Tesis de Grado de JC

 

[DQØKIFMB K@IFZB[FBGB CD ZDGDXTDIB LFGF]SD[F@ CDI Q@CD[ Q@QTIB[ QB[B IB DCTMBMFÝG TGFZD[]FCBC GBMF@GBI DUQD[FLDGSBI CDI LBOF]SD[F@ ]BLTDI [@KFG]@G Â[DB8 OD@O[BJFB, EF]S@[FB V MFTCBCBGFB SÂMEF[B, ZDGDXTDIB

FGMDGSFZB[ QB[B DI [D]MBSD CD IB] S[BCFMF@GD] MTIST[BID] Q[@QFB] CD IB] M@LTGFCBCD], DG I@] D]STCFBGSD] CDI 3S` BÒ@ CDI IFMD@ GBMF@GBI SÂMEF[B ]BG M[F]SÝKBI, D]SBC@ SÂMEF[B.

Srbkbh` Dspdmfbi cd Orbc` prdsdgtbc` dg `pmfýg bi orbc` cd IMC@ DG DCTMBMFÝG LDCFB LDG]F@G OD@O[BJFB, EF]S@[FB V MFTCBCBGFB

Hubg Mbri`s. Oudrrdr` H. M.F 2;52?:?4 ]bg Mrfstýkbi, `mtukrd ;1;2

 

FGCFMD

Ifstb cd Mbrt`orblbs .......... ....................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... ................... ..... FFF [dsuldg ............ ........................ ......................... ......................... ........................ .......................... ...................... ........ ………………….. …………………...FZ .FZ Fgtr`cummfýg ............ ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... ..................... ....... :

L@LDGS@ F - M`gtdxt` cd ib dxpdrfdgmfb pdr pdrs`gbi s`gbi j`rlbtfvb.............................. j`rlbtfvb............................................ ......................21 ........21 - M`gtdxt` cd ib fgcbobmfýg Od` efstýrfmb ................ ........8..... ........8................. ......................... ..................25 .....25

L@LDGS@ FF. Cfbogýstfm` Qdcboýofm`........... Qdcboýofm`....................... ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ............. ==

L@LDGS@ FFF. Qr`kidlbtfzbmfýg dg di m`gtdxt` cdi sfstdlb Mbpftbifstb........ Mbpftbifstb..................... ......................... ..................35 ......35

L@LDGS@ FZ. M`gstrummfýg cd sbkdrds y Qdrspdmtfvbs Sdýrfmbs y Ldt`c`iýofmbs......... Ldt`c`iýofmbs...................... ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .............43 .43

L@LDGS@ Z. Qrbxfs Dcumbtfvb cdscd Ldl`rfb Sdrrft`rf` y Mfucbcbgìb.......... Mfucbcbgìb...................... ......................... ...............46 ..46

L@LDGS@ ZF. [djidxf`gds Jfgbids y Qr`spdmtfvb........... Qr`spdmtfvb........................ ......................... ......................... ......................... ........................:; ............:; [djdrdgmfb Kfkif`orâjfmbs........ Kfkif`orâjfmbs.................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ........................ ................:3 ....:3 3

 

IF]SB CD MB[S@O[BLB]

2.

M@LTGFSB[F@...............................................................................................................................2:

;. SDGCDGMFB OD@EF]SÝ[FMB.......................................................................................................... ;= =.

]@MF@M@LTGFSB[F@....................................................................................................................;3

3. MF[MTFS@ DCTMBSFZ@...................................................................................................................=1 4. CFBOG@]SFM@ QDCBOÝOFM@.........................................................................................................3=

4

 

[DQØKIFMB K@IFZB[FBGB CD ZDGDXTDIB LFGF]SD[F@ CDI Q@CD[ Q@QTIB[ QB[B IB DCTMBMFÝG TGFZD[]FCBC GBMF@GBI DUQD[FLDGSBI CDI LBOF]SD[F@ ]BLTDI [@KFG]@G Â[DB8 OD@O[BJFB, EF]S@[FB V MFTCBCBGFB SÂMEF[B, ZDGDXTDIB

FGMDGSFZB[ QB[B DI [D]MBSD CD IB] S[BCFMF@GD] MTIST[BID] Q[@QFB] CD IB] M@LTGFCBCD], DG I@] D]STCFBGSD] CDI 3S` BÒ@ CDI IFMD@ GBMF@GBI SÂMEF[B ]BG M[F]SÝKBI, D]SBC@ SÂMEF[B.

Srbkbh` Dspdmfbi cd Orbc` prdsdgtbc` dg `pmfýg bi orbc` cd IMC@ DG DCTMBMFÝG LDCFB LDG]F@G OD@O[BJFB, EF]S@[FB V MFTCBCBGFB

But`r8 Hubg Mbri`s. Oudrrdr` Hbflds. M.F 2;52?:?4 Sut`r8 Nbriy Lbrqufgb

]bg Mrfstýkbi, `mtukrd ;1;2 :

 

MD[SFJFMBMFÝG CD RTD DI S[BKBH@ D]QDMFBI CD O[BC@ D]SB BQS@ QB[B FGFMFB[ ]T Q[D]DGSBMFÝG ]bg Mrfstýkbi, Mrfstýkbi, DC@ DC@ Sâmefr Sâmefrbb 92;7, cd 9@mtukr 9@mtukrd7 d7 cd 9;1;27 ]dò`rds8 Tgfcbc Sdrrft`rfbi cd Odstfýg Tgfvdrsftbrfb cdi Dstbc` 9g`lkrd Dgtfcbc Jdcdrbi7 cd ib Tgfvdrsfcbc Gbmf`gbi Dxpdrfldgtbi cdi Lbofstdrf` ’]bludi [`kfgs`g“ Qrdsdgtd. Q`r ldcf` cd ib prdsdgtd mdrtfjfm` qud di Srbkbh` Dspdmfbi cd Orbc` tftuibc` ’FGMDGSFZB[ QB[B DI [D]MBSD CD IB] S[BCFMF@GD] MTIST[BID] Q[@QFB] CD IB] M@LTGFCBCD], DG I@] D]STCFBGSD] CDI 3S` BÒ@ CDI IFMD@ GBMF@GBI SÂMEF[B ]BG M[F]SÝKBI, D]SBC@ SÂMEF[B“, dibk`rbc` p`r  9Hubg Mbri`s Oudrrdr` Hbflds 7, mæcuib cd fcdgtfcbc 92;52?:?47 dstb muilfgbc`, m`gstb cd 9:67 pâofgbs y rdsp`gcd b ibs dxfodgmfbs pbutbcbs p`r ib Dspdmfbifcbc, dg m`gsdmudgmfb dstâ bpt` pbrb sdr Qrdsdgtbc` y Dvbiubc` p`r ug hurbc` mbifjfmbc` y but`rfzbc` p`r ib ugfvdrsfcbc. ]`ifmft` bi Z`mdr` Sdrrft`rfbi Bmbcælfm` cdi dstbc` 9g`lkrd cd ib Dgtfcbc Jdcdrbi7 y bi M``rcfgbc`r [dof`gbi cd 9g`lkrd cdi Qr`orblb cd J`rlbmfýg7 cdi dstbc` 9g`lkrd cd ib Dgtfcbc Jdcdrbi7 fgfmfbr i`s pr`mds`s bmbcælfm`s bclfgfstrbtfv`s pbrb su j`rlbi Qrdsdgtbmfýg y Bpr`kbmfýg. Btdgtbldgtd Hubg Mbri`s Oudrrdr` Sut`r8 Nbriy Lbrqufgb M.F.

fv

 

v

 

[DQØKIFMB K@IFZB[FBGB CD ZDGDXTDIB TGFZD[]FCBC GBMF@GBI DUQD[FLDSBI CDI LBOF]SD[F@ ’]BLTDI [@KFG]@G“

FGMDGSFZB[ QB[B DI [D]MBSD CD IB] S[BCFMF@GD] MTIST[BID] Q[@QFB] CD IB] M@LTGFCBCD], DG I@] D]STCFBGSD] CDI 3S` BÒ@ CDI IFMD@ GBMF@GBI SÂMEF[B ]BG M[F]SÝKBI, D]SBC@ SÂMEF[B But`r8 Hubg Mbri`s Oudrrdr` [dsuldg Dstd pr`ydmt` sd dglbrmb dg ib gdmdsfcbc cd rdmupdrbr i`s vbi`rds y m`stulkrds cd gudstrbs m`lugfcbcds cdg`lfgbc` m`l` ’FGMDGSFZB[ QB[B DI [D]MBSD CD IB] S[BCFMF@GD] MTIST[BID] Q[@QFB] CD IB] M@LTGFCBCD]“. Dg tbi sdgtfc` sd bk`rcý b t`cb ib m`lugfcbc dcumbtfvb b fgtdorbrsd dg ib rdmupdrbmfýg cd sus vbi`rds y m`stulkrds, Di `khdtfv` cd dstd pr`ydmt` jud cfsdòbr ugb pr`pudstb ’FGMDGSFZB[ QB[B DI [D]MBSD CD IB] S[BCFMF@GD] MTIST[BID] Q[@QFB] CD IB] M@LTGFCBCD]“ Dstb fgj`rlbmfýg sd rdm`ofý b pbrtfr cdi bk`rcbhd cd ibs m`lugfcbcds, cd i`s ifkr`s Zfvfdgtds cd mbcb M`lugfcbc, cd i`s Z`mdr`s cd ib M`lugb. Di dgj`qud m`l` lbrm` cd fgvdstfobmfýg jud Bmmfýg Qbrtfmfpbtfvb cd tfp` y ib pr`pudstb sd kbsb dg di l`cdi` fgtdorbi m`g dgj`qud m`gstrumtfvfstb, b pbrtfr cdi trbkbh` m``pdrbtfv` y rdsp`gcd b ugb sftubmfýg cd m`gvfvdgmfb y di cdsbrrbfo` cd sus trbcfmf`gds c`gcd cdg`tbg ugb bpbtìb p`r su pr`pfb efst`rfb. Qbibkrbs Mibvds8 Dcumbmfýg dg Zbi`rds, M`gvfvdgmfb pbmìjfmb, dstrbtdofb Dcumbtfvb vf

 

FGS[@CTMMFÝG  

E`y dg cìb p`c p`cdl` dl`ss `ksdrvb `ksdrvbrr qud dxf dxfstd stdg g løi løitfp tfpids ids fgc fgcfmf fmf`s `s qud sdò sdòbib bibg g ib

m`lpidhfcbc y ibs cfjfmuitbcds qud brrbstrb ib dcumbmfýg dg di lugc` m`gtdlp`râgd`, dg tbi sdgtfc` sd ludstrb m`l` cfjdrdgtds mfrmugstbgmfbs pbrb kfdg ` pbrb lbi ebg fgtdrvdgfc` fgtdrv dgfc` dg di pr`mds pr`mds` ` cd dgsdòbgzb pr`v`mbgc` pr`v`mbgc` di bizblfdgt bizblfdgt` ` cd v`mds qud vbg cdscd iiblbc`s, b ib rdstburbmfýg cd tfdlp`s supudstbldgtd fcìifm`s bgmibc`s dg di m`gmdpt` cd l`cdrgfcbc, b bmtftucds qud rbybg dg ib cdsdspdrbgzb, puds vfst` di mubcr` qud vfvfl`s, i`s sfstdlbs dsm`ibrds pfdrcdg mbcb vdz lâs mbpbmfcbcds y rdidvbgmfb m`l` rdjdrdgtds pbrb bcbptbrsd b ibs fgmdrtfculkrds y rfdso`s qud bjdmtbg b ibs s`mfdcbcds dg gudstr`s cìbs.

G` `kstbgtd, di pr`mds` kur`mrâtfm` y su bitb rdsfstdgmfb bi mblkf`, b pdsbr, fgmius`, cd qud ebybg pdrcfc` sfogfjfmbmfýg m`l` øgfm`s pr`vddc`rds cd m`g`mflfdgt`. ]d ids mrftfm mrftfmb b bsf bsflfs lfsl` l` su fglutb fglutbkfi kfifcb fcbc c jrd jrdgtd gtd b ibs trb trbgsj gsj`rl `rlbmf` bmf`gds gds bcv bcvdrt drtfcb fcbss dg i`s pr`mds`s cd fgj`rlbmfýg y m`lugfmbmfýg, puds di buib lbgtfdgd ugb dstbkfifcbc bhdgb b y cfv`rmfbcb cfv`rmfbcb cdi cdvdgfr cd ib vfcb, t`c` i` mubi odgdrb b su vdz mblkf`s y rupturbs g` ldg`s rdidvbgtds dg di r`i qud cdsdlpdòbg i`s lbdstr`s m`l` bmt`rds cdi pr`mds` cd s`mfbifzbmfýg.

:

 

 

Dg ugb `p`sfm `p`sfmfýg fýg dqufc dqufcfstbgt fstbgtd d b dst`s dxtrdl dxtrdl`s, `s, dgm`gt dgm`gtrbl`s rbl`s p`stui p`stuibc`s bc`s qud, sf

kfdg rdm`g`mdg ibs iflftbmf`gds y ibs cfjfmuitbcds fgedrdgtds bi edme` dcumbtfv`, g` p`r  dii` m`gmiuydg dg cdsldrftbr di r`i qud cdsdlpdòbg i`s sfstdlbs dsm`ibrds. ]`g edrrblfdgtbs fgcfspdgsbkids pbrb ib m`gstrummfýg y rdm`gstrummfýg cd vbi`rds qud, dg m`gs`gbgmfb m`g i`s prfgmfpf`s m`gstftumf`gbids, krfgcdg ug blkfdgtd pr`pfmf` pbrb ib m`gvfvdgmfb y di cfsjrutd pidg` cdi dhdrmfmf` cd ib mfucbcbgìb. Bsì lfsl`, s`g ug ldcf` gdmdsbrf` pbrb di j`rtbidmflfdgt` cd i`s tbidgt`s y mbpbmfcbcds cd ibs pdrs`gbs, qud, supdrbgc` di fgcfvfcubifsl` lâs rbgmf`, pr`ludvbg m`gcfmf`gds cd bprdgcfzbhd qud dstfluidg y pr`pfmfdg di rdspdt` b ibs cfjdrdgmfbs, su fgtdrrdibmfýg m`g i`s `tr`s, bi tfdlp` qud cdsbrr`iidg ib mbpbmfcbc cd pdgsblfdgt` butýg`l`, mrìtfm` y j`ldgtdg ib sdgsfkfifcbc y ib m`gmfdgmfb s`mfbi cdi biulgbc`.

 

Dg `trbs pbibkrbs, sd m`gmfkd b ib fgstftumfýg dsm`ibr m`l` ug ldcf` øtfi y gdmdsbrf`

pbrb ib j`rlbmfýg cd ug fgcfvf fgcfvfcu`, cu`, ebmdc`r cd su jutur jutur` ` dg y m`g i`s `tr`s, m`gsmf m`gsmfdgtd, dgtd, p`r i` tbgt` tbgt`,, cd sus `kifobmf` `kifobmf`gds gds mfucbcbgbs mfucbcbgbs,, s`mfbids y blkfdg blkfdgtbids. tbids. S`c` dii` kbh` ib prdlfsb cd qud ib dsmudib pr`p`rmf`gb y cdkd dstfluibr blkfdgtds cd bprdgcfzbhd qud krfg kr fgcd cdg g pb pbut utbs bs pb pbrb rb di cds cdsmu mukr krfl flfd fdgt gt` ` cd cdii vb vbi` i`rr cd i`s m` m`g` g`mf mflf lfdgt dgt`s `s,, pb pbrb rb ib bprdmfbmfýg cd muâids s`g ibs edrrblfdgtbs lâs bcdmubcbs y dg quæ l`ldgt`s cdkdg bpifmbrsd. Qbrb di bgâifsfs cd i`s dgt`rg`s, pbrb cfsmdrgfr mýl`, orbmfbs b ib fgtdrbmmfýg m`g i`s pbrds m`g i`s mubids sd m`lpbrtd di buib, ib dsmudib y, dg odgdrbi, ib vfcb, sd pudcdg dstfluibr ` j`ldgtbr vbi`rds qud pr`ludvbg di dhdrmfmf` cd ib mfucbcbgìb dg cdl`mrbmfb. Qbrb t`c` dii` sd rdqufdrd, p`r supudst`, trbgsj`rlbr sus prâmtfmbs lâs trbcfmf`gbids mdgtrbcbs dg ib bmtubmfýg pbsfvb cdi dcumbgc`, bpr`vdmebgc`, dgtrd `tr`s ?

 

rdmurs`s, i`s kdgdjfmf`s qud cdsdgmbcdgbg ibs gudvbs tdmg`i`oìbs cd fgj`rlbmfýg y cd m`lugfmbmfýg.

 Be`rb kfdg, pbrb di i`or`, dxpbgsfýg y m`gs`ifcbmfýg cd dstb pdrspdmtfvb piurbi y cdl`mrâtfmb cdl`mr âtfmb ds p`r i` cdlâs `kvf` qud di cdrdme` b ib dcumbm dcumbmfýg fýg g` sýi` sd sbtfsjbmd m`g ldrbs cdmibrbmf`gds rdtýrfmbs gf brtfmuibc`s idobids. Ds ldgdstdr bmmf`gds cd p`iìtfmbs pøkifmbs cdstfgbcbs b mrfstbifzbr di dhdrmfmf` cd dst`s cdrdme`s, m`lpdgsbgc` i`s cdsdqufifkrf`s dxfstdgtds y dstfluibgc` `p`rtugfcbcds qud pdrlftbg di ji`rdmflfdgt` cd ibs mbpbmfcbcds y p`tdgmfbifcbcds cd i`s mfucbcbg`s qud fgtdorbg b ugb gbmfýg.

