTG S F^NTC]VTG 7.- Rrçntcngs mf kg nukturg fsnrcturg. (Mfsgrrekke mf ergkcmgm, rfikfxcþ`) 4.- ^cstfag mf kg kf`hug, (nþmche gkigdãtcne) >.- Rremunncþ` mf tfxtes fsnrctes. 87

 

 

7. F^]TG]FHCG^ MF KG NVK]VTG F^NTC]G 

  Gadcf`tf kftrgme, kfnturg per pkgnfr.



  Ghf`mg mfk mág, rfhcstre mf gscstf`ncg, `erags mf ne`vcvf`ncg, fstgmes mfk

tcfape, retukgncþ` mfk gukg, nugmre mf rfspe`sgdckcmgmfs, rc`nþ` mf kfnturg.

F^]TG]FHCG F^]TG]FHC G7 GADCF@]F KF]TGME g) @erags mf ne`vcvf`ncg

Edoftcve? Wuf kes `c÷es y `c÷gs sf gprepcf` mf kgs `erags mf ne`vcvf`ncg pgrg hf`frgr u` gadcf`tf ghrgmgdkf, f` fk gprf`mczgof. GN]CYCMGMF^

TFNVT^E^

^C]VGNCÞ@ NEAV@CNG]CYG µNþae mfdfaes neapertgr`es f` fk gukg5 µWuã mfdfaes jgnfr pgrg neapertgr `es dcf`5

Rgpfketf Agrngmerfs Nekerfs

RKG@CICNGNCÞ@ µF` quã vgaes g fsnrcdcr5 µWuã tátuke kf pe`faes5 µWuã fs `erag5 µWuã fs ne`vcvf`ncg5 ]FZ]VGKC_GNCÞ@ Fsnrcdcr fk tátuke. Fsnrcdcr kgs `erags µWuã mfdfaes jgnfr pgrg `e gtrgsgr`es5 µWuã mcduogaes kg pu`tugkcmgm5 µWuã mfdfaes jgnfr pgrg pemfr pgrtcncpgr f` kg nkgsf5 µWuã mfdfaes jgnfr pgrg ag`tf`fr kcapcg `ufstrg nkgsf5 µWuã mfdfaes jgnfr pgrg ag`tf`fr f` ermf` fk gukg5 µWuã qufu`g `e pfrse`g sf pcfrmgkkfhg gkhe5 µWuã mfdfaes mfdfaes jgnfr jgnfr pgrg nug`me g kg fsnufkg5 µWuã mfdfaes mfncr pgrg sgkumgr g u`g pfrse`g f` kg ag÷g`g5 µNþae mfdfaes mfspfmcrsf mf kg pfrse`g5 TFYC^CÞ@ MF ]FZ]E Kffr fk tfxte

84

 

 

RVDKCNGNCÞ@ µMþ`mf kf udcngaes fstf ngrtfk pgrg quf temes pemgaes kffr.

Hrçicne 7

Iuf`tf? G`ctg Njfkg

d) Tc`nþ` mf kfnturg  Edoftcve? Wuf kes `c÷es y `c÷gs pgrg sf cmf`tcicquf quã tcpes mf kcdres fxcstf, f` fk rc`nþ` mf kfnturgs? nuf`tes, trgdgkf`hugs, ng`nce`fs, afmcnc`gs, kfyf`mg, jcstercgs, pefags, gmcvc`g`zgs. GN]CYCMGMF^ ^C]VGNCÞ@ NEAV@CNG]CYG µ]f hustg kffr5 µWuã tf hustg kffr5 µMþ`mf pemrágaes hugrmgr fstes kcdres5 µNþae pemrágaes kkgagr g fstf kuhgr5 RKG@CICNGNCÞ@ µNþae mfdfaes utckczgr fk rc`nþ` mf kfnturg mfk gukg5 µRer quã y pgrg quã mfdfaes kffr kes kcdres temes kes mágs5 µWuã tcpes mf kcdres fxcstf, f` fk rc`nþ` mf kfnturgs5 µNþae mfdfaes nkgscicngr kes tcpes mf tfxtes5 µWuã tátuke vgaes g pe`fr g fstf kuhgr5 µWuã f`tf`mfaes per rc`nþ` mf kfnturg5

TFNVT^E^ Rgpfk Agrngmerfs Ngrte`fs Rgpfk mf neker Icnjgs Ngrtukc`g, Heag, ]cofrg,

]FZ]VGKC_GNCÞ@

8>

 

 

Fsnrcdcr fk tátuke? rc`nþ` mf kfnturg. Vdcngr fk tátuke? f` fk kuhgr vcscdkf mf kes tfxtes. µMþ`mf pemfaes udcngr kes tfxtes5 µWuã mfdfaes jgnfr pgrg pemfr cmf`tcicngr kes kcdres5 µWuã mfdfaes jgnfr pgrg utckczgr fstes kcdres5 Fxpkcngncþ` mfk menf`tf. TFYC^CÞ@ Kffr fk tfxte RVDKCNGNCÞ@ µMþ`mf udcngaes fstf tátuke pgrg quf teme pemgaes kffr5

Hrçicne 4 

n) Nugmre mf rfspe`sgdckcmgm Edoftcve? Wuf kes `c÷es y `c÷gs usf` fk duzþ` mf af`sgof pgrg quf sf fxprfsf` su sf`tcacf`te f Cmfgs. GN]CYCMGMF^

TFNVT^E^

^C]VGNCÞ@ NEAV@CNG]CYG

Agrngmerfs Ngrtukc`g

µNþae kgskcdres5 nesgs mfk gukg5 µNþae mfdfaes mfdfaes nucmgr tf`fr kes µNþae mfdfaes tf`fr fk gukg5 µWucã` vg g ne`trekgr kg gscstf`ncg5 µWucã` vg g dgrrfr fk gukg5 µNþae nuapkcaes temgs fstgs gntcvcmgmfs5 µWuã jgnfaes pgrg nuapkcr temgs t emgs fstgs gntcvcmgmfs5 µWuã mfdfaes jgnfr pgrg `e ekvcmgr`es fstgs gntcvcmgmfs5

Kçpcz Nekerfs Rgpfketf ]cofrg Heag

8=

 

 

RKG@CICNGNCÞ@ µF` quã vgaes g fsnrcdcr5 µRgrg quã vgaes g fsnrcdcr5 µWuã tátuke kf pe`faes g fstf ngrtfk5 µWuã fs rfhcstre5 µWuã fs rfspe`sgdckcmgm5 ]FZ]VGKC_GNCÞ@ Fsnrcdcr fk tátuke, fsnrcdcr fk rfhcstre mf rfspe`sgdckcmgm µWuã rfspe`sgdckcmgm mfdfaes tf`fr tf`fr f` fk gukg5 µS nþae rfprfsf`tgr fstgs rfspe`sgdckcmgmfs5 rfspe`sgdckcmgmfs5 TFYC^CÞ@ Kffr fk tfxte RVDKCNGNCÞ@ µMþ`mf udcngaes fstf ngrtfk pgrg quf temes pufmg` kffr5

Hrçicne >

Iuf`tf. G`ctg Njfkg

m) Ghf`mg mfk mág  Edoftcve? Wuf kes `c÷es y `c÷gs schg` c`mcngnce`fs hf`frgkfs y ne`ezng` fk vengdukgrce `ufve, pgrg fk prenfse mf f`sf÷g`zg gprf`mczgof. 86

 

 

GN]CYCMGMF^ ^C]VGNCÞ@ NEAV@CNG]CYG µWuã gntcvcmgmfs vgaes jgnfr f` kg fsnufkg murg`tf fk mág5 µS kufhe quf açs vgaes jgnfr5 µGk ic`gkczgr kg nkgsf nk gsf g me`mf `es vgaes y quf kkfvgaes5 kk fvgaes5 RKG@CICNGNCÞ@ µWuã mfdfaes jgnfr pgrg `e ekvcmgr`es5 µF` mþ`mf vgaes g fsnrcdcr5 µS pgrg quã vgaes g fsnrcdcr5 µWucã`fs vgaes g kffr5 µF`te`nfs f` quf pemfaes fsnrcdcr5 µWuã tátuke vgaes g pe`fr g fstf ngrtfk5 µWuã fs u`g ghf`mg mfk mág5 ]FZ]VGKC_GNCÞ@ Fsnrcdcr tátuke? ghf`mg mfk mág

TFNVT^E^ Ngrtukc`g S Agrngmer

µWuã mág fs jey5 µWuã ifnjg fs jey5 µF` quã afs fstgaes5 µMf quã g÷e5 µWuã vgaes jgnfr5 µKufhe mf ieragr g me`mf `es vgaes5 µWuã jgnfaes vfr scmfjg` kkfhgme temes kes `c÷es g kg nkgsf5 µRemrfaes sgkcrpgrg gk pgtce kg fsnufkg5 µS quã vgaes jgnfr f` fk pgtce5 µWuã vgaes jgnfr pgrg `e ekvcmgr`es kg ng`ncþ` fsnrcdcr5 µF` quã vgaes g fsnrcdcr5 µWuã mfdfaes fsnrcdcr pgrg kffr fk nuf`te5 µS quã jgnfaes nug`me tfrac`gaes kgs gntcvcmgmfs f` kg fsnufkg5 TFYC^CÞ@ Kffr, rfkffr y nerrfhcr fk tfxte   RVDKCNGNCÞ@ µMþ`mf udcngaes fstf ngrtfk pgrg quf temes pemgaes kffr5

89

 

 

Hrçicne =

Iuf`tf. G`ctg Njfkg

f) Fstgme mf tcfape  

Edoftcve? Wuf kes `c÷es y `c÷gs mcifrf`ncf` kes fstgmes mfk tcfape pgrg quf sf mf` nuf`tg quf gntcvcmgmfs pufmf` rfgkczgr f` fsf tfapergk. GN]CYCMGMF^

^C]VGNCÞ@ NEAV@CNG]CYG µNþae fstç fk tcfape jey5 µRer quã jgnf iráe5 µRer quã etres mágs fstç gdrchgme5

RKG@CICNGNCÞ@

TFNVT^E^ Rgpfketfs Agrngmerfs ]cofrg Heag Ngrtukc`g Nekerfs

µF` quã vgaes g fsnrcdcr5 µWuã tátuke kf pe`faes g fstf ngrtfk5 µWuã fs fstgme5 µWuã açs pufmf sfr fstgme5 µWuã fs tcfape5 Fxpkcngncþ` per pgrtf mfk menf`tf ]FZ]VGKC_GNCÞ@ Fsnrcdcr fk tátuke ? kes fstgme mfk tcfape t cfape µNþae kf kkgagaes nug`me f` fk mág sgkf fk sek5 µNþae rfprfsf`tgrágaes ne` u` mcduoe5 µWuã `eadrf kf pe`mrfaes nug`me f` fk mág `e gseag fk sek5 µWuã mcduoe rfprfsf`tgaes fk mág `udkgme5 88

 

 

µNþae mcrágaes nug`me f` fk mág kkufvf5 µWuã hrçicne rfprfsf`tgaes fk mág kkuvcese5 µNþae kf kkgagaes f`trf edsnure y nkgre5 µNþae rfprfsf`tgrágaes ne` fk mcduoe fstf fstgme5

