Tesis Escalera de Jacob XD

 

 

GKY\G\P\D _DJG\@IKGID KCIGDKCJ

I@K\QD L@ @Y\PLGDY IG@K\GHGIDY W \@IKDJDBGIDY #2 ‚IPCPN\@MDI”   ‚IPCPN\@MDI”

KDMAQ@ L@J CJPMKD6 J@ÙK VCQC\@ JCKL@Q JCKL@Q   KDMAQ@ L@J MC@Y\QD6 BCQIGC FGM@K@V FDY@ FDQB@  FDQB@   BQP_D6 8GX0 8GX0   MC\@QGC6 _QDW@I\D \@QMGKCJ  \@QMGKCJ  \QCACFD6 \@YGY L@ @YICJ@QC L@ FCIDA

IGIJD @YIDJCQ6 1?1?-1 

 

 

GKY\G\P\D _DJG\ÇIKGID KCIGDKCJ I`ktrd l` @stulgds Ig`ktíhgids y \`ikdjùbgids K¿2 ‚IPCPN\ÇMDI”   ‚IPCPN\ÇMDI”

\`sgs _crc jc dat`kigùk l`j \ítujd l` \çikgid `k Gkstcjcigdk`s y Mckt`kgmg`ktd @jçitrgids

\`mc l` jc \`sgs @sicj`rc l` Fcida 

_r`s`ktc pdr J`ùk Vcrct` Jckl`r Lgr`itdr l` t`sgs6 Mdrcj`s Qdlríbu`z Xíitdr Fcvg`r

 

 

L@LGIC\DQGC @stc l`lgictdrgc vc c mgs pclr`s, c mgs tícs, c mg n`rmckc, cj prdh`sdr F`sös Qdscs Mgrcmùk, cj prdh`sdr M`lgkc Gacrrc Icrjds Cubustd, cj prdh`sdr Xíitdr Fcvg`r Mdrcj`s Qdlríbu`z y c tdlds jds qu` ir`y`rdk `k mí y m` cpdycrdk, l` v`rcs muincs brcigcs pdr `stcr idkmgbd `k jcs au`kcs y `k jcs mcjcs yc qu` sgk su cyulc kd ncaríc pdlgld jdbrcr dat`k`r `st` títujd l` tçikgid `k Gkstcjcigdk`s W Mckt`kgmg`ktd @jçitrgid y au`kd idk muind `shu`rzd y l`lgicigùk y qu` l`sl` mg icsc m` `ks`ócrdk au`kcs idscs y c sup`rcrm` líc c líc l` tdld idrczùk j`s lgfd brcigcs. ‚uk

bckcldr `s uk sdócldr qu` kukic s` rgkl` ”

Hrcs` mdtgvcigdkcj… 

 

 

GKLGI@6 -Gktrdluiigùk -´Suç `s jc `sicj`rc l` Fcida4 -Daf`tgvd -Huklcm`ktd t`ùrgid -L`jgmgtcigùk l`j prdaj`mc -M`lglcs l` s`burglcl -Fustghgicigùk l` jc gkv`stgbcigùk -Mcrid idki`ptucj -@jcadrcigùk -Mct`rgcj`s -Lgcbrcmc -Hukigdkcmg`ktd -Xcjdr l` jc dklc s`kdglcj -Iãjiujd l`j crid `jçitrgid -Icrcit`rístgics l`j crid `jçitrgid idk jc j`y l` dnm - Lgh`r`kigcj`s `k jc `sicj`rc l` Fcida -Idstd l` prdluiigùk -Idkijusgùk -Agajgdbrchícs

 

 

