Tes 961

 

]NGUMZXGFBF DBWKZ FM XBN BNFZÇX EBH]AVBF FM GNIMNGMZÄB HBZZMZB FM GNIMNGMZÄB GNF]XVZGBA

SZKWMHVK FM IZBFK BSAGHBHGØN FM AB NKZDB GXK 7332?:330 MN MA FGXMÒK M GDSAMDMNVBHGØN FM ]N XGXVMDB FM IMXVGØN FM HBAGFBF SBZB AB EÂJZGHB H@KHKABVMX W F]AHMX ‑HØNFKZ— X.Z.A.  X.Z.A.  

Skstuabntm? ]ngv. Bamobnfrb Eumntms Xkagz  Vutkr? Gni. Ibjrgmab Vkrrghk Ab Sbz ‘ Jkagvgb :325 

 

 

VBJAB FM HKNVMNGFK FMFGHBVKZGB ...................... ................................................ ................................................... ................................................... ................................ ......g  BIZBFMHGDMNVKX ................................................... ............................................................................ ........................................... ..................gg  ZMX]DMN MOMH]VGUK......................... ................................................... .................................................... ...................................... ............ ggg  HBSGV]AK 2.............................. 2........................................................ ................................................... ................................................... ............................2  2.2   BNVMHMFMNVMX ...................... ................................................ .................................................... .................................. ........ 2  2.: 

SZKJAMDB ............................................................. ...................................................................................... .............................. ..... : 

2.:.2 

GFMNVGEGHBHGØN FMA SZKJAMDB......................... ............................................... ...................... :  

2.:.: 

FMXHZGSHGKN FMA SZKJAMDB......................... SZKJAMDB................................................... .......................... : 

2.8 

EKZD]ABHGKN FMA SZKJAMDB ........................................... ....................................................... ............ 8 

2.6 

KJOMVGUKX..................................................... .............................................................................. ...................................... ............. 8 

2.6.2 

KJOMVGUK IMNMZBA .................................................................... .................................................................... 8 

2.6.: 

KJOMVGUKX MXSMHGEGHKX ............ ..................................... ............................................... ...................... 6 

2.= 

O]XVGEGHBHGØN FMA MXV]FGK ......................... .................................................. .................................. ......... 6  

2.=.2 

O]XVGEGHBHGØN BHBFÇDGHB .... ............................. ................................................... .......................... 6  

2.=.: 

O]XVGEGHBHGØN MHKNØDGHB XKHGBA ........................................ ........................................ = 

2.=.8 

O]XVGEGHBHGØN DMVKFKAØIGHB ..... .............................. .......................................... ................. 9  

2.=.6 

O]XVGEGHBHGØN AMIBA................................................ ................................................................. ................. 9 

2.5   BAHBNHM FMA SZKWMHVK ................................................ ................................................................. ................. 9   

 

HBSÄV]AK :.............................. :........................................................ ................................................... ................................................... ............................0  :.2.  MUKA]HGØN FMA HKNHMSVK FM HBAGFBF ......................... ...................................... ............. 0  :.:.  SZGNHGSBAMX HKNHMSVKX .............................................. ............................................................... ................. 7  :.:.2.  HBAGFBF................................................... ............................................................................ ...................................... ............. 7  :.:.:.  XGVMDB FM IMXVGØN FM AB HBAGFBF .................................... ........................................ .... 7  :.8.  EBDGAGB FM NKZDBX GXK 7333 ................................ ......................................................... ........................... 7   :.6.  MNEKR]M JBXBFK MN SZKHMXKX ................................................ ................................................ 23  :.=.  HGHAK S@UB ..................... ............................................... ................................................... ........................................ ............... 23  :.5.  SZGNHGSGKX FM IMXVGKN FM AB HBAGFBF ......... ................................... ............................ .. 22  :.9.  DKFMAK FMA XGXVMDB FM IMXVGKN FM AB HBAGFBF. ................. 2:  :.0.  FKH]DMNVBHGØN FM AKX XGXVMDBX FM IMXVGKN FM AB HBAGFBF ....................... ................................................. .................................................... .................................................... ............................ .. 28 

HBSÄV]AK 8.............................. 8........................................................ ................................................... .................................................. .........................29  8.2.  @GXVKZGB W BNVMHMFMNVMX FM AB MDSZMXB ...................... ............................. ....... 29  8.:.  FGBINKXVGHK FMA XMHVKZ ................................................. ............................................................ ........... 20   8.8.  FMXHZGSHGKN FM AB KZIBNG_BHGØN ........................ ............................................ .................... 27  8.6.   BNÂAGXGX FMA HKNVMPVK FM AB KZIBNG_BHGØN KZIBNG_BHGØN ........................ :2  8.6.2.   BNÂAGXGX EKFB ................................. .......................................................... ............................................. .................... ::  8.=.  FMXHZGSHGKN FM ABX AGNMBX FM SZKF]HHGKN ......................... ......................... :8 

 

 

HBSGV]AK 6.............................. 6........................................................ ................................................... .................................................. .........................86  6.2.  KJOMVGUK .............................................. ....................................................................... ............................................. .................... 86  6.:.  FGXMÒK FM AB @MZZBDGMNVB.................................................. ......................................................... ....... 86   6.8.  MOMH]HGØN .................................................................... ........................................................................................ .................... 8=  6.6.  ZMX]AVBFKX FMA FGBINKXVGHK..................................... FGBINKXVGHK................................................... .............. 8=  6.6.2.  XGXVMDBX FM IMXVGKN FM AB HBAGFBF ...................... ................................. ........... 85  6.6.:.  ZMXSKNXBJGAGFBF FM AB FGZMHHGØN ......................... .................................... ........... 89  6.6.8.  IMXVGKN FM AKX ZMH]ZXKX ....................... ................................................. ............................ .. 87  6.6.6.  ZMBAG_BHGØN FMA SZKF]HVK ......................... ................................................. ........................ 63  6.6.=.  DMFGHGØN, BNÂAGXGX W DMOKZB ....................... ............................................... ........................ 62  6.=.  HKNHA]XGKNMX IMNMZBAMX ...................................................... ......................................................... ... 6: 

HBSGV]AK =.............................. =........................................................ ................................................... .................................................. .........................66  =.2.   BAHBNHM ...................... ............................................... .................................................. ............................................. .................... 66  =.:.  MPHA]XGKNMX ................................................... ............................................................................. ................................ ...... 66  =.8.  ZMSZMXMNVBNVM FM AB FGZMHHGØN ......................... ............................................. .................... 6=  =.6.  SKAÄVGHB FM HBAGFBF ......................... .................................................. ............................................. .................... 6=  =.=.  KJOMVGUKX FM HBAGFBF ...................................... ............................................................... ............................ ... 65   =.5.  DMVKFKAKIÄB FM FGXMÒK FM SKAÄVGHB W KJOMVGUKX FM HBAGFBF ....................... ................................................. .................................................... .................................................... ............................ .. 65 

 

 

=.9.  GFMNVGEGHBHGØN FM AKX SZKHMXKX FM AB KZIBNG_BHGØN ..... =3  =.9.2.  SZKHMXKX MXVZBVÇIGHKX ......................... ................................................... ............................ .. =2  =.9.:.  SZKHMXKX DGXGKNBAMX .......... ................................... ................................................. ........................ =:  =.9.8.  SZKHMXKX FM BSKWK ............................................... .............................................................. ............... =:  =.0.  DBSB FM SZKHMXKX ........................................................ ....................................................................... ............... =:  =.7.  GNFGHBFKZMX FM FMXMDSMÒK .............................. ...................................................... ........................ =6 

HBSGV]AK 5.............................. 5........................................................ ................................................... .................................................. .........................56  5.2.  MXVZ]HV]ZB FM AB FKH]DMNVBHGØN ........ .................................. ................................ ...... 5=  5.2.2.  HBZBHVMZG_BHGØN FM AKX SZKHMXKX ...................... ................................. ........... 5=  5.2.:.  DBN]BA FM AB HBAGFBF ........................................................... ........................................................... 55  5.2.8.  SZKHMFGDGMNVKX.................................. ........................................................... .................................... ........... 59  5.2.6.  I]ÄBX M GNXVZ]HVGUKX ... ............................ .................................................. ................................ ....... 50   5.2.=.  SABNMX FM HBAGFBF................................................... .................................................................. ............... 50  5.2.5.  ZMIGXVZKX ....................................................................... ................................................................................. .......... 50  5.:.  FGU]AIBHGØN FM AB FKH]DMNVBHGØN ........................................ ........................................ 57 