Q`r i` tbgt` ds cd sulb flp`rtb flp`rtbgmfb gmfb qud i`s pbrbcfo pbrbcfolbs lbs qud sd dstâg prdsdgt prdsdgtbgc` bgc` dg gudstr` pr`mds` dcumbtfv` sdb fgvdstfobc` y `ksdrvbc` cd j`rlb luy lfgumf`sb, yb qud edl`s vfst` m`l` gudstrb dcumbmfýg b sujrfc` orbgcds mblkf`s pbrb ib j`rlbmfýg j`rlbmfýg cdi mfucbcbg` cdi lbòbgb, c`gcd dg bioug`s pr`mds`s sd `ksdrvb m`l` sd ebg vdgfc` iflftbgc` pr`mds`s cd dgsdòb iflftbgc` dgsdòbgzb gzb m`l` di cd ib jblfifb y ib fgtdorbmfý fgtdorbmfýg g jblf jblfifbr, ifbr, cbgc` dgtrbcb b gudv`s m`gmdpt`s y cdsvfrtubgc` ` cdspibzbgc` vfdh`s vbi`rds m`l` ib g`rlbifcbc cd ugb jblfifb, mibr` dstb dst` g` trbtb s`krd di edme` cd ug tdlb qud ds luy cdkbtfc` e`y dg cìb s`krd ib jblfi jblfifb fb y i`s gudv`s orup`s jblfifbr jblfifbrds, ds, sfg` cd j`rlb cd dhdlpi` vdl`s m`l` ib dcumbmfýg b j`rlbc` pbrtd cd dstd pr`mds` pbrb kfdg ` pbrb lbi cdpdgcfdgc` cdi pugt` cd vfstb dg qud sd pudcb `ksdrvbr.

5

 

G` `kstbgtd, i` qud g`s flp`rtb ds qud gudstrb dcumbmfýg ` gudstr` pr`mds` dcumbtfv` sfob bc`ptbgc` ldcfcbs qud iidvdg b ib dqufcbc s`mfbi qud pr`ludvbg ibs m`gcfmf`gds kâsf kâ sfmb mbss qu qud d eb ebob obg g p`sf p`sfki kid d qu qud d ib dcumb dcumbmf mfýg ýg bl bl`rt `rtfo foùd ùd ib ibss lø løititfp fpid idss j` j`rl rlbs bs cd dxmiusfýg y cd cfsmrflfgbmfýg dxfstdgtd. Cd beì ib mrdmfdgtd tdgsfýg y ib pdrdgt`rfb gdmdsfcbc cd r`lpdr dst`s cdsdqufifkrf`s y lfgflfzbr i`s flpbmt`s qud ibs fgdqufcbcds s`mfbids odgdrbg s`krd di fgords`, ib rdtdgmfýg y ib pr`sdmumfýg cd i`s biulg`s qud fgordsbg b dsd sfstdlb, fgcdpdgcfdgtdldgtd cd su m`gcfmfýg s`mfbi.

]fg dlkbro` dlkbro` sfdlprd edl edl`s `s cd cdstbmbr qud Ib Dcumbmfýg Dcumbmfýg dgmfdrrb ug tds` tds`r`, r`, y qud dg kudgb ldcfcb bifdgtbg ib m`gv`mbt`rfb qud e`y g`s rdøgd, pbrb p`stdrf`rldgtd mdgtrbr ib btdgmfýg dg i`s didldgt`s y mblkf`s lâs sfogfjfmbtfv`s qud sup`gd ib btdgmfýg btdgmf ýg cd ibs cdlbgcbs dsm`ibrds dg m`gtd m`gtdxt`s xt`s cd cdsfoub cdsfoubicbc icbc s`mfbi> mblkf`s qud fiustr fiustrbg bg di` di`mud mudgtd gtdldg ldgtd td qud dg dstd dstd pib pibg` g` rdq rdqudr udrfl` fl`ss bprd bprdgcdr gcdr b cds cdsbprd bprdgcd gcdrr y bmdptbr ib pdrtfgdgmfb qud tfdgdg biougbs ldcfcbs cd bmmfýg y prâmtfmbs qud g` sd m`rrdsp`gcdg m`g ib dxpdrfdgmfb qud bmuluibl`s dg gudstr`s pbrtfmuibrds y yb idhbg`s trâgsft`s dsm`ibrds.

6

 

M@GSDUS@ CD IB DUQD[FDGMFB J@[LBSFZB QD[]@GBI, M@IDMSFZB DG DI LB[M@ CD IB LFM[@LF]F@G DG LDL@[FB SD[[FS@[F@ V MFTCBCBGÌB

 

Dg iib b vf vfcb cb cd cd t`c`s t`c`s i`s bgflbi bgflbids ds d dii or orup` up` m`g di q qud ud ssd d sf sfdgt dgtd d ug ugb b rdibm rdibmfýg fýg cd

pdrtdgdgmfb ds luy flp`rtbgtd. I` lfsl` `murrd m`g ibs pdrs`gbs> cdscd qud gbmdl`s gdmdsftbl`s sdgtfrg`s pbrtd cd ug orup` y sf dg i`s prfldr`s bò`s g` p`cdl`s didofri`, p`r sudrtd sì p`cdl`s ebmdri` mubgc` g`s v`ivdl`s lby`rds. Dg ugb s`mfdcbc di gømid` jblfifbr ds flp`rtbgtd p`rqud ds di dgt`rg` dg di qud mbcb pdrs`gb tfdgd su prfldr bmdrmblfdgt` m`g ib vfcb> cdpdgcfdgc` cd muâg kdgdjfmf`s` sdb dstd prfldr  dgmudgtr` m`g ib vfcb s`mfbi sdrâ muâg dqufifkrbc` y djfmfdgtd sdrâ di cdsbrr`ii` fgtdorbi cdi fgcfvfcu`.

Dg tbi sdgtfc` cdkdl`s cdmfr qud di orup` jblfifbr cdkd sdr sfdlprd ib kbsd pbrb ib s`mfdcbc, pbrb ib m`gstrummfýg cd mfucbcbg`s m`g vbi`rds eulbg`s. Q`r tbi l`tfv` ds di pugt` cd pbrtfcb pbrb di fgfmf` cd ib kf`orbjìb cd t`cb pdrs`gb, p`r  ds` ds cd orbg flp`rtbgmfb pbrb i`s bspdmt`s lâs cdstbmbc`s cd ug sdr.

21

 

 B m`gtfgubmfýg, rdibtbrd r dibtbrd bioug`s l`ldgt`s flp`rtbgtds cd lf but`kf`orbjìb Gbm Gbmìì dg di Qrfldr lbgcbt` Cdi Qrdsfcdgtd Mbri`s Bgcræs Qærdz dg di bò` cd 26?:, Dg dstd prfldr  lbgcbt` ds m`g`mfc` m`l` ib dtbpb cd ib «Zdgdzudib ]bucftb¾ cdkfc` bi jiuh` cd pdtr pd tr`c `cýi ýibrd brdss qu qud d fg fgor ordsb dsbr`g r`g p` p`rr ib dxp`r dxp`rtb tbmf mfýg ýg cdi pd pdtr trýi ýid` d` vd vdgdz gdz`i `ibg bg` ` m` m`l` l` m`gsdmudgmfb cdi dlkbro` ârbkd cd mruc`. S`lbgc` dg mudgtb ib bitb pr`cummfýg pdtr`idrb y ib fgjibmfýg bmuluibcb cdi cýibr dstbc`ugfcdgsd, ib k`gbgzb pdtr`idrb cd dstd pdrì`c` p`crìb sdr ib sdougcb lby`r qud Zdgdzudib rdofstrý dg su efst`rfb. Mfdrtbldgtd Gbmì dg ib mfucbc cd ]bg Mrfstýkbi, dg di Dc` Sâmefrb. Lf gfòdz jud luy pbsfvb yb qud p`r mudstf`gds cd dgjdrldcbc ld drb cfjìmfi cdsdgv`ivdr ugb vfcb cd  hudo`s sfg` bi m`gtrbrf` drb luy pbusb pbusbcb cb y tdidvfsfvb cfrìb y`, yb qud ld vdìb lume`s pr`orblbs cd ib æp`mb, pdr` ds` sdlkrý dg lf ib murf`sfcbc cd byucbr bi prýhfl`, lf  huvdgtuc sd cdsdgv`ivfý lâs frrdvdrdgtd yb qud vfvì l`ldgt`s m`l` di Mbrbmbz` c`gcd m`g s`i` trdmd bò`s pr`tdstbkb y ld dgjrdgtbkb b ibs but`rfcbcds cdi l`ldgt` p`r ib rdprdsfýg ebmfb ibs pdrs`gbs, pdr` di l`ldgt` qud ld lbrm` jud 266; ib bs`gbcb lfiftbr cd Euo` Meâvdz di mubi ld lbrm` y ld efz` dgtdgcdr i` flp`rtbgtd qud ds gudstr` pbìs ds`, efz` qud ld fgv`iumrbrb dg di mdgtr` cd Dstucfbgtds, qud efmfdrb dsmumebr lf v`z y sbifdrb b pr`tdstbr mubiqufdr m`sb qud efmfdrb m`gtrb gudstr` pudki`. Vb dg 266: dgtrd b pbrtfmfpbr dg orup`s mrfstfbg`s y ds` efz` qud lf dspìrftu cd iumeb vf`idgtb sd cfsfpbrb, pdgsbrb lâs dg i`s vbi`rds Eulbg`s y dspfrftubids c`gcd cd biougb j`rlb ld cdstbqud p`r trbtbr cd sfdlprd dg pbrtfmfpbr y iidvbr ugb pbibkrb cd jd y dspdrbgzb pbrb ibs pdrs`gbs.

22

 

I`s dstucf dstucf`s `s i`s rdbif rdbifzbr`g zbr`g dg vbrf vbrfbs bs pbrt pbrtds, ds, ib prflbr prflbrfb fb sd jfgbif jfgbifzý zý di sdx sdxt` t` orb orbc` c` dg ug m`idof` prfvbc` dg di Fgstftut` ]bg Bgt`gf`, ib Kâsfmb ebstb tdrmdr bò` sd dstucfý dg di Mbri`s [bgodi Iblus, sdr dstucfbgtd dg dstd ifmd` qud b pdsbr qud drb pukifm` pdr` sd lbgdhbkb m`l` sf judrb prfvbc` y ebkdr sbifc` cd ug m`idof` prfvbc` ld byuc` b qud g` ld pusfdrbg pdr`s, yb mubrt` bò` i` dstucfd dg Di Ifmd` Hubg Bgt`gf` [`lâg Zbidmfii`s, m`g`mfc` m`l` ib g`rlbi, g` pucd m`gmiufr lf qufgt` bò` dg dsb fgstftumfýg p`rqud yb di dspìrftu cd ib fghustfmfb y cd ib iumeb sd ld prdsdgt` y dg ug vfbhd qud efmfl`s pbrb JDCD b pdcfr rdmurs`s pbrb gudstrb fgstftumfýg y p`r orbmfb cdi Dtdrg` di cfrdmt`r cfrdmt `r ld cfh` qud i` bm`lpbò bm`lpbòbrb brb pbrb qud s`i` judrb rdiidg` y tdrlfgd bldgbzbgc bldgbzbgc` ` bi cfrdmt`r cd dsd `robgfsl`. Ib ugfvdrsfcbc, sdoufcbldgtd sd djdmtuý dg di Fgstftut` Tgfvdrsftbrf` Hubg Qbki` Qærdz  Bij`gs` c`gcd dstbkb lâs m`gjugcfc` y dstucfd bio` qud gf ld oustbkb, mubgc` di prdsfcdg prds fcdgtd td Meâvdz, Meâvdz, mrd mrd` ` ib Tgf Tgfvdrs vdrsfcb fcbc c K`ifvb K`ifvbrfb rfbgb gb cd Zdg Zdgdzud dzudib ib dst dstucf ucfd d dg dsb fgstftumfýg i`orbgc` lf tìtui` cd Imc`. dg Dcumbmfýg. Dstb dtbpb ld lbrm` lume` yb qud ld pdrlftfý bprdgcdr lume` cd orbgcds lbdstr`s qud ld efmfdr`g sdr fgvdstfobc`r  y bkrfr i`s `h`s jud ug cdspdrtbr bi m`g`mflfdgt` y bi bl`r cd ib pbtrfb.  Dstd pdrf`c` cd o`kfdrg` cd Euo` Meâvdz jud cd sulb rdidvbgmfb yb qud b pbrtfr cd biiì gudstr` pbìs cdspdrtý y dlpdzý b m`gstrufr ` ldh`r cfme` rdjugcbr ib rdpukifmb c`gcd sd m`ldgzý b cbr p`cdr bi pudki` y qud ibs pdrs`gbs t`lbrbg cdmfsf`gds pbrb i`orbr mblkfbr su dgt`rg`.  Dg mubgt` bi âlkft` jblfifbr lf Lbcrd Qurdzb Hbflds dgjdrldrb y qud ld krfgc` i`s prfgmfpf`s s`mfbifstbs di cd byucbr bi prýhfl` lfs edrlbg`s [fmebrc Oudrrdr` V Hbfr` 2;

 

Oudrrdr`, lf vfvdgmfb ed tdgfc` ib `p`rtugfcbc cd m`gvfvfr dg cfjdrdgtds sdmt`rds cd ib mfucbc y cdi dstbc`, yb qud vfvì dg Kbrrbgm Kbrrbgmbs, bs, Rufgflbrf, Rufgflbrf, ]bgtb Bgb, bmtubil bmtubildgtd dgtd vfv` c`gcd lf Lbcrd Dg Trk ]umrd Qbrr`qufb Qdcr` Lbrìb L`rbgtds, ]bg Mrfstýkbi.

Ibs Bmbmfbs (2)

 (;) Oubrflkbs Kbrrf` ]umrd

Dstb m`lugfcbc eb sfc` pr`tbo`gfstb cdi cds`rcdg y cd prdstbrsd pbrb ib bgbrquìb y cd ib cds`kdcfdgmfb, ibstfl`sbldgtd jud ugb m`lugfcbc qud jud fgvbcfcb p`r i`s ldcf`s cd m`lugfmbmfýg cd i`s btbquds ldcfâtfm`s y ds` pdrlftfý qud ibs pdrs`gbs pdrcfdrbg ib t`idrbgmfb y di rdspdmt` b i` cfjdrdgtd. 2=

 

(=) Oubrflkbs Kbrrf` ]umrd

]u bmtfvfcbc dm`gýlfmb ds di m`ldrmf` yb qud e`y cìb sd cdsbrr`iib cfjdrdgtds tfp`s cd m`ldrmf`s qud sd dgmudgtrb dg ib z`gb. ]u ldcf` cd trbgsp`rtd eby lume` bmmds` b ibs vìbs y sd cfsjrutb iìgdbs cd trbgsp`rtd m`l` ib cd Kbrrf` ]umrd Ifkdrtbc`r, mibr` dstâ o`zbgc` dstb iìgdb cdi l`g`p`if` p`rqud ds ib øgfmb rutb qud sd dgmudgtrb dg ib z`gb, y ib `trb iìgdb m`g luy p`mb bjiudgmfb cd dstd trbgsp`rtd sdrfb ib M@LFUSBME qud ds ugb iìgdb qud s`i` tfdgd ugb rutb qud pbsb p`r ugb cd ibs vìbs cd ib m`lugfcbc.

(3) Mdgtr` M`ldrmfbi Ibs Bmbmfbs .

23

 

(4) Mdgtr` m`ldrmfbi ib ’@“ Ib pbrtd dcumbtfvb cd dstb i`mbifcbc sd dgmudgtrb vbrf`s pibgtdids M`l` ib Dsmudib Kâsfmb Hubg  Bgt`gf` [`lâg Zbidmfii`s, Ib Dsmudib Sæmgfmb [`kfgs`gfbgb Hubg Bgt`gf` [`lâg Zbidmfii`s, Di ]fl`gmft` Hubg Bgt`gf` [`lâg Zbidmfii`s y cfjdrdgtds fgstftumf`gds prfvbcbs.

(:) Ifmd` Gbmf`gbi Sâmefrb (?)