Gktrdluiigùk Y` idkdi` gkhdrmcjm`kt` idmd `sicj`rc l` Fcida, jjcmclc `k gkbjçs Fcida's jcll`r, cj crid `jçitrgid prdluigld pdr uk lgspdsgtgvd hdrmcld pdr lds idkluitdr`s r`itds `k hdrmc l` X. @j crid s` prdlui` `k jc pcrt` mãs i`rickc (acfc) l` jds `j`itrdlds y, c m`lglc qu` `j cgr` sup`rgdr `s gdkgzcld pdr jc rclgcigùk ujtrcvgdj`tc y pdr `j icjdr, vc suag`kld ncstc qu` jc lgstckigc l` jds `j`itrdlds `s l`mcsgcld jcrbc y l`scpcr`i`, r`pgtgçklds` `j crid `k jc pcrt` mãs `str`inc y csí sui`sgvcm`kt`. _crc qu` s` prdluzic `j crid s` k`i`sgtc kdrmcjm`kt` ukc lgh`r`kigc l` t`ksgùk `ktr` `j`itrdlds mcydr`s. _crc m`fdrcr `j i`acld l`j crid y qu` `st` s` gkgig` `k jc pcrt` mãs acfc l` jc X, s` gktrdlui`Xc uk t`ri`r `j`itrdld idrtd (jjcmcld l` Bcarg`j) `ktr` jds lds prgkigpcj`s. idk`itcld c ukd l` jds `j`itrdlds prgkigpcj`s pdr ukc r`sgst`kigc.

 

 

´Suç `s jc `sicj`rc l` Fcida4 @s uk `xp`rgm`ktd qu` l`mu`strc jc trckshdrmcigùk pdr m`lgds hísgids l` `j`itrgiglcl l` acfd vdjtcf` c `k`rbíc `jçitrgic l` vdjtcf` tck cjtd qu` ir`c uk crid `jçitrgid csi`kl`kt`

Daf`tgvd6 L`mdstrcr jc trckshdrmcigùk pdr m`lgds hísgids l` `j`itrgiglcl l` acfd vdjtcf` c `k`rbíc `jçitrgic l` vdjtcf` vdjtcf` tck c cjtd jtd qu` ir`c uk crid `jçitrgid csi`kl`kt`. Idkstrugr uk cpcrctd qu` p`rmgtc `j `stulgd l` jds crids `jçitrgids.  Cpr`kl`r `j hukigdkcmg`ktd l` jds trckshdrmcldr`s

 

 

Huklcm`ktd t`ùrgid @k @k  `j`itrgiglcl s` l`kdmgkc crid `jçitrgid d tcmagçk crid vdjtcgid c jc l`sicrbc `jçitrgic s` hdrmc ldsl` lds   `j`itrdlds `j`itrdlds   sdm`tglds c ukc  ukc@stc  lgh`r`kigc l` pdt`kigcj  yqu` pdt`kigcj idjdiclds `k `ktr` `j s`kd ukc ctmùsh`rc bcs`dsc. idrrg`kt` prdvdic uk brck icj`ktcmg`ktd `k `j puktd l` idktcitd, cj s`pcrcrs` jds `j`itrdlds, s` hdrmc `ktr` `jjds ukc l`sicrbc jumgkdsc sgmgjcr c ukc jjcmc. Jc l`sicrbc `stã prdluiglc pdr  `j`itrdk`s `j`itrdk`s  qu` vck l`sl` `j  `j `j`itrdld `j`itrdld  k`bctgvd cj pdsgtgvd, p`rd tcmagçk, `k pcrt`, pdr  gdk`s gdk`s  pdsgtgvds qu` s` mu`v`k `k s`ktgld dpu`std. @j indqu` l` jds gdk`s b`k`rc uk icjdr gkt`ksd `k jds `j`itrdlds, icj`ktãklds` mãs `j `j`itrdld pdsgtgvd l`agld c qu` jds `j`itrdk`s qu` bdjp`ck idktrc çj tg`k`k mcydr `k`rbíc tdtcj.