HBSÄV]AK 9.............................. 9........................................................ ................................................... .................................................. .........................93  9.2.  XMNXGJGAG_BHGØN W HBSBHGVBHGØN ....................... ............................................... ........................ 93  9.:.  HKNXVZ]HHGØN FM AB JBXM FM FBVKX ...................................... 92  9.8.  DMFGHGØN W BNÂAGXGX FM AB XBVGXEBHHGØN FMA HAGMNVM ........ 9=   

 

9.8.2.   BNÂAGXGX FM FBVKX XBVGXEBHHGØN FMA FMA HAGMNVM ............. ............... .. 95  9.8.:.  SABNMX FM BHHGØN XBVGXEBHHGØN FMA HAGMNVM ................ 97  9.6.  MUBA]BHGØN FM H]DSAGDGMNVK FMA XIH ........................ ................................... ........... 02  9.6.2.  XGXVMDB FM IMXVGKN FM AB HBAGFBF ......................... .................................... ........... 08  9.6.:.  ZMXSKNXBJGAGFBF FM AB FGZMHHGØN ......................... .................................... ........... 08  9.6.8.  IMXVGKN FM AKX ZMH]ZXKX ....................... ................................................. ............................ .. 0=  9.6.6.  ZMBAG_BHGØN FMA SZKF]HVK ......................... ................................................. ........................ 05  9.6.=.  DMFGHGØN, BNÂAGXGX W DMOKZB ....................... ............................................... ........................ 09  9.=.  HKNHA]XGKNMX IMNMZBAMX ...................................................... ......................................................... ... 00  9.5.   B]FGVKZÄBX GNVMZNBX ................................................ .................................................................... .................... 07 

HBSÄV]AK 0.............................. 0........................................................ ................................................... .................................................. .........................73  0.2.  XGV]BHGØN XGN XGXVMDB FM IMXVGØN FM AB HBAGFBF ............... 78  0.:.  XGV]BHGØN HKN XGXVMDB X GXVMDB FM IMXVGØN FM AB HBAGFBF ............. 76  0.8.  MUBA]BHGKN EGNBNHGMZB .............. ....................................... ................................................. ........................ 75  

HBSÄV]AK 7.............................. 7........................................................ ................................................... .................................................. .........................70  7.2.  HKNHA]XGKNMX ...................................................................... ................................................................................ .......... 70  7.:.  ZMHKDMNFBHGKNMX ............................................ ...................................................................... .......................... 233 

JGJAGKIZBEÄB ............................................... ........................................................................ ................................................... ............................ 23: 

 

 

BNMPK B ......................... ................................................... .................................................... .................................................... ............................... .....23=  ................................................... .................................................... .................................................... ............................... .....226  BNMPK J .........................

BNMPK H ......................... ................................................... .................................................... .................................................... ............................... .....:=9 

 

 

GNFGHM FM EGI]ZBX EGI]ZB 2-2? 2 -2? Fgbirbdb Gs`glbwb Gs` glbwb gfmntgeghbhgøn fm hbusb-memhtk, :326. ..................8  EGI]ZB :-2? Krgimn y mvkauhgøn fm ab hbagfbf...................... hbagfbf................................................ ................................... .........0  EGI]ZB :-:? Hghak S@UB. ...................... ................................................ .................................................... ..................................... ...........22  EGI]ZB :-8? Msqumdb fm mstruhturb fkhudmntba ........................ ................................................. .........................28  EGI]ZB 8-2? Xgtubhgøn fma dmrhbfk fm prkfuhtks fm h`khkabtm y brtähuaks fm hknegtmräb, :322. ..................... ............................................... ................................................... ................................................... ............................. ... 27  EGI]ZB 8-:? Mstruhturb kribngzbtgvb Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A., :32=. .................................................... ............................................................................. ................................................... ............................. ... :3  EGI]ZB 8-8? Msqumdb fm bnâagsgs fma hkntmxtk fm ab kribngzbhgøn, :325. ...........:2  EGI]ZB 8-6? Eauokirbdb aänmbs fm prkfuhhgøn fm dkagfks, h`khkabtms fm tbzb, h`khkabtgnms y hgibrrgtks, :325. ........................ ................................................. ................................................... ............................. ... :=  EGI]ZB 8-=? Eauokirbdb aänmb fm prkfuhhgøn fm egiurbs y d dkafmbfks, kafmbfks, :325. ...... :5  EGI]ZB 8-5? Eauokirbdb aänmb fm prkfuhhgøn pr kfuhhgøn fm jkdjknms, :325. ......................:9  EGI]ZB 8-9? Eauokirbdb aänmb fm prkfuhhgøn fm bmrmbfks, :325. .......................:0  EGI]ZB 8-0? 8 -0? Eauokirbdb aänmb fm jbòbfks, :325. ....................... ................................................ .........................:7  EGI]ZB 8-7? Eauokirbdb aänmb fm prkfuhhgøn fm pbsbnlbaab y irbimbfks, :325.. 83  EGI]ZB 6-2? Zmsuatbfks Fgbinøstghk gnghgba Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A. ........................ .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ............................. ... 85  EGI]ZB 6-:? Zmsuatbfks fma Fgbinøstghk gnghgba rmqugsgtk 6 (Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf), :32=. ...... ............................... ................................................... ................................................... ..................................... ............89   

 

EGI]ZB 6-8? Zmsuatbfks fma Fgbinøstghk gnghgba rmqugsgtk = (Zmspknsbjgagfbf fm ab Fgrmhhgøn), :32=. ............................. ....................................................... ................................................... ......................................... ................80  EGI]ZB 6-6? Zmsuatbfks fma Fgbinøstghk gnghgba rmqugsgtk 5 (Imstgøn fm rmhursks), :32=. ..................... ............................................... ................................................... ................................................... ............................. ... 87  EGI]ZB 6-=? Zmsuatbfks fma Fgbinøstghk gnghgba rmqugsgtk 9 (Zmbagzbhgøn fma prkfuhtk), :32=. .................................. ........................................................... ................................................... .......................................... ................ 63  EGI]ZB 6-5? Zmsuatbfks fma Fgbinøstghk gnghgba rmqugsgtk 0 (Dmfghgøn, bnâagsgs y dmokrb), :32=. .............................................................. ........................................................................................ .......................................... ................ 6:  EGI]ZB =-2? = -2? Mnekqum b prkhmsks, :325. .............................................................. ..............................................................=2  EGI]ZB =-:? Dbpb fm Srkhmsks Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A., :325. .................................................... ............................................................................. ................................................... ............................. ... =8  EGI]ZB 5-2? 5 -2? Ms Mstruhturb truhturb fkhudmntba fma XIH, :325. :325 . ........................ ............................................ ....................5=  EGI]ZB 5-:? Ekrdbtk fm hbrbhtmrgzbhgøn fm prkhmsk, :325. :325 . ................ ................................ ................55  EGI]ZB 5-8? Hkntmngfk y ekrdbtk fm prkhmfgdgmntks fk fkhudmntbfks, hudmntbfks, :325. ....... 59  EGI]ZB 9-2? Dumstrb vgstb ekrduabrgk mamhtrønghk, Ârmb fm smamhhgøn fm hbhbk :325. ......................... ................................................... .................................................... .................................................... ......................................... ...............98  EGI]ZB 9-:? Dumstrb vgstb Jbsm fm fbtks y Hubfrk fm Hkntrka fm gnfghbfkrms,  Ârmb fm smamhhgøn fm hbhbk :325. ....................... ................................................ .................................................. .........................96  EGI]ZB 9-8? Dumstrb vgstb Hubfrk fm Hkntrka fm gnfghbfkrms, Ârmb fm smamhhgøn fm hbhbk :325. ....................... ................................................. .................................................... ..................................... ...........9=  EGI]ZB 9-6? Bntgiñmfbf fma hagmntm Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A., :325. .................................................... ............................................................................. ................................................... ............................. ... 99 

 

 

