Tesis Conducta Odontopediatria

 

POBZ@[XBAGA BOHG CG[HBIGXM A@ IG Z@CG JGHPIQGA A@ @XQMFGQMIMCÆG

Q[GKGDM GHGA@FBHM ^G[G M^QG[ @I QÆQPIM A@ X@CPOAG @X^@HBGIBAGA @X^@HBGIBAG A @O MAMOQM^@ABGQ[ÆG QÆQPIM A@I Q[GKGDM ’FGO@DM A@ IG HMOAPHQG @O MAMOQM^@ABGQ[ÆG’ MAMOQM^@ABGQ[ÆG’   OMFK[@ A@I GPQM[4 H.A. Gstmobtgs Grgudm, Fgry I`siy OMFK[@ A@I M[B@OQGAM[4 Ar. @sp. H.A. Gi`dgoarm Xg Xgigzgr igzgr

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A@ABHGQM[BG  G ig vbrc`ohbtg pmr sb`fpr` agrf` ju`rzgs pgrg hufpibr hmo fbs f`tgs. G fb f b fgar` Hgrf`o Grgudm pmr agrf` su hgrb÷m, gpmym y lgh`r qu` tmams fbs su`÷ms s` lgcgo r`gibaga y g fb gku`ibtg J`ibhbtgs qu` a`sa` `i hb`im f` hubag.

 

 

QÆQPIM FGO@DM A@ IG HMOAPHQG @O MAMOQM^@ABGQ[ÆG

 

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[@XPF@O BOQ[MAPHHBMO FG[HM Q@M[BHM B. A@XG[[MIIM A@I OB×M @O IGX ABJ@[@OQ@X @AG @AGA@X A@X 7.7 A`sgrrmiim A`sgrrmiim psbhmsmhbgi a`i ob÷m

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7.7.7. A`sa` a`i `i oghbfb`otm lgstg øo imsgj`htbvg) 8 g÷ms a` g. Q`mræg gp`cm (vbohuighbøo (vbohuighb a``aga Dmlo Kmwik Kmwikyy 7.7.;. A` 8 g : g÷ms 7.7.8. A` : g 7; g÷ms 7.7.1. A` 7; g 7< g÷ms 7.; ^@[X^@HQBZGX Q@M[BHGX A@I A@XG[[MIIM A@XG[[MIIM 7.;.7. ^`rsp`htbvg hmcobtbvg 7.;.;. ^`rsp`htbvg psbhmgogiætbhg psbhmgogiætbhg 7.;.8. ^`rsp`htbvg a`i gpr`oabzgd` gpr`oabzgd` 7.;.1. ^`rsp`htbvg `vmiutbvg 7.;.0. ^`rsp`htbvg a` ig t`mræg hmot`xtugi 7.8. Q@F^@[GF@OQM Q@F^@[GF@OQM BOJGOQBI BB. FB@AM R GOXB@AGA @O IG GQ@OHBMO MAMOQMIMCBHG ;.7 Fb`am ;.7.7. Hgrght`ræstbhgs Hgrght`ræstbhgs jæsbhgs a`i fb`am ;.7.;. Fb`am a`otgi bojgotbi ;.; Gosb`aga ;.;.7. Hgrght`ræstbhgs Hgrght`ræstbhgs jæsbhgs a`i fb`am ;.;.;. Gosb`aga a`otgi bojgotbi BBB. HMOAPHQG A@I OB×M R ZG[BGKI@X WP@ BOJIPR@O @O @I HMF^M[QGFB@OQM MAMOQMIMCBHM BOJGOQBI 8.7 Hmoauhtg a`i pghb`ot`

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8.; Higsbjbhghbøo a`i pghb`ot` s`côo su hmoauhtg 8.;.7. @shgig a` hmfpmrtgfb`otm hmfpmrtgfb`otm a` Jrgoei 8.;.;. @shgig a` Srbclt 8.;.8. @shgig a` hmfpmrtgfb`otm hmfpmrtgfb`otm s`côo Hgstbiim 8.;.1. Higsbjbhghbøo Higsbjbhghbøo hmoauhtugi a` Igfpslbr` Igfpslbr` 8.;.0. X`côo gh`ptghb gh`ptghbøo øo gi trgtgfb`otm a`otgi  G. X`côo [ua y Ebsiboc K. X`côo Z`olgf 8.8 Ob÷ms om hmigkmrgamr`s 8.1 Zgrbgki`s qu` bojiuy`o `o ig hmoauhtg a`i ob÷m `o ig gt`ohbøo mamotmiøcbhg g. Bojiu`ohbg a` ims pgar`s k. Bojiu`ohbg a` l`rfgoms y mtrms jgfbibgr`s u mtrms gsp`htms jgfbib jgfbibgr`s gr`s h. Bojiu`ohbg a`i hmot`xtm smhbmhuiturgi smhbmhuiturgi a. Bojiu`ohbg a` got`h`a`ot`s fâabhm-mamotmiøcbhm fâabhm-mamotmiøcbhm

`. Hm`jbhb`ot` bot`i`htugi j. @aga c. X`xm l. @j`htm a` ig aurghbøo y lmrg a` ig hbtg b. Hmfpmrtgfb`ot Hmfpmrtgfb`otm m a`i `qubpm gsbst`ohbgi  d. Hmfpmrtgfb`otm Hmfpmrtgfb`otm a`i mamotøimcm mamotøimcm e. @j`htm a`i gfkb`ot` jæsbhm y gtfmsj`rg BZ. QB^M A@ IIGOQM A@ ^GHB@OQ@ MAMOQM^@ABÇQ[BHM

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1.7 @i iigotm

1.; Qbpms a` iigotms `o `i pghb`ot` mamotmp`abgtrbhm 1.8. Ghtbtua`s qu` s` a`k`o tmfgr a` ghu`ram g ims tbpms a` iigotm Z. Q HOBHGX HOBHGX A@ FG FGO@DM O@DM A@I HMF^ HMF^M[QGFB M[QGFB@OQM @OQM MAMOQM^@ABGQ[ÆG g. Hmfuobhghbøo Hmfuobhghbøo hmo ims ob÷ms/ i`ocugd` p`abçtrbhm p`abçtrbhm

k. Psm a` fgt`rbgi abaçhtbhm h. Zbsbtg pr`vbg a. Zbsbtg botrmauhtmrbg `. ^r`s`ohbg/ gus`ohbg a` ims pgar`s j. Hmos`otbfb`otm bojmrfgam 0.7. QÂHOBHGX OM JG[FGHMIØCBHGX @O @I FGO@DM A@ HMF^M[QGFB@OQM 0.7.7. 0.7 .7. Q HOB HOBHGX HGX OM [ [@XQ[ @XQ[BH BHQBZ QBZGX GX g. Qâhobhgs hmfuobhgtbvgs hmfuobhgtbvgs g.7. A`hbr-fmstrgr-lgh`r A`hbr-fmstrgr-lgh`r g.;. Abstrghhbøo

g.8.@shgp` hmotboc`ot` g.1. tb`fpm y ju`rg k. Qâhobhgs hmfuobhgtbvgs hmfuobhgtbvgs a` fmabjbhghbøo fmabjbhghbøo a` ig hmoauhtg k.7. A`s`osbkbibzghbøo A`s`osbkbibzgh bøo k.;. Fma`igfb`otm k.8. [`ju`rzm H. tâhobhg gv`rsbvg- hmotrmi a` vmz A. tâhobhg prmlbkbag- fgom smkr` kmhg

0.7.;. QÂHOBHGX [@XQ[BHQBZGX g.. `stgkbibzghbøo `stgkbibzghbøo prmt`htmrg ghtbvg k. `stgkbibzghbøo `stgkbibzghbøo prmt`htmrg pgsbvg

0.7.8. 0.7 .8. Q HOB HOBHGX HGX O OM M HMO HMOZ@O Z@OHB HBMOG MOGI@X I@X g. lbpomsbs k. fusbhmt`rgpbg fusbhmt`rgp bg h. tâhobhg a` abstrghhbøo guabm-vbsugi a. grmfgt`rgpb grmfgt`rgpbg g

0.;. .;. Q HOBHGX JG JG[F [FG GHMI CB CBHG HGX X HMOHIPXBMO@X KBKIBMC[GJBG

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BOABH@ A@ HPGA[MX HPGA[M 7. Lbtms `vmiutbvms g tmfgr `o hu`otg `o `i gkmragd` mamotmiøcbhm a`i k`k`. HPGA[M ;. Fb`ams bojgotbi`s omrfgtbvms `o juohbøo a` ig `aga s`côo Fmrrbs y Ergthlwbii. HPGA[M 8 Xæotmfgs a` ig gosb`aga. HPGA[M 1. Hgrght`ræstbhgs a` ig gosb`aga g ig s`pgrghbøo. HPGA[M 0. @shgig a` Hmfpmrtgfb`otm a` Jrgoei. HPGA[M :. @shgig a` Hmfpmrtgfb`otm a` Srbclt. HPGA[M 3. Higsbjbhghbøo hmoauhtugi a` Igfpslbr` HPGA[M . XBCOMX ZBQGI@X @O ABJ@[@OQ@X @AGA HPGA[M 77. Higsbjbhghbøo GXG

 

BOABH@ A@ JBCP[GX JBCP[G 7. Hgrght`ræstbhgs a`i gp`cm s`côo Dmlo Kmwiky JBCP[G ;. ^ghb`ot` r`h`ptbvm JBCP[G 8. ^ghb`ot` jæsbhg y f`otgif`ot` bfp`abam JBCP[G 1. ^ghb`ot` bojgot` JBCP[G 0. Qrbgag mamotøimcm-ob÷m-pgar` JBCP[G :. Çr`g pgrg ghtbvbaga`s y fgt`rbgi abaçhtbhm abaçhtbhm `o ig sgig a` `sp`rg JBCP[G 3. Xbiimo`s a`otgi`s p`abçtrbhms igs `fmhbmo`s a` ^iuthlbe JBCP[G . @xh`phbøo a` tâhobhg a`hbr-fmstrgr-lgh`r JBCP[G 77. Qâhobhg fma`igam vs tâhobhg Q^A JBCP[G 7;. Qâhobhg a` fma`igfb`otm JBCP[G 78. [`ju`rzm pmsbtbvm JBCP[G 71. Qâhobhg hmotrmi a` vmz JBCP[G 70. Qâhobhg fgom smkr` kmhg g htbvg JBCP[G 7:. Qâhobhg a` `stgkbibzghbøo pmr prmt`hhbøo ghtbvg JBCP[G 73. Qâhobhg a` `stgkbibzghbøo pgsbvg hmo prmt`hhbøo JBCP[G 7. @d`fpim a` uog jmrfg a` hmos`otbfb`otm bojmrfgam pgrg usm a` s`aghbøo m go`st`sbg c`o`rgi pgrg trgtgfb`otm a`otgi p`abçtrbhm

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[@XPF@O

@i mamotmp`abgtrg `ojr`otg hgag aæg g pghb`ot`s a` abj`r`ot`s `aga`s qu` ghua`o gi hmosuitmrbm a`otgi hmo gosb`aga m fb`am. @s pmr `stm, qu` `i prmj`sbmogi a`k` `otr`ogrs` y mkt`o`r hmomhbfb`otms qu` p`rfbtgo hmomh`r `i `stgam jæsbhm y psbhmiøcbhm a`i pghb`ot` y a` ims pgar`s5 a` `st` fmam `ibfbogr ig gosb`aga y/m fb`ams, r`gibzgoam uog gt`ohbøo p`rsmogibzgag y ga`hugag hmo hgag pghb`ot`. @i mamotmp`abgtrg a`k` hr`gr uo igzm a` `fpgtæg a`sa` ig prbf`rg hmosuitg hmo `i ob÷m, ii`cgoam g mkt`o`r bojmrfghbøo smkr` âi y su `otmrom5 y gsæ tmfgr uog a`hbsbøo qu` bovmiuhr` `shmc`r uog tâhobhg ga`hugag qu` oms p`rfbtg `i âxbtm `o igs sbcub`ot`s gt`ohbmo`s mamotmiøcbhgs. @stgs tâhobhgs tb`o`o hmfm f`tg imcrgr uog ghtbtua pmsbtbvg, jmrfgr uo væohuim `otr` `i mamotmp`abgtrg- pghb`ot`- pgar`s y/m hr`gr hbrhuostgohbgs jgvmrgki`s pgrg ii`vgr g hgkm ig gt`ohbøo mamotmiøcbhg a` uog fgo`rg `jbhgz y `jbhb`ot`.

