Tesis 7 Colores

 

 

ANOXK]NM MH OIHGOIN_ HOLGßEION_, NMEIGI_]TN]IQN_ Y OLG]NDKH_ H_OXHKN VTLAH_ILGNK MH OLG]NDIKIMNM

VTLYHO]L MH ]H_I_  OL_]L MH _HTQIOIL ]XTÅ_]IOL Y AI@NOIßG MH VTHOIL_ VNTN QI_I]NT KN ELG]NÞN MH _IH]H OLKLTH_ HG KN OLEXGIMNM MH VNEVNOBITI MHK MI_]TI]L MH VI]XENTON VHTILML 46>:  VTH_HG]NMN VLT0 Dnob. Enry Onehg, _nirh Bunkkpn. Vnrn lptnr nk ]åtukl Vrlahsilgnk mh Olgtnmlr Vðdkiol. Nshslr0 O.V.O. @ung Ourizn Onrrnsol

OX_OL ‟  VHTÐ  VHTÐ 46>9 

 

ii

Vrhshgtnoiÿg _hþlr Mhongl mh kn Anouktnm mh Oihgoins Holgÿeions, Holgÿeions, Nmeigistrntivns y Olgtndkhs mh kn Xgivhrsimnm Ngmign mhk Ousol. _hþlrhs eihedrls mhk `urnml0 Hg ouepkieihgtl mhk Thjknehgtl mh Jrnmls y ]åtukls mh kn Anouktnm mh Oihgoins Holgÿeions, Nmeigistrntivns y Olgtndkhs, plgjl n vuhstrn mistigjuimn olgsimhrnoiÿg hk  prhshgth trndn`l mh igvhstijnoiÿg igtituknmn ‛OL_]L MH _HTQIOIL ]XTÅ_]IOL Y

AI@NOIßG MH VTHOIL_ VNTN QI_I]NT KN ELG]NÞN MH _IH]H OLKLTH_ HG KN OLEXGIMNM MH VNEVNOBITI MHK MI_]TI]L MH VI]XENTON VHTILML 46>:―. Olg hk ld`htl mh lptnr nk tåtukl prlahsilgnk mh Olgtnmlr Vðdkiol. Hk prhshgth trndn`l mh igvhstijnoiÿg pknsen hk olgloieihgtl y kn alrenoiÿg  prlahsilgnk rhoidimn hg hk givhk mh prh jrnml, tlml hkkl sh rhsueh y hxplgh hg hk prhshgth Vkng mh ]hsis. Hstn Igvhstijnoiÿg auh rhnkiznmn olg hsauhrzl y mhmionoiÿg. Mhshl njrnmhohr mh enghrn hsphoink n kn pkngn mh mlohgths mh kn Hsouhkn Vrlahsilgnk mh Olgtndikimnm, kls ounkhs bng olgtriduiml mh enghrn mhoimimn hg ei alrenoiÿg prlahsilgnk.

Nthgtnehgth0 Dnob. Enry Onrehg, _nirh Bunkkpn

 

iii

Ågmioh Vrhshgtnoiÿg Vrhshgtno iÿg ................... ......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ .................................... .............. ii  Ågmioh iii  ONVÅ]XKL I0 IG]TLMXOOIßG ................... .......................................... ............................................ ........................................... ...................... >   >.> 

Vkngthneihgtl mhk Vrldkhen .................................................. ........................................................................ .................................... .............. >  

>.4 

Alreuknoiÿg mhk Vrldkhen.......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ......................... ... 4 

>.4.>  Vrldkhen jhghrnk ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ........................................ .................. 4   >.4.4  Vrldkhens hsphoåaiols ................................... ........................................................ ........................................... ........................................ .................. 4  >.? 

Ld`htivls mh kn igvhstijnoiÿg .......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ...................... 4 

>.?.>  Ld`htivl jhghrnk................................ ...................................................... ............................................ ............................................. ............................. ...... 4  >.?.4  Ld`htivls hsphoåaiols ............................... ...................................................... ............................................ ........................................... ...................... 4   >.= 

@ustiaionoiÿg mh kn igvhstijnoiÿg ........... ................................. ............................................ ............................................ ......................... ... ? 

>.=.>  Thkhvngoin sloink ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ........................................ .................. ?   >.=.4  Iepkiongoins prîotions .......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ................................. ........... ?  >.=.?  Qnklr thÿriol ......................................... .............................................................. ............................................ ............................................. ......................... ... ?  >.=.=  Xtikimnm ehtlmlkÿjion ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ................................. ........... ?   >.=.8  Qindikimnm l anotidikimnm .............................. .................................................... ............................................ ........................................ .................. ?  >.8 

Mhkieitnoiÿg mh kn igvhstijnoiÿg .................................................. ......................................................................... ............................. ...... = 

>.8.>  Mhkieitnoiÿg theplrnk ......................................... .............................................................. ........................................... ................................. ........... =   >.8.4  Mhkieitnoiÿg hspnoink............................... ...................................................... ............................................ ........................................... ...................... =  >.8.?  Mhkieitnoiÿg olgohptunk .................................. ........................................................ ........................................... .................................... ............... =  

ONVÅ]XKL II0 ENTOL ]HßTIOL .............. ..................................... ............................................ ........................................... ...................... 8  4.> 

Ngthohmhgths mh kn igvhstijnoiÿg ........................................... ................................................................. .................................... .............. 8  

4.>.>  Ngthohmhgths igthrgnoilgnkhs........................... ................................................. ............................................ .................................... .............. 8  4.>.4  Ngthohmhgths gnoilgnkhs ................................................. ...................................................................... ........................................... ...................... 8  4.>.?  Ngthohmhgth klonk..................................... ........................................................... ............................................ ............................................ ...................... 1  4.4 

Dnshs khjnkhs. ............................................... ..................................................................... ............................................ ........................................ .................. 1 

4.? 

Dnshs ]hÿrions. ........................................ .............................................................. ............................................ ............................................ ...................... 2 

4.?.>  Olstls ............................................ .................................................................. ........................................... ............................................ ................................. .......... 2  4.?.4  Ld`htivls mh kls olstls ...................................................... ............................................................................ ........................................ .................. 9  4.?.?  Ieplrtngoin mh kn olgtndikimnm mh olstls .......................................... ............................................................... ......................... .... 9  4.?.=  Aignkimnm mh kn olgtndikimnm mh olstls ....................... .............................................. ............................................. ........................ >6  4.?.8  Oknsiaionoiÿg mh olstls ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ........................... ..... >6 

 

iv

4.?.1  Vrhoil ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ............................................ .................................. ............ >8  4.?.:  Ai`noiÿg mh prhoils .................................... .......................................................... ........................................... ......................................... .................... >1  4.?.2  Ai`noiÿg mh prhoils dnsnmn hg hk vnklr pnrn hk okihgth .......................................... .............................................. .... >1  4.?.9  Ai`noiÿg mh prhoils dnsnmn hg hk olstl .......................................... ................................................................. ........................... .... >1  4.?.>6  Vrhoils ai`nmls sldrh kn dnsh mhk ehronml l kn mhengmn ............................ ......................................... ............. >>::  4.?.>>  Olgohptl mh turisel ............................................... ..................................................................... ............................................ ........................... ..... >:   4.?.>4  Ieplrtngoin mhk turisel ....................................... ............................................................ ........................................... ............................... ......... >2  4.?.>?  Kn gnturnkhzn h ieplrtngoin mhk turisel mh nvhgturn ....................... ............................................. ........................ >2  4.?.>=  Oknsiaionoiÿg mhk turisel ....................................................... ............................................................................. .................................. ............ >9  4.?.>8  Mistritl mh Vituenron (Ongobis)......................................... ............................................................... ...................................... ................ >9  4.?.>1  Bistlrin ................... .......................................... ............................................ ........................................... ............................................. ............................... ........ >9  4.?.>:  Xdionoiÿg jhljrîaion ............................................................. .................................................................................. .................................. ............. >9  4.?.>2  Ohgtrls pldknmls ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ...................................... ................ 46  4.?.>9  Elgtnþn mh _ihth olklrhs ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ........................ 46   4.=  4.8 

Enrol Olgohptunk. ................................ ...................................................... ............................................ ............................................ ........................ 4>  Alreuknoiÿg mh Bipÿthsis .................................... ......................................................... ............................................ ............................... ........ 48 

4.8.>  Bipÿthsis jhghrnk ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ...................................... ................ 48  4.8.4  Bipÿthsis hsphoåaions ................................. ....................................................... ........................................... ......................................... .................... 48  4.1 

Qnrindkhs ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... 48 

4.1.>  Qnrindkhs ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... 48  4.1.4  Olgohptunkizno Olgohptunkiznoiÿg iÿg mh kn vnrindkh. .............................. ..................................................... ............................................. ........................ 48 

4.1.?  Lphrnoilgnkizno Lphrnoilgnkiznoiÿg iÿg mh vnrindkh .......................................... ............................................................... .................................. ............. 4:  ONVÅ]XKL III0 EÉ]LML MH IGQH_]IJNOI IGQH_]IJNOIßG ßG .............................. .................................................... ........................ 42  ?.>  ?.4 

]ipl mh Igvhstijnoiÿg Igvhstijnoiÿg .......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................... ......... 42   Hgalquh mh kn Igvhstijnoiÿg............................................ ................................................................. ......................................... ................... 42  

?.? 

Mishþl mh Igvhstijnoiÿg.......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ........................... ..... 42 

?.= 

Nkongoh mh kn Igvhstijnoiÿg. ........................ .............................................. ............................................. ...................................... ............... 42 

?.8 

Vldknoiÿg y Euhstrn mh kn Igvhstijnoiÿg. Igvhstijnoiÿg. ................................. ....................................................... ............................... ......... 42 

?.8.>  Vldknoiÿg .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... 42  ?.8.4  Euhstrn .......................................... ............................................................... ........................................... ............................................. ............................... ........ 42  ?.1 

]éogions h Igstruehgtls mh Tholkhooiÿg mh Mntls ................... .......................................... ............................... ........ 49 

?.1.>  ]éogion........................................... ................................................................. ........................................... ............................................ ............................... ........ 49   

 

?.1.4 Igstruehgtls ......................................... .............................................................. ............................................ ............................................. ........................ 49 ?.:  Vrlohsneihgtl mh Mntls .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ........................... ..... 49 

 

v

Nsphotls Nmeigistrntivls ................... ......................................... ............................................ ........................................... .................................. ............. ?6  N. Nsijgnoiÿg mh Thoursls.......................................... ................................................................ ........................................... .................................. ............. ?6  n. Thoursls Buengls0 ........................................................... .................................................................................. ............................................. ........................ ?6   d. Thoursls Enthrinkhs......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ .......................................... .................... ?6  o. Thoursls mh Dihghs y/l _hrvioils ........................ .............................................. ............................................. ...................................... ............... ?6  D. Vrhsupuhstl ......................................................... ............................................................................... ............................................. ...................................... ............... ?6  O. Orlgljrnen mh Notivimnmhs (_hjðg minjrnen mh Jngtt) ............................................... ............................................... ?> 

THAHTHGOIN_ DIDKILJTÎAION DIDKILJTÎAION_ _ .................... .......................................... ........................................... .................................. ............. ?4  NGHRL_ .................... .......................................... ............................................. ............................................ ........................................... ...................................... ................ ??  Entriz mh Olgsisthgoin ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ...................................... ................ ?=   Entriz mh Igstruehgtls pnrn rholkhooiÿg mh mntl ......................................... .............................................................. ......................... ?8  

 

vi

 