EGI]ZB 9-=? Gdbimn mdprmsbrgba Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr, :325. ......................... ................................................... .................................................... .................................................... ......................................... ...............99  EGI]ZB 9-5? Irbfk fm sbtgsebhhgøn fma hagmntm Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr, :325. ........................ .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ............................. ... 90  EGI]ZB 9-9? Irbfk fm sbtgsebhhgøn pkr hbrbhtmrästghbs fma prkfuhtk Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr, :325.......................... ................................................... .............................................. ....................97  EGI]ZB 9-0? Zmsuatbfks Mvbaubhgøn fma XIH Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A., :325. ...................... ................................................ ................................................... ............................................. ....................0:  EGI]ZB 9-7? Zmsuatbfks fma Mvbaubhgøn egnba rmqugsgtk 6 (Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf), :325. ............... ........................................ ................................................... ................................................... ................................. ........08  EGI]ZB 9-23? Zmsuatbfks fma Mvbaubhgøn egnba rmqugsgtk = (Zmspknsbjgagfbf fm ab Fgrmhhgøn), :325. ............................. ....................................................... ................................................... ......................................... ................06  EGI]ZB 9-22? Zmsuatbfks fma Mvbaubhgøn Egnba rmqugsgtk 5 (Imstgøn fm rmhursks), :325. ..................... ............................................... ................................................... ................................................... ............................. ... 0=  EGI]ZB 9-2:? Zmsuatbfks fma Mvbaubhgøn Egnba rmqugsgtk 9 (Zmbagzbhgøn fma prkfuhtk), :325. .................................. ........................................................... ................................................... .......................................... ................ 05  EGI]ZB 9-28? Zmsuatbfks fm ab Mvbaubhgøn Egnba rmqugsgtk 0 (Dmfghgøn, bnâagsgs y dmokrb), :325. .............................. ....................................................... ................................................... .............................................. ....................00  EGI]ZB 0-2? Imstgøn fm ab hbagfbf y ab eunhgøn egnbnhgmrb. ............................... ................................... .... 72 

 

 

GNFGHM FM VBJABX VBJAB 2-2? 2 -2? Oustgeghbhgøn bhbfçdghb fm fmaa prkymhtk, :32=. ...................... ........................................ ..................=  VBJAB :-2? :-2 ? Hkdpbrbhgøn mstruhturb GXK 7332?:330 m GXK 7332?:32=. ...............26  VBJAB :-:? Srgnhgpbams fgemrmnhgbs mn tmrdgnkakiäb mntrm abs nkrdbs GXK 7332 vmrsgøn :330 y :32=. ....................... ................................................. ................................................... ............................................. ....................2=  VBJAB 8-2? Bnâagsgs EKFB Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A., :325. ......................... ................................................... .................................................... .................................................... ......................................... ...............::  VBJAB 8-:? Ibdb fm prkfuhtks Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A., :325. ......................... ................................................... .................................................... .................................................... ......................................... ...............82  VBJAB 6-2? Skrhmntbom fm hudpagdgmntk smiÿn ma mstbfk bhtuba fma rmqugsgtk mn ma XIH, :32=. ........................ .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ............................. ... 8=  VBJAB 6-:? Vbjab rmsudmn fgbinkstghk XIH, :32=. ......................... ............................................. ....................68  VBJAB =-2? Nmhmsgfbfms y mxpmhtbtgvbs fm abs pbrtms gntmrmsbfbs Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A., :325. ....................... ................................................ ..................................... ............69  VBJAB =-:? Dbtrgz fm prgkrgzbhgøn fm nmhmsgfbfms y mxpmhtbtgvbs fm abs pbrtms gntmrmsbfbs, hknstruhhgøn fm ab pkaätghb fm hbagfbf, :325. ................. ..................................... ....................67  VBJAB =-8? =-8 ? Sabn fm Xmiugdgmntk fma Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf, :325. ....==  Vbjab 9-2? Agstb fm Ekrduabrgks mamhtrønghks, :325. :3 25. .............................................. ..............................................92  VBJAB 9-:?

Sabn fm bhhgøn Mnhumstbs fm Xbtgsebhhgøn fma Hagmntm, :325. .....03 

VBJAB 9-8? Vbjab rmsudmn mvbaubhgøn XIH, :325. ..................... .............................................. .........................00  VBJAB 0-2? Memhtks fm ab hbagfbf mn aks gnirmsks y mirmsks fm ab mdprmsb. ........73 

 

 

VBJAB 0-:? 0 -:? Hkstks fm gnvmrsgøn XIH, :325. ........................................................ ........................................................7:  VBJAB 0-8? Hkstks fm ab hbagfbf y fm nk hbagfbf sgn XIH fm ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A., :32=. ....................... ................................................ ..................................... ............78  VBJAB 0-6? Bnâagsgs egnbnhgmrk sgtubhgøn Xgn XIH................................................. ................................................76  VBJAB 0-=? Hkstks fm ab hbagfbf y fm nk hbagfbf hkn XIH fm ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A., :32=. ....................... ................................................ ..................................... ............7=  VBJAB 0-5? Bnâagsgs egnbnh egnbnhgmrk gmrk sgtubhgøn Hkn XIH. ............. ....................................... ................................. .......75 

 

 

FMFGHBVKZGB Fmfghbfk b? Dgs pbfrms @uik y Sbadgrb qum sgmdprm dm fgmrkn tkfk ma skpkrtm pbrb ab hknhausgøn fm dgs mstufgks.  B dgs `mrdbnks y dg täb qum sgmdprm mstuvgmrkn fgspkngjams pbrb fbrdm su bpkyk.  B dgs bdgiks y hkdpbòmrks fm ab ungvmrsgfbf,  ountk b qugmnms hkdpbrtä duh`bs mxpmrgmnhgbs, prmkhupbhgknms y akirks b ak abrik fm ab hbrrmrb.  B dgs fkhmntms fm ab hbrrmrb fm Gnimngmräb Gnfustrgba

qugmnms

bagdmntbrkn

dgs

hknkhgdgmntks y hbrâhtmr hkn su mxpmrgmnhgb prkemsgknba.  Bamobnfrb

g

 

BIZBFMHGDMNVKX Dgs dâs sgnhmrks birbfmhgdgmntks b tkfbs abs pmrsknbs qum `ghgmrkn pksgjam ab rmbagzbhgøn fma prmsmntm prkymhtk?  B dg tutkrb Gni. Ibjrgmab Vkrrghk pkr su bsmskräb y

hkabjkrbhgøn

pbrb

akirbr

aks

kjomtgvks

prkpumstks.  Ba Agh. Obgdm Iknzbams y b sus pbf pbfrms rms Xr. Oubn y Xrb. @krtmnhgb pkr bjrgrdm abs pumrtbs fm su mdprmsb pbrb ab rmbagzbhgøn fm mstm prkymhtk y ktrks rmbagzbfks b ak abrik fm ab hbrrmrb, y skjrm tkfk pkr ma hkdprkdgsk fm dmokrb hkntgnub mn su eâjrghb.  B tkfks aks trbjbobfkrms fm ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms ‑Hønfkr— X.Z.A. pkr jrgnfbr

ab gnekrdbhgøn nmhmsbrgb.

gg

 

ZMX]DMN MOMH]VGUK Ma prmsmntm prkymhtk mxpaghb ab ekrdb mn qum sm aamvø b hbjk ma fgsmòk m gdpamdmntbhgøn fm un Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm Hbagfbf (XIH) mn ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms ‑Hønfkr— X.Z.A. jbok aks agnmbdgmntks fm ab nkrdb GXK

7332?:330. Ab nmhmsgfbf fm gdpamdmntbr un sgstmdb fm imstgøn fm ab hbagfbf sm vgø  oustgeghbfk prgnhgpbadmntm pkr?   Ab ebat ebatb b fm kribngzbhgøn y fmegnghgøn f fm m aks prkhmsks fmntrk fm aab b eâjrghb,

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ab mdprmsb eunhgknbjb pkr ârmbs abs hubams nk mstbjbn gntmrrmabhgknbfbs jushbnfk mn hknountk hudpagr hkn aks kjomtgvks mstrbtçighks fm ab kribngzbhgøn.   Ab ebatb fm mnekqum ba hagmntm qum sm prmsmntbjb mn baiunbs ârmbs fm ab



mdprmsb, nk sm hknsgfmrbjbn tkfbs abs nmhmsgfbfms y mxpmhtbtgvbs fm aks hagmntms fm ab mdprmsb, ak huba sm trbfuhäb mn pçrfgfb fm dmrhbfk.   Ebatb fm huaturb fm dmokrb hkntänub, nk sm mstbjamhäbn dmtbs m



gnfghbfkrms fm fmsmdpmòk pkr ak huba mrb fgeähga vmr k dmfgr ab meghbhgb y meghgmnhgb fm aks prkhmsks fmntrk fm ab eâjrghb. Sbrb pkfmr bahbnzbr aks kjomtgvks fma prmsmntm prkymhtk, sm hudpagø hkn un hrknkirbdb fm fgsmòk m gdpamdmntbhgøn, fknfm? Srgdmrbdmntm sm rmbagzø un fgbinøstghk gnghgba, fknfm sm pufk mvbaubr ma irbfk fm hudpagdgmntk hkn aks rmqugsgtks fm ab nkrdb, ma fgbinøstghk dkstrø qum mn un gnghgk ab mdprmsb hkntbjb hkn un 88% fm hudpagdgmntk. Fmspuçs hkntgnubdks hkn ab pabngeghbhgøn mstrbtçighb, sm fmegngø ab pkaätghb fm hbagfbf y aks kjomtgvks fm hbagfbf, pgabr mstrbtçighk fm ab kribngzbhgøn yb qum sm tkdø mn humntb abs nmhmsgfbfms y mxpmhtbtgvbs fm abs pbrtms gntmrmsbfbs fm ab mdprmsb (hagmntms, skhgks, mdpambfks, mth.), bfmdâs fm mstbjamhmrsm ma Sabn fm ggg