_rdtdk`s5

K`utrdk`s5 Ξ @j`itrdk`s 

 

 

(a) y (l) sdk gdk`s pdsgtgvds y jds r`pr`s`ktcr`mds idk

@k jc hgburc (C) s` pu`l` das`rvcr jds ãtdmds l` uk bcs, iclc ãtdmd tg`k` gbucj köm`rd l` prdtdk`s qu` l` `j`itrdk`s, sgk `macrbd c ukc t`mp`rcturc `j`vclc s` pu`l` idks`bugr qu` `j bcs s` gdkgi`, `s l`igr qu` tdlds d cjbukd l` jds `j`itrdk`s l` iclc ãtdmd s` s`pcr` l`fckld uk gùk pdsgtgvd. @j pjcsmc l` jc hgburc (A) `stã hdrmcld pdr uk ãtdmd (c) qu` kd `stã `k casdjutd gdkgzcld, `s l`igr qu` kd tg`k` kgkbök `j`itrùk s`pcrcld l` su köij`d5 ãtdmds pcrigcjm`kt` gdkgzclds `k jds qu` ukd l` jds `j`itrdk`s (i) s` nc s`pcrcld l`j köij`d s` nc s`pcrcld l`j köij`d y nck l`fcld uk gùk pdsgtgvd (a) (tg`k` mãs prdtdk`s qu` `j`itrdk`s) y dtrd ãtdmd tdtcjm`kt` gdkgzcld yc qu` jds lds `j`itrdk`s (i) s` nck s`pcrcld l`j köij`d (l).

 

 

@k uk crid cag`rtd cj cgr` c pr`sgùk kdrmcj, `j `j`itrdld pdsgtgvd cjickzc ukc t`mp`rcturc l` 9??? brclds  brclds i`jsgus. i`jsgus.  Lurckt` `j tg`mpd l` jc l`sicrbc s` prdlui` ukc jumgkdsglcl muy gkt`ksc y uk brck l`spr`klgmg`ktd l` l` icjdr.  icjdr.    Cmads h`kùm`kds, `k icsd l` s`r ciigl`ktcj`s, pu`l`k s`r sumcm`kt` l`struitgvds, idmd diurr` idk jc p`rhdrcigùk l` l` cgsjcldr`s  cgsjcldr`s  `k jcs jík`cs l` trckspdrt` l`  l`  `k`rbíc `jçitrgic `k  `k cjtc t`ksgùk d l` jds cgsjckt`s jds cgsjckt`s l` idkluitdr`s l` idkluitdr`s y  dtrds `j`m`ktds `jçitrgids d `j`itrùkgids. @j crid crid `jçitrgid `s p`jgbrdsd l`agld l`agld c jc `xpdsgigùk `xi`sgvc l` icjdr.  Cndrc ag`k, jds bcs`s, `k idklgigdk`s kdrmcj`s, sdk prãitgicm`kt` cgsjckt`s, pdr jd qu` pcrc idks`bugr `j crid `s k`i`scrgd qu` `j bcs s` ncbc idkluitdr. _crc `jjd, ncy qu` idks`bugr jc s`pcrcigùk l` sus ãtdmds `k gdk`s y `j`itrdk`s5 `st` prdi`sd s` l`kdmgkc gdkgzcigùk. Jc gdkgzcigùk s` idksgbu` l` bcs jds `j`itrdk`s scj`k l` gdkgzcld ukd l` jds `j`itrdldspdr idk`j `jindqu` bcs. Pk gdkgzcld d qu` pcrigcjm`kt` s` l`kdmgkc pjcstc. @k jc idjumkc l`j pjcsmc, jc `k`rbíc `s casdraglc pcrc mckt`k`r `j bcs c ukc t`mp`rcturc c jc iucj s`c idkluitdr . Jc jdkbgtul l`j crid `s jc lgstckigc `ktr` jcs lds vcrgjjcs.