>

ONVÅ]XKL I0 IG]TLMXOOIß IG]TLMXOOIßG G >.> 

Vkngthneihgtl mhk Vrldkhen Hk turisel hg Ousol hs ugn notivimnm prltnjÿgion h ieplrtngth pnrn hk mhsnrrlkkl

sloilholgÿeiol sloilholgÿ eiol y oukturnk mh kn rhjiÿg, plrquh jhghrn igjrhsls mh mivisns nk pnås. Hk turisel hs ug ehmil mh igthronedil sloink, y hg euobls onsls slg auhgth mh igjrhsl mh kn enylr  pnrth mh kn rhjiÿg. rhjiÿg. Kn elgtnþn mh _ihth Olklrhs hstî situnmn hg kn oleugimnm mh Vnepnobiri, mistritl mh Vituenron, olg ugn nktitum 8466 esge y guhvh cikÿehtrls. Kn elgtnþn mh _ihth Olklrhs   sh bn olgstituiml hg kn notunkimnm olel ugl mh kls ntrnotivls gnturnkhs tngtl pnrn hk turisel rhohptivl y gnoilgnk y vihgh jhghrngml igjrhsls holgÿeiols pnrn kns pldknoilghs nkhmnþns, bhobl quh jhghrn n su vhz olstls pnrn ugn  prhstnoiÿg mhk shrvioil anoikitngml su visitn, drigmngml shjurimnm, kiepihzn ki epihzn engthgieihgtl h igalrenoiÿg, olg shþnkiznoiÿg nmhounmn. Kn nmeigistrnoiÿg hstî n onrjl mh kn `ugtn mirhotivn lrjngiznmn mh kn oleugimnm mh Vnepnobiri y ouhgtn olg ug prhsimhgth, vioh prhsimhgth, shorhtnril, thslrhrl, aisonk y vlonkhs, quihghs sh hgonrjng mh kn nmeigistrnoiÿg mhk ohgtrl turåstiol, notunkehgth hstî mhthreignml hk prhoil pnrn kn visitn n hsth ntrnotivl turåstiol hg _/. 8.66 pnrn kls Gnoilgnkhs y pnrn kls Hxtrng`hrls. Hk igjrhsl sh bn ai`nml ai `nml plr nouhrml mh kn `ugtn mirhotivn, sig tlenr hg ouhgtn hk olstl mh shrvioil, mhsolgloiégmlsh kls eîrjhghs mh utikimnm utiki mnm quh phreitn prhshgtnr nmhounmnehgth nmhounmnehgth hsth ntrnotivl turåstiol mh alrenoiÿg gnturnk y n kn vhz phreitn olgtnr olg rhoursls holgÿeiols pnrn hk mhsnrrlkkl mh kn oleugimnm Vnepnobiri. Hs ieplrtngth y ghohsnril olglohr kls olstls mh shrvioil quh igourrh pnrn kn  prhshgtnoiÿg, engthgieihgtl, shjurimnm, snknril mhk phrslgnk y sueigistrls mivhrsls h

 

4 igalrenoiÿg mhk ohgtrl turåstiol y quh sh ai`h prhoils nmhounmls mh igjrhsl, augmnehgtnmls hg dnshs thÿrions mh olstls y ai`noiÿg mh prhoils, y pkngthnels kns sijuihgths igthrrljngths mh igvhstijnoiÿg i gvhstijnoiÿg..

>.4 

Alreuknoiÿg mhk Vrldkhen >.4.>  Vrldkhen jhghrnk ¼Oÿel sh hstndkhohg kls olstls mh shrvioil turåstiol y ai`noiÿg mh prhoil pnrn visitnr

kn elgtnþn mh _ihth Olklrhs hg kn Oleugimnm mh Vnepnobiri mhk Mistritl mh Vituenron  phrilml 46>:<

>.4.4  Vrldkhens hsphoåaiols n)  ¼Oÿel sh hstndkhohg kls olstls mh shrvioil turåstiol pnrn kn visitn n kn elgtnþn mh _ihth Olklrhs hg kn Oleugimnm mh Vnepnobiri mhk Mistritl mh Vituenron  phrilml 46>:<  d)  ¼Oÿel sh ai`ng kls prhoils pnrn visitnr kn elgtnþn mh _ihth Olklrhs hg kn Oleugimnm mh Vnepnobiri mhk Mistritl mh Vituenron Vit uenron phrilml 46>:<

>.? 

Ld`htivls mh kn igvhstijnoiÿg >.?.>  Ld`htivl jhghrnk Mhthreignr kls olstls mh shrvioil turåstiol y ai`noiÿg mh prhoil pnrn visitnr kn

elgtnþn mh _ihth Olklrhs hg kn Oleugimnm mh Vnepnobiri mhk Mistritl mh Vituenron  phrilml 46>:.

>.?.4  Ld`htivls hsphoåaiols n)  Mhthreignr kls olstls mh shrvioil turåstiol pnrn kn visitn n kn elgtnþn mh _ihth Olklrhs hg kn Oleugimnm mh Vnepnobiri mhk Mistritl Mi stritl mh Vituenron phrilml 46>:  d)  Mhthreignr kls prhoils pnrn kn visitn n kn elgtnþn mh _ihth Olklrhs hg kn Oleugimnm mh Vnepnobiri mhk Mistritl mh Vituenron Vit uenron phrilml 46>:

 

?

>.= @ustiaionoiÿg mh kn igvhstijnoiÿg >.=.>  Thkhvngoin sloink Kn mhthreignoiÿg rhnk mh kls olstls mh shrvioil turåstiol y kn ai`noiÿg mh prhoils pnrn visitnr n kn elgtnþn mh sihth olklrhs phreitirî ai`nr prhoils y jhghrnr igjrhsls pnrn kn Oleugimnm mh Vnepnobiri y plmhr eh`lrnr hk givhk mh vimn mh kls pldknmlrhs.

>.=.4  Iepkiongoins prîotions Hk prhshgth trndn`l mh igvhstijnoiÿg, shrvirî pnrn kls mirhotivls mh nmeigistrnoiÿg mh kn Oleugimnm mh Vnepnobiri, pnrn tlenr mhoisilghs sldrh kls olstls mh shrvioil turåstiol mh kn elgtnþn mh _ihth Olklrhs hg kn Oleugimnm mh Vnepnobiri mhk Mistritl mh Vituenron.

>.=.?  Qnklr thÿriol Hk prhshgth trndn`l mh igvhstijnoiÿg, phreitirî olgloieihgtls sldrh kls olstls mh shrvioil turåstiol mh kn elgtnþn mh _ihth Olklrhs hg kn Oleugimnm mh Vnepnobiri mhk Mistritl mh Vituenron.

>.=.=  Xtikimnm ehtlmlkÿjion Hk prhshgth trndn`l mh igvhstijnoiÿg sh thgmrî ug prlohmieihgtl l eétlml pnrn ai`nr kls prhoils mhk shrvioil turåstiol mh kn elgtnþn mh _ihth Olklrhs hg kn Oleugimnm mh Vnepnobiri mhk Mistritl mh Vituenron.

>.=.8  Qindikimnm l anotidikimnm Hk prhshgth trndn`l mh igvhstijnoiÿg, hs vindkh rhnkiznrkl yn quh sh ouhgtn olg igalrenoiÿg y ngthohmhgths ghohsnrils, olkndlrnoiÿg y misplsioiÿg mh kls mirhotivls mh shotlr0 phrslgnk nmeigistrntivl y kn Oleugimnm mh Vnepnobiri hg tlml kl quh sh rhquihrn  pnrn hk hstumil mh mh miobl trndn`l.

 

=

>.8 

Mhkieitnoiÿg mh kn igvhstijnoiÿg >.8.>  Mhkieitnoiÿg theplrnk Hk prhshgth trndn`l mh Igvhstijnoiÿg sh rhnkiznrî murngth hk phrilml 46>:.

>.8.4  Mhkieitnoiÿg hspnoink Kn prhshgth igvhstijnoiÿg sh rhnkiznrî hg kn Oleugimnm mh Vnepnobiri mhk Mistritl mh Vituenron mh kn Vrlvigoin mh Ongobis Thjiÿg mhk Ousol.

>.8.?  Mhkieitnoiÿg olgohptunk Kn igvhstijnoiÿg sh hgalonrî hg kls olstls mh shrvioil turåstiol y kn ai`noiÿg ai `noiÿg mh prhoils.

 

8

ONVÅ]XKL II0 ENTOL ]HßTIOL 4

4.> 

Ngthohmhgthss mh kn igvhstijnoiÿg Ngthohmhgth 4.>.>  Ngthohmhgths igthrgnoilgnkhs Igtituknml su thsis  olel ‛VTLYHO]L MH KN TX]N ]XTI_]ION MH

NENJXNGN― thsis pnrn

lptnr nk tåtukl prlahsilgnk olel Holgleistn, plr hk dnobikkhr

(_ikvn , 46>?) hg kn XGIQHT_IMNM OHG]TNK MHK HOXNMLT , ouyl Ld`htivl hkndlrnr ugn prlpuhstn mh prlyhotl prlyhotl mh rutn turåstion mh Nenjunþn, Nenjunþn, utikizngml kls miahrhgths ntrnotivls turåstiols hxisthgths hg hk shotlr, h`houtnmn ehmingth ugn lphrnmlrn turåstion, olg kn mirhooiÿg mh kn `ugtn pnrrlquink, pnrn kljrnr hk mhsnrrlkkl mh kn notivimnm turåstion mh kn  pnrrlquin mh Nenjunþn, kkhjngml n kn sijuihgth Olgokusiÿg >.- kn situnoiÿg jhljrîaion mh kn pnrrlquin mh Nenjunþn, phreithg kn sudsisthgoin mh mivhrsimnm mh rhoursls gnturnkhs y oukturnkhs mistigjuiégmlsh0 Hk pnrquh pnrquh gnoilgnk Vns Vnslobln, lobln, kn rhshrvn holkÿjion holkÿjion hk Onobnol, Onobnol, hk ril _ng Vhmrl olel ntrnotivls gnturnkhs gnturnkhs y kn bnoihgmn mh Enguhkitn _îhgz, hk onstikkl mh Nenjunþn, kn ijkhsin, hk onrgnvnk mh Nenjunþn olel ntrnotivls oukturnkhs. Bndnedn3 4.- hk hstumil mh ehronml mhthreigl quh hk prlyhotl mh kn rutn turåstion mh Nenjunþn, hxisth ugn ieplrtngth mhengmn mh phrslgns quh bnohg turisel hg ahrinmls, vnonoilghs, aighs mh shengn, y quh su enylrån prlvihghg mh kn oiumnm mh ^uitl, kns eisens quh engiaihstng su igquihtum plr dusonr ugn nkthrgntivn ohrongn n kn oiumnm, plr kl ounk sh hstndkhoiÿ quh hxisth ugn mhengmn plthgoink pnrn mhsnrrlkknr hk turisel hg kn pnrrlquin.

4.>.4  Ngthohmhgths gnoilgnkhs Igtituknml su thsis  olel ‛OL_]L_ Y KN AI@NOIßG MH VTHOIL_ MH

ON_]NÞN VHKNMN HG KN LGJ ONGMHKN―, prhshgtnrlg ug trndn`l mh igvhstijnoiÿg  pnrn lptnr nk tåtukl prlahsilgnk olel Olgtnmlr Vðdkiol, plr kn dnobikkhr (Aklrhs J. , 46>1) hg kn XGIQHT_IMNM NGMIGN MHK OX_OL, sihgml hk ld`htivl jhghrnk  hs Olglohr kn rhknoiÿg hgtrh kls olstls y kn ai`noiÿg mh prhoils mh kn onstnþn phknmn hg kn LGJ Ongmhkn -

 

1 46>1. Kkhjngml n kn sijuihgth OLGOKX_IßG quh, si hxisth T hgtrh kn vnrindkh olstls y kn vnrindkh ai`noiÿg mh prhoils, olg ug givhk mh sijgiaiongoin mh 6.?92 plr kl quh sh rhobnzn kn bipÿthsis gukn. Hk olhaioihgth mh mhthreignoiÿg T obi ounmrnml hs mh 6,>82, hs mhoir, quh hk >8.2 % mh kls onedils ldshrvnmls hg kn vnrindkh ai`noiÿg mh prhoils slg onusnmls plr kn vnrinoiÿg mh kn vnrindkh olstls.