 

Xmiugdgmntk fma XIH fknfm sm tgmnm fkhudmntbfk aks gnfghbfkrms fm fmsmdpmòk fm tkfks aks prkhmsks gfmntgeghbfks mn ma Dbpb fm Srkhmsks fm ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A. Xm hkntgnuø hkn ma fgsmòk y mstruhturb fm ab fkhudmntbhgøn fma XIH fknfm sm hkntø hkn ab byufb fma pmrsknba fm ab mdprmsb, ab fkhudmntbhgøn byufø b ab mstbnfbrgzbhgøn y pmrdgtm qum ma pmrsknba sm iuäm eâhgadmntm mn ab rmbagzbhgøn fm

sus

bhtgvgfbfms

qum

mstân

fmjgfbdmntm

fkhudmntbfbs

mn

aks

prkhmfgdgmntks, gnstruhtgvks y iuäbs. Mn ab mtbpb fm gdpamdmntbhgøn sm rmbagzbrkn gnfuhhgknms y hbpbhgtbhgknms b tkfk ma pmrsknba, aks fumòks fm prkhmsks eumrkn rmspknsbjams fm qum ma pmrsknba b hbrik tmnib hknkhgdgmntk fm aks fkhudmntks bpaghbjams b sus pumstks fmntrk fm ab kribngzbhgøn. Bfmdâs sm hknstruymrkn ekrduabrgks y unb jbsm fm fbtks mamhtrønghb pbrb aks prkhmsks rmabhgknbfks hkn Srkfuhhgøn, qum `bhm dâs eâhga ma dbntmngdgmntk fma sgstmdb. ]nb pbrtm gdpkrtbntm eum ab dmfghgøn fma irbfk fm sbtgsebhhgøn fma hagmntm dmfgbntm mnhumstbs, fknfm sm dkstrø qum ma hagmntm fm H`khkabtms Hønfkr sm mnhumntrb sbtgsemh`k rmspmhtk b ab hbntgfbf, sbjkr y prmsmntbhgøn fma prkfuhtk< pmrk nk bsä rmspmhtk ba prmhgk fm aks prkfuhtks, pmrk hkn ab momhuhgøn fma pabn fm bhhgøn, sm mspmrb gnhrmdmntbr ma irbfk fm sbtgsebhhgøn rmspmhtk b mstb hbrbhtmrästghb.  Bntms fm ab hknhausgøn fm mstm prkymhtk sm rmbagzø unb mvbaubhgøn fma irbfk fm hudpagdgmntk hkn ab nkrdb GXK 7332?:330, ma huba dkstrø qum b ab emh`b ma XIH sm mnhumntrb hkn un 96% fm hudpagdgmntk, ma huba imnmrb un hagdb fm kptgdgsdk y dmokrb fmntrk fm ab kribngzbhgøn.

gv

 

HBSGV]AK 2 BNVMNHMFMNVMX W KJOMVGUKX FMA SZKWMHVK 2.2

BNVMHMFMNVMX

Abs hbrbhtmrästghbs fma dmrhbfk mn ma qum `ky mn fäb sm hkdpgtm mstâ mndbrhbfb mn unb hkdpmtgtgvgfbf fm dmokrbr ab hbagfbf, pkr ak qum sm fmjm fmhgfgr pkr abs dmokrms batmrnbtgvbs pbrb hbdjgbr tba memhtk, unb fm abs dmfgfbs b bfkptbr ms ibrbntgzbr ab hbagfbf fma prkfuhtk y imstgøn fm ab mdprmsb dmfgbntm ab gdpabntbhgøn fm un Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm Hbagfbf ab huba mstm krgmntbfb b ab sbtgsebhhgøn fma hagmntm, jbsbfb mn ab nkrdb NJ-GXK 7332?:330. Mn ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A., sm tgmnm mstruhturbfk baiunks fkhudmntks qum yb sm mnhumntrbn kjskamtks pkrqum sm gntmntø fgsmòbr un sgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf qum nk sm bpaghø fm dbnmrb meghgmntm, pbsbfk aks bòks ab mdprmsb `b tmngfk hbdjgks prkeunfks qum skn nmhmsbrgks gdpamdmntbr numvbdmntm. Dmfgbntm ma fgsmòk y su pkstmrgkr gdpamdmntbhgøn fm ab nkrdb ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A. byufbrâ b dmokrbr ab hkdpmtgtgvgfbf y meghbhgb

fma

dgsdk,

dmokrbnfk

ab

hbpbhgfbf

mdprmsbrgba.

Imnmrbrâ

kpkrtungfbfms fm hknskagfbr ma dmrhbfk bhtuba m gnirmsbr b numvks smidmntks tbntk fmntrk hkdk eumrb fm abs erkntmrbs fma pbäs. Hrmb abs jbsms pbrb un amniubom hkdÿn fm ab hbagfbf, bsmiurbnfk un ngvma fm hbagfbf, hudpagmnfk rmqugsgtks fma hagmntm, ebhgagtbnfk tbdjgçn ab mntrmib b tgmdpk, bsä fm mstb dbnmrb bfkptbnfk y/k gnfuhgmnfk b unb huaturb fgemrmntm fm hbagfbf y dmokrb hkntgnub mn abs pmrsknbs. (Jkagvgb mn tus dbnks) Mdprmsbs mn ma dgsdk rujrk hkdk Ma Hmgjk, qum pksmm ab hmrtgeghbhgøn mn ab GXK ::333?:33=,(Xkaur X.Z.A.) y ab mdprmsb XKA]Z X.Z.A., ebjrghbntm fm aks h`khkabtms Sbrb Vg, qum tgmnm ab hmrtgeghbhgøn GXK 7332, 2

 

sm vbn bjrgmnfk ba dunfk fm ab mxpkrtbhgøn, bsä budmntbnfk su dmrhbfk y bjrgmnfk numvks dmrhbfks. Ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A. nk pumfm qumfbrsm btrâs y fmjm gr bvbnzbnfk y dmokrbnfk sus kjomtgvks y pkaätghbs, mn jushb sgmdprm fm ab dmokrb hkntgnub.

2.:

SZKJAMDB 2.:.2 GFMNVGEGHBHGØN FMA SZKJAMDB 

 

Ab pçrfgfb fm dmrhbfk pkr pbrtm fm ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A. mnermntb ma hrmhgdgmntk fm ab hkdpmtmnhgb.



 

Ab ebatb fm smiugdgmntk, dmfghgøn, bnâagsgs y dmokrb hkntänub fm tkfks aks prkhmsks qum hknekrdbn ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A.



 

Ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A. nk humntb hkn hmrtgeghbhgknms fm sgstmdbs fm imstgøn b ngvma gntmrnbhgknba. W ab hmrtgeghbhgøn fm ab hkdpmtmnhgb hkdk hbsk fm Ma Hmgjk y h`khkabtms Sbrb Vg skn dâs rmhknkhgfks pkr ma hagmntm.



 

Ebatb fm sgstmdbtgzbhgøn y hkntrka fmntrk fm ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A. qum sm mnhumntrb mn hknstbntm hrmhgdgmntk.

2.:.: FMXHZGSHGKN FMA SZKJAMDB Ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A. sm mnhumntrb hkn ma prkjamdb fm un hrmhgdgmntk fm ab hkdpmtmnhgb y ab pçrfgfb fm pbrtghgpbhgøn mn ma dmrhbfk ba huba sm fgrgim, mn ma Egiurb 2-2 sm pumfm kjsmrvbr ma fgbirbdb hbusb-memhtk qum prkvkhb pçrfgfb fm dmrhbfk, ak qum tbdjgçn pumfm trbfuhgrsm mn hagmntms gnsbtgsemh`ks.

