Tesis de Grado: Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo

 

 

MXH]MJN X]WMY@DY WDJ@QÀHK@HN AM HC@EIDYN_D

FNH]JQNA AM H@MKH@NX WMH]NY@NX MXH]MJN AM @KBMK@MYÅN _DDQÀHK@HN

‚MVNJ]NH@ØK AMJ FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWØK@HD AM ENÅ_ P HMINAN, HDK A@FMYMKQMX ADX@X AM X@MEIYN WNYN JNX J NX MQNWNX AM HYMH@E@MKQD P MKBDYAM AM H]PMX―

QMX@X AM BYNAD Wrmv`n jn ditmkh`øk amj tåtujd am @KBMK@MYN _DDQMHK@XQN

N]QDY ENYÅN @XNIMJ BØEM_ C@ANJBD Y`dinein-Mhunadr 9772

 

Mstn Qms`s fum nprdinan pdr mj s`bu`mktm Qr`iuknj?

@kb. E. Xh. V`hmktm Qruo`jjd WYMX@AMKQM AMJ QY@I]KNJ

@kb. E.Hs. R`jfr`ad Hîpmjd Iîmz. A@YMHQDY

@kb. E.Xh. Imk`td Emkadzn Adkdsd. I@DEMQY@XQN

@kb. E.Hs. Ouj`d ]shn Eàkamz. NXMXDY

Y`dinein, >9 am Fmirmrd amj 9772.

 

 

NBYNAMH@E@MKQD

Nbrnamzhd n jn MXWDHC, n jn Fnhujtna am H`mkh`ns Wmhunr`ns, y n e` qumr`an Mshumjn am @kbmk`mrån _ddtàhk`hn pdr pmre`t`rem fdrenrem prdfms`dknjemktm. Am `bunj enkmrn n jds E`meirds amj Qr`iuknj< @kb. E.Hs. R`jfr`ad Hîpmjd< A`rmhtdr am Qms`s, @kb. E.Xh. Imk`td Emkadzn a.< I`demtr`stn, @kb. E.Hs. Ouj`d ]shn Eàkamz< Nsmsdr. Nsmsdr. Wdr su hdjnidrnh`øk mk jn hdkauhh`øk y rmnj`znh`øk amj prmsmktm trninod `kvmst`bnt`vd. `k vmst`bnt`vd. N tdads jds smþdrms prdfmsdrms, mepjmnads y trninonadrms am jn Fnhujtna, n e`s hdepnþmrds, ne`bds y ne`bns, Bu`jjmred V, Pnzeåk, Adr`s, Nk`tn qum hdjnidrnrdk mk jn rmnj`znh`øk am jn prmsmktm `kvmst`bnh`øk. ` kvmst`bnh`øk.

 

 

AMA@HNQDY@N

N A`ds tdadpdamrdsd qum em cn rmbnjnad jn brnh`n am e` snjua y v`an pnrn huje`knr mstm trninod. Hdk tdad e` nedr y drbujjd n e`s pnarms Hdrkmj`d Bøemz P Enkumj`tn C`anjbd, qu`mkms em npdynrdk `khdka`h`dknjemktm, pnrn hdkt`kunr mstua`nkad y em mksmþnrdk mj hne`kd pnrn supmrnrem. N e`s cmrenkds Kdre`tn, Kdre`tn, Y`hnrad, pdr su npdyd y hnr`þd, n e` sdir`kn @vdkkm qum tnk sdjd hdk sus r`sns y dhurrmkh`ns jjmkn am njmbrån e` v`an. N e` nenad mspdsd pdr mj nedr, hdkf`nkzn y hdeprmks`øk qum s`meprm em a`d aurnktm jn huje`knh`øk am mstm trninod. N e`s ne`bds pdr su npdyd y ne`stna s`khmrn.

ENY@N @XNIMJ

 

YMX]EMK

Mk jn Mstnh`øk Mxpmr`emktnj

Q]KXC@ am am jn FHW-MXWDHC, sm mv mvnjuø njuø jn

prdauhh`øk am Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd (FVC) am enåz y hminan mk 8 amks`anams am s`meirn 7.=7, 7.2= y > Lb Xme`jjn pdr inkamon (7,9=7 e 9), y su rmspumstn mk huyms enhcds mk jns mtnpns am hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram hdk pmsds nprdx`enanemktm `bunjms. `bunjms. Mk jn prdauhh`øk am FVC am hminan, hdk hdk jn amks`ana am s`meirn 7,= Lb sme`jjn / inkamon, sm sm dituvd enydr enydr rmka`e`mktd am 33.00 .00 lb FVC/ Lb sme`jjn, enydr hnkt`ana am entmr`n smhn smhn >1.18%. Jn emodr prdauhh`øk prdauhh`øk am FVC am enåz sm dituvd hdk jn amks`ana am s`meirn am >.7 Lb sme`jjn pdr inkamon, hdk uk rmka`e`mktd am 6.8= Lb FVC/ Lb sme`jjn y jn prdtmåkn ms supmr`dr hdk >9.>1%. Mj enydr pmsd njhnkznrdk jds huyms am jds trntne`mktds H7.2=, H7.=7 y H>.7, hdk 077.7, 338.88 y 36>.62 b rmspmht`vnemktm y bnknkh`ns am pmsd am 686.62, 67=.7 y 67=.7 b mk su dramk. Jds emodrms åka`hms am hdkvmrs`øk nj`emkt`h`n njhnkznrdk hdk jds trntne`mktds H7.=, H7.2= y H>.7 hdk åka`hms am 1.78, 8.08 y 8.08 puktds mk su dramk. Hdk jds trntne`mktds, H7.= y E E>.7 >.7 sm dituvd uk åka`hm njtd imkmf`h`d hdstd am >.92, qum rmsujtn euy s`bk`f`hnt`vd, mk prdauhh`øk am huyms. Xm rmhde`mkan ut`j`znr ukn amks`ana am s`meirn am 7.= Lb am hminan pdr inkamon y >.7 Lb am enåz pdr inkamon, pnrn jn prdauhh`øk am Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd, yn qum prmsmktnk jds emodrms rmka`e`mktds prdauht`vds tnktd am fdrrnom, hded pnrn jn nj`emktnh`øk am huyms mk jns mtnpns am hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram.

 

  NIXQYNHQ

Nt tcm mxpmr`emktnj stnt`dk Q]KXC@ df tcm FHW-MXWDHC tcm brmmk cyardpdk`h fdrnbm (FVC) prdauht`dk df df hdrk nka inrjmy w wns ns mvnjuntma `k tcrmm sdw`kb amks`t`ms 7.=7, 7.2= nka > Lb tcm smma pmr trny wns ( 7.9=7 e9 ) nka tcm rmspdksm `k enjms `k tcm brdw`kb nka fnttmk`kb stnbms y`mjama npprdx`entmjy mqunj wm`bcts. @k tcm FVC prdauht`dk df inrjmy w`tc n sdw`kb amks`ty df 7.= Lb smma / trny, tcm c`bcmst y`mja df 3.00 Lb FVC / Lb smma nka c`bcmr ary wntmr qunkt`ty >1.18 % wmrm ditn`kma. N c`bcmr FVC prdauht`dk df hhdrk drk wns ditn`kma w`tc tcm sdw sdw`kb `kb amks`ty df >.7 Lb smma pmr trny w`tc n y`mja df 6.8= Lb FVC / Lb smma nka n c`bcmr prdtm`k >9.>1 % tcm c`bcmst hnvy wm`bct wns nttn`kma w`tc trmntemkts H7.2=, H7.=7 nka H>.7 w`tc 077.7, 338.88 nka 36>.62 b rmspmht`vmjy nka wm`bct bn`ks df 686.62, 67=.7 nka 67=.7 `k tcm`r dramr. Qcm imst-fmma hdkvmrs`dk hdkvmrs`dk `kamxms `kamxms wmrm ditn`kma w`tc tcm trmntemkts H7.=, H7.2= nka H>.7 w`tc `kamxms df 1.78, 8.08 nka 8.08 pd`kts `k tcm`r dramr. R`tc R `tc trmntemkts H7.= nka E>.7, n c`bc imkmf`t-hdst `kamx wns ditn`kma wc`hc `s s`bk`f`hnkt `k tcm hnvy prdauht` prdauht`dk. dk. @t `s rmhdeemkama td usm n sdw`kb amks`ty df 7.= Lb inrjmy pmr trny nka >.7 Lb hdrk pmr trny fdr tcm brmmk cyardpdk`h fdrnbm prdauht`dk s`khm `t scdws tcm imst prdauht`vm y`mjas idtc df fdrnbm nka hnvy fmma`kb `k tcm t cm brdw`kb nka fnttmk`kb stnbms.

 

HDKQMK@AD Ymsuemk Nistrnht J`stn am Hunards J`stn am Brîf`hds J`stn am Nkmxds @. @KQYDA]HH@ØK @@. YMV@X@DK AM J@QMYNQ]YN N. MJ H]JQ@VD AM FDYYNOM FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWDK@HD I. FNHQDYMX NE NEI@MKQNJMX I@MKQNJMX ^]M @KFJ]PMK MK JN WYDA]H WYD A]HH@Ø H@ØK K AM FDYYN FDYYNOM OM VM VMYAM YAM C@AYDW C@AYDW K@HD K@HD >. Jn Juz 9. Jn Qmepmrnturn 8. Jn Dx`bmknh`øk 1. Fmrt`j`znh`øk Hnriøk`hn =. Cuemana Nei`mktnj H. HDEWDKMKQMX IÎX@HDX WNYN WNYN MJ MXQNIJMH@E@MKQD AMJ H]JQ@VD >. Mj @kvmrknamrd 9. Mstnktmråns 8. Ymh`p`mktms am hujt`vd d inkamons 1. X`stmen am r`mbd A. WYDHMXD AM WYDA]HH@ØK AMJ FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWØK@HD

Wîb. v v` v`` v``` `x > 8 8 1 1 = 6 2 2 3 3 3 0 0 >7

>. Xmjmhh`øk am jn Xm Xme`jjn e`jjn 9. Jnvnad y ams`kfmhh`øk am jn sme`jjn

>>

8. Wmrådad am edod y prmbmre`knh`øk prmbmre`knh`øk am jn sme`jjn n. F`s`djdbån am jn Wrdauhh`øk Wrdauhh`øk am Fdrr Fdrrnom nom Vmram C`ardpø C`ardpøk`hd k`hd i. Jn Bmre`knh`øk

>> >9 >9

(>). Nisdrh`øk amj nbun (9). Edv`j`znh`øk am kutr`mktms

>1 >1

>7

 

(8). Hrmh`e`mktd y a`fmrmkh`nh`øk 1. Mtnpn am Wrdauhh`øk (`k`h`d am r`mbds). =. Hdsmhcn y Ymk Ymka`e`mktd a`e`mktd amj Fd Fdrrnom rrnom M. AMKX@ANAMX AM X@MEIYN F. YMKA@E@MKQD B. VNJDYNH@ØK K]QY@Q@VN AMJ FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWDK@HD >. Nkîj`s`s am FVC am Enåz Enåz 9. Nkîj`s`s am FVC am Hminan Hminan C. MJ FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWDK@HD MK JN JN NJ@EMKQNH@DK NK@ENJ @. JN NJ@EMKQNH@ØK AMJ H]P >. Ymqumr`e`mktds kutr`t`vds amj huy pnrn hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram 9. Fdrrnoms ut`j`znads ut`j`znads mk jn nj`emktnh`øk amj huy 8. Mj Fdrrnom Vmram Vmram C`ardpøk`hd mk jn nj`emktnh`øk amj amj huy @@@. ENQMY@NJMX P EÀQDADX N. JDHNJ@_NH@ØK P A]YNH@ØK AMJ MSWMY@EMKQD I. HDKA@H@DKMX EMQMDYDJDB@HNX H. ]K@NAMX MSWMY@EMKQNJMX A. ENQMY@NJMX, M^]@WDX M @KXQNJNH@DKMX. M. QYNQNE@MKQD P A@XMÞD MSWMY@EMKQNJ F. B. C. >.

EMA@H@DKMX MSWMY@EMKQNJMX NKÎJ@X@X MXQNAÅXQ@HD P WY]MINX AM X@BK@F@HNKH@N WYDHMA@E@MKQD MSWMY@EMKQNJ Fnsm @ (Wrdauhh`øk am FVC am Enåz y Hminan)

9. Fnsm @@ (Vnjdrnh`øk Kutr`t`vn amj FVC) 8. Fnsm @@@ (N (Nj`emktnh`øk j`emktnh`øk am huyms hdk FVC) @V. YMX]JQNADX P A@XH]X@ØK N. WYDA]HH@DK AM FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWDK@HD (FVC) AM HMINAN I. WYDA]HH@DK A AM M FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWDK@HD (FVC) AM ENÅ_

>1 >= >6 >6 >2 >2 >2 >3 >3 97 97 9> 99 9= 9= 9= 96 96 93 8> 89 88 88 81 8= 86 86 19

 

H. VNJDYNH@DK K]QY@Q@VN AMJ FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWDK@HD (FVC) AM HMINAN A. VNJDYNH@DK K]QY@Q@VN AMJ FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWDK@HD (FVC) AM ENÅ_ M. MVN MVNJ]N J]NH@ H@ K WYDA]HQ WYDA]HQ@VN @VN AM H] H]PMX PMX HDK FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWDK@HD MQNWN AM HYMH@E@MKQD F. MVNJ]NH@DK WYDA]HQ@VN AM H]PMX HDK FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWDK@HD MQNWN AM MKBDYAM B. MVNJ]NH@DK WYDA]HQ@VN AM H]PMX HDK FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWDK@HD MQNWNX AM HYMH@E@MKQD-MKBDYAM

=7 =8

NJ@EM NJ@EMKQN KQNADX ADX (FVC) MK JN

=6

NJ@EMKQNADX (FVC) MK JN

=0

NJ@EMKQNADX (FVC) MK JNX

69

C. MVNJ]NH@DK MHDKDE@HN AM JN WYDA]HH@ØK AM H]PMX N INXM AM FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWØK@HD (FVC) MK JNX MQNWNX AM HYMH@E@MKQD-MKBDYAM V. HDKHJ]X@DKMX V@. YMHDEMKANH@DKMX V@@. J@QMYNQ]YN H@QNAN NKMSDX

2> 28 2= 26

 

J@XQN AM H]NAYDX Kd.

Wîb.  Wîb. 

>. HDKA@H@DKMX EMQMDYDJØB@HNX AM JN _DKN.

9=

9. MX^]MEN AMJ MSWMY@EMKQD WNYN WYDA]HH@ØK AM FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWØK@HD AM ENÅ_ P HMINAN

90

8. MX^]MEN AMJ MSWMY@EMKQD MK JN VNJDYNH@ØK K]QY@H@DKNJ AMJ FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWØK@HD AM ENÅ_ P HMINAN.

87

1. MX^]MEN AMJ MSWMY@EMKQD MK JN NJ@EMKQNH@ØK HDK FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWØK@HD N H]PMX MK JN MQNWN AM HYMH@E@MKQD P MKBDYAM

87

=. MX^]MEN AMJ NAMVN WNYN WYDA]HH@ØK AM FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWØK@HD AM ENÅ_ P HMINAN. 6. MX^]MEN AMJ NAMVN MK JN VNJDYNH@ØK K]QY@H@DKNJ AMJ FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWØK@HD AM ENÅ_ P HMINAN.

89 88

2. MX^]MEN AMJ NAMVN MK NJ NJ NJ@EMKQNH@ØK @EMKQNH@ØK HDK FDYYNOM VMYAM C@A C@AYDWØK@HD YDWØK@HD N H]PMX MK JN MQNWN AM HYMH@E@MKQD P MKBDYAM.

88

3. MVNJ]NH@ØK AM JN WYDA]HH@ØK AM FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWØK@HD AM HMINAN HDK JN ]Q@J@_NH@ØK AM A@FMYMKQMX ADX@X AM X@MEIYN.

82

0. MVNJ]NH@ØK AM JN WYDA]HH@ØK AM FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWØK@HD AM ENÅ_ HDK JN ]Q@J@_NH@ØK AM A@FMYMKQMX ADX@X AM X@MEIYN.

1=

>7. HDEWDX@H@ØK K]QY@Q@VN C@AYDWØK@HD AM HMINAN.

AMJ

FDYYNOM

VMYAM

=>

>>. HDEWDX@H@ØK K]QY@Q@VN C@AYDWØK@HD AM ENÅ_.

AMJ

FDYYNOM

VMYAM

=1

>9. MVNJ]NH@ØK WYDA]HQ@VN AM H]PMX NJ@EMKQNADX HDK FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWØK@HD MK JN MQNWN AM HYMH@E@MKQD

=2

>8. MVNJ]NH@ØK WYDA]HQ@VN AM H]PMX MK JN MQNWN AM MKBDYAM NJ@EMKQNADX HDK FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWØK@HD AM HMINAN P ENÅ_.

67

 

>1. MVNJ]NH@ØK WYDA]H WYDA]HQ@VN Q@VN AM H]PMX MK JNX MQNWNX MQNWNX AM HYMH@E@MKQD P MKBDYAM NJ@EMKQNADX HDK FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWØK@HD AM HMINAN P ENÅ_

68

>=. MVNJ]NH@ØK MHDKØE@HN AM JN WYDA]HH@ØK AM H]PMX MK JNX MQNWNX AM HYMH@E@MKQD P MKBDYAM N INXM AM FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWØK@HD.

29

 

J@XQN AM BYNF@HDX K¿.

Wîb.  Wîb. 

>. Wdrhmktnom am bmre`knh`øk am sme`jjn am Hminan, mk rmspumstn n jn ut`j`znh`øk am a`fmrmktms amks`anams am s`meirn (7.=, 7.2= y > Lb./ inkamon) pnrn jn prdauhh`øk am Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd. 9. Ymka`e`mktd am Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd am hminan mk Lb.am FVC/Lb. am sme`jjn, hded rmspumstn n jn ut`j`znh`øk am a`fmrmktms amks`anams am s`meirn (7.=7, 7.2=, y > Lb./inkamon). 8. Wdrhmktnom am bmre`knh`øk am sme`jjn am Enåz, mk rmspumstn rmspumstn n jn ut`j`znh`øk am a`fmrmktms amks`anams am s`meirn pnrn jn prdauhh`øk am Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd. 1

Ymka`e`mktd am Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd am Enåz mk Lb.am FVC/Lb. am sme`jjn, hded rmspumstn n jn ut`j`znh`øk am

a`fmrmktms amks`anams am s`meirn (7.=7, 7.2=, y > Lb./inkamon). =. Bnknkh`n am Wmsd Wmsd am huyms mk jns mtnpns am hrmh`e`mktdhrmh`e`mktdmkbdram, nktm jn nj`emktnh`øk hdk Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd am Enåz y Hminan hujt`vnad hdk a`fmrmktms amks`anams am s`meirn (7.=, 7.2= y > Lb./ inkamon). 6. Hdksued tdtnj am nj`emktd am huy huyms ms mk jns mtnpns am hrmh`e`mktd-mkbdram, nktm jn ut`j`znh`øk am Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd am Enåz y Hminan hujt`vnad hdk a`fmrmktms amks`anams am s`meirn (7.=, 7.2= y > Lb./ inkamon). 2. Hdkvmrs`øk nj`emkt`h`n am huyms mk jns mtnpns am hrmh`e`mktdmkbdram, nktm jn nj`emktnh`øk hdk Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd am Enåz y Hminan hujt`vnad hdk a`fmrmktms amks`anams am s`meirn (7.=, 7.2= y > Lb./ inkamon). 3. Ymka`e`mktd n jn Hnknj Hnknj am huyms nj ssnhr`f`h`d, nhr`f`h`d, nnktm ktm jn ut`j`z ut`j`znh`øk nh`øk am Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd am Enåz y Hminan Hminan hujt`vnad hhdk dk a`fmrmktms amks`anams am s`meirn (7.=, 7.2= y > Lb./ inkamon).

83

18

16

10

6=

62

60 27

 

J@XQN AM NKMSDX K¿. >. Ymsujtnads Mxpmr`emktnjms am jn prdauhh`øk am FVC am Hminan. 9. Ymsujtnads Mxpmr`em Mxpmr`emktnjms ktnjms am jn ut`j`znh`øk am FVC FVC mk huy huyms. ms. 8. Ymsujtnads Mxpmr`em Mxpmr`emktnjms ktnjms am jn prdauhh`øk am FVC am Enåz. Enåz. 1. Ymsujtnads Mxpmr`emk Mxpmr`emktnjms tnjms am jn ut`j`znh`øk am FVC mk huyms, mk jns Mtnpns am hrmh`e`mktd y Mkbdram. =. Nkîj`s`s am vnr`nkzn am jns a`fmrmktms vnr`nijms mvnjunans mk jn prdauhh`øk am Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd am Hminan. 6. Nkîj`s`s am vnr`nkzn am jns a`fmrmktms vnr`nijms mvnjunans mk jn prdauhh`øk am Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd am Enåz. 2. Nkîj`s`s am vnr`nkzn am jns a`fmrmktms vnr`nijms mvnjunans mk huyms mk jn mtnpn am Hrmh`e`mktd. 3. Nkîj`s`s am vnr`nkzn am jns a`fmrmktms vnr`nijms mvnjunans mk huyms mk jn mtnpn am Mkbdram. 0. Nkîj`s`s am vnr`nkzn am jn a`fmrmktms vnr`nijms mvnjunans mk huyms huyms mk jns mtnpns am Hrmh`e`mktd- Mkbdram >7. Hdrrmjnh`øk mktrm a`fmrmktms vnr`nijms mvnjunans mk jn prdauhh`øk am Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd am Hminan. >>. Hdrrmjnh`øk mktrm a`fmrmktms vnr`nijms mvnjunans mk jn prdauhh`øk am Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd am Hminan.

 

@. @KQYDA]HH@ØK Jn prdauhh`øk prdauhh`øk pmhunr`n mk jn nh nhtunj`ana, tunj`ana, rmqu`mrm am jn ut`j`znh`øk mf`h`mktm am hnan ukd am jds fnhtdrms am jn prdauhh`øk, y amktrd am hnan s`stmen am prdauhh`øk mj fukh`dkne`mktd namhunad am hnan ukd am sus hdepdkmktms, mktrm mjjds ukd am jds eîs `epdrtnktms ms jn nj`emktnh`øk nk`enj, pdr smr jn hjnvm amj àx`td d frnhnsd am jns mxpjdtnh`dkms pmhunr`ns, y rmprmsmktn uk vmranamrd rmtd mj amtmre`knr mj emodr eàtdad am nj`emktnh`øk ampmka`mkad am jn mspmh`m nk`enj y mj t`pd am mxpjdtnh`øk ut`j`znan. ]kn njtmrknt`vn `epdrtnktm am nj`emktd pnrn jds nhtunjms s`stmens sme`-`ktmks`vds m `ktmks`vds am jn prdauhh`øk pmhunr`n ms mj fdrrnom vmram c`ardpøk`hd qum ms mj rmsujtnad am ut`j`znr mj pdamr bmre`knt`vd am jds brnkds (hminan, enåz, tr`bd, mth.) mk mj hunj sm j`imrnk tdads jds kutr`mktms amj brnkd pnrn pmre`t`r qum jn pjnktn hrmzhn< nj mstnr tdads jds kutr`mktms j`imrnads, àstds mstîk `kema`ntnemktm a`spdk`ijms y a`bmr`ijms pnrn qum jds nk`enjms jd hdksuenk, nprdvmhcnkad am kutr`mktms iîs`hds kmhmsnr`ds, pnrn uk hrmh`e`mktd y amsnrrdjjd mf`h`mktms mk jns mspmh`ms zddtàhk`hns. Jn prdauhh`øk am huyms mk kumstrd pnås sm v`mkm amsnrrdjjnkad amsam cnhm euhcds nþds ntrîs, brnh`ns n jn ntmkh`øk dpdrtukn qum cn tmk`ad pdr pnrtm am njbukns drbnk`znh`dkms, hdks`amrîkadjn hded ukn mspmh`m qum cn pmre`t`ad sustmktni`j`ana, nameîs su hnrkm mk jn nhtunj`ana ms euy npmtmh`an pdr su njtd hdktmk`ad am prdtmåkn (97.8%) y inod k`vmj am brnsn (2.3%). Wdr dtrd jnad jds njtds hdstds am jds hdkhmktrnads y fdrrnoms mk bmkmrnj, cnhmk qum jn rmktni`j`ana am jn prdauhh`øk am huyms smn inon, pdr jd qum ms kmhmsnr`n jn iÿsquman am kumvns njtmrknt`vns qum pmre`tnk a`se`ku`r jds hdstds am nj`emktnh`øk y emodrnr mj pmrfdrenkhm prdauht`vd, pnrn am mstn enkmrn smr mf`h`mktms amktrd am uk eukad hnan aån eîs hdepmt`t`vd, pdr jd hunj mk jn prmsmktm `kvmst`bnh`øk, sm cn hdks`amrnad nj Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd hded ukn njtmrknt`vn nj`emkt`h`n mk jn prdauhh`øk am huyms, qum kds pmre`tn njhnkznr mf`h`mkh`n mk jn prdauhh`øk am mstn mspmh`m qum t`mkm brnk `epdrtnkh`n amsam mj puktd am v`stn mhdkøe`hd, sdh`nj y mhdjøb`hd amktrd amj hdktmxtd knh`dknj.