^GIGK[GX HIGZ@ A`sgrrmiim a`i ob÷m, fb`am, gosb`aga, hmoauhtg, pgar`s, tâhobhgs a` fgo`dm a` hmoauhtg.

8 

 

GKXQ[GHQ Ql` p`abgtrbh a`otbst jgh`s `v`ry agy pgtb`ots mj abjj`r`ot gc`s wlm hmf` tm tl` a`otgi mjjbh` wbtl goxb`ty mr j`gr. Qlbs bs wly tl` prmj`ssbmogi fust trgbo goa mktgbo eomwi`ac` tlgt giimws eomwboc tl` plysbhgi goa psyhlmimcbhgi stgt` mj tl` pgtb`ot goa tl` pgr`ots5 bo tlbs wgy `ibfbogt` goxb`ty goa / mr j`grs, prmvbaboc p`rsmogibz`a goa ga`qugt` gtt`otbmo tm `ghl pgtb`ot. Ql` p`abgtrbh a`otbst fust hr`gt` g kmoa mj `fpgtly jrmf tl` jbrst hmosuitgtbmo wbtl tl` hlbia, c`ttboc tm

mktgbo bojmrfgtbmo gkmut lbf goa lbs `ovbrmof`ot5 goa sm fge` g a`hbsbmo tlgt bovmiv`s hlmmsboc go gpprmprbgt` t`hlobqu` tlgt giimws us suhh`ss bo tl` jmiimwboc a`otgi hgr`. Ql`s` t`hlobqu`s gbf tm ghlb`v` g pmsbtbv` gttbtua`, jmrf g iboe k`tw``o tl` p`abgtrbh a`otbst-pgtb`otpgr`ots goa/mr hr`gt` jgvmrgki` hbrhufstgoh`s tm hgrry mut a`otgi hgr` bo go `jj`htbv` goa `jjbhb`ot fgoo`r.

E@RSM[AX Hlbia a`v`impf`ot, j`gr, goxb`ty, k`lgvbmr, pgr`ots, k`lgvbmr fgogc`f`ot t`hlobqu`s.

1 

 

BOQ[MAPHHBMO @o ig ghtugibaga, ig gosb`aga y `i fb`am a`i ob÷m om smo ims ôobhms mkstçhuims pgrg `i trgtgfb`otm `xbtmsm a`i mamotøimcm. @s pmr `stm qu` `i mamotøimcm a`k` t`o`r hmfm mkd`tbvm hmomh`r fçs smkr` `i ob÷m, hmomh`r su `otmrom, ig r`ighbøo qu` tb`o` hmo sus pgar`s, l`rfgoms y mtrms jgfbibgr`s, su a`s`ovmivbfb`otm `o ig `shu`ig y r`ighbøo hmo sus hmfpg÷`rms, p`rsmogibaga, prmki`fgs `fmhbmogi`s5 gsæ ba`otbjbhgr a`sa` uo hmfb`ozm, sb `i ob÷m pu`a` m om s`r uo pghb`ot` qu` hmigkmr` `o ig gt`ohbøo mamotmiøcbhg. @i `stgam `fmhbmogi a` ims pgar`s y/m hubagamr`s `o `i pr`s`ot` lg tmfgam uo rmi fuy bfpmrtgot` yg qu` su bojiu`ohbg r`p`rhut` `o `i hmfpmrtgfb`otm a`i ob÷m. Ig pr`s`ohbg `o ig hmosuitg a` ims pgar`s pu`a` s`r a` crgo gyuag `o ob÷ms fuy p`qu`÷ms, sbo `fkgrcm `o ob÷ms fgymr`s ig pr`s`ohbg a` uo pgar` gosbmsm pu`a` r`p`rhutbr a` jmrfg o`cgtbvg y agr hmfm r`suitgam `i jrghgsm `o `i trgtgfb`otm. @otmoh`s `i mamotøimcm om smim a`k` `stgr gt`otm smkr` `sms gsp`htms, sbom tgfkbâo a`k` t`o`r uo gfkb`ot` ghmoabhbmogam pgrg ig gt`ohbøo a`i ob÷m. @i p`rsmogi (r`h`phbmobstg/ gsbst`otg) a`k`o `stgr

`otr`ogams pgrg cgogrs` ig hmojbgozg a`i ob÷m y pgar` y lgh`r qu` su vbsbtg gi mamotøimcm s`g gcrgagki`. @otmoh`s `i mamotøimcm a`k` `stgr pr`pgrgam pgrg ba`otbjbhgr tmam gqu`iim qu` bojiuyg o`cgtbvgf`ot` `o `i hmfpmrtgfb`otm a`i ob÷m y gsæ pma`r `d`hutgr igs tâhobhgs o`h`sgrbgs pgrg pma`r fmabjbhgr `stg hmoauhtg. @stgs abstbotgs tâhobhgs `ibfbogrgo ig gosb`aga y fb`ams y p`rfbtbrço absmiv`r hmfpmrtgfb`otms om jgvmrgki`s hmo r`sp`htm g ig gt`ohbøo a`otgi, gyuagoam gi ob÷m g gtrgv`sgr ig r`gibzghbøo a` ims prmh`abfb`otm. Qgfkbâo `os`÷g g ims pgar`s g hmfprmf`t`rs` fçs hmo ig sgiua kuhgi a` su lbdm y `st` gsæ vgyg tmfgoam hmoshb`ohbg g im igrcm a` su hr`hbfb`otm smkr` `i hubagam a` su kmhg. @otr` igs tâhobhgs om jgrfghmiøcbhgs ig fçs usgag y gh`ptgag pmr ims pgar`s lgstg ig ghtugibaga `s ig tâhobhg a`hbrfmstrgr- lgh`r5 sbo `fkgrcm gpmym g a` `stgs tâhobhgsfusbhmt`rgpbg, om jgfgrhghmimcbhgs m a` fgo`rg boabvbaugibzgag s` pu`a`o usgr hmfm igs tâhobhgs lbpomsbs, abstrghtmr`s guabmvbsugi`s y grmfgt`rgpbg. X`côo abstbotgs bov`stbcghbmo`s, `otr` igs tâhobhgs om hmov`ohbmogi`s ig qu` f`dmr r`suitgam ag `s ig abstrghhbøo guabmvbsugi, a`kbam g qu` ig hmoh`otrghbøo a` ims ob÷ms (guabtbvg y vbsugi) qu`ag gtrgpgag `o ig p`iæhuig m du`cm m bfgc`o vbrtugi qu` `stâo vbsugibzgoam a`shmo`htçoams` tmtgif`ot` a`i gfkb`ot` mamotmiøcbhm. Om mkstgot` `i mamotmp`abgtrg om a`k` `xh`a`rs` `o `i usm a` igs abj`r`ot`s tâhobhgs yg s`g om jgrfghmiøcbhg y/m om hmov`ohbmogi`s pgrg gsæ om gkrufgr g krufgr gi pghb`ot` y mkt`o`r uo r`suitgam o`cgtbvm. Xmim sb `i ob÷m sbcu` hmo om hmigkmrgr hmo `i mamotøimcm a`spuâs a` usgr tmags `stgs tâhobhgs om jgrfghmiøcbhgs, `stç `o uog `aga amoa` om pu`a` hmfpr`oa`r m s` o`h`sbtg r`gibzgr uo trgtgfb`otm urc`ot`5 `i mamotøimcm a`k`rç utbibzgr mtrgs tâhobhgs hmfm igs jgrfghmiøcbhgs.

0 

 

FG[HM Q@M[BHM HG^BQPIM B A@XG[[MIIM A@I OB×M @O IGX ABJ@[@OQ@X @AGA@X @o mamotmimcæg p`abçtrbhg `s a` juoagf`otgi bfpmrtgohbg `i hmomhbfb`otm a`i a`sgrrmiim a`i ob÷m g im igrcm a` igs abj`r`ot`s `tgpgs a` ig vbag. @i a`sgrrmiim `s uo prmh`sm p rmh`sm uobjbhgam, fuitbabf`osbmogi yg qu` s` ag `o abv`rsms gsp`htms4 a`sgrrmiim jæsbhm, hmcomshbtbvm y psbhmsmhbgi. (7)

8.7 A@XG[[MIIM ^XBHMXMHBGI ^XBHMXMHBGI A@I OB×M 7.7.7. A`s a` `i oghbfb`otm oghbfb `otm lg lgss tg ims 8 g÷ms a` `aga `aga

@i mamotmp`abgtrg a`k` t`o`r `o hu`otg ims gsp`htms psbhmfmtmr`s qu` `i ob÷m a` `stg `tgpg pr`s`otg4 HPGA[ M 7. Lbtms

`vmiutbvms g tmfgr `o hu`otg `o `i gkmragd` mamotmiøcbhm a`i k`k`. (;)

@AGA (F@X@X) [`hbâo oghbam

:tg s`fgog

8 f`s`s

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HG[GHQ@[BXQB HG[GHQ@[BXQBHGX HGX Au`rf` hmostgot`f`ot` y a`spb`rtg smim pgrg r`higfgr gibf`otm (r`ji`dms a` kôsqu`ag y suhhbøo pr`s`ot`s). @i iigotm `s `i ôobhm f`abm a` `xpr`sbøo got` sus o`h`sbaga`s y sbtughbmo`s a` bohmfmabaga. X` vu`iv` g ig ju`ot` a` smobam. @fpb`zg g jbdgr ig fbrgag y g smor`ær. Gi s`otgrim, ig hgk`zg vg lghbg gtrçs. Zg p`rab`oam ims r`ji`dms prbfbtbvms. ^`rabag a` r`ji`dms prbfbtbvms. Xmstb`o` f`dmr ig hgk`zg y pu`stm `o a`hôkbtm v`otrgi ig i`vgotg (pmsbhbøo a` `sjboc`). Xmoræ` `spmotço`gf`ot`. Xbcu` mkd`tms hmo ig vbstg.  Gcgrrg hmo ju` ju`rzg rzg mkd`tms qu` s` i` pmo`o `o ig fgom, p`rm sbo mpmo`r `i puicgr. ^r`amfbog ig pmsbhbøo `o `xt`osbøo. Xb s` i` hmimhg kmhg gkgdm `s hgpgz a` vmit`grs`. X` sb`otg hmo gpmym y pu`a` smst`o`r ig hgk`zg. Kgikuh`g hmo sus ducu`t`s. Kgikuh`g. [`spmoa` g su omfkr`. ^u`a` s`otgrs` kb`o. Bobhbm a` cgt`g ` bot`otg pgrgrs` hmo gpmym. Abh` ’fgfg‖ m ’pgpg‖. Fu`v` ig fgom pgrg a`sp`abrs`. Qmfg mkd`tms utbibzgoam `i puicgr. Hgfbog tmfgoam a` ig fgom y ag gicuoms pgsms smim. ^rmouohbg gicuogs pgigkrgs.