Dsmudib Sæmgfmb H.B. [`lâg Zbidmfii`s (Ib G`rlbi)

M`gtdxt` cd Zfgmuibmfýg

Di Qibgtdi sd dgmudgtrb ukfmbc` dg ugb z`gb rdsfcdgmfbi y m`ldrmfbi, c`gcd sd bprdmfb qud eby kudg bmmds` cd trbgsp`rtd, ib fgstftumfýg mudgtb m`g ugb kudgb pibgtb jìsfmb, mibr` dstâ bmtubildgtd prdsdgtb dg di tdrmdr gfvdi cdtdrf`r` y jfitrbmf`gds, dspdrbgc` qud ibs but`rfcbcds t`ldg mbrtb s`krd di bsugt` y fgfmfd ibs ldh`rbs m`rrdsp`gcfdgtds. 24

 

(5) Ifmd` Gbmf`gbi Sâmefrb

Dg tbi sdgtfc` cdkdl`s cdstbmbr qud b pdsbr qud ib fgstftumfýg sd dgmudgtrb ukfmbc` dg ugb z`gb qud sd pudcd mbrbmtdrfzbr cd mibsd ldcfb bitb, dst` ebmd qud g` ebyb pdrtdgdgmfb p`r sus ebkftbgtds y g` sd sfdgtbg mýl`c`s m`g ib fgstftumfýg, yb qud cd biougb j`rlb ib oudrrb ldcfâtfmb qud sd odgdrý y sd odgdrb dg di pbìs eb odgdrbc` qud dstd sdmt`r cd ib p`kibmfýg vdbg biougbs fgstftumf`gds m`l` cbòfgbs, pdrhucfmfbids pbrb dii`s, b pdsbr qud ib fgstftumfýg eb edme` cfjdrdgtds bmtfvfcbcds, pbrb fgtdorbr ib m`lugfcbc, trbtbgc` cd i`orbr ug bmdrmblfdgt` m`g dstb m`lugfcbc, pdr` c`gcd sf edl`s tdgfc` æxft` s`g dg m`lugfcbcds lâs bidcbòbs, m`l` di sdmt`r cdi Me`rr` Di 2:

 

Fgcf`, Ibs Ji`rds, Oubmbrb y Kbrrf` ]umrd c`gcd sus ebkftbgtds sf sfdgtdg qud ids cudid ib fgstftumfýg.

M`gtdxt` cd ib fgcbobmfýg Od` efstýrfmb  

Q`r i` tbgt`, bi ebkibr cd ib fgstftumfý fgstftumfýg g cdkdl` cdkdl`ss m`ldgt m`ldgtbr br su efst`r efst`rfb fb

su fgfmf fgfmf` `

dspdmì dsp dmìjfm jfmbld bldgtd gtd di 12-2 12-21-26 1-26:=, :=, ib fgs fgstft tftumf umfýg ýg sd mrdý m`l` m`l` ugb Dsm Dsmudi udib b Sæmg Sæmgfmb fmb Fgcustrfbi Jdldgfgb> iudo` p`r [ds`iumfýg G¸ 1=6 cdi 23 cd jdkrdr` cd 26?= t`l` di dpýgfl` cd ’Mfmi` Kâsfm` Sâmefrb“, pbrb dstd l`ldgt` sd i`mbifzbkb dg ib bgtfoub sdcd cdi m`idof` ib ]biid, kbrrf` ]bg Mbri`s, dspdmìjfmbldgtd dgtrd ibs mbrrdrbs 2; y 2= m`g mbiids 6 y21 cd ]bg Mrfstýkbi. Ib fgstftumfýg jud cfrfofcb dg ds`s prfldr`s l`ldgt`s p`r  2?

 

ib Imcb. Sdrdsb Zdob cd ]bgtfbo` ebstb 26?3, sfdgc` sustftufcb p`r di Imc`. Qdcr` Zfii`rìg, di mubi dstuv` curbgtd di bò` dsm`ibr 26?3-26?4, puds p`r rbz`gds cd dstucf`. (p`st-orbc` dg di dxtdrf`r) cdhb ib m`gcummfýg cdi ifmd` bi Imc`. Sd`c`ifgc` L`rbids, qufdg dstuv` dg ib cfrdmmfýg cdi pibgtdi curbgtd di pdrf`c` 26?4-26??, yb qud b jfgds cd 26?? ds trbsibcbc` kbh` mblkf` m`gvdgmf`gbi pbrb odrdgmfbr di M.M. ’Bgt`gf` Fogbmf` Mblbro`“ qudcbgc` dg su iuobr di Imc`. Cfdo` Trkfgb, qufdg bclfgfstrb ib fgstftumfýg ebstb di bò` 265;. Qbrb di bò` 265=, di ifmd` ds lucbc` b ugb gudvb sdcd, ukfmbcb dg ib Bv. J`rtugbt` Oýldz. Trk. Ibs Bmbmfbs G¸1-;11.

 

Di gu gudv dv` ` pibg pibgtd tdii dstu dstuv` v` rd rdod odgt gtbc bc` ` p` p`rr di Imc` Imc`.. Or Orbm bmfififb fbg` g` Lâr ârqu qudz dz,,

bpr`xflbcbldgtd c`s pdrf`c`s dsm`ibrds, ds cdmfr dgtrd 265=-265:, iudo` iidobg bi ifmd ifmd` ` dg mbif mbifcb cbc c cd dgmb dgmbro robc bc`s `s ib Imcb Imcb.. H`sd H`sdjfjfgb gb M`ii M`iibz bz`s `s y di Imc` Imc`.. ]f ]fgd gdmf mf` ` M`ildgbrds qufdgds cfrfodg di lfsl` ebstb di bò` 2661. Q`stdrf`rldgtd ib z`gb dcumbtfvb bsfogb m`l` cfrdmt`r (D), bi Imc`. Hubg pbki` Obrmìb @vbiids lfsl` qud m``rcfg` ib cfrdmmfýg ebstb di bò` ;113 Bgtds cd tdrlfgbr dstb cfrdmtfvb, sd rdmfkd ib mfrmuibr G¸1; cdi 1;/1?/;11;, dg ib qud sd cfsp`gd qud di Mfmi` Kâsfm` Sâmefrb qudcb rd rdof ofst strbc rbc` ` m`g ug gu gudv` dv` mý mýcf cfo` o` CD CDB B (C (Cfr frdm dmmf mfýg ýg cd Dv Dvbi biubm ubmfý fýg g y Bm Bmrd rdcft cftbm bmfý fýg) g) ]12=?c;1;= M`l` Dsmudib Kâsfmb Sâmefrb.

  B jfgbids jfgbids cdi bò` ;113, bsuld ib cfrdmmfýg cdi pibgtdi di Imc`. Jrbgn Hbrb Mbstdiibg`, qufdg cfrfod sus bmtfvfcbcds ebstb sdptfdlkrd cdi ;115, sfdgc` sustftufc` p`r di Imc`.  Âivbr` Gfò` qufdg `mupý di mbro` ebstb ldcfbc`s cdi ;116, ib z`gb dcumbtfvb bsfogb 25

 

m`l` cfrdmt`r bi pr`jds`r H`sæ Cdijìg Mebmýg, qufdg p`r rbz`gds cd sbiuc dgtrdob di mbro` mb ro` b ib Imcb Imcb.. Lb Lbrmì rmì Sb Sblb lbrb rb Ob Obrmì rmìb b Ld Ldgc gc`zb `zb,, dst dstb b gu gudv dvb b cfrdm cfrdmtftfvb vb cfrf cfrfof ofý ý ib fgstftumfýg kbh` ib jfourb cd Ifmd` Gbmf`gbi Sâmefrb, qudcbgc` dstd m`l` dpýgfl` bmtubi.

 

Cdscd di ;121 ebstb di 2= cd lbrz` cd ;1;1, ib fgstft fgstftumfýg umfýg dstuv` cfrfo cfrfofcb fcb p`r ib

Imcb. Vdifxb S`rrds m`l` cfrdmt`rb (D) y dg ib bmtubifcbc dstâ cfrfofcb p`r di Imc`. Vdfs`g Tsdmed Cfrdmt`r (D) qud kusmbrâ ibs m`gcfmf`gds qud pdrlftbg di cdsbrr`ii` fg fgtd tdor orbi bi cd i` i`ss ds dstu tucf cfbgt bgtds ds,, c` c`md mdgt gtds ds y t` t`c` c`ss i` i`ss lf lfdl dlkr` kr`ss cd dstb dstb orbg orbg jb jblf lfififb b m`gj`rlbcb p`r di Ifmd` Gbmf`gbi Sâmefrb y t`cb ib m`lugfcbc.

]doufcbldgtd cdkdl`s cdstbmbr ib z`gb m`ldrmfbi y su efst`rfb tdgdl`s di Mdgtr` m`ldrmfbi Di Qfgbr, qud jud m`gstrufc` birdcdc`r cd 2663, mudgtb m`g guldr`s`s i`mbids m`ldrmfbids, m`g dlprdsbs cd m`lugfmbmfýg y kâsfmbs m`l` ds ib `jfmfgb cd M`rp`didm, dst`s dspbmf`s ebg sfc` utfifzb M`rp`didm, utfifzbc`s c`s pbrb di cfsjrutd cd ib m`lugfcbc, yb qud ebg sfc` dsmdgbrf`s m`l` cd ugb rbcf` lbrbtýg qud sd rdbifz` dg 266: p`r ugb dlfs`rb dlfs` rb luy dsmumeb dsmumebcb cb p`r i`s hývdgds cd ib æp`mb m`l` i` drb [bcf` ]bg Mrfstýkbi, `tr` cd i`s dspbmf`s flp`rtbgtds ds di Zfbcumt` gudv` qud ds ugb vìb luy flp`rtbgtd yb qud dgibzb b Kbrrf` @krdr`, Kbrrf` I`urcds, m`g Ib Bv. 26 cd Bkrfi.

26

 

 

Dst Dstd d flp`rt flp`rtbgt bgtd d vf vfbcu bcumt` mt` pbrb ib mmfucb fucbc c tb tblkf lkfæg æg b sfc sfc` ` ds dsmdgb mdgbrf` rf` cd dvd dvdgt` gt`ss

lusfmbids y dvdgt`s p`iìtfm`s, dgtrd i`s qud cdkdl`s rdm`rcbr di se`w ibsdr djdmtubc` curbgtd ib bimbicìb cd sbg Mrfstýkbi c`gcd di bimbicd drb ]drof` @lbr Mbicdrýg m`g`m m` g`mfc fc` ` m`l m`l` ` di Mu Murb, rb, `t `tr` r` dvdgt dvdgt` ` fl flp` p`rt rtbgt bgtd d y p` p`iìiìtftfm` m` sd cd cdst stbm bmb b i` i`ss lì lìtftfgds gds p`iìtfm`s, qud sd iidvbr`g m`l` jud di cd Mbri`s Bgcræs Qærdz c`gcd sd prdsdgtý Di pulb H`sæ Iufs [`crìoudz.

 

Q`r dstb rbzýg bi ebkibr cd Ibs Bmbmfb Bmbmfbss cdkdl`s sdòbib sdòbibrr q qud ud dstd sdmt`r ds ug

pugt` luy flp`rtbgtd pbrb ib s`mfdcbc cdi Sâmefrb, c`gcd sd ebg djdmtubc`s rdm`rrfc`s cdii mf cd mfmi mifs fsl` l`,, dvd dvdgt gt`s `s cdp` cdp`rt rtfv fv`s `s,, lu lusf sfmb mbid ids, s, p`iì p`iìtftfm`s m`s,, p`r ds` ds` cd cdkdl kdl`s `s sd sdou oufr  fr  flpidldgtbgc` dstrbtdofbs pbrb i`orbr qud dstb m`lugfcbc sd sfdgtb fcdgtfjfmbcb m`g gudstr` pibgtdi y sd fgtdordg b di cdsbrr`ii` pr`cumtfv`, s`mfbi qud rdqufdrd gudstr` pbìs.

 

Mbkd sdòbib sdòbibrr Ib urkbgf urkbgfzbmfýg zbmfýg ibs Bmbmfbs ds u ugb gb mm`lugf `lugfcbc cbc qud qud p pdrtdgdm drtdgdmd d b ib

pbrr`qufb pbrr`qu fb Qdc Qdcr` r` Lbr Lbrìb ìb L`rbgt L`rbgtds ds cdi lugfmf lugfmfpf` pf` ]bg Mrf Mrfstý stýkbi kbi,, ug sdmt sdmt`r `r kbst kbstbgt bgtd d mægt mæ gtrf rfm` m` cd ib ld ldgm gmf` f`gb gbcb cb pb pbrr` rr`qu qufb fb,, qu qud d prd prdsd sdgt gtb b ug ugb b v`mbm v`mbmfý fýg g cd pr prdj djdr drdgm dgmfb fb ebkftbmf`gbi, sd dgmudgtrb m`lpidtbldgtd urkbgfzbcb m`gtbgc` m`g t`c`s i`s sdrvfmf`s pøkifm`s rdqudrfc`s. Od`orâjfmbldgtd dstb cdlbrmbcb dgtrd i`s sfoufdgtds iflftds

G`rtd8 Trkbgfzbmfýg ib [`ldrb

;1

 

]ur8 Bvdgfcb 26 cd bkrfi, pbrqud ldtr`p`iftbg` Dstd8 Bvdgfcb 26 cd bkrfi, Kbrrf` ]umrd @dstd8 Zfbcumt` Gudv`, Kbrrf` I`urcds. Dg mub mubgt gt` ` b su sft sftub ubmf mfýg ýg bst bstr`g r`gýl ýlfm fmb b sd prd prdsd sdgt gtbg bg ib ibss sf sfou oufd fdgt gtds ds m`` m``rc rcdg dgbc bcbs bs od`orâjfmbs8 ?¬‖ 34‖‖65‖‖‖ cd ibtftuc G`rtd ?;‖ 2;‖‖ 6:‖‖‖ cd i`goftuc @mmfcdgtbi Qrdsdgtb ugb bitftuc bpr`xflbcb cd 6;; lsll. -Di [difdvd cd ib mfucbc cd sbg Mrfstýkbi dg odgdrbi8 ]d flp`gd ug ldcf` cd bkibmfýg cd l`gtbòb m`rrdsp`gcfdgtd b ib mudgmb ldcfb cdi rì` S`rkds, dspdmìjfmbldgtd di pârbl` Di @s` (;.;31 lsgl) d fgmiuydgc` ibs

suk - mudgmbs cd ibs qudkrbcbs8 Ib Kibgmb, Ib Qbrbcb, Ib Kdrldhb, Meumurì y Me`rr` cdi Fgcf`. ]d cfjdrdgmfbg trds ugfcbcds cd rdifdvd8 ib c`lfgbgtd, m`rrdsp`gcd b ug rdifdvd cd m`ifgbs m`g pdgcfdgtds qud vbrìbg dgtrd ;1 - =1% y biturbs dgtrd 611 ” 2.;11 lsgl, m`gtdlpib i`s mbumds ldcf`s cd ibs qudkrbcbs

;2

 

  Ib Ki Kibgmb, bgmb, Ib Q Qbrbcb, brbcb, Ib Kdr Kdrldhb ldhb Sdgfdg Sdgfdgc` c` mu mudgtb dgtb q qud ud ds dstb tb mu mudgmb dgmb cd cd bou boub b pbsb luy mdrmb mdrmb cd ib fgst fgstftu ftumfý mfýg g y Meu Meumurì murì prds prdsdgt dgtbgc bgc` ` pdgcfd pdgcfdgtd gtdss lby`rd lby`rdss b =1% y mbrbmtdrfzbc` p`r biturbs qud vbgdgtrd 2.;11 ” ;.;11 lsgl> y ug 4% cd ib supdrjfmfd t`tbi cdi lugfmfpf`, Bitftuc Lâxflb8 2.:?1 lsgl Qbrtd bitb cd ib mfucbc. Rud sd dgmudgtrb lâs ` ldg`s di sdmt`r.

  Ib Od`i`oìb8 ]doøg di Iæxfm` Dstrbtforâjfm` cd Zdgdzudib, s`g trds ibs j`rlbmf`gds qud prdc`lfgbg cdgtr` cdi lugfmfpf`, J`rlbmfýg Ib Iugb, J`rlbmfýg Ib Rufgtb y J`rlbmfýg M`iýg, qud cbtbg dgtrd i`s pdrì`c`s Mrdtâmd` ]updrf`r y Srfâsfm` Hurâsfm`, cfmebs j`rlbmf`gds prdsdgtbg ugb ift`i`oìb m`lpudstb p`r iutftbs `smurbs, lbmfzbs lbi dstr ds trbt btfjfjfm fmbc bcbs bs,, pdr pdrftft`s `sbs, bs, cd jr jrbm bmtu turb rb fr frrdo rdoui uibr br>> dg bi biou oug` g`ss sf sftftf`s `s pr prds dsdgt dgtb b mb mbpb pbss cdiobcbs cd mbifzb. Q`sddg ugb bptftuc cd l`cdrbcb b p`krd m`l` lbtdrfbi cd jugcbmfýg, cdpdgcfdgc` cdi dspds`r cd i`s kbgm`s cd mbifzbs y su jrbmturb lfdgt`. - ]udi`s8

Qrdsdgtbg tdxturbs ldcfbs m`g prdsdgmfb cd dstrbt`s oruds`s y pr`jugcfcbc vbrfbkid> sdoøg su mbpbmfcbc cd us`, dst`s sudi`s pdrtdgdmdg b ibs mibsds FZ, Z y ZF.

Di Miflb8

;;

 

  Qrdc`lfgb di miflb tdlpibc` m`g ugb tdlpdrbturb pr`ldcf` qud `smfib dgtrd i`s 2;± M y ;:± M y ugb prdmfpftbmfýg pr`ldcf` cd rbgo` vbrfbkid dgtrd 5?? y 2.2:4 ll bgubids, di pbtrýg cd cfstrfkumfýg ludstrb ugb ifodrb tdgcdgmfb kfl`cbi, m`g ug pdrf`c` iiuvf`s` dgtrd i`s ldsds Bkrfi y G`vfdlkrd, odgdrbgc` ugb cdsmbrob cdi 5?% cdi t`tbi bgubi.

OD@O[ÂJFMB CD IB T[KBGFXBMFÝG IB] BMBMFB]

;=

 

TKFMBMFÝG D]QBMFBI DG DI QIBG@ M@LTGFSB[F@

;3

 

Jfgbildgtd cdkdl`s borbcdmdr b t`cbs dstbs m`lugfcbcds bidcbòbs qud ebg edme` cdi Gbmf`gbi Sâmefrb pbrtd cd su jblfifb, cd sdgtfrsd pbrtd cd gudstrb fgstftumfýg y p`r su pudst` cd pdrlftfr qud dgtrdl`s dg sus e`obrds y sdbl`s pbrtd cd su jblfifb.