TFYC^CÞ@ Kffr tfxte

RVDKCNGNCÞ@ µMþ`mf udcngaes fstf ngrtfk pgrg quf temes pemgaes kffr5

Hrçicne 6

Iuf`tf. G`ctg Njfkg

i) Tfhcstre mf gscstf`ncg Edoftcve? Wuf kes `c÷es y `c÷gs usf` fk rfhcstre mf gscstf`ncg pgrg quf rfne`ezng` sus `eadrfs y gpfkkcmes y nrfgr jçdctes mf pu`tugkcmgm. GN]CYCMGMF^ ^C]VGNCÞ@ NEAV@CNG]CYG

TFNVT^E^ Rgpfketf Agrngmerfs µWuã mfdfaes jgnfr pgrg ne`trekgr kg gscstf`ncg5 Ngrtukc`gs µWuã pemfaes jgnfr pgrg vfr qucf` `e gscstcþ g nkgsfs5 Ieacx µWuã mfdfaes jgnfr pgrg `e ekvcmgr`es `ufstres `eadrfs Ngkf`mgrce

8:

 

 

y gpfkkcmes5 RKG@CICNGNCÞ@ µF` quã vgaes g fsnrcdcr sus `eadrfs y gpfkkcmes5 g pfkkcmes5 µF` quã açs pemfaes fsnrcdcr sus `eadrfs y gpfkkcmes5 µWuã tátuke kf pe`mrfaes g fstf ngrtfk5 µWuã fs u` rfhcstre mf gscstf`ncg5 µWuã fs gscstf`ncg5 ]FZ]VGKC_GNCÞ@ Fsnrcdcr fk tátuke? Tfhcstre mf gscstf`ncg µWuã mágs vf`caes g kg fsnufkg5 µWuã mágs `es qufmgaes f` kgs ngsgs5 µNuç`tes mágs tcf`f kgs sfag`gs5 µNuç`tgs sfag`gs tcf`f fk afs5 µNuç`tes mágs tcf`f fk afs5 µNuç`tes afsfs gscstcaes g kg fsnufkg5 µNuç`tes afsfs fstgaes f` vgngnce`fs5

Kçac`gs

µNuç`tes mágs tcf`f fk g÷e5 µF` quã g÷e `es f`ne`trgaes5 TFYC^CÞ@ Kffr fk tfxte RVDKCNGNCÞ@ µMþ`mf udcngaes fstf tfxte pgrg ne`trekgr kg gscstf`ncg5

Hrçicne 9 @eadrfs Afs? Agrze K A A O v K A a o 7

4

Sukcsg

G G

Tfachce Teac`g

G G G G

>

=

6

:

3

72

77

v

G÷e? 4276 K A A O Y K A

74

76

79

78

7:

73

44

4>

Iuf`tf. G`ctg Njfkg

83

 

 

h) Ngkf`mgrce fsnekgr Edoftcve? quf kes `c÷es y `c÷gs mfsgrrekkf` kgs `ence`fs mfk tcfape pgrg quf  pufmg` udcngr kgs kgs ifnjgs f` fk ngkf`mgrce.  GN]CYCMGMF^ ^C]VGNCÞ@ NEAV@CNG]CYG µWuã mág frg gyfr5 gyfr5 µWuã mág frg g`tfs g`tfs mf gyfr5 gyfr5 µWuã mág fs jey5 µWuã mág sfrç ag÷g`g5 µWuã mág sfrç pgsgme ag÷g`g5 µWuã mágs vf`caes vf`caes g kg fsnufkg5 µNuç`tes mágs mf kg sfag`g trgdgogaes f` kg fsnufkg5 µWuã afsfs mfk g÷e mfdfaes gscstcr g kg fsnufkg5 µWuã mfdfaes jgnfr pgrg udcngr kg ifnjg f` kg quf `es f`ne`trgaes5 RKG@CICNGNCÞ@ µWuã pemfaes utckczgr pgrg fsnrcdcr kes mágs y kes afsfs mfk g÷e5

TFNVT^E^ Rgpfketf ]groftgs Agrngmerfs ]cofrgs Ngkf`mgrce Heag

µRgrg quã mfdfaes fsnrcdcr kes mágs y kes afsfs mfk g÷e quf vf`caes g kg fsnufkg5 µWuã tátuke kf pe`faes kes mágs y afsfs mfk g÷e quf gscstcaes g nkgsfs5 µWuã fs ngkf`mgrce5 µWuã fs fsnekgr5 ]FZ]VGKC_GNCÞ@ Fsnrcdcr fk tátuke. Ngkf`mgrce fsnekgr µNuçkfs se` kes mágs mf kg sfag`g5 µWuã mágs mf kg sfag`g vf`caes g kg fsnufkg5 µWuã mágs mf kg sfag`g `es qufmgaes f` kg ngsg5 µNuç`tes mágs tcf`f fk afs5 µNuçkfs se` kes afsfs mfk g÷e5 µWuã afsfs gscstcaes g nkgsfs5 µWuã afsfs `es vgaes mf vgngnce`fs5 µF` quã g÷e fstgaes5 TFYC^CÞ@ Kffr mfk tfxte RVDKCNGNCÞ@ Vdcngr kgs tgroftgs mf gnufrme g kg sfnuf`ncg mf kes mágs mf kg sfag`g y afsfs mfk g÷e mfk pfráeme fsnekgr.

:2

 

 

Hrçicne 8

Iuf`tf. G`ctg Njfkg

KFN]VTG RET RKGNFT   Kg kfnturg per pkgnfr sf trgtg tr gtg mf u` f`nuf`tre pfrse`gk ne` kes tfxtes, per fk pkgnfr

mf mfsnudrcr su sf`tcme, ke quf mcnf`, mf quã sf trgtg`, sc` quf c`tfricfrg`  prfhu`tgs mfk menf`tf, `c fvgkugnce`fs mf ke kfáme, `c`hÿ` tcpe mf fxpescncþ` e neaf`tgrce edkchgme pestfrcer. ^f fstcaukg g kes `c÷es y `c÷gs pgrg quf kkfg` fg` per sá acsaes y pgrg sá acsaes. ac saes. Kes açs pfquf÷es quf `e sgdf` kffr, jgrç` u`g kfnturg fxpkergtercg dusng`me ke quf açs kfs c`tfrfsg, jeofg`me jeofg`me kes agtfrcgkfs agtfrcgkfs pgrg pe`frsf f` ne` ne`tgnte tgnte ne` ke quf  drc`mg`, acrg`me kgs ngrçtukgs e kgs k gs ckustrgnce`fs pgrg fkfhcr ke quf kffrç` e sedrf ke quf prfhu`tgrç`. DCDKCE]FNG MF GVKG

Edoftcves? Wuf kes `c÷es y `c÷gs ne`ezng` fk fspgnce f` me`mf sf f`nuf`trg kes mcifrf`tfs tcpes mf tfxtes quf sfrç` ermf`gmes pgrg ag`cpukgr kgs acsags.

:7

 

 

Iuf`tf. C`tfr`ft (mcduoes g`cagmes) Kg dcdkcetfng mf gukg gukg fs u` fspg fspgnce nce f` fk quf sf f`nuf`trg` mcifrf` mcifrf`tfs tfs tcpes mf tfxtes pgrg sfr ag`cpukgmes per kes `c÷es y `c÷gs. Fs capertg`tf quf tf`hg` tfxtes f` fspg÷ek y f` kg kf`hug agtfr`g. Fstf fspgnce fspgnce mfdf sfr u` kuhgr quf tf`hg kgs ne`mcnce`fs ne`mcnce`fs

^c fxcstf` fxcstf` kgs

 pescdckcmgmfs mf fspgnce sf mfdf nekengr u`g gkieadrg, fstfrg e neoc`fs pgrg quf kes `c÷es sf scf`tf` y pufmg` kffr f` nugkqucfr aeaf`te mfk mág f` fk quf `e sf

trgdgof ne` teme fk hrupe. Mfdf fstgr g kg vcstg kg kcstg mf tfxtes mcspe`cdkfs f` fk rc`nþ` mf kfnturg y su rfspfntcve nþmche.

Rgrg gragr kg dcdkcetfng mf gukg pemfaes sfhucr kes schucf`tfs pgses? pgses?   Ne`suktgaes g kes fstumcg`tfs gnfrng mf nuçk ne`scmfrg` quf fs fk kuhgr



gprepcgme pgrg udcngr kg dcdkcetfng mf gukg. Jgy quf ne`scmfrgr quf mfdf sfr u` kuhgr pretfhcme mf kg kkuvcg y fk sek.   F` ngse mf `e jgdfr fstg`tfs, pemfaes erhg`czgr u`g oer`gmg mf trgdgoe ne`



kes pgmrfs pgrg igdrcngrkes. ^c `e fs pescdkf usgr fstg`tfs, per fofapke? utckczgr ngoe`fs mf agmfrg y/e ngrtþ` pgrg erhg`czgr kes kcdres. Mf fstg ierag, ne`strucaes u`g dcdkcetfng aþvck.   F` kg rfu`cþ` mf c`cnce mfk g÷e, mfdfaes fxpkcngr g kes pgmrfs mf igackcg



gnfrng mf kg capertg`ncg mf kg dcdkcetfng mf gukg, fk use y nucmgme mf kes kcdres mf`tre y iufrg mfk gukg, neapreaftcã`mekes g gyumgr g kes fstumcg`tfs f` fk nucmgme mf kes kcdres f` kg ngsg.

  Ermf`gaes kes kcdres mf kg dcdkcetfng per tcpe mf tfxte? nuf`tes, rfvcstgs,



 pfrcþmcnes. :4

 

 

  Rgrg c`stgkgr kg dcdkcetfng mf gukg sf rfqucfrf trgdgogr ne` kes fstumcg`tfs



aetcvç`mekfs sedrf kg utckcmgm mf tf`fr u`g dcdkcetfng y pe`cã`me`es mf gnufrme gnfrng mf kg ierag mf erhg`czgrkg y kg ierag f` quf sf mfdf utckczgr kes kcdres. Mfdfaes fsnrcdcr kgs `erags mf kg dcdkcetfng.   Fkgdergaes pgrtcncpgtcvgaf`tf kgs icnjgs dcdkcehrçicngs pgrg ngmg kcdre. V`



fofapke mf icnjg pufmf sfr?

4. ^C^]FAG MF KG KF@HVG (NÞMCHE ( NÞMCHE GKIGDÃ]CNE) Fstrgtfhcgs pgrg fk mfsgrrekke mf kgs ne`ncf`ncgs kc`hûástcngs Edoftcve? Wuf kes `c÷es y `c÷gs ne`ezng` y usf` kgs ie`fags mf kg pgkgdrg ag`e  pgrg quf pufmg` gapkcgr su vengdukgrce y rfikfxce`gr sedrf kg capertg`ncg quf tcf`f fk se`cme mf kg pgkgdrg. Fsqufag.

F^]TG]FHCG F^]TG]FHC G7 Ne`ncf`ncg sfaç`tcng   Fk menf`tf prfsf`tg vgrcgs kçac`gs mf edoftes quf tf`hg t f`hg kgs hrgiágs mf? 



Iuf`tf? ]fxte mf ^fhu`me G÷e mf Fmungncþ` Dçscng



  Fk menf`tf pcmf g kes `c÷es/gs quf edsfrvf` kgs kçac`gs y mchg` fk `eadrf

mf ngmg u`g mf fkkgs.