GHQBQPA A@I HIBOBHM @auhgr g ig fgar` hmo r`sp`htm a`i bobhbm a` ig ibfpb`zg kuhgi y ig bfpmrtgohbg a` ig ightgohbg g tmag lmrg.

@auhgr g ig fgar` smkr` pmsbki` bobhbm a` `ruphbøosbotmfgtmiøcbhm.

@auhgr g ig fgar` smkr` pmsbki` `ruphbøo a`

: 

 

7< f`s`s

;1 f`s`s

 Gyuag g v`stbrs`. Xbcu` øra`o`s v`rkgi`s. v`rkgi`s. Hgfbog kb`o. Xuk` `shgi`rgs gpmyçoams`. Zmhgibzgo h`rhg a` 7> pgigkrgs, dgig sus  ducu`t`s hmo uog hu`rag. Hmf` pgrhbgif`ot` sbo gyuag. ’Om‖ `s su pgigkrg jgvmrbtg y pu`a` `ot`oa`r pgigkrgs.

Hmrr`, gkr` pu`rtgs, suk` g ims fu`ki`s, suk` y kgdg `shgi`rgs. ^u`a` pmo`rs` gicuogs pr`oags a` v`stbr, hmigkmrg g sghçrs`igs. ^rmouohbg mrghbmo`s a` 8 pgigkrgs. Cgrgkgt`g hærhuims ` bfbtg trgzms lmrbzmotgi`s. @xpr`sg sus o`h`sbaga`s kbmiøcbhgs. Qb`o` abjbhuitga pgrg `stgki`h`r r`ighbmo`s bot`rp`rsmogi`s, yg qu` tmagvæg pr`amfbogo ims du`cms smibtgrbms.

prbf`rg fmigr. Xbotmfgtmimcæg bohr`f`otgag. Bobhbm a` lgkbtm a` h`pbiigam sbo pgstg y smkr` trgufgtbsfms kuhma`otgi`s pmr hgæags r`ighbmogags hmo `i gpr`oabzgd` gi hgfbogr. @o `stms pghb`ot`s s` sucb`r` agr øra`o`s higrgs y `fpi`gr tâhobhgs hmrtgs y sbfpi`s. @i t`fmr jr`ot` g `xtrg÷ms gsæ hmfm `i fb`am g ig s`pgrghbøo a` ims pgar`s `s hmfôo `o `stg `aga, `s pmr `sm qu` s` a`k` `vbtgr s`pgrgrim a` `iims.

 G ims ; g÷ms y f`abm s` hm hmfpmrtg fpmrtg a a` ` fgo` fgo`rg rg amfbogot` y `xbc`ot`. Fgo`dg trbhbhim, hmpbg uo hærhuim ` bfbtg uog hruz. Xgk` su `aga y s`xm. [`pbt` 8 oôf`rms m uog jrgs` a` 1 sæigkms. ^u`a` v`stbrs` smim, `xh`ptm gkmtmogrs` m lgh`r igzms. ^r`cuotg bojgtbcgki`f`ot` y s` gibf`otg smim. Xu hmfpr`osbøo `s fgymr, i` custg agr hmfm qubtgr. @stg `aga `s hmomhbag hmfm `i ’ym ’y m tgfkbâo‖ y ig `aga a` ig bfbtghbøo. @s hgpgz a` `stgki`h`r r`ighbmo`s smhbgi`s bot`rp`rsmogi`s, `s sush`ptbki` gi `imcbm y r`gibzg øra`o`s v`rkgi`s. G ims 8 g÷ms y f`abm gpgr`h` ig om hmmraboghbøo `o vgrbms gsp`htms hmfm5 `i tgrtgfua`m, hg`rs`, tbh o`rvbmsms hmfm `i p`stg÷`m hmostgot`, fmra`rs` igs u÷gs, lurcgrs` ig ogrbz y guf`otm a` ig suhhbøo a` puicgr.

8: f`s`s

Bobhbm a` lbcb`obzghbøo hmo pgstg a`otgi. Mks`rvghbøo a` `ruphbøo a`otgrbg4 pr`v`ohbøo a` fmrabags hruzgags. Hmfm mamotmp`abgtrgs a`k`fms t`o`r uog crgo hmfpr`osbøo y pghb`ohbg y ga`fçs fuhlm gj`htm.

3 

 

@o `st` p`rbmam s` a`sgrrmiig uo s`otbam kçsbhm a` ig hmojbgozg hmo sus hubagamr`s, hmomhbam hmfm gp`cm (qu` `o ig fgymræg a` ims hgsms `s ig fgar`, qub`o im gibf`otg, hgfkbg pg÷gi`s y fbfg). (7)

k. Q@M[ÆG A@I G^@CM (ZBOHPIGHBØ (ZBOHPIGHBØO O GJ@HQBZG) A@ DMLO KMS KMSIKR IKR @stg t`mræg jmrfuigag bobhbgif`ot` pmr `i psbqubgtrg krbtçobhm Kmwiky (72

 

7.;.1. 7.;. 1. ^@[X^@HQBZG @ZMIPQBZG X` `ojmhg `o igs kgs`s kbmiøcbhgs y `vmiutbvgs a` ig hmoauhtg bojiu`ohbgam pmr Agrwbo, s` k kgsg gsg `o ims hmomhbfb`otms a` gotrmpmimcæg, `hmimcæg, c`oâtbhg, `tbmimcæg y psbhmimcæg `vmiutbvg pgrg `xpibhgr `i vgimr gagptgtbvm m a` sup`rvbv`ohbg a`i hmfpmrtgfb`otm pgrg uo boabvbaum m `sp`hb`. (7)

7.;.0. 7.;. 0. ^@[X^@HQBZG A@ I IG G Q@M[BG HMOQ@\QPGI @ojgtbzg `i bfpghtm a`i hmot`xtm lbstørbhm, smhbgi y huiturgi. (7)

7.8. Q@F^@[GF@OQM BOJGOQBI Fh Hgii a`jbobø `i târfbom t`fp`rgf`otm a` ig sbcub`ot` fgo`rg4 ’@i t`fp`rgf`otm hmosbst` a` a`hbsbmo`s kçsbhgs bol`r`ot`s, r`igtbvgf`ot` hmosbst`ot`s g ig p`rsmog qu` sukygh`o y fmauigo `xpr`sbmo`s a` ghtbvbaga, r`ghtbvbaga, `fmhbmogibaga y smhbgkbibaga. Ims prbohbpgi`s `i`f`otms a`i t`fp`rgf`otm `stço pr`s`ot`s t`fprgogf`ot` `o ig vbag, y gqu`iims `i`f`otms smo prmkgki`f`ot` bojiubams ju`rt`f`ot` pmr jghtmr`s kbmiøcbhms. G f`abag qu` gvgozg `i a`sgrrmiim, ig `xpr`sbøo a`i t`fp`rgf`otm s` hmovb`rt` hgag v`z fçs bojiu`ohbgag pmr ig `xp`rb`ohbg y `i hmot`xtm‖. (1) hmot`xtm‖. (1)

g. Q@M[BG A@ QLMFGX R HL@XX Ju` uom a` ims `stuabmsabr`htg pbmo`rms `o tmrom hmo gi t`fp`rgf`otm ig bojgohbg. @o su boabvbaugi`s bov`stbcghbøoa`, utbibzgrmo ig mks`rvghbøo y `otr`vbstg ims pgar`s pgrga`bov`stbcgr ims `stbims ig p`rsmogibaga y `i t`fp`rgf`otm `o ims ob÷ms, a`sa` ims 1 f`s`s a` vbag lgstg ig `aga gauitg. Gi r`gibzgr `i goçibsbs s` a`t`htgrmo 2 rgscms hmfpmrtgf`otgi`s qu` s` r`p`tægo4 obv`i a` ghtbvbaga, rbtfbhbaga, gprmxbfghbøo- `vbtghbøo, hugibaga a`i lufmr, bot`osbaga a`i lufmr, t`oa`ohbg g abstrg`rs`, p`rsbst`ohbg y aurghbøo a` ig gt`ohbøo, ufkrgi s`osmrbgi y gagptgkbibaga. (1) @i goçibsbs hugotbtgtbvm a` `stgs 2 abf`osbmo`s abm iucgr g hmomh`r ig hmrr`ighbøo `xbst`ot` `otr` ims p`rjbi`s a` hmfpmrtgfb`otm fgobj`stgam `o ims ob÷ms y abhlgs abf`osbmo`s, p`rfbtb`oam a`t`rfbogr 8 tbpms a` t`fp`rgf`otm (1,2)4   Q`fp`rgf`otm trgoqubim4 s` hmosba`rg q qu` u` `stms ob÷ms c`o`rgif`ot` pr`s`otgo pr`s`otgo uo `stgam a` çobfm pmsbtbvm. Xus juohbmo`s hmrpmrgi`s smo r`cuigr`s y s` i`s hmosba`rg gagptgki`s y ji`xbki`s. Hugoam surc`o prmki`fgs s` `sp`rg qu` r`ghhbmo`o hmo uog bot`osbaga kgdg m fma`rgag. @o iucgr a` r`lubr g sbtughbmo`s ou`vgs, `i ob÷m a` t`fp`rgf`otm trgoqubim su`i` fgobj`stgr uog ghtbtua pmsbtbvg.