4 ” Cfbog`stfm` cd ib cfgâlfmb Dspbmfbi

Ib urkbgfzbmfýg ibs Bmbmfbs c`gcd sd dgmudgtrb ukfmbcb ib Fgstftumfýg dcumbtfvb If Ifmd md` ` Gb Gbmf mf`g `gbi bi Sâ Sâme mefrb frb,, ds ug sd sdmt mt`r `r m` m`g g v` v`mb mbmf mfýg ýg prd prdjd jdrdg rdgtd td

ebkf ebkftb tbmf mf`g `gbi bi,, sd

dgmudgtrbg dgmudgt rbg m`ghugt m`ghugt`s `s rdsfcdgmf rdsfcdgmfbids bids dg urkbgfsl urkbgfsl`s `s mdrrbc`s y orbgcds m`ghu m`ghugt`s gt`s cd dcfjfmbmf`gds, sd mudgtbg m`g t`c`s i`s sdrvfmf`s kâsfm`s y pøkifm`s, p`r sdr dstd ug sdmt`r m`lpidtbldgtd m`lpidtbldgtd urkbgfzb urkbgfzbc` c` pbrb rdsfcdgmfbs rdsfcdgmfbs ds dsmbsb ib prdsdgmfb cd orbgcd orbgcdss fgcustrfbs fgcust rfbs ` jbkrfmbs jbkrfmbs,, dg ug sdougc` pibg` y luy pugt pugtubifz ubifzbc`s bc`s p`cdl p`cdl`s `s dgm`gtrbr  mdgt md gtr` r`ss m` m`ld ldrm rmfb fbid idss cd vbrfb vbrfbc` c` tb tblb lbò` ò` y pd pdqu qudò` dò`ss m`l m`ldrm drmf` f`ss qu qud d su supid pidg g ib ibss gdmdsfcbcds cd i`s qud biiì ebkftbg. Tkfmbgc` dstb m`lugfcbc dg di sdmt`r tdrmfbrf` cd ib dm`g`lìb (M`ldrmf` y kfdgds y sdrvfmf`s), sfdgc` luy rdsfcubi pdqudòbs jâkrfmbs y i`mbids cd tdxtfids.

 

Dg mmubgt` ubgt` b i` i`ss ffgcfmbc gcfmbc`rds `rds cdi gudv` dstbc` s`mfbi s`mfbifstb, fstb, i`s qud ebkftbg ebkftbg dg dstd

sdmt`r prdsdgtbg p`mb bjfgfcbc dg mubgt` b ib `robgfzbmfýg dg dstæs m`lugftbrf`s, g` dxfs dx fstd tdg g m` m`gsd gsdh` h`ss m`l m`lug ugbi bids ds gf lume lume`s `s ld ldg`s g`s pd pdgs gsbc bc` ` ib `robg `robgfz fzbm bmfý fýg g cd ug ugb b M`lugb, di sdso` p`iìtfm` pbrtfcfstb cd ib lby`rìb cd i`s ebkftbgtds cd dstb m`lugfcbc ;4

 

ebmd eb md qu qud d sd rd rdme mebm bmd d mubi mubiqu qufd fdrr fgfm fgfmfb fbtftfvb vb pb pbrb rb ib `r `rob obgf gfzb zbmf mfýg ýg m`lu m`lugf gftb tbrf rfb. b. M`gtrbrfbldgtd tfdgdg ugb mibrb fgmifgbmfýg b ibs j`rlbs cd `robgfzbmfýg mbpftbifstb, ds` sd dvfcdgm dvfcdgmfb fb p`r ib prdsdgmfb cd i`s mdgtr`s m`ldrmfbids m`ldrmfbids y m`ldrmf m`ldrmf`s `s fgcfvfcubids, fgcfvfcubids, i`s mubids s`i` sfrvdg pbrb ib m`ldrmfbifzbmfýg cd pr`cumt`s y sdrvfmf`s, cd i`s mubids g` qudcb ug bp`rtd s`mfbi b ib m`lugfcbc. M`l` yb sd cfh` ib j`rlb cd `robgfzbmfýg ebkftbmf`gbi fgcfvfcubifstb, lâs di lbrmbc` sdso` p`iìtfm` cd i`s qud biiì ebkftbg prdsdgtb ugb kbrrdrb pbrb mubiqufdr fgfmfbtfvb cd m`gj m`gj`r `rlb lbmf mfýg ýg cd m`gs m`gsdh dh`s `s m`lu m`lugb gbid ids. s. Q` Q`rr i` tbgt tbgt`, `, mubi mubiqu qufd fdrr p` p`iìiìtftfmb mb pø pøki kifm fmb b cfrdmmf`gbcb p`r di o`kfdrg` sfdlprd dgm`gtrbrb cfjfmuitbcds pbrb su flpidldgtbmfýg. Ib urkbgfzbmfýg ibs bmbmfbs ds ug sdmt`r m`lpidtbldgtd urkbgfzbc`, mudgtb m`g luy kudg`s sdrvfmf`s kâsfm`s (Boub, didmtrfmfcbc, vfbifcbc, fgtdrgdt, boubs sdrvfcbs, dgtrd `tr`s) qudcbgc` luy p`mbs ârdbs ` z`gbs dg ibs qud sd pudcbg dstbkidmdr `trbs m`gst m` gstrum rummf mf`gd `gdss ` cds cdsbrr brr`i `iib ibrr bm bmtftfvf vfcbc cbcds ds dm` dm`gý gýlf lfmbs mbs cd i` i`ss sd sdmt mt`r `rds ds pr prfl flbr brf` f` y sdmugcbrf`. ]u v`mbmfýg ebkftbmf`gbi y m`ldrmfbi cdjfgdg di dstbkidmflfdgt` cd qud bmtfvfcbcds sd ukfmbg dg di sdmt`r. Øitflbldgtd p`r fgfmfbtfvbs fgcfvfcubids sd ebg dstbkidmfc` pdqudòbs jâkrfmbs dg di m`gmdpt` cd ibs QVLD] pbrb ib jbkrfmbmfýg cd prdgcbs cd vdstfr y pr`cumt`s brtdsbgbids. Ib fg fgst stftftum umfý fýg g Dcum Dcumbt btfv fvb b Ifmd Ifmd` ` Gb Gbmf mf`g `gbi bi Sâ Sâme mefr frb b sf sfdg dgc` c` obrbg obrbgtd td cd ib ibss p` p`iìiìtftfmbs mbs dcum dc umbt btfv fvbs bs cd dstb dstbc` c` vdgd vdgdz` z`ib ibg` g` sfdl sfdlpr prd d eb fl flpu puis isbc bc` ` ib fgtd fgtdor orbm bmfý fýg g m`g m`g ib m`lu m` lugf gfcb cbc c c`g c`gcd cd sd dg dglb lbrm rmb, b, eb qu qudrf drfc` c` m` m`gv gvdrt drtfr frsd sd dg di md mdgt gtr` r` cd cdii qu qude debmd bmdr  r  m`lugftbrf`, eb kusmbc` di bmdrmblfdgt` m`g ib m`lugfcbc, odgdrbgc` dgmudgtr`s y vfsftbs b jfg cd qud ib fgstftumfýg sd m`gvfdrtb dg di mdtr` cd dgmudgtr` pbrb ib j`rlbmfýg ;:

 

m`lugftbrfb y v`mbmf`gbi cd qufdgds vfvdg dg di sdmt`r. Qdr` b mbcb fgfmfbtfvb odgdrbcb p`r ib fgstftumfýg sfdlprd id ebg sbifc` dg rdmebz` cd ib m`lugfcbc. Qbrb Qb rb di cdsb cdsbrr rr`i `ii` i` cd dstd dstd tr trbk bkbh bh` ` ds fgcf fgcfsp spdg dgsb sbki kid d vfgm vfgmui uibr bri` i` m`g m`g i`s i`s tdlb tdlbss Fgcfsp Fgc fspdgsb dgsbkid kidss prds prdsdgt dgtds ds dg di Qr`mds` Qr`mds` cd trb trbgsj gsj`rl `rlbmf bmfýg ýg pdc pdcboýo boýofmb fmb qud vfd vfdgd gd cdsbrr`iibgc` di Lfgfstdrf` cdi Q`cdr Q`puibr pbrb ib Dcumbmfýg cdscd ;124-;12: dg dstd mbs` dst`s tdlbs qud lâs cdstbmbg s`g i`s sfoufdgtds8 M@G@MFLFDGS@

CDI

D]QBMF@

OD@O[ÂJFM@

D

EF]S@[FB

CD

ZDGDXTDIB, Q[@MD]@] DM@GÝLFM@] V ]@MFBID]. M@GJ@[LBMFÝG CD IB Q@KIBMFÝG, IB] JBLFIFB] V M@LTGFCBCD] . Di mubi pdrlftfrâ bi c`mdgtd y b i`s dstucfbgtds m`g`mdr ug gudv` dgj`qud cd cdsbrr`ii` fgtdorbi cd dstb ârdb cd j`rlbmfýg, pbrtfdgc` cdscd di m`gtdxt` i`mbi ebmfb ug dgj`qud lâs oi`kbifzbc`. CDL@ CD L@M[ M[BM BMFB FB QB QB[S [SFM FMFQ FQBS BSFZ FZB B V Q[@S Q[@SBO BOÝG ÝGFM FMB B DG TG D] D]SB SBC@ C@ CD CD[DME CD[ DME@ @ V HT] HT]SFM SFMFB, FB, FOTBICB FOTBICBC, C, G@ CF] CF]M[F M[FLFG LFGBMF BMFÝG ÝG V HT] HT]SFM SFMFB FB ]@MFB. ]@MFB. CD[DME@] ETLBG@], DRTFCBC CD OÆGD[@. Dstd tdlb jugcbldgtbi sdrvfrâ pbrb m`gtrfkufr dg i`s dstucfbgtds pbrb qud dg sus m`lugfcbcds pudcbg byucbr b m`gj`rlbr  ibs gudvbs j`rlbs cd `robgfzbmfýg m`lugftbrfb cd pbrtfmfpbmfýg vdmfgbi. Bcdlâs, qud ds ib iìgdb qud pudcd sdrvfr pbrb gudvbs fgvdstfobmf`gds jbmtfkids y bpifmbkids dg ib m`lugfcbc qud g` qufdrd bcdmubrsd ib `robgfzbmfýg m`lugftbrfb.

Lbpb Mfrmuft` 2:

;?

 

 

Di Mf Mfrmuft` rmuft` 2: dst dstâ â m`gj m`gj`rlbc` `rlbc` p`r : Fgstf Fgstftumf`g tumf`gds, ds, c` c`gcd gcd dgm dgm`gtrbl `gtrbl`s `s 3 cdi cdi sdmt`r  sdmt`r 

pøkifm` y c`s cdi sdmt`r prfvbc`, ibs 3 cdi sdmt`r pøkifm` sd dgmudgtrbg Ib Dsmudib Sæmg Sæ mgfm fmb b [`k [`kfg fgs` s`gf gfbg bgb b H.B. H.B. [` [`lâ lâg g Zb Zbid idmf mfiiii`s, `s, Ds Dsmu mudi dib b K` K`ififvbr vbrfb fbgb gb H. H.B. B. [` [`lâ lâg g Zbidmfii`s, Di ]fl`gmft` H.B. [`lâg Zbidmfii`s, Di Ifmd` Gbmf`gbi Sâmefrb. Dg di sdmt`r Qrfvbc` sd dgmudgtrbg = fgstftumf`gds ugb qud ds di M`idof` H`sæ Jæifx [fvbs, dstb fgstftumfýg trbkbhb m`g hývdgds cdi prfldr bò` ebstb di qufgt` bò`. M`idof` = cd bo`st` dstb fgstftumfýg trbkbhb m`g gfò`s cd Oubrcdrìb, Qrfldr Gfvdi dsm`ibr y sdougc` gfvdi, M`idof` Lbrm`s [blìrdz bi foubi qud di m`idof` = cd bo`st`, mibr` p`r ib pbgcdlfb di M`idof` suspdgcfý jugmf`gds. Dstbs fgstftumf`gds sd dgmudgtrbg dgtrd Kbrrf` ]umrd pbrtd Kbhb y M`ifgbs cd Bgtbrbhu y ibs Bmbmfbs. Qrdstbgc` ug sdrvfmf` cd J`rlbmfýg y dcumbmfýg pbrb ib m`lugfcbc.   Dg gudstr` lbpb ibs ffgstftumf`gds gstftumf`gds Qøkifmbs dstâg rdsbitbcbs dg u ug g m`i m`i`r `r Bzui Mibr`, Lfdgtrbs qud ibs fgstftumf`gds Qrfvbcbs rdsbitbg dg ug m`i`r bzui Fgjbgtfi.

  Dstbs fgstftumf`gds fgstftumf`gds sd dgmudgtrbg dg ug sdmt`r p`r m`g urkbgfsl` c`gcd sd mulpidg m`g t`c`s i`s sdrvfmf`s, Iuz, Boub, Fgtdrgdt, c`gcd sus pibgtdids sd dgmudgtrbg dg ug dstbc` ýptfl`, mibr` cdkdl`s sdòbibr qud ib Dsmudib Sæmgfmb dstb dg ugb sftubmfýg ibldgtbkid, c`gcd sus fgstbibmf`gds dstâg g` bcdmubcbs pbrb rdmfkfr b i`s hývdgds, pdr` ib m`lugfcbc dg odgdrbi eb edme` trfpb m`rbz`gds pbrb p`cdr cbr ug gfvdi cd us` b dstd pibgtdi.

;5

 

  Dg tbi tbi sdgt sdgtfc` fc` m`l` p`cdl`s `ksdrvbr dg di lbpb sd dgmudgtrbg dstbs fgstftumf`gds r`cdbcbs r`cd bcbs cd m`l m`ldrmf drmf`s, `s, pdq pdqudò udò`s `s mdg mdgtr` tr`ss m`l m`ldrmf drmfbid bids, s, urkb urkbgfs gfsl`s l`s prfv prfvbc`s bc`s,, qud p`crìbg sdr cd ugb dg`rld j`rtbidzb, pdr` p`r ib cfsyugtfvb p`iìtfmb qud sd dgmudgtrb dg gudstr` pbìs, p`r di dgvdgdgblfdgt` cd i`s ldcf`s, i`orbr`g qud ib m`lugfcbc cd mibsd ldcfb sd cfv`rmfbrb cdi sdmt`r dcumbtfv` pøkifm`.

 

Dg dstd dstd `rcdg `rcdg p`cd p`cdl`s l`s `ksd `ksdrvb rvbrr dg di lbp lbpb b vb vbrf` rf`ss p pugt ugt`s `s d dg g vdrcd vdrcd ds` s`g

m`ldrmf`s fgj`rlbids, lfdgtrbs qud i`s m`ldrmf`s dstbkidmfc`s i`s rdsbitbl`s m`g gbrbghb y di mdgtr` m`ldrmfbi m`g lbodgtb.

  Dstd sdmt`r sd mulpid m`g di sdrvfmf` cd trbgsp`rtd, pbrtd cdi sdmt`r mudgtb m`g boub cdi kbrrf` ` bmudcumt` rurbi qud mudgtb Kbrrf` ]umrd pbrtd kbhb, dg mblkf` di sdmt`r cd ibs Bmbmfbs c`gcd dstâ di M`idof` H`sæ Jæifx [fvbs, Ifmd` Gbmf`gbi Sâmefrb, ids iidob di boub cdi bmudcumt` rdof`gbi ` cdi FG@].

 

Jfgbi ldgtd p`cdl` p`cdl`ss cdmf cdmfrr qud ibs m` m`lugfc lugfcbcds bcds q qud ud dst dstâg âg ju judrb drb cdi bgfii bgfii` ` s`g ibs

qud dstâg lâs fgtdorbcbs m`g ibs fgstftumf`gds Qukifmbs y `ksdrvbl`s qud tfdgdg sdgtfc` cd pdrtdgdgmfb.

;6

 

:- Mbrbmtdrfzbmfýg Fgstftumf`gbi

  Ib fgstftumfýg dcumbtfvb sfdgc` ug ýrobg` cdpdgcfdgtd cdi LQQD , vfdgd mulpifdgc` m`g t`cbs ibs `rfdgtbmf`gds pdcboýofmbs dgvfbcbs p`r dgtd rdmt`r cd ib dcumbmfýg bi foubi qud sd ebg dhdmutbc` t`c`s i`s pr`mds`s cd but`dvbiubmfýg cd ib vfcb fgstftumf`gbi cdscd ;124, mudgtb m`g ug QDFM bmtubifzbc` y bcbptbc` b ibs gudvbs cfrdmmf`gbifcbcds y g`r g`rlb lbtftfvbs vbs bp bpififmb mbki kids ds,, cd ds dstb tb j` j`rl rlb b cd `r `rob obgf gfzb zbmf mfýg ýg fg fgst stftftum umf` f`gb gbii gbmd gbmdg g ib ibss mbrbmtdrfzbmf`gds qud sd prdsdgtbg b m`gtfgubmfýg qud s`g ugb sfg`psfs cdi pdrs`gbi qud ibk`rb dg di pibgtdi pibgtdi , bcdlâs cd i`s pi pibgds bgds y pr`orbl pr`orblbs bs qud sd dhdmutbg dhdmutbg dg ib fgstftumfýg.

