Tesina Ejemplo Con Correcciones

 

^FCLALG MGALFMGC HB ^BTÐ BQARBCG HB BHRAGALÑM XÌAMLAF ^TFOBQLFMGC ^M^ ‑  QGM DGTXFCF

KBXFHFCFEËG HB CG LM_BQXLEGALÑM ALBMXLOLAG L. XBKG 0 Hlclebmalgklbmtf hb cgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm bm bc kgraf hb cg cby 1>1?8 bm cg HL_XBT Qur 4 Clkg g÷f 4>47-4>44 GRXFTG0 xxx GQBQFT0 Hr. Eulhf Ogrb, Fclvgrbs Egvlmf (FTALH0 >>>>->>>7-5578-:228) BQ^BALGCLHGH0 xxx  CLKG - ^BTR 4>44

 

ll

Hbhlagtfrlg

 

lll

Gerghbalklbmtf

 

lv

Ëmhlab hb afmtbmlhf ^çe.

 

Agrçtucg

l

^çelmgs prbclklmgrbs

ll

Hbhlagtfrlg

lll

Gerghbalklbmtf

lv

Ëmhlab hb afmtbmlhf

v

Ëmhlab hb tgdcgs

vlll

Tbsukbm / Gdstrgat

lx

Lmtrfhuaalñm

7 Agpëtucf L ^cgmtbgklbmtf hbc prfdcbkg hb lmvbstlegalñm

7.7.

Hbsarlpalñm hb cg rbgclhgh prfdcbkçtlag

4

7.4.

Ofrkucgalñm hbc prfdcbkg

?

^rfdcbkg Ebmbrgc

?

^rfdcbkg Bspbaëolaf

?

7.1.

@ustlolagalñm hb cg lmvbstlegalñm

5

7.8.

Hbclkltgalñm bspgalgc y tbkpfrgc

:

7.2.

Fd`btlvfs hb cg lmvbstlegalñm

:

Fd`btlvf ebmbrgc

:

Fd`btlvfs bspbaëolafs

: Agpëtucf LL Kgraf tbñrlaf

4.7.

Bstuhlfs prbabhbmtbs hb cg lmvbstlegalñm

<

Gmtbabhbmtbs lmtbrmgalfmgcbs

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v

Gmtbabhbmtbs mgalfmgcbs

77

4.4.

Dgsbs tbñrlags (agtbefrëgs)

78

4.1.

Hbolmlalñm hb tìrklmfs

42

Agpëtucf LLL Kbtfhfcfeëg 1.7

Xlpf, bmofqub, hlsb÷f hb cg lmvbstlegalñm y kìtfhf

45

1.4

A Aggtbefrlzgalñm

4:

1.1

Agrgatbrlzgalñm hb cg kubstrg-Bsabmgrlf hb bstuhlf

4:

1.8

Xìamlags b lmstrukbmtfs hb rbafcbaalñm hb hgtfs

1>

1.2

^rfabhlklbmtfs hbsgrrfccghfs pgrg bc rbaf`f hb lmofrkgalñm

17

1.?

^rfabsgklbmtf hb gmçclsls hb hgtfs

14

1.5

Afmslhbrgalfmbs ìtlags

14

 

Lmtrfhuaalñm

 

4

Agpëtucf L ^cgmtbgklbmtf hbc prfdcbkg 7. 7.7. 7.

Hbsa Hbsarl rlpa palñ lñm m hb hb cg cg rrbg bgcl clhg hgh hp prf rfdc dcbk bkçt çtla lagg Bm cfs ðctlkfs tlbkpfs sb jg vlstf afkf cg vlfcbmalg bm bc mðacbf ogklclgr sb jg

lmarbkbmtghf prbbklmbmtbkbmtb hb hlvbrsgs ofrkgs y afm umg prbsbmalg umlvbrsgc, cg qub afdrg kçs oubrzg bs cg vlfcbmalg afmtrg cg ku`br, afmstltuyìmhfsb hb ofrkg prbfaupgmtb bm umg bvlhbmtb trgmserbslñm hb cfs hbrbajfs jukgmfs, alorgs lmhlagm qub hb aghg hlbz ku`brbs trbs sfm vëatlkgs hb bstb ocgebcf sfalgc. Gumghg g bstg prfdcbkçtlag, cg pgmhbklg pfr Afvlh7< trg`f afmslef su gergvgklbmtf, lmtbmslolagmhf cgs alorgs hb vlfcbmalg hfkìstlag (FMR, Ku`brbs, 4>4>). Rmg rbvlslñm bxjgustlvg hb bstghëstlags kumhlgcbs hg aubmtg y bmalbmhb umg ergm gcgrkg gmtb bc lmarbkbmtf hb bstb tlpf hb vlfcbmalg, afm prbhfklmgmalg bm Fabgmëg, Çorlag, Hlmgkgrag, Olmcgmhlg y cg Tbpðdclag Ajbag, afm kbmfr prbsbmalg bm Burfpg, hb cgs ku`brbs bmaubstghgs bc 44% jg rbobrlhf bstgr f jgdbr bstghf bm umg rbcgalñm sbmtlkbmtgc vlfcbmtg, bc 81% rbolbrb vlfcbmalg pslafcñelag (^gz y Kbcìmhbz, 4>4>). Hghg cg prbvgcbmalg hb cg vlfcbmalg ogklclgr o gklclgr y afmtrg cg ku`br, sb jg afmslhbrghf afkf um obmñkbmf sfalgc hloëalc hb augmtlolagr, trgybmhf afmslef prfdcbkgs qub sb bxtlbmhbm g mlvbc sfalgc, aucturgc, bafmñklaf y cgdfrgc, gmtb bstg sltugalñm y olmbs hb egrgmtlzgr cfs hbrbajfs hb cgs ku`brbs y cgs ml÷gs, bc Bstghf afm`umtgkbmtb afm fregmlskfs lmtbrmgalfmgcbs, lmtbrmgalfmgcbs, jgm gpbcghf gc hlsb÷f hb pcgmbs y prfergkgs bm hbobmsg hb sus hbrbajfs, prfaurgmhf bclhlr cgs vucmbrgdlclhghbs qub cb lkplhbm sbmtlrsb cldrbs (GAMRT, 4>4>). ^fr tgmtf, cg jlstfrlg hb cg vlfcbmalg hb eìmbrf mf bs umg jlstfrlg rbalbmtb, mf bs umg jlstfrlg sbmalccg ml drbvb, bs um bmtrgkghf hb cñelags hb pfhbr qub jg vbmlhf sudfrhlmgmhf  pfr slecfs g cg pfdcgalñm hbc kumhf dg`f um pbmsgklbmtf klsñelmf, afmvlrtlbmhf cg vlfcbmalg afmtrg cg ku`br bm umg pgmhbklg kumhlgc (Kgtbfs, 4>47)

 

1

Ugmtu & Qgrsfm (4>4> ), bm su bstuhlf tltucghf  –Cbegc ^rftbatlfm fo Ufkbm gs _latlk fo Hfkbstla _lfcbmab‛  prftbaalñm cbegc

sb÷gcgm qub sb hbdbm sukgr bsoubrzfs pgrg drlmhgr g cgs ku`brbs

pfr pgrtb hb cg Rmlhghbs hb prftbaalñm, Rmlhgh hb Lmvbstlegalñm Arlklmgc y

cfs Afk Afkpcb pcb`f `f ^fc ^fclal lalgcb gcbs9 s9 g trg trgvìs vìs hb trg trgdg dg`fs `fs prb prbvb vbmtl mtlvfs vfs kbhlgm kbhlgmtb tb cg rbgclz rbgclzga galñm lñm hb gsbsfrgklbmtf cbegc bm afcgdfrgalñm afm bc efdlbrmf cfagc y cg fptlklzgalñm ghlalfmgc hbc hbsbkpb÷f hb cg aluhghgmëg, trgtgmhf hb supbrgr tfhfs cfs ogatfrbs qub fdstgauclzgm bc gdfrhg`b hb ku`brbs qub suorbm vlfcbmalg hfkìstlag, bmtrb ftrfs0 Ogatfrbs cbegcbs bm së, Ogatfrbs hb cfs gebmtbs hbc frhbm, Ogatfrbs f lmstgcgalfmbs qub gpfygm bc aukpclklbmtf hb cg cby, Ogatfrbs Qfalgcbs y Aucturgcbs. Bm bc ^brð, cg Afmstltualñm ^fcëtlag bstgdcbab bm bc grtëaucf 4 cg prftbaalñm hb cg jfmrghbz kfrgc, lmtbcbatugc y oëslag hb cgs pbrsfmgs, egrgmtlzgmhf su hbrbajf g cg cldbrtgh y sbeurlhgh pbrsfmgc, mf fdstgmtb, augmhf sb jgab um afmtrgstb hb bstg afmabpalñm afm cg rbgclhgh gatugc sfdrb cg vlfcbmalg ogklclgr y hb eìmbrf, bs lkpbrtlmbmtb, ebmbrgckbmtb, bstb tlpf hb gsumtfs sb gsukb afkf prlvghf f mbtgkbmtb ogklclgr, rbstgmhf lkpfrtgmalg bm bc çkdltf hb cfs hbrbajfs jukgmfs, cgs cbelscgalfmbs tgmtf b`bralalf hb cfs `ubabs hb ogklclg brrghgkbmtb hlatgm kbhlhgs lmghbaughgs lmghbaughgs g cgs rbgclhghbs hb cgs vëatlkgs, yg qub mf sb lrrukpb bc alacf hb cg vlfcbmalg slbmhf ìstb su olm prlmalpgc, afmtrgrlgkbmtb tbrklmgm rbpltlìmhfsb cfs bplsfhlfs vlfcbmtfs y afm kgyfr oubrzg (Tgkfs, 4>74>), cg vlfcbmalg afmtrg cg ku`br afkprbmhb um prfdcbkg sfalgc y bstruaturgc hbc ^brð, qub g rgëz hb cg pgmhbklg pbrhlñ vlsldlclhgh y rbcbvgmalg, slbmhf um rbtf pgrg cgs gutfrlhghbs eudbrmgkbmtgcbs jgabr orbmtb bobatlvf, yg qub cg vlfcbmalg jg kgraghf bm hlvbrsfs bspgalfs y sbatfrbs cg pgrtlalpgalñm hb cg ku`br9 cgs hbsleugchghbs hb eìmbrf sb kgmlolbstgm afm kgyfr prbpfmhbrgmalg bm pfdcgalfmbs vucmbrgdcbs, qub vlvbm bm sltugalfmbs prbagrlgs y bm hfmhb cg ogctg hb lmofrkgalñm, bhuagalñm

 

8

y klbhf cgabrgm su cldbrtgh, gmtb cg klrghg lmhfcbmtb hbc Bstghf (Hbobmsfrëg hbc ^ubdcf, 4>4>). Agdb hbstgagr qub, pbsb g cg bxlstbmalg hb mfrkgtlvgs mgalfmgcbs b lmtbrmgalfmgcbs, bstg afkpcb`g prfdcbkçtlag, tfhgvëg prbsbmtg ogcbmalgs qub lkplhbm egrgmtlzgr cfs hbrbajfs oumhgkbmtgcbs mbabsgrlfs pgrg qub cgs ku`brbs tbmegm umg vlhg hlemg y cldrb, gmtb bstg sltuga slt ugalñm lñm bs prbals prbalsff pcg pcgmtb mtbgr gr ga gaalf alfmb mbss kç kçss af afmtu mtumhb mhbmtb mtbs9 s9 pfr tgmtf, tgmtf, cfs Bstghf Bstghfss hbd hbdbm bm hlspfmbr hb cfs bmtbs pfclalgcbs pgrg qub lmtbrvbmegm bm cfs agsfs hb vlfcbmalg afmtrg cg ku`br  y cg ogklclg. Bstf lkpclag ghbkçs qub cg pfclaëg bstb agpgaltghg pgrg gtbmhbr bstfs jbajfs, hghf qub bs cg prlkbrg gutfrlhgh afm kgyfr agpgalhgh hb rbspubstg gmtb bstfs bvbmtfs (FMR, Ku`brbs, 4>7:). Bm bstb agsf, cg pfclaëg jg gsuklhf cg fdclegalñm hb rbseugrhgr, lmofrkgr y bmagklmgr  bc gpfyf sfalgc mbabsgrlf pgrg qub cgs ku`brbs tbmegm umg vlhg hlemg, cg ^M^ bm bstb agsf b`bautg kbhlhgs prbvbmtlvgs y su lmtbrvbmalñm sb bxtlbmhb bm tfhf bc tbrrltfrlf, mf fdstgmtb,  pbrslstbm gspbatfs qub bvgcugr sfdrb tfhfs gqubccfs qub sb hbrlvgm hb cg bxleldlclhgh lmtbrmgalfmgc, sfdrb cg augc cg Afmvbmalñm Lmtbrgkbrlagmg Lmtbrgkbrlagmg bmofaghg bm cg prbvbmalñm, sgmalñm, y brrghlagalñm hb cg vlfcbmalg, gspbatfs sfdrb cfs augcbs sb jgm bstgdcbalhf cgs cbybs gatugcbs. Bm vlr vlrtuh tuh hb brrghl brrghlag agrr cg vlf vlfcbm cbmalg alg,, sb jgm afmstl afmstltul tulhf hf lms lmstlt tltual ualfmb fmbss qub dusag dusagmm  prftbebr g cg ku`br, bmtrb bccgs cg Hlrbaalñm Mgalfmgc hb Frhbm y Qbeurlhgh, cg Hlrbaalñm hb Qbeurl Qbe urlhgh hgh Alu Aluhgh hghgmg gmg y cg Hlv Hlvlsl lslñm ñm hb ^rf ^rftba tbaalñ alñmm afmtrg afmtrg cg _lfcbm _lfcbmalg alg Ogklcl Ogklclgr. gr. Bstgs Bstgs Hlvlslfmb Hlvls lfmbs, s, sfm rbspf rbspfmsgd msgdcbs cbs hb cg pcgmlolag pcgmlolagalñm alñm,, frhbm, frhbm, hlrbaalfm hlrbaalfmgklbm gklbmtf, tf, affrhlmga affrhlmgalñm, lñm, afmtrfc y sbeulklbmtf hb gatlvlhghbs prbvbmtlvgs sfdrb cg vlfcbmalg ogklclgr y afmtrg cg ku`br  g mlvbc mgalfmgc slbkprb dg`f gutfrlzgalñm hb cg Hlrbaalñm Mgalfmgc hb Frhbm y Qbeurlhgh (Grtëaucf 74?-4>75-LM). Agdb hbstgagr, qub cg Hlvlslñm hb ^rftbaalñm afmtrg cg _lfcbmalg Ogklclgr hb cg ^M^, sb gpfyg hb kgpgs erçolafs y cg ebfcfagclzgalñm, bm um trgdg`f afm`umtf afm cgs afklsgrëgs

 

2

 pgrg agmgclzgr cfs gatfs vlfcbmtfs afmtrg cg ku`br y cg ogklclg. Qu oumalñm bstç gvfaghg gc frhbm frh bm lmt lmtbrm brmff y drl drlmhg mhgrr sbe sbeurl urlhg hgh, h, af afmtr mtrldu lduybm ybmhf hf gc hbsgrr hbsgrrfcc fccff sfalfb sfalfbaf afmñk mñklaf laf bm su alraumsarlpalñm tbrrltfrlgc. Bm bstfs agsfs cg ^M^ aubmtg afm prftfafcfs pgrg cg gtbmalñm hb bstfs agsfs hb vlfcbmalg bstlpucghfs bm cg Cby 1>1?8, gslklskf, bc Hbarbtf Quprbkf Mf. >744>7< ‑ KLK^. Hb leu leugc gc kgm kgmbrg brg,, cg Euë Euëgg hb ^rf ^rfab abhlk hlklbm lbmtfs tfs pgr pgrgg cg lmtbrv lmtbrvbma bmalñm lñm hb cg ^fclaë ^fclaëgg  Mgalfmgc hbc ^brð, bm cg Cby M¾ 1>1?8, su rbecgkbmtf y hlvbrsgs kfhlolagtfrlgs, sb bmaubmtrg lmkbrsf um gpgrtghf kuy bsaubtf y pfaf bspbalolaf rbspbatf g cg b`baualñm hb cgs kbhlhgs hb  prftbaalñm hb sbeurlhgh pbrsfmgc afmtbkpcghf afmtbkpcghf bm bc grtëaucf 82. 4, sbeðm bc Hbarbtf Quprbkf  M¾ >>8-4>7>8-4>71?8 bm cg HL_XBT Qur 4 Clkg g÷f 4>47-4>446  ^rfdcbkgs bspbaëolafs bspbaëolafs

^rfdcbkg bspbaëolaf 7  ¶Hb quì kgmbrg sb rbgclzg cg b`baualñm y sbeulklbmtf hb kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm bm bc kgraf hb cg cby 1>1?8 bm cg HL_XBT Qur 4 Clkg g÷f 4>47-4>446  ^rfdcbkg bspbaëolaf 4  ¶Qb aubmtg afm cfs rbaursfs jukgmfs y cfeëstlafs bm bc kgraf hb cg cby 1>1?8 bm cg HL_XBT Qur 4 Clkg g÷f 4>47-4>446

^rfdcbkg bspbaëolaf 1 

 

5

¶Qb aukpcb afm bc kgraf mfrkgtlvf hb cg cby 1>1?8 bm cg HL_XBT Qur 4 Clkg g÷f 4>47-4>446

7.1. 7.1.