 

Am nhumrad n jds nktma`hcds, jn prmsmktm `kvmst`bnh`øk mstî mkhne`knan n amtmre`knr jn emodr njtmrknt`vn prdauht`vn mk hunktd n amks`anams am s`meirn am hmrmnjms pnrn jn prdauhh`øk am Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd y su pdstmr`dr vnj`anh`øk mk jn nj`emktnh`øk am huyms mk jns mtnpns am hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram, pdr jd qum sm pjnktmnrdk jds s`bu`mktms diomt`vds? >. Amtmre`knr jn amks`ana am s`meirn øpt`en am hminan y enåz pnrn uk eny enydr dr rmka`e`mktd am Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd. 9. Mvnjunr jn hnj`ana kutr`t`vn am Fdrrnom Vmr Vmram am C`ardpøk`hd, C`ardpøk`hd, mk fukh`øk am jn amks`ana am s`meirn mepjmnan. 8. Hdepnrnr jds pnrîemtrds prdauht`vds am huyms hdk jn ut`j`znh`øk am Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd hujt`vnad hdk a`fmrmktms amks`anams am s`meirn, mk jns mtnpns am hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram. 1. Nknj`znr hdstds am prdauhh`øk amj Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd mk jn nj`emktnh`øk am huyms huyms mk jns mtnpns am hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram.

 

@@. YMV@X@DK AM J@QMYNQ]YN N.

MJ H]JQ@VD AM FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWDK@HD

cttp?//www.fdrrnomc`ardpdk`hd.hde. (9779), mxpdkm qum ms ukn tàhk`hn am prdauhh`øk nbråhdjn mk jn qum sm hujt`vn s`k sumjd y adkam jds mjmemktds kutr`t`vds sdk mktrmbnads mk ukn sdjuh`øk jåqu`an. Mj tàre`kd "c`ardpdkån" t`mkm su dr`bmk mk jns pnjnirns br`mbns "c`ard" qum s`bk`f`hn nbun y "pdkds" qum s`bk`f`hn trninod. D smn "trninod mk nbun".   Jn C`ardpdkån ms mj nrtm am hujt`vnr pjnktns s`k usnr sumjd nbråhdjn.   Xdk hujt`vds s`k sumjd, mstm ms rmmepjnznad pdr uk sustrntd `kmrtm adkam jds kutr`mktms (mj nj`emktd) qum kmhms`tn jn pjnktn pnrn v`v`r y prdauh`r sdk  

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mktrmbnads mk mj r`mbd. Qnei`àk sdk hujt`vds c`ardpøk`hds nqumjjds qum sm hujt`vnk mk nbun hdk kutr`mktm.   Mk uk s`stmen c`ardpøk`hd sm pumam hujt`vnr tdad t`pd am pjnktns hded pdr momepjd, cdrtnj`zns, fjdrms, pnstd pnrn fdrrnom, pjnktns drknemktnjms, hdka`emktds, pjnktns ema`h`knjms y cnstn hnhtus.  hnhtus. 

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Mj Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd ms mj rmsujtnad amj prdhmsd am bmre`knh`øk am brnkds am hmrmnjms, hded jn hminan, tr`bd, nvmkn y enåz. Mj hunj sm amsnrrdjjn mk uk pmrådad am >7 n >9 aåns, hnptnkad mkmrbån amj sdj y ns`e`jnkad jds e`kmrnjms hdktmk`ads mk ukn sdjuh`øk kutr`t`vn. Xnepmr`d, B (>002), enk`f`mstn qum mj Fdrrnom Vmram C`ard C`ardpøk`hd pøk`hd ms mj rmsujtnad amj prdhmsd am bmre`knh`øk am brnkds am hmrmnjms d jmbue`kdsns (enåz, sdrbd, hminan) qum sm rmnj`zn aurnktm uk pmrådad am 0 n >= aåns, hnptnkad mkmrbån amj sdj y ns`e`jnkad jds e`kmrnjms am jn sdjuh`øk kutr`t`vn. Mktrm njbukns am jns vmktnons am mstm t`pd am fdrrnom mstîk jns s`bu`mktms?  s`bu`mktms?    Mj fdrrnom C`ardpøk`hd ms tdtnjemktm a`fmrmktm n jds nj`emktds trna`h`dknjms

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(pnstds-njfnjfns-tràidjms-cmkds), yn qum mj nk`enj hdksuem jns pr`emrns cdons vmrams (pnrtm nàrmn), jds rmstds am jn sme`jjn y jn zdkn rna`hujnr, qum hdkst`tuymk ukn hdepjmtn føreujn am hnridc`arntds, nzÿhnrms y prdtmåkns.

 

  Xu nspmhtd, nspmhtd, hdjdr, snidr y tmxturn jm hdkf`mrmk brnk pnjntni`j`ana, pnjntni`j`ana, n jn vmz qum nuemktnk jn ns`e`jnh`øk am dtrds nj`emktds pdr pnrtm amj nk`enj.

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  Mj usd am F.V.C. pumam mv`tnr jn kmhms`ana am v`tne`kns s`ktàt`hns y hunjqu`mr dtrd supjmemktd kutr`t`vd, yn qum tdans jns v`tne`kns sm prmsmktnk j`irms y sdjuijms, jd qum kd dhurrm hdk mj brnkd smhd.  smhd. 

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  Mf`h`mkh`n mk mj usd am mspnh`d mspnh`d y enydr prdauhh`øk prdauhh`øk am fdrrnom, pumstd qum qum mj s`stmen am prdauhh`øk am FVC pumam smr `kstnjnad mk eøaujds y hnan l`jdbrned am sme`jjn prdauhm am 2 n 0 l`jdbrneds am FVC.  FVC. 

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  Mf`h`mkh`n mk mj t`mepd am prdauhh`øk, yn qum jn hdsmhcn sm rmnj`zn >7 n >= aåns.   aåns.

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  Ncdrrd am nbun, nbun, pumstd qum ut`j`znk jn qu`ktn pnrtm am nbun qum jn am uk hujt`vd hdkvmkh`dknj.  hdkvmkh`dknj. 

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  @kdhu`ana, rmprmsmktn rmprmsmktn uk fdrrnom j`ep`d s`k jn prmsmkh`n am cdkbds cdkbds m `ksmhtds.

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  Hdk mj usd am FVC ssmm cnk ditmk`ad mx mxhmjmktms hmjmktms rmsujtnads rmsujtnads mk jn nj`emktnh`øk nj`emktnh`øk am vnhukds, pdrh`kds, hnpr`kds y hdkmods.

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I.

FNHQDYMX NEI@MKQNJMX ^]M @KFJ]PMK MK JN WYDA]HH@ØK AM FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWØK@HD

>. Jn Juz Xnepmr`d, B (>002), `ka`hn qum jn juz ms uk fnhtdr `ka`spmksnijm pnrn mj iumk amsnrrdjjd am jns pjnktns, pums ms jn mkmrbån qum kmhms`tnk pnrn rmnj`znr jn fdtdsåktms`s, pdr ema`d am jn hunj jdbrnk jjmvnr n hnid sus a`fmrmktms mtnpns am amsnrrdjjd, amsam su hrmh`e`mktd cnstn su prdauhh`øk. Mstd sm hdeprumin mk jn mxpmr`mkh`n am tdads jds aåns, hunkad hnrmhm am juz, jns pjnktns sm `khj`knk pr`emrnemktm cnh`n jn fumktm qum jn prdauhm, jumbd jds tnjjds sm ami`j`tnk, jns cdons pnj`amhmk y sm tdrknk qumirna`zns, sm amt`mkm su hrmh`e`mktd y pumamk edr`r. Xm jjnen fdtdtrdp`sed n jn hnpnh`ana qum t`mkm jn pjnktn pnrn dr`mktnr sus cdons y a`r`b`r su hrmh`e`mktd cnh`n jn fumktm am juz. Juz a`rmhtn ms jn mkmrbån qum mk fdren am rnyds sdjnrms hnm a`rmhtnemktm j`irm jns pjnktns. Juz `ka`rmhtn, ms hunkad jds rnyds am mkmrbån kd jjmbnk a`rmhtnemktm n jn pjnktn,

 

s`kd qum sdjd jjmbn n mjjn jn jue`kds`ana qum prdauhm mstds rnyds, qum pumamk smr amj sdj d am juz nrt`f`h`nj. Mstm t`pd am juz sm jjnen juz ema`n, y hdkfdrem jds rnyds sm njmonk, jn jue`kds`ana sm sm vn ami`j`tnkad. Mstn juz sm jjnen juz aài`j, y n ema`an qum mstd dhurrm s`rvm emkds n h`mrtd t`pd am pjnktns, nukqum pnrn dtrns ms mxhmjmktm. Juz f`jtrnan ms nqumjjn qum jjmbn n jds hujt`vds n trnvàs am pnrmams trnksjÿh`ans. Hunkad ms n trnvàs am uk v`ar`d, mstd kd pmre`tm mj pnsd am jds rnyds ujtrnv`djmtns, pmrd s` mj pnsd am jds rnyds `kfrnrrdods, jd qum prdauhm ukn juz amsinjnkhmnan (jd qum kd qu`mrm amh`r qum tnj t`pd am juz kd s`rvn pnrn kumstrd prdpøs`td). Jns pjnktns kmhms`tnk, hded tàre`kd ema`d, am 0 n >9 cdrns am juz a`nr`nemktm. Wmrd tnei`àk, nj `bunj qum jds smrms cuenkds, rmqu`mrmk am uk pmrådad am amshnksd jmtnrbd pdr jn kdhcm. X`k meinrbd, hunkad sm prmtmkam nhmjmrnr uk hujt`vd, sm jms amim prdvmmr aurnktm jns cdrns kdhturkns am ukn iumkn `jue`knh`øk hdkt`kun. Mk jds mspnh`ds pnrn hujt`vds sm rmhde`mkan ut`j`znr hdjdrms hjnrds, pums jds hdjdrms dishurds nisdrimk jn juz. Mj hdjdr ijnkhd, mk mspmh`nj, prdauhm juz `ktmksn, pums jn rmfjmon tdan. Jn hdjdhnh`øk am jns jîepnrns fjudrmshmktms sm nhdksmon n ukn a`stnkh`n am 17he. nprdx`enanemktm am jn pjnktn, hunkad sdk am >= n 9= vdjt`ds. Mk hnsd am qum sm usmk tuids am >77 vdjt`ds, sm amim hdjdhnrjns n ukds 67 he< y s` jn jîepnrn ms am 9=7 vdjt`ds, vdjt`ds, kd sm amimrî pdk pdkmr mr n emkds am 2= he am a`stnkh`n. a`stnkh`n. E`mktrns qum hunkad sm ut`j`hmk jîepnrns am juz emrhur`nj am 9=7 vdjt`ds, jn a`stnkh`n cnirî am smr smr am >,9 n >,= emtrds. Jds hujt`vds am fdjjnom, nukqum mstm smn niukanktm, kmhms`tnk am >7 n >9 cdrns am juz am aån d nrt`f`h`nj. Jn aurnh`øk amj amj aån d fdtdpmrådad `kfjuym sdirm mj amsnrrdjjd vmbmtnt`vd. vmbmtnt`vd. Jn juz sdjnr kd amim smr mxhms`vn, yn qum hnusnk qumenzøk mk jns pjnktns, pr`kh`pnjemktm mk jns inkamons supmr`drms. 9. Jn Qmepmrnturn Xnepmr`d, B (>002), enk`f`mstn qum dtrd am jds fnhtdrms qum `kh`amk am fdren amf`k`t`vn mk jn v`an am jns pjnktns< nukqum mstns smbÿk su hjnsm y vnr`mana,

 

prmsmktnk a`fmrmktms rmqumr`e`mktds am hnjdr. Bmkmrnjemktm jns pjnktns sm amsnrrdjjnk i`mk mktrm jds>3 y 91 ¿H, tmepmrnturn qum hd`kh`am hdk jn tmepmrnturn nei`mktm qum sumjmk bunranr jns hnsns cni`tnh`øk. Jns pjnktns rms`stmk jds hnei`ds am tmepmrnturn sdjd s` sdk eåk`eds< s` mstds sdk irushds pumamk anþnrsm smr`nemktm. Hdks`amrneds njtmrnh`dkms irushns am am tmepmrnturn hunkad hunkad cni cnijneds jneds am 3 n>7 ¿H am a`fmrmkh`n rmspmhtd am su tmepmrnturn cni`tunj. Nukqum jns pjnktns qum sm mkhumktrnk pmrenkmktmemktm mk tmepmrnturns inons, sdpdrtnk emodr àj fr`ø. Jn enydrån am jns pjnktns, s`k meinrbd rms`stmk eîs mj hnjdr. Jns tmepmrnturns mxtrmens nfmhtnk mj rnkbd am nanptnh`øk y jn a`str`iuh`øk am jns mspmh`ms, amim smr jd ens hdkstnktm pds`ijm< uk mxhmsd am tmepmrnturn pumam hnusnr cdkbds y ukn tmepmrnturn inon rmtnran mj hrmh`e`mktd. 8. Jn Dx`bmknh`øk Xnepmr`d, B. (>002), a`hm qum ms euy `epdrtnktm yn qum n trnvàs am mstn rmnj`zn jn fukh`øk am trnkspdrtnr kutr`mktms y nhueujnr mjmemktds aamktrd mktrd am su s`stmen hmjujnr. Mj dx`bmkd nj dx`anr jds e`kmrnjms, sm hdkv`mrtm mk mj hntnj`znadr pnrn pnrn bmkmrnr jn mkmrbån emtniøj`hn ema`nktm su s`stmen am rmsp`rnh`øk rna`h rna`hujnr. ujnr. Wnrn su hdrrmhtd fukh`dkne`mktd, jns rnåhms ampmkamk fukanemktnjemktm am ukn øpt`en dfmrtn am dxåbmkd, pums am jd hdktrnr`d, nukqum sm jms npdrtn jds kutr`mktms namhunads, sm tmkarî uk hujt`vd prmhnr`d d mk hnsds eîs brnvms pdarîk edr`r jns rnåhms mk ukn pnjnirn kmhms`tnk rmsp`rnr. Mk jn tàhk`hn c`ardpøk`hn mk mj hnsd am fdrrnoms, ukn fdren knturnj smrån hdjdhnr hmrhn amj s`stmen am r`mbd uk "pnsd irutd" d hnshnan am jn sdjuh`øk kutr`t`vn, pnrn qum nj hnmr, prdvdqum prdvdqum su dx`bmknh`øk. dx`bmknh`øk. Wmrd mstn vmjdh`ana vmjdh`ana am hnåan hnåan kd amim jjmbnr nj hdktmkmadr, pums jn vmjdh`ana am h`rhujnh`øk pnrn nj`emktnh`øk am jns pjnktns amim smr jmktn. jmktn. Qnei`àk pumams usnr uk tuid n jd jnrbd jnrbd am tu hdktmkmadr hdktmkmadr,, hdk pmrfdrnh`dkms am 9 ee am a`îemtrd y a`stnkh`nans ukns am dtrns n 97 he nprdx`enanemktm y hdk ukn prms`øk eåk`en am 1 y = lb. Qnei`àk sm jdbrn iumkn

 

dx`bmknh`øk n k`vmj adeàst`hd, s` sm usn ukn idein pmqumþn am jns qum sm mepjmnk mk jds nhunr`ds. N k`vmj ema`nkd y hdemrh`nj sm rmhde`mkan ut`j`znr ukn idein am rmh`rhujnh`øk mk mj tnkqum e`sed, qum nameîs am prdpdrh`dknr ukn pmrfmhtn dx`bmknh`øk, kd pmre`tm jn sma`emktnh`øk y hdktr`iuym n mv`tnr jn hrmnh`øk am njbns. Wnrn mstm k`vmj am hujt`vd sm pumam hdjdhnr amktrd amj tnkqum, hdk jn sdjuh`øk kutr`t`vn, ukns nspns am enamrn d am nhmrd `kdx`anijm, pnrn qum edv`ans pdr uk tuid rmauhtdr, bmkmrmk ukn turiujmkh`n qum hnpturm mj dx`bmkd nei`mktnj, jdbrnkad nså jds e`seds rmsujtnads qum hdk jn idein am rmh`rhujnh`øk. 1. Fmrt`j`znh`øk Hnriøk`hn But`àrrmz, mt nj (9777), a`hmk qum ms `ka`spmksnijm ukn iumkn n`rmnh`øk pnrn ditmkmr mj `ktmrhnei`d bnsmdsd. Am nhumrad hdk mj s`t`d mk qum sm vnyn n hdkstru`r mj `kvmrknamrd, cny qum tmkmr mk humktn mstds fnhtdrms pnrn nadptnr jds hdrrmht`vds kmhmsnr`ds. Xnb`, J (>026), `ka`hn qum mj hdktmk`ad knturnj am HD9 mk mj nei`mktm amj `kvmrknamrd sumjm smr mk euhcns dhns`dkms `ksuf`h`mktm pnrn njhnkznr ukn mjmvnan ns`e`jnh`øk y hrmh`e`mktd, dhurrm mstd pr`kh`pnjemktm mk jns pjnktns hdk euhcd fdjjnom y am rîp`ad hrmh`e`mktd. =. Cuemana Nei`mktnj But`àrrmz, mt nj (9777), enk`f`mstnk qum ms am brnk `epdrtnkh`n pnrn prdhurnr hdka`h`dkms am ns`e`jnh`øk namhunans, yn qum momrhm ukn `kfjumkh`n a`rmhtn mk mj trninod qum amsmepmþnk jns cdons. Amim cnimr ukn cuemana hmrhnkn nj >77% pnrn nsmburnr uk namhunad amsnrrdjjd amj s`stmen rna`hujnr. Jns rna`hujns am jns pjnktns oøvmkms sdk `khnpnhms `khnpnhms am hrmhmr mk nei`mktm smhds. smhds. Hded mj hujt`vd am F.V.C. ms uk hujt`vd n rnåz amskuan, ms amh`r s`k sustrntd, sm amimrî rmnj`znr mk ukn nei`mktm hdk ukn ukn njtn cuemana rmjnt`v rmjnt`vn, n, pdr mkh`en amj 3=%. Mstn cuemana sm hdks`bum hdk jn frmhumkh`n am jds r`mbds y am jn mvnpdtrnksp`rnh`øk am jns pjnktns. But`àrrmz, mt nj (9777), enk`f`mstnk qum pnrn prdhurnr jns eîs namhunans

 

hdka`h`dkms am ns`e`jnh`øk ms am brnk `epdrtnkh`n mj sdstmk`e`mktd am ukn cuemana nei`mktm suf`h`mktm, pumstd qum mstn momrhm ukn `kfjumkh`n a`rmhtn mk mj trninod qum amsmepmþnk jds mstdens. Hnsd am kd mx`st`r suf`h`mktm cuemana nei`mktm kd smrån pds`ijm jn nisdrh`øk am HD9, y pdr jd tnktd kd tmkarån jubnr jn ns`e`jnh`øk. H. HDEWDKMKQMX IÎX@HDX WNYN MJ MXQNIJMH@E@MKQD AMJ H]JQ@VD >. Mj @kvmrknamrd But`àrrmz, mt nj (9777), smþnjn qum mj `kvmrknamrd amimrî hdkstru`rsm am nhumrad hdk jn hnkt`ana am fdrrnom qum sm qu`mrn prdauh`r a`nr`nemktm, amonkad uk enrbmk am smbur`ana. Xm snim qum 1 e 9 sdk suf`h`mktms pnrn prdauh`r >= lb pdr aån am fdrrnom. Am nhumrad n jn ui`hnh`øk, amim mstnr hmrhn nj mstnijd, pnrn fnh`j`tnr mj sue`k`strd am fdrrnom n jds nk`enjms, su enkmod, hdktrdj y supmrv`s`øk hdkstnktm, tnei`àk ampmkamrî am jn fukh`dknj`ana am jns `kstnjnh`dkms am nbun y juz. juz. Mk hj`ens fråds hdk mj f`k am rmbujnr jn tmepmrnturn, mspmh`njemktm mk cdrns am jn kdhcm, sm cn am hdkstru`r uk `kvmrknamrd cmreàt`hd y hdk adijm pnrma am pjîst`hd. Mj p`sd, ms prmfmr`ijm qum smn am hdkhrmtd, yn qum pdr jn frmhumkh`n am r`mbds y njtn cuemana rmjnt`vn ms eîs fukh`dknj pnrn mv`tnr mkhcnrhne`mktds, prdj`fmrnh`øk am cdkbds y mkfmremanams, ms `amnj pnrn uk hdrrmhtd enkmod snk`tnr`d am jn mxpjdtnh`øk. 9. Mstnktmråns But`àrrmz, mt nj (9777), `ka`hn qum hdeprmkam tdan jn mstnktmrån pnrn sdpdrtnr jns inkamons mk qum sm vn cn hujt`vnr mj fdrrnom y pumam smr am enamrn, emtnj, WVH. Xu njturn amim smr tnj qum dfrmzhn hdeda`ana mk jns a`fmrmktms jnidrms amj hujt`vd. Hnan eøaujd tmkarî pmka`mktms jdkb`tua`knjms y trnksvmrsnjms pnrn pmre`t`r mj armknom am jn sdjuh`øk kutr`t`vn mk tdads jds smkt`ads.

 

Bmkmrnjemktm sm hdkstruymk eøaujds am 1 n 6 k`vmjms, smpnrnads mktrm s` pdr hnjjms am > e. pnrn fnh`j`tnr jns jnidrms am s`meirn, hdsmhcn y nsmd. Jds k`vmjms vnk smpnrnads mktrm s` hnan =7 he y mj pr`emr k`vmj a`stn 87 he amj sumjd, hnan k`vmj amim tmkmr ukn pmka`mktm amj >7% pnrn armknr jn sdjuh`øk sdirnktm am jns inkamons. Hc`r`idbn, C (977>), smþnjn qum jn ms mstruhturn truhturn adkam hrmhm hrmhmkk ms s`epjm, inkamon am pjîst`hd kmbrd, qum amimk mstnr hdjdhnans hdk ukn pmqumþn `khj`knh`øk, pnrn mv`tnr qum mj nbun sm mkhcnrqum y sm fdremk cdkbds. 8. Ymh`p`mktms am am hujt`vd d inkamons But`àrrmz, mt nj (9777), enk`f`mstn qum sdk jds rmh`p`mktms qum sm usnk pnrn hdjdhnr jn sme`jjn pnrn mj amsnrrdjjd amj hujt`vd, pumam smr am a`fmrmktms entmr`njms, hded nsimstd-hmemktd, jîe`kn bnjvnk`znan, f`irn am v`ar`d, entmr`nj pjîst`hd d fdrenjmtns am enamrn hui`mrtns am pdj`mt`jmkd. Xus ema`ans vnrånk am 17 n 67 he. am nkhcd y 37 n >97 he am jnrbd, prdfuka`ana ms am 9 n = he. 1. X`stmen am r`mbd Xnepmr`d, B (>002), smþnjn qum mx`stmk vnr`ds s`stmens pnrn prdpdrh`dknr n jn pjnktn jn cuemana cuemana y nj`emktd nj`emktd qum rmqu`m rmqu`mrm rm pnrn ukn prdauhh`øk øpt`en. Mk jn tàhk`hn am hujt`vd c`ardpøk`hd, amshr`i`rmeds jns fdrens eîs fîh`jms, usunjms y mhdkøe`hns am cnhmrjd. cnhmrjd. Jds s`stmens eîs uusunjms sunjms sdk?   Y`mbd pdr nspmrs`øk supmrf`h`nj.