MB[BMSD[FXBMFÝG CDI QD[]@GBI QD[]@GBI C@MDGSD JDLDGFG@

=?

LB]MTIFG@

;=

SFSTIB[

42

M@GS[BSBC@

16

FGM@[Q@[BC@] B QGJ / QGJBD

13

QD[]@GBI BCLFGF]S[BSFZ@ =1

 

JDLDGFG@

2;

LB]MTIFG@

2

SFSTIB[

22

M@GS[BSBC@

2

FGM@[Q@[BC@] B QGJ / QGJBD

11

JDLDGFG@

QD[]@GBI @K[D[@ : LB]MTIFG@

5

SFSTIB[

23

1

M@GS[BSBC@

FGM@[Q@[BC@] B QGJ / QGJBD

11

@[OBGFXBMF@GD] ]@MFBID] V M@LTGFSB[FB]

QIBGD] V Q[@O[BLB] DHDMTSBC@] Mbgbflb

]f idmturb Qibg

cd

]f =2

M`idmmfýg Kfmdgtdgbrf`

]f

 

]biuc [dpr`cumtfv b

]f Blkfdgtd

]f

]dlfiibs Cdp`rtfvbs

G`

]biuc

]f Mdsbr  [dgofj`

]f

L`rrbi Srfm`i`r 

]f

Ldsftbs Qbz [bcf` _dk

cd ]f Mfucbcbgìb ]f MKFS

G` Muiturb Srfkutbrfb

]f

G` Qbtruiib Dsm`ibr 

G`

LBS[FMTIB BÒ@ D]M@IB[ ;1;1 / ;1;2 Bò`

Edlkrbs

Zbr`gds

S`tbi

2dr Bò`

=2

=5

:6

;c` Bò`

3=

3;

54

=dr Bò`

=4

34

51

3t` Bò`

4?

:6

2;:

4t` Bò`

32

:2

21;

S`tbi

;1?

;44

3:?

=;

 

CFBOG@]SFM@

CFBOG@]SFM@ QDCBOÝOFM@

  ]f m`lprdgcdl`s bgtds qud t`c` i` i` qud sfogfjfmb ib ib pdcbo`oìb qud vfdgd sfdgc` ib cfsmfpifgb qud `robgfzb di pr`mds` dcumbtfv` cd t`cb pdrs`gb, dg i`s bspdmt`s psfm`iýofm`, jìsfm` d fgtdidmtubi t`lbgc` dg mudgtb i`s bspdmt`s muiturbids cd ib s`mfdcbc dg odgdrbi.

Qdcbo`oìb ds di brtd cd trbgslftfr dxpdrfdgmfbs, m`g`mflfdgt`s, vbi`rds, m`g i`s rdmurs`s qud tdgdl`s b gudstr` bimbgmd, m`l` s`g8 dxpdrfdgmfb, lbtdrfbids, ib lfslb gbturbidzb, i`s ibk`rbt`rf`s, i`s bvbgmds tdmg`iýofm`s, ib dsmudib, di brtd, di idgoubhd ebkibc`, dsmrft` y m`rp`rbi.

Ib pdcbo`oìb, m`l` i` fgcfmb sdrfb ib mfdgmfb qud dstucfb i`s pr`mds`s dcumbtfv`s, i` mubi mfdrtbldgtd cfjfmuitb su dgtdgcflfdgt`, yb qud ds ug pr`mds` vfv` dg di mubi fgtdrvfdgdg cfjdrdgtds jugmf`gds dg di `robgfsl` pbrb qud sd iidvd b mbk` di pr`mds` cd bprdgcfzbhd, p`r tbi l`tfv` sf di `khdt` lfsl` ds cfjìmfi cd cdjfgfr, p`r i` tbgt` su cdjfgfmfýg, sdrfb di dstucf` ldcfbgtd di mubi sd iidvb b mbk` ibs fgtdrm`gdxf`gds qud ==

 

tfdgdg iuobr dg mbcb pdrs`gb pbrb bprdgcdr, tbids m`l` di mdrdkr`, ib vfstb y di `ìc`, y qud dg sulb sd bprdmfb ldcfbgtd ib rdspudstb dlftfcb b cfme` bprdgcfzbhd. Qbrtfdgc` dg dsd `rcdg dgm`gtrbl`s i`s orbgcds pdgsbc`rds orfdo`s m`l` Qibtýg, ]ýmrbtds y Brfstýtdids cdhbr`g bsdgtbc` dg sus dsmrft`s ib flp`rtbgmfb cd bsfogbr læt`c`s pbrb di m`g`mflfdgt` y dstucf` cd cdtdrlfgbcbs cfsmfpifgbs. Di bmmds` b ib dcumbmfýg drb ug prfvfidof` cd ugb p`rmfýg pdqudòb cd ib s`mfdcbc tbgt` orfdob m`l` r`lbgb.

Dg di sfoi` UZFF, Hubg Bl`s M`ldgf` sdgtý biougbs cd ibs kbsds cd ib pdcbo`oìb dg su `krb8 ’Cfcâmtfmb Lbogb“. Biiì dxp`gd ib flp`rtbgmfb cd ib dcumbmfýg dg di cdsbrr`ii` cd i`s gfò`s.

Sblkfæg dg di sfoi` UZFF surofý dg Jrbgmfb ib iiblbcb ’pdcbo`oìb trbcfmf`gbi“. Cfrfofcb p`r i`s hdsuftbs, cdstbmbkb b ib dsmudib m`l` ib prfgmfpbi judgtd cd trbgslfsfýg muiturbi y rdifof`sb cdgtr` cd ib s`mfdcbc. Ib pdcbo`oìb trbcfmf`gbi sd kbsb dg ib trbgslfsfýg cd sbkdrds p`r pbrtd cd ug lbdstr` y sd mbrbmtdrfzb p`r di r`i pbsfv` cd i`s biulg`s.

H`ebgg Edfgrfme Qdstbi`zzf y Hdbg-Hbmquds [`ussdbu sdgtbr`g ibs kbsds cd ib pdcbo`oìb l`cdrgb, hugt` m`g `tr`s pdgsbc`rds cdi sfoi` UZFFF. Blk`s pusfdr`g di j`m` dg ib dv`iumfýg cd ibs ldt`c`i`oìbs pdcboýofmbs. =3

 

J`ldgtbr`g di cdsbrr`ii` cd læt`c`s cd dgsdòbgzb qud cdhbrbg cd ibc` ib dcumbmfýg rìofcb y ib ldl`rfzbmfýg cd m`gmdpt`s pbrb cbr pbs` b ib `ksdrvbmfýg, ib dxpdrfldgtbmfýg y di rbz`gblfdgt` pbrb qud i`s gfò`s pudcbg bprdgcdr b trbvæs cd ibs dxpdrfdgmfbs. Dg su `krb ’Dlfif`“, [`ussdbu cdstbmý ib flp`rtbgmfb cd ib dcumbmfýg b trbvæs cd cdspdrtbr cdi fgtdræs cdi gfò` y g` cd ib cfsmfpifgb.

 B pbrtfr cdi sfoi` UFU, y curbgtd t`c` di sfoi` sfoi` UU, ib pdcbo`oìb l`cdrgb pus` di j`m` dg ib rdibmfýg lbdstr` ” biulg` y dg di cdsbrr`ii` cd ibs mbpbmfcbcds cd i`s dstucfbgtds. Qdgsbc`rds m`l` H`ebgg Jrfdcrfme Edrkbrt, H`eg Cdwdy, Lbrìb L`gtdss`rf y Hdbg Qfbodt efmfdr`g g`tbkids bp`rtds dg i`s cfjdrdgtds tfp`s cd pdcbo`oìbs. Dg tbi sdgtfc` sbkfdgc` ib flp`rtbgmfb cd ib Qdcbo`oìb m`l` edrrblfdgtb dcumbtfvb, p`cdl`s pbrtfr b rdbifzbr gudstr` cfbog`stfm` cfbog`stfm` dcumbtfv` cdi Ifmd` Gbmf`gbi Sâmefrb, sd dgmudgtrb ukfmbc` dg ib Bv J`rtugbt` Oýldz urk. Ibs Bmbmfbs G¸1-;11., ib fgstftumfýg E`y cìb mudgtb m`g mbiids, bvdgfcbs y mbrrdrbs, m`g sudi`s cd bsjbit`.  Bmtubildgtd, ib fgstftumfýg p`sdd ugb lbtrìmuib lbtrìmuib cd 3:? dstucfbgtds m`g 41 c`mdgtds, 16 bclfgfstrbtfv` y 1? cd bp`y`, di g`lkrd cdi cfrdmt`r ds di Imc`. Vdfs`g Tsdmed cfrdmt`r (D). Dg `tr` `rcdg cd fcdbs di C`mdgtd sd vd dg ib gdmdsfcbc cd bpifmbr dstrbtdofbs pbrb

=4

 

qud i`s dstucfbgtds i`ordg l`tfvbrsd l`tfvbrsd b sdoufr m`g su j`rlbmfýg yb qud di pbìs y di lugc` dgtdr` dstâ sfdgc` s`ldtfc` p`r ugb pbgcdlfb, dg di mbs` cd Zdgdzudib ds orbkd ib sftubmfýg g` `kstbgtd p`rqud dstbl`s sfdgc` `khdt` cd ugb sdrfd cd sbgmf`gds qud g`s bjdmtbg dg ib pbrtd dm`gýlfmb cd= gudstr` pbìs m`l` dstrumturbi, c`gcd sd dstâg bjdmtbgc` i`s sdrvfmf`s pøkifm`s pøkifm`s m`l` Iuz, Boub, Fgtdrgdt dst` ebmfdgc` qud di c`mdgtd tdgob qud fcdbr dstrbtdofbs pbrb p`cdr iidvbr ug sdouflfdgt` dg ib j`rlbmfýg cd i`s dstucfbgtds. Q`r `trb pbrtd, dg di ârdb cd j`rlbmfýg ldl`rfb tdrrft`rf` y mfucbcbgìb di c`mdgtd bi `ksdrvbr dstb pr`kidlâtfmb qud dgjrdgtb di lugc` y dg mbs` pbrtfmuibr gudstr` pbìs, kusm` dstrbtdofbs qud id pdrlftfdrb krfgcbr b sus dstucfbgtds ug pr`mds` cd j`rlbmfýg dg qud ids pdrlftfdrb tdgdr ug bprdgcfzbhd sfogfjfmbtfv` m`g ibs edrrblfdgtbs qud dii`s lfsl`s tuvfdrbg b su bimbgmd, bsì di dcumbgc` g` vfdrb su pr`mds` cd dgsdòbgzb tdcf`s`, c`gcd vdb qud dstb pr`kidlâtfmb pudcd dgm`gtrbr ugb orbg `p`rtugfcbc dcumbtfvb. ]f kfdg ds vdrcbc qud i`s dstucfbgtds `ksdrvbg y mrddg qud i`s pr`orblbs cd j`rlbmfýg m`l` efst`rfb cd Zdgdzudib, od`orbjìb odgdrbi y dcumbmfýg jblfifbr lbtdrfbs flpbrtfcbs p`r ibs mfdgmfbs s`mfbids, rdsuitbkb sdr cd bioøg l`c` jbstfcf`sbs, p`r su tbgtb td`rìb, y bsì lfsl` lbtdrfbs qud cdkìbg sdr ldl`rfzbcbs p`r i`s lfsl`s di mubi s`i` sd bprdgcìb pbrb di l`ldgt`, ds p`r dii` qud m`g ib trbgsj`rlbmfýg murrfmuibr sd kusmb qud di dstucfbgtd bprdgcb b bprdgcdr  =:

 

cdscd i` m`g`mfc` b i` cdsm`g`mfc`, y dg dstb ârdb ib c`mdgtd flpidldgt` kusmbr dstrbtdofbs cd bprdgcfzbhd qud ebob qud di dstucfbgtd sd fgtdrdsd y pdrlbgdzmb lâs bmtfv`, fgtdrdsbc` y cfgâlfm` dg ib lfslb. Q`r `tr` ibc`, ib rdm`gstrummfýg cd vbi`rds pbtrf`s m`l` i` ds ebmfb gudstrb Kbgcdrb, Eflg` Gbmf`gbi, sìlk`i`s gbturbids qud ebmd qud g`s rdprdsdgtdl`s m`l` pbìs, sd trbkbhý b trbvæs cd cfstfgtbs bmtfvfcbcds dsm`ibrds qud pdrlftfdrbg qud i`s dstucfbgtds cdstbmbrbg dst`s vbi`rds. Dg tbi sdgtfc` p`cdl`s cdstbmbr qud sd dlpidý dstrbtdofbs cfoftbids qud pdrlftfdr`g bi dstucfbgtd mrdbr y usbr ibs SFM] dg c`gcd di dsm`ibr bprdgcd mrdbgc` y bsì tdgdr ugb dxpdrfdgmfb øgfmb dg su j`rlbmfýg m`l` dstucfbgtd.

  Zdl`s m`l` bmtfvfcbcds bmtfvfcbcds m`g`md tu dgt`rg` c`gcd di dstucfbgtd mrdbkb su pr`pf` mbrt`orblb m`lugftbrf` cd su sdmt`r pibslbgc` ib mbpbmfcbcds d efst`rfbs cd su pr`pfb m`lugfcbc, tblkfæg sd cdsbrr`iiý di rdsmbtd cd hudo`s trbcfmf`gbids dg qud sd fgtdorý t`c` di gømid` jblfifbr pbrb di m`lpbrtfr y bsì ib jblfifb bpr`vdmebgc` i`s tfdlp`s qud g` ebkìb dgdroìb diæmtrfmb pucfdrbg pbrtfmfpbr y m`g`mdr p`r ldcf` cd ug hudo` trbcfmf`gbi, ib flp`rtbgmfb cd sus vbi`rds muiturbids.

=?

 

]d dlpidbr`g løitfpids dstrbtdofbs m`l` ib mrdbmfýg cd rdvfstbs efstýrfmbs, dg qud di dstucfbgtd rdsmbtbrìb y g`s m`gtbrìb ib efst`rfb cd ugb j`rlb cfjdrdgtd. ]fg dlkbro`, bi btrbvdsbr p`r dstb pr`kidlâtfmb sd fgcbo` m`g i`s dstucfbgtds b trbvæs cd dgtrdvfstbs dg c`gcd dii`s lbgfjdstbkbg su cdsm`gtdgt` m`g ib sftubmfýg bmtubi p`r ib pbgcdlfb cbgc` dgtdgcdr qud ids ebmìb jbitb su e`obr qud ds ib fgstftumfýg dg qud ids pdrlftìb mrdmdr y cdsbrr`iibrsd b gfvdi s`mfbi, pdr` s`g sftubmf`gds qud dstâg p`r be`rb dg gudstr` dgt`rg` y trbtbl`s m`l` c`mdgtd cd cfslfgufr dstd flpbmt` s`mfbi

Cfbogýstfm` cdi dspbmf` dcumbtfv` cdi ârdb cd bprdgcfzbhd cd i`s 3t` bò`s dg Od`orbjìb, Efst`rfb y Mfucbcbgìb

 

Dg di blkfdgtd Dcumbtfv` sd puc` m`gstbtbr Q`r ldcf` cd ib `ksdrvbmfýg

dgtdgcfdgc` qud dstd fgstruldgt` b vdmds, dg di cfbogýstfm` dg dcumbmfýg, sd sudid m`gjugcfr di pr`mdcflfdgt` cd ib `ksdrvbmfýg m`g ib tæmgfmb cd `ksdrvbmfýg cd ugb m`gcumtb. Di lbtfz ds lìgfl`, yb qud mubgc` sd rdbifzb ugb `ksdrvbmfýg cd ug m`lp`rtblfdgt` pbrb rdm`odr fgj`rlbmfýg, sd rdbifzb ug rdofstr` cd i` `ksdrvbc`, m`l` bmmfýg cfrdmtb. Qdr`, dg dstd mbs`, eby qud m`gsfcdrbr b ib `ksdrvbmfýg m`l` ugb j`rlb cd pr`mdcdr cdi læt`c` mfdgtìjfm` qud flpifmb tbgt` b ib dxpdrfldgtbmfýg m`l` b ib ldcfcb, bugqud, dg sdgtfc` dstrfmt`, ib `ksdrvbmfýg g` sup`gd lbgfpuibmfýg cd vbrfbkids vbrfbk ids (dxpdrfldgtbmfýg) (dxpdrfldgtbmfýg) gf ib mubgtfjfmbmfýg mubgtfjfmbmfýg dstrfmtb cd i` `ksdrvbc`. ]fg dlkbro dlkbro`, `, =5

 

ds dvfcdgtd qud ib køsqudcb cd prdmfsfýg cd i` `ksdrvbc` bk`mb dg ib rfour`sfcbc cd ib ldcfcb.

 

Ib `ksdrvb `ksdrvbmfýg mfýg pdrlft pdrlftd d rdm`odr cbt`s dg jugmf jugmfýg ýg cd i`s mubids di c`mdgt c`mdgtd d pudcd

j`rl j` rlui uibr br sus ef efpýt pýtdsf dsfs. s. G` ds l` l`ld ldgt gt` ` cd pr` pr`ju jugcf gcfzbr zbr dg ib pr` pr`ki kidl dlât âtfm fmb b cd ib `ksdrvbmfýg y cd ibs cfjdrdgtds lbtfzbmf`gds y cfjfmuitbcds qud eb cd supdrbr pbrb `jrdmdr ugb mbifcbc mfdgtìjfmb, pdr` ds gdmdsbrf` m`ldgtbr bioug`s pr`kidlbs.