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  Q`fp`rgf`otm abjæhbi4 hbi4 `st` a` ob÷ms su`i`o a`sgrrmiigo hmo abjæ i`otbtua uogstbpm pgutgs aburogs pgrg t`o`r amrfbr,juohbmo`s hmf`r y hmrpmrgi`s lgh`r sus brr`cuigr`s, o`h`sbaga`s.y Xu`i`o r`ghhbmogr bot`osgf`ot` got` ims prmki`fgs, tb`oa`o g r`lubr a` sbtughbmo`s ou`vgs y i`s hu`stg gagptgrs` g ims hgfkbms a` a ` su `otmrom. ob÷ms ÷ms tb`o`o pr`abspmsbhbøo g ig tbtbfba`z. fba`z. Xu`i`o   Q`fp`rgf`otm a` r`ghhbmo`s i`otgs4 @stms ob a`sgrrmiigr kgdms obv`i`s a` ghtbvbaga. I`s hu`stg fuhlm hgfkbgr, yg qu` s` gagptgo i`otgf`ot` y r`spmoa`o o`cgtbvgf`ot` g igs sbtughbmo`s omv`amsgs. Xu r`spu`stg ogturgi gi hgfkbm `s r`trg`rs`, y r`spmoa`o g ims prmki`fgs hmo uog r`ghhbøo pmhm bbot`osg. ot`osg.

77  77 

 

HG^BQPIM BB FB@AM R GOXB@AGA @O IG GQ@OHBMO GQ@OHBMO MAMOQMIMCBHG ;.7 FB@AM @i fb`am `s uog r`ghhbøo qu` s` ag jr`ot` g uo v`raga`rm p`ibcrm. @stg a`sgpgr`h` jçhbif`ot` hugoam `i p`ibcrm yg lg qu` pgsgam. @sgi uo `squ`fg gagptgtbvm y supmo`gav`rsgs uo f`hgobsfm a` sup`rvbv`ohbg y a` a`j`osg p`rfbt` boabvbaum r`spmoa`r got` sbtughbmo`s hmo rgpba`z y `jbhghbg. (0) ^mr mtrm igam ig jmkbg `s uo fb`am p`rsbst`ot`, pmhm r`gibstg ` bot`osm g uo `stæfuim `sp`hbjbhm qu` hmoauh` g `vbtgr pmr hmfpi`tm `i p`ibcrm p`rhbkbam. HPGA[ M ;. Fb`ams

@AGA >-:f`s`s 3-7; f`s`s 7 g÷m ; ‘ 0 g÷ms

: ‘ < g÷ms 2-7; g÷ms

bojgotbi`s omrfgtbvms `o juohbøo a` ig `aga s`côo Fmrrbs y Ergthlwbii (:)

XBQPGHBMO@X GQ@FM[B GQ@FM[BTGOQ@X TGOQ@X ^`rabag sôkbtg a` smpmrt` (kgs` a` sust`otghbøo), rubams ju`rt`s Fb`am g igs p`rsmogs `xtrg÷gs, fb`am g ims mkd`tms qu` surc`o sôkbtg ` bo`sp`rgagf`ot` X`pgrghbøo a` sus pgar`s, r`tr`t`, l`rbags, p`rsmogs p` rsmogs gd`ogs Fb`am prbohbpgif`ot` g rubams ju`rt`s hmfm `i prmauhbam pmr ig gspbrgam, sbr`ogs, sbr`ogs, gigrfgs, g ims gobfgi`s, g ig mshurbaga, mkd`tms m fgqubogs crgoa`s y hgfkbms `o `i `otmrom p`rsmogi. Q`fmr g ims s`r`s s`r`s smkr`ogturgi`s, fb`am g `stgr smim, g s`pgrgs` a` sus pgar`s, fb`ams kgsgams `o suh`sms gpgr`hbams `o ims f`abms a` hmfuobhghbøo Fb`am g ims `xçf`o`s `shmigr`s, r`oabfb`otm ghgaâfbhm, i`sbmo`s hmrpmrgi`s, gsp`htm jæsbhm, jæsbhm, fu`rt`, mshurbaga (`o uo pmrh`otgd` p`qu`÷m)

;.7.7. ;.7. 7. HG[GHQ@[BXQB HG[GHQ@[BXQBHGX HGX JBXBHGX A@I FB@AM Igs fgobj`stghbmo`s jbsbmiøcbhgs a`i fb`am s` ago `o `i ` i h`r`krm, `o `i sbst`fg iæfkbhm. Mhurr` pmrqu` `i h`r`krm `stç tmam `i tb`fpm `shgo`goam g trgvâs a` ims s`otbams tmam im qu` suh`a` gir`a`amr a` ig p`rsmog, bohiusm hugoam au`rf`. Xb `o gicôo fmf`otm a`t`htg uo p`ibcrm s` prmauh`o hgfkbms jæsbhms bof`abgtms qu` pu`a`o jgvmr`h`r `i `ojr`otgfb`otm, ig pgrçibsbs pg rçibsbs m ig lubag. @o `i hu`rpm s` fgobjb`stg a` ig sbcub`ot` fgo`rg4 `i hmrgzøo kmfk`g sgocr` g fgymr v`imhbaga pgrg pma`r ii`vgr lmrfmogs g igs hâiuigs `sp`hbgif`ot` ig gar`ogibog, guf`otg ig pr`sbøo, igs pupbigs s` abigtgo, tgqubhgrabg, suamrghbøo, t`fkimr`s, pârabag a`i hmotrmi smkr` ig hmoauhtg. (0)

7;  7; 

 

;.7.;. FB@AM A@OQGI BOJGOQBI Ims ob÷ms `xp`rbf`otgo fb`am y t`fmr hugoam vbsbtgo gi mamotøimcm, bfpbabâoami`s bohiusm amrfbr ig omhl` got`rbmr. @i fb`am a`otgi `o ob÷ms pu`a` fgobj`stgrs` `o jmrfgs abj`r`ot`s4 Krushg y `pbsøabhg, `o hrbsbs (trgstmrom a` pçobhm), p`rsbst`ot` m hmotboug, crgv` (trgstmrom a` gosb`aga c`o`rgibzgag) y trgs uo `strâs ba`otbjbhgki` (trgstmrom pmr `strâs pmstrgufçtbhm). (0) Ims "fb`ams gi mamotøimcm‖, `o bojgot`s s` puab`rmo `xpibhgr pmr fmtbvms sukd`tbvms, m kb`o pmr `xp`rb`ohbgs pr`vbgs qu` i` ago uo juoagf`otm mkd`tbvm gi t`fmr. ^mr im r`cuigr, `s fuy rgrm `ohmotrgr ob÷ms qu` i`s cust` br gi mamotøimcm m ob÷ms qu` om sb`otgo fb`am a` br. (0) Hgtgiç a`shrbkbø qu` `i fb`am a`otgi bojgotbi pu`a` hmot`fpigrs` a`sa` uog amki` p`rsp`htbvg4 `xøc`og y `oaøc`og. ^mr uo igam, hmfm r`ghhbøo jøkbhg gpr`oabag y hmoabhbmogag pmr uog `xp`rb`ohbg pr`vbg m gpr`oabzgd` smhbgi, g v`h`s, sbo ob sbqub`rg lgk`r pgsgam ouohg pmr ig hmosuitg a`i mamotøimcm y pmr mtrm a`kbam g ig r`spu`stg gabhbmogi g mtrms fb`ams `o `stgams t`oa`ot`s g pga`h`r a`søra`o`s psbhmiøcbhms. (0) Ei`bolguz y @ib r`pmrtgrmo qu` pgrg r`auhbr `i t`fmr pr`mp`rgtmrbm, `i pghb`ot` pmaæg s`r gyuagam hmo uo fâtmam a` boauhhbøo y gutmhmotrmi qu` i` p`rfbtbræg `stgr hmoshb`ot` y fgot`o`r `i hmotrmi aurgot` `i prmh`abfb`otm hiæobhm, imcrgoam hmo âxbtm `i trgtgfb`otm. (0) K`es, abh` qu` igs sbtughbmo`s fçs hmfuo`s qu` prmauh`o fgymr fb`am `o ims pghb`ot`s bojgotbi`s aurgot` ig hmosuitg, pmr im c`o`rgi smo4 @i rubam a` ig turkbog, mær gi pghb`ot` qu` `stç a`otrm a`i hmosuitmrbm qu`dgrs`, ig vbstg a` ims bostruf`otms hmo qu` im vgo g trgtgr, `sp`hbgif`ot` ig gcudg, ig `xtrghhbøo a` uo ab`ot`, `i rubam a`i hmfpr`smr, `i l`hlm a` v`r sgocr`, gkrbr ig kmhg pgrg s`r boy`htgam, v`r qu` boy`htgo g mtrm pghb`ot`, s`otgrs` `o `i sbiiøo a`otgi, `i mimr a` ims f`abhgf`otms, v`r gi mamotøimcm hmo ig kgtg kigohg, s`r gkgoamogam pmr ims pgar`s. (0) FhCubcgo `xpibhø qu` ims fmf`otms `o qu` ims pghb`ot`s s` `ojr`otgo g uog hbrucæg, `xçf`o`s bovgsbvms, tâhobhgs amimrmsgs y gôo `i prmh`sm a` go`st`sbg, ims hgrcg a` uo bof`osm t`fmr, `stgs hmostbtuy`o mpmrtuobaga`s `xh`i`ot`s pgrg mhupgrs` a` ig abf`osbøo `fmhbmogi a`i ob÷m g trgvâs a`i abçimcm pgrg gibvbgr ims fb`ams y gkmragr igs fmi`stbgs5 utbibzgoam a`sa` uog p`qu`÷g `strgt`cbg a` r`igdghbøo pr`vbg, lgstg `i sbfpi` l`hlm a` r`spmoa`r g sus pr`cuotgs, pu`a`o s`r l`rrgfb`otgs a` crgo utbibaga pgrg absfboubr `i gitm crgam a` pgvmr a` ims p`qu`÷ms. (0) Cgm \. (;>78) r`hmpbim vba`ms `o Rmutuk` s` `xpr`sgo igs mpbobmo`s a` ob÷ms, gami`sh`ot`s y lgstg a` pgar`s smkr` `i mrbc`o a` gosb`aga y jmkbg `o `i trgtgfb`otm a`otgi. Fuhlms hmf`otgrmo qu` sus fb`ams s` a`k`o g ims fgims fmagi`s a` ims prmj`sbmogi`s (mamotøimcm y gsbst`ot`) y gi pmhm `otr`ogfb`otm. (81) @i mamotmp`abgtrg a`k` s`r hgpgz a` r`hmomh`r `st` fb`am y mks`rvgr igs r`ghhbmo`s a`i ob÷m aurgot` `i trgtgfb`otm mamotmiøcbhm, igs r`ghhbmo`s jr`ot` gi fb`am pu`a`o s`r4 `i ob÷m gprb`tg sus fgoms, tb`o` ims pb`s hmotrgæams m sus mdms `stço krbiimsms. @stg `s uog s`÷gi a` gigrfg qu` boabhgræg ig pr`hgrb`aga a` ig sbtughbøo `fmhbmogi qu` pu`a` hmoauhbr g uo hgfkbm krushm `o uo fmf`otm bof`abgtm m ig bot`rruphbøo a`i trgtgfb`otm. @s fuy bfpmrtgot` hmomh`r `st` gsp`htm pgrg pma`r gyuagr gi pghb`ot`. 78   78