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  Y`mbd pdr bdtmd.

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  Y`mbd pdr sui`rr`bnh`øk.

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  Y`mbd pdr hnp`jnr`ana.

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Mj r`mbd pdr nspmrs`øk supmrf`h`nj ms rmhdemkanijm pnrn `kstnjnh`dkms adeàst`hns, d hunkad kd sm a`spdkm am ideins mjàhtr`hns d am bnsdj`kn, y sm prmf`mrm mj r`mbd enkunj. Wnrn `rr`bnr, `rr`bnr, sm pumam ut`j`znr ut`j`znr ukn rmbnamrn enkunj d njbÿk dtrd rmh`p`mktm qum jn sust`tuyn. sust`tuyn. Mk mstm s`stmen sm pumam d kd rmh`hjnr jn sdjuh`øk sdjuh`øk

 

kutr`t`vn, s` cn s` jd amsmnrî instnrî hhdk dk hdjdhnr uk rmh`p`mktm aminod amj tuid d nbuomrd am amsnbúm amj hdktmkm hdktmkmadr. adr. P pnrn rmbnr, sm pumam mepjmnr ukn rmbnamrn enkunj d njbÿk uutmks`j`d tmks`j`d qum supjnktm n mstn. Ms euy `epdrtnktm qum nj rmhdbmr jn sdjuh`øk kutr`t`vn, sm tnpm am `kema`ntd prdtmb`àkadjn am jds rnyds amj sdj pnrn smr usnan mj aån s`bu`mktm, hunkad sm vnyn nbrmbnkad jn hnkt`ana am nbun knturnj qum vn emrenkad, pumstd qum jns pjnktns hdksuemk ens nbun qum kutr`mktms. Mj r`mbd amim cnhmrsm pdr jn enþnkn, mktrm jns 6 y jns >7 n.e. d i`mk pdr jn tnram, mktrm jns = y jns 2 p.e. Mstd ms pdr qum s` ssmm r`mbn mj hhujt`vd ujt`vd hunkad jn tmepmrnturn nei`mktm ms euy mjmvnan, sm hdrrm mj r`msbd am qum jns pjnktns sm qumemk, pums yn sm snim qum hunkad cnhm euhcd hnjdr, mj prdhmsd am mvnpdrnh`øk ms ens `ktmksd. Xîkhcmz, O (>039), `ka`hn qum mj r`mbd am jns inkamons am hrmh`e`mktd FVC amim rmnj`znrsm sdjd n trnvàs am e`hrd nspmrsdrms, kmiuj`znadrms, y cnstn hdk ukn smkh`jjn pujvmr`znadrn d "edhc`jn" am enkd. Mj r`mbd pdr `kukanh`øk kd ms rmhdemkanad anad qum hnusn bmkmrnjemktm mxhmsds am nbun qum mst`eujnk jn nsf`x`n rna`hujnr, ntnqum am cdkbds y puar`h`dkms qum pumamk hnusnr `khjus`vm jn pàra`an tdtnj amj hujt`vd. A. WYDHMXD AM WYDA]HH@ØK AMJ AMJ FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWØK@HD >. Xmjmhh`øk am jn Xme`jjn Xnepmr`d, B (>002), Nktm tdad, sm amim smjmhh`dknr hu`anadsnemktm jn sme`jjn, ntmka`mkad n qum jds brnkds mstàk mstàk mk iumk mstna mstnadd (k` rdtds, k` enjtrntnads) y, y, pnrt`hujnremktm, n qum kd cnynk s`ad trntnads hdk pmst`h`ans d prdauhtds tøx`hds. But`àrrmz, mt nj (9777), @ka`hn qum jn cuemana am jn sme`jjn amim mstnr mk uk >9% y amim cnimr tmk`ad uk rmpdsd pnrn qum huepjn hdk jds rmqu`s`tds am enaurmz f`s`djøb`hn. Jns mspmh`ms ens mepjmnads sdk mj enåz, hminan, sdrbd y ÿjt`enemktm sm mstn mxpmr`emktnkad hdk nrrdz.

 

9. Jnvnad y ams`kfmhh`øk am jn sme`jjn But`àrrmz, mt nj (9777), enk`f`mstn qum sm `kukan mj brnkd mk uk tnkqum d rmh`p`mktm, hdk mj f`k am rmt`rnr tdad mj entmr`nj qum fjdtm, hded jnkns, insurn, brnkds pnrt`ads y hunjqu`mr dtrd t`pd am `epurmzns. Ydaråbumz, N (977>), enk`f`mstn qum jns sme`jjns amimk jnvnrsm y ams`kfmhtnrsm hdk ukn sdjuh`øk am c`pdhjdr`td am sda`d nj > % (a`juymkad >7 e`j`j`trds am c`pdhjdr`td am sda`d pdr hnan j`trd am am nbun). Mj jnvnad t`mkm pdr diomtd mj`e`knr cdkbds y inhtmr`ns hdktne`knktms, j`imrnrjns am rms`auds y amonrjns i`mk j`ep`ns. Mj t`mepd qum amoneds jns sme`jjns mk jn sdjuh`øk am c`pdhjdr`td kd amim smr emkdr n 87 smbukads k` mxhmamr am jds trms e`kutds. e`kutds. Mj amonr jns sme`jjns euhc euhcdd eîs t`mepd pumam pmroua`hnr jn v`ni`j`ana am jns e`sens. F`knj`znad mj jnvnad prdhmamrmeds n uk mkounbum r`burdsd am jns sme`jjns hdk nbun j`ep`n. 8. Wmrådad am edod y prmbmre`knh`øk am jn sme`jjn Xnepmr`d, B (>002), enk`f`mstn qum hded mk hunjqu`mr hujt`vd huyn prdauhh`øk sm prmtmkam nhmjmrnr, amspuàs am jnvnr jn sme`jjn hdk nbun j`ep`n knturnj, sm enktmkarî mk rmedod aurnktm = n >7 cdrns mk uk rmh`p`mktm hdk nbun t`i`n (mktrm 9> y 9= ¿H). N hdkt`kunh`øk sm snhnk y sm hdjdhnk mk ukn hnon d hdktmkmadr, mk mj hunj sm `k`h`nrî jn nht`v`ana mkz`eît`hn amktrd am jn sme`jjn. ]kn vmz qum cnynk amspuktnad jds irdtms (nj hunrtd aån nprdx`enanemktm), sm hdjdhnrnk mk hcnrdjns am =7 n 37 he. C`anjbd, J (>03=), smþnjn qum mstn mtnpn hdks`stm mk hdjdhnr jns sme`jjns amktrd am ukn idjsn am tmjn y suemrb`rjns hdepjmtnemktm mk nbun j`ep`n pdr uk pmr`dad kd enydr n jns 91 cdrns, pnrn jdbrnr ukn hdepjmtn `kc`i`h`øk. Mstm t`mepd jd a`v`a`rmeds n su vmz mk ads pmr`dads am >9 cdrns hnan ukd. N jns >9 cdrns am mstnr jns sme`jjns suemrb`ans prdhmameds n snhnrjns y drmnrjns aurnktm ukn cdrn. Nhtd smbu`ad jn suemrb`eds kumvnemktm pdr >9 cdrns pnrn f`knjemktm rmnj`znrjms mj ÿjt`ed drmnad. Ema`nktm ms mstm tm fîh`j prdhmsd mstneds mstneds `kauh`mkad `kauh`mkad jn rîp`an bmre`knh`øk am jn sme`jjn n trnvàs amj mståeujd qum mstneds mfmhtunkad n su meir`øk. Ms `epdrtnktm ut`j`znr suf`h`mktm hnkt`ana am nbun pnrn huir`r

 

hdepjmtnemktm jns sme`jjns y n rnzøk am uk eåk`ed am 7,3 n > j`trd am nbun pdr hnan l`jd am sme`jjn. C`anjbd, J (>03=), `ka`hn qum rmnj`znads jds pnsds prmv`ds sm prdhmamrî n jn s`meirn amf`k`t`vn am jns sme`jjns mk jns inkamons am prdauhh`øk. Wnrn mjjd sm a`str`iu`rî uk amjbnan hnpn am sme`jjns prmbmre`knans, jn hunj kd amimrî sdirmpnsnr jds >,= he. am njturn d mspmsdr. Jumbd am jn s`meirn sm hdjdhn pdr mkh`en am jns sme`jjns ukn hnpn am pnpmj pmr`øa`hd mj hunj tnei`àk sm edon. Wdstmr`dremktm tnpneds tdad hdk uk pjîst`hd kmbrd rmhdrankad qum jns sme`jjns amimk mstnr mk sme`-dshur`ana mk mj jnpsd am t`mepd qum trnkshurrm amsam jn s`meirn cnstn su bmre`knh`øk d irdtnh`øk. ]kn vmz amtmhtnan jn irdtnh`øk hdepjmtn am jns sme`jjns rmt`rneds mj pjîst`hd kmbrd y mj pnpmj. n. F`s`djdbån am jn Wrdauhh`øk am Fdrr Fdrrnom nom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd Mj meir`øk am jn futurn pjnktn, amsp`mrtn am su v`an jntmktm prdvdhnkad jn rupturn am jds tmbuemktds sme`knjms y n pnrt`r am uk njenhàk am mkmrbån, ms hnpnz am trnksfdrenrsm mk pdhds aåns mk ukn pjîktujn hdk hnpnh`ana pnrn hnptnr mkmrbån amj sdj (fdtdsåktms`s) y nisdrimr mjmemktds e`kmrnjms am jn sdjuh`øk sdjuh`øk kutr`t`vn. Jn bmre`knh`øk sm `k`h`n amsam mj edemktd mk qum sm sdemtm n `ei`i`h`øk d c`arntnh`øk. Jns mkz`ens sm sm edv`j`znk `kvna`mka `kvna`mkadd mj `ktmr`dr am jn sme`jjn y dhurrm ukn a`sdjuh`øk am jns pnrmams hmjujnrms pdr jn jn nhh`øk am mjjns. Wdstmr`dremktm, sm j`imrnk brnkds am nje`aøk qum sdk trnksfdrenads mk nzÿhnrms y nså mep`mzn mj prdhmsd am bmre`knh`øk. i. Jn Bmre`knh`øk But`àrrmz, mt nj (9777), `ka`hnk qum ms mj hdkouktd am hnei`ds qum mxpmr`emktn mxpmr`emktn jn sme`jjn. Aurnktm mstm pmrådad mj meir`øk rdepm jn hutåhujn am jn sme`jjn y memrbm jn rnaåhujn.  rnaåhujn.  Jns sme`jjns pdsmmk sustnkh`ns qum `kc`imk jn bmre`knh`øk y qum aurnktm mj rmedod qumank a`sumjtns mk mj nbun pua`mkad smr mxtrnåans< mktdkhms hdkv`mkm hnei`nr mj nbun rmpmt`ans vmhms. Mj t`mepd am bmre`knh`øk vnrån mktrm 91 y 13

 

cdrns, qum ms hunkad mj brnkd njhnkznad mstruhturns rna`hujnrms kdtdr`ns, fdrenkad am trms n huntrd rn`h`jjns. Xm pumam hdks`amrnr qum mj prdhmsd am bmre`knh`øk cn tmre`knad hunkad jds hdt`jmadkms cnk snj`ad amj tmbuemktd am jn sme`jjn. cttp?// www. arhnjamrdkjnis.hde. (9777), sm jjnen bmre`knh`øk nj prdhmsd pdr mj qum sm rmnkuan mj hrmh`e`mktd meir`dknr`d amspuàs am jn fnsm am amshnksd. Mstm fmkøemkd kd sm amsmkhnamkn amsmkhnamkn cnstn cnstn qum jn sme`jjn cn s`ad trnkspdrtnan n uk ema`d fnvdrnijm pdr njbukd am jds nbmktms am a`spmrs`øk. Jns hdka`h`dkms hdka`h`dkms amtmre`knktms amj ema`d sdk? npdrtm suf`h`mktm am nbun y dxåbmkd y tmepmrnturn nprdp`nan. Aurnktm jn bmre`knh`øk, mj nbun sm a`fukam n trnvàs am jns mkvdjturn mkvdjturnss am jn sme`jjn y jjmbn cnstn mj meir`øk, qum aurnktm jn fnsm am amshnksd sm cn smhnad hns` pdr hdepjmtd. Mj nbun cnhm qum jn sme`jjn sm c`khcm, n vmhms cnstn mj mxtrmed am rnsbnr jn mkvdjturn mxtmrkn. Mj dxåbmkd nisdri`ad prdpdrh`dkn n jn sme`jjn jn mkmrbån kmhmsnr`n pnrn `k`h`nr mj hrmh`e`mktd. Mk mj prdhmsd am bmre`knh`øk jns mkz`ens sm edv`j`znk `kvna`mkad mj `ktmr`dr am jn sme`jjn y dhurrm ukn a`sdjuh`øk am jns pnrmams hmjujnrms pdr jn nhh`øk am mjjns. Wdstmr`dremktm sm j`imrnk brnkds am nje`aøk qum sdk trnksfdrenads mk nzÿhnrms y nså mep`mzn mj prdhmsd am bmre`knh`øk mk mj qum pdameds a`fmrmkh`nr trms fnsms `epdrtnktms qum sdk? nisdrh`øk amj nbun, edv`j`znh`øk am kutr`mktms y hrmh`e`mktd y a`fmrmkh`nh`øk. Hnjjms, A (977=), mk su mstua`d am prdauhh`øk am FVC am hminan, hdk jn ut`j`znh`øk am a`fmrmktms k`vmjms am nzufrm, rmb`strø ukn ema`n bmkmrnj am 9.02 aåns, hded t`mepd am `k`h`d am bmre`knh`øk y dituvd pdrhmktnoms am bmre`knh`øk am 07.39%, mk jn sme`jjn am Hminan. Mk mstm mxpmr`emktd sm dituvd uk prdema`d am 1.=7 aåns, mk mj t`mepd am npnrmh`e`mktd am jns pr`emrns cdons, mk jds a`fmrmktms trntne`mktds. JJnn jdkb`tua jdkb`tua prdema`d amj tnjjd, fum am 2.12 he ut`j`znkad 97ppe am nzufrm mk mj hujt`vd am FVC am hminan. Kd sm amtmre`kø a`fmrmkh`ns mstnaåst`hns mktrm jds a`fmrmktms k`vmjms am nzufrm pnrn mj hujt`vd am FVC am hminan, hdk prdema`ds am cnstn 1.63 he am jdkb`tua prdema`d am jn rnåz, nameîs dituvd prdema`ds am jdkb`tua am jn rn`z am mktrm >9.70 y >=.7= he n jds >= aåns pnrn jds a`fmrmktms trntne`mktds n insm am nzufrm.

 

Xm amtmre`kø nameîs qum qum jn prdauhh`øk am i`densn tdtnj, tdtnj, prmsmktø prdauhh`dkms am mktrm 87.8> y 89.=3 Lb am FVC/e9, y jn i`densn hnuj`knr y rna`hujnr fum am 87 y 27% rmspmht`vnemktm. (>) Nisdrh`øk amj nbun Aurnktm jn fnsm am nisdrh`øk am nbun sm `k`h`n jn nht`v`ana v`tnj am jn sme`jjn, ms amh`r, sm rmnkuan mj emtnidj`sed, pnrn jd hunj sm kmhms`tnk hdka`h`dkms namhunans am cuemana, tmepmrnturn y dxåbmkd. ]kn vmz rmuk`ads mstds fnhtdrms jn sme`jjn vn nuemktnkad am vdjuemk pdr jn nisdrh`øk amj nbun, mj meir`øk sm c`khcn, sm rmijnkamhmk jns hui`mrtns prdtmhtdrns y jns rmsmrvns nj`emkt`h`ns pr`kh`p`nk ukn smr`m am rmnhh`dkms rmnhh`dkms quåe`hns y i`djøb`hns qum cnhm cnhmkk qum mj meir`øk sm amsnrrdjjm. (9) Edv`j`znh`øk am kutr`mktms Mk jn fnsm am edv`j`znh`øk am kutr`mktms jds hdt`jmadkms sm vnk rmauh`mkad e`mktrns jn kumvn pjnktn hdksuem sus rmsmrvns, mj nj`emktd njenhmknad mk mjjds ms a`bmr`ad pdr jn nhh`øk amj nbun, sm amshdepdkm ema`nktm jn rmsp`rnh`øk, d sm usn mk mj amsnrrdjjd am kumvns mstruhturns. Jds nj`emktds njenhmknads mk jds hdt`jmadkms bmkmrnjemktm sm mkhumktrnk mk hnkt`anams suf`h`mktms pnrn sdstmkmr mj hrmh`e`mktd am jns pjîktujns cns cnstn tn hunkad àstns pumank pumank mepmznr n fnir`hnr su prdp`d nj`emktd. (8) Hrmh`e`mktd y a`fmrmkh`nh`øk Xm pumam amf`k`r mj hrmh`e`mktd hded jn såktms`s amj entmr`nj vmbmtnj (i`densn), qum kdrenjemktm v`mkm nhdepnþnan am uk hnei`d am fdren y uk nuemktd `rrmvmrs`ijm am jn ensn amj drbnk`sed, nuemktd nuemktd am jn jdkb`tua d am jds a`îemtrds amj humrpd amj vmbmtnj y su nuemktd mk pmsd, mj hrmh`e`mktd am jns a`fmrmktms pnrtms am jn pjnktn sumjm amtmre`knrsm pdr jn njturn, mj îrmn fdj`nr d mj pmsd smhd, mk rmjnh`øk hdk mj t`mepd trnkshurr`ad aurnktm mj h`hjd am v`an.

 

Jn a`fmrmkh`nh`øk ms mj prdhmsd ema`nktm mj hunj sm fdrenk y rmprdauhmk jns a`fmrmktms hjnsms hjnsms am hàjujns. Mk ukn ukn pjnktn mj hrmh`e`mktd hrmh`e`mktd y a`fmrmkh`nh`øk trnkshurrmk pnrnjmjnemktm y pdr msd pnrmhmrån trntnrsm am uk sdjd prdhmsd qum jjneneds amsnrrdjjd. ]kn vmz qum cnk npnrmh`ad jns rn`h`jjns y jns pr`emrns cdons, jn pjnktn mstî hnpnh`tnan pnrn rmnj`znr jn fdtdsåktms`s, edt`vd pdr mj hunj sm amim mxpdkmr n hdka`h`dkms øpt`ens am jue`kds`ana, dx`bmknh`øk y kutr`mktms. 1. Mtnpn am Wrdauhh`øk (`k`h`d am r`mbds). Xnepmr`d, B (>002), `ka`hn qum ukn vmz a`spumstn jns sme`jjns mk mj hdktmkmadr d hcnrdjns hdk uk mspmsdr am > he pmrenkmhmrîk mk mj bmre`knadr cnstn qum mj irdtm njhnkhm am 7,= he X` mj irdtm njhnkzd yn 7.= he jd pnsnrmeds n jn snjn d knvm am prdauhh`øk, adkam jns hcnrdjns smrîk cuemamh`ans hdkstnktmemktm hdk nbun, n jn qum sm nþna`rî ukn pmqumþn pnrtm am kutr`mktm qum nhmjmrmk mj hrmh`e`mktd. Ms hdkvmk`mktm qum jn npj`hnh`øk am mstn sdjuh`øk sm cnbn hdk uk npnrntd cue`a`f`hnadr< pmrd pumam cnhmrsm enkunjemktm hdk uk rdh`nadr, ampmka`mkad amj tnenþd am tu `kstnjnh`øk. Mk jn knvm am prdauhh`øk jds hujt`vds pmrenkmhmrîk am = n 2 aåns, cnstn qum jns pjnktns cnynk njhnkznad mj tnenþd rmqumr`ad, hdsn qum ampmkamrî tnei`àk am jn hjnsm am sme`jjn ut`j`znan, am jn vnr`mana am fdrrnom, am jn njturn y am jn prmhdh`ana amj hujt`vd. Xm hdks`amrn qum pdr hnan l`jdbrned am sme`jjn, sm ut`j`znrî 9 jt am nbun hdk kutr`mktm d uk pdhd ens. Qrms aåns nktms am jn hdsmh hdsmhcn cn cny qum rmbnr sdjnemktm hdk nbun knturnj, pums mstd cnrî qum mj fdrrnom rmsujtm eîs aujhm. Mj fdrrnom pumam hdksue`rsm mk mj e`sed aån d njenhmknrsm pdr 9 d 8 aåns. Wmrd s` sm rminsn mstm t`mepd jåe`tm, `rn pmra`mkad su hdktmk`ad kutr`h`dknj nj `bunj qum mj rmka`e`mktd mk jn prdauhh`øk, ms enydr y eîs hdepjmtd qum mj fdrrnom am hujt`vds trna`h`dknjms. Mk mstm hujt`vd `ktmks`vd sm sub`mrm ut`j`znr sme`jjns am brneåkmns (hded enåz, hminan, hmktmkd, nvmkn, mth.), y pnrn jds bmre`knads sm rmhde`mkan sme`jjns am njfnjfn, sdyn, fràodj, mth.

 

=. Hdsmhcn y Ymka`e`mktd amj Fdrrnom But`àrrmz, mt nj (9777), `ka`hn qum jn hdsmhcn sm cnhm hunkad jn pjîktujn n njhnkznad ukn njturn prdema`d am 9= he. Mstm amsnrrdjjd amedrn am 0 n >= aåns, ampmka`mkad am jn tmepmrnturn, hdka`h`dkms nei`mktnjms, mj `kvmrknamrd y jn frmhumkh`n am r`mbd. Hded rmsujtnad ditmkarmeds uk brnk tnpmtm rna`hujnr yn qum jns rnåhms sm mktrmhruznk ukns hdk dtrns pdr jn njtn amks`ana am s`meirn. Mstm tnpmtm mstn mstn fdrenad pdr jns sme`jjns qum kd njhn njhnkznrdk kznrdk n bmre`knr, bmre`knr, jns rnåhms y jn pnrtm nàrmn am 9= he. am njturn. Xîkhcmz, O (>039), enk`f`mstn qum pnrn fnh`j`tnr jn hdsmhcn sm mkrdjjn mj fdrrnom y sm amsemkuzn mk jds hdemamrds. Hc`r`idbn, C (977>), a`hm qu qumm pdr hnan l`jd am sme`jjn sm prdauhmk am >3 n 91 l`jds am fdrrnom c`ardpøk`hd hdk >3% am entmr`n smhn y eîs am >6% am prdtmåkn. Hcnrjms, J (>00=), smþnjn qum jn prdauhh`øk mk pmsd njhnkznad hdk mstm eàtdad pumam pnsnr am > n =. ]t`j`znkad iumkn sme`jjn, sme`jjn, mstd sm puma pumamm nuemktnr y jjmb jjmbnr nr n ukn prdauhh`øk am >>99 vvmhms. mhms. Jn rmjnh`øk am prdauhh`øk amj FVC, FVC, ms am > n 00,, ms amh`r qum pdr hnan Lb am sme`jjn am hminan ut`j`znan sm dit`mkmk 0 Lb am FVC y kd ms a`fåh`j jjmbnr n rmjnh`dkms am > n >9 ø > n >=. M. AMKX@ANAMX AM X@MEIYN Mk hcnrdjns am ema`ans am 18.>3 he x 18.>3 he he hdk prdfuka`ana am am = he. Xm s`meirn pdr hcnrdjn 9 Lb am enåz. Am nhumrad nj brnkd n ut`j`znr mx`stmk a`fmrmktms amks`anams am s`meirn am fdrrnom vmram c`ardpøk`hd, brnkds am hminan nprdx`enanemktm 97 b / ae9  hdk ukn prdfuka`ana am he sme`jjn am enåz 17 b/ae9  hdk ukn prdfuka`ana am 8-1 he, jn sme`jjn am sdrbd 9= b/ ae 9 y prdfuka`ana am >.= he. Jns ads`s dpt`ens am sme`jjn n smeirnr pdr emtrd hunarnad dsh`jnk mktrm 9.9 lb n 8.1 Lb hdks`amrnkad jn a`spds`h`øk am jns sme`jjns d ‚ s`meirn ‚ kd amim supmrnr jds >.= he am njturn mk jn inkamon ( @zqu`mrad, 9779).