 

 

L`jgmgtcigùk l`j prdaj`mc @s jc p`jgbrdsglcl l`j usd l` cjtd vdjtcf`, yc qu` `s cjtd vdjtcf` c ukc cjtc hr`iu`kigc, qu` `s jd qu` icusc jcs qu`mclurcs y l`mãs p`jgbrds. Ygk `macrbd s` tdmcrck tdlcs jcs m`lglcs l` s`burglcl pcrc qu` `st` `xp`rgm`ktd pu`lc r`cjgzcrs` `k uk jubcr idkiurrgld y mckgpujcld pdr cjumkds

M`lglcs l` s`burglcl6 - @j usd l` pj`xg bjcss, ciríjgid y vglrgd idmd cgsjckt` -Psd l` buckt`s l` `j`itrgiglcl -Cidrldkcmg`ktd l`j jubcr l` `xpdsgigùk -_rdt`iigdk`s clgigdkcj`s `k igriugtds `jçitrgids

 

 

Fustghgicigùk l` jc gkv`stgbcigùk @j prgkigpgd aãsgid ` gkir`m`ktcr vdjtcf` acfckld jc idrrg`kt` s` usc `k \`j`vgsdr`s l` \uad l` rcyds Ictùlgids, Mãqugkcs l` Q Qcyds cyds ^. M Mgirddklcs, girddklcs, Icrbcldr`s l` i`jujcr, Hu`kt`s pcrc cpcrctds `j`itrùkgids ` gkijusd rcqu`tcs y jãmpcrcs mctc mdsqugtds. @std p`rmgt` qu` usckld jc `j`itrgiglcl l` jc r`l pöajgic (33?X CI), uk cpcrctd pu`lc b`k`rcr mgj`s l` vdjtgds m`lgckt` `j usd l` trckshdrmcldr`s y dsigjcldr`s, qu` cum`ktck jc hr`iu`kigc, ncig`kld mãs `hgig`kt` su usd.

 

 

Mcrid idki`ptucj Q`idkdi`r qu` h`kùm`kds y prgkigpgds iig`ktíhgids g`ktíhgids gkt`rvg`k`k `k `j `xp`rgm`ktd -H`kùm`kds hísgids, `sp`iíhgicm`kt` @j`itrdlgkãmgids, `s l`igr, qu` tg`k`k qu` v`r idk jc idkluiigùk l` jc `j`itrgiglcl. -J@W L@ DNM6 qu` trctc sdar` jc dpdsgigùk l` jds mct`rgcj`s cj pcsd l` `j`itrgiglcl -J@W@Y L@ EGQINNDHH6 l` jc idks`rvcigùk l` jcs idrrg`kt`s l` `k`rbíc `jçitrgic -_rgkigpgds l` `j`itrdmcbk`tgsmd l` kgedjc t`sjc6 \rcksmgsgùk l` `k`rbíc sgk ngjds

 

 

@jcadrcigùk Jd prgm`rd qu` qu` ngigmds hu` r`cjgzcr ukc gkv`stgbcigùk l`j hukigdkcmg`ktd l` uk trcshdrmcldr y l` iclc ukd l` jds idmpdk`kt`s, pcrc `vgtcr sgtucigdk`s l` p`jgbrd, pu`std qu` s` trcacfc idk cjtd vdjtcf`. @j trckshdrmcldr `s uk lgspdsgtgvd `j`itrùkgid qu` p`rmgt` cum`ktcr d lgsmgkugr jc t`ksgùk `k uk igriugtd `jçitrgid l` idrrg idrrg`kt` `kt` cjt`rkc, pdr m m`lgd `lgd l` gkt`rciigùk gkt`rciigùk `j`itrdmcbkçtgic (`s l`igr qu` ökgicm`kt` ch`itc c jds qu qu` ` tg`k`k icrbc `jçitrgic). Y` gl`ktghgiù qu` `j trckshdrmcldr `stã idkstgtugld pdr pcp`j pcrchgkcld d pr`spãk uk köij`d köij`d l` ng`rrd sgjgigd `j iucj `kvu`jv` ukc adagk adagkc c r`iuag`rtc idk mct`rgcj mct`rgcj idkluitdr (cjcmar` m mcbk`td), cbk`td), cgsjclcs `ktr` sí `j `madagkcld prgmcrgd d l` `ktrclc l` ku`strd trckshdrmcldr `s bru`sd y tg`k` pdics vu`jtcs, pcrc t`k`r t`k`r csí mãs rr`sgst`kigc `sgst`kigc ` gkt`ksglcl, p p`rd `rd pdid vdjtcf` , qu` `k `st` icsd `s l` 312 vdjtgds, l`spuçs l`t`itcmds `j `madagkcld s`iuklcrgd, `j iucj s` icrcit`rgzc pdr qu` tg`k` mcydr köm`rd l` vu`jtcs `k idmpcrcigùk cj prgmcrgd, `j cjcmar` mcbk`td `s mãs l`jbcld, jd qu` kds lcríc m`kds m`kds r`sgst`kigc ` gkt gkt`ksglcl, `ksglcl, p`rd muind mcydr vdjtcf`, l l` ` 1??? c 0??? vdjtgds y c 8? igijds d n`rtz (Nz),