4.>.?  Ngthohmhgth klonk Igtituknml su thsis  olel ‛OL_]L_ MH LVHTNOIßG MH _HTQIOIL_

]XTÅ_]IOL_ Y AI@NOIßG MH VTHOIL_, HG KN TX]N MH NK]N ELG]NÞN _NKCNG]NY , HG HK LVHTNMLT MH ]XTI_EL ‟  NGMHNG  NGMHNG ]THOC_ .OX_OL, VHTILML 46>1―, thsis  pnrn lptnr hk tåtukl  prlahsilgnk mh Olgtnmlr Vðdkiol, plr kls  dnobikkhrhs (_nkkuon & Buneng , 46>1)  hg kn XGIQHT_IMNM NGMIGN MHK OX_OL, sihgml su Ld`htivl jhghrnk mhthreignr kls olstls mh lphrnoiÿg mh kls shrvioils turåstiols y kn ai`noiÿg mh sus prhoils hg kn rutn nktn elgtnþn _nkcngtny hg hk lphrnmlr mh turisel  ‟   Ngmhng ]rhocs  ‟   ousol phrilml 46>1, hsth trndn`l kkhjl n kn sijuihgth Olgokusiÿg0 Kls rhsplgsndkhs mh nmeigistrnoiÿg mh kn heprhsn Ngmhng ]rhocs  ‟   Ousol mhmionmls n kn  prhstnoiÿg mhk shrvioil mh turisel mh nvhgturn hg kn rutn _nkcngtny olg olgsimhrn sijgiaiontivn kn igalrenoiÿg mh kn mntn mh olstls pnrn kkhvnr n ondl su jhstiÿg y plr kl tngtl kn tlen mh mhoisilghs sh rhnkizn nk enrjhg mh hstn oknsh mh igalrenoiÿg.

4.4 

Dnshs khjnkhs.   Thjknehgtl mh kn khy jhghrnk mh turisel Khy 49=62.



Nrtåoukl >¶.  - Ld`htl Hk prhshgth misplsitivl hstndkhoh kns glrens rhjknehgtnrins mh kn Khy jhghrnk mh turisel G¶49=62.

 

:

Nrtåoukl 4¶. ‟   ‟  Îeditl  Îeditl mh npkionoiÿg Hk prhshgth rhjknehgtl hs mh npkionoiÿg n givhk gnoilgnk, n tlmls kls givhkhs mh jldihrgl, hgtimnmhs h igstituoilghs pðdkions y privnmns vigouknmns vigouknmns n kn notivimnm turåstion y n kls prhstnmlrhs mh shrvioils turåstiols.   ‟  Thahrhgoins Nrtåoukl ?¶. ‟ 

]lmn ehgoiÿg n kn Khy hg hk prhshgth rhjknehgtl, mhdh hgthgmhrsh olel rhahrimn n kn khy jhghrnk mh turisel ‟  Khy  Khy G¶ 49=62.

Nrtåoukl =¶. - Thquhrieihgtls mhk _hotlr ]urisel =.> N aig mh ouepkir olg kl shþnknml hg hk shjugml pîrrnal mhk nrtåoukl >¶ mh kn Khy, hk Eigisthril mh Olehroil Hxthrilr y ]urisel  ‟  EIGOH]XT,   EIGOH]XT, mhgtrl mhk priehr triehstrh mhk nþl onkhgmnril, plgmrî hg olgloieihgtl mh kns hgtimnmhs igmionmns hg hk eisel, kls rhquhrieihgtls mh igarnhstruoturn y/l mh shrvioils pnrn hk mhsnrrlkkl mhk shotlr turisel. Miobls rhquhrieihgtls mhdhg hstnr nolepnþnmls olg hk igalreh quh olgthgjn hk susthgtl téogiol rhsphotivl, hk eisel quh mhdh thghr hg ouhgtn kls ld`htivls y hstrnthjins mhk Vkng Hstrntéjiol Gnoilgnk mh ]urisel ‟  VHG]XT.  VHG]XT. =.4 Kns hgtimnmhs quh rhoidng kls rhquhrieihgtls mhdhg hvnkunr y, hg su onsl, misplghr kn prlvisiÿg mh kls rhoursls u ltrns nooilghs rhquhrimns pnrn su nthgoiÿg, ehmingth kn alreuknoiÿg y/l h`houoiÿg mh kls prljrnens, prlyhotls l nooilghs olrrhsplgmihgths. =.? Mhgtrl mhk eisel pknzl n quh sh rhaihrh hk guehrnk =.> hk EIGOH]XT mhdh  prlohmhr n plghr hg olgloieihgtl mh kn Vrhsimhgoin mhk Olgsh`l mh Eigistrls  ‟  VOE   VOE kls rhquhrieihgtls ehgoilgnmls, ehgoilgnmls, olg igmionoiÿg mh kns hgtimnmhs n kns quh bng siml alreuknmls, nolepnþngml nolepnþn gml kls igalrehs téogiols susthgtntlrils rhsphotivls, rhsphotivls, n aig ai g mh quh sh olgsimhrhg hg kns ollrmignoilghs quh rhnkizn kn VOE olg hk ld`htl mh olgoikinr kns plkåtions prilritnrins mhk Hstnml mhstignmns n nshjurnr kls ld`htivls mh igthrés gnoilgnk, olel hs hk onsl mhk turisel mh olgalreimnm olg hk nrtåoukl >° mh kn Khy.

 

2 =.= Kns hgtimnmhs quh rhoidhg kls rhquhrieihgtls mhk EIGOH]XT mhdhg oleugionr n miobl Eigisthril y n kn VOE sldrh kn misplsioiÿg mh rhoursls u ltrns nooilghs ghohsnrins  pnrn su iepkhehgtnoiÿg. iepkhehgtnoiÿg. =.8 Hk EIGOH]XT hahotunrî hk shjuieihgtl mhk ouepkieihgtl mh kls rhquhrieihgtls hahotunmls y prhstnrî hk nplyl téogiol y kn nshslrån quh kns hgtimnmhs slkioithg pnrn kn nthgoiÿg mh kls eisels.

Nrtåoukl 8¶. - Vrigoipils mh kn notivimnm turåstion Kls prigoipils mh kn notivimnm turåstion shþnknmls hg hk nrtåoukl ?¶ mh kn Khy sh mhdhg thghr hg ouhgtn hg kn alreuknoiÿg y h`houoiÿg mh kls pknghs, prljrnens, prlyho prlyhotls tls y nooilghs mhstignmls nk mhsnrrlkkl mh hstn notivimnm. Kn iepkhehgtnoiÿg mh miobls prigoipils plr pnrth mh kls prhstnmlrhs mh shrvioils turåstiols, olgstituyh ugl mh kls anotlrhs n olgsimhrnr pnrn hahotls mh kls rholgloieihgtls, ohrtiaionoilghs mh onkimnm l sieiknrhs hg enthrin turåstion, quh prleuhvng l rhnkiohg hk EIGOH]XT, nså olel kns hgtimnmhs pðdkions l privnmns.

Nrtåoukl 1¶. - Kn nrthsngån olel notivimnm olepkhehgtnrin mhk turisel Kls pknghs y prlyhotls pnrn hk mhsnrrlkkl mh kn notivimnm turåstion mhdhg olgsimhrnr n kn nrthsngån olel ug oleplghgth mh kls eisels, n aig mh igthjrnrkn n kls prlmuotls l mhstigls turåstiols.

4.? 

Dnshs ]hÿrions. 4.?.>  Olstls Hk olstl sh mhaigh olel kn ehmioiÿg mh téreigls elghtnrils, mh kn ongtimnm mh

rhoursls usnmls pnrn nkjðg prlpÿsitl u ld`htivl, tnk olel ug prlmuotl olehroink larhoiml  pnrn vhgtn jhghrnk jhghrnk l ug prlyhotl prlyhotl mh olgstruooiÿg. olgstruooiÿg. (Isimrl, 46>4) Hg olstl olgsisth hg vnklrhs ohmimls olg kls prlpÿsitls mh ldthghr nkjðg dhghaioil holgÿeiol quh puhmn prlelvhr kn bndikimnm mh prlmuooiÿg mh utikimnmhs mh kn heprhsn. (Isimrl, 46>4)

 

9 Hk olstl hs ug nsphotl mh kn notivimnm holgÿeion, holgÿeion, rhprhshgtn kls rhoursls quh mhdhg snoriaionrsh pnrn ldthghr ug duhg mnml. (Isimrl, 46>4) Hk olstl sh mhaigh olel hk vnklr snoriaionml pnrn ldthghr dihghs y/l shrvioils. (Isimrl, 46>4) Hk olstl hs hk vnklr mhk olgsuel mh nkjugls jnstls pnrn plmhr prlmuoir dihghs y shrvioils. _h trntn mh ug olgohptl prlpil mh kn olgtndikimnm igthrgn. (Isimrl, 46>4) Hs ug olg`ugtl mh hrljnoilghs l mhshedlksls olg hk aig mh ldthghr ug prlmuotl l shrvioil. Nså tnediég sh mioh quh hs ug olg`ugtl mh pnjls, ldkijnoilghs olgtrnåmns, olgsuels, mhprhoinoilghs, nelrtiznoilghs y npkionoilghs ntriduimns n ug phrilml mhthreignml, rhknoilgnmls olg kns augoilghs mh prlmuooiÿg, mistriduoiÿg, nmeigistrnoiÿg y aigngoineihgtl. Hg ltrns pnkndrns, hs kl quh ouhstn bnohr nkjl. (Phvnkkls, 46>4)

4.?.4  Ld`htivls mh kls olstls n)  sirvh mh dnsh pnrn hstndkhohr plkåtions mh prhoils.  d)  tlenr mhoisilghs mhk îrhn mh prlmuooiÿg. o)  vnklriznr kls igvhgtnrils. m)  olgtrlknr kn hahotivimnm mh kn jhstiÿg.

h)  anoikitnr hk pkngthneihgtl y olgtrlk mhk m hk prlohsl prlmuotivl. (Aklrhs, 46>?)  4.?.?  Ieplrtngoin mh kn olgtndikimnm mh olstls -

Vkngthnr kn hxpkltnoiÿg u lphrnoiÿg sistheîtionehgth y plr ngtioipnml.

-

Ldthghr ugn hxpkltnoiÿg u lphrnoiÿg haioihgth.

-

Thmuoir nk eågiel hk mhshobl y mhsphrmioil y kn phrmimn plr prlmuooiÿg.

-

Eh`lrnr kls prlohsls, eétlmls, y kls prlohmieihgtls mh prlmuooiÿ prlmuooiÿg. g.

-

Olgshrvnr kls rhoursls h igsuels.

-

Hvnkunr hk rhgmieihgtl mhk phrslgnk. (Jirnkml, 4662)

 

>6

4.?.=  Aignkimnm mh kn olgtndikimnm mh olstls -

Olglohr kls olstls mh kns miahrhgths nsueimns plr kn k n heprhsn.

-

Mhthreignr kns dnshs mh hvnkunoiÿg mh oihrtls hkhehgtls mhk dnkngoh.

-

Hxpkionr kls rhsuktnmls ehmingth kn noueuknoiÿg mhk olstl mh kls prlmuotls pnrn su olepnrnoiÿg olg hk prhoil mh vhgtn.