@ust @ustlo lola laga galñ lñm m hb ccgg lm lmvb vbst stle lega galñ lñm m Hbshb bc pumtf hb vlstg tbñrlaf, cg lmvbstlegalñm afdrg rbcbvgmalg, yg qub prfaurg bc

ofrtgcbalklbmtf y prfhuaalñm hb afmfalklbmtfs sfdrb cfs mlvbcbs hb bolalbmalg hbsclmhghgs hb cgs kbhlhgs prbvbmtlvgs hbtbrklmghgs y cgs egrgmtëgs qub jgm slhf bstgdcbalhgs pgrg prftbebr g cgs ku`brbs bm cfs agsfs hb vlfcbmalg9 pfr kbhlf hb cg bxpfslalñm hb lmofrkgalñm y gmçclsls hb lmofrkgalñm afmsleulñ afckgr cfs vgaëfs tbñrlafs-cbegcbs bm bstb çkdltf, bm augmtf g cg bspba bsp balol lolaga agalñm lñm b lmt lmtbrp brprbt rbtgal galñm ñm acg acgrg rg y prb prbals alsgg hb cgs mfr mfrkgs kgs qu qubb rbeucg rbeucgmm cg kgtbrl kgtbrlg, g, bspbaëolagkbmtb bspbaëolagkbm tb bm cf qub sb rbolbrb g cgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm hb sbeurlhgh pbrsfmgc, slbmhf mbabsgrlg cg dðsqubhg hb umg sbrlb hb gctbrmgtlvgs pcgusldcbs y vlgdcbs pgrg bobatlvlzgr cg b`baualñm hb kbhlhgs hb prbvbmalñm- prftbaalñm bm agsfs hb vlfcbmalg. ^fr bstg rgzñm, sb kgtbrlgclzf um gmçclsls sfdrb cg cby bspbalgc qub rbeucg cg kgtbrlg, gsë afkf tgkdlìm su rbecgkbmtf y kfhlolagtfrlgs, g olm hb hgr um lmtbrprbtgalñm y gpclagalñm hb ofrkg ghbaughg, afghyuvgmhff hbc klskf kfhf afm cgs euëgs f prftfafcfs hb gatugalñm hb cg ^M^, bm agsfs hb afghyuvgmh b`baualñm y sbeulklbmtf hb kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm hb prftbaalñm bm kgtbrlg hb vlfcbmalg ogklclgr. @ust @ustlo lola laga galñ lñmm kbtfhfcñelag, gc sb sbrr um bstu bstuhl hlff au augc gclt ltgt gtlv lvff sb gp gpcl clañ añ bc hl hlsb sb÷f ÷f obmfkbmfcñelaf y bc bstuhlf hb agsfs, afm bc fd`btf hb jgabr um gmçclsls sfdrb cgs agtbefrëg y sudagtbefrëgs qub ofrkgm pgrtb hbc prbsbmtb trgdg`f hb lmvbstlegalñm. Hbc klskf kfhf umg vbz gpclaghfs cfs lmstrukbmtfs y hbtbrklmghg su afmolgdlclhgh, oub rbgclzghf um trgdg`f hb agkpf afm cg olmgclhgh hb rbafcbatgr cg lmofrkgalñm prlvlcbelghg b lkpfrtgmtb qub pbrkltlñ cg afmstruaalñm hb cgs afmacuslfmbs, y cgs rbafkbmhgalfmbs pbrtlmbmtbs, slbmhf ðtlc bc prbsbmtb trgdg`f afkf euëg pgrg outurgs lmvbstlegalfmbs.

 

:

@ust @ustlo lola laga galñ lñmm sfalgc-prçatlaf, gs gslk lkls lskf kf,, cf cfss rb rbsu suct ctgh ghfs fs hb hbcc pr prbs bsbm bmtb tb trgdg trgdg`f `f hb lmvbstlegalñm pbrkltlbrfm supbrgr cgs hbdlclhghbs bxlstbmtbs bm augmtf g cg lmtbrprbtgalñm y gpclagalñm hbc kgraf `urëhlaf qub rbeucg cg kgtbrlg pgrg fptlklzgr cg b`baualñm y sbeulklbmtf hb cgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm, hfmhb sb hbdbm prlfrlzgr cfs ogatfrbs kçs lkpfrtgmtbs, tgcbs afkf cg affrhlmgalñm kuctlsbatfrlgc y cfs agmgcbs hb afkumlagalñm afkumlagalñm bobatlvfs.

7.8. 7.8.

Hbcl Hbclkl kltg tgal alñm ñm bsp bspga galg lgcc y ttbk bkpf pfrg rgcc

 Hbclkltgalñm bspgalgc bspgalgc

Bc prbsbmtb bstuhlf oub rbgclzghf bm cgs Afklsgrlgs hb cg HL_XBT Qur 4 Clkg.  Hbclkltgalñm tbkpfrgc  tbkpfrgc 

Bc prbsbmtb bstuhlf oub hbsgrrfccghf hurgmtb bc pbrlfhf hbc 4>47 gc 4>44.

7.2.

 Fd`btlvfs hb cg lmvbstlegalñm

Fd`btlvf ebmbrgc 

Gmgclzgr añkf sb vlbmb b`bautgmhf bc hlclebmalgklbmtf hb cgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm bm bc kgraf hb cg cby 1>1?8 bm cg HL_XBT HL _XBT Qur 4 Clkg g÷f 4>47-4>44 Fd`btlvfs bspbaëolafs

Fd`btlvf bspbaëolaf 7 Gmgclzgr añkf sb rbgclzg cg b`baualñm y sbeulklbmtf hb kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm bm bc kgraf hb cg cby 1>1?8 bm cg HL_XBT Qur 4 Clkg g÷f 4>47-4>44.

Fd`btlvf bspbaëolaf 4  Gmgclzgr sl sb aubmtg afm cfs rbaursfs jukgmfs y cfeëstlafs bm bc kgraf hb cg cby 1>1?8 bm cg HL_XBT Qur 4 Clkg g÷f 4>47-4>44.

Fd`btlvf bspbaëolaf 1 Hbsarldlr sl sb aukpcb afm bc kgraf mfrkgtlvf hb cg cby 1>1?8 bm cg HL_XBT Qur 4 Clkg g÷f 4>47-4>44.

 

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Agpëtucf LL Kgraf tbñrlaf 4.7.Bstuhlfs prbabhbmtbs hb cg lmvbstlegalñm Bm bstb gpgrtghf sb hbsarldbm hlvbrsfs bstuhlfs qub sb bmaubmtrgm bstrbajgkbmtb vlmaucghfs g cg prfdcbkçtlag hb lmvbstlegalñm, bmtrb cfs augcbs hbstgagm cfs sleulbmtbs.  Bstuh  Bs tuhlfs lfs pr prba babh bhbmt bmtbs bs lmtbr lmtbrmga mgalfm lfmgcb gcbss

Cëhlab (4>47), bm su bstuhlf sfdrb bc bstghf drgslcb÷f orbmtb g cg cuajg afmtrg cg vlfcbmalg hfkìstlag b lmtrgogklclgr jgalg cg ku`br pfr rgzñm hb eìmbrf, auyf fd`btlvf oub –pcgmtbgr um gmçclsls hbc kgraf mfrkgtlvf hbc hbrbajf lmtbrmgalfmgc hb cfs hbrbajfs jukgmfs bm kgtbrlg hb vlfcbmalg hfkìstlag b lmtrgogklclgr afmtrg cg ku`br dgsghg bm eìmbrf, afm cg olmgclhgh hb bcgdfrgr um bstuhlf gkpclf y hbtgccghf sfdrb cgs lmtbrvbmalfmbs hbc Bstghf pgrg bmorb bmorbmt mtgr gr bstb bstb ob obmñ mñkb kbmf mf hbcl hbclat atlv lvf‛ f‛.. Oub Oub um bs bstu tuhl hlff hf hfau aukb kbmt mtgc gc,, dç dçsl slaf af,, af afmm hl hlsb sb÷f ÷f jbrkbmìutlaf, sb gpclañ umg kbtfhfcfeëg hb hlsbrtgalñm greukbmtgtlvg y afkf lmstrukbmtf oub usghg cg euëg hb gmçclsls hfaukbmtgrlf. Cfs rbsuctghfs hbkfstrgrfm qub sb hbdbm pfmbr bm kgrajg bstrgtbelgs bolagabs pgrg afkdgtlr bc ocgebcf sfalgc hb cg vlfcbmalg ogklclgr y cgs Afmacuslfmbs grrf`grfm qub, sb rbqulbrb umg kgyfr gtbmalñm y rbspubstg lmkbhlgtg hbc Bstghf y cg pubstg bm kgrajg hb pfcëtlags pðdclags y kbhlhgs bobatlvgs, afm bc olm hb prfkfvbr cg  prbvbmalñm, sgmalñm y brrghlagalñm hb cg vlfcbmalg hfkìstlag b lmtrgogklclgr afmtrg cg ku`br   dgsghg bm eìmbrf. Bc bstuhlf eugrhg um bstrbajf vëmaucf afm bc prbsbmtb trgdg`f yg qub  prfpfmb bobatlvlzgr cgs pfcëtlags pðdclags b lkpcbkbmtgr kbhlhgs kçs bobatlvgs pgrg afkdgtlr  bstb ocgebcf qub gobatg sbrlgkbmtb g cg sfalbhgh. Cñpbz y Frhñ÷bz (4>4>), bm su bstuhlf sfdrb cg bobatlvlhgh hb cgs kbhlhgs hb  prftbaalñm hlatghgs g ogvfr hb cgs vëatlkgs hb vlfcbmalg lmtrgogklclgr, hurgmtb bc 4>7< bm bc Kumlalplf hb ^lbmhgkñ, Aguag9 tbmlbmhf afkf fd`btlvf gmgclzgr cg bobatlvlhgh hb hlajgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm. Qb gpclañ umg kbtfhfcfeëg klxtg, utlclzgmhf hgtfs y bstghëstlags, su

 

7>

lmstru lms trukbm kbmtf tf oub umg bmt bmtrbv rbvlst lstgg bst bstrua ruatur turgh ghg, g, g cg kub kubstr strgg sb sbcba cbaalf alfmgh mghgg af afkpu kpubs bstg tg pfr  oumalfmgrlfs qub tlbmbm afkpbtbmalg hlrbatg bm cg bvfcualñm hb cfs agsfs hb vlfcbmalg. Cfs rbsuctghfs hbkfstrgrfm qub cg kbhlhg hb prftbaalñm cldrghg afm kgyfr orbaubmalg oub bc hbsgcf`f y bc trgtgklbmtf pslafcñelaf, y hbshb cg pbrspbatlvg hb cfs oumalfmgrlfs, augmhf cgs kbhlhgs mf sfm bobatlvgs bs pfrqub bc gerbsfr qubhg cldrb, cgs vëatlkgs sfm pfaf rbabptlvgs g cfs jbajfs f jgy um lmaukpclklbmtf hb cg mfrkgtlvlhgh. Rmg vbz aucklmghf bc bstuhlf cfs gutfrbs ccbegrfm g cg afmacuslñm qub cgs ku`brbs mbabsltgm kb`frbs egrgmtëgs bm bc b`bralalf hb sus hbrbajfs y bc aukpclklbmtf hb cg mfrkg bmogtlzgmhf bm cg bobatlvlhgh hb cgs kbhlhgs hb  prftbaalñm qub hbdbm sbr afmolgdcbs pgrg cgs vëatlkgs. Bc bstuhlf bm rbobrbmalg eugrhg umg bstrbajg rbcgalñm afm bc prbsbmtb trgdg`f, yg qub bc fd`btlvf dusañ gmgclzgr cg bobatlvlhgh hb cgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm hlatghgs g ogvfr hb cgs vëatlkgs hb vlfcbmalg ogklclgr, hb`gmhf bm bvlhbmalg cgs hbdlclhghbs bxlstbmtbs bm cg kgtbrlg, yg qub mf sb egrgmtlzg cg lmtberlhgh hb cgs vëatlkgs y mf sfm afmolgdcbs hlajgs kbhlhgs, ghvlrtlbmhf qub cg rbgclhgh bs slklcgr g cg  pbrugmg, hfmhb mf bxlstb um hlclebmalgklbmtf hlclebmalgklbmtf bobatlvf hb cgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm hb cgs vëatlkgs hb vlfcbmalg ogklclgr. Obrkfsf (4>4>), bm su bstuhlf sfdrb cg ^brabpalñm hb cg leugchgh y cg vlfcbmalg hb eìmbrf, auyf fd`btlvf oub bvgcugr bc erghf hb tfcbrgmalg bxprbsghf jgalg cg vlfcbmalg hb eìmbrf suorlhg pfr cgs ku`brbs bm sus hlobrbmtbs kgmlobstgalfmbs, kgmlobstgalfmbs, g pgrtlr hbc gmçclsls bm vgrlfs bsabmgrlfs y su fplmlñm sfdrb cgs rbpbrauslfmbs cbegcbs, prbtbmhëg hbtbrklmgr bc mlvbc hb tfcbrgmalg bxprbsghf jgalg cg vlfcbmalg hb eìmbrf suorlhg pfr cgs ku`brbs bm sus hlobrbmtbs kgmlobstgalfmbs. Qb trgtg hb um bstuhlf bkpërlaf-gmgcëtlaf bx-pfst-ogatf, rbgclzghf dg`f um kfhbcf jlpftìtlaf hbhuatlvf, y hbrlvghf hbc pgrghlekg augcltgtlvf afmstruatlvlstg. Cg kubstrg bstuvf afkpubstg pfr 817 bstuhlgmtbs y sb utlclzñ um aubstlfmgrlf bstruaturghf pgrg cg rbafelhg hb hgtfs. Cfs rbsuctghfs rbvbcgrfm qub sb hbdbrëg lkpgrtlr ofrkgalñm pgrg lhbmtlolagr  cgs hlstlmtgs ofrkgs hb kgctrgtf y qub sb hbdbrëg prbstgr kgyfr gtbmalñm gc tbkg hb cgs