µRgrg quã scrvf5 µMf quã vgkerfs jgy5 µWucã` tcf`f ae`fmgs5 µWuã fs5 µRgrg quã scrvf5 µMþ`mf vcvf fk ae`e5 µWuã neaf`5 µNþae se` kgs grg÷gs5 µNþae ne`struyf` sus ngsgs5 µNþae `gnf`5 µWuã fs5 µRgrg quã scrvf5 µNþae se` kes

:>

 

 

eses5 µMþ`mf vcvf`5 µWuã neaf`5 µRgrg quã scrvf` kgs erfogs5 µNþae se`5 µF` quã pgrtf mfk nufrpe fstç`5 µRgrg quã `es scrvf` kes eoes5 µNþae se`5

Ne`ncf`ncg sc`tçntcng Rrfsf`tgr kçac`g mf kg pgkgdrg pgkgdrg ag`e.

Fstrunturgaes vgrcgs ergnce`fs ergnce`fs utckczg`me kgs schucf`tfs schucf`tfs prfhu`tgs. prfhu`tgs.

RTFHV@]G MF MENF@]F 

NE@]F^]G KE^ F^]VMCG@]F^

µWuã edsfrvg` f` fstg kçac`g5 µNþae mfncaes g kg ag`e quf açs trgdgog5 µMþ`mf tf`faes kgs ag`es5 µRgrg quã scrvf` kgs ag`es5 µRgrg quã nehfaes kg nunjgrg5 µNuç`me neafaes5

Ag`e Ag`e mfrfnjg F` `ufstre nufrpe ^crvf pgrg nehfr kg nunjgrg Rgrg neafr kg sepg Nug`me mg jgadrf

Ergncþ` ieraukgmg. Kg ag`e mfrfnjg mf `ufstre nufrpe scrvf pgrg nehfr kg nunjgrg nug`me neafaes kg sepg.  Kfnturg mf kg ergncþ`.

Ne`ncf`ncg kãxcng Vtckcze mcifrf`tfs ag`frgs pgrg quf kes `c÷es y `c÷gs nuf`tf` nug`tgs pgkgdrgs tcf`f fstg ergncþ`? gpkguses, hekpfs mf kg ag`e, sgktes, ne` kes mfmes, ne` kes `c÷es ne` rgygs ftn.

:=

 

 

Kg/ag`e/mfrfnjg/mf/`ufstre/nu Kg/ag`e/mfrfnj g/mf/`ufstre/nufrpe/scrvf/pgrg/neh frpe/scrvf/pgrg/nehfr/kg/nunjgrg/nug`me/neafaes fr/kg/nunjgrg/nug`me/neafaes// kg/sepg/

Kg

Nehfr 

ag`e

mfrfnjg

mf

kg

nunjgrg

nug`me neafaes

  Kfnturg mf kg ergncþ`.

`ufstre

nufrpe

kg

scrvf

sepg

pgrg



  Ag`cpukgncþ` mf kgs pgkgdrgs mf kg ergncþ`.



  (Guaf`tgr, ngadcgr, quctgr pgkgdrgs)

Tfprfsf`tgr ne` u`g rgyg rgyg per ngmg u`g mf kgs pgkgdrgs mf kg ergncþ` mf gnufrme fk tgag÷e mf kg kftrg. Rcme g kes `c÷es/gs quf pgsf` g mcduogr kgs pgkgdrgs quf tf`hg sch`cicngmes per sá acsag.

 UU

UUUUU

 UUUUU

UU

UUU

UUUUU

UUU

UUUU

UUUU

UUUUUU UUUU UUU

UUUUU

UU

UUUUUU.

Kg ag`e mfrfnjg mf `ufstre nufrpe nufrpe scrvf scrvf pgrg nehfr kg nunjgrg nug`me nug`me neafaes

kg

sepg.

:6

 

 

Ne`ncf`ncg ie`ekþhcng Rgrg mfsgrrekkgr kg ne`ncf`ncg ie`ekþhcng `ufvgaf`tf prfsf`te kg kçac`g mf kg ag`e.



  Rre`u`ncgr kg pgkgdrg ag`e gkgrhg`me kes se`cmes. /aaaggg```eee/.

RTFHV@]G MF MENF@]F µNuç`tes se`cmes tcf`f` kg pgkgdrg ag`e5 µNe` quã se`cme fapcfzg kg pgkgdrg ag`e5

µKufhe quã se`cme vcf`f5 µMfspuãs quf se`cme vcf`f5 µNuçk sfrç fk ÿktcae se`cme5 

  Fstes se`cmes ke rfgkczgaes ne` pu`tes, gpkguses, mfmes, hrg`es, pgkes,

tgroftgs ftn.



  Ne`tgaes nug`tes se`cmes tcf`f ngmg u`g mf kgs pgkgdrgs utckczg`me kg

rfhkftg y sfackkgs



  Fk acsae prenfse pemfaes rfgkczgr ne` etrgs pgkgdrgs.

:9

 

 

Mfsgrrekke Mfsgrre kke mf kg ne`ncf`ncg ie`ekþhcng pgrg fk ie`fag y hrgiág

a

g

`

e

  Fk menf`tf vufkvf g prfhu`tgr µNuçk fs fk prcafr se`cme mf kg pgkgdrg ag`e5



µNþae nrff` quf sf fsnrcdf fstf se`cme5 Kes `c÷es pgsg` g fsnrcdcr sus jcpþtfscs   Fk menf`tf gyumg g kes `c÷es/gs g icogrsf f` fk kftrgme mf kg nkgsf pgrg



mftfrac`gr nuçk fs kg hrgiág mfk se`cme /a/   Fk menf`tf fsnrcdf kg a f` fk prcafr nugmre vfrdgkczg`me neae fs kg ierag mf



kg kftrg a (u` pgkcte pgrg gdgoe sudcaes u` grqucte, dgogaes y kufh kufhee sudcaes y jgnfaes etre grqucte) fk menf`tf prfhu`tg µNuçk fs fk sfhu`me se`cme mf kg  pgkgdrg ag`e5 µnþae nrff` quf sf fsnrcdf5 fsnrcdf5   Kes `c÷es/gs pgsg` g fsnrcdcr sus jcpþtfscs



  Fk menf`tf gyumg g icogrsf f` fk kftrgme mf kg nkgsf pgrg mftfrac`gr nuçk fs kg



hrgiág mfk se`cme /g/   Fk menf`tf fsnrcdf kg kftrg f` fk sfhu`me nugmre, vfrdgkczg`me neae fs kg



ierag mf kg kftrg (u`g deadctg g kg czqucfrmg sude y jghe u` pgkcte)   Ke acsae sf rfgkczg ne` kgs etrgs mes kftrgs? ` (pgkcte pgrg gdgoe, sude y jghe



u` grqucte) e (u`g deadctg jgncg kg czqucfrmg)   Menf`tf prfhu`tg µWuã pgkgdrg fsnrcdcaes5 Kfgaes /ag`e/



  Menf`tf pcmf g kes `c÷es/gs quf pgsf` g kg pczgrrg g fsnrcdcr kg kftrg a, g, `, e



  Kes `c÷es/gs rfgkczg` vgrcgs gntcvcmgmfs pgrg rfierzgr kg hrgiág?



  Fsnrcdcr kg pgkgdrg ne` pkgstckc`g, nekengr n ekengr dekctgs mf pgpfk sedrf kg pgkgdrg



  Mcduogr kg kftrg f` grf`g



  Fk menf`tf mcnf? Gjerg vgaes g ieragr `ufvgs pgkgdrgs ne` fstgs kftrgs



  µWuã nrff` quf pemfaes fsnrcdcr5



:8

 

 

  Fk menf`tf prfsf`tg nugtre tgroftgs y pfhgr f` fk pczgrrþ`



  Fk menf`tf prfhu`tg g kes fstumcg`tfs µWuã se`cme fsnrcde prcafre5 /a/, kufhe



quf etre se`cme kg /g/, nugk schuf kg /`/ y fk ÿktcae se`cme kg /e/.   µWucã` qucfrf ieragr kg pgkgdrg ag`e5



  Fk menf`tf pcmf quf mfsermf`f mfsermf`f kgs tgroftgs y pcmf quf ieraf kg pgkgdrg ag`e. ag`e.



  Mcduogr f` fk pgpfketf ag`e.



F^]TG]FHCG^ F^]TG]FHC G^ RGTG ] ]TGDGOGT TGDGOGT IKVCMF_ KFN]ETG F^]TG]FHCG^ F^]TG]FHC G^ >

G`tcncpgncþ` mf kftrgs e pgrtfs mf u`g pgkgdrg? 

  Rrfsf`tgr f` tgroftgs pgkgdrgs quf kes `c÷es y `c÷gs yg pufmf` kffr, ne` fk

ic`gk mf kg pgkgdrg enuktg. Fofapke?

Ae`f--- mg

Agrcpe---

Ae`tg---÷g

Igackcgs mf pgkgdrgs 

 

Rrfsf`tgr tgroftgs ne` kg prcafrg pgrtf mf u`g pgkgdrg quf pufmf tf`fr vgrcgs tfrac`gnce`fs y f` etrgs tgroftgs kgs tfrac`gnce`fs. Kes `c÷es mfdf` gragr temgs kgs pescdkfs pgkgdrgs y kufhe kgs mfdf` kffr mf u`g sekg acrgmg. Fofapke?

::

 

 

fre ckkg

frág 

  Rrfsf`tgr tgroftgs ne` pgkgdrgs g kgs quf kfs igktg u`g sekg kftrg, kes `c÷es y

`c÷gs mfdf` kffr kg pgkgdrg neapkftg. ^f mfdf nucmgr quf kgs kftrgs nkgvfs mf kg pgkgdrg fstã` prfsf`tfs pgrg neapkftgrkg mf ierag guteaçtcng. Fofapke?

a---- `á

a….aç   a….aç

 d….rr 

g

g

  u

Rfsng`me pgkgdrgs? ^f prfpgrg tgroftgs f` ierag mf pfnfs y f` kg pu`tg mf ngmg pfz u` nkcp, kgs acsags quf tcf`f` fsnrctgs pgkgdrgs sfhÿ` fk hrgme mf meac`ce mfk nþmche fsnrcte quf tcf`f` kes `c÷es. Kufhe sf prfpgrg u`g ng÷g mf pfsngr quf ne`scstf f` u` pgke mf agmfrg, jcke y f` kg pu`tg mfk jcke u` caç`, y pgrg rfprfsf`tg fk kghe sf utckczg u`g ngog mf ngrtþ`. Ngmg `c÷e teagrç su ng÷g mf pfsngr y per tur`e trgtgrç mf pfsngr u`g pgkgdrg, pgrg kffrkg nerrfntgaf`tf y kes açs rçpcme pescdkf. Nug`me fk `c÷e kg kff nerrfntga nerrfntgaf`tf f`tf sf hugrmg hugrmg fk pfsngme y nug`me `e pu pufmf fmf kffrkg e sf fqucveng kg vufkvf g pe`fr f` kg ngog. Fk menf`tf mfdf fstgr gtf`te g kgs  pgkgdrgs quf tcf`f` agyer agyer mcicnuktgm pgrg gkhu`es `c÷es ne` fk edofte mf gpeygrkfs gpeygrkfs f` fk gprf`mczgof. Kgs tgroftgs mf pfnfs pufmf` cr guaf`tg`me e ngadcg`me g afmcmg quf kes `c÷es vg` gprf`mcf`me `ufvgs pgkgdrgs.