-

Hstndkhohr prlvisilghs mh olstls y mh igjrhsls mh hxpkltnoiÿg.

-

Olgstntnr kn rhnkiznoiÿg y hxpkionr kns mhsvinoilghs quh rhsukthg hgtrh  prlvisilghs y kls mntls rhnkhs. (Jirnkml, (Jirnkml, 4662)

4.?.8  Oknsiaionoiÿg mh olstls Kls olstls puhmhg shr oknsiaionmls mh nouhrml olg hk hgalquh quh sh khs mé0  4.?.8.>  4.? .8.>  M h nouhr ouhr ml olg olg kn augoiÿ ugoi ÿg hg kn quh sh lri lrijj i gn0

n)  Olstls mh prlmuooiÿg. Kls quh sh jhghrng hg hk prlohsl mh trngsalrenr kn enthrin prien hg prlmuotls threignmls. _h sudmivimh hg0 (Aklrhs, 46>?) -

Olstls mh enthrin prien0 Hk olstl mh enthrinkhs igthjrnmls nk prlmuotl. Vlr h`hepkl, kn enktn utikiznmn pnrn prlmuoir ohrvhzn, hk tndnol pnrn  prlmuoir oijnrrls, oijnrrls, hto. (Aklrhs, 46>?) 46>?)

-

Olstls mh engl mh ldrn0 Hk olstl quh igthrvihghg mirhotnehgth hg kn trngsalrenoiÿg mhk prlmuotl. Vlr h`hepkl, hk snknril mhk ehoîgiol mhk slkmnmlr. (Aklrhs, 46>?)

-

Olstls igmirhotls mh andrionoiÿg0 Kls olstls quh igthrvihghg hg kn trngsalrenoiÿg mh kls prlmuotls, olg hxohpoiÿg hxohpoiÿg mh kn enthrin prien y kn engl mh ldrn mirhotn. Vlr h`hepkl, hk suhkml mhk suphrvislr, engthgieihgtl, hghrjétiols, mhprhoinoilghs, mhprhoinoilghs, hto. (Aklrhs, 46>?)

 

>>

d)  Olstls mh mistriduoiÿg l vhgtn0 Kls lrijignmls hg hk îrhn quh sh hgonrjn mh kkhvnr hk prlmuotl mhsmh kn heprhsn bnstn hk ðktiel olgsueimlr0 plr h`hepkl,  pudkioimnm, oleisilghs, oleisilghs, hto. (Aklrhs, 46>?) 

o)  Olstls mh nmeigistrnoiÿg0 Kls quh sh lrijigng hg hk îrhn nmeigistrntivn, olel slg0 suhkmls, thkéalgl, shjurimnm mhk klonk, hto. Hstn oknsiaionoiÿg tihgh plr ld`htl njrupnr kls olstls plr augoilghs, kl ounk anoikitn ounkquihr ngîkisis quh sh  prhthgmn rhnkiznr rhnkiznr mh hkkns. (Aklrhs, 46>?) 46>?)  4.?.8.4  4.? .8.4  Mh nouhrml olg su imhgtiaionoiÿg olg ugn notivimnm, mhpnrtnehgtl l  pr  pr lmuot uotl0

n)  Olstls mirhotls. Kls quh sh imhgtiaiong pkhgnehgth olg ugn notivimnm mhpnrtnehgtl l prlmuotl. Hg hsth olgohptl sh olgsimhrn hk suhkml olrrhsplgmihgth olrrhsplgmih gth n kn shorhtnrin mhk jhrhgth mh vhgtns, quh hs ug olstl mirhotl pnrn hk mhpnrtnehgtl mh vhgtns, kn enthrin prien hs ug olstl mirhotl pnrn hk prlmuotl, hto. (Aklrhs, 46>?) 

d)  Olstls igmirhotls. Hk quh gl plmhels imhgtiaionr olg ugn notivimnm mhthreignmn. Vlr h`hepkl, kn mhprhoinoiÿg mh kn enquignrin l hk suhkml mhk jhrhgth mh prlmuooiÿg rhsphotl nk prlmuotl. (Aklrhs, 46>?)   4.?.8.?  4.? .8.?  M h nouhr nouhrml ml olg hk hk ti tih hepl hg hk quh auh auhr lg onkouk onkouknm nmls0 ls0

n)  Olstls bistÿriols. Kls quh sh prlmu`hrlg hg mhthreignml phrilml3 kls olstls mh kls prlmuotls vhgmimls l kls olstls mh kls quh sh hgouhgtrng hg prlohsl hstls olstls slg mh jrng nyumn pnrn prhmhoir hk oleplrtneihgtl mh kls olstls  prhmhthreignmls.. (Aklrhs, 46>?)  prhmhthreignmls  d)  Olstls prhmhthreignmls. Kls quh sh hstieng olg dnsh n kn hstnmåstion y sh utikizng pnrn hkndlrnr prhsupuhstls. (Aklrhs, 46>?)

 

>4  4.?.8.=  4.? .8.=  M h nouhr nouhrml ml olg hk hk ti tih hepl quh sh onr onr j ng l sh hga hgarr hgtng n kls iigj gjrr hsls0

n)  Olstl mhk phrilml. Kls quh sh imhgtiaiong olg kls igthrvnkls mh tihepl y gl olg kls prlmuotls l shrvioils3 plr h`hepkl, hk nkquikhr mh kns laioigns mh kn olepnþån ouyl olstl sh kkhvn hg hk phrilml hg hk quh utikizng kns laioigns, nk enrjhg mh oungtl sh vhgmhg kls prlmuotls. (Aklrhs, 46>?)  d)  Olstl mhk prlmuotl. Kls quh sh kkhvng olgtrn kls igjrhsls ðgionehgth oungml bng olgtriduiml n jhghrnrkls hg alren mirhotn3 hs mhoir, slg kls olstls mh kls  prlmuotls quh quh sh bng bng vhgmiml, sig ieplrtnr hk hk tipl mh vhgtn, vhgtn, mh tnk suhrth qquh uh kls olstls quh gl olgtriduyhg n jhghrnr n jhghrnr igjrhsls hg phrilml mhthreignml shrîg igvhgtnrinmls. (Aklrhs, 46>?)  4.?.8.8  4.? .8.8  M h nouhr nouhrml ml olg hk hk olgtr olgtr lk quh sh thgjn thgjn sld sldrr h kn lour lourrr hgoin goi n mh mhk olstl0 olstl0

n)  Olstls olgtrlkndkhs. Nquhkkls sldrh kls ounkhs ugn phrslgn, mh mhthreignml givhk, tihgh nutlrimnm pnrn rhnkiznrkls l gl. Vlr h`hepkl, kns oleisilghs mh kls mirhotlrhs mh vhgtns hg kns miahrhgths zlgns slg olgtrlkndkhs plr hk mirhotlr jhghrnk mh vhgtns, hto. (Aklrhs, 46>?)  d)  Olstls gl olgtrlkndkhs. Hg nkjugns lonsilghs gl sh tihgh nutlrimnm sldrh kls olstls hg quh sh igourrhg3 tnk hs hk onsl mh kn mhprhoinoiÿg mhk hquipl pnrn hk suphrvislr, yn quh kls olstls plr mhprhoinoiÿg auh ugn mhoisiÿg tlenmn plr kn nktn jhrhgoin. (Aklrhs, 46>?)  4.?.8.1  4.? .8.1  M h nouhr nouhr ml olg su olepl oleplrr tne tneii hgtl0 hgtl0

n)  Olstls vnrindkhs.  Kls quh oneding l akuotðng hg rhknoiÿg mirhotn olg ugn notivimnm l vlkuehg mnml. Miobn notivimnm puhmh shr rhahrimn n prlmuooiÿg l n vhgtns3 kn enthrin prien onedin mh nouhrml olg kn augoiÿg mh prlmuooiÿg, y kns oleisilghs mh nouhrmls n kns vhgtns. (Aklrhs, 46>?)

 

>?  d)  Olstls ai`ls. Kls quh phrenghohg olgstngths olgstngths mhgtrl mh ug phrilml mhthreignml, sig ieplrtnr si oneding hk vlkuehg3 plr h`hepkl, h` hepkl, kls suhkmls, kns mhprhoinoilghs hg kåghn rhotn, nkquikhr mhk hmiaioil. Mhgtrl mh kls olstls ai`ls thghels mls onthjlråns. (Aklrhs, 46>?) -

Olstls ai`ls misorhoilgnkhs0 Kls susohptidkhs mh shr elmiaionmls, plr h`hepkl, kls suhkmls, nkquikhr mhk hmiaioil, hto. (Aklrhs, 46>?)

-

Olstls ai`ls oleprlehtimls0 Kls quh gl nohptng elmiaionoilghs y tnediég slg kknenmls olstls suehrjimls3 plr h`hepkl, kn mhprhoinoiÿg mh kn enquignrin. (Aklrhs, 46>?)

o)  Olstls sheivnrindkhs l sheiai`ls. Hstîg igthjrnmls plr ugn pnrth ai`n y ugn pnrth vnrindkh3 hk h`hepkl tåpiol slg kls shrvioils pðdkiols0 kuz, thkéalgl, hto. (Aklrhs, 46>?)  4.?.8.:   4.? .8.:   M h nouhr nouhrml ml olg su ie i eplr plr tngoi tngoin n pnr pnrn n kn tl tle en m mh h mh mhoisi oi silgh lghs0 s0

n)  Olstls rhkhvngths. _h elmiaiong l oneding mhphgmihgml mh kn lpigiÿg quh sh nmlpth3 tnediég sh khs olgloh olel olstls miahrhgoinkhs. Vlr h`hepkl, oungml sh prlmuoh kn mhengmn mh ug phmiml hsphoink bndihgml onpnoimn onpnoimnmm loilsn3 hg hsth onsl kls ðgiols olstls quh oneding si nohptnels hk phmiml, slg mh kn enthrin  prien, hghrjétiols, hghrjétiols, akhths, hto. hto. Kn Kn mhprhoinoiÿg mhprhoinoiÿg mhk hmiaioil hmiaioil phren phrenghoh ghoh olgstngth, olgstngth,  plr kl quh kls priehrls slg rhkhvngths, rhkhvngths, y hk shjugml irrhkhvngth pnrn kn tlen mh mhoisilghs. (Aklrhs, 46>?)  d)  Olstls irrhkhvngths. Nquhkkls quh phrenghohg igeutndkhs, sig ieplrtnr hk oursl mh nooiÿg hkhjiml. Hstn oknsiaionoiÿg gls nyumnrî n shjehgtnr kns pnrtimns rhkhvngths h irrhkhvngths hg kn tlen mh mhoisilghs. (Aklrhs, 46>?)