:

 

EGI]ZB 2-2? Fgbirbdb Gs`glbwb gfmntgeghbhgøn fm hbusb-memhtk, :326.  SMZXKNBA

SZKHMXKX EBAVB FM MXVBNFBZG_BHGØN MXVBNFBZG_BHGØN FM AKX SZKHMXKX

EBAVB FM SABNGEGHBHGØN

EBAVB FM HBSBHGVBHGØN

GNBFMH]BFB FMEGNGHGØN FM E]NHGKNMX EBAVB FM HKNVZKA EBAVB FM DBN]BA FM HKDSMVMNHGBX

ZMBAG_BHGØN FM VBZMBX MDSÄZGHBDMNVM

EBAVB FM DMOKZB HKNVÄN]B

EBAVB FM DMFGHGØN

SMZFGFB FM DMZHBFK

EBAVB FM DMOKZB HKNVÄN]B

EBAVB FM GNFGHBFKZMX

EBAVB FM XMI]GDGMNVK W DMFGHGØN B AK SABNGEGHBFK

EBAVB FM DBN]BA FM SZKHMFGDGMNVKX W ZMIGXVZKX R]M MUGFMNHGMN MA SZKHMXK

EBAVB FM HKNVZKA EBAVB FM MXVBJAMHGDGMNVK FM NGUMAMX FM HBAGFBF

NK MPGXVMN KJOMVGUKX, SKAÄVGHBX W MXVZBVMIGBX FM HBAGFBF

HBAGFBF UBZGBJAM MN MA VGMDSK

EBAVB FM SABNGEGHBHGØN

KJOMVGUKX W SKAÄVGHBX

SZKF]HVK

Eumntm? Mabjkrbhgøn mn jbsm b ab prkjamdâtghb mn ab mdprmsb. 2.8

EKZD]ABHGKN FMA SZKJAMDB

Ab ebatb fm pabngeghbhgøn, mvbaubhgøn y hkntrka mn ab mdprmsb `bhm qum smb gdpksgjam ma bsmiurbdgmntk y dmokrb hkntgnub fm ab hbagfbf qum skn rmqugsgtks eunfbdmntbams fmntrk fm un sgstmdb fm hbagfbf, qum fb hkdk rmsuatbfk ma nk pkfmr ibrbntgzbr ma prkhmsk hkntänuk fm prkfuhhgøn, ng ab pmrhmphgøn fm sbtgsebhhgøn fma hagmntm.

2.6

KJOMVGUKX 2.6.2 KJOMVGUK IMNMZBA

Fgsmòbr m Gdpamdmntbr un sgstmdb fm imstgøn fm ab hbagfbf jbsbfk mn ab NJGXK 7332?:330 pbrb ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A., pbrb bfqugrgr un mnekqum jbsbfk mn ma hagmntm y mn ab dmokrb hkntgnub fm sus prkhmsks y bsä pkfmr rmvmrtgr ab pçrfgfb fm dmrhbfk bhtuba.

8

 

2.6.: KJOMVGUKX MXSMHGEGHKX • 

Zmbagzbr un fgbinøstghk gnghgba fm ab mdprmsb, pbrb fmtmrdgnbr ma mstbfk bhtuba mn ab qum sm mnhumntrb, prgnhgpbadmntm rmspmhtk b ab Nkrdb GXK 7332?:330 y ak rmiabdmntbrgk hkn ma usk fm `mrrbdgmntbs hkdk ma h`mhl agst y abs mntrmvgstbs.

• 

Zmbagzbr unb gfmntgeghbhgøn fm aks prkhmsks qum ekrdbrân pbrtm fma sgstmdb fm imstgøn, mstbjamhmr su smhumnhgb m gntmrrmabhgøn.

• 

Mstbjamhmr y fkhudmntbr ab Skaätghb fma Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf.

• 

Mstbjamhmr y fkhudmntbr aks Kjomtgvks fma Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf.

• 

Fmtmrdgnbr

y

fmsbrrkaabr

aks

fkhudmntks

(dbnubams,

prkhmfgdgmntks y rmigstrks) pbrb ab mstbnfbrgzbhgøn fm aks prkhmsks y ma hudpagdgmntk fm aks rmqugsgtks fm abs Nkrdbs GXK 7332.

• 

Fmsbrrkaabr hrgtmrgks fm smiugdgmntk y dmfghgøn pbrb aks prkhmsks gfmntgeghbfks.

• 

Zmbagzbr ab mvbaubhgøn mhknødghb fm ab gdpamdmntbhgøn fma XIH.

• 

Sabntmbr y momhutbr un hrknkirbdb fm gdpamdmntbhgøn fma sgstmdb fm imstgøn fgsmòbfk.

2.=

O]XVGEGHBHGØN FMA MXV]FGK 2.=.2 O]XVGEGHBHGØN BHBFÇDGHB

Ma fgsmòk rmqumrgrâ hknkhgdgmntks mn Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf y mspmhäeghbdmntm mn ab nkrdb NJ-GXK 7332?:330< bfmdâs fm Gnimngmräb fm dçtkfks y prkhmsks pbrb ab gfmntgeghbhgøn fm aks prkhmsks fmntrk fm ab mdprmsb< nmhmsgtbrâ tbdjgçn hknkhgdgmntks mn dbnmok fm vbrgbjams m gnfghbfkrms< fm gnvmstgibhgøn fm dmrhbfks pbrb ma fgsmòk fm humstgknbrgks mnekhbfks ba hagmntm.

6

 

VBJAB 2-2? Oustgeghbhgøn bhbfçdghb fma prkymhtk, :32=.  EBXM FMA SZKWMHVK FGBINKXVGHK

FM

O]XVGEGHBHGØN BHBFÇDGHB AB

Mstbfästghb? dbnmok fm `gstkirbdbs. Imstgøn fm ab hbagfbf? rmqugsgtks fm ab nkrdb NJGXK 7332?:330.

MDSZMXB

Gnimngmräb fm dçtkfks? gfmntgeghbhgøn fm prkhmsks MABJKZBHGØN FMA DBSB FM SZKHMXKX

m gntmrrmabhgøn, ba giuba pbrb ma dbnmok fm vbrgbjams m gnfghbfkrms. Imstgøn fm ab hbagfbf? rmqugsgtks fm ab nkrdb NJGXK 7332?:330.

MABJKZBHGØN FM FKH]DMNVBHGØN

AB Imstgøn fm ab hbagfbf? rmqugsgtks fm ab nkrdb NJGXK 7332?:330.  Bfdgngstrbhgøn fm rmhursks `udbnks. Imstgøn fm ab hbagfbf? rmqugsgtks fm ab nkrdb NJGXK 7332?:330.

GDSAMDMNVBHGØN

Gnvmstgibhgøn fm dmrhbfks? mnhumstbs. Gnimngmräb fm dçtkfks? dmokrb fm aks prkhmsks. Imstgøn

fm

ab

prkfuhhgøn

y

kpmrbhgknms?

smiugdgmntk y dmfghgøn b sus gnfghbfkrms.

Eumntm? Mabjkrbfk mn jbsm ba bnâagsgs fm ab oustgeghbhgøn bhbfçdghb y prkirbdb fm mstufgks fm Gnimngmräb Gnfustrgba.

2.=.: O]XVGEGHBHGØN MHKNØDGHB XKHGBA Hubnfk ab mdprmsb humntm hkn un sgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf meghgmntm, çstm am imnmrbrâ vbakr b ab mdprmsb y b sus prkfuhtks, hknegbnzb fm unb dbnmrb gntmrnbhgknba. Ab hbagfbf mn tkfks aks âdjgtks fm ab mdprmsb hkdk

=

 

huaturb smrâ ab imnmrbfkrb fm vbakr, bfmdâs fm ibnbr ab egfmagfbf fm sus hagmntms abs bhtgvgfbfms mn ab mdprmsb sm fmsbrrkaabrân fm dbnmrb meghgmntm.  B`krb ms fgeähga hbahuabr fm dbnmrb hubntgtbtgvb ma vbakr ibnbfk qum sm kjtmnfräb pkr bpaghbr ab nkrdb, pmrk mstbfästghbdmntm sm sbjm qum mn duh`bs mdprmsbs b rmsuatbfk fm dbnmrb mxgtksb su gdpamdmntbhgøn b dmfgbnk pabzk. Xm sbjm qum ma 0= % fm abs kribngzbhgknms qum humntbn hkn XIH hmrtgeghbfbs `bn rmpkrtbfk jmnmeghgks mxtmrnks hkdk?   Dbykr hknegbnzb.



  Dbykr sbtgsebhhgøn pkr ma hagmntm.



  Dbykr pmrhmphgøn fm ab hbagfbf.



  Gnhrmdmntk fm ab fmdbnfb.



W ma 7= % fm abs mdprmsbs qum humntbn hkn un XIH hmrtgeghbfbs `bn rmpkrtbfk jmnmeghgks gntmrnks hkdk?   Dbykr tkdb fm hknhgmnhgb fm aks trbjbobfkrms.



  Budmntk fm meghgmnhgb kpmrbtgvb.



  Zmfuhhgøn fm hkstks fm fmspmrfghgks.