 

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rbpbrauslfmbs cbegcbs hbc kgctrgtf. Rmg vbz afmaculhf bc trgdg`f ccbeñ g cg afmacuslñm qub, bc tbkg hb cg vlfcbmalg hb eìmbrf hbdbrëg lmaculrsb bm cfs pcgmbs hb bstuhlf hb cgs agrrbrgs qub  prbpgrgm g cfs outurfs prfobslfmgcbs qub pgrtlalpgrçm bm cg gtbmalñm y brrghlagalñm hb cg vlfcbmalg hb eìmbrf. Bstb bs um plcgr lmaubstlfmgdcb pgrg gdfrhgr cg aubstlñm prfdcbkçtlag. Bc prbsbmtb trgdg`f bs pbrtlmbmtb afmslhbrgrcf afkf prbabhbmtb yg qub oub ðtlc pgrg cg afmstruaalñm hb cgs dgsbs tbñrlags bm augmtf g cg tbfrëg sfdrb cfs hbrbajfs hb cgs ku`brbs g vlvlr umg vlhg cldrb hb vlfcbmalg, hfmhb sb rbspbtbm cfs hbrbajfs jukgmfs y sb cferb brrghlagr  cg vlfcbmalg bm tfhgs sus kgmlobstgalfmbs, prfkfvlbmhf cg ofrkgalñm bm vgcfrbs y gorfmtgmhf afm sbrlbhgh bstg prfdcbkçtlag sfalgc.  Bstuhlfs prbabhbmtbs prbabhbmtbs mgalfmgcbs mgalfmgcbs

Jl Jlcg cgrl rlff y Gc Gcbe berb rb (4>4 (4>44) 4),, bm su bs bstu tuhl hlff sf sfdr drbb –c –cgg lm lmbo bola laga galg lg hb cg cgss kbhl kbhlhg hgss hb ^rftbaalñm orbmtb g cfs prfabsfs hb vlfcbmalg ogklclgr, bm bc @uzeghf Klxtf hb Dfcfembsl, 4>4>, auyf fd`btlvf oub bstgdcbabr cg kgmbrg añkf sb vlbmb bobatlvlzgmhf cgs kbhlhgs hb  prftbaalñm orbmtb g cfs prfabsfs hb vlfcbmalg ogklclgr, bm bc @uzeghf Klxtf hb cg ^rfvlmalg hb Dfcfembsl, hurgmtb bc g÷f 4>4>‛. Oub hb tlpf dçslaf, afm um hlsb÷f mf bxpbrlkbmtgc, kìtfhf lmhuatlvf, dg`f um bmofqub augcltgtlvf. Cg kubstrg bstuvf afmstltulhg pfr gdfeghfs y hfabmtbs bspba bsp balgc lgclst lstgs, gs, gpclag gpclagmhf mhf afk afkff lms lmstru trukbm kbmtf tf umg bm bmtrb trbvls vlstg. tg. Cfs rbs rbsuct uctgh ghfs fs fdt fdtbm bmlhf lhfss hbkfstrgrfm qub –cg ogctg hb pbrsfmgc agpgaltghf bmtrb cfs bobatlvfs hbc frhbm, qub mf pbrkltb qub sb vbmeg bobatlvlzgmhf cgs hlspfslalfmbs hb tutbcg bm cfs prfabsfs `urlshlaalfmgcbs pfr  lmtlklhgalñm ogklclgr, cf qub trgb afkf afmsbaubmalg cg ogctg hb bolagalg hb cgs kbhlhgs hb  prftbaalñm orbmtb gc prfabsf prfabsf pbmg pbmgcc pfr agusg hb vvlfcbmalg lfcbmalg ogklclgr‛. Bc gpfrtb hbc prbsbmtb trgdg`f rghlag bm cg mbabslhgh hb bobatlvlzgr cgs kbhlhgs hb  prftbaalñm hlatghgs g ogvfr hb cgs ku`brbs vëatlkgs hb vlfcbmalg ogklclgr, slbmhf mbabsgrlf afmtgr afm cg fpfrtumg gatugalñm hb cfs bobatlvfs pfclalgcbs, gsë afkf tgkdlìm hftgr hb cfs rbaursfs rbau rsfs cfeëstla cfeëstlafs fs y tbam tbamfcñel fcñelafs, afs, pfr ftrg pgrtb, sb pubh pubhbb hbstgagr hbstgagr qub bc prbsbmtb prbsbmtb bstuhlf

 

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bstg hlrbaalfmghf g rbgclzgr um gmçclsls sfdrb cg kgmbrg bm qub sb vlbmb hbsgrrfccgmhf bc hlclebmalgklbmtf hb cgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm y afkf sb pubhb fptlklzgr cg b`baualñm y sbeulklbmtf hb hlajgs kbhlhgs. Dgrabccl (4>47), rbgclzf um bstuhlf sfdrb –cg lkpcbkbmtgalñm hb kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm  pbrkgmbmtbs pgrg kb`frgr cg agclhgh hb gtbmalñm hb vëatlkgs bm vlfcbmalg ogklclgr bm cfs ABK, Agccgf 4>4>, auyf fd`btlvf oub o ub hbtbrklmgr cg lkpcbkbmtgalñm hb kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm  pbrkgmbmtbs pgrg kb`frgr kb`frgr cg agclhgh hb gtbmalñm hb vëatlkgs bm _O‛, oub um bstuhlf klxtf, klxtf, hb tlpf hbsarlptlvf, afm um hlsb÷f mf bxpbrlkbmtgc. Cg kubstrg oub hb 77> lmofrkgmtbs hb cfs augcbs oubrfm `ubabs pbmgcbs y bspbalgclstgs `uhlalgcbs, sb gpclagrfm afkf lmstrukbmtfs um aubstlfmgrlf bstruaturghf y cg rbvlslñm dldclferçolag bmofaghg bm bc tbkg. Afkf rbsuctghfs sb fdtuvf qub, –gc lkpcbkbmtgr hb kgmbrg pbrkgmbmtb cgs Kbhlhgs hb ^rftbaalñm, sb jg kb`frghf cg agclhgh hb gtbmalñm hbmtrf hb cfs Abmtrfs hb Bkbrebmalg Ku`br, prlmalpgckbmtb  pfrqub cgs vlatlkgs tbmhrçm kb`fr rbseugrhf pfr pgrtb hbc ^fclaëg Mgalfmgc y bc Klmlstbrlf ^ðdclaf‛. Rmg vbz afmaculhf bc prbsbmtb bstuhlf bc gutfr ccbeñ g cg afmacuslñm qub cg lkpcbkbmtgalñm hb kbhlhgs pgrkbmtb hb prftbaalñm g cgs vëatlkgs hb vlfcbmalg ogklclgr   drlmhg kgyfr rbseugrhf g cgs vlatlkgs yg qub sb jgrç um sbeulklbmtf afmtlmuf pfr pgrtb hb cg ^fclaëg mgalfmgc hb cg Olsagcëg. Bc prbsbmtb trgdg`f bs pbrtlmbmtb y eugrhg umg bstrbajg rbcgalñm afm bstb bstuhlf, yg qub bm gkdgs lmvbstlegalfmbs sb bstuhlgm cgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm g ogvfr hb cgs ku`brbs vëatlkgs hb vlfcbmalg, tfkgmhf bm afmslhbrgalñm su trgtgklbmtf, b`baualñm y sbeulklbmtf, cg agclhgh hb gtbmalñm y su bobatlvlhgh, g olm hb kb kb`frgr y egrgmtlzgr cg sbeurlhgh b lmtberlhgh hb cg ku`br y hb cfs hbkçs klbkdrfs hbc erupf ogklclgr. ^gajbaf y Pbg (4>47), rbgclzgrfm um bstuhlf sfdrb cg kbhlhg rbeucghg bm bc grtëaucf 44, mukbrgc 4, qub sb rbolbrb gc lkpbhlkbmtf hb gabragklbmtf g cg vëatlkg, afmtbkpcghg bm cg Cbyy 1>1? Cb 1>1?8, 8, tbml tbmlbm bmhf hf

afkf afkf fd fd`b `btl tlvf vf –g –gmg mgcl clzg zgrr pf pfrr qu quìì cg kb kbhl hlhg hg hb pr prft ftba baal alñm ñm hb

 

71

lkpbhlkbmtf hb gabragklbmtf g cg vëatlkg rbeucghg bm bc grtëaucf 44, mukbrgc 4 hb cg Cby M¾ 1>1?8 hbsgkpgrg cg olmgclhgh hb brrghlagr cg vlfcbmalg afmtrg cg ku`br, Grbqulpg -4>4>‛9 bc bstuhlf oub augcltgtlvf, augcltgtlvf, afm um hlsb÷f mf bxp bxpbrlkbmtgc brlkbmtgc y sb gpclañ cg tbfrëg oumhgkbmtghg, oumhgkbmtghg, oub hb tlpf dçslag, dg`f bc kìtfhf jbrkbmìutlaf, cg kubstrg bstuvf afmstltulhg pfr 5 bspbalgclstgs (Olsag (Ol sagcbs cbs y @ubab @ubabs) s) gp gpcla clagm gmhf hf af afkf kf lms lmstru trukbm kbmtfs tfs cg bm bmtrb trbvls vlstg, tg, bc au aubst bstlfm lfmgrl grlf, f, gmçcls gmçclsls ls hfaukbmtgc y mfrkgtlvf. Rmg vbz gmgclzghg y prfabsghg cg lmofrkgalñm rbafcbatghg sb fdtuvf afkf rbsuctghf qub, cg kbhlhg hb prftbaalñm hb lkpbhlkbmtf hb gabragklbmtf g cg vëatlkg rbeucghg pfr bc grtëaucf 44, mukbrgc 4 hb cg Cby M¾ 1>1?8 hbsgkpgrg cg olmgclhgh hb brrghlagr  cg vlfcbmalg afmtrg cg ku`br. Qb pubhb hbstgagr qub bc prbsbmtb trgdg`f hb lmvbstlegalñm slrvlñ hb euëg y frlbmtgalñm hbshb hfs gspbatfs, hbshb bc pumtf hb vlstg tbñrlaf puhf afmtrldulr bm cg afmstruaalñm hb cgs dgsbs tbñrlags y hbshb bc pumtf hb vlstg kbtfhfcñelaf rbprbsbmtf sbr umg euëg lkpfrtgmtb pfr cg slklcltuh hb tlpf hb lmvbstlegalñm, bmofqub b lmstrukbmtf gpclaghf, slbmhf tfkgmhf bm afmslhbrgalñm bc prfabsf hb agtbefrlzgalñm y kgmb`f hb cg agtbefrëg y sudagtbefrëgs. Tgkfs Tg kfs (4> (4>75).

 

72

Xfhfs cfs çkdltfs hb cg vlhg hb cgs ku`brbs y cgs ml÷gs bstçm prftbelhfs pfr sus hbrbajfs jukgmfs, lmaculhf bc hbrbajf g cg gtbmalñm sgmltgrlg, cg bhuagalñm, cg pgrtlalpgalñm  pfcëtlag, bc dlbmbstgr bafmñklaf y cg gusbmalg hb vlfcbmalg, bmtrb ftrfs kuajfs. ^grg jgabr  rbgclhgh cfs hbrbajfs jukgmfs, cg pgz y cg sbeurlhgh, y bc hbsgrrfccf sfstbmldcb, bs bsbmalgc egrg egrgmt mtlz lzgr gr qu qubb cgs cgs ku ku`b `brb rbss y cgs cgs ml÷g ml÷gss pu pubh bhgm gm hl hlso soru rutg tgrr pc pcbm bmgk gkbm bmtb tb y bm le leug ugch chgh gh hb afmhlalfmbs hb tfhfs sus hbrbajfs jukgmfs y qub pubhgm vlvlr cldrbs hb augcqulbr ofrkg hb hlsarlklmgalñm. Bstb bs um hbrbajf oumhgkbmtgc qub hbdb sbr prftbelhf. Cg Agrtg hb cgs  Mgalfmbs Rmlhgs golrkg qub jfkdrbs y ku`brbs bstçm hftghfs hb cgs klskgs prftbaalfmbs cbegcbs y cldbrtghbs alvlcbs. Cg bclklmgalñm hb cg hlsarlklmgalñm pfr rgzñm hb sbxf bs um rb rbqu quls lslt ltff lk lkpu pubs bstf tf pfr pfr tfhf tfhfss cfs cfs hfau hfaukb kbmt mtfs fs lm lmtb tbrm rmga galf lfmg mgcb cbss hb hb hbrb rbaj ajfs fs ju jukg kgmf mfss lkpfrtgmtbs. Cg Afmvbmalñm sfdrb cg bclklmgalñm hb tfhgs cgs ofrkgs hb hlsarlklmgalñm afmtrg cg ku`brr jg slhf rgtlo ku`b rgtlolaghg laghg pfr agsl tfhfs cfs pgësbs hbc kumh kumhf. f. Qlm bkdgref, bkdgref, bm cg gatugclhgh gatugclhgh sleubm bxlstlbmhf afmslhbrgdcbs cgeumgs y vucmbrgalfmbs hb hbrbajfs bm tfhgs cgs pgrtbs hbc  pcgmbtg. Bs lkpbrgtlvf qub cgs cbybs y pfcëtlags mgalfmgcbs oubrtbkbmtb oumhgkbmtghgs bm cgs mfrkgs lmtbrmgalfmgcbs hb hbrbajfs jukgmfs egrgmtlabm cg prftbaalñm hb cfs hbrbajfs hb cgs ku`brbs y cgs ml÷gs. Cg gpclagalñm hb cgs cbybs bm çkdltfs afkf cg bxpbatgtlvg hb tbmbr um  `ulalf `ustf y cg ogalclhgh hb gaabsf g cfs trldumgcbs bs leugckbmtb lkpfrtgmtb. Bs mbabsgrlf bhuagr g cgs ku`brbs y cgs ml÷gs sfdrb sus hbrbajfs y hgrcbs cfs kbhlfs pgrg jgabrcfs vgcbr. Bs mbabsgrlf arltlagr y trgdg`gr pgrg agkdlgr cgs gatltuhbs sfalgcbs y cgs lhbgs prbafmabdlhgs qub vgm bm afmtrg hb cg leugchgh hb eìmbrf. Qbeðm FMR Ku`brbs, hbsergalghgkbmtb gðm qubhg um cgref agklmf pfr rbafrrbr gmtbs hb cfergr cg pcbmg leugchgh hb hbrbajfs y fpfrtumlhghbs bmtrb jfkdrbs y ku`brbs. ^fr cf tgmtf, bs hb sukg lkpfrtgmalg pfmbr olm g cgs hlvbrsgs ofrkgs hb vlfcbmalg dgsghgs bm bc eìmbrf y egrgmtlzgr qub cgs ku`brbs y cgs ml÷gs, ghbkçs hb cfs jfkdrbs y cfs ml÷fs, tbmegm bc

 

7?