:3

 

 

Dc`he? Fk prcafr pgse fs prfpgrgr u`g kcstg mf pgkgdrgs quf kes `c÷es sfg` ngpgnfs mf kffr  per sc sekes. Ne` fstg kcstg mf pgkgdrg sf fkgderg kes ngrte`fs mfk dc`he. ^f fkgderg` tgadcã` tgadcã` tgroftgs y f` ngmg u`g sf fsnrcdf fsnrcdf u`g pgkgdrg mf kg kcstg. Fstgs tgroftgs sf kgs hugrmg f` u`g deksg pgrg fk oufhe. F` ngmg ngrtþ` mfk dc`he sf fsnrcdf menf pgkgdrgs, erhg`czgmgs f` nugtre nekua`gs y trfs ickgs (`e mfdf jgdfr mes ngrte`fs mf dc`he chugkfs). ^f pufmf fkgdergr ngrte`fs pgrg ngmg hrupe mf `c÷es, pgrg ngmg pgrfog mf `c÷es e pgrg ngmg `c÷e. ^f f`trfhg g ngmg hrupe mf `c÷es, ngmg pgrfog mf `c÷es e g ngmg `c÷e u` ngrtþ` mf  dc`he y sfackkctgs e pcfmrgs, fk menf`tf sgng u`g tgroftg mf kg deksg y kff kg

 pgkgdrg y fk `c÷e tcf`f` quf dusngr kg pgkgdrg f` su ngrtþ` mf dc`he, y sc tcf`f fsg  pgkgdrg kg mfdf mfdf tgpgr ne` u`g u`g sfackkctg e pcfmrg. Fk `c÷e e hrupe mf `c÷es quf neapkftg fk ngrtþ` hrctg ¡DC@HE! S mfdf kffr temgs kgs pgkgdrgs mf mf su ngrtþ` hg`gmer. Mfspuãs sf c`tfrngadcg` kes ngrte`fs y fk `c÷e quf hg`þ fs fk schucf`tf kfnter mf kgs pgkgdrgs mf kg deksg.

ag`gmg

ae`fmg

au`me

mfag`mg

ag`mgme

Ae`e

agaç 

Gmç`

muf`mf

muf÷e

ae÷e

÷g`mÿ 

32

 

 

Oufhe mf afaercg?  Fstg gntcvcmgm ne`scstf f` fkgdergr pgrfs mf tgroftgs ne` pgkgdrgs quf kes `c÷es yg kff`. Fstgs tgroftgs sf nekeng` deng gdgoe f` mcifrf`tf ermf` f` me`mf fk `c÷e e `c÷g per tur`e teag u`g tgroftg kg kff nerrfntgaf`tf y gmcvc`g f` me`mf pufmf fstgr su pgrfog, fk `c÷e quf kff y f`nuf`trg su pgrfog hg`g u` tur`e açs y sf kkfvg kgs tgroftgs.

Meac`þ?   Fstf oufhes ne`scstf f` prfpgrgr tgroftgs quf tf`hg` u` hrçicne y u`g pgkgdrg mcifrf`tf gk hrçicne, kg schucf`tf tgroftg mfdf tf`fr fk hrgicne mf kg pgkgdrg g`tfrcer y u`g `ufvg pgkgdrg. Fofapke

rfkeo

pkg`njg

kkgvf

]FTNFT G×E MF FMVNGNCÞ@ DG^CNG >. F^]TG]FHCG^ RGTG KG RTEMVNNCÞ@ MF ]FZ]E Fstrgtfhcg 7 V`g ngrtg pgrg aá pgpç Rrepþscte.- Kehrgr quf kes `c÷es y `c÷gs mf ]frnfr g÷e mf Fmungncþ` Dçscng gprf`mg` fkgdergr af`sgofs af`sgofs mf ierag nkgrg y prfncsg prfncsg ne` kg ic`gkcmgm mf quf  pufmg` fxprfsgr fxprfsgr sus cmfgs, sf`tcacf`tes sf`tcacf`tes y faence`fs. faence`fs. G`tfs mf fsnrcdcr u` tfxte, kes gkua`es mfdfrág` pkg`tfgrsf? µWuã qucfre mfncr y pgrg quã5 (sgkumgr, c`vctgr, ne`vf`nfr, fxprfsgr kg nrfgtcvcmgm, `grrgr gkhe, c`ieragr, ftn.) µWuã rfkgncþ` tf`he ne` fk mfstc`gtgrce5 (supfrcercmgm, c`ifrcercmgm, igackcgr, gacstgm, ftn.). 37

 

 

^ctugncþ` neau`cngtcvg µG qucã` vey g fsnrcdcr y pgrg quã5 µWuã qucfre mfncrkf5 µWuã tcpe mf tfxte kf f`vcgrf5 µF` quã sepertf ke f`vcgrf5 µG trgvãs mf quã afmce5 µMþ`mf y nuç`me ke kffrã ac tfxte5 µRemrç neaprf`mfr ac af`sgof5

g) Rkg`cicngncþ`

Rf`sgr y erhg`czgr kgs cmfgs. Tfgkczgr u` pu`tfre ne` fkkgs.

d) ]fxtugkczgncþ` F` fstg pgrtf sf vg fstrunturg`me kgs cmfgs f` ergnce`fs pgrg kufhe u`cr kgs mcnjgs ergnce`fs nucmgmesgaf`tf pgrg ieragr pçrrgies, utckczg`me sch`es mf pu`tugncþ`, ne`fnterfs, sc`þ`caes, pre`eadrfs y grtánukes. µMþ`mf vcvfs5 µWucã`fs vcvf` f` kg ngsg5 µF` mþ`mf vcvf su pgpç5 µRer quã `e vcvf` chugkfs5 µMþ`mf trgdgog5

34

 

 

µKf hustgrág neau`cngr ne` su pgpç5 µRer afmce mf quf pemfaes neau`cngr5 µ^c `e tf`faes tfkãie`e neae pemfaes neau`cngr5 neau`cngr5 µ]f hustgrág fsnrcdcr5

n) Tfmgnncþ` y rfvcscþ`

Ngsgcnjc, agye 74 mf 4276

^r. Oukce Ghugke`he

Wufrcme pgpgncte? Jekg pgpç, sã quf fstçs kfoes y ye af scf`te sekg sc` tc y mfaçs quf tÿ sc` aá, pfre sþke fspfre quf fk rfnufrme mf fstf gaer jfraese sfg ke quf `es mã fk ne`sufke mf kg neapg÷ág y `es mã fk vgker `fnfsgrce pgrg sepertgr fk tcfape quf igktg pgrg vekvfr g fstgr ou`tes. ]ÿ sgdfs quf tf qucfre aunje y gquá fstey fspfrg`me per tc capgncf`tfaf`tf, tu rfhrfse fs ac suf÷e gmergme‑.  gmergme‑. 

]f gae, Sukcssg

m) Rudkcngncþ` Rf`sgr nþae jgnfr kkfhgr fk tfxte gk mfstc`gtgrce.

Rrfhu`tgs mfspuãs mfspuãs mf fsnrcdcr kg ngrtg µRgrg qucã` fsnrcdcaes kg ngrtg5 µRer quã fsnrcdcaes kg ngrtg5

3>

 

 

µWucã` fsnrcdf kg ngrtg5 µWuã tátuke kf puscaes5 µMfspuãs mfk tátuke quf fsnrcdcaes5 µWucã` pufmf icragr kg ngrtg5

Fstrgtfhcg 4 Ng`ncþ` mf kes g`cagkctes Edoftcves? Cactgr kgs ierags mf ngac`gr mf kes g`cagkfs  ^ctugncþ` Neau`cngtcvg

µWucfrf gprf`mfr g ng`tgr5 µWuã g`cagkfs ne`enf`5 µF`uafrgr kes g`cagkfs5 µWuã jgnf` kes pgogrctes5 µNþae se` kes ngdgkkctes5 µWuã jgnf` kes ne`foctes5 µWuã neaf kgs hgkkc`ctgs5 µMþ`mf vcvf kes g`cagkctes quf `eadrgaes5

Kes pgogrctes quf vg` per fk gcrf Yufkg`, vufkg`, vufkg`, vufkg`, Kes ngdgkkctes quf vg` per kg ngkkf ]retg`, tretg`, tretg`, tretg`

3=

 

 

Kgs hgkkc`ctgs quf vg` per fk ngape Rcng`, pcng`, pcng`, pcng` Kes ne`foctes quf vg` per fk ae`tf ^gktg`, sgktg`, sgktg`, sgktg`

NVF^]CE@GTCE. • µF` mþ`mf vufkg kes pgogrctes5 .......................................... .................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ........................ • µF` mþ`mf tretg` kes ngdgkkctes5 ......................................... ................... ............................................ ............................................ ........................................... .............................................. ........................... • µWuã jgnf` kgs hgkkc`gs5 ......................................... ................... ............................................ ............................................ .............................................. .............................................. ...................... • µNuçk fs fk g`cagkcte quf `gmg f` fk ghug5

......................................... ................... ............................................ ............................................ ........................................... ............................................. ........................ • µG mþ`mf sudf` kes ae`ctes5 .......................................... .................... ........................................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ ........................ • µMcduoe fk g`cagkcte quf açs kf hustg5

F^]TG]FHCG F^]TG]FHC G RGTG MF^GTTEKKGT KG ET]EHTGIÁG Edoftcve. Kehrgr quf kes fstumcg`tfs ne`struyg` kg ertehrgiág ne`vf`nce`gk mfk F^]TG]FHCG^

GRTF@MC_GOF

-Rrfsf`tgr kg pgkgdrg quf tcf`f u` seke se`cme pfre tcf`f mes e açs rfprfsf`tgnce`fs rfprfsf`tgnce`fs hrçicngs. Fsnrcdcr pgkgdrgs -Fofapke mf kgs pgkgdrgs mf kg sfrcf?  ocrgig, durre durre,, qufse qufse,,

hgkkftg. -Mfspuãs mf rfgkczgr teme fk prenfse pgrg prfsf`tgr fstgs hrgiágs, pfmcaes g kes fstumcg`tfs quf `es mchg` pgkgdrgs quf neacf`nf` ne` kes se`cmes o, d, q, h, n.

Mcifrf`ncgr

kg

fsnrcturg

y

utckczgncþ` mf fsgs hrgiágs.

-Tfgkczgr u`g kcstg mf pgkgdrgs f` kgs acsags quf vgaes g 36

 

 

mcifrf`ncgr kg fsnrcturg mf kgs pgkgdrgs. -Mfmuncr, fk per quã sf fsnrcdf ne` fsg hrgiág ne` kg Gprf`mfr kg rfhkg schucf`tf prfhu`tg? µg kgme mf quã kftrg fstç kg h5 Kes ertehrçicng. `c÷es/gs edsfrvg`, sf÷gkg` y rfspe`mf`? rfspe`mf`? gk kgme mf kg f, c.