(Wâòmz) Aks rmsuatbfks fm un sknfmk fm ab Grwgn Srkemsgknba Sujags`gni (]XB) fmdumstrbn qum?   Ma 83% fm abs hkdpbòäbs hmrtgeghbfbs `b rmigstrbfk un budmntk fm ab



fmdbnfb.   Sbrb ma =3% fm abs hkdpbòäbs hmrtgeghbfbs ab sbtgsebhhgøn fma hagmntm



budmntk dâs fma 03%.   Ma 57 % fm abs hkdpbòä hkdpbòäbs bs hmrtgeghbfbs tgmnm unb vmntbob hkdpmtgtgvb mn



su dmrhbfk.

5

 

  Aks prkfuhtks fma 08 % fm abs hkdpbòäbs hmrtgeghbfbs tgmnmn unb



pmrhmphgøn fm hbagfbf dâs batb mn ma dmrhbfk. Aks jmnmeghgks fm ab dmokrb hkntgnub sm dbngemstbrân fmsfm ab gdpamdmntbhgøn fma prkymhtk, nk nmhmsgtb mspmrbrsm b ab hmrtgeghbhgøn pbrb vmr prkirmsks.

2.=.8 O]XVGEGHBHGØN DMVKFKAØIGHB Ab dmtkfkakiäb usbfb mn ma prmsmntm prkymhtk ms mstânfbr pbrb ma fgsmòk m gdpamdmntbhgøn fm un Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm Hbagfbf jbsbfk mn ma hudpagdgmntk fm aks rmqugsgtks fm ab nkrdb GXK 7332?:330.

2.=.6 O]XVGEGHBHGØN AMIBA (GJNKZHB, Hbtâakik Jkagvgbnk fm Nkrdbs :328) Ma Gnstgtutk Jkagvgbnk fm Nkrdbagzbhgøn y Hbagfbf - GJNKZHB, ms unb gnstgtuhgøn prgvbfb sgn egnms fm auhrk, hrmbfb dmfgbntm Fmhrmtk Xuprmdk N¿ :8607 fma :7 fm bjrga fm 2778 y eunfbfb ma = fm dbyk fm 2778. Ab hkdpmtmnhgb fmegngtgvb fm sus bhtgvgfbfms, am hknegmrm ma Fmhrmtk Xuprmdk N¿ :6670 fma 29 fm emjrmrk fm 2779, hkn ma huba sm hrmb ma Xgstmdb Jkagvgbnk fm Nkrdbagzbhgøn, Dmtrkakiäb, Bhrmfgtbhgøn y Hmrtgeghbhgøn - XNDBH. Ms bsä qum mn ma pbäs pkfmdks kjtmnmr ab hmrtgeghbhgøn gntmrnbhgknba b trbvçs fm GJNKZHB y fm ktrks hmrtgeghbfkrms qum sm mnhumntrbn mn ma pbäs. W hudpagr hkn Xmnbsbi pbrb pkfmr tmnmr un rmigstrk sbngtbrgk.

2.5

BAHBNHM FMA SZKWMHVK

Ma prkymhtk sm rmbagzbrâ mn ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A. sgmnfk qum hkntmdpabrâ ma fgsmòk m gdpamdmntbhgøn mn sus ârmbs fm Zmhursks @udbnks, Bprkvgsgknbdgmntk fm dbtmrgbs prgdbs y dbtmrgbams fm mabjkrbhgøn, Srkfuhhgøn, Fgstrgjuhgøn y Hkdmrhgbagzbhgøn prgnhgpbadmntm.

9

     

HBSÄV]AK : DBZHK VMØZGHK :.2.

MUKA]HGØN FMA HKNHMSVK FM HBAGFBF

Aks dmhbngsdks dmfgbntm aks hubams abs kribngzbhgknms `bn imstgknbfk ab hbagfbf `bn gfk mvkauhgknbnfk b trbvçs fma tgmdpk, bsä tbdjgçn ma hknhmptk dgsdk fm çstm. Mn ab egiurb :-2 sm pumfm kjsmrvbr ab mvkauhgøn fm ab hbagfbf? fmsfm dmfgbfks fm 2723 fknfm sm fgk krgimn b ab Gnspmhhgøn fm ab Hbagfbf rmbagzbnfk unb hkdpbrbhgøn fm aks prkfuhtks hkn mstânfbrms. B dmfgbfks fm aks :3‗s sm gnhkrpkrø ma dmhbngsdk fm Hkntrka fm ab Hbagfbf qum pmrdgtgø un

dbykr hkntrka fm ab mstbnfbrgzbhgøn fma prkfuhtk ebjrghbfk hknkhgfk dmokr hkdk ma hkntrka mstbfästghk fm ab hbagfbf, hkn mstk maaks pkfäbn fmtmhtbr ab prmsmnhgb fm prkfuhtks fmemhtuksks. @bhgb aks =3‗s surigø ma hknhmptk fm

 Bsmiurbdgmntk fm ab Hbagfbf qum bpaghk ma hknhmptk fm hbagfbf mn tkfbs abs mtbpbs fma hghak fma prkfuhtk fmntrk fm ab kribngzbhgøn, ak huba pmrdgtäb prmvmngr aks fmemhtks. @bstb numstrks fäbs mn qum sm bpaghb ma dmhbngsdk y hknhmptk fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf Vktba qum sm jbsb mn aks prgnhgpgks fm mnekqum mn ma hagmntm, pbrtghgpbhgøn y trbjbok mn mqugpk, y ab dmokrb hkntänub.

EGI]ZB :-2? Krgimn y mvkauhgøn fm ab hbagfbf. 

2723

• gnspmhhgøn fm ab

Hbagfbf

27:3

27=3

• Hkntrka fm ab

• Bsmiurbdgmntk fm

Hbagfbf

ab Hbagfbf

270= • Xgstmdbs fm

Imstgkn fm ab Hbagfbf

Eumntm? mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b bpuntms fm habsm ‑Imstgøn fm ab hbagfbf— Gni. Ibjrgmab Vkrrghk, G/:328. 0

 

:.:.

SZGNHGSBAMX HKNHMSVKX

:.:.2. HBAGFBF (GXK, :33=)Ab hbagfbf ms ma irbfk mn ma qum un hknountk fm hbrbhtmrästghbs gn`mrmntms hudpam hkn aks rmqugsgtks, sgmnfk qum un rmqugsgtk ms unb nmhmsgfbf k mxpmhtbtgvb mstbjamhgfb, imnmrbadmntm gdpaähgtb u kjagibtkrgb.

:.:.:. XGVMDB FM IMXVGØN FM AB HBAGFBF ]n sgstmdb fm imstgøn fm ab hbagfbf pmrdgtgrâ b ab mdprmsb b budmntbr ab sbtgsebhhgøn fma hagmntm, fmegngmnfk aks prkhmsks qum hkntrgjuymn ba akirk fm prkfuhtks bhmptbjams pbrb ma hagmntm y dbntmnmr mstks prkhmsks jbok hkntrka. Vbdjgçn prkpkrhgknb un dbrhk fm rmemrmnhgb pbrb ab dmokrb hkntgnub.

:.8.

EBDGAGB FM NKZDBX GXK 7333

(Vkrrghk, :328) Ab smrgm GXK 7333 ms un hknountk fm 6 nkrdbs qum `bhmn rmemrmnhgb b ab ekrdb fm aamvbr b hbjk ab Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf m gdpamdmntbr aks hkrrmspknfgmntms Xgstmdbs fm hbagfbf y dmokrb hkntgnub mn unb kribngzbhgøn.   NJ-GXK 7333?:33= Xgstmdbs fm imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf  ‘ Eunfbdmntks y



Ukhbjuabrgk? mstb nkrdb mstbjamhm un puntk fm pbrtgfb pbrb hkdprmnfmr abs fmdâs nkrdbs, hkdk su nkdjrm ak gnfghb mstbjamhm aks eunfbdmntks y tçrdgnks usbfks mn mstb ebdgagb fm nkrdbs. Hudpam ma kjomtgvk fm tmnmr unb fmegnghgøn mstânfbr y mvgtbr dbaks mntmnfgfks.   NJ-GXK 7332?:330 Xgstmdbs fm Imst Imstgøn gøn fm ab Hbag Hbagfbf-Zmqugsgtks? fbf-Zmqugsgtks? hkn



aks rmqugsgtks gdpaähgtks b`ä sm jushb kjtmnmr ab sbtgsebhhgøn fma hagmntm. Mstb ms ab ÿnghb nkrdb hmrtgeghbjam fm ab ebdgagb fm nkrdbs fm ab GXK 7333.   NJ-GXK 7336?:337 Im Imstgøn stgøn pbrb ma çxgtk skstmngfk fm unb kribngzbhgøn ‘ 



Mnekqum fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf? mstb nkrdb ms usbfb pbrb gr dâs baaâ

7

 

fm ak mstbjamhgfk mn ab GXK 7332 y hkn sus agnmbdgmntks sm begbnzbn y prkeunfgzbn aks hknhmptks fm dmokrb hkntänub.   NJ-GXK 27322?:322, Fg Fgrmhtrghms rmhtrghms pbrb ab bufgtkrgb fm sgstmdbs fm imstgøn?



mstbjamhm fgrmhtrghms pbrb vmrgeghbr ab hbpbhgfbf fma sgstmdb pbrb hknsmiugr kjomtgvks fm hbagfbf fmegngfks. Xm pumfm usbr mstb nkrdb pbrb rmbagzbr prkhmsks fm bufgtkrgb gntmrnks k bufgtbr b baiÿn prkvmmfkr, mth.