 

F. YMKA@E@MKQD Xîkhcmz, O (>039), enk`f`mstn qum jds rmka`e`mktds mkhdktrnads mk a`fmrmktm j`tmrnturn n k`vmj euka`nj cnijnk am 0 n >9 pdr > (ms amh`r pdr hnan Lb am brnkd sm hdsmhcnk am 0 n >9 Lb am FVC n jds 3 aåns). Jds rmka`e`mktds inod kumstrns hdka`h`dkms (9.377 e, am njturn sdirm mj k`vmj amj enr) amtmre`knk amt mre`knk qum mj brnkd am hminan am kd tnk iumkn hnj`ana mk `kvmrknamrds qum kd enkt`mkmk ukn tmepmrnturn hdkstnktm, sdk 2 n 3 pdr > pdr hnan l`jd am hminan. Hnim rmsnjtnr qum mk jn àpdhn am hdsmhcn sm pumam hdksmbu`r brnkd n uk prmh`d emkdr y nÿk eîs, jds bnknamrds pumamk hujt`vnr su prdp`d brnkd, rmauh`mkad nså am enydr fdren jds hdstds am jn entmr`n pr`en. B. VNJDYNH@ØK K]QY@Q@VN AMJ FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWDK@HD cttp?//www.usunr`ds.jyhds.ms. hde. (977>), enk`f`mstn qum s` i`mk ms h`mrtd qum jn hnj`ana kutr`t`vn am jds a`fmrmktms fdrrnoms hnei`n am nhumrad n a`fmrmktms fnhtdrms, f nhtdrms, `khjuymkad jn àpdhn am hdsmhcn, mana, t`pd, vnr`mana, hj`en y enkmod amj hujt`vd, mk mj ema`d bnknamrd bnknamrd sm hdkdhm n jn njfnjfn hded jn rm`kn am jns fdrrnomrns. Jd nktmr`dr pdr jn hnj`ana am sus kutr`mktms, sdirm tdad mk hunktd nj hdktmk`ad am prdtmåkns. Ms pdr mstd qum sm prmsmktnk jds vnjdrms am mstm fdrrnom mk rmjnh`øk n jds mkhdktrnads mk fdrrnom vmram c`ardpøk`hd n pnrt`r am a`fmrmktms sme`jjns< nquå ms hdkvmk`mktm rmhdranr qum mj eîs njtd hdstd am ukn rnh`øk s`meprm mstî anad pdr mj hdepdkmktm qum npdrtn mj enydr hdktmk`ad am prdtmåkns y mk mstm hnsd mj FVC hdkst`tuym ukn prdtmåkn am inod hdstd pdr jd qum jn rnh`øk rmsujtnrî eîs mhdkøe`hn y nameîs nameîs mj nk`enj jn hd hdem em hdk bustd. Hnim amstnhnr tnei`àk qum mj FVC humktn hdk ukn iumkn hnkt`ana am v`t. M y vnjdrms njtds am prd v`tne`kn N. >. Nkîj`s`s am FVC am Enåz Wrdtmåkn >3.37% Mkmrbån Emtnidj`znijm 8.9>6 L/hnj/Lb E.X A`bmst`i`j`ana 38% nj 07% Wrdtmåkn A`bmst`ijm 07%

 

9. Nkîj`s`s am FVC am Hminan Wrdtmåkn Hruan >0.1 % A`bmst`i`j`ana 3= % F`irn Hruan >6 % Brnsn 8.9 % Hnridc`arntds =3.1 % C. MJ FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWDK@HD MK JN NJ@EMKQNH@DK N NK@ENJ K@ENJ Mj fdrrnom vmram c`ardpøk`hd ms mj rmsujtnad am ut`j`znr mj pdamr bmre`knt`vd am jds brnkds (hminan, enåz, tr`bd, mth.) mk mj hunj sm j`imrnk tdads jds kutr`mktms amj brnkd pnrn pmre`t`r qum jn pjnktn hrmzhn< nj mstnr tdads jds kutr`mktms j`imrnads, àstds mstîk `kema`ntnemktm a`spdk`ijms y a`bmr`ijms pnrn qum jds nk`enjms jd hdksuenk, vnhns, hninjjds y nk`enjms emkdrms emkdrms.. (Xîkhcmz, O >039). Jns pr`kh`pnjms vmktnons mk jn nj`emktnh`øk am nk`enjms hdk fdrrnom c`ardpøk`hd sdk?   Xue`k`strd hdkstnktm hdkstnktm am nj`emktd am ium iumkn kn hnj`ana, hnj`ana, enktmk`mkad enktmk`mkad uk`fdrem mj pC amj ruemk, mv`tnkad nså njtmrnh`dkms a`bmst`vns, qum `kh`amk mk jn prdauht`v`ana

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  @khrmemktd am jn fmrt`j`ana.

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  Emkdr `kh`amkh`n am mkfmremanams.

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  Nuemktd am jn prdauhh`øk am jmhcm.

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  Wdtmkh`n y rms`stmkh`n hded rmsujtnad am jn nj`emktnh`øk hdepjmtn y knturnj mk nk`enjms am hdepmtmkh`n.

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Cny mstua`ds qum mstnijmhmk qum uk l`jd am fdrrnom vmram c`ardpøk`hd (FVC) mqu`vnjm n trms l`jds am njfnjfn vmram, pdr så sdjd pumam smr y ms, mk njbukds jubnrms mj ÿk`hd nj`emktd am h`mrtns hjnsms am cmriåvdrds< mspmh`ms emkdrms hded huyms, hdkmods y mspmh`ms enydrms hded bnknad vnhukd, idv`kd y mqu`kd, nameîs am enkntåms, o`rnfns, hmirns, nktåjdpms y vmknads, fumrdk enktmk`ads hdk

 

FVC, n emkdr hdstd y hdk enydr mf`h`mkh`n qum hdk dtrds fdrrnoms f drrnoms y hdepjmemktds (Njp`, N >036). Kumstrn mxpmr`mkh`n kds pmre`tm rmhdemkanr jn ut`j`znh`øk amj FVC hded hdepjmemktd nj`emkt`h`d n kumstrds pnstds mk mj Mhunadr, hdk vmktnons hdepnrnt`vns euy fnvdrnijms sdirm jds injnkhmnads y dtrds hdepdkmktms trna`h`dknjms mk mj sdirm nj`emktd am kumstrds cntds bnknamrds, d kumstrds hninjjds tnktd mk rmka`e`mktd hunktd mk hdstd (Njp`, N >036). Jds pnstds mhuntdr`nkds m `ktmrnka`kds mk bmkmrnj kd prmsmktnk pdr så sdjds namhunans hnkt`anams am kutr`mktms, e`kmrnjms y v`tne`kns pnrn prdauhh`dkms jmhcmrns mjmvnans, pdr jd qum sm rmqu`mrm am supjmemktnh`øk. Mj FVC pdsmm tdads jds kutr`mktms y v`tne`kns, enhrd y e`hrd e`kmrnjms pnrn enktmkmr mjmvnans prdauhh`dkms am jmhcm y jds dfrmhm mk hdka`h`dkms am ns`e`jnh`øk y a`bmst`i`j`ana `amnjms pnrn mj bnknad. Jds nkîj`s`s irdentdjøb`hds amj brnkd am hminan y mj FVC ( fdrrnom vmram c`ardpøk`hd ) amj e`sed brnkd brnkd n jds kumvm aåns am hrmh`e`mktd, ameumstrnk qum mj pdrhmktnom am kutr`mktms nuemktn mk brnk hnkt`ana hunkad mj brnkd sm hujt`vn pnrn ditmkmr fdrrnom vmram c`ardpøk`hd, nså hded momepjd pdameds h`tnr jn prdtmåkn, mk brnkd brnkd pdsmm >>.80 % y mk FVC FVC >6.3 %, e`kmrnjms mk mj brnkd brnkd 9,32 % y mk FVC 8,8> %, V`tne`kn M >.6 ppe mk mj brnkd brnkd y 1>1 ppe mk FVC, hded hded sm pumam nprmh`nr jn a`fmrmkh`n kutr`t`vn mktrm mj brnkd y mj e`sed brnkd cmhcd FVC ms suenemktm `kemksn( Njp`, N >036). Mktrm vnhns hde`mkad FVC y dtrns inod a`mtn kdrenj, cuid uk `khrmemktd am >=,96 % mk hdktmk`ad brnsd am jn jmhcm prdauh`an (Nrnkd, H >026). Nj mvnjunr mj mfmhtd amj usd amj fdrrnom c`ardpøk`hd mk jn nj`emktnh`øk am huyms aurnktm jns mtnpns am hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram, dituvd hdk mj >77% am fdrrnom c`ardpøk`hd jns emodrms rmspumstns mk mj pmsd f`knj (7,028 Lb), bnknkh`n am pmsd (7,2>2 Lb), hdkvmrs`dkms nj`emkt`h`ns eîs mf`h`mktms (=,006) (]shn, O 9777).

 

@. JN NJ@EMKQNH@ØK AMJ H]P H]P Mj huy hded tdad smr v`vd t`mkm kmhms`anams am nj`emktnrsm pnrn su enktmk`e`mktd y prdauhh`øk, ms kmhms kmhmsnr`d nr`d hdkdhmr jn fdren hded hded cnhmrjd pnrn pnrn ditmkmr tds emodrms rmsujtnads. Jds huy huyms ms pumamk amsnrrdjjnrsm hdk rnh`dkms mxhjus`vnemktm fdrrnomrns, pmrd su rmqumr`e`mktd mk fukh`øk am jn rmprdauhh`øk y prdauhh`øk am hnrkm kmhms`tnk mj mepjmd am ukn rnh`øk injnkhmnan qum kds am uk njtd hdktmk`ad am prdtmåkn y mjmemktds mjmemktds kutr`h`dknjms. (Hn`hmad, N >008). >. Ymqumr`e`mktds kutr`t`vds amj huy pnrn hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram Mj huy pnrn njhnkznr mj pmsd am hdemrh`nj`znh`øk mk mj t`mepd amsmnad (am >7 n >9 smenkns), t`mkm qum smr nj`emktnad am nhumrad n sus rmqumr`e`mktds kutr`h`dknjms, hded sdk? jns prdtmåkns prdtmåkns am >1 n >2 %, f`irn am 3 n >3 %, jns brnsns > n 1 %, jds e`kmrnjms, hnjh`d >.9 %, Føsfdrd 7 n 6 % jns v`tne`kns y jds e`hrd kutr`mktms< jn nj`emktnh`øk rnh`dkn! hdks`stm mk sue`k`strnr n jds nk`enjms hdkfdrem n jns kmhms`anams f`s`djøb`hns y am prdauhh`øk n f`k am hdksmbu`r mj enydr prdvmhcd. Jds prdauhtds pmhunr`ds amimk ditmkmrsm mk jn enydr s`tunh`øk am rmka`e`mktds y prdhurnkad qum jn nj`emktnh`øk rmsujtm jd eîs inrntn pds`ijm. Qdad nj`emktd yn smn am dr`bmk nk`enj d vmbmtnj hdkt`mkm mk su hdepds`h`øk hns` tdads jds kutr`mktms qum rmqu`mrm mj nk`enj, pmrd mk a`fmrmktms prdpdrh`dkms (Nj`nbn, J >00=). Am mktrm jns v`tne`kns qum rmqu`mrm mj huy pnrn su nj`emktnh`øk jd eîs `epdrtnktm ms jn v`tne`kn H y ms kmhmsnr`d prdpdrh`dknrjm hdkstnktmemktm pdr qum mj huy ms `khnpnz am s`ktmt`znr a`hcn v`tne`kn. Jn v`tne`kn H sm cnjjn mk hnkt`anams hdks`amrnijms mk jds fdrrnoms vmrams am ncå jn `epdrtnkh`n am sue`k`strnrjm hdkstnktmemktm (Hn`hmad, N >008) Nj smr mj huy uk cmriåvdrd, pumam a`bmr`r hdkst`tuymktms f`irdsds tnjms hded jn hmjujdsn y jn cme`hmjujdsn am jds fdrrnoms, pmrd kd tnk mf`h`mktmemktm hded jds rue`nktms, ami`ad n qum jn a`bmst`øk dhurrm tnram mk mj prdhmsd a`bmst`vd (h`mbd). Mj edv`e`mktd am jn `kbmstn n trnvàs amj `ktmst`kd ms njbd eîs rîp`ad hunkad sm hdepnrn hdk jds rue`nktms (Hcnuhn, J >00=).

 

Jn a`bmst`øk e`hrdi`nkn dhurrm pr`kh`pnjemktm mk mj h`mbd y mk emkdr brnad mk mj hdjdk prdx`enj, s`mkad àstns jns pdrh`dkms amj npnrntd a`bmst`vd amj huy adkam sm prdauhm pr`kh`pnjemktm jn nisdrh`øk am jds îh`ads brnsds am hnamkn hdrtn. Mk ukn pmqumþn mxtmks`øk amj mstøenbd y mk mj `ktmst`kd amjbnad dhurrm jn a`bmst`øk am jds dtrds kutr`mktms hded sdk jds? ne`kdîh`ads, nzÿhnrms, brnsns y îh`ads brnsds am hnamkn jnrbn, v`tne`kns y prdinijmemktm jds j ds e`kmrnjms. 9. Fdrrnoms ut`j`znads mk jn nj`emktnh`øk amj huy Jn njfnjfn, ms ukn entmr`n pr`en euy nprmh nprmh`nan `nan pdr jds nk`enjms, pdr tnj rnzøk sm pdarån sue`k`strnr hded nj`emktd ÿk`hd< s` i`mk su hdktmk`ad mkmrbàt`hd pnrmhm smr inod am nhumrad n jns kmhms`anams amj nk`enj mk hrmh`e`mktd rîp`ad (Am Ijns, H. >031). Mk huyms nj`emktnads n insm am fdrrnom kd sm amim hnei`nr irushnemktm su a`mtn, yn qum pumam prdvdhnrsm ukn amsnanptnh`øk y amskutr`h`øk am jn fjdrn `ktmst`knj, pdr jd qum jn sust`tuh`øk amim rmnj`znrsm mk fdren pnujnt`kn (Hcnuhn, J. >00=). Jn njfnjfn ms hdks`amrnan pnrn jn nj`emktnh`øk hded jn eîs `amnj mk jds huyms, ami`ad n su hdepds`h`øk irdentdjøb`hn mk jn hunj sm mkhumktrn mjmemktds kutr`t`vds `ka`spmksnijms pnrn mj kdrenj amsmkvdjv`e`mktd i`djøb`hd amj huy. Jn njfnjfn mk fdrrnom hded mk cmkd pumam sue`k`strnrsm s`k tmedr am hnusnr trnstdrkds `ktmst`knjms, s`meprm qum m! nk`enj cnyn s`ad nhdstueirnad pnujnt`knemktm n mstm nj`emktd. Jn brnk hnkt`ana am entmr`n nprdvmhcnijm qum hdkt`mkm jn njfnjfn, pmre`tm nsdh`nrjn hdk dtrds nj`emktds pdirms mk k`trøbmkd, hded pdr momepjd jn pnon, huyn emzhjn mk pnrtms instn pnrn mj sdstmk`e`mktd am jds nk`enjms hded huyms, qum kd prdauhmk k`kbÿk trninod (Hcnuhn, J y _njaåvnr, N >03=). Jds huyms pumamk nj`emktnrsm s`k k`kbÿk `khdkvmk`mktm s` mk su a`mtn a`nr`n sm jd sue`k`strn hdk fumktm pr`kh`pnj n jn njfnjfn, yn qum sus tnjjds y mspmh`njemktm jns cdons, hdkst`tuymk uk suhujmktd fdrrnom, r`hd mk prdtmåkns, v`tne`kn H y ne`kd îh`ads. Jn hdepds`h`øk am fn njfnjfn ms vnr`nijm smbÿk jn mana am jn pjnktn, mj

 

mstnad am fjdrnh`øk, pmrd s`k meinrbd s`meprm smrî euy `epdrtnktm amktrd am jn nj`emktnh`øk am jds huyms, yn qum jn enydr hnkt`ana am prdtmåkn sm mkhumktrn mk jns cdons am mstn jmbue`kdsn (@@HN (@@ HN ,>036). Jn hnkt`ana am fdrrnom vmram qum hdksuemk jds huyms mk jn mtnpn am hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram ms am am 7.>=7 n 7.9=7 L`jdbrneds pdr aån. 8. Mj Fdrrnom Vmram Vmram C`ardpøk`hd mk jn nj`emktnh`øk am amjj huy ]shn, O (9777), nj mvnjunr mj mfmhtd amj usd amj FVC mk jn nj`emktnh`øk am huyms aurnktm jns mtnpns am hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram, dituvd hdk mj >77% am fdrrnom c`ardpøk`hd jns emodrms rmspumstns mk mj pmsd f`knj 7,028 Lb bnknkh`n am pmsd 7,2>2 Lb hdkvmrs`dkms nj`emkt`h`ns eîs mf`h`mktms =,006. Bumrrmrd, O (9779), nj mvnjunr mj FVC am hmktmkd mk jn mtnpn am hrmh`e`mktd am huyms, ut`j`zø 91 huyms amstmtnads (>9 pdr trntne`mktd) hdk uk pmsd `k`h`nj am 910 b. fumrdk sdemt`ads n jds mfmhtds am ads a`mtns `ktmbrnjms, ukn hdk cnr`kn am cmkd am njfnjfn y jn dtrn hdk cnr`kn am hmktmkd c`ardpøk`hd hded hdepdkmktms fdrrnomrds, neins a`mtns fumrdk s`e`jnrms mk prdtmåkn y mkmrbån. Wnrn jns a`mtns hdk njfnjfn y hmktmkd c`ardpøk`hd, mj hdksued am nj`emktd fum am 18.3 y 11.0 b/nk`enj/aån< 9269.1 y 9396.6 b/nk`enj/pmr`dad< jds `khrmemktds am pmsd am 6.> y 6.=8 b/nk`enj/aån< 831.1 y 1>>.6 b/nk`enj/pmr`dad< Hdkvmrs`øk Nj`emkt`h`n am 2.>36 y 6.362. Mj fdrrnom am hmktmkd c`ardpøk`hd pumam sust`tu`r n jn njfnjfn mk jns rnh`dkms am huyms mk hrmh`e`mktd. Hnrr`jjd, C (>000), enk`f`mstn qum mj fdrrnom vmram c`ardpøk`hd, n a`fmrmkh`n am dtrds fdrrnoms, kd ms fue`bnad hdktrn k`kbukn pjnbn, pdr jd tnktd ms j`irm am hunjqu`mr hdktne`knh`øk am prdauhtds tøx`hds, hdkst`tuyàkadsm hded rmqu`s`td pnrn jn prdauhh`øk am huyms mhdjøb`hds pnrn mxpdrtnh`øk, nameîs mj usd am mstm fdrrnom pmre`tm jns s`bu`mktms vmktnons?

>. Enydr kuemrd am hråns jdbrnans nj nþd. 9. Emkdr edrtnj`ana am hråns.

 

8. Ymauhh`øk mk jds hdstds am nj`emktnh`øk. 1. Huirm jds rmqumr`e`mktds am nbun. =. Huirm jds rmqumr`e`mktds am v`tne`kn H. Vîshdkmz, O (9771), mk su mstua`d nj amtmre`knr mj vnjdr kutr`t`vd amj fdrrnom vmram c`ardpøk`hd am tr`bd, mk jn nj`emktnh`øk am huyms amtmre`kø qum mj pmsd f`knj am huyms nj f`knj`znr jn mtnpn am hrmh`e`mktd hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram fum am >>77 b. b. Wdr su pnrtm ]shn, O (9777), mk su mstua`d sd sdirm irm mj fdrrnom vmram c`ardpøk`hd aamm hminan mk jn nj`emktnh`øk am huyms mk jns mtnpns am hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram, dituvd uk pmsd f`knj am 028 b. nj sue`k`strnr mj >77% am FVC, y hdk mj 7% am `khjus`øk am FVC, mj pmsd f`knj am huyms mk mstns mtnpns fum am 21= b. Vîshdkmz, O (9771), (9771), mk su mstua`d mstua`d am am mvnjunh`øk mvnjunh`øk amj vnjdr vnjdr kutr`t`vd amj fdrrnom vmram c`ardpøk`hd am tr`bd, mk jn nj`emktnh`øk am huyms amtmre`kø qum jn bnknkh`n am pmsd mk huyms nj f`knj`znr jn mtnpn am hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram fum am 260 b. nj ut`j`znr mj >77% am `khjus`øk y s`k jn ut`j`znh`øk am fdrrnom am 2>7 b. Wdr su pnrtm ]shn (9777), mk su mstua`d sdirm mj fdrrnom vmram c`ardpøk`hd am hminan mk jn nj`emktnh`øk am huyms mk jns mtnpns am hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram, dituvd ukn bnknkh`n am pmsd 2>2 b. nj sue`k`strnr mj >77% am FVC, y hdk mj 7% am `khjus`øk am FVC, jn bnknkh`n am pmsd mk huyms mk mstns mtnpns fum am 103 b. Vîshdkmz, O (9771), mk su mstua`d am mvnjunh`øk mvnjunh`øk amj vnjdr kutr`t`vd kutr`t`vd amj fdrrnom vmram c`ardpøk`hd am tr`bd, mk jn nj`emktnh`øk am huyms amtmre`kø hdksueds tdtnjms am nj`emktd nj f`knj`znr jn mtnpn am hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram am 1718 b. s`k jn ut`j`znh`øk am FVC y am 8321 b. hdk mj >77% am `khjus`øk mk jn a`mtn. Wdr su pnrtm ]shn, O (9777), mk su mstua`d sdirm mj fdrrnom vmram c`ardpøk`hd am hminan mk jn nj`emktnh`øk am huyms mk jns mtnpns am hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram, dituvd uk hdksued tdtnj am nj`emktd am 1827 b. nj sue`k`strnr mj 9=% am FVC, y hdk mj 7% am `khjus`øk am FVC, mj hdksued tdtnj am nj`emktd am huyms mk mstns mtnpns fum am 17822 b. Vîshdkmz, O (9771), mk su mstua`d sdirm jn ut`j`znh`øk amj fdrrnom vmram c`ardpøk`hd am tr`bd, mk jn nj`emktnh`øk am huyms amtmre`kø hdkvmrs`dkms nj`emkt`h`ns nj

 

f`knj`znr jn mtnpn am hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram am =.16 puktds s`k jn ut`j`znh`øk am FVC y am =.>7 puktds, hdk mj >77% am `khjus`øk mk jn a`mtn. ]shn, O (9777), mk su mstua`d sdirm mj fdrrnom vmram c`ardpøk`hd am hminan mk jn nj`emktnh`øk am huyms mk jns mtnpns am hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram, dituvd uk åka`hm am hdkvmrs`øk am =.00 puktds nj sue`k`strnr mj 9=% am FVC, y hdk mj 7% am `khjus`øk am FVC, mj åka`hm am hdkvmrs`øk nj`emkt`h`n mk huyms mk mstns mtnpns fum am 3.>9 puktds. Vîshdkmz, O (9771), mk su mstua`d sdirm jn ut`j`znh`øk amj fdrrnom vmram c`ardpøk`hd am tr`bd, mk jn nj`emktnh`øk am huyms amtmre`kø qum mj rmka`e`mktd n jn hnknj kd fum nfmhtnad pdr jds trntne`mktds, ditmk`mkad uk prdema`d am 37.1= % am rmka`e`mktd n jn hnknj, pdr su pnrtm ]shn, O (9777), nj ut`j`znr mj jn nj`emktnh`øk am huyms mj FVC am hminan dit`mkm rmka`e`mktds n jn hnknj am 66.60%.