 

>=  4.?.8.2  4.? .8.2  M h nouhr ouhr ml olg olg hk hk ti tipl pl mh snor snor i ai oil oi l hg hg quh sh bn i gourr gour r i ml ml00

n)  Olstls mhshedlksndkhs. Nquhkkls quh iepkionrlg ugn snkimn mh hahotivl, eltivngml n quh puhmng rhjistrnrsh hg kn igalrenoiÿg jhghrnmn plr kn olgtndikimnm. Miobls olstls sh olgvhrtirîg eîs tnrmh hg olstls bistÿriols3 kls olstls mhshedlksndkhs puhmhg kkhjnr l gl bnohr rhkhvngths nk tlenr mhoisilghs nmeigistrntivns. Xg h`hepkl mh ug olstl mhshedlksndkh hs kn pkngikkn mh engl mh ldrn quh thghels. thghels. (Aklrhs, 46>?) 46>?)  d)  Olstls mh lplrtugimnm. Nquhkkls quh sh lrijigng nk tlenr ugn mhthreignoiÿg  prlvlongml kn rhgugoin rhgugoin n ltrl tipl mh nkthrgntivn quh pu pumihrn mihrn shr olgsimhrnmn olgsimhrnmn nk kkhvnr n ondl kn mhoisiÿg. (Aklrhs, 46>?)  4.?.8.9  4.? .8.9  M h nouh nouhrr ml olg hk hk onedi onedil l lr lr i j i gnml gnml plr plr ug nueh nuehgtl l mi mise seii guoi guoiÿg ÿg hg hg kkn n notivimnm0

n)  olstls miahrhgoinkhs. _lg kls nuehgtls l miseiguoilghs hg hk olstl tltnk l onedil hg ounkquihr hkhehgtl mh olstl, jhghrnml plr ugn vnrinoiÿg hg kn lphrnoiÿg mh kn heprhsn. Hstls olstls slg ieplrtngths hg hk prlohsl mh kn tlen mh mhoisilghs, puhs slg kls quh elstrnrng kls onedils l elvieihgtls suarimls hg kns utikimnmhs mh kn heprhsn ngth ug phrilml hsphoink, ug onedil hg kn oleplsioiÿg mh kåghns, ug onedil hg kls givhkhs mh igvhgtnrils, hto. (Aklrhs, 46>?) -

Olstls mhorheégtnkhs0 Oungml kls olstls miahrhgoinkhs slg jhghrnmls plr miseiguoilghs l rhmuooilghs hg hk vlkuehg mh lphrnoiÿg, rhoidhg hk gledrh mh olstls mhorheégtnkhs. mhorheégtnkhs. (Aklrhs, 46>?)

-

Olstls igorhehgtnkhs0 nquhkkls hg quh igourrhg oungml kns vnrinoilghs hg kls olstls slg lonsilgnmns plr ug nuehgtl hg kns notivimnmhs u lphrnoilghs mh kn heprhsn3 ug h`hepkl tåpiol hs kn olgsimhrnoiÿg mh kn

 

>8 igtrlmuooiÿg mh ugn guhvn kåghn n kn k n oleplsioiÿg hxisthgth, kl quh trnhrî  plr olgshouhgoin olgshouhgoin kn npnrioiÿg mh oihrtls olstls quh quh rhoidhg hk gledrh mh igorhehgtnkhs.. (Aklrhs, 46>?) igorhehgtnkhs  d)  olstls suehrjimls. Nquhkkls, quh igmhphgmihgthehgth mhk oursl mh nooiÿg quh sh hki`n, gl sh vhrîg nkthrnmls3 hs mhoir vng n phrenghohr igeutndkh ngth ounkquihr onedil. Hsth olgohptl tihgh rhknoiÿg hstrhobn olg kn quh yn sh bn hxpkionml nohron mh kls olstls bistÿriols l pnsnmls, pnsnmls, kls ounkhs gl sh utikizng hg kn tlen mh mhoisilghs. Xg h`hepkl mh hkkls hs kn mhprhoinoiÿg mh kn enquignrin nmquirim. _i sh trntn mh hvnkunr kn nkthrgntivn mh vhgmhr oihrtl vlkuehg mh nrtåoukls olg onpnoimnm loilsn n prhoil igahrilr mhk glrenk, hs irrhkhvngth tlenr kn mhprhoinoiÿg hg ouhgtn. (Aklrhs, 46>?)  4.?.8.>  4.? .8.>6 6 M h no nouhr uhrml ml olg su rh r hknoiÿg knoi ÿg n ugn mi mi sei sei guoi guoiÿg ÿg mh mh noti noti vi vimn mnmh mhs0 s0

n)  Olstls hvitndkhs. Nquhkkls pkhgnehgth imhgtiaiondkhs olg ug prlmuotl l ug mhpnrtnehgtl, mh elml quh, si sh hkieign hk prlmuotl l hk mhpnrtnehgtl miobl olstl sh suprieh3 plr h`hepkl, hk enthrink mirhotl mh ugn kåghn quh shrî hkieignmn mhk ehronml. (Aklrhs, 46>?)  d)  Olstls ighvitndkhs. Nquhkkls quh gl sh supriehg, nugquh hk mhpnrtnehgtl l hk  prlmuotl shn hkieignml mh kn heprhsn3 plr h`hepkl, si sh hkieign hk mhpnrtnehgtl mh hgsnedkn`h, hk suhkml mhk mirhotlr mh prlmuooiÿg gl sh elmiaionrî. (Aklrhs, 46>?)

4.?.1  Vrhoil Vnrn Vbikip Cltkhr y Jnry Nrestrlgj, nutlrhs mhk kidrl augmnehgtls mh enrchtigj, hk prhoil hs ‛(hg hk shgtiml eîs hstriotl) kn ongtimnm mh mighrl quh sh oldrn plr ug prlmuotl

l shrvioil. Hg téreigls eîs nepkils, hk prhoil hs kn suen mh kls vnklrhs quh kls

 

>1 olgsueimlrhs mng n onedil mh kls dhghaioils mh thghr l usnr hk prlmuotl l shrvioil.―   (Isimrl, 46>4)

4.?.:  Ai`noiÿg mh prhoils Kn ai`noiÿg mh prhoils mh kls dihghs y shrvioils quh larhoh kn heprhsn hs ug prlohsl quh igvlkuorn euobls anotlrhs, sihgml hk olstl ug slkl anotlr. Hgtrh ltrls anotlrhs a notlrhs n`hgls nk olstl quh nahotng kn mhthreignoiÿg mh kls prhoils, olel igmion Dnochr y @noldhgs hg su ldrn Olgtndikimnm mh ldrns, hstîg kn gnturnkhzn mh kn heprhsn, hk jrnml mh olephthgoin hgtrh miahrhgths igmustrins igmustrins y mhgtrl mh kn eisen igmustrin, kn hknstioimnm hknstioimnm mh kn mmhengmn, hengmn, kns olgmioilghs holgÿeion, holgÿeion, kn situnoiÿg aigngoihrn, hk givhk mh notivimnm mh kn pkngtn, kn plkåtion mhk jldihrgl, hk givhk mh kls igvhgtnrils, hto. (Isimrl, 46>4)

4.?.2  Ai`noiÿg mh prhoils dnsnmn hg hk vnklr pnrn hk okihgth Hg ðktien igstngoin, hk olgsueimlr hs quihg mhoimirî si hk prhoil mh ug prlmuotl hs hk olrrhotl. Kns mhoisilghs mh ai`noiÿg mh prhoils, ijunk quh ltrns rhahrhgths n kn ehsokn mhk enrchtigj, mhdhg pnrtir mhk vnklr pnrn hk okihgth. Oungml kls olgsueimlrhs nmquihrhg ug  prlmuotl, igthroneding nkjl mh vnklr (prhoil) pnrn lptnr nkjl mh vnklr (kls dhghaioils mh thghr l usnr ug prlmuotl). Xgn ai`noiÿg mh prhoils haionz, lrihgtnmn nk oleprnmlr, iepkion hgthgmhr quh tngtl vnklr ltlrjng kls olgsueimlrhs n kls dhghaioils quh rhoidhg mhk prlmuotl y ai`nr u prhoil quh rhakh`h hsh vnklr. Kn ai`noiÿg mh prhoils dnsnmn hg hk vnklr nk okihgth tlen hg olgsimhrnoiÿgg hk vnklr phroidiml plr kls oleprnmlrhs. (Isimrl, 46>4) olgsimhrnoiÿ

4.?.9  Ai`noiÿg mh prhoils dnsnmn hg hk olstl Kn ai`noiÿg mh prhoils dnsnmn hg hk olstl olgsisth hg hstndkhohr kls prhoils n pnrtir mh kls olstls mh prlmuooiÿg, mistriduoiÿg y vhgtn mhk prlmuotl eîs ugn tnrian `ustn mh utikimnmhs utiki mnmhs  plr hk hsauhrzl quh rhnkizÿ rhnkizÿ kn olepnþån y kls rihsjls quh nsueiÿ. nsueiÿ. Kls olstls plm plmrång rång shr ug hkhehgtl ieplrtngth mh kn hstrnthjin mh ai`noiÿg ai` noiÿg mh prhoils mh ugn olepnþån.

 

>: Kns olepnþåns olg olstls eîs dn`ls puhmhg hstndkhohr ehglrhs prhoils, kl ounk jhghrn eîrjhghs eîs rhmuoimls mh jngngoins, phrl enylrhs vhgtns y utikimnmhs, sig hednrjl, ltrns olepnþåns pnjng olstls eîs nktls mh enghrn igthgoilgnk pnrn njrhjnr vnklr, oldrnr prhoils eîs hkhvnmls y kljrnr enylrhs eîrjhghs kn oknvh olgsisth hg nmeigistrnr kn mistriduoiÿg hgtrh kls olstls y kls prhoils mhthreignr ouîgtl jngn kn olepnþån plr hk vnklr quh hgtrhjn n sus okihgths. (Isimrl, 46>4)

4.?.>6  Vrhoils ai`nmls sldrh kn dnsh mhk ehronml l kn mhengmn Hsth eétlml pnrn kn mhthreignoiÿg mhk prhoil rhsuktn, hg olgshouhgoin, hk eîs nmhounml pnrn kns olepnþåns quh tihghg olel ehtn hk kljrl mh kns utikimnmhs eîxiens ehmingth hk hstndkhoieihgtl mh ug prhoil nmhounml. Hg kls eétlmls dnsnmls hg hk ehronml, kls prhoils sh ai`ng olgsimhrnml kn psiolkljån mhk olgsueimlr l thgihgml hg ouhgtn kn hknstioimnm mh kn mhengmn mh kls mistigtls shjehgtls mhk ehronml. Hg hk priehrl, sh dnsng kns hstrnthjins mh prhoils psiolkÿjiols, y hg hk shjugml, kns hstrnthjins mh prhoil miahrhgoinkhs l mh misorieignoiÿg mh prhoils. (Isimrl, 46>4)

4.?.>>  Olgohptl mh turisel Kn Lrjngiznoiÿg Eugmink mh ]urisel (LE]) olgsimhrn hk olgohptl mh turisel turi sel eîs nkkî mh kn ienjhg hsthrhltipnmn mh ‛snkir mh vnonoilghs―. Kn mhaigioiÿg nohptnmn laioinkehgth hs0 ‛hk turisel oleprhgmh kns notivimnmhs mh phrslgns quh vin`ng y phrenghohg hg kujnrhs

auhrn mh su nedihgth usunk murngth gl eîs mh ug nþl olgshoutivl olg aighs mh jlznr mh tihepl kidrh, ghjloils u ltrls―. Olg hk téreigl nedihgth usunk sh prhthgmh hxokuir kls vin`hs

mhgtrl mhk îrhn bnditunk mh rhsimhgoin y kls vin`hs arhouhgths y rhjuknrhs hgtrh hk mleioikil y hk kujnr mh trndn`l y ltrls vin`hs mh onrîothr rutignril mhgtrl mh kn oleugimnm. -

]urisel Igthrgnoilgnk n)  ]urisel mh hgtrnmn0 visitns n ug pnås plr gl rhsimhgths.  d)  ]urisel mh snkimn0 visitns mh kls rhsimhgths mh ug pnås n ltrl pnås.

 

>2 -

]urisel Igthrgl0 visitns mh rhsimhgths y gl rhsimhgths mhk pnås mh rhahrhgoin. 

-

]urisel Klonk0 visitns mh kls rhsimhgths mh ug pnås hg su prlpil pnås.