O

g,f,c,e,u

H

Ogrrg

Hf`tf

 of  ofif,

hcrgsek

 oc  oc`ftf

hf`ce

 oe  oevf`

hfafke

f,c

 ou  ouhe

h

hchg`tf

hu 

g, e, u r, k

f, c

Hgte

Huc`fe

hetg

huctgrrg

husg`e

hufrrg

hr gsg gsg

hucse

hkede

huág

d

v

g,f,c,e,u  r, k

g,f,c,e,u 

Dgrne

Ygng

 df  dfse

vfkg

 dc  dcncnkftg

vcnu÷g

39

 

 

 de  deng

vete

 du  durre

vufkg

gze  dr   dr gze

vgse

 dk  dkusg

vfstcme

qu - f, c  n- g, e, u 

g,f,c,e,u  L  „ g,f,c,e,u

Wufse Wuf

Ngsg

L grgtf

quf qufag

ne pg

l cesne

quc quc ogmg  ogmg

nukfdrg

l ckþaftre

38

 

 

NGRÁ]VKE CCC G@ÇKC^C^ F C@]FTRTF]GNCÞ@ MF MG]E^ F@]TFYC^]G GRKCNGMG GK TFN]ET MF KG V@CMGM FMVNG]CYG HVÁG MF RTFHV@]G^ 7.- Fs capertg`tf capertg`tf rfgkczgr fstf fstf trgdgoe mf c`vfstchgncþ` c`vfstchgncþ` sedrf kgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs mf kfnturg y fsnrcturg f` fstg V`cmgm Fmungtcvg C`tc Njurc. Fk sf÷er Tfnter mf kg V`cmgm Fmungtcvg C`tc Njurc, ag`cicfstg quf fs auy

capertg`tf quf sf rfgkcnf u`g c`vfstchgncþ` sfrcg sedrf kgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs quf sf kkfvg g fifnte f` mcnjg c`stctuncþ`, per nug`te fstf rfsuktgme `es pfractf teagr kes nerrfntcves `fnfsgrces sedrf fk tfag. Fstf trgdgoe mf c`vfstchgncþ` quf fstey rfgkczg`me f` fstg c`stctuncþ` pcf`se quf fs c`tfrfsg`tf,  perquf `c`hu`e `c`hu`e mf kes menf`tfs menf`tfs jfaes jfnje jfnje fstf tcpe mf trgdgoe fs kg prcafrg vfz quf sf rfgkczg fk g`çkcscs fk per quã kgs kcactgmgs fstrgtfhcgs enurrf y seke ne` u` edoftcve mf afoergr kg kfnte-fsnrcturg f` kes fstumcg`tfs mf sfhu`me y tfrnfr hrgme. 4.- Nuç`tgs vfnfs sf jg jg ngpgnctgme g kes kes menf`tfs sedrf sedrf kg gpkcngncþ` mmff kgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs. ^fhÿ` fk Tfnter aufstrg mcncf`me quf f` fstgs tfapergmgs `e sf jg` rfgkczgme `c`hÿ` tcpe mf ngpgnctgncþ` sedrf kgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs, f` çrfg mf kf`hug k f`hug y kctfrgturg, fs mfncr mfncr `c kgs c`stg`ncgs _e`gkfs, Mcstrctgkfs, Ncrnuctgkfs, perquf kgs ngpgnctgnce`fs g`tfrcerfs quf jfaes gmqucrcmes jg scme seke f` tferágs ags `e kg  prçntcng pfer sfhucacf`te sfhucacf`te y fvgkugncþ`, ke açs capertg`tf fs sfhucr sfhucr gntugkczg`me irfnuf`tfaf`tf pgrg afoergr f` fk prenfse mf f`sf÷g`zg y gprf`mczgof. >.- Vstfm jg vcste quf kes menf`tfs fkgderg` y kkfvg` kes agtfrcgkfs mcmçntcnes  pgrg mfsgrrekkgr kg nkgsf nkgsf mf kf`hug kf`hug y kctfrgturg. 3:

 

 

Tfnter mf kg V`cmgm Fmungtcvg ag`cicfstg quf kes nurses supfrcerfs `e utckczg` `c`hÿ` tcpe mf agtfrcgkfs mcmçntcnes, yg quf sus gukgs fstç` vgnágs, nrfe quf f` kes `cvfkfs c`ifrcerfs ke fkgderg` pfre aá`cagaf`tf, nf`trç`mesf su trgdgoe seke f` kes mcntgmes mf kes tfxtes. Rerquf rfqucfrf mf rfnurses fne`þacnes pgrg fkgdergr kes mcifrf`tfs tcpes mf agtfrcgkfs, sgdcf`me quf fs `fnfsgrce y ÿtck pgrg mfsgrrekkgr kg nkgsf mf kfnturg y fsnrcturg. =.- F` kg dcdkcetfng nuf`tg` ne` tfxtes quf c`nf`tcvg` kg kfnturg ^fhÿ` fk Tfnter mf kg V`cmgm Fmungtcv Fmungtcvgg af`nce`g quf kg dcdkcetfng nuf`tg ne` kes tfxtes mf mcifrf`tfs tfags, pfre `e fspfnáicngaf`tf fspfnáicngaf`tf quf aetcvf` kg kfnturg kfnturg neae kes nuf`tes f jcstercftgs quf kfs hustf g kes fstumcg`tfs. Rerquf kg dcdkcetfng mfdf

sfr u` fspgnce f` fk quf sf f`nuf`trf mcifrf`tfs tcpes mf tfxtes pgrg sfr ag`cpukgmes per kes fstumcg`tfs fstumcg`tfs y fs capertg`tf tf`fr tfxtes ff`` fspg÷ek y f` lcnjwg. 6.- Jg rfgkczgme gkhÿ` ne`nurse ne` kes fstumcg`tfs pgrg iertgkfnfr kgs mfstrfzgs y jgdckcmgmfs mf kfntefsnrcturg. Fk Tfnter mf kg V`cmgm Fmungtcvg C`tc Njurc af`nce`g quf f` kes g÷es g`tfrcerfs sc sf rfgkczgdg rfgkczgdg ne`nurses mf mcifrf`tfs tfags y çrfgs, çrfgs, pfre f` fstes tcfapes `e sf sf jg pkg`cicngme fstgs gntcvcmgmfs, tgadcã` fs u`g pgrtf mf kgs fstrgtfhcg quf sf mfsgrrekkg ne` kes fstumcg`tfs pgrg quf iertgkfzng kgs jgdckcmgmfs mf kfntefsnrcturg.

33

 

 

G@ÇKC^C^ F C@]FTRTF]GNCÞ@ MF MG]E^ F@NVF^]G GRKCNGMG G KE^ MENF@]F^ 7.- µGpkcng gmfnugmgaf`tf kgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs aftemekþhcngs f` fk prenfse mf kfntefsnrcturg mf kf`hug y kctfrgturg5

Nugmre @e. 7 TF^RVF^]G^ Gktfr`gtcvgs Irfnuf`ncg Rernf`tgof ^CFARTF G YFNF^ RENE  @V@NG

4 4 72 2

7=.> 7=.> 87.= 2

]E]GK

7=

722%

Iuf`tf? G`ctg Njfkg Hrçicne @e.7

GRKCNGNCÞ@ GRKCNGNC Þ@ MF F^]TG]FHCG^ AF]EMEKÞHCNG^ :2      f    o    f     k    f     m      e     k    u    t     á    ]

92 =2 42 2 ^CFARTF

G YFNF^

RENE

@V@NG

Irfnuf`ncg

4

4

72

2

Rernf`tgof

7=,>

7=,>

87,=

2

G`çkcscs f c`tfrprftgncþ` Kes menf`tfs f` su agyerág fxprfsg` quf gpkcng` pene kgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs< u`g ac`erág mcnf` quf sc ke jgnf` y per fse sf c`nkc`g` per kgs epnce`fs ‛scfaprf‑ y ‛g vfnfs‑. Kg `e gpkcngncþ` pescdkfaf`tf sf mfdf g quf `e jgy fk c`tfrãs per gntugkczgrsf irfnuf`tfaf`tf pgrg trgdgogr f` iu`ncþ` mf kg `c÷fz,  per fstg rgzþ` kes gprf`mczgofs mf kes fstumcg`tfs fstumcg`tfs fs auy mficncf`tf. mficncf`tf. 722

 

 

4.- µNuapkf ne` fk pkg` mf nkgsf mf kf`hug y kctfrgturg5

Nugmre @e. 4 TF^RVF^]G^ Gktfr`gtcvgs Irfnuf`ncg Rernf`tgof ^CFARTF G YFNF^ RENE

> = 8

47 43 62

 @V@NG ]E]GK

2 7=

2 722%

Iuf`tf? G`ctg Njfkg Hrçicne @e.4

NVARKF NE@ FK RKG@ MF NKG^F MF KF@HVG S KC]FTG]VTG 62

     f    o    f

=2

    k    f     m      e     k    u    t     á    ]

>2 42 72 2 ^CFARTF

G YFNF^

RENE

@V@NG

Irfnuf`ncg

>

=

8

2

Rernf`tgof

47

43

62

2

G`çkcscs f c`tfrprftgncþ` Kg agyerág mf kes menf`tfs mfaufstrg quf penes penes nuapkf` ne` ffkk pkg` mf nkgsf  pgrg kg f`sf÷g`zg f`sf÷g`zg mf Kf`hug Kf`hug y Kctfrgturg, afmcg`gaf`tf g vfnfs y scfaprf nuapkf fk rfspfntcve rfspfntc ve pkg` mf nkgsf. @e nuapkcacf`te nuapkcac f`te mf kg pkg`cicn pkg`cicngncþ` gncþ` fs per igktg mf gntugkczgncþ` f` kes aãtemes y tãn`cngs tgadcã` fk mfsc`tfrãs mf kes menf`tfs, fs kg rgzþ` quf kes fstumcg`tfs `e mfsgrrekkg sus jgdckcmgmfs y mfstrfzgs f` fk gprf`mczgofs. gprf`mczgofs.

727

 

 

>.- µNe`scmfrg ustfm quf fs capertg`tf gpkcngr kgs fstrgtfhcg aftemekþhcngs pgrg kg f`sf÷g`zg mf kf`hug kctfrgturg5

Nugmre @e. >

Gktfr`gtcvgs ^C  @E ]E]GK

TF^RVF^]G^ Irfnuf`ncg Rernf`tgof 7= 722 2 2 722 7= Iuf`tf? G`ctg Njfkg Hrçicne @e.>

CARET]G@]F GRKCNGNCE@ MF KG^ F^]TG]FHCG^ AF]EMEKEHCNG^

     f    o    f     k    f     m      e     k    u    t     á    ]

722 :2 92 =2 42 2 ^C

@E

Irfnuf`ncg

7=

2

Rernf`tgof

722

2

G`çkcscs f c`tfrprftgncþ` F` nug`te g kg f`nufstg f`nufstg gpkcngmg mf mf kes preifserfs rfikfog u` `cvfk mf agyerctgrce ag`cicfstg quf sc fs capertg`tf gpkcngr kgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs f` çrfg mf kf`hug y kctfrgturg pgrg afoergr kg kfnte-fsnrcturg f` kes fstumcg`tfs fstumcg`tfs mf sfhu`me y tfrnfr g÷e. Aunjgs mf kgs vfnfs `e `es pfractf`, perquf `e jgy fk c`tfrãs y fk fapf÷e mf mf kes menf`tfs f` gntugkczgr kes ne`encacf`tes.