 

@@@. ENQMY@NJMX P EÀQDADX N. JDHNJ@_NH@ØK P A]YNH@ØK AMJ MSWMY@EMKQD Mj prmsmktm mxpmr`emktd sm amsnrrdjjø mk ads mtnpns? jn prdauhh`øk am Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd mk mk jn Mstnh`øk Mxpmr`emktnj Mxpmr`emktnj Q]KXC@, ui`hnan mk jn prdv`kh`n am Hc`eidrnzd, hnktøk Y`dinein, Y`dinein, pnrrdqu`n J`htd, n 87 L Le e am jn h`uana am Y`dinein y jn mvnjunh`øk amj FVC mk huyms, mk jn ]k`ana Wrdauht`vn am Mspmh`ms Emkdrms am jn Fnhujtna am H`mkh`ns Wmhunr`ns, jdhnj`znan mk jn Wnknemr`hnkn sur Le >,=. Mj trninod mxpmr`emktnj tuvd ukn aurnh`øk tdtnj am am >97 aåns, rmpnrt`ads am jn s`bu`mktm enkmrn, 87 aåns pnrn mj mstnijmh`e`mktd y hujt`vd am Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd, 2= aåns pnrn jn mvnjunh`øk mvnjunh`øk amj Fdrrnom mk huyms, huyms, y >= aåns pnrn jn vnjdrnh`øk Kutr`t`vn amj FVC. I. HDKA@H@DKMX EMQMDYDJDB@HN EMQMDYDJDB@HNX X Jns hdka`h`dkms emtmdrdjøb`hns `epmrnktms mk jn zdkn sdk jns s`bu`mktms? H]NAYD >. HDKA@H@DKMX EMQMDYDJDB@HNX AM JN _DKN

WNYNEMQYD QMEWMYNQ]YN C]EMANA WYMH@W@QNH@ØK FDQDWÃY@DAD

]K@ANA d

Hmjs`us Wdrhmktnom ee cdrns/juz

Fumktm? Mstnh`øk Fumktm?  Mstnh`øk Emtmdrdjøb`hn F.Y.K. (MXWDHC) 977=

VNJDY 3 - >6 27 =>8.= >9

 

H. ]K@ANAMX MSWMY@EMKQNJMX Mj prmsmktm trninod am `kvmst`bnh`øk tuvd trms fnsms mxpmr`emktnjms mk jns hunjms sm hdks`amrø jns s`bu`mktms uk`anams mxpmr`emktnjms?   FNXM >? Wnrn jn mvnjunh`øk mk jn prdauh prdauhh`øk h`øk am FVC, FVC, sm trninoø hdk ads mspmh`ms am hmrmnjms (enåz y hminan ), pnrn jd hunj sm hdks`amrø n hnan inkamon am 7.9= e9 hded ]k`ana Mxpmr`emktnj, mk jns hunjms sm a`str`iuymrdk 8 trntne`mktds hdk 1 rmpmt`h`dkms, a`spdk`àkadsm nså am uk tdtnj am >9 ]k`anams Mxpmr`emktnjms, tnktd pnrn jn hminan y hded pnrn mj enåz.

•

  FNXM 9? ]kn vmz ditmk`ad mj FVC sm rmnj`zø mj nkîj`s nkîj`s`s `s prdx`enj am jds Fdrrnoms C`ardpøk`hds ditmk`ads am jns ads mspmh`ms (enåz y hminan), pnrn jd hunj sm hdks`amrø ukn eumstrn am FVC am > Lb hded ]k`ana Mxpmr`emktnj, hdk trms rmpmt`h`dkms pdr trntne`mktd, ankad uk tdtnj am 0 ]k`anams Mxpmr`emktnjms, tnktd pnrn jn hminan y hded pnrn mj enåz rmspmht`vnemktm.

•

  FNXM 8? Mk mstn fnsm sm trninoø hdk huyms ppmrunkd mrunkd emodrnads enhcds enhcds am >= aåns am mana, hnan ukd hdks`amrnad hded ]k`ana Mxpmr`emktnj, jds hunjms fumrdk nj`emktnads hdk 8 t`pds am FVC am hminan y 8 t`pds am FVC am enåz y Njfnjfn hded trntne`mktd Qmst`bd, mk jns mtnpns am hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram hdk trms rmpmt`h`dkms pdr trntne`mktd ankad uk tdtnj am 9> ]k`anams Mxpmr`emktnjms.

•

A.

ENQMY@NJMX, M^]@WDX M @KXQNJNH@DKMX.

Wnrn jn prmsmktm `kvmst`bnh`øk sm ut`j`zd jd s`bu`mktm? >. @kstnjnh`dkms   @kvmrknamrd am >11

•

e

9

 

  @kfrnmstruhturn am tden am nbun

•

  8 mstnktmråns mstnktmråns am 8 x 9.>7 x 7.07 e hdk 6 k`vmjms hhnan nan ukn ukn

•

  H`stmrkn

•

 

  9> Wdzns `ka`v`aunjms pnrn huyms 7.=7 x 7.17 x 7.17 e

•

9. Mqu`pds   ]kn idein am 7.= CW

•

  ]k tmepdr`znadr

•

  Mqu`pd am r`mbd hdk kmiuj`znadrms

•

  Qmreøemtrd

•

  Injnkzn am > Lb. am hnpnh`ana

•

  ]k Vàktur` `kymhtdr am

•

> 9

"

 

8. Mqu`pds am df`h`kn   Hdeputnadrn

•

  Hnjhujnadrn   @eprmsdrn

• •

  Hîenrn fdtdbrîf`hn nutdeît`hn

•

1. Entmr`njms   Inkamons pjîst`hns am hujt`vd

•

  Jdkns pjîst`hns

•

  Qnkqum pjîst`hd

•

  Injams pjîst`hds

•

  Onrrds pjîst`hds am > jt   Fjmxøemtrd

•

•

  Wjîst`hd kmbrd

•

  Wjîst`hd ijnkhd

•

  Njneirm am nenrrm

•

  Qne`znadr

•

  Fukans pjîst`hns

•

  Ymbjn e`j`emtrnan

•

  Msfmrds y cdons am pnpmj

•

  Hnjmkanr`d

•

  Ymjdo

•

 

=. Xmedv`mktms   9> Huyms Huyms enh enhcds cds amstmtnads ( >= aåns am am mmana ana )

•

6. @ksueds   Xdjuh`øk am C`pdhjdr`td am sda`d

•

  Xdjuh`øk kutr`t`vn am Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd

•

  Nbun

•

  Xme`jjn am hminan y enåz.

•

M. QYNQNE@MKQD P A@XMÞD MSWMY@EMKQNJ >. Fnsm > (Wrdauhh`øk am FVC am hminan y enåz) Mk jn fnsm am prd prdauhh`øk auhh`øk am Fdrrnom Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd C`ardpøk`hd sm mvnjuø mj mfmhtd am trms amks`anams am s`meirn mk enåz y hminan (7.=, 7.2=, y > Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon), hdk huntrd huntrd rmpmt`h`dkms pdr trntne`mktd, a`str`iu`ads inod uk a`smþd am ijdqums hdepjmtnemktm nj nznr. nznr. Mj edamjd j`kmnj na`t`vd ms mj ss`bu`mktm? `bu`mktm? S`o 5 ½ + Q` + Io + Ё`o Adkam? S`o 5 vnr`nijms n ema`r ½ 5 ema`n pdijnh`dknj Q` 5 mfmhtd am jds trntne`mktds Io 5 mfmhtd am jns rmpmt`h`dkms y ijdqums Ё`o 5 mfmhtd amj mrrdr mxpmr`emktnj mxpmr`emktnj 9. Fnsm 9 (Hdepdrtne`mktd mk jn vnjdrnh`øk Kutr`h`dknj amj F.V.C.) Wnrn amtmre`knr mj vnjdr kutr`t`vd amj fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd sm sdemt`ad n uk nkîj`s`s prdx`enj am kutr`mktms, pnrn jd hunj sm tded ukn eumstrn rmprmsmktnt`vn (> Lb.) am fdrrnom pdr hnan trntne`mktd y sm npj`hø uk a`smþd hdepjmtnemktm nj nznr (A.H.N), y qum sm noustn nj s`bu`mktm edamjd entmeît`hd. S 5  ½   + Q` + M`o

 

Adkam? S 5 Vnjdr am pnrîemtrd mk amtmre`knh`øk  ½   5 Ema`n pdijnh`dknj Q` 5 Mfmhtd am jds trntne`mktds M`o 5 Mfmhtd amj mrrdr mxpmr`emktnj 8. Fnsm 8 (Nj`emktnh`øk am huyms) Wnrn ema`r mj mfmhtd amj Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd mk jn nj`emktnh`øk am huyms mk jns mtnpns am hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram, sm ut`j`zø 8 t`pds am FVC am hminan y 8 t`pds am FVC am enåz y Njfnjfn hded trntne`mktd Qmst`bd, pdr jd hunj mk mstn fnsm sm npj`hø uk a`smþd am Ijdqums Hdepjmtnemktm nj Nznr (A.I.H.N.) hdk mj s`bu`mktm edamjd entmeît`hd? S`o 5 ½ + Q` + Io + Ё`o Adkam? S`o 5 vnr`nijms n ema`r ½ 5 ema`n pdijnh`dknj Q` 5 mfmhtd am jds trntne`mktds Io 5 mfmhtd am jns rmpmt`h`dkms y ijdqums Ё`o 5 mfmhtd amj mrrdr mxpmr`emktnj mxpmr`emktnj H]NAYD 9. MX^]MEN AMJ MSWMY@EMKQD MSWMY@EMKQD WNYN FVC FVC AM ENÅ_ P HMIN HMINAN AN QYNQNE@MKQD HØA@BD Q.].M*( inkamon) 7.=7 Lb/ Inkamon D,2= Lb/Inkamon >.77 Lb/ Inkamon

A7.=7 A7.2= A>.77

> > >

YMW. 1 1 1

QDQNJ INKAMONX 1 1 1

Qdtnj >9 Q.].M* ? Qnenþd am jn ]k`ana Mxpmr`emktnj Mxpmr`emktnj  

 

H]NAYD 8. MX^]MEN AMJ MSWMY@EMKQD MK K]QY@H@DKNJ WNYN MJ ENÅ_ P HMINAN

QYNQNE@MKQD 7.=7 Lb/ Inkamon D,2= Lb/Inkamon >.77 Lb/ Inkamon

HØA@BD A7.=7 A7.2= A>.77

Q.].M* (Lb) > > >

JN

VNJDYNH@ØK

YMWMQ@H@ØK

QDQNJ

8 8 8

8 8 8 Qdtnj

0

Q.].M* ? Qnenþd am jn ]k`ana Mxpmr`emktnj

H]NAYD 1. MX^]MEN AMJ MSWMY@EMKQD MK JN MQNWN AM HYMH@E@MKQD P MKBDYAM AM JDX H]PMX

QYNQNE@MKQD

HØA@BD

NJFNJFN FVC HMINAN FVC HMINAN FVC HMINAN FVCENÅ_ FVCENÅ_ FVCENÅ_

FVNN FVCA7.=H FVCA7.2=H FVCA>H FVCA7.=E FVCA7.2=E FVCA>E

Q.].M* 

> > > > > > >

YMWMQ@H@ØK

NK@E/QYQ

8 8 8 8 8 8 8

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Qdtnj

Q.].M* ? Qnenþd am jn ]k`ana Mxpmr`emktnj, uk huy amstmtnad enhcd enhcd  

9>

 

F. EMA@H@DKMX MSWMY@EMKQNJMX Jns ema`h`dkms mxpmr`emktnjms qum sm mvnjunrdk aurnktm mj amsnrrdjjd am jn `kvmst`bnh`øk sm ank n hdkdhmr n hdkt`kunh`øk? >. Fnsm am Wrdauhh`øk amj FVC.   Q`mepd am `k`h`d am jn bmre`knh`øk ( aåns )

•

  Wdrhmktnom am bmre`knh`øk

•

  Q`mepd mk npnrmhmr jns pr`emrns cdons ( aåns )

•

  Jdkb`tua prdema`d amj tnjjd (he)

•

  Jdkb`tua prdema`d am jn rnåz (he)

•

•

  Jdkb`tua tdtnj amj tnjjd (he)   Jdkb`tua tdtnj am jn rnåz (he)

•

  Wrdauhh`øk am i`densn tdtnj ( Lb / e9 )

•

  Wdrhmktnom am i`densn hnuj`knr

•

  Wdrhmktnom am i`densn rna`hujnr

•

  Åka`hm am hrmh`e`mktd tdtnj

•

  Ymka`e`mktd am FVC smbÿk amks`ana am s`meirn

•

  Wrdauhh`øk FVC smbÿk jn mspmh`m.

•

  Nkîj`s`s mhdkøe`hd

•

9. Fnsm am Vnjdrnh`øk Kutr`t`vn   Hdktmk`ad am Cuemana (%)

•

  Hdktmk`ad am Entmr`n Xmhn (%)

•

  Hdktmk`ad am Hmk`zns (%)

•

  Hdktmk`ad am F`irn (%)

•

  Hdktmk`ad am Wrdtmåkn Irutn (%)

•

  Hdktmk`ad am Mxtrnhtd Mtàrmd (%)

•

 

8. Fnsm am nj`emktnh`øk am huyms hdk FVC   Wmsd @k`h`nj, Lb.

•

  Wmsd F`knj, Lb.

•

  Bnknkh`n am Wmsd, Lb.

•

  Hdksued am FVC Lb E.X

•

  Hdksued Qdtnj am Nj`emktd, Lb E.X

•

  Hdkvmrs`øk Nj`emkt`h`n.

•

  Wmsd n jn Hnknj, Lb.

•

  Ymka`e`mktd n jn Hnknj, %

•

  Imkmf`h`d / Hdstd, ($)

•

B. NKÎJ@X@X MXQNAÅXQ@HD P WY]MINX AM X@BK@F@HNKH@N Jds rmsujtnads rmsujtnads mxpmr`emktnjms ditmk`ads fumrdk nkîj`s`s mstnaåst`hds.

sdemt`ads n jds s`bu`mktms

  Nkîj`s`s am vnr`nkzn pnrn jns a`fmrmkh`ns (NAMVN).

•

  Nkîj`s`s am hdvnr`nkzn pnrn jds pmsds am huyms.

•

  Xmpnrnh`øk am ema`ns am nhumrad n jn prumin prumin amj Ynkbd Eÿjt`pjm Eÿjt`pjm am Aukhnk n jds k`vmjms am s`bk`f`hnkh`n am W:7.7= y W:7.7>.

•

  Hdrrmjnh`dkms s`epjms y eÿjt`pjms.

•

H]NAYD =. MX^]MEN MX^]MEN AMJ NAMVN NAMVN AM JN WYDA]HH@DK WYDA]HH@DK AM FVC AM ENÅ_ P HMINAN.

F]MKQM AM VNY@NH@DK

BYNADX AMJ@IMYQNA

Qdtnj

>>

Qrntne`mktd Ijdqums

9 8

Mrrdr

6

 

H]NAYD 6. MX^]MEN AMJ NAMVN FNXM AM VNJDYNH@ØK K]QY@H@DKNJ WNYN MJ ENÅ_ P HMINAN

F]MKQM AM VNY@NH@DK

BYNADX AMJ@IMYQNA

Qdtnj Qrntne`mktds Mrrdr mxpmr`emktnj

3 9 6

H]NAYD 2. MX^]MEN A AMJ MJ NAMVN FNXM NJ@EMK NJ@EMKQNH@DK QNH@DK N H]PMX MK HYMH@E@MKQD P MKBDYAM

F]MKQM AM VNY@NH@DK

BYNADX AMJ@IMYQNA

Qdtnj Qrntne`mktds Ijdqums Mrrdr mxpmr`emktnj

97 6 9 >9

C. WYDHMA@E@MKQD MSWMY@EMKQNJ >. Fnsm @ (Wrdauhh`øk am FVC FVC am Enåz y Hminan) Hded pr`emr pnsd sm rmnj`zd jn j`ep`mzn y ams`kfmhh`øk amj `kvmrknamrd, entmr`njms y mqu`pd. Nhjnrnkad qum jds entmr`njms y mqu`pds sm j`ep`nrdk y ams`kfmhtnrdk hnan vmz qum sm `k`h`nin uk kumvd h`hjd am prdauhh`øk prdauhh`øk am fdrrnom pdk`mkad àkfns`s mk jns inkamons. Mj ams`kfmhtnktm qum ssmm ut`j`zd pnrn jds entmr`njms y mqu`pds fum mj C`pdhjdr`td am sda`d nj >%, a`juymkad =77 hh/>7jt am nbun, amonkad nhtunr ukds >7 e`kutds nprdx`enanemktm. Xm pmsø jn sme`jjn qum sm vn n ut`j`znr, jumbd sm mshdb`ø jn sme`jjn e`kuh`dsnemktm mj`e`knkad brnkds rdtds d mk enj mstnad, amspuàs sm jns suemrb`ø mk uk injam hdk nbun, hdk mj f`k am jnvnrjns y am rmt`rnr `epurmzns qum

 

cnynk qumanad, pdstmr`dremktm, rmnj`zneds jn ams`kfmhh`øk am jns sme`jjns pnrn jd hunj sm vdjv`ø n suemrb`rjns mk ukn sdjuh`øk am C`pdhjdr`td am Xda`d nj > %, a`juymkad >7 ej pdr hnan = j`trds am nbun, mj t`mepd qum amoneds jns sme`jjns mk jn sdjuh`øk ms am 9 e`kutds, f`knjemktm prdhmameds n mkounbnr jns sme`jjns hdk nbun j`ep`n. ]kn vmz ams`kfmhtnan jns sme`jjns sm hdjdhd amktrd am ukn idjsn am tmjn, jn e`sen qum sm jn suemrb`ø hdepjmtnemktm mk nbun j`ep`n (uk j`trd pdr hnan l`jd am sme`jjn) pdr uk pmr`dad am 13 cdrns, jumbd sm prdhma`ø n snhnrjns y drmnrjns aurnktm ukn cdrn, nhtd smbu`ad vdjvmeds n suemrb`rjns pdr dtrns >9 cdrns, y nså cnstn huepj`r hdk jns 13 cdrns qum sdk kmhmsnr`ns pnrn jn prmbmre`knh`øk. Wdstmr`dremktm sm prdhma`ø n smeirnr jn sme`jjn mk jns inkamons am nhumrad n jns a`fmrmktms amks`anams am s`meirn mstnijmh`ans mk inkamons am 7.9= e 9 am îrmn. ]kn vmz smeirnans jns sme`jjns sm jns tnpø n hnan ukn hdk pnpmj pmr`øa`hd edonad y f`knjemktm hdk pjîst`hd kmbrd, mk mstm mstnad jns amoneds aurnktm 1 aåns. F`knjemktm sm `k`h`d jn mtnpn am Hdsmhcn amj FVC am Hminan mk mj aån >8 y amj FVC am enåz nj aån >6, jds e`seds qum sm e`a`mrdk y sm pmsnrdk pnrn su pdstmr`dr mvnjunh`øk am jns vnr`nijms qum sm nknj`znrdk mk àstn `kvmst`bnh`øk. Wnrn jn nj`emktnh`øk nk`enj mj fdrrnom fum jnvnad hdk nbun j`ep`n y sm amod qum sm n`rmm. 9. Fnsm @@ (Vnjdrnh`øk Kutr`t`vn amj FVC) Mk mstn fnsm sm prdhma`ø n tdenr ukn eumstrn rmprmsmktnt`vn am > Lb am FVC, am jns inkamons, hded rmsujtnad amj hujt`vd c`ardpøk`hd am hminan y enåz hdk a`fmrmktms amks`anams am s`meirn, pnrn pdstmr`dremktm smr jjmvnad nj jnidrntdr`d y rmnj`znr mj nkîj`s`s prdx`enj rmspmht`vd, amtmre`knkad mj hdktmk`ad am Cuemana Qdtnj, Entmr`n smhn, Wrdtmåkn hruan, F`irn Irutn, Brnsn, Hmk`zn, Entmr`n Drbîk`hn y Mxtrnhtd J`irm am K`trøbmkd, sm ut`j`zø ÿk`hnemktm 8 rmpmt`h`dkms, pdr

 

trntne`mktd, tnktd pnrn jn hminan hded pnrn mj enåz y pdstmr`dremktm jds rmsujtnads sm sdemt`mrdk n uk nkîj`s`s am vnr`nkzn. 8. Fnsm @@@ (Nj`emktnh`øk am huyms hdk FVC) Mk jn ÿjt`en fnsm amj mxpmr`emktd sm mvnjuø mj mfmhtd amj fdrrnom vmram c`ardpøk`hd am enåz y hminan, sdirm mj hdepdrtne`mktd prdauht`vd am huyms, mk jns mtnpns am hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram, pnrn jd hunj sm ut`j`zø huyms enhcds am >= aåns am mana, na`h`dknj sm ut`j`zø uk trntne`mktd tmst`bd, qum hdks`st`ø mk nj`emktnr n jds huyms ÿk`hnemktm n insm am njfnjfn, a`str`iuyàkadsm mk ijdqums hdepjmtnemktm nj nznr.

 

@V. YMX]JQNADX P A@XH]H@DK N. WYDA]HH@DK AM FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWDK@HD (FVC) AM HMINAN >. Bmre`knh`øk Mj t`mepd am `k`h`d am jn bmre`knh`øk am jn sme`jjn am Hminan, sm rmb`strø n pnrt`r amj smbukad aån pnrn jds a`fmrmktms trntne`mktds, jd qum qu`mrm amh`r qum mj t`mepd am bmre`knh`øk fum `bunj n pmsnr am ut`j`znr a`fmrmktms ads`s am s`meirn, hded trntne`mktds. Mj t`mepd am bmre`knh`øk am jn hminan mk mj prmsmktm mxpmr`emktd ms `kfmr`dr nj rmb`strnad pdr Hnjjms, A (977=), qu`àk mk su mstua`d am prdauhh`øk am FVC am hminan, hdk jn ut`j`znh`øk am a`fmrmktms k`vmjms am nzufrm, rmb`strø ukn ema`n bmkmrnj am 9.02 aåns, hded t`mepd am `k`h`d am bmre`knh`øk. Mj pdrhmktnom am bmre`knh`øk fum supmr`dr mstnaåst`hnemktm hdk ukn prdini`j`ana (p:7.7=), nj ut`j`znr >.7 Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon, njhnkznkad mj 0>.2=% am bmre`knh`øk, smbu`ad pdr 07.=7 y 30.=7% pnrn jds trntne`mktds 7.2= y 7.=7 Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon, inkamon, rmspmht`vnemktm. Am mstn enkmrn sm pumam ntr`iu`r qum mj enydr pdrhmktnom am bmre`knh`øk sm a`d ami`ad n qum mx`stm ukn enydr amks`ana am sme`jjn, pdr tnktd emkdrms pàra`ans am cuemana. Hunard 3. Brîf`hd >. Mstds rmsujtnads sdk euy s`e`jnrms n jds rmb`strnads pdr Hnjjms, A (977=), qu`àk dituvd pdrhmktnoms am bmre`knh`øk am 07.39%, nj hujt`vnr FVC am hminan, hdk jn ut`j`znh`øk am a`fmrmktms k`vmjms am nzufrm. Nj rmspmhtd But`àrrmz, @ (9777), mxpdkm qum amim cnimr ukn cuemana hmrhnkn nj >77% pnrn nsmburnr uk namhunad amsnrrdjjd amj s`stmen rna`hujnr. Jns rnaåhujns am jns pjnktns oøvmkms oøvmkms sdk `khnpnhms aamm hrmhmr mk nei nei`mktm `mktm smhds. Hded mj hujt`vd am FVC ms uk hujt`vd n rnåz rnåz amskuan, ms amh`r s`k sustrntd, sm amimrî rmnj`znr mk uk nei`mktm hdk ukn njtn cuemana rmjnt`vn, pdr mkh`en amj 3=%. Mstn cuemana sm hdks`bum hdk jukn jukn namhunan frmhumkh frmhumkh`n `n am r`mbds y inon inon mvnpdtrnksp`rnh`øk am jns pjnktns, jd qum oust`f`hn qum n enydr amks`ana am s`meirn mx`stn enydr pdrhmktnom am bmre`knh`øk.