  Bgoudrb (26?5, 265=) cdjfgd ib `ksdrvbmfýg m`l` "di læt`c` qud prdtdgcd prdtdgcd mbptbr di. sfog sf ogfjfjfm fmbc bc` ` cd ug ugb b m` m`gc gcumt umtb, b, qu qud d sd pu pudc dcd d ds dsm` m`odr odr pr prdv dvfb fbld ldgt gtd, d, dv dvftftbgc bgc` ` su lbgfpuibmfýg, y qud ds susmdptfkid cd sdr rdofstrbcb" (pâo. 265=, ;6;), m`gmiuydgc` qud, dg dstd mbs`, s`i` tfdgd ib lfsfýg cd sulfgfstrbr fgj`rlbmfýg m`lpidldgtbrfb b `trbs j`rlbs cd rdm`ofcb cd cbt`s. Dstb c`kid cfstfgmfýg g`s pdrlftd m`ldgtbr ibs mbrbmtdrìstfmbs cd ib `ksdrvbmfýg m`l` læt`c` cd fgvdstfobmfýg.

 

]dòbib ]dò bib Sdhd Sdhdc`r c`r (265 (2654) 4) qud qud ib `ksd `ksdrvbm rvbmfýg fýg pbrb pbrb qud qud sdb sdb mfdgtì mfdgtìjfm jfmb b tfdgd tfdgd qud qud sdr 

sfstdlâtfmb, sfstdl âtfmb, y dst` `murrd mubgc` ds fgtdgm fgtdgmf`gbi f`gbi,, dstrumt dstrumturbcb urbcb y m`gtr`i m`gtr`ibcb. bcb. Dg prfld prfldr  r  iuobr eby qud prdmfsbr ib ugfcbc `ksdrvbmf`gbi, di quæ `ksdrvbr, s`krd quæ edme`s. V ed bquì ugb prfldrb cfjfmuitbc, yb qud di edme` pudcd sdr m`gmrdt` d fcdbi, ` qud sdb =6

 

fgtdrprdtbc` m`l` sfog` (lbgfjdstbmfýg fgcfrdmtb cd biougb rdjdrdgmfb fgtdrgb bi suhdt`) ` m`l` ludstrb (tdgcdgmfb b lbgfjdstbrsd foubi dg sftubmf`gds sdldhbgtds)

M`lprdgcfdgc` i` qud ds dstd fgstruldgt`, sd puc` m`gstbtbr qud i`s dcumbgc`s vdgìbg prdsdgtbgc` biougbs cdkfifcbcds dg di Ârdb cd Od`orbjìb, ds p`r dii`s qud sd bpifm` ugb pibgfjfmbmfýg c`gcd i`s dstucfbgtds sd ids rdj`rzbrb y dstfluibrb dg su bprdgcfzbhd y c`gcd dstd judrb sfogfjfmbtfv`, dg di qud sd fgmdgtfvý y bpr`vdmebgc` ib mfrmugstbgmfb qud sd g`s prdsdgtb m`g ib pbgcdlfb, sd cdmfcfý bk`rcbr cd ugb j`rlb dcumbtfvb, dcumbt fvb, qud i`s dcumbg dcumbgc`s c`s m`g`mfdrbg dstb pr`kidlâtfmb pr`kidlâtfmb y m`l` dst` bjdmtb b t`c` di pib pibgdt gdtb, b, s`k s`krd rd t`c t`c` ` dgj dgj`mâg `mâgc`g c`g`s `s cds cdscd cd di m`g m`gtfg tfgdgt dgtd d sur bldr bldrfmbg fmbg` ` ebst ebstb b i` dvfcdgmfbc` dg gudstr`. Qbìs, dg dstd pibg i`s dsm`ibrds pucfdr`g bprdgcdr, prfldr` m`l` sd odgdr` di pr`kidlb, sdougc` di `rcdg mr`g`iýofm`, tdrmdr` m`g`mfdr`g d fcdgtfjfmbr`g i`s pbìsds, sus muiturbs y od`orbjìb, c`gcd rdbifzbr`g mbrt`orblbs cd gudstr` m`gtfgdgtd.

 

Dii`s Dii `s pdrl pdrlftf ftfdgc dgc` ` vbi` vbi`rbr rbr y rdm`g rdm`g`mdr `mdr gud gudstr strb b pr`pf pr`pfb b muit muiturb urb y ibs ibs cfj cfjdrdg drdgtds tds

trbcfmf`gds trbcfm f`gds cd i`s pbìsds edrlbg edrlbg`s `s cdi m`g` sur.

Bcdlâs tblkf tblkfæg æg trbkbh trbkbhbl`s bl`s ib

pbrtd efstýrfmb cd gudstr` pbìs ebmfdgc` qud di dcumbgc` rdsmbtbrb y pibgtdbrb su pdgsblfdgt` mrìtfm` s`krd di cfsmurs` cdi Qrdsfcdgtd Meâvdz qud rdbifz` dg ib t`lb cd p`sdsf p`s dsfýg ýg cd 266 2666, 6, cd dst dstb b j`r j`rlb lb gud gudstr str`s `s dsm dsm`ib `ibrds rds m`l m`lprd prdgcdr gcdrìbg ìbg ib sft sftubmf ubmfýg ýg efstýrfmb y di p`rquæ cd i`s edme`s, qud dstâg `murrfdgc` curbgtd t`c` dstd pr`mds` cd trbgsj`rlbmfýg, p`iìtfmb, dm`gýlfmb y muiturbi qud vfvd gudstr` pbìs, c`gcd cdkdl`s 31

 

m`lprdgcdr y qud di dsm`ibr dgjbtfmd y m`lprdgcb di vbi`r cd gudstrb efst`rfb rdmfdgtd, di p`rquæ cd i`s edme`s, m`l` pbsbr`g y muâids judr`g sus mbusbs, dstd bprdgcfzbhd jud luy sfogfjfmbtfv`, yb qud ids pdrlftfý m`gstrufr, rdbifzbr, m`lprdgcdr t`c` i`s edme`s qud sd ebg su mftbc` dg gudstrb gbmfýg.

32

 

JTDGSD8 Dstucfbgtds (;1;2)

Judgtd8 Dstucfbgtds (;1;2)

3;

 

[dpøkifmb K`ifvbrfbgb cd Zdgdzudib Lfgfstdrf` cdi Q`cdr Q`puibr pbrb Ib Dcumbmfýg Lfgfstdrf` cdi Q`cdr Q`puibr pbrb di Cdp`rtd Tgfcbc Dcumbtfvb Ifmd` Gbmf`gbi Sâmefrb QIBG CD DZBITBMFÝG =¸ Qdrì`c` Bò` Dsm`ibr ;126-;1;1  Ârdb8 OEM C`mdgtd8 HTBG MB[I@] OTD[[D[@ Sdlb Odgdrbc`r  [djdrdgtds y Sdhfc` Sdlâtfm` Sdýrfm`s Qrâmtfm`s Ldcfcbs bc`ptbcbs pbrb Zdgdzudib rdsfstd m`gtrb di dgjrdgtbr ib pbgcdlfb, p`r c`gcd iido` di vfrus, c`gcd sd 2=-13 bi M`r`gbvfrus prdsdgtý i`s prfldr`s mbs`s. ;=-13 Mbrt`orbjìb cd Blærfmb l`strbgc` di pr`mds` cd m`gtbof` cd dstb dgjdrldcbc.

Bò`8 3±

Jdmeb

]dmmf`gds8 ’B“ ’K“ Dstrbtdofb

G¸ E`rbs Qrdvfstbs8 [dmurs`s

Dvbiubmfýg

Fgtdrgdt, [dbifzbr ug bgâifs ifsfs p`rqud p`r qud dg pbìsds pbìsds m`l` m`l` m`lputbc`r  Krbsfi y dmubc`r sd b, tdiæj`g` Fgcfmbc`r8  Bgbifzb, prdsdgtbg tbgt`s ludrt`s lývfi [dm`g`md i`s d fgjdmtbc`s p`r di sìlk`i sìl k`i`s, `s, Gbmf`g Gbmf`gbid bids, s, M`r`gbvfrus, qud Gbturbids y muiturbids. ldcfc ld cfcbs bs t` t`lb lbr` r`g g dstd dstd pbìs y rdbifzbr ug mubcr` Sæmgfmb8  Qr`cummfýg m`lpbrbt btfv fv` ` m`g ibs  Brtìstfmb, tbiidr dg ldcf cfc cbs qud bc`p c`pt` pbrdhb. Zdgdzu Zdg dzudib dib y rdbifz rdbifzbr br ug 3=

 

14-14 bi 23-14

[dpøkifmb cd Zdgdzudib

Edme`s efstýrfm`s cdi bò` 2666 S`lb cd Q`sdsfýg cdi prdsfcdgtd Meâvdz

mbrt`orblb sdòbibgc` i`s mbs` mbs`ss cd ludr ludrtd tdss qu qud d Fgstruldgt`8 Dsmbib mbusb mbu sb dstb dstb dgjdrl dgjdrldcb dcbc c cd Dstflbmfýg. dg Blærfmb Fgcfmbc`r8 Fgtdrgdt,  Bgbifzb, [dbifzbr ug dgsby` s`krd di vfcd` m`lputbc`r  rdjidxf`gb y brouldgtb di dspbmf` ettps8//y`utu.kd/rlyhV3wx b, tdiæj`g` s`krd kPL lývfi uitrbtdrrdstrd.

Sæmgfmb8 Dsmrftb.

;:-14 bi

[dpøkifmb cd Zdgdzudib

cdi cfsmurs` cd ib S`lb cd Q`sdsfýg cdi m`lbgc m`l bgcbgt bgtd d Meâvdz, Meâvdz, ; cd jdkrdr` cd 2666 rdsbitbc` i` lâs flp`rtbgtd cd dsd cfsmurs` y qud sd mulpifý Ib m`gstftuydgtd, bpr`kbmfýg cd   [dbifz fzb br ug vfcd` Fgtdrgdt, ib gudvb m`gstftumfýg dx dxpi pifm fmbg bgc` c` qu qud d ju jud d ib m`lputbc`r 

Qr`cummfýg

Fgstruldgt`8 Dsmbib cd Dstflbmfýg.

Fgcfmbc`r8 [dm`g`md y m`lprdgcd Ib cfvfsfýg

Q

;4%

22-1:

;=-1: bi 1;-1?

. [dpøkifmb cd Zdgdzudib

m` m`gs gstftftu tuyd ydgt gtd, d, edme edme`s `s b, tdiæj`g` cdi dstbc` y su jugmfýg Sæmgfmb8 qud iidvbr`g b j`rlbr ugb lývfi Dxp`sfmfýg m`gstftuydgtd y m`l` jud Fgstruldgt`8 Dsmbib ib bpr`kbmfýg cd ib cd Dstflbmfýg. m`gstftumfýg cd 2666 Fgcfmbc`r8  Di o`ipd cd dstbc` cdi bò` ;11;, . rdbifzb ug trbkbh` Fgtdrgdt, Bgbifzb, edme`s, mbusbs y m`gsdmudgmfbs kbsâ kbsâgc gc`s `sd d dg di vfcd vfcd` ` m`lputbc`r  m`lp m`lpbr brb b y rdji rdjidx dxf`g f`gb b ettps8//y`utu.kd/Lqz_l b, tdiæj`g` s`krd i`s edme`s OPtux` lývfi `mur `murrrfc`s fc`s dg di bò` ;11; ;11; Sæmgfmb8 trbkbh` d smrft` Fgstruldgt`8  Bgbifzb y rdcbmtb qud

33

 

Dsmbib cd Dstflbmfýg. .

;?-13  Bi =1-13

25-14 bi ;2-14

pfdgsbs s`krd dsd edme` efstýrfm` y mubids judr`g sus mbusbs y m`gsdmudgmfbs dg di qud sd pr`cuh` t`c`

[dbifzbr ug bgâifsfs p`rqud dg pbìsds m`l` Krbsfi y dmubc`r sd prdsdgtbg tbgt`s ludrt`s d fgjdmtbc`s p`r di M`r`gbvfrus, qud ldcfcbs t`lbr`g dstd pbìs y rdbifzbr ug mubcr` m`lpbrbtfv` m`g ibs ldcfcbs qud bc`pt` Zdgdzudib y rdbifzbr  ug mbrt`orblb sdòbibgc` i`s mbs`s cd ludrtds qud mbusb

. m` m`gst gstru ruyd yd,, rdji rdjidxf dxf`g `gb, b, bgbi bgbifzb fzb s` s`kr krd d m`l` m`l` sd pr`cuh` di m`r`gbvfrus dg di pbìs y mubids s`g sus ldcfcbs cd pr`tdmmfýg

dstb dgjdrldcbc dgs`krd Blærfmb [dbifzbr ug dgsby` di vfcd` ettps8//y`utu.kd/rlyhV3wxkPL

[d [djijidx dxf` f`gb gb y m` m`gs gstr truyd uyd s`krd i`s edme`s `murrfc`s dg ib t`lb cd [dbifzbr ug rdsuldg dsmrft` p`sdsfýg cd 2666

Dgsby` Dsmbib cd Dstflbmfýg

Dsmbib cd Dstflbmfýg

;4%

;4%

cdi cfsmurs` cd ib S`lb cd Q`sdsfýg cdi m`lbgcbgtd Meâvdz, ; cd jdkrdr` cd 2666 rdsbitbc` i` lâs flp`rtbgtd cd

34

 

24-1: bi

dsd cfsmurs` y qud sd mulpifý [dbifzbr ug vfcd` dxpifmbgc` qud jud ib m`gstftuydgtd, edme`s qud iidvbr`g b j`rlbr ugb m`gstftuydgtd y m`l` jud ib

 Bgbifzb, `rcdgb y dxp`gd sus fcdbs cd j`rlb mrdbtfvb rdbifzbgc` ug vfcd` m`rt` s`krd i`s

Qr`cummfýg brtìstfmb Dxp`sfmfýg y vfcd`

Dsmbib cd

;4%

;4%

;4%

26-1:

bpr`kbmfýg cd ib m`gstftumfýg cd bm`gtdmflfdgt`s cd ib 2666 m`gstftuydgtd y m`gstftumfýg  Bgbifzb, pibslb ib rdbifzb ug trbkbh` s`krd di o`ipd cdi ;11; kbsâgc`sd dg di vfcd` fgj`rlbmfýg y rdcbmtb i`s ettps8//y`utu.kd/Lqz_lOPtux` edme`s y sumds`s

1:.1? bi 21.1?

 Bgbifzb y rdcbmtb qud pfdgsbs s`krd dsd edme` efstýrfm` y mubids judr`g sus mbusbs y m`gsdmudgmfbs dg di qud sd pr`cuh` t`c`  Ârdb cd J`rlbmfýg8 OEM  C`  C`mdgtd8 HTBG MB[I@] OTD[[D[@ Jdmeb Dstrbtdofb cd Dvbiubmfýg

Dstflbmfýg

Qr`cummfýg brtìstfmb (trìptfm`) ;4%

`murrfc`s di o`ipd cdi bò`dg;11;g

Dsmbib cd Dstflbmfýg

Bò`8 3 Fgcfmbc`rds

Sæmgfmb

]dmmf`gds8 ’B“ ’K“ Fgstruldgt` %

[dmfkfc` Cdpbrtbldgt` cd Dvbiubmfýg8 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP Jdmeb cd Dgtrdob8  PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP 

3:

 

3?

 

J@[LTIBMFÝG CDI Q[@KIDLB °M@L@ FGMDGSFZB[ IB] S[BCFMF@GD] MTIST[BID] Q[@QFB] CD IB] M@LTGFCBCD], DG I@] D]STCFBGSD] CDI 3S` BÒ@ CDI IFMD@ GBMF@GBI SÂMEF[B0 °RTD M@G@MDG I@] D]STCFBGSD] ]@K[D IB] M@]STLK[D] @ S[BCFMF@GD] CD ]T] M@LTGFCBCD]0 Q`m`PP GbcbPPP Bio` di ?1% rdsp`gcfý gbcb di ;1% rdsp`gcfý p`m` 21% rdsp`gcfý bio` °Ruæ bp`rtbrìbs pbrb di rdsmbtd cd tus trbcfmf`gds y m`stulkrds0 Qbrtfmfpbrìb dg bmtfvfcbcds sfPPP G`PPP Di ?4% cfh` qud sf ;4% cfh` qud g`

35

 

Q[@KIDLBSFXBMFÝG DG DI M@GSDUS@ CDI ]F]SDLB MBQFSBIF]SB ]ftubmfýg Qr`kidlbtfzbc`rb fgvdstfobc`rb dg di lbrm` cd i`s dhds trbgsvdrsbids cd Ldl`rfb, Sdrrft`rf` y Mfucbcbgìb. Bmmf`gds cdsbrr`iibcbs y i`or`s bimbgzbc`s dg di d i pr`mds` cd trbgsj`rlbmfýg .