-

]urisel Gnoilgnk0 hk turisel igthrgl eîs hk turisel mh snkimn (hk ehronml turåstiol olgstruiml plr kn pldknoiÿg rhsimhgth pnrn njhgths mh vin`hs, kåghns nérhns y ltrls  prhstnmlrhs mh shrvioil). (Jlhkmghr & Drhgt, 46>>)

4.?.>4  Ieplrtngoin mhk turisel Hk turisel, murngth hstns ðktiens méonmns bn oldrnml ugn hglreh ieplrtngoin mhgtrl mhk ehronml igthrgnoilgnk olel anotlr quh olgtriduyh n kns holgleåns gnoilgnkhs ehming ehmingth th kn onptnoiÿg mh mivisns, kn jhghrnoiÿg mh hepkhls y olel vhbåoukl mh igthjrnoiÿg y pnz mh kls puhdkls. Hg hk Vhrð, notunkehgth kn notivimnm turåstion loupn hk shjugml kujnr hg kn jhghrnoiÿg mh mivisns, mhspués mh kn eighrån y jhghrn guehrlsls puhstls mh trndn`l, hxistihgml kn plsidikimnm mh olgvhrtirsh hg ugn jrng pnkngon pnrn mhsnrrlkknr hk pnås. nså eisel hs ugl mh kls pnåshs eîs dhghaioinrils mhk eugml plr k jrng ongtimnm, vnrihmnm y onkimnm mh rhoursls gnturnkhs, oukturnkhs y gnoilgnkhs. (Jlhkmghr & Drhgt, 46>>) 

4.?.>?  Kn gnturnkhzn h ieplrtngoin mhk turisel mh nvhgturn ‛Hg >99?, eîs mh 48 eikklghs mh turistns 8% mhk elvieihgtl igthrgnoilgnk mhk nþl,

visitnrlg hg hk eugml hspnoils jhljrîaiols, mlgmh kls rhoursls gnturnkhs engtihghg su gnturnkhzn y hstruoturn prieijhgin―. Kn thgmhgoin mh mhspknzneihgtl mh bnditngths

nk

holturisel quh hstî hehrjihgml olg auhrzn, sihgml kns olrrihgths turåstions hurlphns y glrthnehriongns kns quh enylr igthrés hstîg elstrngml bnoin kn rhjiÿg mh Neérion mhk _ur  dusongml hk igthrés hsphoink mh ‛Notivimnm y Oukturn― hg kls hspnoils ml mlgm gmh kn gnturnkhzn sh

engtihgh nðg igtnotn l kn nooiÿg mhk bledrh bn thgiml hk ehglr iepnotl plsidkh y hg klonkimnmhs rheltns shjðg hstumils mh prhvisiÿg mh kn LE]. (Jlhkmghr & Drhgt, 46>>) 

 

>9

4.?.>=  Oknsiaionoiÿg mhk turisel Hxisthg miahrhgths oknsiaionoilghs mh turisel mh nouhrml n euobls anotlrhs pnrn hahotls mh guhstrn igvhstijnoiÿg vnels n tlenr hg olgsimhrnoiÿg kn oknsiaionoiÿg plr kns  prhahrhgoins l thgmhgoins hg hk bîditl mh olgsuel olgsuel mh kn sijuihgth sijuihgth alren0 -

]urisel Thorhntivl y mh Dnkghnril 

-

]urisel mh Oukturn 

-

]urisel Thkijilsl 

-

]urisel mh Nvhgturn 

-

]urisel mh Gnturnkhzn l Holturisel (Jlhkmghr & Drhgt, 46>>) 

4.?.>8  Mistritl mh Vituenron (Ongobis) Hk mistritl phrungl mh Vituenron hs ugl mh kls lobls Mistritls mh kn Vrlvigoin mh Ongobis, Mhpnrtnehgtl mh Ousol, dn`l kn nmeigistrnoiÿg hk Jldihrgl rhjilgnk mh Ousol.  

4.?.>1  Bistlrin Hk mistritl auh orhnml ehmingth khy G.¶149 mhk >> mh glvihedrh mh >96:, hg hk jldihrgl mhk prhsimhgth @lsé prhsimhgth @lsé Vnrml y Dnrrhmn.  Dnrrhmn. 

4.?.>:  Xdionoiÿg jhljrîaion

 Aijurn >. Enpn mh udionoiÿg mhk Mistritl mh

Vituenron

 

46 Hstî udionmn hg ? 8:6 esge.3 olg ugn su suphraioih phraioih mh > >>:,8= Ce´ >>:,8= Ce´ y ugn pldknoiÿg mh : 666 bnditngths 666 bnditngths (ohgsl mh mh 466:)  466:),, plshh ugn mhgsimnm ugn mhgsimnm mh 1,? bnditngths/Ce´.

4.?.>2  Ohgtrls pldknmls   Xrdngls



-

Vituenron, olg Vituenron,  olg 4 991 bnd.

  Turnkhs 



-

bnd.  Buitl, olg 4?2 bnd. 

-

bnd.  Cnrbui Xobukkuokkl, olg >21 bnd. 

-

bnd.  Obikkon olg >96 bnd. 

-

nprlx  Vbignyn olg ?66 bnd. nprlx 

4.?.>9  Elgtnþn mh _ihth olklrhs Kn Elgtnþn mh kls : Olklrhs l Elgtnþn Nrolåris, hs ugn mh kns alrenoilghs jhlkÿjions eîs ieprhsilgngths mh kn olrmikkhrn mh kls ngmhs. Notunkehgth hs olgsimhrn olgsimhrnml ml olel ugl mh kls ntrnotivls eîs mhshnmls mh kn oiumnm mhk Ousol. Kn elgtnþn mh sihth olklrhs, hg ug tlur Aukk mny, rholrrihgml plr hk ngtijul oneigl mh kls ^’lkkns, misarutngml mhk hsphotnouknr pnglrnen quh prhshgtn, nså olel nk ghvnml Nusngjnth hk Npu tuthknr mh kn rhjiÿg mhk Ousol y mhsmh kn oien mhk eirnmlr Qigiougon, nprhoin hk olklriml pnrtiouknr mh kn elgtnþn mh kls : olklrhs y hk igorhådkh pnisn`h pigtlrhsol quh kn rlmhn. _ig mumn ugn engiahstnoiÿg phrahotn mh kn enmrh gnturnkhzn, g nturnkhzn, gl slkl hsl tnediég murngth hk trnyhotl plmrîs ldshrvnr kn notivimnm minrin mh kls klonkhs y ugn jrng vnrihmnm mh oneékimls, nså olel (kknen, viouþn y nkpnon).

 

4>

4.= 

Enrol Olgohptunk. n)  Notivimnm turåstion Kn mhstignmn n prhstnr n kls turistns kls shrvioils mh nkl`neihgtl, igthrehminoiÿg,

nkiehgtnoiÿg, trnsknml, igalrenoiÿg, nsisthgoin l ounkquihr ltrl shrvioil rhknoilgnml mirhotnehgth olg hk turisel. (Lohngl Jrupl Hmitlrink, 4661)

d)  Ntrnotivl turåstiol Hs hk rhoursl turåstiol nk ounk kn notivimnm buengn kh bn igolrplrnml igstnknoilghs, hquipneihgtl y shrvioils, njrhjîgmlkh njrhjîgmlkh kh vnklr. (Lohngl Jrupl Hmitlrink, 4661)

o)  Oirouitls turåstiols Olg`ugtl mh mivhrsls mhstigls quh sh ughg hg alren nrtiouknmn y prljrnenmn. Olgthepkng mhgtrl mh hstls0 rhoursls gnturnkhs, oukturnkhs y buengls. Nså olel ug olg`ugtl mh shrvioils larhoimls nk turistn thgihgml olel pugtl aignk mh mhstigl hk mh lrijhg. (Lohngl Jrupl Hmitlrink, 4661)

m)  Olrrhmlr turåstiol Qån mh igthrolghxiÿg l rutn mh vin`h quh ugh hg alren gnturnk mls l eîs ohgtrls turåstiols, mhdihgml hstnr mltnmls hg igarnhstruoturn y ltrns anoikimnmhs quh phreitng su usl y mhsnrrlkkl. (Lohngl Jrupl Hmitlrink, 4661)

h)  Oleugimnm @ugtn l oleugimnm mh phrslgns quh vivhg ugimns y dn`l oihrtns rhjkns. (Jrupl Hmitlrin Lohngl)

a)  Olstls Hs ug olg`ugtl mh hrljnoilghs l mhshedlksls olg hk aig mh ldthghr ug prlmuotl l shrvioil. Nså tnediég sh mioh quh hs ug olg`ugtl mh pnjls, ldkijnoilghs olgtrnåmns, olgsuels, mhprhoinoilghs, nelrtiznoilghs y npkionoilghs ntriduimns n ug phrilml

 

44 mhthreignml, rhknoilgnmls olg kns augoilghs mh prlmuooiÿg, mistriduoiÿg, nmeigistrnoiÿg y aigngoineihgtl. (Phvnkkls, 46>4)

j)  Olstl Mirhotl0 Nquhkkls quh sh imhgtiaiong olg kns ÿrmhghs mh prlmuooiÿg l olg kls ohgtrls mh olstls. Hstîg olgstituimls plr kn enthrin prien mirhotn, kls enthrinkhs mirhotls y kn engl mh ldrn mirhotn. (Isimrl, 46>4)

b)  Olstl mh engl mh ldrn _lg kls jnstls plr snknrils, prhstnoilghs y jrnvîehghs ieputndkhs igmuditndkhehgth nk olgohptl mh trndn`l trndn`l hsphoåaiol. Kn khy mh ldrns Vudkions Vudkions mhaigh quh hk olstl mh engl mh ldrn ‛hs hk quh sh mhrivn mh kns lphrnoilghs quh bnoh hk Olgtrntistn plr hk pnjl mh snknrils

nk phrslgnk quh igthrvihgh hxokusivn y mirhotnehgth hg kn h`houoiÿg mhk olgohptl mh trndn`l quh sh trnth, igokuyhgml nk ondl l priehr engml. (Ngnyn, 466>)

i)  Olstls mh kls enthrinkhs0 Kls enthrinkhs l enthrin prien, slg hkhehgtls quh sh trngsalren h igolrplrn hg ug  prlmuotl threignml. threignml. Qistl nså, tlmls kls hkhehgtls enthrinkh enthrinkhss quh igthrvihghg hg hk prlohsl  prlmuotivl mh ug prlmuotl mhthreignml mhthreignml sh kh olgsimhrn olgsimhrn enthrin prien. prien. (Kheus, 46>:)

 `)  Olstls igmirhotls0 _lg tlmls nquhkkls quh gl sh puhmhg imhgtiaionr olg kls ÿrmhghs mh prlmuooiÿg l olg kls ohgtrls mh olstls mh kn k n heprhsn, olel, plr h`hepkl0 suhkmls prlahsilgnkhs y téogiols mh kn prlmuooiÿg, engl mh ldrn igmirhotn, enthrinkhs igmirhotls, olgtriduoilghs sloinkhs, mhrhobns, sloinkhs, jnstls mh andrionoiÿg, hto. (Aklrhs, (Aklr hs, 46>?)

c)  Olstl mh shrvioil0 Hstls olstls sh oleplghg augmnehgtnkehgth mh engl mh ldrn y ltrls olsths mhk  phrslgnk mirhotnehgth igvlkuornmls n kn prhstnoiÿg mhk shrvioil, igokuyhgml phrslgnk mh suphrvisiÿg y ltrls olstls igmirhotls mistriduidkhs. (Aklrhs, 46>?)