 

9. Q`mepd am npnrmh`e`mktd am jns cdons Mj t`mepd am npnrmh`e`mktd am jns pr`emrns cdons am jn hminan, sm prmsmktø n pnrt`r amj sàpt`ed aån pnrn jds a`fmrmktms trntne`mktds, jd qum qu`mrm amh`r qum nj `bunj qum mj t`mepd am npnrmh`e`mktd am jn rnåz, tnei`àk mj npnrmh`e`mktd am jns cdons kd ampmkam am jn ads`s am s`meirn ut`j`znan. Hunard 3. Nj rmspmhtd Hnjjms, A (977=), dituvd uk prdema`d am 1.=7 aåns, mk mj t`mepd am npnrmh`e`mktd am jns pr`emrns cdons, mk jds a`fmrmktms trntne`mktds insnads mk jn ut`j`znh`øk am nzufrm mk mj hujt`vd am FVC, pdr jd qum cny ukn a`fmrmkh`n am 9.= aåns, s`mkad e`sen mspmh`m fdrrnomrn, mstn a`fmrmkh`n smburnemktm sm amim nj enkmod mepjmnad pnrn mj hujt`vd, nså hded n jds `ksueds ut`j`znads. 8. Jdkb`tua amj tnjjd Jn jdkb`tua prdema`d amj tnjjd am hminan fum mstnaåst`hnemktm `bunj hunkad sm ut`j`zø 7.2= y >.7 Lb am sme`jjn sme`jjn hd hdkk 6.== he he y 6.26 y mk su dramk, a`f`r`mkad amj trntne`mktd mk mj hunj sm ut`j`zø 7,=7 Lb qum dituvd npmkns mj =,02 he Hunard 3. Mstds rmsujtnads sdk `kfmr`drms, n jn jdkb`tua prdema`d amj tnjjd, rmb`strnad pdr Hnjjms, A (977=), adkam jn jdkb`tua eîs inon prdema`d amj tnjjd fum am 2.12 he ut`j`znkad 97 ppe am nzufrm mk mj hujt`vd am FVC am hminan. Jn jdkb`tua amj tnjjd am hminan n jds >8 aåns, fum supmr`dr hdk ukn prdini`j`ana (p:7.7>) hunkad sm ut`j`zø ukn ads`s am s`meirn am > Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon hdk ukn jdkb`tua am >8.67 he smbu`an pdr 7,2= y 7.= Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon hdk >9.2= y >>.>7 he rmspmht`vnemktm. Nj hdepnrnr jds prmsmktms rmsujtnads, hdk jd enk`fmstnad pdr Njp`, N (>00=), sm pumam hdks`amrnr qum sm mkhumktrnk amktrd am jd øpt`ed yn qum mstm nutdr a`hm qum mj h`hjd am prdauhh`øk ms am >7 n >= aåns y mk msm pmr`dad jn pjnktn njhnkzn jds >9.= he prdema`d.

 

Jd nktmr`dremktm mxpumstd, sm ntr`iu`rån n qum hdk ukn amks`ana inon jns pjnktns amj trntne`mktd 7.= njhnkznrdk emkdr jdkb`tua, yn qum jn rmtmkh`øk am cuemana ms emkdr. Jd hunj kd pmre`t`ø uk emodr ams amsnrrdjjd nrrdjjd am jds tnjjds, y nj `r nuemktnkad jn amks`ana am s`meirn emodrd jn rmtmkh`øk am cuemana pdr jd qum sm imkmf`h`nrdk eîs y njhnkznrdk emodrms njturns am tnjjd jns amks`anams am 7.2= y uk > lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon. Hunard 3. 1. Jdkb`tua am jn rnåz Jn jdkb`tua prdema`d am jn rnåz am hminan fum mstnaåst`hnemktm `bunj hunkad sm ut`j`zø 7.=, 7.2=, y > Lb am sme`jjn hdk hdk =.=1, =.10 y =.11 he mk su dramk. Dismrvîkadsm kueàr`hnemktm qum mj trntne`mktd hdk enydr jdkb`tua njhnkzd mj am emkdr amks`ana. Hunard 3. Wnrn mstn vnr`nijm Hnjjms, A (977=), kd amtmre`kø a`fmrmkh`ns mstnaåst`hns mktrm jds a`fmrmktms k`vmjms am nzufrm pnrn mj hujt`vd am FVC am hminan, adkam amtmre`kø prdema`ds am cnstn 1.63 he am jdkb`tua prdema`d am jn rnåz, s`k meinrbd mk mstm mxpmr`emktd, jn jdkb`tua ms supmr`dr yn qum mx`stm ukn a`fmrmkh`n am >.97 he nprdx`enanemktm jd qum så rmpmrhutm sdirm jn I`densn tdtnj. Jn jdkb`tua am jn rnåz am hminan n jds >8 aåns, fum supmr`dr hdk ukn prdini`j`ana (p:7.7=) hunkad sm ut`j`zø ukn ads`s am s`meirn am 7.= Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon hdk ukn jdkb`tua am >7.69 he., smbu`an pdr jds trntne`mktds hdk ads`s am s`meirn am 7.2= y >.7 Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon hdk >7.7= y 0.37 he rmspmht`vnemktm. Hunard 3. Mstds rmsujtnads sdk `kfmr`drms am enkmrn s`bk`f`hnt`vn am nhumrad n jd enk`fmstnad pdr Hnjjms, A (977=), qu`àk dituvd prdema`ds am jdkb`tua am jn rn`z am mktrm >9.70 y >=.7= he n jds >= aåns pnrn jds a`fmrmktms trntne`mktds fmrt`j`znads hdk nzufrm. Wds`ijmemktm ukn emkdr amks`ana am s`meirn mk jn hminan, emodrm mj hrmh`e`mktd rna`hujnr yn qum jn pjnktn sm vmn mk jn kmhms`ana am iushnr nbun y nj mx`st`r emkdr amks`ana vn n mx`st`r ukn jmvm a`se`kuh`øk am cuemana pmre`t`mkad

 

uk amsnrrdjjd rna`hujnr enydr pnrn jns amks`anams emkdrms y a`se`kuymkad pnujnt`knemktm hdkfdrem hdkfdrem nuemktn jn amks`ana am s`meirn. =. Wrdauhh`øk am i`densn Jn prdauhh`øk am i`densn tdtnj, mxprmsnan mk Lb./e 9, fum supmr`dr mstnaåst`hnemktm (p:7.7>), hunkad hunkad sm ut`j`zø hded ads`s am s`meirn >.7 Lb pdr inkamon, njhnkzîkadsm ukn prdauhh`øk am 89.77 Lb am FVC/e 9, rmsujtnkad euy supmr`dr n jds trntne`mktds 7.2= y 7.=7 Lb qum dituv`mrdk ukn prdauhh`øk am 9=,7= y >2.03 Lb am FVC/e9, rmspmht`vnemktm. Hunard 3. Jds rmsujtnads ditmk`ads mk hunktd n prdauhh`øk am i`densn sdk euy s`e`jnrms n jds rmb`strnads pdr Hnjjms, A (977=) yn qum amtmre`kø prdauhh`dkms mktrm 87.8> y 89.=3 Lb am FVC/e9, jd qum tnei`àk sm v`d mst`eujnad pdr ukn iumkn rmtmkh`øk am cuemana. Mj pdrhmktnom am i`densn rna`hujnr, sm hdepdrtø am ukn enkmrn s`e`jnr, rmb`strîkadsm jn enydr prdauhh`øk am i`densn rna`hujnr nj ut`j`znrsm ut`j`znrsm >.7 Lb am sme`jjn hdk 68.03 %, mstm trntne`mktd a`f`r`ø mstnaåst`hnemktm am jds dtrds trntne`mktds, am mstn enkmrn sm dituvd =6.93 y =8.63 %, am i`densn rna`hujnr hdk ads`s am s`meirn am 7.2= y 7.= Lb rmspmht`v rmspmht`vnemktm. nemktm. Mstds rmsujtnads sdk a`fmrmktms n jds rmb`strnads rmb`strnads pdr Hnjjms, A (977=), yn qum amtmre`kø uk pdrhmktnom am i`densn rna`hujnr am 27% mk fdren bmkmrnj, jd qum pumam amimrsm pr`kh`pnjemktm n jn bmkàt`hn am jn sme`jjn ut`j`znan. Jn prdauhh`øk am i`densn hnuj`knr, pdr su pnrtm rmb`strø tdad jd hdktrnr`d n jn prdauhh`øk am i`densn rna`hnj, nså mj enydr pdrhmktnom am i`densn hnuj`knr sm dituvd hdk mj trntne`mktd 7.= Lb am sme`jjn hded ads`s am s`meirn hdk 16.88%, smbu`ad pdr 7.2= y >.7 Lb am ads`s am s`meirn hdk 18.2= y 86.78%, mk su dramk. Nj rmspmhtd Hnjjms, A (977=), amtmre`kø prdema`ds am 87%, am i`densn hnuj`knr, jd qum a`f`mrm am jds rmsujtnads ditmk`ads mk kumstrd mxpmr`emktd, s`k meinrbd sm amim hdks`amrnr qum sm puad cnimr ut`j`znad sme`jjn am bmkàt`hn a`fmrmktm qum rmspdkamk mk fdren tnei`à tnei`àkk cmtmrdbàkmn, n hnan ukn am jns vnr`nijms prdauht`vns.

 

6. Ymka`e`mktd Mj rmka`e`mktd am Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd pdr Lb am sme`jjn ut`j`znan ms mj `ka`hnadr prdauht`vd eîs `epdrtnktm , y mj qum amtmre`kn mj mfmhtd am jn ut`j`znh`øk am a`fmrmktms amks`anams am s`meirn, pdr jd hunj mk mj mxpmr`emktd sm mkhdktrø a`fmrmkh`ns s`bk`f`hnt`vns (p:7.7=), ditmk`àkadsm mj enydr rmka`e`mktd hdk jn ut`j`znh`øk am 7.=7 Lb pdr inkamon mj hunj prdauod 3.00 Lb am fdrrnom pdr hnan Lb am sme`jjn ut`j`znan, smbu`ad pdr jn amks`ana am s`meirn am 7,2= Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon hdk 3,8= Lb y f`knjemktm mj trntne`mktd > Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon hdk 3,7 Lb am FVC. Hunard 3, Brnf`hd 9. Jds rmsujtnads ditmk`ads ditmk`ads sdk `kfmr`drms n jds rmpdrtn rmpdrtnads ads pdr Hc`r`idbn, Hc`r`idbn, C (977>), qu`mk enk`f`mstn qum pdr hnan Lb am sme`jjn sm prdauhmk am >3 n 91 l`jds am fdrrnom c`ardpøk`hd hdk hdk >3% am entmr`n smhn y eîs am >6% am prdtmåkn. X`k meinrbd hdk jn ut`j`znh`øk am 7.= Lb am sme`jjn hded amks`ana am s`meirn, sm njhnkznk pnrîemtrds s`e`jnrms n jds qum enk`f`mstn Hcnrjms, J (>00=), qu`mk smþnjn qum jn prdauhh`øk mk pmsd njhnkznad hdk mstm eàtdad pumam pnsnr am > n =. ]t`j`znkad iumkn sme`jjn, sme`jjn, mstd sm pumam nuem nuemktnr ktnr y jjmbnr n ukn prdauhh`øk prdauhh`øk am >9 vmhms, pdr jd qum sm pumam nsmburnr qum mstn amktrd am jd rmhdemkanad. I. WYDA]HH@DK AM FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWDK@HD (FVC) AM ENÅ_ >. Bmre`knh`øk Mj t`mepd am `k`h`d am jn bmre`knh`øk am jn sme`jjn am Enåz, sm prmsmktø n pnrt`r amj tmrhmr aån pnrn jds a`fmrmktms trntne`mktds, jd qum qu`mrm amh`r qum mj t`mepd am npnrmh`e`mktd am jn rnaåhujn rnaåhujn ms `ka`fmrmktm am jn ads`s am s`m s`meirn eirn ut`j`znan. Mj pdrhmktnom am bmre`knh`øk fum supmr`dr mstnaåst`hnemktm hdk ukn prdini`j`ana (p:7.7=), nj ut`j`znr > Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon, njhnkznkad mj 09.=7% am bmre`knh`øk, smbu`ad pdr 0>.9=% y 07.=7 pnrn jds trntne`mktds 7.2= y 7.=7 Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon, inkamon, rmspmht`vnemktm. Am mstn enkmrn sm pumam ntr`iu`r qum mj enydr pdrhmktnom am bmre`knh`øk sm a`d ami`ad n qum mx`stm ukn enydr amks`ana am sme`jjn, pdr tnktd emkdrms pàra`ans am cuemana qum fnvdrmh`ø n jn ditmkh`øk

 

am jds emodrms rmsujtnads hunkad sm ut`j`zø > Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon, nj `bunj qum hunkad sm smeirø hminan n mstn ads`s am s`meirn. Hunard 0. Brîf`hd 8. Jds rmsujtnads am jn prmsmktm `kvmst`bnh`øk sdk s`e`jnrms n jds rmpdrtnads pdr Jmøk, X (977=), qu`mk nj hujt`vnr FVC am enåz, hdk a`fmrmktms pmr`dads am juz y sdjuh`dkms kutr`t`vns, amtmre`kø pdrhmktnoms am bmre`knh`øk qum vnk am 67.63 n 01.==%. Xnepmr`d, B (>002), enk`f`mstn qum jn sme`jjn hded eåk`ed amim prmsmktnr uk pdrhmktnom am bmre`knh`øk kd `kfmr`dr nj 2=%, pnrn mv`tnr pàra`ans mk jds rmka`e`mktds am hdsmhcn y qum pdr jd bmkmrnj ms kdrenj qum kd bmre`kmk amj > nj 9% am jn sme`jjn, pdr jd qum kumstrds rmsujtnads sm cnjjnk amktrd am jd kdrenj, mk mstm t`pd am hujt`vds. Nj `bunj qum mk mj hnsd am jn hminan, hunkad sm ut`j`zn ads`s am s`meirn njtns, jn rmtmkh`øk am cuemana ms enydr, jd qum nsmburn uk iumk pdrhmktnom am bmre`knh`øk. 9. Q`mepd am npnrmh`e`mktd am jns cdons Mj t`mepd am npnrmh`e`mktd am jns pr`emrns cdons amj Enåz, sm prmsmktø n pnrt`r amj dkhmnvd aån pnrn jds a`fmrmktms trntne`mktds, jd qum qu`mrm amh`r qum nj `bunj qum mj t`mepd am npnrmh`e`mktd am jn rnåz, tnei`àk mj npnrmh`e`mktd am jns cdons kd ampmkam ampmkam am jn ads`s am s`meirn ut`j`zna ut`j`znan. n. Hunard 0. Nj kd mx`st`r dtrns `kvmst`bnh`dkms adkam sm mvnjÿm mstn vnr`nijm, sm pumam amh`r qum mj npnrmh`e`mktd am jns pr`emrns cdons rmspdkam kmtnemktm n jn pnrtm f`s`djøb`hn amj enåz. 8. Jdkb`tua amj tnjjd Jn jdkb`tua prdema`d amj tnjjd amj Enåz fum mstnaåst`hnemktm `bunj hunkad sm ut`j`zø 7.=, 7.2= y > Lb am sme`jjn hdk =.79, =.92 y =.93 he mk su dramk, am mstn enkmrn jds trntne`mktds ut`j`znads mk mstn mspmh`m ank jds e`seds rmsujtnads mstnaåst`hnemktm cnijnkad.

 

Jn jdkb`tua amj tnjjd am enåz n jds >6 aåns, fum mstnaåst`hnemktm s`e`jnr hunkad sm ut`j`zø ukn ads`s am s`meirn am 7.=, 7.2= y >.7 Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon, ditmk`àkadsm jdkb`tuams amj tnjjd n jds >6 aåns am >>.=7, >>.68 y >>.27 he rmspmht`vnemktm. Hunard 0. Jds rmsujtnads ditmk`ads mk mj prmsmktm mksnyd sdk supmr`drms n jds ditmk`ads pdr Jmøk, X (977=), n jds >3 aåns am hujt`vd, yn qum rmb`strn uk prdema`d am 0.=> he pds`ijmemktm sm amin n jn vnr`mana am enåz ut`j`znad. 1. Jdkb`tua am jn rnåz Jn jdkb`tua prdema`d am jn rnåz amj enåz fum mstnaåst`hnemktm `bunj hunkad sm ut`j`zø 7.2= y > Lb am sme`jjn hdk 2.19 y 2.13 he mk su dramk, jds hunjms supmrnrdk mstnaåst`hnemktm nj trntne`mktd mk mj huîj sm ut`j`zø 7.=7 Lb hdk 6.2> he am jdkb`tua prdema`d am jn rnåz. Jn jdkb`tua am jn rnåz amj enåz n jds >6 aåns, kd prmsmktø a`fmrmkh`ns mstnaåst`hns, nj ut`j`znr 7.=, 7.2= y >.7 Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon hdk >9.0=, >8.83 y >8.1= he rmspmht`vnemktm. Hunard 0. Jn jdkb`tua am jn rnåz, amj prmsmktm mxpmr`emktd ms `kfmr`dr n jn rmb`strnan pdr Jmøk, X (977=), yn qum nj aån >3 jn jdkb`tua am jn rnåz amj FVC am enåz fum am 97.7> he mk prdema`d, pds`ijmemktm sm amin n jn vnr`mana am enåz ut`j`znan mk mj hujt`vd. =. Wrdauhh`øk am i`densn Jn prdauhh`øk am i`densn tdtnj, mxprmsnan mk Lb./e 9  , fum supmr`dr mstnaåst`hnemktm (p:7.7>), hunkad sm ut`j`zø hded ads`s am s`meirn >.7 Lb pdr inkamon, njhnkzîkadsm ukn prdauhh`øk am 9=,17 Lb FVC/e9, rmsujtnkad euy supmr`dr d jds dtrds trntne`mktds, mj trntne`mktd trntne`mktd 7.2= Lb pdr inkamon, dituvd ukn prdauhh`øk am >1,>8 Lb am FVC/e FVC/e9. y mj trntne`mktd am 7,=7 Lb./ inkamon qum dituvd 6,97 fum mj ens inod. Hunard 0.

 

Mj pdrhmktnom am i`densn rna`hujnr, sm rmb`strø jn enydr prdpdrh`øk nj ut`j`znrsm >.7 Lb am sme`jjn hdk 60.23 %, mstm trntne`mktd a`f`r`ø mstnaåst`hnemktm mstnaåst`hnemktm am jds jds dtrds trntne`mktds, am mstn e enkmrn nkmrn sm dituvd 6>.>= y =7.78 %, am i`densn i`densn rna`hujnr hdk ads`s am s`meirn am 7.2= y 7.= Lb rmspmht`vnemktm. Mk prdema`d jds rmsujtnads am jn prmsmktm `kvmst`bnh`øk sdk euy s`e`jnrms n jds rmb`strnads pdr Jmøk, X (977=), qu`àk amtmre`kø prdema`ds am i`densn rna`hujnr am 62.7>%, nj mvnjunr sdjuh`dkms kutr`t`vns y a`fmrmktms fdtd pmrådads pnrn jn prdauhh`øk am FVC am enåz. Jn prdauhh`øk prdauhh`øk am i`densn hnuj`knr, hnuj`knr, sm hdepdrtø am fdren `kvmrsn n jn prdauhh`øk am i`densn rna`hnj, nså mj enydr pdrhmktnom am i`densn hnuj`knr sm dituvd hdk mj trntne`mktd 7,= Lb am sme`jjn hded ads`s am s`meirn hdk 10.03%, smbu`ad pdr 7.2= y > Lb am ads`s am s`meirn hdk 83.3= 83.3= y 87.98%, mk su dramk. Am `bunj fdren qum mk mj hnsd am jn i`densn rna`hujnr, mk prdema`d jds rmsujtnads am jn prmsmktm `kvmst`bnh`øk sdk euy s`e`jnrms n jds rmb`strnads pdr Jmøk, X (977=), qu`àk amtmre`kø prdema`ds am i`densn rna`hujnr am 62.7>%, nj mvnjunr sdjuh`dkms kutr`t`vns y a`fmrmktms fdtd pmrådads pnrn jn prdauhh`øk am FVC am enåz. 6. Ymka`e`mktd Mj rmka`e`mktd am Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd pdr Lb. am sme`jjn am enåz ut`j`znan ms kumvnemktm mj eîs `epdrtnktm am jds `ka`hnadrms prdauht`vds, y mj qum amtmre`kn mj mfmhtd am jn ut`j`znh`øk am a`fmrmktms amks`anams am s`meirn, pdr jd hunj mk mj mxpmr`emktd sm mkhdktrø a`fmrmkh`ns s`bk`f`hnt`vns (p:7.7=), ditmk`àkadsm mj enydr rmka`e`mktd hdk jn ut`j`znh`øk am >.7 Lb pdr inkamon mj hunj prdauod 6.8= Lb am fdrrnom pdr hnan Lb. am sme`jjn ut`j`znan, smbu`ad pdr jn amks`ana am s`meirn am 7.2= Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon hdk 1.27 Lb y f`knjemktm mj trntne`mktd 7.=7 Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon hdk 8.>7 Lb am FVC. Nj ut`j`znr hded amks`ana am s`meirn > Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon, sm dituvd emodrms rmsujtnads mk hdepnrnh`øk n jds rmb`strnads pdr Jmøk, X (977=), yn qum jn prdauhh`øk am FVC am enåz fum am >,89 Lb pdr 7.9= e 9  ut`j`znkad > Lb am

 

sme`jjn pdr e9, jd qum mk amf`k`t`vn rmprmsmktn uk rmka`e`mktd am =.9 Lb am FVC/ Lb am sme`jjn ut`j`znan. H. VNJDYNH@DK K]QY@Q@VN AMJ FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWDK@HD (FVC) AM HMINAN >. Cuemana tdtnj Jn cuemana tdtnj, kd tuvd a`fmrmkh`ns s`bk`f`hnt`vns mk jds fdrrnoms prdvmk`mktms am jds a`fmrmktms trntne`mktds, rmb`strîkadsm nså prdema`ds am 3=.=2, 3=.61 y 3=.=8%, pnrn jds trntne`mktds 7.=, 7.2= y >.7 Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon rmspmht`vnemktm. Hunard >7. Hnjjms, A (977=), rmb`strn mk su `kvmst`bnh`øk rnkbds qum vnk amsam 0>.38 n 09,9> % am cuemana mk hminan, y hdrrdidrnkad hdk mstds antds (Qnrr`jjd, 9779, h`tnad pdr Hnjjms 977=), eumstrn qum mj hdktmk`ad am cuemana n jds >7 aåns ms am 0>.> % y n jds >= aåns ms am 31.0 % am Cuemana. Mk mstn `kvmst`bnh`øk sm hdsmhcd n jds >8 aåns pdr jd qum pdameds amauh`r qum cn ema`an qum nuemktm jn mana amj fdrrnom a`se`kuym mj hdktmk`ad am cuemana, pdr jd qum sm nsmemonk n kumstrds rmsujtnads ditmk`ads mk kumstrn `kvmst`bnh`øk. 9. Entmr`n smhn Mk mj hdktmk`ad am entmr`n smhn am jds a`fmrmktms fdrrnoms, sm amtmre`kø qum hunkad sm ut`j`zn ukn amks`ana am s`meirn am >.7 Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon sm dituvd jds emodrms rmsujtnads hdk >1.12%, am `bunj enkmrn nj ut`j`znr 7.= Lb am sme`jjn sm dituvd >1.18% am EX, a`f`r`mkad amj trntne`mktd mk mj hunj sm ut`j`zø 7.2= Lb am sme`jjn qum sdjd prmsmktø >1.7% am EX. Mstds rmsujtnads sdk enydrms n jds rmpdrtnads pdr Hnjjms (977=) qum rmb`strd rnkbds qum vnk amsam 2,20 % n 3,>2 % am Entmr`n smhn. P sdk emkdrms n jds rmsujtnads h`tnads pdr Hnjjms, A (977=) am Hcnkb (977>), mk uk nkîj`s`s irdentdjøb`hd am ukn pjnktn hdepjmtn am hminan tuvd uk >2.22 % am EX.