klskf gaabsf g cg bhuagalñm y cg gtbmalñm sgmltgrlg hb gctg agclhgh, gsë afkf g cfs rbaursfs bafmñklafs y cg fpfrtumlhgh hb pgrtlalpgr bm cg vlhg pfcëtlag. Cg leugchgh hb gaabsf g cfs  pubstfs hb trgdg`f, g cgs pfslalfmbs hb clhbrgzef y g cg agpgalhgh agpgalhgh hb tfkgr hbalslfmbs g tfhfs cfs mlvbcbs bs ftrf fd`btlvf gc qub jgy qub hgr prlfrlhgh. Agtbefrëg0 Hlclebmalgklbmtf hb kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm

Afkprbmhb bc afm`umtf hb gatugalfmbs y cg b`baualñm hb cgs hbdlhgs hlclebmalgs g agref hb cfs fregmlskfs rbspfmsgdcbs y afkpbtbmtbs pgrg ccbvgr g agdf tfhgs cgs gatugalfmbs y gvbrleugalfmbs mbabsgrlgs pgrg prfaurgr cg prftbaalñm bolalbmtb y cg b`baualñm hb cgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm hlatghg pfr cfs ñregmfs `urlshlaalfmgcbs g ogvfr hb cgs ku`brbs vëatlkgs hb vlfcbmalg, slbmhf bstf rbofrzghf pfr cfs prbabptfs cbegcbs bstgdcbalhfs y qub rbeucgm hb kgmbrg bxprbsg hlajg kgtbrlg. Agstlccf (4>75), sb÷gcg qub hlclebmalgr kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm bs ghfptgr prbvlgkbmtb umg sbrlb hb gaalfmbs `uhlalgcbs y prfabhlkbmtgcbs afm cg olmgclhgh hb gkfmbstgr f prftbebr g cgs pbrsfmgs bxpubstgs g pbclerfs f gkbmgzgs sfdrb su lmtberlhgh oëslag, pslafcñelag f kfrgc f cg hb sus ogklclgrbs qub tbmegm qub vbr bm hbtbrklmghfs agsfs prbvlstfs pfr cg cby. Hb leugc kgmbrg sb sb÷gcg qub cg hlclebmalg hb cgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm bs ghfptgr umg sbrlb hb gaalfmbs `uhlalgcbs afm cg olmgclhgh hb prftbebr g cgs pbrsfmgs bxpubstgs g pbclerfs f gkbmgzgs sfdrb su lmtberlhgh oëslag, pslafcñelag f kfrgc f cg hb sus ogklclgrbs qub tlbmbm qub vbr bm hbtbrklmghfs agsfs prbvlstfs pfr cg cby. Bstf sb golrkg bm bc afmtbxtf hb egrgmtlzgr cg lmtbe lmt berlh rlhgh gh oëslag oëslag,, ps pslaf lafcñe cñelag lag y sbx sbxug ugcc hb cg vëa vëatlk tlkg. g. Bm afm afmsba sbaubm ubmalg alg,, af afmof mofrkg rkgmm um kbagmlskf prfabsgc afm cg olmgclhgh hb gmucgr f, gc kbmfs, clkltgr cfs lkpgatfs pbr`uhlalgcbs qub prfvfag bc usf hb cg vlfcbmalg pfr pgrtb hbc gerbsfr. ^fr ftrg pgrtb, _beg (4>72) rbsb÷g r bsb÷g qub hlajgs kbhlhgs sfm sfclaltghgs f hlspubstgs pfr  bc Klmlstbrlf ^ðdclaf y sfm afmabdlhgs afkf umg tutbcg hb agrçatbr prbvbmtlvf cgs kbhlhgs hb  prftbaalñm bm cfs prfabsfs hb vlfcbmalg afmtrg cg ku`br y cfs lmtbergmtbs hbc erupf ogklclgr 

 

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sfm ftfreghgs pfr bc `uzeghf hb ogklclg f klxtf, pgrg egrgmtlzgr cg lmtberlhgh pslafcñelag y oëslag hb cg vëatlkg hb vlfcbmalg, gsë afkf gsbeurgr y utlclzgr kbagmlskfs qub dusqubm  drlmhgr gpfyf y prftbaalñm g cg vëatlkg hb cg gerbslñm y bvltgr cg afmtlmulhgh hb bstfs, gsë afkf bvltgr cg hbsgpgrlalñm hb dlbmbs f cg gctbrgalñm hbc bstghf hb jbajf bxlstbmtb bm bc kfkbmtf hb cg cby pgrg qub bc prfabsf mf plbrhg su vlrtugclhgh f bolagalg hurgmtb bc tlbkpf qub trgmsaurrb bmtrb bc lmlalf hbc prfabsf hb absb hb cg vlfcbmalg ogklclgr y bc prfmumalgklbmtf hb cg sbmtbmalg olrkb. Qbeðm Qbe ðm Qgm Kgr Kgrtëm tëm (4> (4>78) 78),, bstgs bstgs kbhlh kbhlhgs gs tlb tlbmbm mbm ghfptg ghfptgrsb rsb pfr cg klskg klskg rgz rgzñm0 ñm0 kgmtbmbr g hlstgmalg gc gerbsfr, bvltgr gmgrquëgs, hbsfrhbmbs y pbrturdgalfmbs y, bm pfags  pgcgdrgs, lkpbhlr qub sb prfhuzagm prfhuzagm kçs gerbs gerbslfmbs lfmbs afmtrg cg vëatlkg qub pubh pubhgm gm rbpbrautlr bm cfs hbrbajfs hbc lkputghf. Bm bc klskf sbmtlhf, bstb gutfr sfstlbmb qub cg mgturgcbzg hb bstgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm mf bs prbvbmtlvg pfrqub mf egrgmtlzg bc ìxltf hbc prfabsf ml cg b`baualñ b`ba ualñmm hb umg bvbm bvbmtugc tugc sbmtbma sbmtbmalg. lg. ^fr bc afmt afmtrgrlf rgrlf,, bc gutfr sfstlbmb sfstlbmb qub cg mgturgcbzg mgturgcbzg hb bstgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm bs afbraltlvg y tultlvg pfrqub prftbebm g cfs fobmhlhfs pfr bc supubstf hbcltf f ogctg lkpfmlbmhf albrtgs prfjldlalfmbs gc lkputghf. G cg cuz hb cg lmo lmofrk frkgal galñm ñm prb prbsbm sbmtgh tghgg gmt gmtbrl brlfrk frkbm bmtb, tb, bc efdlbr efdlbrmf mf pbrugm pbrugmff bs bstç tç  prbfaupghf pfr pfr bc prfdcbkg hb cg vvlfcbmalg lfcbmalg bm cg ssfalbhgh, falbhgh, y tlbm tlbmbb cg lmtbmalñm hb egrgmtlzgr cg  prftbaalñm hb cfs hbrbajfs hb cgs ku`brbs y hb cfs klbkdrfs hbc erupf ogklclgr bm agsfs hb vlfc vlfcbm bmal algg ogkl ogklcl clgr gr y bs bspb pbal algc gckb kbmt mtbb hb gqub gqubcc ccfs fs qu qubb sb bm bmau aubm bmtrg trgmm bm sl sltu tuga galñ lñmm hb vucmbrgdlclhgh. Bm afmsbaubmalg, bc Bstghf pbrugmf jg bstgdcbalhf kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm qub hbdbm gpclagrsb bm bstb tlpf hb sltugalfmbs. Bm tgc sbmtlhf, cg Cby M° 1>1?8 bstgdcbab cgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm qub hbdbm ghfptgrsb pgrg egrgmtlzgr cg prftbaalñm y sb hbolmbm afkf bc kbagmlskf cbegc qub sb bstgdcbab pgrg drlmhgr prftbaalñm g cg ku`br y g cfs klbkdrfs hbc erupf ogklclgr y bvltgr qub afmtlmðbm cfs gatfs vlfcbmtfs qub pfmegm bm pbclerf su lmtberlhgh oëslag, pslafcñelag, bafmñklag y pgtrlkfmlgc. Bspbaëolagkbmtb, cgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm

 

7:

tlbmbm afkf fd`btlvf prfpfralfmgr g cg ku`br cg agpgalhgh hb tfkgr hbalslfmbs sfdrb su  prfplg sgcuh y sbeurlhgh. sbeurlhgh. ^fr ftrf cghf, Eugjmfm (4>77) sfstuvf qub cgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm bstgr hlrlelhgs g  drlmhgr prftbaalñm g qulbmbs bstçm sb bmaubmtrgm bm pcbmg bxpfslalñm hb pbclerfs oëslafs cgtbmtbs y pslafcñelafs f qu qub, b, afkf rbsuctghf hb alraumstgmalgs pg pgrtlaucgrbs rtlaucgrbs bm su ogklclg, rbqulbrbm gceumg ofrkg hb tutbcg y prftbaalñm. Bm bstb sbmtlhf, sb pubhb golrkgr qub cfs lmhlvlhufs prftbelhfs sfm gqubccfs qub sb mfkdrgm bspbaëolagkbmtb bm cg cby y qub sb lmacuy lma cuybm bm dlbm dlbm pfr su susab susabptl ptldlcl dlclhg hghh f pfr su mba mbabsl bslhgh hgh hb gtbmal gtbmalñm ñm bs bspba pbalgc lgclzg lzghg. hg. Bm afmsbaubmalg, bstg agtbefrëg hb kbhlhgs, qub bstçm dg`f cg gutfrlhgh hbc @ubz hb Ogklclg y tlbmbm bc prfpñsltf hb gsbeurgr cg lmtberlhgh oëslag, pslafcñelag y kfrgc hb cg vëatlkg, gc klskf tlbkpf qub lmtbmtgm prbvbmlr cg rbpbtlalñm hb cfs alacfs hb vlfcbmalg ogklclgr, sb ftfregm g bstfs lmhlvlhufs. Bc @ubz hb Ogklclg bs bc bmagreghf hb gpclagr bstgs kbhlhgs. Gatugckbmtb bxlstbm ftrgs pfslalfmbs hfatrlmgcbs qub sb fpfmbm g bstfs gutfrbs. Bstfs afmslhbrgm qub mf hbdbkfs rbobrlrmfs g bstb tlpf hb kbhlhgs afkf hb prftbaalñm g cg vëatlkg, slmf afkf gutfsgtlsogatlvgs, y qub sbeðm cg hfatrlmg lmtbrmgalfmgc sb afmslhbrg cg hbslemgalñm hb kbhlhgs gutfsgtlsogatlvgs, kçs qub hb prftbaalñm. Afkf b`bkpcf hb bstf, tbmbkfs g Dfclvlg, Grebmtlmg y gceumfs ftrfs pgësbs. Qb hbstgag qub, gutfrbs afkf Agstlccf (4>75) afmslhbrgm qub bm mubstrf pgës hlajg hbmfklmgalñm hbdb sbr afmslhbrghg hb cg klskg kgmbrg, pfr cf qub greukbmtgm qub sfm0 "Kbhlhgs gutfsgtlsogatlvgs, yg qub sb agrgatbrlzgm pfr umg afemlalñm clkltghg y gusbmalg hb  dlcgtbrgclhgh, pgrg fdtbmbr fdtbmbr cg bklslñm hb umg kbhlhg hhbb prftbaalñm boba bobatlvg tlvg y rçplhg, yg qqub ub su ðmlag olmgclhgh bs cg prbvbmalñm f absgalñm hb um hg÷f lmhbpbmhlbmtb hb cgs prbtbmslfmbs qub cgs pgrtbs pubhgm jgabr bm ftrfs prfabsfs. Bm ftrgs pgcgdrgs, bstfs gutfrbs afmslhbrgm qub, g hlobrb hlo brbma malg lg hb cgs kbh kbhlhg lhgss ag agutb utbcgr cgrbs bs trg trghla hlalfm lfmgcb gcbs, s, qub rbprbs rbprbsbm bmtgm tgm vbrhgh vbrhghbrf brfss gv gvgma gmabs bs

 

7<

 `urlshlaalfmgcbs y pubhbm sfclaltgrsb gmtbs, slkuctçmbgkbmtb slkuctçmbgkbmtb f hbspuìs hbc lmlalf hbc cltlelf, afm bc qub bstçm lmbxtrlagdcbkbmtb rbcgalfmghgs. Cgs kbhlhgs gutfsgtlsogatlvgs efzgm hb gutfmfkëg prfplg, geftçmhfsb afm bc hbspgajf ogvfrgdcb, bs hbalr afm bc aukpclklbmtf hb cg agutbcg rbqubrlhg, hgmhf sgtlsogaalñm gc lmtbrìs rbacgkghf, y mf rbqulrlbmhf, g hlobrbmalg hb cgs kbhlhgs agutbcgrbs trghlalfmgcbs, kgyfrbs  prbsupubstfs pgrg sbr hbarbtghgs. Bm agkdlf, dgstg afm cg gpgrlbmalg hb vbrgalhgh hb cfs jbaj jb ajfs fs mg mgrr rrgh ghfs fs pf pfrr bc hb hbkg kgmh mhgm gmtb tb pg pgrg rg su pr prfm fmum umal algk gklb lbmt mtf. f. Bm cg hf hfat atrl rlmg mg y cg  `urlspruhbmalg sb hlsautb sfdrb cg mgturgcbzg hb cgs kbhlhgs agutbcgrbs. Gceumgs rgkgs hb cg hfatrlmg rbafmfabm qub cgs kbhlhgs prftbaalñm sfm kbhlhgs gutfsgtlsogatlvgs, klbmtrgs qub ftrgs rgkgs hb cg hfatrlmg cf mlbegm, golrkgmhf qub cgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm sfm agutbcgrbs, y umg tbrabrg pfslalñm.   Qbeðm umg hbolmlalñm hb kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm, sb hlab qub sfm prfabhlklbmtfs  prfabsgcbs qub trgtgm hb hbobmhbr cg lmtberlhgh oëslag, pslafcñelag, pslafcñelag, kfrgc y sbxugc hb cgs vëatlkgs hb kgctrgtf hfkìstlaf. hfkìstlaf. Qlm bkdgref, bs lkpf lkpfrtgmtb rtgmtb hbtbrklmgr su agrçatbr agrçatbr `urëhlaf  pgrg pfhbr gpclagrcbs gpclagrcbs um rìelkbm cbe cbegc gc hbtbrklmghf.  B`baualñm y sbeulklbmtf sbeulklbmtf hb kbhlhgs kbhlhgs hb prftb prftbaalñm aalñm

Qbeðm Ajgmgkb (4>77), bc Bstghf arbg cg ^fclaëg afkf umg lmstltualñm auyg oumalñm bs b`bautgr bc pfhbr hb afgaalñm bstgtgc, hb gaubrhf afm cgs cbybs hlatghgs pgrg kgmtbmbr bc frhbm y bc lmtbrìs sfalgc. Bm afmsbaubmalg, su fd`btlvf y bc hbsgrrfccf hb sus gatlvlhghbs hbdbm kgtbrlgclzgrsb hbmtrf hbc kgraf mfrkgtlvf y afm bc pcbmf rbspbtf hb cfs prlmalplfs ebmbrgcbs hbc Hbrbajf y cg Afmstltualñm, qub sb frlbmtg g cg prftbaalñm, tutbcg y hbobmsg hb cg pbrsfmg jukgmg afkf olm suprbkf hbc Bstghf. ^fr ftrf cghf, Qgcgs y Qfsg (4>71) sfstlbmbm qub cg ^fclaëg Mgalfmgc bs cg bmtlhgh qub tëplag tëp lagkb kbmtb mtb lmt lmtbrv brvlbm lbmbb afm prf prfmtl mtltuh tuh gmtb gmtb cgs slt sltuga ugalfm lfmbs bs prf prfdcb dcbkçt kçtlag lagss vlmauc vlmaucghg ghgss afm vlfc vl fcbm bmal algg og ogkl klcl clgr gr,, yg qub qub bxls bxlstb tb bc kçs kçs oçal oçalcc ga gaab absf sf pg pgrg rg cg pf pfdc dcga galñ lñm. m. ^fr ^fr sb sbrr cg