724

 

 

=.- Vtckczgncþ` gmfnugmg mf kes agtfrcgkfs mcmçntcnes pgrg fk mfsgrrekke mf kgs nkgsfs mf kf`hug y kctfrgturg5

Nugmre @e. =

Gktfr`gtcvgs

TF^RVF^]G^

Irfnuf`ncg Rernf`tgof ^CFARTF 4 7= G YFNF^ 8 62 RENE 6 >9  @V@NG 2 2 722 ]E]GK 7= Iuf`tf? G`ctg Njfkg

Hrçicne @e.=  FKGDETG KE^ AG]FTCGKF^ MCMGN]CNE^ 62      f    o    f

=2

    k    f     m      e     k    u    t     á    ]

>2 42 72 2 ^CFARTF

G YFNF^

RENE

@V@NG

Irfnuf`ncg

4

8

6

2

Rernf`tgof

7=

62

>9

2

G`çkcscs f c`tfrprftgncþ` ^fhÿ` kes menf`tfs f`nufstgmes ag`cicfstg` mf kg fkgdergncþ` mf agtfrcgkfs mcmçntcnes pgrg kg f`sf÷g`zg-gprf`mczgof sf udcng` f` su agyerág f` kgs ngtfherágs mf g vfnfs, vfnfs, f` u`g u`g ac`erág sf udcng` penes y scfaprf scfaprf fkgderg` mcnjes mcnjes agtfrcgkfs mcmçntcnes,

perquf pgrg kg fkgdergncþ` fkgdergncþ` mf agtfrcgkfs mcmçntcnes mfdfaes

gntugkczgr gntugkc zgr y ne`enfr nþae y pgrg quf fkgdergaes, fkgderga es, gmfaçs rfqucfrf mf aunjes rfnurses fne`þacnes.

72>

 

 

6- µMfsgrrekkg µMfsgrrekkg kg ergkcmgm f` kes `c÷es y `c÷gs f` fk çrfg kf`hug kf`hug y kctfrgturg5

Nugmre @e. 6

Gktfr`gtcvgs

TF^RVF^]G^

Irfnuf`ncg Rernf`tgof ^CFARTF 3 9= G YFNF^ 4 7= RENE > 47  @V@NG 2 2 722 ]E]GK 7= Iuf`tf? G`ctg Njfkg Hrçicne @e.6

MF^GTTEKKG KG ETGKCMGM 82 92 62 =2 >2 42 72 2

     f    o    f     k    f     m      e     k    u    t     á    ]

^CFARTF

G YFNF^

RENE

@V@NG

Irfnuf`ncg

3

4

>

2

Rernf`tgof

9=

7=

47

2

G`çkcscs f c`tfrprftgncþ` ^fhÿ` kgs f`nufstgs rfgkczgmgs mf kes menf`tfs, agyerág mcnf` quf scfaprf mfsgrrekkg kg ergkcmgm murg`tf kg nk nkgsf gsf ne` kes `c÷es- `c÷gs, `c÷gs, sf edsfrvg edsfrvg tgadcã` f` su ac`erág ag`cicfstg` ag`cicfstg` penes y g vfnfs rfgkczg` fstgs gnt gntcvcmgmfs, cvcmgmfs, perqu perquff f` fstg fstrgtfhcg mf kg ergkcmgm kes `c÷es/gs mfsgrrekkg` fk vengdukgrce pgrg pemfr fxprfsgr kcdrfaf`tf g`tf pÿdkcne mf kes neapg÷fres y afoergr f` fk mfsgrrekke mf kg kfnte-fsnrcturg. k fnte-fsnrcturg.

72=

 

 

9 - µVstfm neae menf`tf utckczg tãn`cngs gntcvgs f` fk prenfse mf kfnte kfnte-fsnrcturg5 -fsnrcturg5 

Nugmre @e. 9

Gktfr`gtcvgs

TF^RVF^]G^ Irfnuf`ncg Rernf`tgof

^CFARTF G YFNF^ RENE  @V@NG ]E]GK

72 =

87 43

2 2 7= 722% Iuf`tf? G`ctg Njfkg

Hrçicne @e.9

V]CKC_GNCE@ MF KG^ ]ÃN@CNG^ GN]CYG^ F@ FK RTENF^E MF KFN]E F^NTC]VTG

     f    o    f     k    f     m      e     k    u    t     á    ]

:2 82 92 62 =2 >2 42 72 2 ^CFARTF

G YFNF^

RENE

@V@NG

Irfnuf`ncg

2

72

=

2

Rernf`tgof

2

87

43

2

G`çkcscs f c`tfrprftgncþ` Kg agyerág mf kes menf`tfs f`nufstgmes af`nce`g` g vfnfs y pene utckczg` tãn`cngs gntcvgs f` fk prenfse mf f`sf÷g`zg y gprf`mczgof mf kfntefsnrcturg, per f`mf `e sf jg kehrgme mfsgrrekkgr f` kes `c÷es y `c÷gs fk c`tfrãs y huste per kffr y fsnrcdcr. Rerquf `es igktg ne`enfr mf nþae utckczgr kgs tãn`cngs tãn`cngs gntcvgs mf`tre mfk  prenfse mf f`sf÷g`zg f`sf÷g`zg f` fk gukg. ^gdcf`me quf fs capertg`tf rfgkczgr rfgkczgr fstf pre prenfse. nfse.

726

 

 

8.- µVstfm nuf`tg ne` u` rc`nþ` mf kfnturg f` su sgkg mf nkgsf5

Nugmre @e. 8

Gktfr`gtcvgs ^C  @E ]E]GK

TF^RVF^]G^ Irfnuf`ncg 77 > 7=

Rernf`tgof 83 47 722% 

Iuf`tf? G`ctg Njfkg Hrçicne @e.8 NVF@]G NE@ TC@NE@ MF KFN]VTG MF@]TE MFK GVKG

     f    o    f     k    f     m      e     k    u    t     á    ]

:2 82 92 62 =2 >2 42 72 2 ^C

@E

Irfnuf`ncg

77

>

Rernf`tgof

83

47

G`çkcscs f c`tfrprftgncþ` Kg agyer pgrtf mf kes menf`tfs ag`cicfstg` quf `e nuf`tg` ne` u` rc`nþ` mf kfnturg f` su sgkg mf nkgsf, f` u` pernf`tgof aá`cae mcnf` quf sá, perquf ppgrg grg edtf`fr rc`ne`fs mf kfnturg f` kgs gukgs sf `fnfsctg tfxtes rfnrfgtcves, nuf`tes gntugkczgmes y rfnurses fne`þacnes e g su vfz hfstcþ` pgrg ne`sfhucr ke mfsfgme y kehrgr fk edoftcve pkg`tfgmes, scf`me kg pgrtf iu`mgaf`tgk f` fk prenfse mf gprf`mczgof, kufhe mf gpkcngmgs kgs fstrgtfhcgs mf ngadce sf capkfaf`tg u` rc`nþ` mf kfnturg f` gukgs, pgrg gsá aetcvgr kg pgrtcncpgncþ` gntcvg mf kes `c÷es y `c÷gs y afoerg fk mfsgrrekke mf kg kfntefsnrcturg.

729

 

 

:.- µVstfm aetcvg g sus fstumcg`tfs g kffr nerrfntgaf`tf f` kg nkgsf5

Nugmre @e. :

Gktfr`gtcvgs ^CFARTF G YFNF^ RENE  @V@NG ]E]GK

TF^RVF^]G^ Irfnuf`ncg 2 : 9

Rernf`tgof 2 68 =>

2 2 7= 722%  Iuf`tf? G`ctg Njfkg

Hrçicne @e.:

AE]CYG G ^V^ F^]VMCG@]F^ G KFFT NETTFN]GAF@]F      f    o    f     k    f     m      e     k

92

   u    t     á    ]

42 2

=2

^CFARTF

G YFNF^

RENE

@V@NG

Irfnuf`ncg

2

:

9

2

Rernf`tgof

2

68

=>

2

G`çkcscs f c`tfrprftgncþ` ^fhÿ` kg f`nufstg gpkcngmg g kes menf`tfs gicrag quf f` su agyerág g vfnfs y  penes aetcvg` aet cvg` g sus fstumcg`tfs f` kg kfnturg, aunjgs mf kgs vfnfs kgs nkgsfs mf kfnturg se` caprevcsgmgs y mcrfntgs sc` kg utckczgncþ` mf fstrgtfhcgs y aãtemes f` fk prenfse mf kg kfnturg. Rer fstg rgzþ` rgzþ` kes `c÷es y `c÷gs `e neaf`tg` `c epc`g` mfspuãs mf u`g kfnturg, scf`me fstf u` predkfag auy sfrce. Rfre kufhe mf gpkcngmgs kgs fstrgtfhcgs mf ngadce y kes menf`tfs ne`sncf`tfs mf quf kes `c÷es y `c÷gs mfdf` factcr cmfgs y epc`ce`fs mfspuãs mfspuãs mf kg kfnturg pgrg iertgkfnfr kg fsnrcturg.

728

 

 

3.- µVstfm aetcvg g sus fstumcg`tfs g fsnrcdcr nerrfntgaf`tf f` kg nkgsf5

Nugmre @e. 3

Gktfr`gtcvgs

TF^RVF^]G^

Irfnuf`ncg Rernf`tgof ^CFARTF 7 8 G YFNF^ 74 :9 RENE 7 8  @V@NG 2 2 ]E]GK 7= 722%  Iuf`tf? G`ctg Njfkg

Hrçicne @e.3 AE]CYG G ^V^ F^]VMCG@]F^ G F^NTCDCT NETTFN]GAF@]F

     f    o    f     k    f     m      e     k    u    t     á    ]

722 :2 92 =2 42 2 ^CFARTF

G YFNF^

RENE

@V@NG

Irfnuf`ncg

7

74

7

2

Rernf`tgof

8

:9

8

2

G`çkcscs f c`tfrprftgncþ` Kg agyerág mf kes menf`tfs f`nufstgmes ag`cicfstg g vfnfs aetcvg g sus fstumcg`tfs g fsnrcdcr fsnrcdcr nerrfntgaf`tf f` kg nkgsf, y f` su ac`erág scfaprf aetcvg`. Chugk kg nkgsf mf kg fsnrcturg tgadcã` fs caprevcsgmg y mcrfntg. Rerquf `e sf jg utckczgme dcf` kes nþmches y kgs rfhkgs ertehrçicngs gk fsnrcdcr, scf`me fstf u`  predkfag auy sfrce pgrg mfsgrrekkgr fk huste y fk c`tfrãs per fsnrcdcr. Rer ke tg`te kufhe mf gpkcngr kgs fstrgtfhcgs mf ngadce, ngadce, kes menf`tfs ne`sncf`tfs aetcvg` g kes `c÷es y `c÷gs `c÷gs y rfgkczg` gntcvcmgmfs pgrg pgrg iertgkfnfr kg fsnrcturg. fsnrcturg. 