:.6.

MNEKR]M JBXBFK MN SZKHMXKX

Sbrb qum mn unb kribngzbhgøn sm aamvm b hbjk tkfks aks prkhmsks fm dbnmrb meghbz, tgmnm qum gfmntgeghbr y imstgknbr nudmrksbs bhtgvgfbfms rmabhgknbfbs mntrm sä. ]nb bhtgvgfbf qum usb rmhursks, y qum sm imstgknb hkn ma egn fm pmrdgtgr ab trbnsekrdbhgøn fm aks mamdmntks fm mntrbfb mn rmsuatbfks k mamdmntks fm sbagfb, ms hknsgfmrbfb hkdk un prkhmsk. W hkn ermhumnhgb mstm rmsuatbfk fma prkhmsk sumam smr ma mamdmntk fm mntrbfb fma sgiugmntm prkhmsk. Ab kribngzbhgøn fmjmräb bsmiurbrsm fm imstgknbr fm dbnmrb prkbhtgvb tkfks aks prkhmsks, gnhauymnfk aks hkntrbtbfks mxtmrnbdmntm, pbrb bsmiurbrsm fm su meghbhgb y su meghgmnhgb, b egn fm akirbr sus kjomtgvks. Mstk pumfm ebhgagtbrsm bfkptbnfk un ‑mnekqum jbsbfk mn prkhmsks— qum gnhauyb mstbjamhmr prkhmsks,

gntmrfmpmnfmnhgbs, rmstrghhgknms y rmhursks hkdpbrtgfks.

:.=.

HGHAK S@UB

Ma hghak S@UB (Sabngeghbr, @bhmr, Umrgeghbr y Bhtubr) ms ma hghak fm dmokrb hkntgnub qum pmrdgtm fmtmrdgnbr ab pabngeghbhgøn fm ab rmbagzbhgøn fm abs bhtgvgfbfms, ab momhuhgøn, ma smiugdgmntk y dmfghgøn, dâs ab bpaghbhgøn fm abs bhhgknms hkrrmhtgvbs pbrb dmokrbr ma sgstmdb qum fm numvk sm hknvgmrtm mn mamdmntks fm mntrbfb pbrb unb numvb pabngeghbhgøn y fbr vumatb ab rumfb fma hghak, vmr Egiurb :-:.

23

 

EGI]ZB :-:? Hghak S@UB. 

•

•

BHV]BZ? tkdbr bhhgknms pbrb dmokrbr hkntgnubdmntm ma fmsmdpmòk fm aks prkhmsks.

•

B

S

U

@

UMZGEGHBZ? rmbagzbr ma smiugdgmntk y ab dmfghgkn fm aks prkhmsgs y aks prkfuhtks rmspmhtk b abs pkagtghbs, aks kjomtgvs y aks rmqugsgtks pbrb ma prkfuhtk.

SABNGEGHBZ? mstbjamhmr aks kjomtgvks y prkhmsks nmhmsbrgks pbrb hknsmiugr rmsuatbfks fm bhumrfk hkn aks rmqugsgtks fma hagmntm y abs pkagtghbs fm ab kribngzbhgún.

•

@BHMZ? gdpamdmntbr aks prkhmsks.

Eumntm? Mabjkrbfk mn jbsm bpuntms fm habsm ‑Imstgøn fm ab hbagfbf—, G/:328.   :.5.

SZGNHGSGKX FM IMXVGKN FM AB HBAGFBF

Mxgstmn kh`k prgnhgpgks fm ab imstgøn fm ab hbagfbf fgrmhhgknbfks b hknfuhgr b abs kribngzbhgknms b dmokrbr su fmsmdpmòk?

b) Mnekqum ba hagmntm? Abs kribngzbhgknms fmpmnfmn fm sus hagmntms y pkr ak tbntk fmjmräbn hkdprmnfmr abs nmhmsgfbfms bhtubams y euturbs fm aks hagmntms, sbtgsebhmr aks rmqugsgtks fm aks hagmntms y msekrzbrsm mn mxhmfmr abs mxpmhtbtgvbs fm aks hagmntms.

j) Agfmrbzik? Aks aäfmrms mstbjamhmn ab ungfbf fm prkpøsgtk y ab krgmntbhgøn fm ab kribngzbhgøn. Maaks fmjmräbn hrmbr y dbntmnmr un bdjgmntm gntmrnk, mn ma huba ma pmrsknba pumfb aamibr b gnvkauhrbrsm tktbadmntm mn ma akirk fm aks kjomtgvks fm ab kribngzbhgøn.

h) Sbrtghgpbhgøn fma pmrsknba?   Ma pmrsknba, b tkfks aks ngvmams, ms ab msmnhgb fm unb kribngzbhgøn, y su tktba hkdprkdgsk pksgjgagtb qum sus `bjgagfbfms smbn usbfbs pbrb ma jmnmeghgk fm ab kribngzbhgøn. 22

 

f) Mnekqum jbsbfk mn prkhmsks?   ]n rmsuatbfk fmsmbfk sm bahbnzb dâs meghgmntmdmntm hubnfk abs bhtgvgfbfms y aks rmhursks rmabhgknbfks sm imstgknbn hkdk un prkhmsk.

m) Mnekqum fm sgstmd sgstmdbb pbrb ab imstgøn?  Gfmntgeghbr, mntmnfmr y imstgknbr aks prkhmsks gntmrrmabhgknbfks hkdk un sgstmdb, hkntrgjuym b ab meghbhgb y meghgmnhgb fm unb kribngzbhgøn mn ma akirk fm sus kjomtgvks.

e) Dmokrb hkntgnub?  Ab dmokrb hkntgnub fma fmsmdpmòk iakjba fm ab kribngzbhgøn fmjmräb smr un kjomtgvk pmrdbnmntm fm çstb.

i) Mnekqum jbsbfk mn `mh`ks pbrb ab tkdb fm fmhgsgøn? Abs fmhgsgknms meghbhms sm jbsbn mn ma bnâagsgs fm aks fbtks y ab gnekrdbhgøn.

`) Zmabhgknms dutubdmntm jmnm jmnmeghgksbs eghgksbs hkn ma prkvmmfkr?  ]nb kribngzbhgøn y sus prkvmmfkrms skn gntmrfmpmnfgmntms, y unb rmabhgøn dutubdmntm jmnmeghgksb budmntb ab hbpbhgfbf fm bdjks fm hrmbr vbakr.

:.9.

DKFMAK FMA XGXVMDB FM IMXVGKN FM AB HBAGFBF.

]nk sm prmiuntb »Skr quç tmnmr un XIH; »Ruç vmntbobs gdpaghbräb gdpamdmntbrak; Jumnk ab gdpamdmntbhgøn fm un XIH trbm hknsgik vmntbobs hkdk smr? 

  Dmokrb ma fmsmdpmòk, hkkrfgnbhgøn y prkfuhtgvgfbf.



  Dmokrb ab krgmntbhgøn `bhgb sus kjomtgvks mdprmsbrgbams y `bhgb abs

mxpmhtbtgvbs fm sus hagmntbs. hagmntm y hudpamn sus mxgi mxgimnhgbs. mnhgbs.   Akirb ab sbtgsebhhgøn fma hagmntm 

  Fb hknegbnzb pkr pbrtm fm ab fgrmhhgøn mn ma akirk y dbntmngdgmntk fm ab hbagfbf fmsmbfb.



  Mvgfmnhgb abs hbpbhgfbfms fm ab kribngzbhgøn ermntm b hagmntms egoks y pktmnhgbams.



 Akirb ab bpmrturb b numvbs kpkrtungfbfms fm dmrhbfk k dbntmngdgmntk fm ab pbrtghgpbhgøn mn ma dmrhbfk.