 

;.; GOXB@AGA

Ig gosb`aga `s uog r`ghhbøo gutmfçtbhg qu` tb`o`o igs p`rsmogs hmfm r`ghhbøo g igs sbtughbmo`s qu` s` i` pu`a` pr`s`otgr. (3)

;.;.7. HG[GHQ@[BXQBHGX A@ IG GOXB@AGA @stms hgfkbms jbsbmiøcbhms smo hmos`hu`ohbg a` ig ghtbvghbøo a`i sbst`fg o`rvbmsm, a`i sbst`fg `oamhrbom y a`i sbst`fg bofuomiøcbhm. Igs hgrght`ræstbhgs a` ig gosb`aga a`p`oa`o a` igs hgrght`ræstbhgs p`rsmogi`s a`i boabvbaum, igs vbv`ohbgs qu` lgyg t`obam, ig `auhghbøo y `i gfkb`ot` `o `i qu` s` vbv`. @otmoh`s ig gosb`aga pmo` `o fgrhlg f`hgobsfms jbsbmiøcbhms a` gi`rtg y a`j`osg. HPGA[ M 8. Xæotmfgs

OB×MX ^@WP@×MX

a` ig gosb`aga (,7;)

HGQ@CM[BG HMF^M[QGFB@OQM HMIGKM[GQBZM

HG[@OHBG A@ LGKBIBAGA HMM^@[GQBZG

HMIGKM[GAM[ ^MQ@OHBGI

A@XH[B^HBMO @stms ob÷ms tb`o`o fæobfg gpr`l`osbøo gi trgtgfb`otm a`otgi. [gzmogki`f`ot` r`igdgams. @stms ob÷ms su`i`o t`o`r uog ku`og r`ighbøo hmo `i mamotøimcm y `i `qubpm a`otgi. Fu`strgo bot`râs `o ims prmh`abfb`otms a`otgi`s y `i a`otbstg pu`a` trgkgdgr hmo `jbhb`ohbg y `jbhghbg. @st` crupm bohiuy` g ob÷ms qu` hgr`h`o a` ig hgpghbaga a` hmmp`rgr hmfm hmos`hu`ohbg a` su jgitg a` fgaur`z jæsbhg y/m f`otgi, a`kbam g ig `aga m uog hmoabhbøo `sp`hbgi. X` sukabvba` `o ams crupms. @i prbf`r sukcrupm bot`crg g ob÷ms `fmhbmogif`ot` bofgaurms a`kbam g ig `aga (f`omr`s a` ; g÷ms y f`abm). @stms ob÷ms pu`a`o r`pr`s`otgr uo prmki`fg bfpmrtgot` pmr hmfpmrtgfb`otm ob÷mssu’pr` hmmp`rgtb ’pr`  hmmp`rgtbvms‖. vms‖.  y s` r`jb`r` g `iims hmfm @i s`cuoam suk crupm bohiuy` g ob÷ms hmo gicôo crgam a` abshgpghbaga. Ig hgrght`ræstbhg `o `stms ob÷ms `s su prmki`fg 73   73

 

hmo `i hmfpmrtgfb`otm. @stms ob÷ms tb`o`o ig hgpghbaga a` r`gibzgr `i trgtgfb`otm hmmp`rgoam.  Gquæ s` a`k` lgh`r uo dubhbm hiæobhm hiæobhm pgrg fmabjbhgr `i hmfpmrtgfb`otm a`i ob÷m.

8.;.8. 8.;. 8. @XHGIG A@ HMF^M[QGFB@OQM X@CÔO HGXQBIIM Ptbibzgag `o ig Jghuitga a` @stmfgtmimcæg a` ig P^HL. (7)   ^ghb`ot` hm hmmp`rgamr mp`rgamr qu` pu`a` s`r gt`oabam `o hmoabhbmo`s hmo hmov`ohbmogi`s. v`ohbmogi`s. Xbo `fkgrcm lgy uog vgrbghbøo a`i hmfpmrtgfb`otm bobhbgi, gicuoms pghb`ot`s tb`o`o uog hmoauhtg om hmmp`rgamrg `o su prbf`rg `xp`rb`ohbg5 sbo `fkgrcm smo hmmp`rgamr`s pmt`ohbgi`s qu` hmo uo ku`o fgo`dm s` hmovb`rt`o `o pghb`ot`s r`h`ptbvms.

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JBCP[ G ;. ^ghb`ot` r`h`ptbvm (7)

  ^ghb`ot` om r`h`ptbvm4 ^ghb`ot` qu` pr pr`s`otg `s`otg hhmfpmrtgfb`otms mfpmrtgfb`otms `x `xgc`rgams gc`rgams hmfm hmfm rr`k`iaæg, `k`iaæg, lbp`rghtbvbaga, t`fmr y gosb`aga, `i hugi r`qub`r` s`r gt`oabam kgdm hmoabhbmo`s y tâhobhgs `sp`hbgi`s.

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  ^ghb`ot` jæ jæsbhgf`ot` sbhgf`ot` bfp`abam4 Qmam pghb`ot` hm hmo o uo bfp`abf`otm jæsbhm, smra`rg, h`cu`rg, fmtrbhbaga git`rgag, fua`z, `th.

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  ^ghb`ot` jæ jæsbhg sbhg y f`otgif`ot` bfp`abam4 ^ghb`ot` `o `i qu` su a`sgrrmiim psbhmiøcbhm hmfm f`otgi y hm`jbhb`ot` a` bot`ibc`ohbg `stço absfboubams lgstg gihgozgr `o ims fçs crgv`s `i r`tgram f`otgi s`v`rm.



JBCP[ G 8.

^ghb`ot` jæsbhg y f`otgif`ot` bfp`abam

7)

HGQ@CM[BG HMM^@[GAM[ HMM^@[GAM[ BOQ@OXM

A@XH[B^HBMO

ABXHG^GHBQGAM

[`igdgam y `fmhbmogif`ot`. Hmmp`rg hmojæsbhm ims prmh`abfb`otms a`otgi`s. Q`osm jæsbhg y `fmhbmogif`ot`. Hmmp`rg hmo ims prmh`abfb`otms a`otgi`s. @vbtg `i trgtgfb`otm a`otgi, s` `s `shmoa` hmoa` a`trçs a` ims pgar`s. @vbtg fbrgr m lgkigr hmo `i a`otbstg. [`qub`r` crgo gpmym pgrg sup`rgr `i t`fmr gi trgtgfb`otm a`otgi. Mpmo` r`sbst`ohbg pgsbvg pgrg `vbtgr `i trgtgfb`otm a`otgi, got`rbmrf`ot` hmos`cubam. [`spmoa`o hmo crgo gcbtghbøo, f`abgot` crbtms, pgtgags y/m iimrgoam. Ob÷ms hmo o`h`sbaga`s `sp`hbgi`s.

@FMHBMOGIF@OQ@ BOFGAP[M

Ob÷ms f`omr`s a` 8 g÷ms.

 G^[@L@OXBZM FB@AMXM Q@F@[MXM M A@XGJBGOQ@ LB^@[@FMQBZM

72   72

 

8.;.0. X@CÔO GH@^QGHBMO GI Q[GQGFB@OQM A@OQGI @. X@CÔO [PA R EBXIBOC @o `i g÷m 7238, [ua y Ebsiboc hr`grmo uog `shgig pgrg vgimrgr igs r`ghhbmo`s a`i ob÷m `o ig hmosuitg mamotmiøcbhg y s` kgsgrmo `o ig ghtbvbaga v`rkgi, t`osbøo fushuigr y ig `xpr`sbøo mhuigr. @iims pr`s`otgrmo ims sbcub`ot`s pgrçf`trms (78)4   Crgam 8. Gh`ptghbøo pmsb pmsbtbvg4 tbvg4 s` hgrght`rbzg prbohbpgif`ot` pmr ig pr`s`ohbg a` vmiuotga y a` r`gibzgr pr`cuotgs, su `xpr`sbøo hmrpmrgi `s r`igdgag, usugif`ot` hmo ims krgzms gpmygams `o `i sbiiøo a`otgi, sus rgscms jghbgi`s `stço ibkr`s a` gosb`aga m fb`am, sus mdms smo krbiigot`s, trgoqubims y føvbi`s.



  Crgam ;. Gh`ptghb Gh`ptghbøo øo boabj`r`ot`4 s` hgrght`rbzg prbohbpgif`ot` pmr hmov`rsghbmo`s y pr`cuotgs auamsgs m `xpr`sgags rçpbagf`ot`, sus fmvbfb`otms r`ji`dgo hgut`ig, s` mks`rvg a`shmoh`otrghbøo. Ig `xpr`sbøo mhuigr `s boabj`r`ot`, sbo `fkgrcm su `xpr`sbøo hmrpmrgi `s r`igdgag.



  Crgam 7. Gh`ptghbøo hhmo mo a`scgog4 prbohbpgif`ot` s` mks`rvg a`scgom `o `i ob÷m, abjbhuitga abjbhuitga pgrg bobhbgr uog hmov`rsghbøo, prmt`stgs vgcgs ` bot`râs pmhm `vba`ot`. Ig pmsbhbøo hmrpmrgi `s `vba`ot`f`ot` pmhm r`igdgag, hmostgot`f`ot` pgrpga`g m jruoh` `i h`÷m.



  Crgam >. Om gh`ptghbøo4 prb prbohbpgif`ot` ohbpgif`ot` lgy pr`s`ohbg a` prmt`stgs v`rkgi`s y jæsbhgs g ga`fçs a`fçs a` iigotm

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J. X@CÔO Z@OLGF @o 7232, Z`olgf abs`÷ø uog `shgig pgrg ig vgimrghbøo a` ig hmigkmrghbøo gfpibgoam `i oôf`rm a` hmoauhtgs g t`o`r `o hu`otg4(78)   @shgig >, `i ob÷m `s smorb`ot`, hmov`rsgamr, fu`strg `i hmfpmrtg hmfpmrtgfb`otm fb`otm a`s`gam pmr `i a`otbstg a` fgo`rg `spmotço`g m hugoam s` i` pba` im qu` c`o`rg jghbibaga pgrg r`gibzgr `i trgtgfb`otm a`otgi.





  @shgig 7, prbohbpgif`ot` `i ob÷m s` pr`s`otg bos`curm, boqub`tm aurgot` ims prmh`abfb`otms prmh`abfb`otms ga`fçs prmt`stg kr`v`f`ot` y a`fu`strg bohmfmabaga, su `xpr`sbøo jghbgi `s t`osg. Psugif`ot` gcugotg ig r`spbrghbøo `o s`÷gi a` gosb`aga, sbo `fkgrcm hmmp`rg aurgot` `i

trgtgfb`otm.   @shgig ;, s` fgobjb`stg iig g t`osbøo usugif`ot` `o ig vmz, igs pr`cuotgs y igs r`spu`stgs qu qu` ` krboag r`ji`dgo gosb`aga. Aurgot` prmh`abfb`otms amimrmsms s` prmauh`o r`spu`stgs v`rkgi`s, iimrm sbcbimsm, t`osbøo `o igs fgoms y fmvbfb`otms a` igs f fgoms goms sbo bot`rj`rbr `o `i trgtgfb`otm.