72:

 

 

72.- µF` kes `c÷es y `c÷gs mfsgrrekkg fk prenfse aftemekþhcne pgrg kg premunncþ` mf tfxtes

Nugmre @e. 72

Gktfr`gtcvgs ^C  @E

]E]GK

TF^RVF^]G^ Irfnuf`ncg Rernf`tgof 7 8 7> 3> 7= 722%  Iuf`tf? G`ctg Njfkg

Hrçicne @e.72

MF^GTTEKKG FK RTENF^E AF]EMEKEHCNE RGTG KG RTEMVNNCE@ MF ]FZ]E^

     f    o    f     k    f     m      e     k    u    t     á    ]

722 :2 92 =2 42 2 ^CFART F

G YFNF^

RENE

@V@NG

^C

@E

Irfnuf`ncg

7

7>

Rernf`tgof

8

3>

G`çkcscs f c`tfrprftgncþ` Mf kes menf`tfs f`nufstgmes f`nufstgmes kg agyerág agyerág mf fkkes ag`cicfstg quf `e mfsgrrekkg` fk  prenfse aftemekþhcne pgrg kg premunncþ` mf tfxtes, mf kg acsag ag`frg enurrf  per mfsne`encacf`te y igktg mf ngpgnctgncþ` f` kg gpkcngncþ` mf kg Gntugkczgncþ` Nurrcnukgr Nurrcn ukgr per pgrtf mf kes menf`tfs. Gmfaçs kufhe mf gpkcngr kgs fstrgtfhcgs fstrgtfhc gs mf ngadce kes menf`tfs pkg`cicng` y gpkcng` gntcvcmgmfs sc` `c`hu`g mcicnuktgm y sf afoerg kg kfnte-fsnrcturg mf kes `c÷es y `c÷gs mf sfhu`me y tfrnfr g÷e. 723

 

 

G@ÇKC^C^ F C@]FTRTF]GNCÞ@ MF MG]E^ ICNJG MF ED^FTYGNCÞ@ MF V@G NKG^F RGTG ^FHV@ME HTGME 

G^RFN]E^ G ED^FTYGT

GRTFNCGNC GRTFNCGNCÞ@ Þ@ ^C @E 7.- Vtckczg fk menf`tf agtfrcgk mcmçntcne pgrg Z mfsgrrekkgr kg Kfnte-Fsnrcturg. Kfnte-Fsnrcturg.  4.- Kg preifserg gscstf pu`tugkaf`tf g nkgsfs mf kf`hug y kctfrgturg 

Z

>.- Gscstf mcgrcgaf`tf g kg fsnufkg

Z

=.- Fk preifser preifser aetcvg g sus fstumcg`tfs g`tfs mf Z

kg kffr y fsnrcdcr.  6.- ]f hustg kg nkgsf mf kf`hug y kctfrgturg 9.- Mfmcng g kgs tgrfgs mf kfnturg y fsnrcturg

Z Z

8.- Gsch`g kg agfstrg tgrfg, f` ngse mf kfnte- Z fsnrcturg. :.- Fxcstf u` rc`nþ` mf kfnturg f` fk gukg

Z

3.- Kes `c÷es-gs neaprf`mf neaprf`mf ke quf kff`

Z

72.- ]rgtg ne` ngrc÷e kg agfstrg f` fk gukg mf nkgsfs. Fxcstf u` rc`nþ` mf kfnturg f` fk gukg

Z

Kes rfsuktgmes mfk c`mcngmer 7, 4, fk agyer pernf`tgof mf kes fstumcg`tfs mf sfhu`me G÷e mf Fmungncþ` Dçscng, ag`cicfstg` ag`cic fstg` quf kes menf`tfs `e kkfvg` kes agtfrcgkfs mcmçntcnes, sc`e quf utckczg` pczgrrg, kçac`gs k çac`gs y g vfnfs pgpfkþhrgie pgrg mfsgrrekkgr kg nkgsf mf kf`hug y kctfrgturg f` fk gukg. Fs mfncr, kes fstumcg`tfs `e jg` gkng`zgme fk `cvfk mf gdstrgnncþ` quf fxchf kg kfnturg k fnturg y fsnrcturg. ^f rfgkczgre` kg edsfrvgncþ` mcrfntg gk gukg mf nkgsf mf sfhu`me hrgme mf kg V`cmgm Fmungtcvg Fmungtcvg C`tc Njurc, Njurc, sf pume mftfntgr mftfntgr mfk c`mcngmer 4 y >. Fk menf`tf

772

 

 

gscstf pu`tugkaf`tf g kg fsnufkg, pfre fk ac`erág mf kes fstumcg`tfs af`nce`g` quf se` capu`tugkfs, kkfhg` gk sgkþ` mf nkgsfs gtrgsgmes u`es ac`utes c`ncmcf`me `fhgtcvgaf`tf f` fk Rrenfse mf F`sf÷g`zg Gprf`mczgof mf kg kfnte fsnrcturg yg quf fs fk çrfg mf kf`hug y kctfrgturg ne` kg quf ngsc scfaprf sf c`cncg kg oer`gmg mf ngmg mág. Aunjgs mf kgs vfnfs kes menf`tfs `e trgdgogaes pgrg rfsekvfr fstf  predkfag, c`cncg su nkgsf ne` kes fstumcg`tfs quf fstç` prfsf`tfs f` fk gukg y kes quf kkfhg` tgrmf mfdf` chugkgrsf ne` sus neapg÷fres. Fk c`mcngmer =, fstf rfsuktgme rfsuktgme mfaufstrg mfaufstrg quf quf sc aetcvg` aetcvg` pfre `e sfkfntcvgaf`tf gk c`cnce mf kg k g nkgsf, afmcg`tf ng`nce`fs, re`mgs, mc`çacngs ftn. Kes c`mcngmerfs 6, 9,8 fk nugk udcng f` kg fsnufkg quf agyerág mf kes fstumcg`tfs  prfsf`tg` mcicnuktgmfs, `e pufmf` kffr, `c fsnrcdcr perquf kff` afnç`cngaf` afnç`cngaf`tf, tf,

 prfsf`tg` predkfags mf ertehrgiág y ngkchrgiág, `e mfog` fspgnces f`trf kgs  pgkgdrgs, `e rfspftg` fk agrhf` mf nugmfr`es, fxcstf` kg ne`iuscþ` mf d ne` kg v, gsá gkhu`gs kftrgs y `e gnf`tÿg`, gk rfspfnte fk menf`tf `e trgdgog kg fstrgtfhcg mf kg ertehrgiág pgrg sekunce`gr fstg predkfaçtcng, kg acsag quf g kes fstumcg`tfs `e kfs hustg kg nkgsf mf kf`hug y kctfrgturg, per ke quf `e jgy u`g aetcvgncþ` sfkfntcvg gk c`cnce mf kg nkgsf. F` fk gukg mf nkgsf mf sfhu`me g÷e mf fmungncþ` dçscng afmcg`tf kg edsfrvgncþ` rfgkczgmg sc ne`stg fk rc`nþ` mf kfnturg, pfre ne` penes tfxtes `e sfkfnnce`gmes fs mfncr `e se` gmfnugmes pgrg kg kfnturg tgadcã` af`nce`g quf pgrg edtf`fr kes tfxtes fs nestese. Fk menf`tf `e aetcvg `c afoerg fk rc`nþ` mf kfnturg pgrg sus fstumcg`tfs perquf fstf se` kes prenfses pgrg mfspfrtgr fk c`tfrãs per kffr y quf kfs hustf kffr. Fk trgte y kg neau`cngncþ` fs gifntcvg quf drc`mg fk menf`tf fs auy ne`stg`tf, kes fstumcg`tfs gu`quf tf`hg mcicnuktgm `e kf prfhu`tg` per acfme e tcacmfz. Kg fstrgtfhcg aftemekþhcng quf utckczg pgrg mfsgrrekkgr kg kfnte-fsnrcturg sf kcactg g kes fstumcg`tfs fstumcg`tfs g quf quf rfspe`mg` prfhu`tgs mf `cvfk kctfrgk, g kffr kffr afnç`cngaf`tf afnç`cngaf`tf `e sf kehrg u`g vfrmgmfrg neaprf`scþ`, `e sf preiu`mczg, `c sf fstcaukg fk c`tfrãs.

777

 

 

G@ÇKC^C^ F C@]FTRTF]GNCÞ@ MF MG]E^ ICNJG MF ED^FTYGNCÞ@ MF V@G NKG^F RGTG ]FTNFT HTGME 

G^RFN]E^ G ED^FTYGT 7.- Kg preifserg kkfvg kes agtfrcgkfs agt frcgkfs prfpgrgmes

GRTFNCGNC GRTFNCGNCÞ@ Þ@ ^C @E Z

 pgrg kg nkgsf mf kf`hug y kctfrgturg  4.- Tfspftg fk jergrce mf nkgsf pkg`cicngme pgrg kg gsch`gturg mf kf`hug y kctfrgturg  

Z

>.- Kes `c÷es aufstrg` c`tfrãs per kg nkgsf mf

Z

Kf`hug y Kctfrgturg

=.- Fk preifser preifser aetcvg g sus fstumcg`tfs g`tfs mf Z kg kfnturg  6.- Gk c`cnce mf nkgsf kes preifserfs rfgkczg` Z re`mg, mc`çacng, ng`nce`fs  9.- Kes `c÷es kff` y fsnrcdf` ne` f`tuscgsae

Z

8.- Fxcstf u` Tc`nþ` mf kfnturg f` fk gukg

Z

:.- Kes menf`tfs utckczg` vgrcfmgm mf fstrgtfhcgs

Z

aftemekþhcngs 3.- Kes `c÷es-gs neaprf`mf neaprf`mf ke quf kff`

Z

Kes `c÷es-gs fxprfsg` gk irf`tf mf sus neapg÷fres.

Z

Kes rfsuktgmes mfk c`mcngmer 7, 4, > fk agyer pernf`tgof mf kes fstumcg`tfs mf tfrnfr G÷e mf Fmungncþ` Fmungncþ` Dç Dçscng, scng, ag`cicfstg` quf kes menf`tfs `e kkfvg` kes agtfrcgkfs mcmçntcnes mcmçntcnes pgrg mfsgrrekkgr kg nkgsf mf kf`hug y kctfrgturg f` fk gukg. gukg. Fs mfncr, kes fstumcg`tfs `e jg` gkng`zgme fk `cvfk mf gdstrgnncþ` quf fxchf kg kfnturg y fsnrcturg. Fstg gicragncþ` sf sustf`tg gmfaçs, per kes dgoes rfsuktgmes edtf`cmes f` kes c`mcngmerfs c`mcngmerfs =,6. =,6. Fstes rfsuktgmes rfsuktgmes fxprfsg` fxprfsg` quf kes fstumcg`tfs fstumcg`tfs sc aetcvg` 774

 

 

 pfre `e

sfkfntcvgaf`tf gk c`cnce mf kg nkgsf, afmcg`tf ng`nce`fs, ng`nce`fs, re`mgs,

mc`çacngs ftn. Fk rfsuktgme rfsuktgme mfk mfk c`mcngmer c`mcngmer 9, rfhcstrg rfhcstrg quf agyerág mf kes fstumcg`tfs `e kff` `c fsnrcdf` ne` f`tuscgsae. Fstes rfsuktgmes mf fstgs prufdgs pfractf` c`ifrcr quf kg aftemekehág mf f`sf÷g`zg mf kg kfnturg fs tgk vfz fs afnç`cng y sc` sf`tcme. Ne` rfspfnte g kes `cvfkfs mf mfsfapf÷e f` fsnrcturg fk ngse fs açs igtgk. Gsá ke mfaufstrg` kes rfsuktgmes mf kgs prfhu`tgs quf acmf` fk `cvfk mf premunncþ` mf tfxtes scapkf mf kes fstumcg`tfs mf sfhu`me y tfrnfr g÷e mf kg V`cmgm Fmungtcvg C`tc Njurc. Kg premunncþ` mf tfxtes fs kg fstrgtfhcg cmþ`fg pgrg quf kes fstumcg`tfs gprf`mf` g

hf`frgr cmfgs, sfpg` ne`ire`tgrkgs, f`rcqufnfrkgs e sustctucrkgs per etrgs afoerfs. Kes rfsuktgmes mf fstgs prufdgs 3, 72 `es pfractf` c`ifrcr quf kes men menf`tfs f`tfs mf kg fsnufkg fvgkugmes, `e f`sf÷g` g pf`sgr g sus fstumcg`tfs. Nrffaes quf su mfsfapf÷e fs guterctgrce, ngrf`tf mf sf`tcme quf edkchg gk fstumcg`tf g ngkkgr rfpftcr y edfmfnfr, per fstg rgzþ` `e pufmf` fxprfsgr gk irf`tf mf sus neapg÷ neapg÷fres fres y neapg÷frgs gmfaçs tcf`f` tfaer y acfme ]emes fstes rfsuktgmes rfsuktgmes fxprfsg` gmfaçs, quf f` gkhu`es g÷es g÷es `e jgdcme `c`hÿ` ngadce f` kg ngkcmgm mf kg afmcgncþ` mf kg kfnturg y fsnrcturg mf kgs fsnufkgs. Fs mfncr, `e jgdcme `c`hÿ` prehrgag mf ieragncþ` menf`tf ne` veku`tgm pekátcng quf  prftf`mg rfvfrtcr fk jfnje mf quf kg agyerág mf fstumcg`tfs mf fmungncþ` dçscng tfrac`g` kg fsnufkg sc` sgdfr kffr `c fsnrcdcr dcf`.