 

8. Wrdtmåkn hruan Nj amtmre`knr jn prdtmåkn hruan, mj emodr trntne`mktd fum 7.2= Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon hdk >8.63%, qum supmrø n jds trntne`mktds 7.=7 y >.7 Lb am sme`jjn hdk >8.11 y >8.90% am prdtmåkn hruan. Hunard >7. Hnjjms, A (977=), nj mvnjunr mj FVC am hminan hdk a`fmrmktms k`vmjms am nzufrm rmb`strd antds qum vnk amsam >=,=3 n >2,38 % am prdtmåkn. Hcnkb (977>) h`tnad pdr Hnjjms (977=) nj rmnj`znr uk nkîj`s`s irdentdjøb`hd am ukn pjnktn hdepjmtn am hminan tuvd uk >2,1 am prdtmåkn nj aån >9 am hdsmhcn, a`se`kuymkad mj hdktmk`ad am Wrdtmåkn n >8,1 % pnrn mj aån >=. Jds antds ditmk`ads mk mstn `kvmst`bnh`øk sdk `kfmr`drms n jds ditmk`ads pdr jds nutdrms h`tnads, h`tnads, pmrd mstn a`fmrmkh`n sm ami aminn nj t`mepd am hdsmhcn hdsmhcn y jds fmrt`j`znktms npj`hnads. 1. F`irn irutn Jn f`irn irutn sm prmsmktø supmr`dr mk mj trntne`mktd 7.2= Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon hdk >1.33%, mj e`sed qum a`f`r`ø a`f `r`ø mstnaåst`hnemktm am jds trntne`mktds >.7 y 7.=7, hdk >1.67 y >1.19% am F`irn irutn, rmspmht`vnemktm. Hunard >7. Drtmbn, E (9771), rmb`strn antds qum vnk >3,83 % n >0,32 % am F`irn irutn, hdepnrnkad hdk kumstrds antds sdk `kfmr`drms mk su hdktmk`ad ami`ads n jn mana am hdsmhcn yn qum e`mktrns enydr smn jn mana am hdsmhcn enydr smrî mj hdktmk`ad am f`irn. =. Brnsn Wnrn mj pdrhmktnom am brnsn mj emodr trntne`mktd fum, mj qum ut`j`zø >.7 Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon, hdk 8.81%, mj e`sed qum supmrø mstnaåst`hnemktm n jds trntne`mktds 7.=7 y 7.2= Lb am sme`jjn, hdk 8.7> y 9.03% mk su dramk. Hnjjms, A (977=), rmb`strø uk rnkbd am antds qum vn amsam 8,8= n 1,71 % am brnsn s`e`jnrms n kumstrn `kvmst`bnh`øk.

 

 6. Hmk`zn Mk hunktd nj pdrhmktnom am hmk`zn mj emodr trntne`mktd fum, mj qum ut`j`zø >.7 Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon, hdk 8.=8%, mj e`sed qum supmrø mstnaåst`hnemktm n jds trntne`mktds 7.2= y 7.=7Lb am sme`jjn, hdk 8.1> y 8.83% mk su dramk Hnjjms, A (977=) rmb`strd antds amj hdktmk`ad am hmk`zns, vnjdrms qum vnk amsam 9,6> n =,96 % am hmk`zns. Hdrrdidrnkad hdk mstn `kvmst`bnh`øk Drtmbn (9771), rmb`strd vnjdrms qum vnk amsam 8,2> n 1, >1 %. 2. Entmr`n drbîk`hn Jn entmr`n drbîk`hn kd a`f`r`ø mstnaåst`hnemktm, mk mj FVC, prdvmk`mktm am a`fmrmktms amks`anams am s`meirn, rmb`strîkadsm prdema`ds am 06.69, 06.=0 y 06.12%, pnrn jds trntne`mktds 7.=7, 7.2= y >.7 Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon rmspmht`vnemktm. Hunard >7. Drtmbn, E ( 9771), mkhdktrø vnjdrms s`e`jnrms qum vnk amsam 0=,36 n 06,90 % am Entmr`n drbîk`hn. 3. Mstrntd j`irm am K`trøbmkd Mk hunktd n jn hnkt`ana am mstrntd j`irm am k`trøbmkd, mj emodr trntne`mktd fum, mj qum ut`j`zø 7.= Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon, hdk 6=.2=%, mj e`sed qum supmrø mstnaåst`hnemktm n jds trntne`mktds >.7 y 7.2= Lb am sme`jjn, hdk 6=.91 y 6=.7=% rmspmht`vnemktm. Hunard >7. A. VNJDYNH@DK K]QY@Q@VN AMJ FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWDK@HD (FVC) AM ENÅ_ >. Cuemana tdtnj Jn cuemana tdtnj, tuvd a`fmrmkh`ns s`bk`f`hnt`vns mk jds fdrrnoms prdvmk`mktms am jds a`fmrmktms amks`anams am s`meirn ut`j`znads pnrn mj hujt`vd am FVC am enåz, rmb`strîkadsm nså uk prdema`d am 37.31% am cuemana, pnrn jn ads`s am 7.2= Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon, smbu`ad pdr jds trntne`mktds >.7 y 7.= Lb hdk 20.82 y 23.96% rmspmht`vnemktm. Hunard >>.

 

Jmøk, X (977=), `ka`hn mk uk nkîj`s`s rmnj`znad mj enydr pdrhmktnom am cuemana sm prmsmktd mk trntne`mktd am >3 cdrns juz hdk 30,1> % y mk jds dtrds trntne`mktds vnjdrms `kfmr`drms am 38,38 % y 31,>7 %. P h`tn n Edrn (>000) qum mkhdktrø mk uk nkîj`s`s rmnj`znad am bmre`knad am enåz, enåz, mk Jnidrntdr`ds @.I.H am Idbdtn mj pdrhmktnom am cuemana mstn mk 22,6= % hdrrdidrnkad kumstrds rmsujtnads. 9. Entmr`n smhn Mk mj hdktmk`ad am entmr`n smhn am jds a`fmrmktms fdrrnoms, tuvd a`fmrmkh`ns s`bk`f`hnt`vns, nså sm amtmre`kø qum hunkad sm ut`j`zn ukn amks`ana am s`meirn am 7.=7 Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon sm dituvd jds emodrms rmsujtnads hdk 9>.21%, am `bunj enkmrn nj ut`j`znr >.7 y 7.2= Lb am sme`jjn sme`jjn sm dituv`mrdk 97.68 y >0.>6% am entmr`n smhn mk su dramk. Hunard >>. Jmøk, X (977=), nj rmnj`znr mj nkîj`s`s irdentdjøb`hd am jds a`fmrmktms trntne`mktds qum npj`hd mkhumktrn ema`ns am >6,>2 % am EX. Jd qum qum qqu`mrm u`mrm amh`r qum vnrån am nhumrad nj t`pd am fmrt`j`znktm y jn mana am hdsmhcn. 8. Wrdtmåkn hruan Nj amtmre`knr jn prdtmåkn hruan, mj emodr trntne`mktd fum >.7 Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon hdk >9.>1%, qum supmrø n jds trntne`mktds 7.2= y 7.=7 Lb am sme`jjn hdk y >9.79 y >>.20% am prdtmåkn hruan mk su dramk. Jmøk, X (977=), rmb`strd mk su `kvmst`bnh`øk >8.8> % am prdtmåkn hruan nj rmnj`znr mj nkîj`s`s irdentdjøb`hd irdentdjøb`hd amj enåz. Jds rmsujtnads ditmk`ad ditmk`adss ameumstrnk qum qum jds trntne`mktds npj`hnads kd `kh`amk mk mj hdktmk`ad am prdtmåkn. 1. F`irn irutn Jn f`irn irutn sm prmsmktø supmr`dr mk jds trntne`mktds 7.2= y 7.=7 Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon hdk >8.7 y >9.0%, mk su dramk, jds e`seds qum a`f`r`mrdk

 

mstnaåst`hnemktm amj trntne`mktd >.7 Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon hdk >>.2% am f`irn irutn. Hunard >>. =. Brnsn Wnrn mj pdrhmktnom am brnsn mj emodr trntne`mktd fum, mj qum ut`j`zø 7.2= Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon, hdk 8.8=%, mj e`sed qum supmrø mstnaåst`hnemktm n jds trntne`mktds >.7 y 7.=7 Lb am sme`jjn, hdk 8.>8 y 9.0=% mk su dramk. 6. Hmk`zn Mk hunktd nj pdrhmktnom am hmk`zn jds emodrms trntne`mktds fumrdk, jds qum ut`j`znrdk >.7 y 7.2= Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon, hdk 9.12 y 9.80% rmspmht`vnemktm, jds e`seds qum supmrnrdk mstnaåst`hnemktm nj trntne`mktd 7.=7 Lb am sme`jjn, hdk >.01%. >.01%. Hunard >>. 2. Entmr`n drbîk`hn Mk hunktd nj pdrhmktnom am entmr`n drbîk`hn mj emodr trntne`mktd fum, mj qum ut`j`zø 7.2= Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon, hdk 02.6>%, mj e`sed qum supmrø mstnaåst`hnemktm n jds trntne`mktds 7.=7 y >.7 Lb am sme`jjn, hdk 03.76 y 02.=8% mk su dramk. 3. Mstrntd j`irm am K`trøbmkd Mk hunktd nj pdrhmktnom am hmk`zn jds emodrms trntne`mktds fumrdk, jds qum ut`j`znrdk >.7 y 7.=7 Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon, hdk 2=.=2 y 29.12% rmspmht`vnemktm, jds e`seds qum supmrnrdk mstnaåst`hnemktm nj trntne`mktd 7.2= Lb am sme`jjn, hdk 2>.93% am MJK. Hunard >>. M. MVNJ MVNJ]NH@DK ]NH@DK WYDA]HQ@VN AM H]PMX NJ@EMKQNADX HDK FDYYN FDYYNOM OM VMYAM C@AYDWDK@HD (FVC) MK JN MQNWN AM HYMH@E@MKQD Ami`ad n qum kd mx`stmk dtrns `kvmst`bnh`dkms adkam sm nknj`hm hnan ukn am jns mtnpns am hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram, kds rme`t`rmeds n amshr`i`r y nknj`znr jds rmsujtnads ditmk`ads mk kumstrd mxpmr`emktd. Hunard >9.

 

>. Wmsd f`knj Mj pmsd f`knj, mk mstn mtnpn kd tuvd a`fmrmkh`ns s`bk`f`hnt`vns mk jds a`fmrmktms trntne`mktds, am mstn enkmrn jds prdema`ds am pmsd f`knj fumrdk? 127.77, 103.88, 103.88, 10=.77, 168.88, =76.62 y =78.88 br pnrn jds huyms nj`emktnads hdk Njfnjfn, H7.=7, H7.2=, H>.77, E7.=7, E7.2= y E>.77 mk su dramk. Wds`ijmemktm ami`ad n qum jds nk`enjms hdksuemk nj`emktds ÿk`hnemktm pnrn huir`r sus rmqumr`e`mktds, y nj trntnrsm am ukn nj`emktnh`øk n insm am Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd, jds nk`enjms rmspdkamk am `bunj fdren s`k `epdrtnr qum smn am hminan d am enåz. 9. Bnknkh`n am pmsd Jn bnknkh`n tdtnj am pmsd aurnktm jds 87 aåns am jn mtnpn am hrmh`e`mktd, kd a`f`r`ø mstnaåst`hnemktm, prmsmktnad bnknkh`ns am pmsd prdema`ds qum vnr`nrdk mktrm >03.88 y 99>.62 b pnrn jds huyms nj`emktnads hdk Njfnjfn y E>.77 rmspmht`vnemktm. Am fdren s` s`e`jnr, e`jnr, jn bnknkh`n am pmsd a` a`nr`n nr`n mk jn mtnpn am hrmh`e`mktd, prmsmktø bnknkh`ns am pmsd prdema`d qum vnr`nrdk kueàr`hnemktm mktrm 6.68 y 2.17 b mk jds huyms nj`emktnads hdk Njfnjfn y E>.77 rmspmht`vnemktm, s`mkad mstnaåst`hnemktm `bunjms. 8. Hdksued am nj`emktd Mj hdksued tdtnj am nj`emktd mk entmr`n smhn, aurnktm jds 87 aåns am jn mtnpn am hrmh`e`mktd, a`f`r`ø mstnaåst`hnemktm, prmsmktnad mj enydr hdksued jds nk`enjms nj`emktnads hdk njfnjfn, hdk uk hdksued am 077.>2 b smbu`ad pdr jds trntne`mktds H7.2= y E7.=7 hdk hdksueds am 233.07 y 238.7 b rmspmht`vnemktm, pdstmr`dremktm jds trntne`mktds H>.7 y H7.= hdk hdksueds prdema`d am 22=.7 y 2=7.88 b mk su dramk, f`knjemktm sm ui`hnrdk jds trntne`mktds E>.7 y E E7.2= 7.2= qum prmsmktnrdk hdksueds hdksueds am 600.7 y 6=3.> b , rmspmht`vnemktm. Mj hdksued a`nr`d am fdrrnoms mk jn mtnpn am hrmh`e`mktd, a`f`r`ø mstnaåst`hnemktm (p:7.7>), prmsmktnad mj enydr hdksued jds nk`enjms nj`emktnads hdk njfnjfn, hdk

 

uk hdksued am 87.7 b smbu`ad pdr mj trntne`mktd E7.=7 hdk uk hdksued am 96.> b pdstmr`dremktm jds trntne`mktds H7.2=, H>.7 y H7.= H7.= hdk hdksueds prdema`d am 96.96, 9=.38 y 9=.78 b mk su dramk, f`knjemktm sm sm ui`hnrdk jds trntne`mktds E>.7 y E7.2= qum prmsmktnrdk prmsmktnrdk hdksueds am 98.96 y 9>.08 b, rmspmht`vnemktm. 1. Hdkvmrs`øk nj`emkt`h`n Jn hdkvmrs`øk nj`emkt`h`n aurnktm jds 87 aåns am jn mtnpn am hrmh`e`mktd, a`f`r`ø mstnaåst`hnemktm, prmsmktnad mj enydr åka`hm mk jds nk`enjms nj`emktnads hdk njfnjfn, hdk uk prdema`d prdema`d am hdkvmrs`øk nj`emkt`h`n am 1.98 puktds, jd qu`mrm qu`mrm amh`r qum pnrn ditmkmr uk Lb am bnknkh`n am pmsd sm kmhms`tnk 1.98 Lb entmr`n smhn am njfnjfn mk mstn mstn mtnpn, smbu`ad pdr mj trntne`mktd E7.=7 hdk hdk uk åka`hm åka`hm am 8.28 puktds, pdstmr`dremktm jds jds trntne`mktds H7.=, H7.2= H7.2= y H>.7 hdk åka`hms am 8.17, 8.86 y 8.96 puktds, mk su dramk, f`knjemktm sm ui`hnrdk jds trntne`mktds E>.7 y E7.2= qum prmsmktnrdk jds emodrms åka`hms am hdkvmrs`øk hdk 8.>8 y 9.36 b rmspmht`vnemktm. F. MVN MVNJ]NH@DK J]NH@DK WYDA]HQ@VN WYDA]HQ@VN AM H]PMX NJ@EMKQNADX NJ@EMKQNADX HDK FDYYNOM FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWDK@HD (FVC) MK JN MQNWN AM MKBDYAM Ami`ad n qum kd mx`stmk dtrns `kvmst`bnh`dkms adkam sm nknj`hm hnan ukn am jns mtnpns am hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram, kds rme`t`rmeds n amshr`i`r y nknj`znr jds rmsujtnads ditmk`ads mk kumstrd mxpmr`emktd. Hunard >8. >. Wmsd `k`h`nj y f`knj Mj pmsd `k`h`nj am huyms mk mstn mtnpn, kd prmsmktø a`fmrmkh`ns s`bk`f`hnt`vns mk jds a`fmrmktms trntne`mktds, am mstn enkmrn jds prdema`ds am pmsd `k`h`nj fumrdk? 127.77, 103.88, 103.88, 10=.77, 168.88, =76.62 y =78.88 b pnrn jds huyms nj`emktnads hdk Njfnjfn, H7.=7, H7.2=, H>.77, E7.=7, E7.2= y E>.77 mk su dramk. Mj pmsd f`knj, mk mstn mtnpn tuvd a`fmrmkh`ns njtnemktm s`bk`f`hnt`vns (p:7.7>) mk jds a`fmrmktms trntne`mktds, am mstn enkmrn mj enydr pmsd jd njhnkznrdk jds nk`enjms am jds trntne`mktds H7.2=, H7.=7 y H>.7, hdk pmsds f`knjms am 077.7,

 

338.88 y 36>.62 b rmspmht`vnemktm, smbu`ads pdr jds nk`enjms mk jds hunjms sm npj`hø jds trntne`mktds E>.7, E7.2=, E7.= y njfnjfn, hdk pmsds f`knjms prdema`d am 3>7.7, 376.62, 37>.62 y 2=6.62 b am pmsd f`knj mk su dramk. Am mstn enkmrn sm pumam ntr`iu`r jds emodrms rmsujtnads n jn ut`j`znh`øk am FVC am Hminan, s`k `epdrtnr jn ads`s am s`meirn ut`j`znan, pds`ijmemktm mstds rmsujtnads sm amink n ukn emodr pnjntni`j`ana y nprdvmhcne`mktd am jds kutr`mktms am mstm fdrrnom. 9. Bnknkh`n am pmsd Jn bnknkh`n tdtnj am pmsd aurnktm jds 1= aåns am jn mtnpn am mkbdram, a`f`r`ø mstnaåst`hnemktm, prmsmktnkad jn enydr bnknkh`n am pmsd mj trntne`mktd H7.2=, hdk ukn bnknkh`n am pmsd prdema`d am 17>.62br, smbu`ad pdr mj trntne`mktd H7.= y H>.7 hdk bnknkh`ns bnknkh`ns am pmsd pmsd am 83=.7 y 866.62 b mk su dram dramk, k, pdstmr`dremktm sm ui`hnk jds trntne`mktds E7.=, E>.7, E7.2= y njfnjfn hdk bnknkh`ns am pmsd am 883.88, 876.62, 877.7 y 936.62 b rmspmht`vnemktm. Jn bnknkh`n am pmsd a`nr`n mk jn mtnpn am mkbdram, a`f`r`ø mstnaåst`hnemktm, prmsmktnad jn enydr bnknkh`n am pmsd mj trntne`mktd H7.2=, hdk ukn bnknkh`n am pmsd prdema`d am 3.08 3.08 b smbu`ad pdr mj trntne`mktd H7.= y H>.7 hdk bnknkh`ns am pmsd am 3.=2 y 3.>2 b mk su dramk, pdstmr`dremktm pdstmr`dremktm sm ui`hnk jds jds trntne`mktds E7.=, E>.7, E7.2= y njfnjfn hdk bnknkh`ns am pmsd am 2.=7, 6.38, 6.66 y 6.88 b rmspmht`vnemktm. 8. Hdksued am nj`emktd Mj hdksued tdtnj am nj`emktd mk entmr`n smhn, aurnktm jds 1= aåns am jn mtnpn am mkbdram, a`f`r`ø mstnaåst`hnemktm, prmsmktnad mj enydrms hdksueds jds nk`enjms nj`emktnads hdk njfnjfn y E7.=, hdk uk hdksued am 970>.07 y 9780.08 b rmspmht`vnemktm smbu`ad pdr jds trntne`mktds E>.7 y E7.2= hdk hdksueds am >369.=7 y >296.67 b rmspmht`vnemktm, f`knjemktm jds trntne`mktds H7.2=, H7.= y H>.7, hdk hdksueds prdema`d prdema`d am >60=.67, >63=.37 y >678.27 >678.27 b mk su dramk.

 

Mj hdksued a`nr`d am fdrrnoms mk jn mtnpn am mkbdram, a`f`r`ø mstnaåst`hnemktm (p:7.7>), prmsmktnad mj enydrms hdksueds jds nk`enjms nj`emktnads hdk njfnjfn y E7.=, hdk uk hdksued a`nr`d am 16.16 y 1=.88 b rmspmht`vnemktm smbu`ad pdr jds trntne`mktds E>.7 y E7.2= hdk hdksueds am 1>.17 y 83.82 b rmspmht`vnemktm, f`knjemktm jds trntne`mktds H7.2=, H7.= y H>.7, hdk hdksueds prdema`d am 82.27, 82.16 y 8=.68 b a`nr`ds mk su su dramk. 1. Hdkvmrs`øk nj`emkt`h`n Jn hdkvmrs`øk nj`emkt`h`n aurnktm jds 1= aåns am jn mtnpn am mkbdram, a`f`r`ø mstnaåst`hnemktm, prmsmktnad mj enydr åka`hm mk jds nk`enjms nj`emktnads hdk njfnjfn, hdk uk prdema`d prdema`d am hdkvmrs`øk nj`emkt`h`n am 2.87 puktds, jd qu`mrm qu`mrm amh`r qum pnrn ditmkmr uk Lb am bnknkh`n am pmsd pmsd mk mstn mtnpn sm kmhms`tnk kmhms`tnk 2.87 Lb entmr`n smhn am njfnjfn njfnjfn mk mstn mtnpn, smbu`ad pdr jds trntn trntne`mktds e`mktds E7.=7, E>.7 y E7.2= hdk åka`hms am 6.>7, 6.>7, 6.>7 y =.37 =.37 puktds puktds rms rmspmht`vnemktm, pmht`vnemktm, pdstmr`dremktm jds trntne`mktds H7.=, H>.7 y H7.2= hhdk dk åka`hms am 1.17, 1.17 y 1.98 puktds, mk su dramk, qum rmsujtnrdk mf`h`mktms mf` h`mktms mk mstn mtnpn. B. MVNJ]N MVNJ]NH@DK H@DK WYDA]HQ@VN AM H]PMX NJ@EMKQNADX HDK FDYYNOM FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWDK@HD (FVC) MK JNX MQNWNX AM HYMH@E@MKQDMKBDYAM >. Wmsd `k`h`nj y f`knj Mj pmsd `k`h`nj am huyms n jds >= aåns am mana fum, 92>.62, 923.88, 968.88, 9=6.62, 92=.77, 926.62 y 93>.62 b pnrn jds huyms nj`emktnads nj`emktnads hdk Njfnjfn, H7.=7, H7.2=, H>.77, E7.=7, E7.2= y E>.77, rmspmht`vnemktm, y ami`ad n jn brna`mktm am vnr`nh`øk mk hunktd nj pmsd nj amstmtm, sm npj`hø uk a`smþd am ijdqums hdepjmtnemktm nj nznr. Hunard >1. Mj pmsd am huyms nj f`knj, am jns ads mtnpns (hrmh`e`mktd-mkbdram), tuvd a`fmrmkh`ns njtnemktm s`bk`f`hnt`vns (p:7.7>) mk jds a`fmrmktms trntne`mktds, am mstn enkmrn mj enydr pmsd jd njhnkznrdk jds nk`enjms am jds trntne`mktds H7.2=, H7.=7 y H>.7, hdk pmsds f`knjms am 077.7, 338.88 y 36>.62 b rmspmht`vnemktm,