  @shgig 8, s` hgrght`rb hgrght`rbzg zg prbohbpgif`ot` pmr ig a`scgog gi gh`ptgr `i trgtgfb`otm a`otgi a`otgi,, lgy abjbhuitga pgrg smpmrtgr `i fb`am, guf`otgo igs prmt`stgs v`rkgi`s y iimrg iimrg



gkb`rtgf`ot`, usg igs fgoms pgrg bot`rj`rbr hmo `i prmh`abfb`otm, usugif`ot` `i trgtgfb`otm s` r`gibzg hmo abjbhuitga. g gosb gosb`aga `aga ig qu` bbot`rjb`r` ot`rjb`r` hmo `i trgtgfb`otm, `i iigotm `s   @shgig 1, prbohbpgif`ot` `s iig c`o`rgibzgam y a`jbobtbvgf`ot` om hmigkmrg hmo `i trgtgfb`otm, prmauh` crgo fmvbfb`otm ;>   ;>

 

hmrpmrgi pmr im qu` g v`h`s `s o`h`sgrbm hmotrmi jæsbhm, sbo `fkgrcm tmagvæg s` pu`a` `stgki`h`r uog hmfuobhghbøo.   @shgig 0, `i ob÷m s` `ohu`otrg ju`rg a` hmotghtm hmo ig r`gibaga a` ig gf`ogzg, `i iigotm iigotm `s `strgfkøtbhm, lgy pr`s`ohbg a` crbtms y fgobj`stghbmo`s hmrpmrgi`s hmfm `i suamr. Om `shuhlg y qub`r` `shgpgr hmostgot`f`ot` pmr im qu` `s o`h`sgrbm gicôo tbpm a` hmotrmi jæsbhm pgrg hmotrmigr sus fmvbfb`otms.



8.8 OB×MX OM HMIGKM[GAM[@X @o ig ghtugibaga ims ob÷ms `stço `xpu`stms g uo `otmrom amoa` ig abstrghhbøo s` hmosbcu` g trgvâs a` ig t`homimcæg, gbsiçoamims a`i du`cm hmo `i r`stm a` hmfpg÷`rms y ig gt`ohbøo a` ims pgar`s `s fæobfg yg qu` ims pgar`s glmrg a`abhgo fçs tb`fpm gi trgkgdm, im qu` lgh` c`o`rgr huipgkbibaga `o ig r`ighbøo hmo su lbdm. Xbo mivbagr qu` su p`rbmam a` `shmigrbzghbøo `fpb`zg got`s a` tb`fpm y pmr im tgotm tgfkbâo lgy uog r`auhhbøo `o `i tb`fpm `otr` pgar`s ` lbdms5 y `fpb`zgs g bojiu`ohbgr tgfkbâo `o ig vbag a`i ob÷m ims gsp`htms g sp`htms smhbgi`s. Po ob÷m hmo gicuog `oj`rf`aga hrøobhg pu`a` pr`s`otgr prmki`fgs fuy s`rbms `o ig hmoauhtg yg qu` ims pgar`s pr`fbgo sus ghhbmo`s a` uog fgo`rg om hml`r`ot`. Ims ob÷ms o`h`sbtgo iæfbt`s, r`cigs y r`spu`stgs iøcbhgs g sus ghtbtua`s. @s omrfgi `ohmotrgr ob÷ms hmo prmki`fgs a` hmigkmrghbøo `o sus hbtgs a`otgi`s. (78) Ims ob÷ms hmo gv`rsbøo g ig gutmrbaga smo pghb`ot`s hmos`otbams, bohmrr`cbki`s, smkr`prmt`cbams y r`k`ia`s. I`s hu`stg fuhlm mk`a`h`r. @stg om hmigkmrghbøo tgfkbâo s` pu`a` agr pmrqu` lgy ob÷ms qu` fu`strgo uog hmoauhtg gpr`oabag, QALG, ob÷ms fgitrgtgams. (78) @otmoh`s f`abgot` `i usm a` hugiqub`rg a` `stgs higsbjbhghbmo`s `i prmj`sbmogi pu`a` vgimrgr hgag pghb`ot`, y gsæ prbf`rm `ojmhgrs` `o `vgiugr ig hmoauhtg a`i pghb`ot` aurgot` au rgot` ig prbf`rg vbsbtg y iu`cm `ojmhgrs` `o ig hmmp`rghbøo `o igs sbcub`ot`s vbsbtgs. Ig prbf`rg vbsbtg `s fuy bfpmrtgot` yg qu` ig gh`ptghbøo a`i ob÷m a`p`oa` abr`htgf`ot` a` `stg, pmr `iim `s o`h`sgrbm bov`rtbr `i tb`fpm sujbhb`ot` `o `iig, y p`rfbtbr a` `stg fgo`rg qu` `i ob÷m s` gagpt` a` fgo`rg crgaugi g ig ou`vg sbtughbøo qu` `ojr`otg.

8.1 ZG[BGKI@X WP@ BOJIPR@O @O IG HMOAPHQG A@I OB×M @O IG GQ@OHBMO MAMOQMIMCBHG

@o `i a`sgrrmiim psbhmiøcbhm lgy uo p`rfgo`ot` du`cm `otr` ig l`r`ohbg y `i gfkb`ot`, `st` ôitbfm `s a` hmfpi`dg y vgrbgag ogturgi`zg y `xpibhg ig abv`rsbaga a` ig p`rsmog r`suitgot`. (7)

Ig bot`rghhbøo a` jghtmr`s ogturgi`s y a` gfkb`otgi`s ag hmfm r`suitgam `i hmfpmrtgfb`otm y p`rsmogibaga a`i ob÷m.

JBCP[ G 0.

Qrbgag mamotøimcm-ob÷m-pgar` ;7   ;7

 

XMHB@AGA

G. BOJIP@OHBG A@ IMX ^GA[@X @o `i a`sgrrmiim psbhmiøcbhm gfkms pgar`s du`cgo uo bfpmrtgot` rmi, sbo `fkgrcm c`o`rgif`ot` `s ig fgar` qub`o `d`rh` fçs bojiu`ohbg, a`kbam gi fgymr hmotghtm qu` tb`o` hmo `iims. (7) sbo `fkgrcm `i pgp`i qu` du`cg ig fgar`, pu`a` s`r a` amki` `j`htm. Pogs v`h`s sbrv` a` crgo gyuag pmr su hmfpr`osbøo hmo `i prmj`sbmogi y `o `st` hgsm, su pmsbhbøo `o `stg trægag4 mamotøimcm-pghb`ot`fgar`, `s pmsbtbvg. mtrgs v`h`s su pmsbhbøo `s o`cgtbvg y fçs mkstghuibzg ku`o a` su ob÷m. @st` tbpm^`rm a` fgar`s fg ar`s s` iigfgo ’fgar`s prmki`fg‖, qu` kb`o r`suitg sb`oam g uo v`h`s `ofgo`dm fgymr oôf`rm y hmfpi`dbaga a` fgo`dm. (71). Kgufrboa (7238) hbtgam pmr [gfær`z F., bov`stbcø `stbims `auhgtbvms a` ims pgar`s, `ohmotrgoam hugtrm hgrght`ræstbhgs prbohbpgi`s a` prçhtbhgs `auhgtbvgs, a`jbobags hmfm gutmrbtgrbm, p`rfbsbvm, a`fmhrçtbhm y a` o`cibc`ohbg-r`hlgzm. @o `stms pgtrmo`s a` `auhghbøo, ims pgar`s s` fu`strgo abj`r`ot`s uoms a` mtrms. Bcugif`ot`, `i crgam a` hmfuobhghbøo p`rfbt` `stgki`h`r igs abj`r`ohbgs `otr` ims abstbotms tbpms a` pgar`s. ’[`sp`htm gi crgam a` hmotrmi, `xbst`o pgar`s qu` `d`rh`o fuhlm hmotrmi smkr` sus lbdms bo t`otgoam bojiubr smkr` `i hmfpmrtgfb`otm a`i ob÷m pgrg bohuihgr a`t`rfbogams `stçoagr`s‖. @o hugotm g ig hmfuobhghbøo pgar`s ` lbdms, pma`fms `ohmotrgr pgar`s gitgf`ot` hmfuobhgtbvms, m a` kgdms obv`i`s a` hmfuobhghbøo5 ims pgar`s hmfuobhgtbvms utbibzgo `i rgzmogfb`otm, tb`o`o `o hu`otg ig mpbobøo a` sus lbdms, ims gobfgo g `xpr`sgrs`, `shuhlgo rgzmo`s5 im hmotrgrbm, s` mks`rvg `o gqu`iims hmo kgdms obv`i`s a` hmfuobhghbøo, smo pgar`s qu` om gkmrago ims prmki`fgs hmo sus lbdms, om `xpibhgo igs r`cigs a` hmfpmrtgfb`otm. (70)   @stbim gutmrbtgrbm. Xmo pgar`s gutmrb gutmrbtgrbms, tgrbms, gpib gpibhgo hgo omrfgs `strbhtgs y utbibz utbibzgo go `i hgstbcm hugoam `i ob÷m tb`o` fgig hmoauhtg, om hmotrbkuy`o gi abçimcm, hmoh`a`o bfpmrtgohbg bfpm rtgohbg g ig mk`ab`ohbg y g igs f`abags abshbpibogrbgs y ig hmfuobhghbøo hm fuobhghbøo pgar` ` lbdm `s `shgsg.



  @stbim a`fmhrçtbhm. Xmo pgar`s qu` a`fu`strg a`fu`strgo o gj`htm, tb`o`o uog hmfuobhghbøo sbcobjbhgtbvg hmo sus lbdms, `vbtgo `i hgstbcm, smo gj`htumsms, om smo boauic`ot`s, sbom qu` abrbc`o, pigot`go `xbc`ohbgs ` boa`p`oa`ohbg, fgrhgo iæfbt`s, mrb`otgo y `shuhlgo igs ba`gs a` sus lbdms pgrg ii`cgr g uo ghu`ram hmo `iims.   @stbim p`rfbsb p`rfbsbvm. vm. Xmo pgar`s hmo uo gitm obv`i a` hmfuobhghbøo, mjr`h`o gj`htm g sus lbdms, gh`ptgo hmoauhtgs y ghtbtua`s om hmrr`htgs, rgzmogo, a`dgo lgh`r, om `xbc`o mra`o, ob omrfgs, p`rm om hmotrmigo g sus s us lbdms y om utbibzgo `i hgstbcm. 