77>

 

 

NE@NKV^CE@F^



  Kes menf`tfs `e gpkcng` irfnuf`tfaf`tf kgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs

murg`tf kg nkgsf mf kf`hug y kctfrgturg sf mfdf quf `e jgy ngpgnctgnce`fs y fk c`tfrãs per gntugkczgr.



  Kes menf`tfs `e jg` rfncdcme suicncf`tfs ngpgnctgnce`fs pgrg rfgkczgr fk

trgdgoe mf`tre mf mf kg nkgsf mf mf kf`hug y kctfrgturg. 

  Kes menf`tfs `e nuf`tg` ne` suicncf`tfs agtfrcgkfs mcmçntcnes pgrg

mfsgrrekkgr kg nkgsf mf kf`hug y kctfrgturg, rfqucfrf mf rfnurses fne`þacnes

y sf nf`trg mcntgr mf kes mcifrf`tfs tfxtes.



   @fnfsctg

fkgdergr u` ag`ugk mcrchcme g kes menf`tfs ne` fstrgtfhcgs

fspfnáicngs pgrg mftfrac`gr kgs c`ikuf`ncgs mf kgs kcactgmgs fstrgtfhcgs quf usg` kes menf`tfs mf ^fhu`me y ]frnfr Hrgme mf Fmungncþ` Dçscng mf kg V`cmgm Fmungtcvg C`tc Njurc.

  C`nuapkcacf`te pgrncgk mf kgs pkg`cicngnce`fs mcmçntcngs, fs fk mfsc`tfrãs



mf kes menf`tfs, kg acsag quf `e mfsgrrekkg sus jgdckcmgmfs y mfstrfzgs f` fk prenfse mf gprf`mczgofs. 



  Kgs nkgsfs mf kf`hug y kctfrgturg `e se` mfsgrrekkgmgs ne` aetcvgnce`fs,

mc`çacngss per pgrtf mf mc`çacng mf kes menf`tfs perquf aunjgs mf kgs vfnfs se` caprevcsgmgs y mcrfntgs.

77=

 

 

TFNEAF@MGNCE@F^ G pgrtcr mf kgs ne`nkusce`fs pkg`tfgmgs sf rfneacf`mg?



  Gpkcngr y utckczgr kgs fstrgtfhcgs fstrgtfhcgs aftemekþhcngs aftemekþhcngs pgrg afoergr fk `cvfk mf kg

kfnturg y fsnrcturg sc` ekvcmgr fk `cvfk gngmãacne, sencgk y pfrse`gk mf kes fstumcg`tfs.



  Fs capertg`tf quf kes menf`tfs mfk ^fhu`me y ]frnfr G÷e mf Fmungncþ`

Dçscng teaf` f` ne`scmfrgncþ` kg utckczgncþ` mf fstgs gntcvcmgmfs quf jg` scme fkgdergmgs auy fxjgustcvgaf`tf pgrg mfsgrrekkgr f` kes fstumcg`tfs kgs jgdckcmgmfs mf kfnte-fsnrcturg. k fnte-fsnrcturg.



  Ignckctgr g kes menf`tfs ngpgnctgnce`fs, tgkkfrfs me`mf sf kfs mã g ne`enfr

kgs mcifrf`tfs fstrgtfhcgs pgrg fk mfsgrrekke mf kg kfnte-fsnrcturg y sus  df`ficnces.



  Igverfnfr fk nkcag mf nkgsf gmfnugme, nrfg`me fk c`tfrãs y fk gaer per kg

kfnturg y fsnrcturg g trgvãs mf tfxtes, f`trf gntcvcmgmfs aetcvgmerfs pgrg fkkes. Drc`mç`mekf kg epertu`cmgm mf nrfgr per sc seke su ne`encacf`te y ne`mcnce`fs pgrg mfsgrrekkgr u`g sfrcf mf vgkerfs mf ^VAGL LGX^GS.



  Wuf kgs gutercmgmfs fmungtcvgs sf f`ngrhuf` f` sencgkczgr g kes pgmrfs y

agmrfs mf igackcgs igackcgs sedrf fstg aftemekehág aftemekehág pgrg tf`fr agyer agyer gpeye mf fkkes.

776

 

 

DCDKCEHTGIÁG  GN]VGKC_GNCE@ S IET]GKFNCACF@]E NVTTCNVKGT MF ]FTNFT G.F.D. 

(4272). WVC]E? WVC]E. aftemes mf gprexcagnce` g kg kctfrgturg . (23 mf 4277). Tfnupfrgme fk 42 mf 26 mf

4276, mf jttp?//aftemesmfgprexcagnce`gkgkctfrgturg.nea/4277/23kf`hugykctfrgturg-y-su-mcmgntcng GC^RVT, H. I. (4272). Aftemes y ]fn`cngs fmungtcvgs. s/i? s/i. GKYGTF_, N. (422>). Kf`hug y neau`cngncþ`. Wucte? Ac`cstfrce mf Fmungncþ`. Gkvgrfz, S. A. (4272). RTESFN]E MF KFN]E KFN]E F^NTC]VTG F@ RTF RTFF^NEKGT. F^NEKGT. 

4272. gurfgmcgzhe`zgkfs.hgkfe`.nea. (s.i.). Tfnupfrgme fk 76 mf 26 mf 4276, mf

gurfgmcgzhe`zgkfs.hgkfe`.ne gurfgmcgzh e`zgkfs.hgkfe`.nea? a? jjtp?//gurfgmcgzhe`zgkfs.hg jjtp?//gurfgmcgzhe`zgkfs.hgkfe`.nea// kfe`.nea// DEKCYGT, V. G. (422:). ^FHV@ME F@NVF@]TE RFMGHEHCNE MF  KFN]VTG S F^NTC]VTG. KG]GNV@HG? WVC]E, AGT_E MF 4223. mfic`cnce`gdn.nea/neau`cngnce`/kfnte-fsnrcturg. (s.i.). Tfnupfrgme fk 7: mf 26 mf

4276, mf jttp?//www.mfic`cnce`gdn.nea/neau` jttp?//www.mfic`cnce`gdn.nea/neau`cngnce`/kfnte-fsnrcturg. cngnce`/kfnte-fsnrcturg. Fnugmer,

A.

m.

(4272).  GN]VGKC_GNCE@

S

IET]GKFNCACF@]E

NVTTCNVKGT. WVC]E? Ac`cstfrce mf Fmungnce` mfk Fnugme. fs.wclccpfmcg.erh/wclc/]fxte. (s.i.). Tfnupfrgme fk 7: mf 26 mf 4276, mf

jttp?//fs.wclcpfmcg.erh/wclc/]fxte  F^]TG]FHCG^ MF RGTF@MC_GOF . (s.i.). Tfnupfrgme fk 79 mf 26 mf 4276, mf jttp?//fs.wclcpfmcg.erh/Fstrgtfhcgs jttp?//fs.wclcpfmcg.erh /Fstrgtfhcgs mf Gprf`mczgof

IFDYTF, K. (^/I mf ^/I mf ^/I).  KVNCF@ IFDYTF, . Tfnupfrgme fk 7= mf 26 mf 4276, mf jttp?www.nukturg fsnrctg.kuncf` ifdvrf.neadgtfs per kg jcstercg.nea

779

 

 

Hkercg, C. (4223). GRTF@MFT G IETAGT @C×E^BKFN]ETF^ S @C×E^BKFN]ETF^ TF^ S F^NTC]ETF^.  GRTF@MFT G IETAGT @C×E^BKFN]E  F^NTC]ETF^ . WVC]E, FNVGMET? V@CYFT^CMGM G@MC@G ^CAE@

DEKCYGT. kfnte-fsnrcturg . (s.i.). Tfnupfrgme fk 79 mf 26 mf 4276, mf kfnte-fsnrcturg?

jttp?//www.mfic`cnce`gdn.nea/neau`cngnce`/kfnte-fsnrcturg AF@G, H. (4272).  Fstrgtfhcgs Aftemekehcngs mf kf`hug kctfrgturg.  Wucte? WucteFnugmer. AF@G, ^. (4223).  F^]TG]FHCG^ AF]EMEKEHCNG^. AF]EMEKEHCNG^.  WVC]E? F^NVFKG^ KFN]ETG^.

Aerg, A. N. (4277).  RKG@CICNGNCE@ NVTTCNVKGT MFK GVKG.  HVGTG@MG? NVGT]G. NVK]VTG F^NTC]G. (s/I mf ^/I mf ^/I). Tfnupfrgme fk 7= mf 26 mf 4276, mf

NVK]VTG

F^NTC]G?

jttp?www.ud.fmu/ne`trgtgfmcua/tgfmcu jttp?www.ud.f mu/ne`trgtgfmcua/tgfmcuangst/nukturg angst/nukturg fsnrctg.jta  F^RGNCE^ KF]TGME^ . (^/I mf ^/I mf ^/I). Tfnupfrgme fk 7= mf 26 mf 4276, mf

F^RGNCE^

KF]TGMEE^?

jttp?//mc`kf.fusgk.fs/sfgrnjwerm.pjp5 jttp?//mc`kf.fusgk.fs/ sfgrnjwerm.pjp5vgker1Fspgnces%42 vgker1Fspgnces%42 kftrgmes  Kuncf` Ifdvrf. (^/I mf ^/I mf ^/I). Tfnupfrgme fk 7= mf 26 mf 4276, mf

jtt?//www.kuncf`ifdvrf.nea ^G@GDTCG, K. (s/i).  Fstrgtfhcgs kfntergs. Tfnupfrgme fk 76 mf Entudrf mf 427=, mf jtpps//fmungnce`.hed.fn jtpps//fmungnce`.hed.fn

778

 

 

G@FZE^

77:

 

 

G@FZE 7

V@CYFT^CMGM F^]G]GK MF DEKÁYGT MFRGT]GAF@]E MFRGT]GAF@ ]E MF RE^]HTGME AGF^]TÁG F@ HFTF@NCG FMVNG]CYG

F@NVF^]G GRKCNGMG G MENF@]F^ C@MCNGMETF^? Fk nufstce`grce tcf`f neae edoftcve prcaermcgk mf gmqucrcr kgs rfspufstgs rfgkfs mf kgs schucf`tfs prfhu`tgs, ne`tfstf agrng`me u`g Z mf`tre mfk pgrã`tfscs