 

smbu`ads pdr jds nk`enjms mk jds hunjms sm npj`hø jds trntne`mktds E>.7, E7.2=, E7.= y njfnjfn, hdk pmsds f`knjms prdema`d am 3>7.7, 376.62, 37>.62 y 2=6.62 b am pmsd f`knj mk su dramk. Jds rmsujtnads ditmk`ads mk jn prmsmktm `kvmst`bnh`øk sdk, `kfmr`drms n jds amtmre`knads pdr Vîshdkmz, O (9771), yn qum mk su mstua`d nj amtmre`knr mj vnjdr kutr`t`vd amj fdrrnom vmram c`ardpøk`hd am tr`bd, mk jn nj`emktnh`øk am huyms amtmre`kø qum mj pmsd f`knj am huyms nj f`knj`znr jn mtnpn am hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram fum am >>77 br. s`k meinrbd jds prdema`ds am pmsd nj f`knj`znr jn mtnpn am mkbdram mk jn prmsmktm `kvmst`bnh`øk sdk s`e`jnrms n jds rmb`strnads pdr ]shn, O (9777), mk su mstua`d sdirm mj fdrrnom vmram c`ardpøk`hd am hminan mk jn nj`emktnh`øk am huyms mk jns mtnpns am hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram, adkam dituvd uk pmsd f`knj am 028 b nj sue`k`strnr mj >77% am FVC, y hdk mj 7% am `khjus`øk am FVC, mj pmsd f`knj am huyms mk mstns mtnpns fum am 21= b. 9. Bnknkh`n am pmsd Jn bnknkh`n tdtnj am pmsd aurnktm jds 2= aåns am jns mtnpns am hrmh`e`mktdmkbdram, a`f`r`ø mstnaåst`hnemktm, prmsmktnad jns enydrms bnknkh`ns am pmsd jds trntne`mktds H7.2=, H7.=7 y H>.7 hdk bnknkh`ns am pmsd prdema`d am 686.62, 67=.7 y 67=.7 b rmspmht`vnemktm, smbu`ad pdr jds trntne`mktd E7.2=, E>.7, E7.= y njfnjfn, hdk bnknkh`ns am pmsd am =87.7, =93.88, =96.62 y 13=.7 b mk su dramk. Hunard >1. Brnf`hd =. Jds rmsujtnads ditmk`ads mk jn prmsmktm `kvmst`bnh`øk sdk `kfmr`drms mk pdr jd emkds >77 b mk rmjnh`øk n jds amtmre`knads pdr Vîshdkmz, O (9771), mk su mstua`d am mvnjunh`øk amj vnjdr kutr`t`vd amj fdrrnom vmram c`ardpøk`hd am tr`bd, mk jn nj`emktnh`øk am huyms amtmre`kø qum jn bnknkh`n am pmsd mk huyms nj f`knj`znr jn mtnpn am hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram fum am 260 b hdk mj >77% am `khjus`øk mk jn a`mtn y s`k jn ut`j`znh`øk am fdrrnom am 2>7 b. Nså hded tnei`àk kumstrds prdema`ds am bnknkh`n am pmsd sdk `kfmr`drms n jds rmsujtnads ditmk`ads pdr ]shn, O (9777), mk su mstua`d sdirm mj fdrrnom vmram c`ardpøk`hd am hminan mk jn nj`emktnh`øk am huyms mk jns mtnpns am hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram, adkam dituvd ukn bnknkh`ns am pmsd 2>2 b nj sue`k`strnr mj >77% am

 

FVC, y hdk mj 7% am `khjus`øk am FVC, jn bnknkh`n am pmsd mk huyms mk mstns mtnpns fum am 103 b s`k meinrbd sm amim rmhnjhnr qum jds prdema`ds am jds trntne`mktds tmst`bd sdk euy s`e`jnrms n jds ditmk`ads mk kumstrn `kvmst`bnh`øk. 8. Hdksued am nj`emktd Mj hdksued tdtnj am fdrrnoms mk jn mtnpn am hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram, a`f`r`ø mstnaåst`hnemktm (p:7.7>), prmsmktnad mj enydrms hdksueds jds nk`enjms nj`emktnads hdk njfnjfn y E7.=, hdk uk hdksued tdtnj am 9909.78 y 9398 b rmspmht`vnemktm smbu`ads pdr jds trntne`mktds E7.2=, E>.7, H7.=, H72= y H>.7 hdk hdksueds am 9831.3, 9831.3, 9=6>.2, 9186.>, 9131.= y 9823.2 b tdtnjms mk su dramk. Hunard >1, Brnf`hd 6. Jds rmsujtnads ditmk`ads mk hunktd n hdksued tdtnj am EX, sdk `kfmr`drms n jds rmb`strnads pdr Vîshdkmz, O (9771), qu`mk mk su mstua`d am mvnjunh`øk amj vnjdr kutr`t`vd amj fdrrnom vmram c`ardpøk`hd am tr`bd, mk jn nj`emktnh`øk am huyms amtmre`kø hdksueds tdtnjms am nj`emktd nj f`knj`znr jn mtnpn am hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram am 1718 b s`k jn ut`j`znh`øk am FVC y am 8321 b hdk mj >77% am `khjus`øk mk jn a`mtn, hded tnei`àk kumstrds rmsujtnads sdk `kfmr`drms n jds rmpdrtnads pdr ]shn, O (9777), mk su mstua`d sdirm mj fdrrnom vmram c`ardpøk`hd am hminan mk jn nj`emktnh`øk am huyms mk jns mtnpns am hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram, dituvd uk hdksued tdtnj am nj`emktd am 1827 b nj sue`k`strnr mj 9=% am FVC, y hdk mj 7% am `khjus`øk am FVC, mj hdksued tdtnj am nj`emktd am huyms mk mstns mtnpns fum am 17822 b. 1. Hdkvmrs`øk nj`emkt`h`n Jn hdkvmrs`øk nj`emkt`h`n aurnktm jds 2= aåns am mxpmr`emktnh`øk am jns mtnpns am hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram mk huyms, a`f`r`ø mstnaåst`hnemktm, prmsmktnad mj enydr åka`hm mk jds nk`enjms nj`emktnads hdk njfnjfn, hdk uk prdema`d am hdkvmrs`øk nj`emkt`h`n am 6.>6 puktds, jd qu`mrm qu`mrm amh`r qum pnrn ditmkmr ditmkmr uk Lb. am bnknkh`n am pmsd mk mstns ads mtnpn sm kmhms`tnk 6.>6 Lb entmr`n smhn am njfnjfn, smbu`ad pdr jds trntne`mktds E7.=7, E7.=7, E>.7 y E7.2= hdk åka`hms am =.86, 1.38 y 1.=8 puktds rmspmht`vnemktm, pdstmr`dremktm jds trntne`mktds H7.=, H7.2= y H>.7

 

hdk åka`hms am 1.78, 8.08 y 8.08 puktds, mk su dramk, qum rmsujtnrdk smr mf`h`mktms mk mstns mtnpns. Hunard >1, Brnf`hd 2. Jds rmsujtnads ditmk`ads hdk jds trntne`mktds am hminan sdk `kfmr`drms n jds rmb`strnads pdr Vîshdkmz, O (9771), yn qum mk su mstua`d sdirm jn ut`j`znh`øk amj fdrrnom vmram c`ardpøk`hd am tr`bd, mk jn nj`emktnh`øk am huyms amtmre`kø hdkvmrs`dkms nj`emkt`h`ns nj f`knj`znr jn mtnpn am hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram am =.16 puktds s`k jn ut`j`znh`øk am FVC y am =.>7 puktds, hdk mj >77% am `khjus`øk mk jn a`mtn. Nså tnei`àk jds rmsujtnads pnrn mstn vnr`nijm hdk jn ut`j`znh`øk am hminan sdk eîs mf`h`mktms n jds rmb`strnads pdr ]shn, O (9777), qu`àk mk su mstua`d sdirm mj fdrrnom vmram c`ardpøk`hd am hminan mk jn nj`emktnh`øk am huyms mk jns mtnpns am hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram, dituvd uk åka`hm am hdkvmrs`øk am =.00 puktds nj sue`k`strnr mj 9=% am FVC, y hdk mj 7% am `khjus`øk am FVC, mj åka`hm am hdkvmrs`øk nj`emkt`h`n mk huyms mk mstns mtnpns fum am 3.>9 puktds. 1. Ymka`e`mktd n jn Hnknj Mj pmsd am jn hnknj am huyms nj f`knj`znr f `knj`znr jds 2= aåns am mxpmr`emktnh`øk, y hdk ukn mana am 8 emsms, a`f`r`ø mstnaåst`hnemktm, prmsmktnkad jds emodrms pmsds am jn hnknj jds nk`enjms nk`enjms nj`emktnads hdk jds trntne`mktds trntne`mktds H7.=7, H7.2= y njfnjfn qum fumrdk mstnaåst`hnemktm `bunjms mktrm så, hdk pmsds am jn hnknj am =0>.62, =33.88 y =27.7 b rmspmht`vnemktm, pdstmr`dremktm jds trntne`mktds H>.7, E>.7, E7.= E7.= y E7.2=, hdk pmsds am jn hnknj prdema`ds am ==3.88, ==>.62, =12.62 y =12.62 b mk su dramk. dramk. Hunard >1, Brn Brnf`hd f`hd 3. Mj rmka`e`mktd n jn hnknj mk huyms am 8 emsms am mana, prmsmktø tnei`àk a`fmrmkh`ns njtnemktm s`bk`f`hnt`vns, amtmre`kîkadsm mj enydr rmka`e`mktd n jn hnknj mk jds huyms nj`emktnads hdk njfnjfn hdk 2=.88%, smbu`ad pdr jds trntne`mktds E7.=, E>.7 y E7.2= hdk 63.88, 63.>7 y 62. 32% am rmka`e`mktd n jn hnknj rmspmht`vnemktm, pdstmr`dremktm sm ui`hnrdk jds trntne`mktds H7.=, H7.2= y H>.7 hdk rmka`e`mktds n jn hnknj am 62.78, 6=.82 y 61.32% mk su dramk. Mj rmka`e`mktd n jn hnknj ditmk`ad hdk njfnjfn ms supmr`dr nj ditmk`ad pdr Vîshdkmz, O (9771), qu`àk mk su mstua`d sdirm jn ut`j`znh`øk amj fdrrnom vmram

 

c`ardpøk`hd am tr`bd, mk jn nj`emktnh`øk am huyms amtmre`kø qum mj rmka`e`mktd n jn hnknj kd fum nfmhtnad pdr jds trntne`mktds, ditmk`mkad uk prdema`d am 37.1= % am rmka`e`mktd n jn hnknj, pdr su pnrtm jds trntne`mktds am FVC am hminan y enåz sdk s`e`jnrms n jds rmb`strnads pdr ]shn, O (9777), nj ut`j`znr mj jn nj`emktnh`øk am huyms mj FVC am hminan adkam dit`mkm rmka`e`mktds n jn hnknj am 66.60%. C. MVNJ]NH@DK MHDKDE@HN AM JN WYDA]HH@ØK AM H]PMX N INXM AM FDYYNOM VMYAM C@AYDWØK@HD (FVC) MK JNX MQNWNX AM HYMH@E@MKQD-MKBDYAM Nj mvnjunr jn prdauhh`øk am huyms aurnktm 2= aåns, aurnktm jns mtnpns am hrmh`e`mktd-mkbdram, sm amtmre`kø uk åka`hm am imkmf`h`d hdstd am >.92, pnrn jds nk`enjms nj`emktnads hdk mj Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd am jds trntne`mktds, H7.=7 y E>.7, qum rmsujtnrdk smr jds eîs mf`h`mktms, mstm `ka`hnadr qu`mrm amh`r qum pdr hnan aøjnr `kvmrt`ad sm t`mkm ukn rmktni`j`ana am 7.92 aøjnrms, qum ms euy hdks`amrnijm s` tdeneds mk humktn jns tnsn inkhnr`ns nhtunjms, am mstn enkmrn kumvnemktm sm ameumstrn qum s`meprm smrî emodr jn `kvmrs`øk, y qum jn ut`j`znh`øk am Fdrrnom Fdrrnom vmram C`ardpøk`hd ms uukn kn iumkn njtmrknt`vn mk jn jn nj`emktnh`øk am am mstn mspmh`m. Wdr su pnrtm mj trntne`mktd H>.7, H>.7, prmsmktø uk åka`hm am imkmf`h`d hdstd am >.91, qum kd a`stn am enkmrn s`bk`f`hnt`vn am jds nktmr`drms trntne`mktds, s`k meirnbd jds trntne`mktds qum emkdrms åka`hms am imkmf`h`d hdstd prmsmktnrdk sdk, njfnjfn, H7.2=, E7.2= y E7.=7 hdk åka`hms am >.>3, >.>6, >.>7 y 7.0> rmspmht`vnemktm. Hunard >=.

 

V. HDKHJ]X@DKMX Am nhumrad n jds rmsujtnads ditmk`ads sm cn pda`ad me`t`r jns s`bu`mktms hdkhjus`dkms? >.

Xm amtmre`kø qum mj enydr rmka`e`mktd am Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd, am hminan sm njhnkzø, hdk jn ut`j`znh`øk am 7.= Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon, yn qum pdr hnan Lb am sme`jjn ut`j`znan n mstn amks`ana am s`meirn sm dituvd 3.00 Lb am Fdrrnom, qum mk tàre`kds prdauht`vds ms mj `ka`hnadr eîs prnht`hd pnrn mvnjunr mf`h`mkh`n.

9.

Mj enydr rmka`e`mktd am Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd, am enåz sm dituvd, hdk jn ut`j`znh`øk am >.7 Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon, yn qum pdr hnan Lb am sme`jjn ut`j`znan n mstn amks`ana am s`meirn sm dituvd 6.8= Lb am Fdrrnom, nj f`knj am jn mtnpn am prdauhh`øk.

8.

Mj Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd am hminan, hminan, prmsmktn enydr hnkt`ana am entmr`n smhn, hunkad sm ut`j`zn amks`anams am s`meirn am 7.= y >.7 Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon hdk >1.18 y >1.12% rmspmht`vnemktm.

1.

]kn amks`ana am s`meirn am 7.2= Lb am sme`jjn am hminan pdr inkamon prmsmktn enydr hnkt`ana am prdtmåkn y f`irn irutn hdk >8.63 y >1.33% mk su dramk.

=.

Mj Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd am enåz, prmsmktn enydr hnkt`ana am entmr`n smhn, hunkad sm ut`j`zn amks`anams am s`meirn am 7.= Lb am sme`jjn pdr inkamon hdk 9>.21% s`k meinrbd kd ms supmr`dr mstnaåst`hnemktm, mk rmjnh`øk n jds ameîs trntne`mktds.

6.

Jn prdtmåkn prdtmåkn ms supmr`dr nj ut`j`znr ut`j`znr hd hded ed amks`ana amks`ana am s`meirn s`meirn >.7 Lb am am sme`jjn am enåz pdr inkamon, hdk uk prdema`d am >9.>1%, y sm dit`mkm enydr hnkt`ana am brnsn nj ut`j`znr 7.2= Lb am sme`jjn am enåz pdr inkamon hdk uk prdema`d am 8.8=%.

 

2.

Mj enydr pmsd f`knj jd njhnkznrdk jds huyms am jds trntne`mktds H7.2=, H7.=7 y H>.7, hdk 077.7, 338.88 y 36>.62 b rmspmht`vnemktm y bnknkh`ns am pmsd am 686.62, 67=.7 y 67=.7 b mk su dramk.

3.

Jds emodrms åka`hms am hdkvmrs`øk nj`emkt`h`n sm njhnkzø hdk hdk jds trntne`mktds H7.=, H7.2= y H>.7 hdk åka`hms am 1.78, 8.08 y 8.08 puktds mk su dramk, qum rmsujtnrdk smr mf`h`mktms aurnktm jns ads mtnpns.

0.

Nj nknj`znr hdstds am prda prdauhh`øk uhh`øk amj F Fdrrnom drrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd mk jn nj`emktnh`øk am huyms huyms mk jns mtnpns aamm hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram, sm dituvd jds emodrms rmsujtnads hdk jds trntne`mktds, H7.= y E>.7 hdk uk åka`hm am imkmf`h`d hdstd am >.92, qum rmsujtn euy s`bk`f`hnt`vd.

 

V@. YMHDEMKANH@DKMX Xm rmhde`mkan? >.

]t`j`znr ukn amks`ana am ss`meirn `meirn am 7.= Lb pdr inkamon inkamon pnrn hminan y >.7 Lb am enåz pdr inkamon, pnrn jn prdauhh`øk am Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd, yn qum prmsmktnk jds emodrms rmka`e`mktds prdauht`vds tnktd am fdrrnom, hded pnrn jn nj`emktnh`øk am huyms mk jns mtnpns am hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram.

9.

Xm rmhde`mkan ut`j`znr, mj FVC hded supjmemktd y kd hded a`mtn ÿk`hn pnrn jn nj`emktnh`øk am huyms, pumstd qum nj kd mstnr nhdstueirnads n mstm t`pd am nj`emktd, `k`h`njemktm jds nk`enjms t`mkmk hdksueds inods.

8.

Ymnj`znr kumvns `kvmst`bnh`dkms, pnrn jn vnj`anh`øk amj Fdrrnom Fdrrnom vmram c`ardpøk`hd am enåz y hminan mk jn nj`emktnh`øk am dtrns mspmh`ms nk`enjms, rue`nktms y kd rue`nktms.

 

V@@. J@QMYNQ]YN H@QNAN >. NJ@NBN, J. >00=. >00=. X Xmjmhh`øk mjmhh`øk y Emodrne`mktd am jds huyms. Knh`dknj amj Hmktrd am Wmrÿ. J`en. pp. 97,9>,99,17.

]k`vmrs`ana

9. NJW@, N. >036. Hujt`vds mk `kvmrknamrd, 9n ma. Enar`a, Mspnþn. Ma`t. Euka` Wrmksn pp. =, 6,3. 8. NYNKD, H. >003. Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd y dtrns tàhk`hns am Hujt`vds s`k Q`mrrn. Iumkds N`rms, Nrbmkt`kn. pp. 87,17,1=,63, 1. HN@HMAD, N. >008. Wr`emr Wr`emr sme`kn sme`knr`d r`d @ktmrknh @ktmrknh`dknj `dknj am am Huymhujturn. Huymhujturn. Ma`tnad mk jn ]k`vmrs`ana am Knr`þd, Xnk Ounk am Wnstd, Hdjdei`n. pp.8, =, 2,91. =. HNJJMX, A. 977=. Mvnjunh`øk Mvnjunh`øk am jn Wrdauh Wrdauhh`øk h`øk y Hnj`ana amj Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd am Hminan hdk jn ut`j`znh`øk am a`fmrmktms K`vmjms am Nzufrm y su rmspumstn mk Bnknad Jmhcmrd. Qms`s am Brnad. Mshumjn Xupmr`dr Wdj`tàhk`hn am Hc`eidrnzd. Y`dinein- Mhunadr. pp. 18, 1=, =7,67. 6. HNYY@JJD C. >000. Qms`s? ‚]t`j`znh`øk amj Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd am Hminan, Njfnjfn mk pmjjmts y mk cmkd, hded fdrrnoms mk jn nj`emktnh`øk am tmrkmrds Cdjstm`k mk Jnhtnh`øk―. ]k`vmrs`ana Knh`dknj Nbrnr`n Jn Edj`kn. J`en, Wmrÿ. pp. 18,16,=9,62. 2. HCN]HN, J. >00=. Kutr`h`øk y Nj`emktnh`øk am jds huyms. @kst`tutd Knh`dknj am @kvmst`bnh`dkms ]k`vmrs`ana Nbrnr`n jn Edj`kn. J`en- Wmrÿ. pp >1,9>. 3. HCN]HN, J. P _NJAÅVNY, N. >03=. @kvmst`bnh`dkms @kvmst`bnh`dkms rmnj`znans mk mk kutr`h`øk smjmhh`øk y emodrne`mktd am huyms mk mj Wmrÿ. @K@WN. pp. 8,>9,97. 0. HCNYJMX, J. >00=. Ymka`e`mktds am jds jds hujt`vds c`ardpøk`hds c`ardpøk`hds inod mj s`stmen am `kvmrknamrd. Inrhmjdkn, Mspnþn. pp. 98,91. >7. HC@Y@IDBN, C. 977>. Mj Hdemrh`d. Xms`øk Nbrdenr. Xîinad 8> am Enrzd. ^u`td-Mhunadr. >>. AM IJNX, H. >031. Nj`emktnh`øk amj Hdkmod. Enar`a, Mspnþn. Ma`t. Euka` Wrmksn p. 63 >9. B]MYYMYD O. 9779. Hujt`vd C`ardpøk`hd am Hmktmkd Fdrrnomrd? amks`ana, mana am ]t`j`znh`øk P Ymspumstn mk Huyms Hr`djjds mk Hrmh`e`mktd.

 

Fnhujtna am _ddtmhk`n, ]k`vmrs`ana Knh`dknj ‚Wmard Yu`z Bnjjd― Jneinymqum, Wmrÿ. >8. B]Q@MYYM_, @. mt. nj. 9777. Hujt`vds C`ardpøk`hds. Fnshåhujd 0. Idbdtî, Hdjdei`n. Ma`t. Bàe`k`s. pp. >,9,8,1,6,2,0. >1. C@ANJBD, J. >03=. Wrdauhh`øk am Fdrrnoms mk Hdka`h`dkms am C`ardpdkån. Mvnjunh`dkms prmj`e`knrms mk Nvmkn y Qr`t`hnjm. Hc`jjîk, Hc`jm. pp. 8=,18. >=. cttp?//www.usunr`ds.jyhds.ms. hde. 977>. Hninjj`ad, H. Fdrrnom c`ardpøk`hd. >6. cttp?// www. arhnjamrdkjnis.hde. 9777. Hnrinjjd, E. Fdrrnom c`ardpøk`hd. >2. cttp?//www.fdrrnomc`ardpdk`hd.hde 9779. Dj`vns, C C.. Fdrrnom c`ardpøk`hd. >3. @@HN., >036. Nj`emktnh`øk am jds huyms n insm am njfnjfn. Idjmtåk a`vujbnt`vd a`vujbnt`vd Hnj`, Hdjdei`n. >0. @_^]@MYAD, O. 977>. Fdrrnom vmram c`ardpøk`hd. Enkunj Qàhk`hd. Xnkt`nbd, Hc`jm. p. >0 97. JMØK, X. 977=. Mfmhtd amj fdtdpmrådad mk jn prdauhh`øk am FVC am enåz hdk a`fmrmktms sdjuh`dkms kutr`t`vns pnrn jn nj`emktnh`øk am hdkmods mk mj pmr`dad am mkbdram. Qms`s am Brnad. Mshumjn Xupmr`dr am Hc`eidrnzd. Y`dinein ‘ Mhunadr. 9>. DYQMBN, E. 9771. Mvnjunh`øk am jds `ktmrvnjds am mshurr`e`mktd am jn sme`jjn aurnktm mj pmr`dad am rmedod pnrn prdauh`r Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd y su mvnjunh`øk mk jn nj`emktnh`øk am vnhns jmhcmrns. Qms`s am Brnad. Mshumjn Xupmr`dr Wdj`tàhk`hn am Hc`eidrnzd. Y`dinein-Mhunadr. 99. YDAYÅB]M_, N. 977> Enkunj Wrîht`hd am C`ardpdkån. Hmktrd am @kvmst`bnh`øk am C`ardpdkån y Kutr`h`øk E`kmrnj. ]k`vmrs`ana Knh`dknj Nbrnr`n Jn Edj`kn. J`en- Wmrÿ. pp. =6,=2.=3. 98. XNB@ J. >026. Ymv`stn Jn Xmrmkås`en, K¿ 8=, Hdkfmrmkh`n sdirm hujt`vds c`ardpøk`hds, mxpds`h`øk mk jn idjsn am Hmrmnjms. Iumkds N`rms, Nrbmkt`kn. 91. XNEWMY@D, B. >002. C`ardpdkån Iîs`hn. >n ma. Eàx`hd, Eàx Eàx`hd. `hd. Ma`t. A`nkn p. >8

 

9=. XNKHCM_, O. >039. Hujt`vds C`ardpøk`hds. XMKN. Emamjjåk, Hdjdei`n. pp 9,8 96. ]XHN, O. 9777. Mvnjunh`øk amj usd amj fdrrnom c`ardpøk`hd am hminan mk jn Nj`emktnh`øk am huyms mk jns mtnpns am hrmh`e`mktd y mkbdram. Qms`s am Brnad am Enmstrån. Mshumjn am Wdst Brnad. Wdj`tàhk`hn am Hc`eidrnzd. Y`dinein- Mhunadr. 92. VÎXHDKM_, O. 9771. Amtmre`knh`øk amj Vnjdr Kutr`t`vd amj Fdrrnom Vmram C`ardpøk`hd am Qr`bd y su mfmhtd mk jn nj`emktnh`øk am huyms aurnktm jns mtnpns am bmstnh`øk, jnhtnkh`n y Hrmh`e`mktd, Mkbdram. Qms`s am Brnad. Mshumjn Xupmr`dr Wdj`tàhk`hn am Hc`eidrnzd. Y`dinein- Mhunadr.