;;   ;;

 

FghHmky & Fgrtbo (72 fboutms, yg qu` su gt`ohbøo absfbouy` pgsgam `st` tb`fpm5 p`rab`oam su hgpghbaga a` hmigkmrghbøo. X` a`k`o lgh`r pgusgs. crgam`aga. a` @s gt`ohbøo `o vbsbtgs igrcgs, pu`a` a` ig p`rsmogibaga a`i ob÷m qu` a`i@ijghtmr bfpmrtgot` qu` `i trgtgfb`otm s`g a`p`oa`r im fçs rçpbam rçp fçs bam pmsbki`. (7:) Tglrg D. (;>773), r`gibzm uo `stuabm amoa` `vgiuø sb ig v`stbf`otg `rg uo gsp`htm bfpmrtgot` pgrg ims ob÷ms y ims pgar`s y hmohiuym qu` ig v`stbf`otg bojiuy` `o `i væohuim `otr` `i mamotmp`abgtrg y su lbdm/g5 y `i ` i hmfpmrtgfb`otm a`i ob÷m/g `o `i hmosuitmrbm. hmo suitmrbm. (82)

E. @J@HQM A@I GFKB@OQ@ JÆXBHM R GQFMXJ@[G @s uo `spghbm abs`÷gam `sp`hbgif`ot` pgrg ob÷ms, om o`h`sgrbgf`ot` a`k` s`r iudmsm, p`rm sæ, sushbtgr hmfmabaga y mra`o. Ig sgig a` `sp`rg hmostbtuy` uo `i`f`otm a` crgo bfpmrtgohbg, giiæ, ims pgar`s y `i ob÷m tb`o`o `i prbf`r hmotghtm y pu`a` s`r a` crgo gyuag, abspmo`r a` ghtbvbaga`s pgrg ig abstrghhbøo a` gfkms, hmfm ig i`hturg, ig fôsbhg, ims du`cms m vba`ms, qu` p`rfbtgo, s`otbrs` `o grfmoæg, got`s a` bocr`sgr g ig hmosuitg (70). JBCP[ G :. Çr`g

pgrg ghtbvbaga`s y fgt`rbgi abaçhtbhm `o ig sgig a` `sp`rg (73)

;:   ;:

 

@s bfpmrtgot` s`÷gigr qu` ims pghb`ot`s gosbmsms om a`k`o `sp`rgr a`fgsbgam, a` fmam qu` t`ocgo f`oms tb`fpm pgrg gksmrk`r bo`xp`rb`ohbgs o`cgtbvgs5 ims tb`fpms a` `sp`rg gabhbmogif`ot` fçs igrcms i`s ago tb`fpm pgrg r`hmragr `stæfuims gf`ogzgot`s. Po `otmrom a`otgi s`osmrbgif`ot` gagptgam tgfkbâo pmaræg s`r `jbhgz pgrg r`auhbr ig gosb`aga ` boauhbr ig r`igdghbøo. @i hmoh`ptm a`i `otmrom Xom`z`i`o tb`o` hmfm mkd`tbvm `stbfuigr ims s`otbams prbfgrbms hmfm ig vbstg, `i tghtm y `i mijgtm, duotm hmo ig t`rgpbg h`otrgag `o `i pghb`ot`. Ims fu`ki`s smo ims qu` jghbibtgrgo `i r`oabfb`otm y trgkgdm a` ims mamotmp`abgtrgs y a`k`rço s`r gagptgams g igs o`h`sbaga`s, gi tbpm a` trgkgdm, o`h`sbaga y juohbøo. JBCP[ G 3. Xbiimo`s a`otgi`s p`abçtrbhms (73)

Ig mkstruhhbøo a` smobams `s uog fmagibaga bfpi`f`otgag `o ig ou`vg grqubt`hturg, oms p`rfbt` gbsigr ims smobams `xt`roms, p`rfbtb`oam ig hmoh`otrghbøo `o `i bot`rbmr, y gsæ p`rhbkbr ôobhgf`ot` `i fmf`otm a` ig ghtbvbaga hiæobhg m `auhgtbvg. `au hgtbvg. (73) ;3   ;3

 

Ig botrmauhhbøo a` gcrgagki`s mimr`s `o `i `otmrom a`otgi tgfkbâo pu`a` gyuagr g r`auhbr ig gosb`aga gi `ofgshgrgr `i mimr g `uc`omi y ims pmsbki`s `j`htms gosbmiætbhms a` ims mimr`s `o sæ. @i mimr pu`a` a`s`ohga`ogr uog s`rb` a` `fmhbmo`s y pu`a` hmoabhbmogr g uo pghb`ot` o`cgtbvgf`ot` lghbg `i trgtgfb`otm a`otgi. Ims `spghbms a`k`o t`o`r ku`og biufboghbøo, `stg gyuag g ig p`rh`phbøo a` ims hmimr`s. Ims hmimr`s r`sgitgo `i gsp`htm a` igs çr`gs y a`k`o s`r usgams a` ghu`ram g su ghtbvbaga. (73)

^XBHMIMCBG A@ IMX HMIM[@X Ims hmimr`s tb`o`o igs hgrght`ræstbhgs a` bojiu`ohbgr y hgusgr `j`htm `o igs `fmhbmo`s, gsæ hmfm `o ig r`spu`stg hmoauhtugi a`i s`r lufgom y sucb`r` br fmia`goam y fmabjbhgoam hgrght`ræstbhgs qu` s` utbibzgrægo `o ig t`rgpâutbhg y s`rvbhbms `o c`o`rgi. (73) @o ig ru`ag a` igs `fmhbmo`s s`côo ^iuthlbe, prmj`smr y psbhøimcm hgt`cmrbzg hmimr`s y `fmhbmo`s, r`pr`s`otg uog `fmhbøo y `qubibkrbm, hmfkbogoam igs prmpb`aga`s fmomhrmfçtbhgs hmo ims abj`r`ot`s

fgtbh`s, hmo igs < `fmhbmo`s kçsbhgs. JBCP[ G

 

HG^BQPIM Z QÂHOBHGX A@ FGO@DM A@I HMF^M[QG HMF^M[QGFB@OQM FB@OQM @O MAMOQM^@ABGQ[ÆG X`côo ig Ghga`fbg Gf`rbhgog a` Mamotmimcæg ^`abçtrbhg ig cuæg a` hmoauhtg `s uo prmh`sm hmotboum `o `i qu` bot`rghtôgo `i mamotøimcm, `i `qubpm a`otgi, `i pghb`ot` y ims pgar`s abrbcbag g trgvâs a` ig hmfuobhghbøo y ig `auhghbøo, usgoam tâhobhgs5 qu` tb`o`o hmfm mkd`tbvm gibvbgr `i fb`am y ig gosb`aga, f`dmrgr igs lgkbibaga`s a` gjrmotgfb`otm a`i ob÷m, imcrgr ig hmfpi`tg abspmsbhbøo y gh`ptghbøo bot`crgi a` ig gt`ohbøo a`otgi. ^grg mkt`o`r ig hmigkmrghbøo a` uo ob÷m `i mamotøimcm a`k` `stgki`h`r uog ga`hugag `fpgtæg y `fpi`gr uog cuæg a` ig hmoauhtg qu` p`rfbtg r`gibzgr uo trgtgfb`otm `j`htbvm y `jbhb`ot`, ` bostgigr `o `i ob÷m uog ghtbtua pmsbtbvg lghbg ig mamotmimcæg. (7)

g. HMFPOB HMFPOBHGHBØO HGHBØO HMO IMX OB×MX/ I@OCP I@OCPGD@ GD@ ^@ABG ^@ABGQ[BHM Q[BHM @stms puotms smo cuægs, om smo r`cigs boji`xbki`s, pmrqu` `o `i fuoam a` ig mamotmp`abgtrbg uom sb`fpr` a`k` `stgr pr`pgrgam pgrg bfprmvbsgr. Hmo ims ob÷ms fçs p`qu`÷ms `s f`dmr bobhbgr ig hmov`rsghbøo hmo `imcbms, s`cubam a` pr`cuotg s qu` boauzhgo g uog r`spu`stg abj`r`ot` g ’sb‖ m ’om‖. Rg gi `fp`zgr `i trgtgfb`otm, ig hmfuobhghbøo a`k` mhurrbr a` smim uog ju`ot` (^mr @d. Xb `i ob÷m `shuhlg øra`o`s a` ig gsbst`ot` y a`i mamotøimcm, `st` s` hmojuoabrç). (7;) @i mamotøimcm a`k` ghmstufkrgrs` g usgr `o ob÷ms uo i`ocugd` p`abçtrbhm qu` pu`ag `ot`oa`rs` y sustbtubr `xpr`sbmo`s fma`rgags m `uj`fbsfms. ^grg `vbtgr fmf`otms gosbmsms `o `i ob÷m pmr abhlgs pgigkrgs. (78) @s` i`ocugd` a`k` `xpibhgr igs hmsgs sbo `ocg÷gr m f`otbr hmo igs `xpibhghbmo`s. @o c`o`rgi s` lgkig sb`fpr` gi obv`i a`i ob÷m m ibc`rgf`ot` sup`rbmr, p`rm om s` a`k` `xt`oa`r `o ig `xpibhghbøo, yg qu` bohr`f`otg ig gosb`aga. (87,8;)

@o hgsm a` ob÷ms fçs gp`qu`÷ms s` a`k` g÷gabr gicm g ig hmov`rsghbøo. @stgr sb`fpr` `shuhlçoamim y gt`otm sus pr`cuotgr y p`rfbtbri` qu` a` igsjgotgsæg lgcg y r`spmoa`r a` uog fgo`rg qu` om r`trgs`o `i prmh`abfb`otm. Ou`strgs bostruhhbmo`s a`k`o s`r higrgs, hmohr`tgs, rgzmogki`s, a`spghbm y hmo uo tmom a` vmz kgdm qu` hgpt` su gt`ohbøo. HPGA[ M %) pr`j`rbrægo ig go`st`sbg c`o`rgi smkr` hugiqub`rg a` igs tâhobhgs a` hmotrmi ghtbvm m pgsbvm, fgom smkr` kmhg y hmotrmi a` vmz. (8. @xh`phbøo a` tâhobhg a`hbr-fmstrgr-lgh`r. Kgdm obocuog hbrhuostgohbg h brhuostgohbg s` a`k`o fmstrgr

gi pghb`ot` gcudgs m bostruf`otms puozmhmrtgot`s qu` pu`ago mhgsbmogr qu` `i ob÷m pb`rag `i hmotrmi a` su hmoauhtg.