 

 

 

 

Mct`rgcj`s6  -Pk trckshdrmcldr l` ndrkd l` m mgird gird dklcs idk ukc `ktrclc l` 31? vd vdjtgds jtgds y ukc scjglc l` 1??? vdjtgds. -Pkc acs` l` mcl`rc d pj`xgbjãs d ciríjgid pcrc mdktcf` -Lds tdrkgjjds pcrc mcl`rc - Lds cjcmar`s l` 20im l` jcrbd -Pkc hu`kt` l` pdl`r (act`rícs d uk trckshdrmcldr l` pcr`l qu` jgmgt` jc pdt`kigc) -Icaj` l` idar` bru`sd -Ijcvgfc -Ygjgidkc cgsjckt` y idmd p`bcm`ktd N`rrcmg`ktcs6 -Mujtím`trd -L`scrmcldr`s pjckds y l` iruz. -_gkzcs l` idrt` -_gkzcs l` `j`itrgigstc -@qugpd l` s`burglcl.

 Cndrc, jd prgm`rd qu` ngigmds hu` idk`itcr jc ijcvgfc c jds icaj`s c jcs `ktrclcs (adagkcld prgmcrgd) prgmcrgd) l`j trckshdrmcldr idk`itckld `k ukc l` jcs `kt `ktrclcs rclcs uk husgaj` pcrc trcacfcr idk mcydr s`burglcl, y `j s`iuklcrgd c ukc l` jcs t`rmgkcj`s qu` grãk idk`itclcs c jc scjglc l`j trckshdrmcldr l` cjtc t`ksgùk y jc dtrc l`a` gr idk`itclc c tg`rrc, qu` `k `st` icsd `s jc mgsmc icriczc l`j trckshdrmcldr. Cj hgkcj, jds jds `xtr`mds `xtr`mds idk`itclds s` jj`vcrck cj pcr l` cjcmar`s idkluitdr`s qu` kds s`rvgrãk idm idmd d ckt`kcs, jds iiucj`s ucj`s suf`tcmds c jc m mcl`rc cl`rc idm idmd d pu`l` das`rvcrs` `k `j `squ`mc.  Cndrc, ckt`s l` prdacr `j hukigdkcmg`ktd l`j cpcrctd s` tdmcrdk ig`rtcs m`lglcs l` s`burglcl, idmd utgjgzcr buckt`s, icjzcld zcpctds `sp`igcj`s, cl`mãs l` qu` s` idjdiù uk ijcvd idk uk pcjd l` `sidac l` 8? im.

 

 

Lgcbrcmc

 

CJGM@K\CIGDK L@ 312 XDJ\Y

IDK@IIGDK C \G@QQC

_QDW@I\D CPJC L@J BQP_D