 

M`ldgf` ’Di brtd cd ebmdr odrlfgbr ibs sdlfiibs fgtdrf`rds qud sd cdsbrr`iibg

g` p` p`rr fg fgmu mukb kbmf mfýg ýg sf sfg` g` mu mubg bgc` c` sd ds dstftflu luib ibg g m` m`g g `p `p`r `rtu tugbs gbs dxpdr dxpdrfd fdgm gmfb fbs, s, sujfmfdgtdldgtd vbrfbcbs y rfmbs y sdgtfcbs sfdlprd m`l` gudvbs, fgmius` p`r  qufæg ib dgsdòb“   Ib pdcbo`oìb ds di bspdmt` cd ib dcumbmfýg qud tfdgd ib gdmdsfcbc cd fgg`vbr y rdsp`gcdr b ibs gdmdsfcbcds pr`pfbs cdi pr`mds` dcumbtfv`, dxprdsbc` dg ib dgsdòbgzb y b dgsdòbg zb y bprdgcf prdgcfzbhd zbhd cd gfò`s y hývdgd hývdgds. s. G` pudcd sdr dstât dstâtfmb, fmb, y p`r dii` ibs cfjdrdgtds cfjdrd gtds m`rrfdgt m`rrfdgtds ds pdcboýofmbs qud sd odgdrbg fgtdg fgtdgtbg tbg fgg`vbr b pbrtf pbrtfrr cd i`s dgj` dg j`qu quds ds s` s`mf mfbi bids ds,, ps psfm fm`i `iýo ýofm fm`s `s y bg bgtr tr`p` `p`iý iýof ofm` m`ss pr pr`c `cumf umfc` c`ss dg ib pr prâm âmtftfmb mb dcumb dc umbtftfvb, vb, b pb pbrt rtfr fr cdi cdi læ læt` t`c` c` edrl edrldg dgæut æutfm fm` ` sd cd cdsbr sbrr`i r`iib ibg g mbt mbtdo do`rì `rìbs bs qu qud d pr`ludvdg ib pdcbo`oìb pbrb di sfoi` UUF  y su bimbgmd dg ib dgsdòbgzb cd i`s vbi` vb i`rds rds,, dgt dgtrd rd di diib ibs, s, dg dgjb jbtftfzb zb ib gdm gdmdsf dsfcb cbc c cd kr krfg fgcb cbrr b i` i`ss mf mfuc ucbc bcbg bg`s `s ugb ugb dcumbmfýg rfmb dg muiturb qud pdrlftb m`gtrbrrdstbr ibs fcdbs flpudstbs p`r ib c`lf c` lfgb gbmf mfýg ýg,, bsì m` m`l` l` di rdbim rdbimd d cd su iu iume meb b m` m`gt gtrb rb di c`olb c`olbtftfsl sl`, `, dxef dxefkd kd m`gtugcdgtdldgtd ib flp`rtbgmfb cd cdsbrr`iibr di pdgsblfdgt` mrìtfm` m`l` j`rlb 36

 

pbrb ib trbgsj`rlbmfýg cd ib pdrs`gb y p`r dii` cd ib s`mfdcbc. Ibs m`gmiusf`gds brr`h brr `hbg bg ib pr`p pr`pud udst stb b cd ugb ugb dc dcumb umbmf mfýg  ýg eu eulb lbgf gfzb zbc`r c`rb  b pbr pbrb b ib m` m`gst gstrum rummf mfýg ýg cdi m`g`mflfdgt` y ib fgtdrbmmfýg dgtrd sus bmt`rds, bsflfsl`, m`l` di cdstbmbc` iiblbc` iiblb c` qud rdbif rdbifzb zb di but`r s`krd ib ætfmb ugfvdrsbi qud gdmdsftb di c`mdgtd pbrb rdbifzbr su trbkbh`, dspdmfbildgtd pbrb pr`pfmfbr di cdsbrr`ii` cd i`s vbi`rds dg ibs pdrs`gbs, bsì m`l` ib flp`rtbgmfb cd odgdrbr ugb pdcbo`oìb cfgâlfmb qud `rfdgtd ib mrìtfmb y ib mrdbtfvfcbc cdi dstucfbgtd. Bspdmt` cdstbmbc` m`l` m`gcfmf`gds bi jbv`rdmdr ib j`rlbmfýg cd vbi`rds dg ib s`mfdcbc bmtubi, dspdmfbildgtd dg i`s  hývdgds dsm`ibrds.

Dg tb tbii sd sdgt gtfc fc` ` ds cd lu lume meb b fl flp` p`rt rtbg bgmf mfb b ib bc bcbp bptb tbmf mfýg ýg cd gu gudv dv`s `s sf sfst stdl dlbs bs prâmtfm`s pbrb di bprdgcfzbhd cd ib Od`orbjìb, ds p`r dii` qud dg dstb pr`pudstb qudrdl`s dgjbtfzbr dg di bprdgcfzbhd cd ib Od`orbjìb m`lugbi, su flp`rtbgmfb y vbi`rbmfýg pbrb di rdbimd cd i`s vbi`rds eulbg`s, c`gcd di dsm`ibr bprdgcb b fgtdorbrsd y rdm`g`mdr su tdrrft`rf` m`l` pbrtd cd sì.

 

]fo ]foufd ufdgc` gc` dstd dstd `rcd `rcdg g sd pfd pfdgsb gsb qud di pr`p pr`pýsf ýsft` t` ds bgb bgbifz ifzbr br ib rdb rdbifc ifcbc bc

od`orâjfmb cd ib m`lugfcbc m`l` `khdt` cd dstucf` cd ib od`orbjìb dsm`ibr. Ib m`lugfcbc i`mbi ds di dsmdgbrf` od`orâjfm` c`gcd sd vfvdgmfbg ibs mfrmugstbgmfbs `rfofgbcbs p`r ib rdibmfýg dgtrd ib s`mfdcbc y ib gbturbidzb. ]d trbtb cdi tdrrft`rf` fgldcfbt` fgldc fbt` c`gcd ds gdmdsbrf` pr`l`vdr ib j`rlbmfýg j`rlbmfýg cd ib m`gmfdgmfb od`orâjf od`orâjfmb mb m`g dxpifmbmf`gds rbz`gbcbs, bi bk`rcbr sus tdlâtfmbs y pr`kidlâtfmbs m`tfcfbgbs cdscd

pr`pudstbs

jbmtfkids

cd

i`or`s 41

mfucbcbg`s

sfogfjfmbtfv`s.

 

Ldt`c` Ldt `c`iýo iýofmbl fmbldgt dgtd d sd rdb rdbifz ifzý ý ugb rdvf rdvfsfý sfýg g kfk kfkif` if`orâ orâjfm jfmb b pbrb dst dstrumt rumturbr urbr ug pibgtdblfdgt` s`krd di dsmdgbrf` cd ib æp`mb, ib m`lugfcbc y ib od`orbjìb dsm`ibr  y ib m`lugfcbc i`mbi m`l` `khdt` cd ib od`orbjìb dsm`ibr. ]d m`gmiuyd qud, bgtd ib dxfodgmfb cd ugb dgsdòbgzb od`orâjfmb cd bmdgt` lâs s`mfbi y eulbg`, dg ib prâmtfmb dsm`ibr m`tfcfbgb, ds gdmdsbrf` cdsbrr`iibr pr`mds`s cd dgsdòbgzb y cd bprdgcfzbhd, m`g ib fgtdrvdgmfýg cfcâmtfmb cd ib fgvdstfobmfýg cd i`s pr`kidlbs blkfdgtbids y od`orâjfm`s cd ib m`lugfcbc.

  ]doufcbldgtd sd bpifmbr`g dstrbtdofbs pbrb p`cdr ebmdr ib m`gstrummfýg cd i`s mbrt`orblbs m`lugbids, cd i`s cfjdrdgtd sdmt`rds qud sd dgmudgtrbg mdrmb cdi sdmt`r cd ib fgstftumfýg.  ]d bpifmbr`g cfjdrdgtds dstrbtdofbs, m`l` ib dgtrdvfstb b i`s ifkr`s vfvfdgtds cd mbcb m`lugfcbc, c`gcd i`s dsm`ibrds bprdgcdrìbg cd dstbs pdrs`gbs, mudgt`s bgæmc`tbs cd ibs vfvdgmfbs cd sus m`lugfcbcds, cdscd di pugt` cd vfstb cd dstbs pdrs`gbifcbcds vbif`sbs cd mbcb m`lugfcbc, tblkfæg sd fgmdgtfvý b qud i`s dsm`ibrds fgcbobrbg s`krd i`s sudi`s, m`stulkrds cd su m`lugfcbc, bprdgcfdgc` b sbkdr sus iìlftds y su muiturb p`puibr y pr`pfb cdgtr` su dgt`rg`, cd dstb dstb j`rlb di dstucfbgtd tdgcrâ ug sdgtfc` cd pdrtdgdgmfb y mufcbc` cd su pr`pf` dspbmf`, bprdmfbgc` i` efstýrfm` y i` gbturbi.  

G` `kstbgtd `kstbgtd,, di dstucf dstucfbgtd bgtd tblkf tblkfæg æg cds cdsbrr`ii brr`ii` ` su pbrtd cd fg fgvdstfo vdstfobc`r bc`r yyb b qud

dlprdgcfý di vfbhd b ib m`gstrummfýg cd gudv`s m`gmdpt`s y gudv`s mudgt`s, c`gcd p`r ldcf` cd ib m`idmmfýg kfmdgtdgbrfb, bpifm` prdougtbs s`krd ib efst`rfb cd 42

 

su m`lugfcbc, p`r ldcf` cdi fgtdrgdt, fgcbo` y dgrfqudmfý dg dxpdrfdgmfb cd `trbs pdrs`gbs. Cdmfcfcbldgt Cdmfcf cbldgtd d b trbvæs cd ibs cfstfgtbs pibgfjfm pibgfjfmbmf`gds bmf`gds rdbifzbcbs rdbifzbcbs y `kdcdmfdgc` `kdcdmfdgc` i`s ifgdblfdgt`s cd i`s tdhfc`s tdlâtfm` sd pr`mdcfý fgmdgtfvbr cdscd i` odgdrbi ebstb i` dspdmfjfm`, di rdm`g`mflfdgt` cd i`s cfjdrdgtds m`gtfgdgtds ebstb iidobr b gudstr` tdrrft`rf` gbmf`gbi y p`r dgcd ebstb i` lìgfl` qud ds gudstr` pr`pf` dspbmf`, rdsmbtbgc` ibs cfjdrdgtds muiturbs, trbcfmf`gds, vfvdgmfbs cd mbcb dspbmf` od`orâjfm`. Dg c`gcd ibs lbgfjdstbmf`gds lbtdrfbids, dspfrftubids d fcd`iýofmbs qud rdprdsdgtbg b ugb ` vbrfbs pdrs`gbs y qud ibs fcdgtfjfmbg m`l` pbrtd cd Cd ug fgcfvfcu` fgtdorbi qud cdkd m`lprdgcdr y rdsmbtbr su pr`pfb fcdgtfcbc y muititurb mu urb pr`pf pr`pfb b m` m`l` l` fg fgcf cfvf vfcu cu`. `. B pbrtf pbrtfrr cd bq bquì uì i` i`ss dsm dsm`i `ibr brds ds m`lf m`lfdgz dgzbg bg ug rdm`rrfc` b trbvæs cd su m`gtdxt` dg ib fgcbobmfýg cd sus m`lugfcbcds b trbvæs cd ib `ksdrvbmfýg dg di qud pdrlftd m`g`mdr cd lbgdrb cfrdmtb sus birdcdc`rds. Ds cd biiì qud ib muiturb j`rlb pbrtd dg ib m`lugfcbc dg dstd mbs` sd [dsbitý cfjdrdgtds sdmt`rds m`l` ds ib Bmbmfbs, sdmt`r qud m`gvdrod m`g vbrfbs m`lugfcbcds bidcbòbs, m`l` kbrrf` sumrd ` di sdmt`r cd I`urcds qud ds luy rdm`g rdm `g`m `mfc fc` ` p` p`rr sus td tdlp lpid idtd tdss m` m`g g ib prd prdsd sdgt gtbmf bmfýg ýg cd cfjd cfjdrd rdgt gtd d bmtf bmtfvf vfcb cbcds cds muiturbids dg di lbrm` cd ib mdidkrbmfýg cd ib jdrfb cd ]bg ]dkbstfâg, `tr` cd i`s iuobrds m`g lume` mudgt`s, k`gft`s y jbtìcfm`s ds di vfbcumt` Gudv` yb qud dg dstd dstd iuob iuobrr sd eb ebg g mdid mdidkr krbc bc` ` or orbg bgcd cdss lì lìtftfgd gdss p` p`iìiìtftfm` m`s, s, m`l` m`l` mbgc mbgcfc fcbt bt`s `s prdsfcdgmfbids qud efmfdr`g kbiubrtd su m`gv`mbt`rfb, dgtrd i`s qud p`cdl`s g`lkrbr Mbri`s Bgcrds Qdrdz (MBQ) [bjbd [bjbdii Mbicdrb y dvdgt` dvdgt`ss muitu muiturbids rbids m`l` ib 4;

 

prdsdgtbmfýg cd brtfstbs gbmf`gbids d fgtdrgbmf`gbids qud sd rdbifzbcb dg di se`w ibsdr qud sd mdidkrbkb dg dgdr`. Ds p`r dii` qud m`g i`s dstucfbgtds dlpdzbr`g b cdsbrr`iibr sus bmtfvfcbcds dg dstbs m`lugfcbcds c`gcd m`lprdgcfdr`g di vbi`r y di sdgtfc` cd su flp`rtbgmfb dg i` muiturbi pbrb gudstrb rdofýg sd trbkbhb cd lbgdrb cd qud dii`s m`g sus trbkbh`s `ktdgobg prfldr` ug bprdgcfzbhd sfogfjfmbtfv` dg c`gcd dii`s m`lfdgzbg b dxpi`tbr su mrdbtfvfcbc y sdgtflfdgt` p`r i` gudstr` dg ib mubi dii`s pudcbg cdl`strbr su mrdbtfvfcbc y su sdgtflfdgt`. Ds p`r dii` qud sd rdbifzbr`g Mbrt`orblbs M`lugftbrf`s, rdibt`s mudgt`s, efst`rfbs, vfcd`s C`gcd ludstrbg su dgt`rg` y g`s mudgtbg sus dxpdrfdgmfbs. ]foufdgc` dstd dst d `r `rcd cdg g bi biou oug`s g`s cdsb cdsbrr` rr`iiiibr br`g `g rdv rdvfs fstb tbss m` m`gt gtbc bc` ` m`g Sfps Sfps..

i` i`ss iu iuob obrds rds y

idydgcbs, idydgc bs, dg i`s qud pudcd rdsbitb rdsbitbrr ib mbsb cd m`if m`ifgbs gbs cd Bgtbrbh Bgtbrbhu u c`gcd rdibt rdibtbg bg supudstbs dxpdrfdgmfbs pbrb g`rlbids. Mfdr Mfdrtb tbld ldgt gtd d sd dvfc dvfcdg dgmf mf` ` m`l m`l` ` di edme` edme` cd qu qud d ib ibss mfdgm mfdgmfb fbss s` s`mf mfbi bids ds i` i`ss dstucfbgtds dstucf bgtds ib mbtbi mbtbi`obg `obg m`l` ugb lbtdrfb cd p`mb flp`rt flp`rtbgmfb bgmfb y luy tdcf`sb y cd bioøg l`c` bkurrfcbs pbrb i`s dsm`ibrds ebmfdgc` qud su flp`rtbgmfb sdb ldg`s prdmfbcb c`gcd sd g`tb di p`m` rdgcflfdgt` bmbcælfm` sdb kbh` dg biougbs `mbsf`gds ds p`r dii` qud b pbrtfr cd ib trbgsj`rlbmfýg murrfmuibr sd kusmb ib fgtdrcfsmfpifgbrfdcbc g` s`i` m`g di ârdb cd j`rlbmfýg ldl`rfb tdrrft`rf` y mfucbcbgìb, sfg` m`g ibs cdlâs ârdbs m`l` mfdgmfbs gbturbids, idgoub, idgoub dxtrbghdrb, lbtdlâtfmb, di mubi

4=

 

byucbg m`g di trbkbh` cd i`s cfstfgt`s tdlbs fgcfspdgsbkids qud byucbr`g m`g ib j`rlbmfýg cd i`s cfjdrdgtds tdlbs odgdrbc`rds. Dg tbi sdgtfc` cdkdl`s rdsbitbr qud dstd pr`ydmt` ` fgvdstfobmfýg sd trbkbhý dg di lbrm` cdi gudv` pdgsblfdgt` cdi C`mt`r Qbcrýg ofrb birdcdc`r cd ib prdougtb quæ ds ib fgvdstfobmfýg mfdgtìjfmb, pbrtfdgc` cdi edme` qud g` sd pudcd dgsdòbr bio` qud g` sd m`g`md, puds mýl` pudcdg j`rlbrsd fgvdstfobc`rds sf sd cdsm`g`mdg quæ s`g i`s pr`mds`s cd fgvdstfobmfýg, bsì qud sd rdqufdrd ugb td`rìb pbrb tbids pr`md pr `mds`s s`s,, qu qud d pd pdrl rlftftb b dgt dgtdg dgcd cdrr ib lbgd lbgdrb rb dg qu qud d sd od odgdr gdrbg bg i` i`ss gu gudv dv`s `s m`g`mflfdgt`s. Dstb td`rìb, dg di pdgsblfdgt` cdi C`mt`r Qbcrýg, ofrb birdcdc`r  cd m`gmdpt`s m`l` quæ ds i` m`ogftfv`, ib fgvdstfobmfýg, ib mfdgmfb, y quæ ds td`rìb, mrdbgc` ugb td`rìb m`ogftfvb cd ib fgvdstfobmfýg mfdgtìjfmb c`gcd sd pibgtdb di pdgsblfdgt` m`l` ug pbrbcfolb dg di bprdgcfzbhd. Ds p`r dii` qud i`s dstucfbgtds j`rlbg su gudv` mrftdrf` y pudcbg cbr rdspudstbs b ibs fgqufdtucds y cfjfmuitbcds qud pudcbg dldrodr cdgtr` su dgt`rg` Dg c`gcd pudcbg bprdgcdr y m`gs`ifcbr ib t`lb cd cdmfsf`gds y cbr rdspudstb b sus fgqufdtucds pbrb bsì odgdrbr ug gudv` dstbc` cd m`gmfdgmfb dg t`c` i` qud ebmd. Ds p`r dii` ds qud dstb ârdb cd Od`orbjìb, efst`rfb y mfucbcbgìb cdkd pdrlftfr ib m`gstrummfýg cd gudv`s bprdgcfzbhds y vfvdgmfbs pbrb ibs odgdrbmf`gds juturbs, c`gcd di dsm`ibr pudcb m`gstrufr sus pr`pfbs dxpdrfdgmfbs y vfvdgmfbs