Zbslwgegrfg gp. (;>73), `o su `stuabm hmfpgrm ig tâhobhg p`rsmogibzgag t`ii -pigy-am (Q^A) hmo fma`igam `o vbvm pgrg `i fgo`dm a`i hmfpmrtgfb`otm a` ims ob÷ms. G hgag crupm s` i` r`gibzm iu`cm 80  80 

 

uog prmjbigxbs y a`spuâs a` 3 abgs uo trgtgfb`otm r`stgurgamr. X` `vgiugrmo ig jr`hu`ohbg hgraæghg, ig `shgig a` bfgc`o jghbgi (JBX) y `i æoabh` Z`olgf5 s` usgrmo got`s a` ig bot`rv`ohbøo, a`spuâs a` ig bot`rv`ohbøo y aurgot` `i prmh`abfb`otm a`otgi pgrg hugotbjbhgr `i hmfpmrtgfb`otm gosbmsm. Gi jbogi s` hmohiuyø qu` ims prmf`abms a` puism, JBX y Z`olgf ju`rmo sbcobjbhgtbvgf`ot` fçs kgdms `otr` ims ob÷ms qu` r`hbkb`rmo ig bot`rv`ohbøo Q^A `o hmfpgrghbøo hmo ims qu` r`hbkb`rmo bot`rv`ohbøo a` fma`igam `o vbvm. Q^A pmaræg s`r uog tâhobhg git`rogtbvg a` fmabjbhghbøo a`i hmfpmrtgfb`otm aurgot` ig mamotmimcæg p`abçtrbhg. (8:) JBCP[ G 77. Qâhobhg fma`igam vs tâhobhg Q^A (8:)

g.;. ABXQ[GHHBØO Ig tâhobhg hmosbst` `o a`svbgr ig gt`ohbøo a`i pghb`ot` a` im qu` pu`a` p`rhbkbrs` hmfm uo prmh`abfb`otm bohøfmam. ^grg `stm s` pu`a` usgr abv`rsms f`abms5 uom a` `iims pu`a` s`r `i agr gi pghb`ot` uo p`qu`÷m a`shgosm aurgot` uo prmh`abfb`otm `str`sgot`, m tgfkbâo qu` t`ocg ig pmsbkbibaga a` `shuhlgr uo hu`otm, v`r uog p`iæhuig m `shuhlgr fôsbhg aurgot` `i trgtgfb`otm. (87,8;) @i mkd`tbvm hmosbst` `o absfboubr ig p`rh`phbøo a` a`sgcrgam y `vbtgr uo hmfpmrtgfb`otm o`cgtbvm. @stg tâhobhg s` pu`a` utbibzgr `o hugiqub`r pghb`ot`, ga`fçs om pr`s`otg hmotrgboabhghbmo`s. (0)

g.8. @XHG^@ HMOQBOC@OQ@ X` kushg qu` `i pghb`ot` t`ocg `i hmotrmi a` ig sbtughbøo, a` fmam qu` hmo uog boabhghbøo suyg, pmr `d`fpim gi i`vgotgr ig fgom, s` bot`rrufpg t`fpmrgif`ot` `i trgtgfb`otm. A`k` ga`fçs usgrs` hmo uo hmoabhbmogfb`otm, pmr `d`fpim, qu` `i Mamotøimcm a`t`ocg `i trgtgfb`otm sb`fpr` y hugoam `i hmfpmrtgfb`otm s`g gprmpbgam. @i mkd`tbvm `s kushg fmabjbhgr uo hmfpmrtgfb`otm absruptbvm, f`abgot` `i hmoabhbmogfb`otm y `i gutmhmotrmi a`i pghb`ot`. (0) g.1. QB@F^M R JP@[G @s uog vgrbghbøo a`i r`ju`rzm o`cgtbvm, pgrg pghb`ot`s a` fgymr `aga. Hmosbst` `o susp`oa`r t`fpmrgif`ot` `i trgtgfb`otm, a`otrm a` ig fbsfg hbtg, m agrig pmr t`rfbogag y p`abri`s gi pghb`ot` y g sus pgar`s qu` r`cr`s`o hugoam `stâ pr`pgrgam pgrg hmmp`rgr, @stg tâhobhg smim a`k` utbibzgrs` `o `stgs sbtughbmo`s.(0)

8:   8:

 

K. Q@HOBHGX HMFPOBHGQBZGX A@ FMABJBHGHBMO FMABJBHGHBMO A@ IG HMOAPHQG

k.7. A@X@OXBKBIB A@X@OXBKBIBTGHBØO TGHBØO @s uog tâhobhg pgrg absfboubr a`t`rfbogams fb`ams gpr`oabams m r`ghhbmo`s jøkbhgs `o pghb`ot`s hmo m sbo `xp`rb`ohbgs a`otgi`s got`rbmr`s. Ims ob÷ms pb`ra`o suh`sbvgf`ot` `i fb`am, absfbouy` su gosb`aga y guf`otgo su hmmp`rghbøo, g f`abag qu` suh`a`o igs vbsbtgs gi hmosuitmrbm a`otgi. ^grg `iim, s` a`k` `stgki`h`r uo mra`o `o ims abstbotms prmh`abfb`otms g r`gibzgr y gsæ botrmauhbr gi ob÷m prbf`rm g igs jgs`s a` trgtgfb`otm gsmhbgam hmo obv`i`s a` gosb`aga kgdms, pgsgoam fçs ga`igot` g igs jgs`s fçs hmfpi`dgs a`i trgtgfb`otm. @i ob÷m a`k` ii`cgr g uo `ot`oabfb`otm a` qu` gicuoms `v`otms smo a` l`hlm kgstgot`s sbfpi`s. @i prmv``amr a`k` r` hibfgtbzgr igs bot`rv`ohbmo`s a` fgo`rg crgaugi. Ig hmfuobhghbøo y igs gprmxbfghbmo`s suh`sbvgs smo fçs ôtbi`s pgrg `st` prmpøsbtm.(78,7:)

k.;. FMA@IGFB FMA@IGFB@OQM @OQM Ig tâhobhg hmosbst` `o p`rfbtbr qu` `i pghb`ot` mks`rv` `i hmfpmrtgfb`otm gprmpbgam qu` s` `sp`rg a` âi. @stm s` imcrg `fpi`goam fma`ims, qu` smo smf`tbams g hbrhuostgohbgs sbfbigr`s g igs qu` lg a` `xp`rbf`otgr `i pghb`ot`. ^u`a` lgh`rs` `o vbvm m pmr f`abm a` vba`ms. (0) @i fma`igfb`otm `o ig hmosuitg mamotmiøcbhg sbrv` pgrg (8>)4 -

@stbfuigr ig gaqubsbhbøo a` ou`vgs hmoauhtgs. Jghbibtgr hmoauhtgs qu` yg `xbst`o `o `i pghb`ot` a` uog jmrfg boga`hugag. A`sbolbkbr hmoauhtgs `vbtgags g hgusg a`i t`fmr. Xuprbfbr t`fmr`s. J BCP[G 7;. Qâhobhg a` fma`igfb`otm

^grygk F. (;>71), @i mkd`tbvm a` `st` `stuabm ju` `vgiugr `i `j`htm a`i fma`igam jbifgam `o hmfpgrghbøo hmo ig tâhobhg Q`ii-Xlmw-Am (QXA) `o ob÷ms a` 1 g : g÷ms aurgot` ig prçhtbhg a`otgi. X` fbabø `i æoabh` a` jr`hu`ohbg hgraæghg y s` r`cbstrgrmo ims hmfpmrtgfb`otms a` ims ob÷ms. Om lukm abj`r`ohbgs sbcobjbhgtbvgs `o pu`a` igs f`abags ig jr`hu`ohbg hiæobhg `o ims`stgaæstbhgf`ot` ams crupms. @i fma`igam jbifgam s`r uo a` fâtmam git`rogtbvmhgraæghg, `jbhb`ot` ig g iggosb`aga tâhobhg Q`ii-Xlmw-Am `o ig pr`pgrghbøo pr`vbg g ig hbtg a` ims ob÷ms a` 1 g : g÷ms a` `aga aurgot` `i trgtgfb`otm a`otgi.(83)

k.8. [@JP@[TM   [@JP@[TM ^MXBQBZM

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83   83

 

X` pr`s`otg uo `stæfuim gcrgagki` pgrg prmvmhgr ig hmoauhtg a`s`gag. Gquæ `i ob÷m `s r`hmfp`osgam pmr pr`s`otgr `i hmfpmrtgfb`otm a`s`gam. Ig r`hmfp`osg pu`a` s`r gicm fgt`rbgi hmfm ducu`t`s, pgstg a` ab`ot`s, h`pbiims, gpigusms, `th. Ig r`hmfp`osg s` mtmrcg a`spuâs a` prmauhbrs` ig hmoauhtg a`s`gag, fb`otrgs qu` `i smkmrom s` mtmrcg got`s a` ig pr`s`otghbøo a`i hmfpmrtgfb`otm a`s`gam. (0,8>)

JBCP[ G 78. [`ju`rzm pmsbtbvm.Ig `otr`cg a` uo pr`fbm p r`fbm qu` r`hmfp`os` `i ku`o hmfpmrtgfb`otm hmfpm rtgfb`otm a`i

ob÷m `s hruhbgi.

  [@JP@[TM O@CGQBZM ^r`t`oa` fmabjbhgr uo hmfpmrtgfb`otm om a`s`gam f`abgot` ig `ibfboghbøo a` uog hgusg a` fgi hmfpmrtgfb`otm hmfm r`tbrgr g ims pgar`s a` ig sgig a` trgkgdm hmoabhbmogoam su r`cr`sm g uog f`dmræg a`i hmfpmrtgfb`otm5 a`k` lgh`rs` bof`abgtgf`ot` y a` fgo`rg r`p`tbag. C`o`rgif`ot` s` utbibzg `o hmfkboghbøo hmo `i ` i hmotrmi a` ig vmz, pgrg `xpr`sgr a`sgprmkghbøo.

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@i r`ju`rzm o`cgtbvm om a`k` hmojuoabrs` hmo hgstbcms, qu` `stço hmotrgboabhgams y c`o`rgo uog ghtbtua o`cgtbvg lghbg `i trgtgfb`otm. Igs prmf`sgs r`gibzgags pgrg hmoabhbmogr `i hmfpmrtgfb`otm a`k`o s`r jghtbki`s, Bof`abgtgs y sb`fpr` a`k`o hufpibrs`. (0)

H. Q@HOBHG GZ@[XBZ GZ@[XBZG G h.7. HMOQ[MI A@ ZMT Hmosbst` `o ig fmabjbhghbøo a`i tbfkr`, ig bot`osbaga y `i tmom a` ig prmpbg vmz hmo `i mkd`tbvm a` mkt`o`r ig gt`ohbøo y hmfpr`osbøo a`i ob÷m, `stgki`h`r ims rmi`s gprmpbgams `otr` `i ob÷m y `i mamotøimcm, y r`v`rtbr m `vbtgr hmoauhtgs o`cgtbvgs. ^mr `d`fpim, `i mamotøimcm pu`a` lgkigr `o vmz gitg g jbo a` iigfgr ig gt`ohbøo a`i ob÷m, sghçoamim a` su hmoauhtg bot`rrufpbag, m hugoam `st` crbtg, sbfpi`f`ot` pgrg s`r `shuhlgam5 uog v`z cgogag su gt`ohbøo, `i prmj`sbmogi pu`a` kgdgr ig vmz gdustçoamig g ig a`i ob÷m. (7) @stg boabhgam `o pghb`ot`s fgymr`s a` ; g÷ms y hmotrgboabhgam `o gicuoms hgsms amoa` ob÷ms f`omr`s g `stg `aga. (;)

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