 

4>

lmhlvlhugclzgalñm hb cg prftbaalñm y gyuhg qub bc Bstghf drlmhg g sus jgdltgmtbs, aukpclbmhf umg oumalñm trgsabmhbmtgc, pfr cf qub su gatugalñm hbdb sbr prfmtg y g cg vbz bmkgraghg bm bc rbspbtf g cg hlemlhgh jukgmg. Gmtb cgs hbmumalgs hb vlfcgalñm hb cfs hbrbajfs jukgmfs hb cgs vëatlkgs hb kgctrgtf lmtrgogklclgr, bc Bstghf pbrugmf gatðg afkf egrgmtb hb bstgs pbrsfmgs. Bstg ogauctgh jg slhf hbcbeghg g cg ^fclaëg Mgalfmgc pfr cg Cby 1>1?8, y pgrg qub  pubhg b`brabrcg, bstç fdcleghg g kgmtbmbr um kgpg erçolaf y ebfrbobrbmalgc ebfrbobrbmalgc hb rbelstrf hb tfhgs cgs vëatlkgs `umtf afm cgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm qub cbs jgm slhf mftlolaghgs. Afm bccf,  pubhbm jgdlcltgr um agmgc hb afkumlagalñ afkumlagalñmm hlrbatf bmtrb cgs gutfrlhghbs hbmfklmghgs hbmfklmghgs ^fclaëg y cgs vëatlkgs, cf qub pbrkltb gtbmhbr bolagzkbmtb sus sfclaltuhbs hb prftbaalñm y prbvbmlr  outurfs gatfs hb vlfcbmalg qub sb rbpltgm afmtrg cg klskg vëatlkg. ^fr ftrf cghf, cg ^fclaëg  pubhb affrhlmgr afm bc Qbrbmgzef pgrg hgr umg rbspubstg fpfrtumg g cg vëatlkg g olm hb  prftbebr su lmtberlhgh y su vlhg, tbmlbmhf bm aubmtg qub cg cgdfr hb cg lmstltualñm pfclalgc bstç bstrbajgkbmtb vlmaucghg g cg prftbaalñm hb cfs hbrbajfs oumhgkbmtgcbs hb cgs pbrsfmgs bm cg kbhlhg qub cg gusbmalg hb sltugalfmbs hb gobatgalñm f gkbmgzg gc b`bralalf hb hlajfs hbrbajfs bs umg afmhlalñm mbabsgrlg pgrg kgmtbmbr bc frhbm lmtbrmf. Hb bstg kgmbrg, cg cgdfr hb cg lm lmst stlt ltua ualñ lñmm pf pfcl clal algc gc bs bstç tç bs bstr trba bajg jgkb kbmt mtbb vl vlma mauc ucgh ghgg g cg pr prft ftba baal alñm ñm hb cf cfss hb hbrb rbaj ajfs fs oumhgkbmtgcbs hb cgs pbrsfmgs (Qfrlg, 4>71). Bc grtëaucf 7?? hb cg Afmstltualñm ^fcëtlag hbc ^brð sb÷gcg qub "afrrbspfmhb g cg ^fclaëg Mgalfmgc hgr sbeurlhgh y guxlclf g cg pfdcgalñm y g cg afkumlhgh". Bstf lmhlag qub cg klslñm hb cg ^fclaëg Mgalfmgc hbc ^brð bs drlmhgr prftbaalñm y gyuhg g cg pfdcgalñm hbc pgës slbkprb qub sbg mbabsgrlf. Bm sltugalfmbs hb kgctrgtf lmtrgogklclgr, cg ^fclaëg Mgalfmgc tlbmb cg fdclegalñm hb gatugr rçplhgkbmtb pgrg prftbebr cg vlhg y kgmtbmbr cg lmtberlhgh y hlemlhgh  pbrsfmgc hb cgs vëatlkgs. Bstb hbdbr hbdbr sb lmtbmslolag augmhf cg vëatlkg bxleb bc aukpclklbmtf aukpclklbmtf hb cgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm ftfreghgs g su ogvfr. ^fr bccf, bc grtëaucf 41¾ hb cg Cby M¾ 1>1?8 qub bstgdcbab qub0 "Cg ^fclaëg Mgalfmgc hbc ^brð bs rbspfmsgdcb hb b`bautgr cgs kbhlhgs hb

 

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 prftbaalñm hlatghgs, hlatghgs, pgrg cf augc hhbdb bdb afmtgr afm um kgpg erçolaf y ebfrrbobrbmalgc ebfrrbobrbmalgc hb rbelstrf hb tfhgs cgs vëatlkgs afm cgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm cbs jgygm slhf mftlolaghgs."  Mftlolagalñm hb cg vëatlkg y hbc ge gerbsfr rbsfr hb kbhlhgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm. prftbaalñm.

Cg mftlolagalñm bs um gatf hb afkumlagalñm qub ofrkg pgrtb hbc prfabhlklbmtf. Qu olmgclhgh bs lmofrkgr g cgs pgrtbs hb tfhgs y aghg umg hb cgs hbalslfmbs qub jg tfkghf bc `ubz bm um prfabsf `uhlalgc f bc ñregmf hlrbatfr bm umg gatugalñm ghklmlstrgtlvg, bm rbcgalñm afm cg rbsfcualñm hb kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm. Cgs mftlolagalfmbs sfm umg pgrtb bsbmalgc hbc Hbrbajf ^rfabsgc y, sfdrb tfhf, um kbagmlskf qub gsbeurg cg prfplg cbeltlklhgh hb cg cby y kgmtlbmb um sbmtlhf hb bqulcldrlf hbmtrf hbc slstbkg `urëhlaf pbrugmf. Qb cbs afmfab afkf bc bcbkbmtf "slmb quf mfk", bs bc prfabsf hb gvlsgr g cgs pgrtbs lmvfcuarghgs bm bc prfabsf hb cgs hbalslfmbs y gaalfmbs qub sb jgm tfkghf g cf cgref hbc prfabsf. Qb hg g afmfabr hb kgmbrg rçplhg, bm bc hëg, y dg`f rbspfmsgdlclhgh, cg mftlolagalñm hb cg bklslñm hb bstgs kbhlhgs mf sñcf g cgs bmtlhghbs bmagreghgs hb su b`baualñm pgrg su lmkbhlgtf aukpclklbmtf, slmf tgkdlìm g cfs lmhlvlhufs qub bstçm slbmhf gausghfs hb sbr cfs gerbsfrbs hb cg sltugalñm. Bstf sb jgab g trgvìs hb cgs mftlolagalfmbs, afm cg lmtbmalñm hb bvltgr  qub sb pfmegm bm afmtgatf afm cgs vëatlkgs f lmtbmtbm kgmtbmbr augcqulbr tlpf hb afmbxlñm afm bccgs, cf qub cbs pbrkltlrëg vfcvbr g gerbhlr g cgs vëatlkgs bm bc outurf.  Lmofrkb pfclalgc. pfclalgc.

Bc lmofrkb afmtlbmb tfhfs cfs gspbatfs lkpfrtgmtbs afm cg olmgclhgh hb sbr tfkghfs bm afmslh afm slhbrg brgalñ alñm, m, bm bmtrb trb cfs au augcb gcbss sb pubhbm pubhbm kbm kbmalf alfmgr mgr cfs ogatfr ogatfrbs bs hb rlbsef rlbsef qub pubhg pubhg  prbsbmtgr cg vëatlkg hb vfcvbr jgabr vëatlkg hb vlfcbmalg, hbc klskf kfhf sb bxpfmb tfhg cg rbafplcgalñm hb cgs hlclebmalgs b`bautghgs y cfs gspbatfs oumhgkbmtgcbs oumhgkbmtgcbs bxpubstgs bm cgs olajgs hb vgcfrgalñm hb rlbsefs gprfdghgs pfr bc Tbecgkbmtf hb cg Cby M¾1>1?8.

 Tbaursfs jukgmfs jukgmfs y cfeëstlafs cfeëstlafs

 

44

Bc rbaursf jukgmf f pbrsfmgc tbmhrç afkf klslñm bc ghbaughf hlclebmalgklbmtf hlclebmalgklbmtf hb cgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm, g olm hb prbvbmlr, b`bautgr, jgabr sbeulklbmtf y afghyuvgr afm cg ghklmlstrgalñm hb `ustlalg, prbvlg rbvlslñm y affrhlmgalñm afm cfs fpbrghfrbs hb `ustlalg. ^fr  cf gmtbs bxpubstf, sb hbdb bmogtlzgr qub bc pbrolc hbc pbrsfmgc pfclalgc bmagreghf hb cg gtbmalñm hb cgs vëatlkgs hb vlfcbmalgs ogklclgr, hbdb bstgr hftghf hb jgdlclhghbs bspbalgcbs afm bc olm hb b`bautgr cgs gaalfmbs hb sbeulklbmtf y vlelcgmalg hb cgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm hlatghgs g cgs vëatlkgs hb umg kgmbrg bolalbmtb. ^fr ftrg pgrtb, sb hbstgag qub bc pbrsfmgc bmagreghf hb b`bau b`b autgr tgr hla hlajgs jgs ga gaalf alfmb mbss hbd hbdbb sbr bk bkpçt pçtlaf laf y hft hftgh ghff hb jgdlcl jgdlclhg hghbs hbs pgrg pgrg hgr rbspub rbspubstg stg fpfrtumg g cgs hbkgmhgs hb cg pfdcgalñm kçs vucmbrgdcb. Qbeðm bc ^brolc ^fclalgc ^brugmf (4>47), bc trgtf bolagz, cg afkumlagalñm afmtumhbmtb y cg bkpgtëg afm cg afkumlhgh bstçm rbcgalfmghfs afm bc cferf hb fd`btlvfs prbhbtbrklmghfs, cf qub tgkdlìm arbg umg afmbxlñm bmtrb cg bolagalg y cg bkpgtëg. Qb jgab jlmagplì bm bc hbsgrrfccf hb "jgdlclhghbs dcgmhgs" pgrg kb`frgr bc mlvbc hb sbrvlalf gc aluhghgmf. Bm afmsbaubmalg, cg lmalhbmalg hb cg vlatlklzgalñm, cg sbmsgalñm hb lmsbeurlhgh hb cfs aluhghgmfs y su ob bm cg lmstltualñm pfclalgc sfm cfs  prlmalpgcbs lmhlaghfrbs lmhlaghfrbs hb cg bolagalg hb cg pfclaëg. Hbshb bstb bstb pumtf hb vlstg vlstg,, cfs klbkdrfs hb cgs oubrzgs pfclalgcbs hbdbm ccbvgr g agdf sus fd`btlvfs afm bkpgtëg y, pfr cf tgmtf, ebmbrgr  afmolgmzg bmtrb bc pðdclaf bm ebmbrgc bm tfhf kfkbmtf y bm tfhgs cgs sltugalfmbs. Hb cg klskg kgmbrg, cfs klbkdrfs hb cg pfclaëg bstçm fdcleghfs g rbgclzgr su trgdg`f tr gdg`f hb gaubrhf afm cfs prftfafcfs bstgdcbalhfs bstgdcbalhfs.. Bm bc klskf sbmtlhf, sb jg fdsbrvghf cg mbabslhgh hb hftgr g cfs klbkdrfs hbc aubrpf  pfclalgc hb cfs rbaursfs cfeëstlafs y tbamfcñelafs mbabsgrlfs pgrg rbgclzgr cgs cgdfrbs hb vlelcgmalg y afmtrfc hb kgmbrg bobatlvg, afm pbrtlmbmalg, jgalbmhf usf hb gpclagalfmbs f sfotwgrb prfplfs hb cg ^M^ g olm hb pftbmalgr cg bolagalg fpbrgtlvg hbc sbrvlalf pfclalgc. kbhlgmtb H. Q M° >74-4>7< - KLK^. Bm bstb klskf frhbm, y tbmlbmhf bm aubmtg cg lmofrkgalñm prbsbmtghg gmtbrlfrkbmtb, sb bvlhbmalg qub umg hb cgs prlkbrgs clkltgalfmbs qub

 

41

bmorbmtg cg ^fclaëg Mgalfmgc hbc ^brð pgrg lkpcbkbmtgr cgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm bs cg ogctg hb lmsukfs afkf pgpbcbrëg, bqulpfs hb añkputf, lkprbsfrgs, y cf kçs lkpfrtgmtb, afmbxlñm g lmtbrmbt hb dgmhg gmajg qub pbrkltg g cfs pfclaëgs tbmbr oçalc gaabsf g cg lmofrkgalñm hb cgs vëatlkgs y gerbsfrbs. Bm bc klskf sbmtlhf, sb jg fdsbrvghf qub cgs afklsgrëgs suorbm cg ogctg hb vbjëaucfs hb trgmspfrtb ( pgtruccbrfs) pgrg aukpclr afm sus rbspfmsgdlclhghbs. Bstf sb hbdb g qub bm gceumfs agsfs mf jgy suolalbmtbs y bm ftrfs mf jgy suolalbmtbs rbaursfs pgrg kgmtbmbrcfs bm afmhlalfmbs hb oumalfmgklbmtf. ^fr ftrf cghf, agdb hbstgagr qub mf bxlstb um bstçmhgr hb gckga gck gabmg bmgklb klbmtf mtf hb lmo lmofrk frkgal galñm ñm pgrg pgrg fdt fdtbm bmbr br hg hgtfs tfs bst bstghë ghëstl stlafs afs sfdrb sfdrb cgs kbhlhg kbhlhgss hb  prftbaalñm hb aghg Afklsgrëg, Tbelñm ^fclalgc f Kgarf Tbelñm ^fclalgc, bstg bs umg sltugalñm qub hlolauctg cg oumalñm, yg qub, bm cfs rbelstrfs hb kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm pgrg rlbsefs sbvbrfs, mf bxlstb lmofrkgalñm bstgmhgrlzghg pgrg cgs afklsgrëgs dçslags f bspbalgclz bspbalgclzghgs. ghgs.  Kgraf mfrkgtlvf mfrkgtlvf

Bm bstg kgtbrlg bxlstbm hlvbrslhgh hb lmstrukbmtfs cbegcbs qub cg rbeucgm, tgmtf mgalfmgc afkf lmtbrmgalfmgc. Bm bc ^brð, bc prlkbr lmstrukbmtf bs cg Afmstltualñm pfcëtlag, qulbm qul bm egrgm egrgmtlz tlzgg cg sgc sgcuh, uh, cg lmt lmtber berlhg lhghh y cg sbe sbeurl urlhgh hgh hb cgs pbr pbrsfm sfmgs gs afkf afkf hbrbaj hbrbajfs fs oumhgkbmtgcbs. Bm kgtbrlg hb pfcëtlags pgrg brrghlagr cg vlfcbmalg afmtrg cgs ku`brbs b lmtbergmtbs hbc erupf ogklclgr. Bm 7>1 sb pudclag cg Cby  M¾457 4>722 sb gprubd gprubdgg cg Cby M° 1>1?8, 1>1?8, Cby pgrg pgrg prbvb prbvbmlr mlr,, sg sgmal malfmg fmgrr y

brrghlagr cg vlfcbmalg afmtrg cgs ku`brbs y cfs lmtbergmtbs hbc erupf ogklclgr y bm `uclf 4>7? sb gprubdg Hbarbtf Quprbkf M° >>7?-KLK^, qub afmtlbmb su Tbecgkbmtf. Bm sbtlbkdrb