43

 

M@G]S[TMMFÝG CD ]BKD[D]. QD[]QDMSFZB] SDÝ[FMB] V LDS@C@IÝOFMB] ]`p`rtd tdýrfm`-ldt`c`iýofm` tdýrfm`-ldt`c`iýofm` qud bp`yb ib fgcbobmfýg od`orâjfmb y pdcboýofmb. Ib fgvdstfobmfýg tfdgd m`l` jfgbifcbc odgdrbr ugb bpr`xflbmfýg tdýrfmb s`krd ib fgvdstfob fgvdst fobmfý mfýg g pbrb ib m`g m`gstr strummf ummfýg ýg cd sbk sbkdrds drds cdscd cdscd ug dgj dgj`qud `qud rdj rdjdrdg drdgmfb mfbii m`lpidh`. Dg su dxtdgsfýg pbrtfmuibr sd kusmb cdsmrfkfr i` qud dgtfdgcdg i`s c`mdgtds y di dstucfbgtd p`r Od`orbjìb y lâs dstd gudv` pbrbcfolb qud ds ib Od`o Od `orbj rbjìb ìb M` M`lu lugb gbii dg c` c`gcd gcd gudst gudstr`s r`s pr pr`pf `pf`s `s bl blkf kfdgt dgtds ds bk bkrfr rfrâg âg di gudv` gudv` pbrbcfolb pbrb ib m`gstrummfýg cd sbkdrds cdscd ugb gudvb prbxfs pdcboýofmb. Rud vb M`lprdgcdr i`s pr`mds`s cd pdgsblfdgt` y bprdgcfzbhds pr`pf`s qud dldr dl drod odg g cd cdsc scd d ibs ibs dx dxpd pdrf rfdg dgmf mfbs bs cd i`s c` c`md mdgt gtds ds y di dst dstucfb ucfbgt gtd d dg ib fgvdstfobmfýg dg i`s cfjdrdgtds blkfdgtds butýmt`g`s m`l` ugb bmmfýg cfgâlfmb y m`lpidhb pbrb ib m`gstrummfýg cdi sbkdr. Ds p`r dii` qud ib m`gstrummfýg cd i`s mbrt`orblbs m`lugbids cdscd mbcb dspbmf` cdi dstucfbgtd pdrlftfrâ mrdbr ug gudv` bprdgcfzbhd sfogfjfmbtfv` fgtdorbc`r, qud m`lprdgcb ib trfbcb (Dsmudib, Jblfifb, M`lugfcbc) pbrb di cdsbrr`ii` y pr`tdmmfýg cd i`s vbi`rds muiturbids pr`pf`s cd mbcb m`lugfcbc.

44

 

Ds p`r dii` qud bjfrlbl`s ib cdjdgsb y ib vfsfýg cd brtìgdz y L`rdg` (;12;), sdòbibg qud ibs Mbrt`orbjìbs ]`mfbids8 ’sd prdsdgtbg m`l` ugb gudvb `p`rtugfcbc cd bpifmbmfýg cd j`rlbs cd m`g`mflfdgt` y p`sfkfifcbcds cd fgtdrvdgmfýg s`mfbi b gfvdi i`mbi. [dm`g`mdg cdscd su prâmtfmb ugb gudvb j`rlb cd vfbhbr b tdrrft`rf`s fgdxpi`rbc`s ` p`m` m`g`mfc`s, iidobr beì c`gcd ibs sfogfjfmbmf`gds mblkfbg cd j`rlb ` sd t`rgbg fgdstbkids, mbsf m`l` ug ldcf` cd trbgsp`rtd qud g`s iidvb b i`s m`lpidh`s ibkdrfgt`s cd i`s cfsmurs`s, ibs rdprdsdgtbmf`gds, ibs efst`rfbs rdibtbcbs y g` m`gtbcbs“. Dg tbi sdgtfc` sd mrdd qud dstb `p`rtugfcbc bgtd dstbs cfjfmuitbcds, dm`gýlfmbs y cd bit` pdifor` pbrb ib eulbgfcbc m`l` ds ugb pbgcdlfb, ib dcumbmfýg lbgtfdgd su kbgcdrb idvbgtbcb, yb qud bkrd mblfg`s pbrb bprdgcfzbhds, dstrbtdofbs pbrb p`cdr flpbrtfr di m`g`mflfdgt` y i`s vbi`rds muiturbids b i`s fgcfvfcu`s. G` `kstbgtd cdkdl`s sdòbibr qud sd dgmudgtrbg didldgt`s jugcbldgtbids qud sd dgoi`kbg dg di rýtui` cdi brtd, ib mfdgmfb y ib tdmg`i`oìb cd ib dibk`rbmfýg y di us` cd lbpbs, y eby prfgmfpf`s prfgmfpf`s j`rl j`rlbids bids qud sd bp`ybg dg ugb j`rl j`rlbmfýg bmfýg dg ibs Mfdgmfbs cd ib Fgj`rlbmfýg Od`orâjfmb. Dg c`gcd sus prfgmfpbids `khdtfv`s tb tbid idss m`l m`l` ` di j` j`ld ldgt gt` ` cd ib jijidx dxfk fkfififc fcbc bc fg fgg` g`vb vbc` c`rb, rb, di dlpi dlpid` d` cd cdii læ læt` t`c` c` mfdgtìjfm`, di cdsbrr`ii` cd ib mrdbtfvfcbc y di j`rtbidmflfdgt` cd i`s prfgmfpf`s kâsf kâ sfm` m`s0 s0 i`s i`s c` c`md mdgt gtds ds cd dg dgm` m`gt gtrb rbrb rbg g dg ib mbrt mbrt`o `orb rbjì jìb b i`s i`s jugc jugcbl bldg dgt` t`ss trbcfmf`gbids, qud vdrâg m`g dgtusfbsl` i`s cfjdrdgtds cdsbrr`ii`s l`cdrg`s y, m`l` m`gsdmudgmfb, m`gsdmudgmfb, ib dcumbm dcumbmfýg fýg mbrt`orâjf mbrt`orâjfmb mb eb sfc` rddvbiubc rddvbiubcb b y eb mblkfbc` sfogfjfmbtfvbldgtd dg dstd tfdlp` pbrb ib Dcumbmfýg qud sd m`lprdgcd qud m`g ib 4:

 

Mbrt`orbjìb e`y dg cìb pudcd oufbrsd p`r pr`orblbs j`rlbids, tbids m`l` ib mrdbmfýg cd ug «Mudrp` cd m`g`mflfdgt`¾ rdidvbgtd cd mfdgmfb od`dspbmfbi. Dstd «Mudrp` cd m`g`mflfdgt`¾ byucb b cbr j`rlb b ug pr`orblb cfgâlfm` tbgt` pbrb i`s qud dstucfbg m`l` pbrb i`s qud dgsdòbg mbrt`orbjìb. Dstb ârdb cd m`g`mflfdgt` fgmiuìb tdlbs tbids m`l` Efst`rfb, Zbi`rds Muiturbids y rdibtfv`s cdgtr` cd sus tdrrft`rf`s. Edl` Ed l`ss `k `ksdr sdrvb vbc` c` y bp bprd rdgc gcfc fc` ` qu qud d ib mbrt mbrt`or `orbj bjìb ìb

g` s`ib s`ibld ldgt gtd d sd pudc pudcd d

bprdgcdr dg ibs buibs cd mibsd, be`rb vdl`s y mrddl`s qud ib mbrt`orbjìb m`l` læt`c` sfogf læt`c` sfogfjfmbt jfmbtfv` fv` cd dgsdòbgz dgsdòbgzb b sd cd cdsbrr`ii sbrr`iib b cd ugb j`rlb l lâs âs blpi blpifb fb m`g læt`c`s cd dcumbmfýg y dgsdòbgzb ldcfbgtd i`s mubids sd pudcd iidvbr b mbk` ib j`rlbmfýg mbrt`orâjfmb. Ib dcumbmfýg rdm`g`md lumebs lbgdrbs cfjdrdgtds p`r  ibs qud pud pudcd cd trb trbgsj gsjdrf drfrsd rsd m`g m`g`mf `mflfd lfdgt` gt`.. Mfd Mfdrtb rtbldg ldgtd, td, ug buib buib dg di m`i m`idof dof` ` m`gstftuyd ug kudg blkfdgtd pbrb bprdgcdr s`krd lbpbs, pdr` bøg pudcd sdr  ldh`r sf ds` sd m`lpidldgtb m`g sbifcbs bi bfrd ifkrd pbrb qud i`s dstucfbgtds pudcbg bprdgcdr b utfifzbr i`s lbpbs. Sblkfdg edl`s `ksdrvbc` qud cdscd sus pr`pf`s pr`p f`s tdr tdrrft rft`rf `rf`s `s i`s dstucf dstucfbgt bgtds ds bprdgcdg bprdgcdg b ifl iflftb ftbr, r, rdm`g`m rdm`g`mdr dr sus pr`pf`s pr`pf`s dspbmf`s y s`krd t`c` b sdgtfr sdgtfc` cd pdrtdgdgmfb cd sus pr`pf`s vbi`rds dg su m`lug m`l ugfc fcbc bc,, c`gcd c`gcd yb g` s` s`ib ibld ldgt gtd d dxpi dxpifm fmbg bg ug ugb b cfrd cfrdmm mmfý fýg g sf g` qu qud d m` m`g g dgtusfbsl` rdm`g`mdg y mudgtbg ibs efst`rfbs cd su od`orbjìb, dg c`gcd m`g cfjdrdgtds edrrblfdgtbs tdmg`iýofmbs ebg bprdgcfc` b lbgdhbr s`jtwbrd, qud p`gd lbpbs dg sftf`s wdk y dst` ids pdrlftd fcdgtfjfmbr sus dspbmf`s y iflftds, bcdlâs cd m`lpbrbr cdscd su pr`pfb dxpdrfdgmfb di rdcfsdò` cd dsb mbrt`orbjìb m`i`mbgc` 4?

 

gudv` didldgt`s eulbg`s y cd vbi`rds efstýrfm`s pbrb sus i`mbifcbcds, dgt`gmds edl`s m`lprdgcfc` qud ib dcumbmfýg ds djfmbz yb qud pdrlftd bi fgcfvfcu` dgibzbr m`gdxf`gds m`g ib fgj`rlâtfmb y i` vfrtubi, bprdgcfdgc` b lbgdhbr ibs tfps cdscd sus dspbmf`s y utfifzâgc`i`s pbrb su pr`pf` m`g`mflfdgt` odgdrbc`r.  ]fg dlkbro` dstb fgvdstfobmfýg ib p`cdl`s cdsmrfkfr cdgtr` cdi pibg cd ib pbtrfb ;126-;1;4 dg qud cdsmrfkd cdgtr` su sdougc` `khdtfv` Efstýrfm` dg qud g`s cfmd. ’M`gtfgubr m`gstruydgc` di s`mfbifsl` k`ifvbrfbg` cdi sfoi` UUF, dg Zdgdzudib, m`l` m`l ` bitd bitdrg rgbt btfv fvb b bi sfst sfstdl dlb b cdstr cdstrum umtftfv` v` y sbi sbivb vbhd hd cd cdii mb mbpf pftb tbififsl sl` ` y m` m`g g dii` dii` bsdourbr ib ’lby`r sulb cd sdourfcbc s`mfbi, lby`r sulb cd dstbkfifcbc p`iìtfmb y ib lby`r sulb cd jdifmfcbc“ pbrb gudstr` pudki`, bsflfsl` dg i`s tdlbs mdgtrbids c`gcd di Qibg cd ib Qbtrfb cdsmrfkd Ib mfucbc s`mfbifstb, r`lpfdgc` i`s dsqudlbs mbpftbifstbs cd cdsfoubicbc s`mfbi y dm`gýlfmb cdi dspbmf`, rd`robgfzbgc` m`g mrftdrf` cd hustfmfb ibs cfgâlfmbs cd ib rdgtb cd ib tfdrrb, dspdmfbifzbmfýg dm`gýlfmb cd ib mfucbc y sus sdmt`rds urkbg`s, di dqufpblfdgt`, fgjrbdstrumturb y dspbmf` pøkifm`, bsì m`l` ug sfstdlb fgtdorbc` cd us`s cdi sudi` y trbgsp`rtd.

Q`r `trb pbrtd, dg di lbrm` cd ib M`gstftumfýg K`ifvbrfbgb cd Zdgdzudib (2666) dg su Brtìmui` G± 213 ’ib dcumbmfýg dstbrâ b mbro` cd pdrs`gbs cd

45

 

rdm`g`mfcb l`rbifcbc y cd m`lpr`kbcb fc`gdfcbc bmbcælfmb.“ (p.=?), ds cdmfr  di pbpdi y rdsp`gsbkfifcbc qud sd tfdgd m`l` c`mdgtd di flpbrtfr m`g`mflfdgt`s b i`s dsm`ibrds qud i`s kdgdjfmfdg dg su mrdmflfdgt`. Bsflfsl`, cdgtr` cd ib Idy @roâgfmb cd Dcumbmfýg (;116), dstbkidmd dg su brtìmui` G` 3, ’ib dcumbmfýg m`l` cdrdme` eulbg` y cdkdr s`mfbi jugcbldgtbi `rfdgtbcb bi cdsbrr`ii` cdi p`tdgmfbi mrdbt mrd btfv fv` ` cd mbcb mbcb sd sdrr eu eulb lbg` g` dg m` m`gc gcfm fmf` f`gd gdss efst efstýrf ýrfmb mbld ldgt gtd d cd cdtd tdrl rlfg fgbc bcbs bs,, m`gstftuyd di dhd mdgtrbi dg ib mrdbmfýg, trbgslfsfýg y rdpr`cummfýg cd ibs cfvdrsbs lbgfjdstbmf`gds y vbi`rds muiturbids“.(p. ;).

46

 

Jfgbildgtd, i`s dcumbgc`s lbgfjdstbr`g kbh` ibs cfjdrdgtds cfgâlfmbs tuvfdr`g ug bprdg bp rdgcf cfzb zbhd hd cf cfgâl gâlfm fm`, `, sfog sfogfjfjfm fmbt btfv fv` ` dg qu qud d rdm rdm`g` `g`mf mfdr` dr`g g y cd cdsbr sbrr` r`iiiibr` br`g g su mrdbtfvfcbc dibk`rbgc` i`s cfjdrdgtds mbrt`orblbs y ibs cfjdrdgtds tdlâtfmbs qud dibk`rbr`g.

Q[BUF] DCTMBSFZB CD]CD LDL@[FB SD[[FS@[F@ V MFTCBCBGÌB

Mfdrtbldgtd cdscd dstd pr`mds` cd dxpi`rbmfýg qud sd rdbifzý p`r cfjdrdgtds læt` læ t`c`s c`s m`l m`l` ` ib `ksdr `ksdrvbm vbmfý fýg, g, c` c`gcd gcd sd dvfc dvfcdg dgmf mfb b ib tr trbgs bgsj` j`rl rlbm bmfý fýg g cd ib od`orbjìb, sd ludstrb m`l` i`s dspbmf`s sujrfdr`g mblkf`s y vbi`rds, trbcfmf`gds judr`g lutbgc` b i` ibro` cdi tfdlp`.  

]dou ]doufcbl fcbldgt dgtd d p`r ldcf ldcf` ` cd ibs dst dstrbt rbtdof dofbs bs bpifmb bpifmbcbs cbs sd i` i`orý orý fg fgmdgt mdgtfvb fvbrr y

l`tfvbr l`tfv br b i`s dstucfbgt dstucfbgtds ds b rdbifz rdbifzbr br y pbrtfmfpbr pbrtfmfpbr dg ibs bmtfvfcbc bmtfvfcbcds ds dgm`l dgm`ldgcbcbs dgcbcbs dg di ârdb cd j`rlbmfýg. G` `kst `kstbg bgtd td,, sd pu puc` c` m`g m`g`m `mdr dr p`r ld ldcf cf` ` cd i` i`ss dc dcum umbgc bgc`s `s ib ibss cfjd cfjdrd rdgt gtds ds dxpdrfdgmfbs p`r rdbifzbr dstbs bmtfvfcbcds dxprdsbgc`, i` fgtdrdsbgtd y cfvdrtfc` cd dstbs bmtfvfcbcds, sbkfdgc` qud pucfdr`g tdgdr ug bprdgcfzbhd sfogfjfmbtfv` dg di ârdb cd Od`orbjìb, efst`rfb y mfucbcbgìb. :1