 

4?

k)  Olstl ugitnril0 Olgloiml tnediég olel olstl prlehmil, mh mhthreign mivimihgml hk olstl tltnk hgtrh hk gðehrl mh ugimnmhs. (Aklrhs, 46>?)

e)  Olstl ai`l _lg nquhkkls olstls quh phrenghohg olgstngths hg su enjgitum mhgtrl mh ug phrilml mhthreignml, igmhphgmihgthehgth igmhphgmihgthehgth mh kls onedils rhjistrnmls hg hk vlkuehg mh lphrnoilghs rhnkiznmns. (Jnroin, 4662)

g)  Ai`noiÿg mh prhoil Kn ai`noiÿg mh prhoil mh kls dihghs y shrvioils quh larhoh kn heprhsn hs ug prlohsl quh igvlkuorn anotlrhs, sihgml hk olstl ug slkl anotlr. Hgtrh ltrls anotlrhs n`hgls nk olstl quh nahotng kn mhthreignoiÿg mh kls prhoils. (Aklrhs, 46>?)

l)  Elgtnþn Vrleighgoin mhk suhkl quh sh hkhvn y mleign hk thrrhgl oirougmngth, shjðg su hxthgsiÿg y olepkh`imnm, sh mhgleigng sihrrns, sisthens, onmhgns y olrmikkhrns. (Lohngl Jrupl Hmitlrink, 4661)

p)  Vrlmuooiÿg Vrlmuotls quh hstîg misplgidkhs y slg euy olsthndkhs, y mh quh kn lrjngiznoiÿg mhdh olgohgtrnrsh hg eh`lrnr kn haioihgoin mh kn prlmuooiÿg y kn mistriduoiÿg. (cltkhr & Nrestrlgj, 4662)

q)  Vrlmuotl turåstiol Olg`ugtl mh oleplghgths tngjidkhs h igtngjidkhs quh igokuyhg rhoursls, ntrnotivls, igarnhstruoturn, notivimnmhs rhorhntivns, ieîjhghs y vnklrhs siedÿkiols, pnrn sntisanohr eltivnoilghs y hxphotntivns sihgml phroidimls olel ugn hxphrihgoin turåstion. (Lohngl Jrupl Hmitlrink, 4661)

 

4=

r)  Thoursl turåstiol Hxprhsilghs mh kn gnturnkhzn, kn riquhzn nrquhlkÿjion, hxprhsilghs bistÿrions enthrinkhs h igenthrinkhs mh jrng trnmioiÿg y vnklr quh olgstituyhg kn dnsh mhk prlmuotl turåstiol. (Lohngl Jrupl Hmitlrink, 4661)

s)  _hrvioil Vrhstnoilghs gl enthrinkhs quh larhohg oihrtns heprhsns pnrn sntisanohr kns ghohsimnmhss mh sus okihgths l mhk pðdkiol hg jhghrnk. (Jrupl Oukturnk, 4664) ghohsimnmh

t)  ]urisel Notivimnm quh rhnkizng kns phrslgns murngth sus vin`hs y hstngoins hg kujnrhs mistigtls nk mh su hgtlrgl bnditunk, plr ug phrilml mh tihepl olgshoutivl igahrilr n ug nþl, olg aighs mh loil, plr ghjloil, gl rhknoilgnmls olg hk h`hroioil mh ugn notivimnm rheughrntivn hg hk kujnr visitnml. (Lohngl Jrupl Hmitlrink, 4661)

u)  ]uristn Ounkquihr phrslgn quh vin`n n ug kujnr miahrhgths nk mh su rhsimhgoin bnditunk, quh sh quhmn plr kl ehgls ugn globh hg hk kujnr quh visitn, nugquh gl thgjn quh pnjnr plr nkl`neihgtl, y ouyl prigoipnk eltivl mh vin`h hs hk loil u loupnoiÿg mhk tihepl kidrh3 ghjloils3 phrhjrignoilghs3 phrhjrignoilghs3 snkum u ltrn, ltr n, miahrhgth n ugn notivimnm rheughrnmn hg hk kujnr mh mhstigl. (Lohngl Jrupl Hmitlrink, 4661)

v)  Xtikimnm Hs kn miahrhgoin hgtrh kls igjrhsls y kls olstls tltnkhs (bndrî phrmimn oungml kls olstls suphrhg n kls igjrhsls) X5 Q- O] (Jirnkml, 4662)

w)  Qhgtns _uentlrin mh kn ongtimnm mh ugimnmhs vhgmimns plr hk olstl ugitnril mh onmn ugimnm. Vnrn hk onsl mh ug slkl prlmuotl y mh ug prhoil igvnrindkh sh tihgh Q5p x q (Jirnkml, 4662)

 

48

4.8 

Alreuknoiÿg mh Bipÿthsis 4.8.>  Bipÿthsis jhghrnk   Kls olstls mh shrvioil turåstiol y kn ai`noiÿg mh prhoils pnrn visitnr kn elgtnþn



mh _ihth Olklrhs hg kn Oleugimnm mh Vnepnobiri mhk Mistritl mh Vituenron  phrilml 46>:, sh hstndkhohg mh alren hepårion

4.8.4  Bipÿthsis hsphoåaions   Kls olstls mh shrvioil turåstiol hg kn elgtnþn mh _ihth Olklrhs hg kn



Oleugimnm mh Vnepnobiri mhk Mistritl mh Vituenron phrilml 46>: sh mhthreigng mh enghrn hepårion   Kn ai`noiÿg mh prhoils mh kn elgtnþn mh _ihth Olklrhs hg kn Oleugimnm mh



Vnepnobiri mhk Mistritl mh Vituenron phrilml 46>:, sh rhnkizn mh alren hepårion.

4.1 

Qnrindkhs 4.1.>  Qnrindkhs Qnrindkh >0 Olstls mh shrvioil

Qnrindkh 40 Ai`noiÿg mh prhoils 4.1.4  Olgohptunkizno Olgohptunkiznoiÿg iÿg mh kn vnrindkh.

Olstls mh shrvioil0 Hk olstl mh shrvioil slg tlmls kls rhoursls quh sh utikizng utiki zng pnrn prlmuoir ug dihg l ug shrvioil. Mh enghrn quh kn oungtiaionoiÿg mhk vnklr mh kn engl mh ldrn, enthrinkhs, hquipls, hmiaioils y ltrls quh slg ghohsnrils pnrn drigmnr ugn prhstnoiÿg. (Phvnkkls, 46>4)

 

41

Ai`noiÿg mh prhoils0 Kn ai`noiÿg mh prhoils dnsnmn hg hk olstl olgsisth hg hstndkhohr kls prhoils n pnrtir mh kls olstls mh prlmuooiÿg mhk prlmuotl eîs ugn tnrian `ustn mh utikimnmhs plr hk hsauhrzl quh rhnkizÿ kn olepnþån y kls rihsjls quh nsueiÿ (cltkhr & Nrestrlgj, 4662)

 

4:

4.1.?  Lphrnoilgnkiznoiÿg mh vnrindkh Mhaigioiÿg Olgohptunk

Qnrindkhs

Mhaigioiÿg Lphrnoilgnk

Miehgsilghs

Igmionmlrhs   Olstls mh enthrinkhs



Olstls mh shrvioil

Hk olstl mh shrvioil slg tlmls kls rhoursls quh sh utikizng pnrn prlmuoir ug  dihg l ug shrvioil. Mh enghrn quh kn oungtiaionoiÿg mhk vnklr mh kn engl mh ldrn, enthrinkhs, hquipls, hmiaioils y ltrls quh slg ghohsnrils pnrn drigmnr ugn  prhstnoiÿg. (Phvnkkls, 46>4) 

  Olstls Mirhotls



Hs hk olg`ugtl mh hkhehgtls quh oleprhgmh kls olstls mirhotls y kls olstls igmirhotls.

         

  

  Olstls Igmirhotls







mirhotls utikiznmls hg onmn prlmuotl Engthgieihgtl _hjurimnm _nknril mhk phrslgnk Thoidl mh kuz Thoidl mh Njun

  _ueigistrls mivhrsls



Ai`noiÿg mh  prhoil

Kn ai`noiÿg mh prhoils dnsnmn hg hk olstl olgsisth hg hstndkhohr kls prhoils n  pnrtir mh kls olstls olstls mh prlmuooiÿ prlmuooiÿgg mhk  prlmuotl eîs ugn tnrian `ustn mh utikimnmhs plr hk hsauhrzl quh rhnkizÿ kn olepnþån y kls rihsjls quh nsueiÿ (cltkhr & Nrestrlgj, 4662)

Kn ai`noiÿg mh prhoils  olgsisth hg hk hstndkhoieihgtl mh ug prhoil mh vhgtn nk eisel givhk mh kn olephthgoin.

       

 

 



Vrhoil mh vhgtn. 

 

Qnklr mh vhgtn  Gðehrl mh turistns Enrjhg mh utikimnm Vrhoil ugitnril

 

42

ONVÅ]XKL III0 EÉ]LML MH IGQH_]IJNOIß IGQH_]IJNOIßG G ?.> 

]ipl mh Igvhstijnoiÿg Kn prhshgth igvhstijnoiÿg olgsimhrl olel ugn igvhstijnoiÿg npkionmn y/l prîotion, hg

vistn quh olgtriduirî n kn slkuoiÿg mhk prldkhen pkngthnmn ehmingth hk usl mh kns thlråns hstndkhoimns hg hk enrol thÿriol (BHTGÎGMHP 46>=)

?.4 

Hgalquh mh kn Igvhstijnoiÿg. Kn igvhstijnoiÿg tihgh ug Hgalquh Oungtitntivl, puhstl quh ‛kn igvhstijnoiÿg trntn

mh prldnr bipÿthsis, pnrn ouyl hahotl sh prlohmiÿ n kn rholkhooiÿg mh mntls―

(Bhrgngmhz,

46>=)

?.? 

Mishþl mh Igvhstijnoiÿg Kn prhshgth ]hsis npkion ug mishþl mh igvhstijnoiÿg mh tipl gl hxphriehgtnk, plrquh

‛slkl sh imhgtiaiong olel notlrhs, kls hepkhnmls mh kn prlpin heprhsn l su`htl, mlgmh kns vnrindkhs sh ehmirîg sig engipuknoiÿg nkjugn―.  (_nepihrh, 46>6)

?.= 

Nkongoh mh kn Igvhstijnoiÿg. Hk prhshgth hstumil tihgh ug nkongoh mhsoriptivl,  plrquh prhthgmh mhthreignr kn

alren olel sh vihgh mhthreigngml kls olstls mh shrvioil turåstiol y kn ai`noiÿg mh prhoils  pnrn visitnr kn elgtnþn mh _ihth Olklrhs hg kn Oleugimnm mh Vnepnobiri mhk Mistritl mh Vituenron phrilml 46>:.

?.8 

Vldknoiÿg y Euhstrn mh kn Igvhstijnoiÿg. ?.8.>  Vldknoiÿg Kn igalrenoiÿg mh olstl mh shrvioil turåstiol y ai`noiÿg mh prhoils pnrn visitnr kn

elgtnþn mh _ihth Olklrhs hg kn Oleugimnm mh Vnepnobiri, prlplroilgnrî kls mlouehgtls mh olstls y jnstls mh kn oleugimnm mh Vnepnobiri.

?.8.4  Euhstrn

 

49 _h tlenrî hg ouhgtn kls mlouehgtls mh olstls y jnstls plr kn `ugtn mirhotivn mh kn oleugimnm mh Vnepnobiri mhk Mistritl mh Vituenron Vit uenron phrilml 46>:.

?.1 

]éogions h Igstruehgtls mh Tholkhooiÿg mh Mntls Kns téogions h igstruehgtls quh sh utikiznrlg pnrn kn rholkhooiÿg y trntneihgtl mh kn

igalrenoiÿg slg kns sijuihgths0

?.1.>  ]éogion 

 

Ldshrvnoiÿg



 

Tholpiknoiÿg mlouehgtnk

?.1.4  Igstruehgtls 

 

Thjistrl mh ldshrvnoiÿg



 

Aiobns mh ngîkisis mlouehgtnk

?.: 

Vrlohsneihgtl Vrlohsne ihgtl mh Mntls Kn igalrenoiÿg ldthgimn sh prlohsnrî bnoihgml usl mhk prldkhen hstnmåstiol hk

‛Hxohk― ðktien vhrsiÿg, pnrn nså ldthghr tndkns y jrîaiols olg su olrrhsplgmihgth

igthrprhtnoiÿg, olgstituyhgml rhsuktnmls mh kn igvhstijnoiÿg.