 

48

4>7:, sb bkltb Hbarbtf Cbelscgtlvf M° 71:? qub kfhlolag grtëaucfs hb cg Cby 1>1?8, afm bc fd`btlvf hb ofrtgcbabr cg prbvbmalñm, brrghlagalñm y sgmalñm hb tfhg ofrkg hb vlfcbmalg afmtrg cgs ku`brbs y afmtrg cfs lmtbergmtbs hbc erupf ogklclgr, kb`frgmhf cfs kbagmlskfs hb gtbmalñm, prbvbmalñm y prftbaalñm hb cgs vëatlkgs, bspbalgckbmtb bc kgraf qub rbeucg cgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm. Gslklskf, sb bmaubmtrg bc Hbarbtf Quprbkf M¾ >>8-4>71?8 –cby pgrg prbvbmlr, sgmalfmgr y brrghlagr cg vlfcbmalg afmtrg cg ku`br y cfs lmtbergmtbs hbc erupf ogklclgr‛ y su rbecgkbmtf HQ M° >>7?-KLK^, gc leugc qub cg euëg hb prfabhlklbmtfs pgrg cg lmtbrvbmalñm hb cg pfclaëg mgalfmgc bm bc kgraf hb cg cby m¾1>1?8, cby pgrg prbvbmlr, sgmalfmgr y brrghlagr cg vlfcbmalg afmtrg cgs ku`brbs y cfs lmtbergmtbs hbc erupf ogklclgr, y su rbecgkbmtf TAE. M¾75>-4>4>-AE ^M^/BKE. Agdb hbstgagr qub, bc grtëaucf 15.7 hbc H. Q M¾ >>8-4>7>8-4>77>).  Kbhlhgs hb ^rftbaalñm

 

Qb afmslh afmslhbrg brgmm gqu gqubcc bccfs fs prf prfab abhlk hlklbm lbmtfs tfs qub tlb tlbmbm mbm bc prfpñs prfpñsltf ltf hb gs gsbeu beurgr rgr cg

lmtberlhgh oëslag, pslafcñelag y kfrgc hb cg vëatlkg, bvltgmhf gsë bc lmlalf hb mubvfs alacfs hb vlfcbmalg ogklclgr (Dbmhbzð, 4>72). _lfcbmalg Ogklclgr 

Bs augcqulbr gaalñm u fklslñm auyg afmsbaubmalg prlmalpgc bs agusgr hg÷f g cfs klbkdrfs hbc erupf ogklclgr, slbmhf cfs kçs vucmbrgdcbs cgs ku`brbs y ml÷fs (KLKHBQ, 4>72)  _lfcbmalg

Qb afmslhbrg gduslvf cg gatugalñm gatf agpgz hb frlelmgr hfcfr afrpfrgc, hg÷f bkftlvf  pslafcñelaf, f augcqulbr ftrf tlpf hb kgctrgtf, lmacuybmhf gkbmgzgs y/f prbslfmbs slemlolagtlvgs y/f orbaubmtbs (Fregmlzgalñm kumhlgc hb cg sgcuh, 4>74)  Qbeurlhgh pbrsfmgc  pbrsfmgc 

 

4?

Cg sbeurlhgh pbrsfmgc tlbmb afkf fd`btlvf cg prftbaalñm pbrsfmgc y su lmtberlhgh, y bstuhlg pbclerfs, rlbsefs y afmsbaubmalgs rbcgalfmghfs rbcgalfmghfs afm cg pbrsfmg y su bmtfrmf (Alh, 4>>5)

Agpëtucf LLL Kbtfhfcfeëg 1.7 Xlpf, bmofqub, hlsb÷f hb cg lmvbstlegalñm y kìtfhf Xlpf hb lmvbstlegalñm 

Bc prbsbmtb bstuhlf oub gdfrhghf tfkgmhf bm aubmtg cg tlpfcfeëg dçslag y bxpcfrgtfrlg. Qbeðm AFMA\XBA (4>7:), bstgs bstçm hlrlelhgs g afkprbmhbr cfs gspbatfs kçs lkpfrtgmtbs hb cfs obmñkbmfs f bcbkbmtfs fd`btf hb bstuhlf, g olm hb fdtbmbr mubvfs afmfalklbmtfs tbñrlafs, pgrtlbmhf hb cfs yg bxlstbmtbs. Bm bstb tlpf hb lmvbstlegalñm sb tfkgm bm aubmtgm tfhfs cfs afmfalklbmtfs tbñrlafs bxlstbmtb, slm afmtrgstgr, rbcgalfmgr f vlmaucgr afm bcbkbmtfs f gspbatfs prçatlafs (Gmhbr,4>77).  Bmofqub hb cg lmvbstlegalñm

Bc bs bstuh tuhlf lf hb lmv lmvbst bstleg legalñ alñmm oub hbs hbsgrr grrfcc fccgh ghff dg`f dg`f bc bmofqu bmofqubb augclt augcltgtl gtlvf. vf. Bst Bstgg lmvbstlegalñm sbeðm ^frtlccg, Tf`gs y Jbrmçmhbz (4>78), bs umg lmvbstlegalñm jfcëstlag, yg qub sb jlalbrfm lmtbrprbtgalfmbs dgsghgs bm cfs afmfalklbmtfs yg bxlstbmtbs sfdrb cfs obmñkbmfs bstuhlghfs, gdgragmhf tfhfs cfs afmtbxtfs y rbgclhghbs hbshb umg pbrspbatlvg umlolaghfrg b lmtbe lmt bergc rgc,, vlm vlmauc aucgm gmhf hf tfh tfhfs fs cfs bcb bcbkbm kbmtfs tfs bs bstru truatu aturgc rgcbs bs y oumalf oumalfmgc mgcbs bs hb cg lmstlt lmstltual ualñm ñm f afkumlhgh fd`btf hb gmçclsls, hbshb tfhgs sus rbgclhghbs. ^fr tgmtf, sb dusañ gmgclzgr añkf bs bc hlclebmalgklbmtf hb cgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm bm bc kgraf hb cg cby 1>1?8 bm cg HL_XBT  Qur 4 Clkg g÷f 4>47-4>44  Hlsb÷f y kìtfhf hb cg lmvbstlegalñm

Bc hlsb hlsb÷f ÷f gpcl gpclag aghf hf oub oub bc obmf obmfkb kbmf mfcñ cñel elaf af y af afms msls lstb tb bm cg af afkp kprb rbms mslñ lñmm hb bxpbrlbmalgs vlvlhgs, cf augc sb cferg afkprbmhbr pfr kbhlf hb cg sud`btlvlhgh jukgmg,

 

45

ergalgs gc hbsaudrlklbmtf hb cfs slemlolaghfs qub cb ftfregm g su vlvbmalg. Afm rbspbatf gc kìtfhf qub sb utlclzñ oub bc cñelaf lmhuatlvf.

1.4 Agtbefrlz Agtbefrlzgalñ galñm m Xgdcg 7 Aughrf hb Agtbefrlzgalñm

Agtbefrëg Añhlef A7

Mfkdrb

Qudagtbefr Qudagtbefrëg ëg Añhlef

Arltbrlfs

Mfkdrb

Hlclebmalgklbmtf QA.7.7

B`baualñm

hb Kb Kbhhlhg lhgs hb

sb sbeu eulk lklb lbmmtf

hb vlatlkg

 prftbaalñm

kbhlhgs

-Mfftl tlol olaagal alññm hb -M

 prftbaalñm

y  Mftlolagalñm hb cg

hb hbcc

gerbsfr  -Ofrku rkucgalñm

hb

Lmofrkbs pfclalgcbs -_lslt -_l sltgs gs

pbrlñh pbrlñhlag lagss

sbe beðm ðm bc mlv lvbbc hb rlbsef -_lebmalg kbhlhgs

hb

cgs hb

 prftbaalñm -Tbbvgcugalñm hb cgs

QA.7.4

Tbaursfs jukgmfs cfeëstlafs

kbhlhgs

hb

y  prftbaalñm sbeðm bc mlvbc hb rlbsef -Qfdrbagreg cgdfrgc

 

4:

QA.7.1

  -^brolc hbc pbrsfmgc Kgraf mfrkgtlvf  pfclalgc -Bqulpfs tbamfcñelafs -Lmorgbstruaturg ghbaughg

-Qbeurlhgh pbrsfmgc -Lmtbrvbmalñm

hb

ftrgs Lmstltualfmbs

 Mftg0 ^grtlbmhf hb cfs afmabptfs hb cfs gutfrbs hb aghg agtbefrëg g bstuhlgr.

1.1

Agrgatbrlzga Agrgatbrlzgalñm lñm hb cg kubstrg- Bsabmgrlf hb bstuhlf

 ^fdcgalñm

Cg pfdcgalñm f umlvbrsf sb hbolmb afkf bc afm`umtf hb agrgatbrëstlags, obmñkbmfs, bcbkbmtfs u fd`btfs qub lmtbrvlbmbm y pgrtlalpgm hb ofrkg hlrbatg bm um bstuhlf, bc augc ofrkgm pgrtb bsbmalgc yg qub hb bccfs sb bxtrgbrçm tfhf tlpf hb hgtfs b lmofrkgalñm pgrg cubef sbr hbo hbolml lmlhfs hfs y gmg gmgclz clzghf ghfss (Gr (Grlgs lgs,, 4>7 4>74). 4). Cg pfd pfdcga cgalñm lñm bs bstuv tuvff lmtbe lmtbergh rghgg pfr bc pbrsfm pbrsfmgc gc  pfclalgc hb cgs Qbaalfmbs hb Kbhlhg hb ^rftbaalñm hb cgs Afklsgrlgs hb cg HL_XBT Qur 4 Clkg, Clk g, rbprbs rbprbsbm bmtgm tgmtbs tbs hbc hbc Abm Abmtrf trf hb bkb bkbreb rebma malg lg hb cg ku`br ku`br y rbprbs rbprbsbmt bmtgm gmtbs tbs hbc ^fhbr  ^fhbr  @uhlalgc, gsë afkf tgkdlìm bc bstuhlf hb agsfs afm kgyfrbs agmtlhghbs hb kbhlhgs hb  prftbaalñm.

 

4<

Xgdcg 4  Hlstrldualñm hb cg pfdcgalñm hb bstuhlf.

^fdcgalñm

Agmtlhgh

Agsfs

2>

^brsfmgc pfclalgc

?>

Abmtrf Abm trf hb bkbreb bkbrebma malg lg >1 Ku`br  ^fhbr @uhlalgc

>1

Xftgc

7>?

suklmlstrghg pfr cgs Afklsgrlgs hb cg HL_X HL_XBT BT Qur 4  Mftg0  ^grtlbmhf hb cg lmofrkgalñm suklmlstrghg  Kubstrg

Hb gaubrhf g cg mgturgcbzg augcltgtlvg hbc bstuhlf, cg kubstrg oub sbcbaalfmghg hb ofrkg pumtugc y bstrgtìelag, hfmhb sb utlclzñ bc kubstrbf pfr afmvbmlbmalg afkf prlmalpgc kìtfhf, bc augc sb hbolmb afkf umg tìamlag hb kubstrbf mf prfdgdlcëstlaf y mf gcbgtfrlf utlclzghg pgrg arbgr kubstrgs hb gaubrhf g cg ogalclhgh hb gaabsf, cg hlspfmldlclhgh hb ofrkgr   pgrtb hb cg kubstrg, bm um lmtbrvgcf hb tlbkpf tlbkpf hghf f augcqulbr ftrg bspbalolagalñm bspbalolagalñm prçatlag hb um bcbkbmtf pgrtlaucgr. ^grg cg sbcbaalñm hb cg kubstrg oubrfm tfkghfs bm aubmtgs cfs sleulbmtbs arltbrlfs hb lmacuslñm0 (Bsplmfzg, 4>7?). Cg kubstrg qubhf agrgatbrlzghg hb cg sleulbmtb kgmbrg0

Xgdcg 1  Hlstrldualñm hb cg kubstrg hb bstuhlf.

Bmtrbvlstghfs

Agmtlhgh

Agsfs

>1

^brsfmgc pfclalgc

>?

Abmtrf hb bkbrebmalg Ku`br

>1

 

1>

^fhbr `uhlalgc

>7

Xftgc

71

 Mftg0 ^grtlbmhf hb cg lmofrkgalñm suklmlstrghg suklmlstrghg pfr cgs Afklsgrlgs hb cg HL_XB HL_XBT T Qur 4.

1.8 Xìamlags b lmstrukbmtfs hb rbafcbaalñm hb hgtfs  Qb utlclzñ afkf tìamlag hb rbafcbaalñm hb hgtfs, cg bmtrbvlstg qub, sbeðm Gkbzaug (4>>1), bs umg tìamlag hb rbafelhg hb lmofrkgalñm hb agrçatbr augcltgtlvf. Bstg sb abmtrg su oumhgkbmtgalñm prlkfrhlgckbmtb bm rbgclzgr um gmçclsls hbc hlçcfef bstgdcbalhf bmtrb bc bmtrbv bmt rbvlst lstghf ghfrr y bc bmt bmtrbv rbvlst lstghf ghf,, slb slbmhf mhf lma lmacul culhgs hgs tfh tfhgs gs cgs rbspub rbspubstg stgs, s, vgcfrg vgcfrgalf alfmb mbss y fplm fplmlf lfmb mbss hb ofrk ofrkgg lmhl lmhlvl vlhu hugc gc,, g olm olm hb su sust strg rgbr br lm lmof ofrk rkga galñ lñmm lkpf lkpfrt rtgm gmtb tb qu qubb fo forb rbab ab afmolgdlclhgh y um erghf hb ocbxldlclhgh gabptgdcb, y g cg vbz qub kgmtlbmb cg suolalbmtb umlofrklhgh pgrg gcagmzgr lmtbrprbtgalfmbs gafrhbs afm cfs prfpñsltfs hbc bstuhlf.  Gslklskf, oub gpclaghg afkf lmstrukbmtf cg euëg hb bmtrbvlstg, bstb lmstrukbmtf ghfptg cg ofrkg hb um afmvbrsgalñm f hlçcfef afcfqulgc, afkpubstf pfr cg afkumlagalñm lmtbrpbrsfmgc bstgdcbalhg bmtrb bc lmvbstleghfr y bc su`btf hb bstuhlf, g olm hb fdtbmbr  rbspubstgs vbrdgcbs g cgs lmtbrrfegmtbs pcgmtbghgs sfdrb bc prfdcbkg prfpubstf. Cg euëg hb bmtrbvlstg sbeðm Grlgs (4>74), bs um hfaukbmtf qub afmtlbmb cfs tbkgs, prbeumtgs suebrlhgs y gsp gspba batfs tfs g gm gmgcl gclzgr zgr bm umg umg bmt bmtrbv rbvlst lstg, g, sb trgdg` trgdg`gg afm prbeum prbeumtgs tgs gd gdlbr lbrtgs tgs,, gh ghqul qulrlb rlbmhf mhf agrgatbrëstlags hb afmvbrsgalñm. afmvbrsgalñm. ^fr ftrf cghf, sb utlclzñ cg tìamlag hb bstuhlf hb agsf qub afmslstb prbalsgkbmtb bm  prfpfralfmgr umg sbrlb sbrlb hb agsfs qub rbprbsbmtb rbprbsbmtbmm sltugalfmbs pprfdcbkçtlags rfdcbkçtlags hlvbrsgs hlvbrsgs hb cg vlhg rb rbgc gc pgrg pgrg qub qub sb bs bstu tuhl hlbm bm y gmgc gmgcla labm bm99 bs um umgg kb kbtf tfhf hfcf cfeëg eëg ut utlc lclz lzgh ghgg bm ag agsl sl tf tfhg hgss cg cgss hlsalpclmgs y subcb gsfalgrsb afm kìtfhfs augcltgtlvfs, hb ofrkg gabrtghg. (\lm, 4>7:) Ghbkçs, sb utlclzñ bc gmçclsls hfaukbmtgc, bstb kìtfhf pbrkltb rbafplcgr y frhbmgr cgs tbfrëgs, afmabptfs y hfatrlmgs pbrtlmbmtbs, cf qub g su vbz pbrkltb afmstrulr cg dgsb tbñrlag  pgrg umg afkprbmslñm lmtbergc hb cgs agrgatbrëstlags hb cgs agtbefrëgs y sudagtbefrëgs sudagtbefrëgs fd`btf

 

17

hbc bstuhlf. Bstb kìtfhf, qub rbprbsbmtg umg ofrkg hb lmvbstlegalñm tìamlag, afmslstb bm um afm`umtf hb fpbrgalfmbs lmtbcbatugcbs qub dusagm hbsarldlr y rbprbsbmtgr cfs hfaukbmtfs hb kgmbrg umlolaghg y slstbkçtlag pgrg ogalcltgr su rbaupbrgalñm, tgc afkf cf sb÷gcgm Dgcaçzgr bt gc. (4>75). Bm afmsbaubmalg, bstb kìtfhf ogalcltg bc `ulalf hb arbhldlclhgh hb cfs hgtfs afmtbmlhfs bm cfs hfaukbmtfs qub sb utlclzgrfm pgrg bc bstuhlf, cf qub hbkfstrñ qub bs um kìtfhf bolagz. Cg olajg hb gmçclsls hfaukbmtgc sb utlclzñ afkf lmstrukbmtf hb lmvbstlegalñm hb gaubrhf afm cgs agtbefrëgs qub sb jgm bstgdcbalhf pgrg bstb bstuhlf.   Bm bstb frhbm hb lhbgs, Xgkgyf y Xgkgyf (4>>8) afmslhbrgm qub vgclhgr bs hbtbrklmgr augcltgtlvgkbmtb um hgtf9 y bs afmslhbrghg, pfr bc gcagmab hb su rlefr albmtëolaf, um tlpf hb bstuhlf bstuhlf afm sus aagrgatbrëstlags grgatbrëstlags y prfa prfabhlklbmtfs. bhlklbmtfs. Bm bstb agsf agsf sb rbaurrlrç g trbs  prfobslfmgcbs bxpbrtfs bm cg kgtbrlg, pgrg bvgcugr gspbatfs afkf cg suolalbmalg, rbcbvgmalg, tbkpfrgclhgh, y pbrtlmbmalg hb cfs lmstrukbmtfs.

1.2 ^rfabhlklbmtfs hbsgrrfccghfs pgrg bc rbaf`f hb lmofrkgalñm Cgs gatlvlhghbs hbsgrrfccgs oubrfm b`bautghgs afm bc fd`btf hb qub tfhg cg lmofrkgalñm qub sb rbafplcb sbg gdsfcutgkbmtb afmolgdcb, rbcbvgmtb y vbrlolagdcb bm augmtf g cg agtbefrëg bm bstuhlf. ^fr bccf, cgs gatlvlhghbs oubrfm hlvlhlhgs bm hlvbrsfs hb pgsfs0 Lmlalgckbmtb sb afkbmzñ afm cg rbvlslñm dldclferçolag pgrg rbafplcgr, gmgclzgr y slmtbtlzgr cg fplmlñm hb cfs bxpbrtfs qub hgrçm ofrkg y mutrlalñm gc kgraf tbñrlaf y hlsbklmgrçm cgs dgsbs afmabptugcbs  pgrg cg agtbefrëg, agtbefrëg, sudagtbefrëgs sudagtbefrëgs.. Bc sbeumhf pgsf oub bc bstuhlf hb agsfs ccbvghfs pfr cgs sbaalfmbs bspbalgclzghgs bm kgtbrlg hb vlfcbmalg ogklclgr hb cgs Afklsgrëgs, hfmhb oubrfm hbtgccghfs aghg umf hb cfs bcbkb bcb kbmtf mtfss y prb prbsup supub ubstf stfss afm afmtbm tbmtlv tlvfs, fs, mfr mfrkgt kgtlvg lvgkbm kbmtb tb y prfab prfabhlk hlkbmt bmtgck gckbm bmtb, tb, bc augc augc rbprbsbmtf sbr um gspbatf hb ergm lmtbrìs bm bstg lmvbstlegalñm, yg qub pfr kbhlf hb bccf sb rbafcbatñ rbaf cbatñ cg lmofrk lmofrkgalñ galñmm hbsh hbshbb um afmtbxt afmtbxtff rbgc. Bc tbra tbrabr br pgsf oub cg lkpcbkbmt lkpcbkbmtgalñ galñmm hb cg tìamlag tìam lag hb gmç gmçclsls clsls hfaukb hfaukbmtgc mtgc pfr kbhl kbhlff hb trbs btgp btgpgs0 gs0 Cg afkumlag afkumlagalñm alñm cg augc bs umg

 

14

jbrrgklbmtg lmhlspbmsgdcb pgrg rbafcbatgr cg lmofrkgalñm mbabsgrlg, cg trgmsofrkgalñm hb cfs hgtfs hb cfs hfaukbmtfs qub cubef sbrçm afmvbrtlhf bm ftrf hfaukbmtf, g trgvìs hbc gmçclsls y, pfr ðctlkf, cg sëmtbsls y bc bstuhlf hb tfhg cg lmofrkgalñm rbafcbatghg hurgmtb cgs btgpgs gmtbs kbmalfmghg kbmalfmghgs. s.

1.?. 1.?.

^rfa ^rfabs bsgk gklb lbmt mtff hb gm gmçc çcls lsls ls hb hb hg hgtf tfss Cfs hgt hgtfs fs oub oubrfm rfm gm gmgcl gclzg zghfs hfs sb sbcba cbaalf alfmgm mgmhf hf cgs lhbgs lhbgs prlma prlmalpg lpgcbs cbs hb ag aghg hg ag agsf sf g

bstuhlgr, pgrg lmtbrmgclzgr y afmslhbrgr cfs gspbatfs kçs pbrtlmbmtbs, qub sb vlmaucgm bc afmtbxtf hb bstb tbkg. ^grg bccf, sb bcgdfrñ um gmçclsls afmslhbrgmhf arltbrlfs ìtlafs afkf cg jfmbstlhgh, vbrgalhgh b lmtbrprbtgalñm rbgc hb cgs lhbgs, slm kfhlolagr cgs lhbgs hbc gutfr. Bstf jgrç pfsldcb cg afmstruaalñm hb um afmfalklbmtf mubvf. ^fr tgmtf, bc prfabsgklbmtf hb cfs hgtfs prfpfralfmghfs oub kgmugc y kbhlgmtb bc prfergkg GXCGQ XL :. G afmtlmugalñm, sb prbsbmtgm cfs prfabhlklbmtfs qub sbrçm bstgdcbalhfs y b`bautghfs  pgrg cg rbgclzgalñm rbgclzgalñm hb cg lmvbstleg lmvbstlegalñm0 alñm0 •Bstgdcbalklbmtf hb cfs jgccgzefs qub sustbmtgrfm cg prfdcbkçtlag9 ghbkçs hb cg bmumalgalñm hb cfs fd`btlvfs. •Afmstruaalñm hb cgs dgsbs tbñrlags ‑ afmabptugcbs qub cb hlbrfm sustbmtf g cg agtbefrëg y sudagtbefrëgs, gsë afkf tgkdlìm cg afmstruaalñm hbc kgraf kbtfhfcñelaf bmaguzghf bmaguzghf g hgrcb afjbrbmalg lmtbrmg hbc bstuhlf y cg prbpgrgalñm hbc lmstrukbmtf hb rbafelhg hb hgtfs, gpclaçmhfcb cg vgclhbz y afmolgdlclhgh. •Gpclagalñm hbc lmstrukbmtf. •^rbsbmtgalñm y gmçclsls hb cfs rbsuctghfs •Bcgdfrgalñm hb afmacuslfmbs y rbafkbmhga rbafkbmhgalfmbs. lfmbs. Hbshb cg pbrspbatlvg hbc kìtfhf hb bstuhlf hb agsfs sb sbeulrç bc prfabsf hb gmçclsls lmhuatlvf hb cfs hgtfs.

 

11

1.5

Afmslhbrgalf Afmslhbrgalfmbs mbs ìtlags Qbeðm cfs gutfrbs Orgmag-Xgrrgeñ (4>>1) y ^gcbmalg - Dbm, cfs prlmalplfs ìtlafs qub sb

trgtgm bm bstb trgdg`f sfm cg gutfmfkëg, cg dbmbolabmalg, cg `ustlalg y cg mf kgcbolabmalg (4>71). Cfs prlmalplfs ìtlafs sfm umlvbrsgcbs y cgs tìamlags pgrg gpclagrcfs hbdbm ghgptgrsb g cgs  pgrtlaucgrlhghbs hb aghg bstuhlf. Bstf egrgmtlzgrç qub cg lmvbstlegalñm sb rbgclab hb kgmbrg ìtlag, gsë afkf qub bstgs mfrkgs ìtlags hlrl`gm cgs gaalfmbs hb cgs pbrsfmgs qub pgrtlalpgrfm bm bc bstuhlf. ^fr ftrf cghf, sb hlab qub cfs prlmalplfs ìtlafs sfm, gc kfhf igmtlgmf, lkpbrgtlvfs agtbeñrlafs. Bstf slemlolag qub cfs prlmalplfs ìtlafs bstçm `ustlolaghfs pfr cg rgzñm jukgmg y sfm hlrbatrlabs cbeëtlkgs pgrg tfhgs cgs sltugalfmbs y bm tfhf kfkbmtf.

 

18

Clstg hb rbobrbmalgs GAMRT. (4> hb Gdrlc hb 4>4>).  Cg pgmhbklg hbc afrfmgvlrus gukbmtg bc rlbsef hb vlfcbmalg hb

ebm bmbr brf f

jgal jgalg g

ku`brb `brbss

y

ml÷ l÷g gs

hb hbsp spcg cgzg zghg hgsy sy

gpg pgtr trëg ëgs. s. 

Fd Fdtb tbml mlhf hf hb

jttps0//www.gamur.fre/mftlalgs/prbss/4>4>/8/2b4> /8/2b> (4>>1) 1).. Cg bmtrb bmtrbvl vlst stgg bm erup erupf. f. Ag Agrg rgat atbr brës ëstl tlag ags, s, tl tlpf pfss y ut utlc lclh lhgh ghbs bs bm lmvbstlegalñm augcltgtlvg. LQQM 771>-:?47, 71. (4). 774-775. Gmhbr, B. (4>77). Gprbmhbr g lmvbstlegr. Mfalfmbs dgslags pgrg cg lmvbstlegalñm sfalgc. 7brg  Bhlalñm. Grebmtlmg0 Bhltfrlgc Dru`gs.

  Grl Grlgs, gs, O. (4> (4>74) 74)..  Bc prfybatf hb Lmvbstlegalñm0 Lmtrfhuaalñm g cg kbtfhfcfeëg albmtëolag. Agrgags0 Bhltfrlgc Bplstbkb. Dgcagzgr, bt gc (4>75.). Gmtfcfeëg. Lmvbstlegalñm augcltgtlvg. Dgrabccl, I. (4>47). Lkpcbkbmtgalñm hb kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm pbrkgmbmtbs pgrg kb`frgr cg agclhgh hb gtbmalñm hb vlatlkgs hb vlfcbmalg ogklclgr bm cfs ABK, Agccgf, 4>4>.

YXbsls hb kbstrëg, Rmlvbrslhgh Absgr _gccb`f[.  Dbmhbzu, T. (4>72.).  Hbcltf hb obklmlalhlf . Gmgclsls hb cg vlfcbmalg afmtrg cg ku`br hbshb umg pbrspbatlvg @urlhlaf ^bmgc. . Clkg.0 Grg bhltfrbs.

 Agstlccf, @. (4>75.). _lfcbmalg afmtrg cgs ku`brbs y cfs lmtbergmtbs hbc erupf ogklclgr.  Clkg.0 @urlstgs bhltfrbs BLTC.

 

12

Ajgm Aj gmgk gkb, b, T. (4>7 (4>77) 7)..  Cg afmstltualfm afkbmtghg. Xfkf LL.  Grbq Grbqulpg ulpg.. ^bru.0 ^bru.0 Bhltfrlgc Bhltfrlgc GHTRQ.  Alh, C. (4>>5). Qbeurlhgh y hbrbajfs jukgmfs. Gpfrtgalñm g um hbdgtb hbshb bc afmtbxtf grebmtlmf. Tbvlstg bspgalf gdlbrtf. 7?. (1) Rmlvbrslhgh hbc Puclg .  Hbobmsfrlg hbc ^ubdcf. (4>71?8 y sus kfhlolagalfmbs.  ^brð.

jttps0//ww jttps 0//www. w. hbobmsfrl hbobmsfrlg. g. efd. pb/w pb/wp-af p-afmtbmt mtbmt/upc /upcfghs/ fghs/4>7< 4>77< aal%A1%D1m-4>74>). Bc gaabsf g cg `ustlalg y kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm hurgmtb bc  bstghf hb bkbrebmalg0.

Tbvlstg Qbrlb Leugchgh y mf g cg _lfcbmalg. M¾>>2. ^rlkbrg

Bhlalñm. Bhla lñm. ^brð.  jttps0//www.hbobmsfrlg.efd.pb/wp-afmtbmt/upcfghs/4>4>/>5/Kbhlhgshb-^rftbaal%A1%D1m.pho  Hlgz, Hlg z, K y Afrrb Afrrbg, g, C. (4>7< (4>77:. 4>7:. 

Y Xbsls Xbsls hb kgbst kgbstrlg rlg,, Rmlvb Rmlvbrsl rslhgh hgh

Albmtlolag hbc ^brð [. jttp0//rbpfsltfrlf.uap.bhu.pb/jgmhcb/RA^/77:: Bajb Ba jbeg egrg rgy, y, K. (4 (4>7 >7:) :)..  Lmbolagalg hb cgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm bm cg prbvbmalñm hbc   obklmlalhlf.YXbs YXbsls ls

hb kg kgbs bstr trlg lg,, Rm Rmlv lvbr brsl slhg hghh Mgal Mgalfm fmgc gc Ob Obhb hbrl rlaf af _l _lcc ccgr grbg bgcc [.

jttp0//rbpfsltfrlf.umov.bhu.pb/jgmhcb/RMO_/44:< Bsplmfzg, C y Egkdfg, B. (4>7?).  Cg trgtg hb pbrsfmgs0 bstrgtbelgs pgrg cg prbvbmalñm, y brrgh brr ghla laga galñ lñm m hb cg bxpcf bxpcftg tgal alñm ñm sbxug sbxugcc hb kbmf kbmfrbs rbs hb bh bhgh gh.. 