 

?6

Nsphotls Nmeigistrntivls

N. Nsijgnoiÿg mh Thoursls n. Thoursls Buengls0 Hg hsth pugtl sh olgsimhrn n kls mls rhsplgsndkhs mh kn hkndlrnoiÿg mhk prlyhotl, n quihghs ehgoilgnrhels 

 

]hsistns

 

Nshslr mh thsis

 

Nshslr hstnmåstiol







d. Thoursls Enthrinkhs Hg kl quh sh rhaihrh n hsth rhoursl, hs ieplrtngth oitnr, quh phsh, n quh kn igstituoiÿg gls vn n drigmnr kns anoikimnmhs mhk onsl pnrn rhnkiznr hk hstumil olrrhsplgmihgth, sh vn

prhshgtnr kn tndkn mh dihghs quh sh vn n hepkhnr hg su rhsphotivl prhsupuhstl rhprhshgtnml hg guhvls slkhs (_/.)

o. Thoursls mh Dihghs y/l _hrvioils   Dihghs



Oleputnmlrn Ieprhslrn

_/.866.66  _/. 466.66 

]L]NK   ]L]NK

_/. :66.66  :66.66 

  _hrvioils



Igthrght trngsplrth

8 ehshs  8 ehshs 

]L]NK   ]L]NK

_/.486.66  _/. ?66.66  _/. 886.66  886.66 

D. Vrhsupuhstl Thoursls Buengls Thoursls Enthrinkhs Ieprhvistls  ]L]NK   ]L]NK

_/.>,866.66  _/. 986.66  _/. ?66.66  _/. 4,:86.66  4,:86.66 

 

?>

O. Orlgljrnen mh Notivimnmhs (_hjðg minjrnen mh Jngtt)  NO]IQIMNMH_

Ehs

Ehs

Ehs

Ehs

Ehs

>

4

?

=

8.

>

Hkndlrnoiÿg mhk Vkng mh Igvhstijnoiÿg

R

R

4

Thvisiÿg y Ngîkisis mh kn Igalrenoiÿg

R

R

? ?

=

8 1

R

 Nprldnoiÿg mhk mhk pkng mh thsis thsis Ldshrvnoiÿg y npkionoiÿg mhk Igstruehgtl Vrlohsneihgtl mh kls mntls hg prljrnen hstnmåstiol

R

R R

Thmnooiÿg mhk dlrrnmlr mh thsis

R

 Nptl nk jrnml

R

:

Miotnehg mh kn thsis

:

_usthgtnoiÿg

R R

R

 

?4

THAHTHGOIN_ DIDKILJTÎAION_ Ngnyn, J. (466>). Olstls y Vrhsupuhstls. Ehxiol0 Jlmlarhml Jnrmghr Ngnyn @ukil mh 466> OL_]L_ Y VTH_XVXH_]L_ ehxiol. Ntnupikkol, M. (4668). Olgtndikimnm y Olstls plr _hotlrhs. Kien0 Ivhrn Nsloinmls. Onrrnsol, _. (4668). Ehtlmlkljån mh kn igvhstijnoiÿg oihgtåaion. Kien0 _ng Enrols. Aklrhs, J. (46>1). Olstls y kn ai`noilg mh prhoils mh kn onstnþn phknmn hg kn LGJ ongmhkn.   Ousol, phru . Aklrhs, @. (46>?). olstls y prhsupuhstls. Kien 0 jrnaion sngtl mleigjl. Jnroin, @. (4662). Olgtndikimnm mh Olstls ?rn Hmioiÿg.  Eéxiol0 EOJTNZ-BIKK HMXON]ILG. Jirnkml, M. (4662). Olgtndikimnm mh Olstls. Kien0 IALOOLE. Jlhkmghr, O., & Drhgt, T. (46>>). ]urisel Vknghnoilg, Nmeigistrnoiÿg y Vhrsphotivns.  (J.  G. Hmitlrhs, Hm.) Hm.) Ehxiol0 Eikusn _.N. Jrupl Oukturnk. (4664). miooilgnril mh olgtndikimnm y aigngzns.  Enmrim - Hspnþn0 IGENJTNJ. Jrupl Hmitlrin Lohngl. (s.a.).

Bhrgngmhz. (46>=). Ehtlmlkljin mh kn Igvhstijnoiÿg. Ehxiol0 Vugtn _ngtn Ah. Isimrl, J. (46>4). _isthen mh Olstls. Kien 0 VNOIAIOL HMI]LTH_ _.N.O. cltkhr, p., & Nrestrlgj, j. (4662). augmnehgtls mhk enrchtigj. eéxiol0 phnrslg hmuonoiÿg. Kheus, Z. @. ( 46>:). Olgtndikimnm mh Olstls. Dljltî 0 Augmnoiÿg pnrn kn Hmuonoiÿg _uphrilr _ng Enthl . Lohngl Jrupl Hmitlrink. (4661). Miooilgnril Hgoioklpémiol Olklr. Dnrohklgn0 Vrigthm ig _pnig. _nkkuon, K., & Buneng , K. (46>1). Olstls mh lphrnoilg mh shrvioil turistiol y ai`noilg mh  prhoils, hg kn rutn mh nktn elgtnþn elgtnþn snkcngtny, hg hk lphrnmlr mh tu turiselrisel- ngmhng trhocs. Vhrð.

_nepihrh, B. (46>6). Ehtlmlkljin mh kn Igvhstijnoilg. Ehxiol0 EO Jrnw Bikk. _ikvn , _. (46>?). Vrlyhotl mh kn rutn turistion mh Nenjun. Hounmlr. Phvnkkls, H. (46>4). Olgtndikimnm Jhghrnk. Nrhquipn0 @XQH H.I.T.K.

 

??

NGHRL_

 

?=

Entriz mh Olgsisthgoin Vrldkhen

Ld`htivls

Vrldkhen jhghrnk ¼Oÿel sh hstndkhohg kls olstls mh shrvioil turåstiol y ai`noiÿg mh  prhoil pnrn visitnr kn elgtnþn mh _ihth Olklrhs hg kn Oleugimnm mh Vnepnobiri mhk Mistritl mh Vituenron phrilml 46>:<

Ld`htivl Jhghrnk Mhthreignr kls olstls mh shrvioil turåstiol y ai`noiÿg mh  prhoil pnrn visitnr kn elgtnþn mh _ihth Olklrhs hg kn Oleugimnm mh Vnepnobiri mhk Mistritl mh Vituenron phrilml 46>:

Bipÿthsis

Qnrindkhs

Qnrindkh > Bipÿthsis Jhghrnk Kls olstls mh shrvioil turåstiol y kn ai`noiÿg mh prhoils pnrn visitnr Olstl mh kn elgtnþn mh _ihth Olklrhs hg shrvioil kn Oleugimnm mh Vnepnobiri mhk Mistritl mh Vituenron phrilml 46>:, sh hstndkhohg mh alren hepårion

Vrldkhens Hsphoåaiols Ld`htivls Hsphoåaiols. Qnrindkh 4 Bipÿthsis Hsphoåaions n) ¼Oÿel sh hstndkhohg kls n)  Mhthreignr kls olstls mh n)  Kls olstls mh shrvioil olstls mh shrvioil turåstiol shrvioil turåstiol pnrn kn turåstiol hg kn elgtnþn mh  pnrn kn visitn n kn elgtnþn mh visitn n kn elgtnþn mh _ihth Olklrhs hg kn _ihth Olklrhs hg kn _ihth Olklrhs hg kn Oleugimnm mh Vnepnobiri Ai`noiÿg mh Oleugimnm mh Vnepnobiri mhk mhk Mistritl mh Vituenron Vrhoil Oleugimnm mh Mistritl mh Vituenron phrilml  phrilml 46>:, sh Vnepnobiri mhk Mistritl mh 46>:< mhthreigng mh enghrn Vituenron phrilml 46>:.  d)  ¼Oÿel sh ai`ng kls prhoils  d)  Mhthreignr kls prhoils hepårion.  pnrn visitnr kn elgtnþn mh  pnrn kn visitn n kn elgtnþn  d)  Kn ai`noiÿg mh prhoils mh kn _ihth Olklrhs hg mhk kn Oleugimnm mh Vnepnobiri Mistritl mh Vituenron phrilml 46>:<

mh _ihth Olklrhs hg mh kn Oleugimnm Vnepnobiri mhk Mistritl mh Vituenron phrilml 46>:

elgtnþn _ihth Olklrhs hg kn mh Oleugimnm mh Vnepnobiri mhk Mistritl mh Vituenron phrilml 46>:, sh rhnkizn mh alren hepårion.

Igmionmlrhs

]éogion h Igstruehgtls

Ehtlmlkljån mh igvhstijnoiÿg

>) ]ipl mh igvhstijnoiÿg ]éogions Dîsion n)  Ldshrvnoiÿg enthrinkhs mirhotls  d) Tholpiknoiÿg 4) Hgalquh mh igvhstijnoiÿg Oungtitntivl mlouehgtnk utikiznmls hg onmn ?) Mishþl mh igvhstijnoiÿg  prlmuotl  Gl hxphriehgtnk   _nknril mhk phrslgnk =) Nkongoh mh igvhstijnoiÿg   Thoidl mh kuz mhsoriptivl   mhsoriptivl   Thoidl mh Njun 8) Vldknoiÿg   _ueigistrls Kn igalrenoiÿg mh olstls mh Igstruehgtls mivhrsls shrvioil turåstiol y ai`noiÿg n) Thjistrl mh mh prhoils pnrn visitnr kn ldshrvnoiÿg elgtnþn mh _ihth Olklrhs  d) Aiobns mh     Qnklr mh vhgtn hg kn Oleugimnm mh ngîkisis    Gðehrl mh turistns Vnepnobiri, prlplroilgnrn mlouehgtnk   Kiepihzn kls mlouehgtls mh olstls y   Enrjhg mh utikimnm jnstls mh kn Oleugimnm mh   Vrhoil ugitnril Vnepnobiri. 1) Euhstrn   Olstls mh



   

    

_h tlenrî hgmh ouhgtn mlouehgtls olstlsklsy jnstls mh kn Oleugimnm mh Vnepnobiri mhk Mistritl mh Vituenron.   Vituenron.

 

?8

Entriz mh Igstruehgtls pnrn rholkhooiÿg mh mntl ]éogion

Mhaigioiÿg

Igstruehgtl

THQI_IßG

Hk igstruehgtl n utikiznr kn rhvisiÿg mlouehgtnrin, kn ounk sh rhnkizn nk

Thvisiÿg

MLOXEHG]NTIN

LD_HTQNOIßG

rhvisnr kidrls, thxtls igalrentivls,  dlkhtighs olg kn aignkimnm mh vhr kls  olstls mh shrvioil turåstiol y ai`noiÿg mh  prhoils pnrn visitnr n kn elgtnþn mh sihth olklrhs hg kn oleugimnm mh Vnepnobiri mhk Mistritl mh Vituenron phrilml 46>:.

Hk igstruehgtl n utikiznr shrî hk rhjistrl mh ldshrvnoiÿg, mh tnk enghrn quh sh rholkhotnrng ieîjhghs altljrîaions y aåkeions mh tlml hk trndn`l mh rholkhooiÿg mh mntls.

Mlouehgtnrin

Thjistrl mh Ldshrvnoiÿg