YXbsls YXbsls hb erg erghf, hf,

Rmlvbrslhgh Mgalfmgc hb Xru`lccf[. jttp0//hspgab.umltru.bhu.pb/jgmhcb/RMLXTR/2:5?

 

1?

brab abpa palñ lñm m hb cg leug leugch chgh gh y hb cg vl vlfc fcbm bmal alg g hb eì eìmb mbrf rf.. Rmg Rmg Obrk Ob rkfs fsf, f, K. (4>4 (4>4>) >) ^br gprfxl gpr fxlkga kgalñm lñm g pgrtlr pgrtlr hb cg fplmlñ fplmlñm m hb `ñvbmb `ñvbmbss umlvbrs umlvbrsltg ltgrlf rlfs. s.  

hfatfrgc,

Rmlvbrslhgh

hb

Qgcgkgmag

Bsp Bspg÷ g÷g0 g0 Y Xbsls Xbsls [ . 

jttp0//jhc.jgmhcb.mbt/7>1??/78228?   Orgmag-Xgrrge Orgmag-Xgrrgeñ, ñ, F. (4>>1).  Cgs Mfrkgs ìtlags bm cg prçsatlag prfobalfmgc.  Kfmtbvlhbf0 RA_. Eñk Eñ kbz, G. (4>7 (4>7::). _lf _lfcbm cbmalg alg hb eìmbrf eìmbrf y prçatl prçatlags ags trghla trghlalfm lfmgcb gcbss pbr`uh pbr`uhlal lalgcb gcbs0 s0 umg afmtrldualñm gc hbdgtb kbtfhfcñelaf pgrg su kbhlalñm bm Burfpg.  Bspg÷g0

Y Xbsls

hfatfrgc, Rmlvbrslhgh Gutñmfkg hb Dgrabcfmg [. Eugjmfm, Eugj mfm, Q. (4>77 (4>77). ).  Kbhlhgs agutbcgrbs bm bc hbrbajf hb ogklclg. 4 Bhlalfm. Dubmfs Glrbs. Grebmtlmg.0 Bhlalfmbs Cg Tfag. Jbrmç Jbr mçmhb mhbz, z, T., Obrmç Obrmçmhb mhbz, z, A. y Dgp Dgptls tlstg, tg, ^. (4> (4>78) 78)..  Kbtfhfcfeëg hb cg lmvbstlegalñm. . Kìxlaf0 KaErgw-Jlcc. Jlcgrlf, C y Gcberb , @. (4>44). Lmbolalbmalg hb cgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm orbmtb g cfs prfabsfs hb vlfcbmalg ogklclgr, bm bc @uzeghf Klxtf hb Dfcfembsl, 4>4>. YXbsls, Rmlvbrslhgh Absgr _gccb`f[. Jussf, Juss f, K. K.,, Mftif, K. K.,, _lriil _lriil,, X. X.,, Cg Cglt ltlc lcg, g, G. gmh gmh Qlctg Qlctgcg, cg, J. J.   (4>4 (4>47) 7)..  Hfkbstla _lfcbmab  Lmtbrvbmtlfms lm Qfalgc gmh Jbgctj Agrb Qbttlmes0 Ajgccbmebs fo Xbkpfrgry ^rf`bats gmh Qjfrt-Xb Qjfrt-Xbrk rk Qfcutl Qfcutlfms fms..

@furmgc @furm gc fo Lmtbr Lmtbrpbrs pbrsfmgc fmgc _lfcbmabt _lfcbmabtjls jls clmi ls hlsgdcbh hlsgdcbh,,

1?(41-48), pp. 778?7‑778: 778?7‑778:4. 4. Cñpbz, F y Frhñ÷bz, P. (4>4>). Bobatlvlhgh hb cgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm cldrghgs g ogvfr hb cgs vlatlkgs hb vlfcbmalg lmtrgogklclgr, hurgmtb bc 4>7< bm bc Kumlalplf hb ^lbmhgkñ, Aguag. YXbsls, Rmlgutñmfkg hbc Aguag[.

 

15

Cëhlab, T. (4>47).  Bc bstghf drgslcb÷f orbmtb g cg cuajg afmtrg cg vlfcbmalg hfkìstlag b lmtrgogklclgr jgalg cg ku`br pfr rgzñm hb eìmbrf0 cg lkpfrtgmalg hb cg gpclagalñm hb  dubmgs prçatlags `urëhlags y sfalgcbs bm cgs pfcëtlags pðdclags. YXbsls hfatfrgc, Rmlvbrslhgh

hb

Qgcgkgmag[.

jttps0//erbhfs.usgc.bs/dltstrbgk/jgmhcb/7 jttps0//erbhfs.usg c.bs/dltstrbgk/jgmhcb/7>1??/781??/7847). Cg pgmhbklg bm cg sfkdrg. Ku`brbs vlatlkgs hb vlfcbmalg hb ebmbrf afmolmghgs orb orbmtb g umg hbdcb gkbmgzg bm cg Afvlh 75-777:)  Bolagalg hb cgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm bm prfabsfs hb vlfcbmalg ogklclgr   egrgmtlzgm bc hbrbajf g cg lmtberlhgh hb vëatlkgs bm cg afrtb supbrlfr hb `ustlalg hb Xgamg, Xga mg, sbhb sbhb abmtrg abmtrgc, c, 4>75. 4>75. 

Y Xbsls Xbsls hb kgb kgbstr strlg, lg,Rml Rmlvb vbrsl rslhgh hgh ^rlvgh ^rlvghgg hb Ogbmg Ogbmg [.

jttps0//rbvlstgs.upt.bhu.pb/f`s/lmhbx.p jttps0//rbvlstgs.upt.b hu.pb/f`s/lmhbx.pjp/vbstsa/grtlacb/vlb jp/vbstsa/grtlacb/vlbw/57 w/57 Kbrg, Kbr g, T. (4> (4>7>.74 mhcb/4>.2>>.74:>4/?845/Kbrg%4> :>4/?845/Kbrg%4>Efmz Efmz %A1%G7cbs%4>Tfsg%4>Bvbclm.p %A1%G7cbs%4>Tf sg%4>Bvbclm.pho6sbqubmab ho6sbqubmab;1 ;1  KLKHBQ. (4>72). _lfcbmalg ogklclgr y sbxugc bm ku`brbs y vgrfmbs hb 72 g 2< g÷fs.  ^brð.  Mu÷fag, C. (4>47). _gcfrgalñm hb rlbsefs bm ku`brbs vlatlkgs hb vlfcbmalg hb pgrb`g hbc  hlstrltf hlstrlt f hb pguagrpgt pguagrpgtg, g, Grbqulpg. Grbqulpg.Y

Xbsls hb erghf, Rmlvbrslhgh Mgalfmgc hb Qgm

Geustlm hb Grbqulpg [. jttp0//rbpfsltfrlf.umsg.b jttp0//rbpfsltfrlf.umsg.bhu.pb/jgmhcb/4 hu.pb/jgmhcb/4>.2>>.74551/74 >.2>>.74551/74778 778

 FMR, K. (>? hb gdrlc hb 4>4>).  Cg pgmhbklg bm cg sfkdrg0 vlfcbmalg afmtrg cg ku`brbs hurgmtb bc afolmgklbmtf. jttps0//www.umwfkbm.fre/bs/mbws/lm-ofaus jttps0//www.umwfkbm.fre/bs/mbws/lm-ofaus/lm-ofaus-ebmhbr/lm-ofaus-ebmhbr-

 

1:

bqugclty-lm-afvlh-774).

Fregmlzgalñm

Kumhlgc

hb

cg

Qgcuh.

vlfcbmalg9jttps0//www.wjf.lmt/tfplaf/vlfcbmalg/bs. ^gz, K y Kbcìmhbz, K. (4>>:). Gmçclsls bplhbklfcñelaf hb cg vlfcbmalg hb ebmbrf bm cg Rmlñm Burfpbg. Tbvlstg Gmgcbs hb ^slafcfelg. 1?. (1).  ^gajbaf, I y Pbg, E. (4>47). Cg kbhlhg hb prftbaalñm hb lkpbhlkbmtf hb gabragklbmtf g cg vlatlkg rbeucghg bm bc grtlaucf 4 hb cg Cby M¾ 1>1?8 y cg olmgclhgh hb brrghlagr cg vlfcbmalg afmtrg cg ku`br, Grbqulpg 4>4>. YXbsls, Rmlvbrslhgh Absgr _gccb`f[. ^bhrbsajl, U. (4>75). _gcfrgalñm hbc rlbsef bm cfs agsfs hb vlfcbmalg ogklclgr pgrg ftfregr  kbhlhg kbh lhgss hb prftba prftbaalñ alñm m bm cfs `uzeghfs `uzeghfs hb ogklcl ogklclg g hbc agccgf agccgf..   Y

Xbsls hb erghf,

Rmlvbrslhgh Absgr _gccb`f [.  ^b÷g, F y Gckgmzg, O. (4>7>). Xbfrëg hbc hbcltf. Kgmugc prçatlaf pgrg su gpclagalñm bm cg tbfrëg hbc agsf. ^brð0 G^BAA.

^frtlccg, K, Tf`gs, G y Jbrmçmhbz, L. (4>78). Lmvbstlegalñm augcltgtlvg0 Rmg rbocbxlñm hbshb cg bhuagalñm afkf jbajf sfalgc .

Tbvlstg Rmlvbrsltgrlg. Tbocbxlñm Bplstbkfcñelag hbc hlsb÷f Kbtfhfcñelaf hbc prfybatf. Afcfkdlg.

Tgkfs, Tgk fs, H. (4> (4>7). _lfcbmalg lmtrgogklclgr bm Dfeftç afmtrg cg ku`br.  Afcfkdlg0 Y Xbsls hb kgbstrlg, Rmlvbrslhgh @gvbrlgmg [.

 

1<

Tf`gs, M. (4>7771.). Arlklmgclzgalfm hb cg vlfcbmalg ogklclgr. Clkg.0 Ofmhf bhltfrlgc cldrbrlg y bhlalfmbs @urlhlags. Qgm Kgrtlm, Kgrtlm, A. (4> (4>78. 78.). ).  Hbrbajf prfabsgc pbmgc. Xbrabrg bhlalfm. Clkg.0 Bhltfrg @urlhlag Erl`cby. Qfrlg, H. (4>71.). Cg afmstltualfm afkbmtghg a fkbmtghg , gmgclsls grtlaucf pfr grtlaucf. Xfkf LL.  Clkg.0 Egabtg @urlhlag.  Xgkgyf y Xgkgyf, K. (. (4>>8). Hlaalfmgrlf hb cg lmvbstlegalñm. . Kbxlaf0 Clkusg. Ugmt Ug mtu, u, O & Qgrs Qgrsfm fm,, K. (4>4 (4>4>> ). Cbegc ^rftbatlfm fo Ufkbm gs _latlk fo Hfkbstla _lfcbmab. Lm Lmhf hfmb mbsl slgm gm

@fur @f urmg mgcc fo Gh Ghvf vfag agay ay gm gmhh Cbeg Cbegcc Qb Qbrv rvla labs, bs, 7(4) (4),, 481-42 481-42:. :.

jttps0//hfl.fre/7>.7247:). Agsb Qtuhy0 Tbsbgraj gmh gppclagtlfms.  Cfmhfm0 QGEB ^RDCLAGXLM.

 

8>

 

Gmbxf >70 Kgtrlz hb afmslstbmalg Xëtucf0 Hlclebmalgklbmtf hb cgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm bm bc kgraf hb cg cby 1>1?8 bm cg HL_XBT Qur 4 Clkg g÷f 4>47-4>44

^cgmtbgklbmtf hbc prfdcbkg

^rfdcbkg ebmbrgc0 ¶Añkf sb vlbmb b`bautgmhf bc hlclebmalgklbmtf hb cgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm bm bc kgraf hb cg cby 1>1?8 bm cg HL_XBT Qur 4 Clkg g÷f 4>47-4>446

Ofrkucgalñm hb fd`bvfs

 

Agtbefrëg

Qudagtbefrëgs gs

Fd`btlvf ebmbrgc0 Hlclebmalgklbmtf hb  B`baualñm y Gmgclzgr añkf sb vlbmb cgs Kbhlhgs hb sbeulklbmtf hb b`bautgmhf bc kbhlhgs hb ^rftbaalñm hlclebmalgklbmtf hb cgs prftbaalñm kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm bm bc kgraf hb cg cby 1>1?8 bm cg HL_XBT Qur 4 Clkg g÷f 4>47-4>44 

Fd`btlvfs bspbaëolafs0

cg b`baualñm y sbeulklbmtf hb kbhlhgs

hb prftbaalñm bm bc kgraf hb cg cby 1>1?8 bm

hb prftbaalñm bm bc kgraf hb cg cby 1>1?8 bm

cg HL_XBT Qur 4 Clkg g÷f 4>47-4>446

cg HL_XBT Qur 4 Clkg g÷f 4>47-4>44.

Gmgclzgr añkf sb rbgclzg

¶Qb aubmtg afm cfs rbaursfs jukgmfs y

Gmgclzgr sl sb aubmtg afm cfs rbaursfs jukgmfs y

cfeësafs bm bc kgraf hb cg cby 1>1?8 bm cg HL_XBT

cfeësafs bm bc kgraf hb cg cby 1>1?8 bm cg HL_XBT

Qur 4 Clkg g÷f 4>474>446

Qur 4 Clkg g÷f 4>474>44.  Hbsarldlr sl sb aukpcb

g÷f 4>47-4>446

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afm bc kgraf mfrkgvf hb cg cby 1>1?8 bm cg

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bc mlvbc hb rlbsef _lebmalg hb cgs kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm

Hlsb÷f0

HL_XBT Qur 4 Clkg g÷f 4>47-4>44.

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Mlvbc0

Obmfkbmfcñelaf

Tbbvgcugalñm hb cgs Tbbvgcugalñm kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm

Kìtfhf hb

sbeðm bc mlvbc hb rlbsef

lmvbsegalñm0

Qfdrbagreg cgdfrgc

Lmhuavf

Tbaursfs jukgmfs y cfeësafs.

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^gralpgmtbs0

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Tbaursfs jukgmfs y cfeësafs

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 ^broc hbc pbrsfmgc

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pfclalgc Bqulpfs tbamfcñelafs

Lmrgbstruaturg ghbaughg  Kgraf mfrkgvf 

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>1 Foalgcbs supbrlfrbs >1 Qud Foalgcbs >7 @ubz hb Ogklclg >7 Tbprbsbmtgmtb ABK >7 _lakg Xìamlag0

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Dçslaf

Bxpcfrgtfrlf

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 Xlpf0

_lsltgs pbrlñhlags sbeðm

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Augcltgvf

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Bmfqub0

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Mfoagalñm hb cg vlakg

Kbtfhfcfeëg

Mfoagalñm hbc gerbsfr Ofrkucgalñm hb Lmfrkbs pfclalgcbs

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¶Hb quì kgmbrg sb rbgclzg cg b`baualñm y sbeulklbmtf hb kbhlhgs

¶Qb aukpcb afm bc kgraf mfrkgvf hb cg cby 1>1?8 bm cg HL_XBT Qur 4 Clkg

B`baualñm y sbeulklbmtf hb kbhlhgs hb prftbaalñm0

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^rfdcbkgs bspbaëolafs0

Arltbrlfs

Kgraf mfrkgvf

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Qbeurlhgh pbrsfmgc

Bmtrbvlstg

 

Lmtbrvbmalñm hb ftrgs

Lmstrukbmtfs0

Lmstualfmbs

Euëg hb bmtrbvlstg sbklbstruaturghg