 Kjtmnmr unb hmrtgeghbhgøn/rmigstrk. 2:

 



  Zmfgtubr b`krrks mn aks hkstks y dmokrbr ab rmntbjgagfbf.



  Akirk y dbntmngdgmntk fm ab hbagfbf fm su prkfuhtk y/k smrvghgk b egn fm sbtgsebhmr abs nmhmsgfbfms mxpaghgtbs m gdpaähgtbs fm sus hagmntms.

:.0.

FKH]DMNVBHGØN FM AKX XGXVMDBX FM IMXVGKN FM AB HBAGFBF

Ab fkhudmntbhgøn ms un ebhtkr habvm mn ma fgsmòk fma XIH. Ab hbntgfbf y hkntmngfk fm mstm fmpmnfmrâ fma tgpk y tbdbòk fm ab mdprmsb, hkdpamogfbf m gntmrbhhgøn fm aks prkhmsks, hkdpamogfbf fm aks prkfuhtks, rmqugsgtks fma hagmntm, ab huaturb fma pmrsknba y ma irbfk mn qum smb nmhmsbrgk fmdkstrbr ma hudpagdgmntk fm aks rmqugsgtks fma XIH. Ab fkhudmntbhgøn fmjm rmeamobr ak qum rmbadmntm sm `bhm mn ab prâhtghb, ma msqumdb fm ab mstruhturb fkhudmntba sm `byb rmeamobfb mn ab egiurb :-8.

EGI]ZB :-8? Msqumdb fm mstruhturb fkhudmntba. Z SKAGVGHB FM HBAGFBF

M I

KJOMVGUKX FM HBAGFBF

G X

DBN]BA FM HBAGFBF

V Z K X

SZKHMFGDGMNVKXFKH]DMNVBFKX

SABNMX, SZKIZBDBX, I]ÄBX, GNXVZ]HVGUKX, KVZKX FKH]DMNVKX

 

Eumntm? Mabjkrbfk mn jbsm bpuntms fm habsm ‑Imstgøn fm ab hbagfbf—, G/:328.   Ab pkaätghb y aks kjomtgvks fm hbagfbf sm mstbjamhmn pbrb prkpkrhgknbr un puntk fm rmemrmnhgb pbrb fgrgigr ab kribngzbhgøn. 28

 

Ma dbnuba fm hbagfbf smrâ ma fkhudmntk qum mspmhgeghb fm dbnmrb imnmrba ma eunhgknbdgmntk fma XIH. Aks prkhmfgdgmntks skn usbfks pbrb mstbjamhmr aks hrgtmrgks mn aks fgemrmntms prkhmsks. Aks ktrks fkhudmntks smrân mstbjamhgfks pkr ab mdprmsb, yb qum aks hknsgfmrbrâ nmhmsbrgks. Aks rmigstrks qum mn ab egiurb sm dumstrb fm dbnmrb trbnsvmrsba, skn mstks aks hubams dkstrbrbn aks rmsuatbfks kjtmngfks y prkpkrhgknbrâ mvgfmnhgb fm abs bhtgvgfbfms fmsmdpmòbfbs. B pbrtgr fm mstks fkhudmntks sm tkdbrâ abs fmhgsgknms.

:.7.

FGEMZMNHGBX UMZXGKNMX GXK 7332?:330 M GXK 7332?:32=

Mn hubntk b ab mstruhturb fm ab nkrdb mstb `b hbdjgbfk, ab nkrdb GXK 7332?:330 hkntmnäb 0 puntks dgmntrbs qum ab vmrsgøn :32= hkntgmnm 2:3 puntks ab huba `bhm qum tmnib unb mstruhturb fm batk ngvma hkdpbtgjam hkn ktrbs nkrdbs (GXK 26333 m GXK 6=333), vmr Vbjab :-2.

VBJAB :-2? Hkdpbrbhgøn mstruhturb GXK 7332?:330 m GXK 7332?:32=. GXK 7332?:330 2. :. 8. 6. =. 5. 9. 0. 7. 23.

2. Kjomtk y hb hbdpk dpk fm bpaghbhgøn :. Nkrdbs fm hknsuatb 8. 6. =. 5. 9. 0.

Vçrdgnks y fmegnghgknms Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf Zmspknsbjgagfbf fm ab fgrmhhgøn Imstgøn fm aks Zmhursks Zmbagzbhgøn fma prkfuhtk Dmfghgøn, bnâagsgs y dmokrb

GXK 7332?:32= Kjomtk y hbdpk fm bpaghbhgøn Zmemrmnhgb nkrdbtgvbs Vçrdgnks y fmegnghgknms Hkntmxtk fm ab kribngzbhgøn Agfmrbzik Sabngeghbhgøn Bpkyk Kpmrbhgøn Mvbaubhgøn fma fmsmdpmòk Dmokrb

Eumntm? Mabjkrbhgøn prkpgb, hkdpbrbhgøn fm ab nkrdb GXK 7332 vmrsgknms :330 y :32=.

26

 

 Bfmdâs fm ab mstruhturb f fm m ab nkr nkrdb db mxgstmn fgemrmnh fgemrmnhgbs gbs mn tmrdgnkakiäb fmntrk fm ab nkrdb, vmr Vbjab :-:.

VBJAB :-:? Srgnhgpbams fgemrmnhgbs mn tmrdgnkakiäb mntrm abs nkrdbs GXK 7332 vmrsgøn :330 y :32=. GXK 7332?:330

GXK 7332?:32=

Srkfuhtks

Srkfuhtks y smrvghgks

Mxhausgknms Mxhausgkn ms

Nk sm utgagzb (sm usb ma tçrdgnk bpaghbjgagfbf)

Zmprmsmntbntm fm ab fgrmhhgøn

Nk sm utgagzb (ab rmspknsbjgagfbf rmspknsbjgag fbf rmhbm mn ab Batb Fgrmhhgøn)

Fkhudmntbhgøn, dbnuba fm ab hbagfbf, Gnekrdbhgøn fkhudmntbfb prkhmfgdgmntks, prkhmfgdgmn tks, rmigstrks  Bdjgmntm fm fm trbjbok

Bdjgmntm prkhmsks

pbrb

ab

kpmrbhgøn kpmrbhgøn

fm

Mqugpk fm smiugdgmntk y dmfghgøn

Zmhursks fm smiugdgmntk y dmfghgøn

Srkfuhtks hkdprbfks

Srkfuhtks y smrvghgks sudgngstr sudgngstrbfks bfks mxtmrnbdmntm

Srkvmmfkr

Srkvmmfkr mxtmrnk

Eumntm? Mxtrbäfk fma Bnmxk B fm ab nkrdb GXK 7332?:32=. Smrk ak dâs gdpkrtbntm b hknsgfmrbr skn aks numvks hknhmptks gntrkfuhgfks mn ab numvb nkrdb.   Smnsbdgmntk jbsbfk mn rgmsiks? ms unk fm aks hknhmptks dâs



gdpkrtbntms gntrkfuhgfks mn ab numvb vmrsgøn. Ab nkrdb gnfghb gfmntgeghbr aks rgmsiks y kpkrtungfbfms, mvbaubraks y tkdbr abs dmfgfbs nmhmsbrgbs pbrb dgngdgzbr su memhtk k dbxgdgzbrak y bprkvmh`brak. Irbhgbs b mstm

2=

 

numvk hknhmptk sm `b magdgnbfk ma rmqugsgtk fm bhhgknms prmvmntgvbs yb qum sm `byb gnhaugfk fm unb ekrdb dâs habrb mn mstm mnekqum.     Ma hkntmxtk fm ab kribngzbhgøn? mn aks bpbrtbfks fma puntk 6 sm



mstbjamhm qum ab mdprmsb fmjm rmhknkhmr ma hkntmxtk mn ma qum sm fmsmnvumavm, gfmntgeghbr sus pbrtms gntmrmsbfbs gntmrnbs y mxtmrnbs, bfmdâs fm sus nmhmsgfbfms y mxpmhtbtgvbs, habrk qum fbnfk prgkrgfbf b ab sbtgsebhhgøn fma hagmntm.    Hknkhgdgmntks fm ab kribngzbhgøn? sm hknsgfmrb ab nmhmsgfbf fm



fmtmrdgnbr y imstgknbr aks hknkhgdgmntks dbntmngfks pkr ab kribngzbhgøn, pbrb bsmiurbrsm fm ab kpmrbhgøn fm sus prkhmsks y akirbr ab hknekrdgfbf fm sus prkfuhtks/smrvghgks.  Ab gntrkfuhhgøn fm mstks numvks hknhmptks ms unb tbrmb b rmbagzbrsm, dâs baaâ fm ab mstruhturb fm ab nkrdb k fma usk fm aks tçrdgnks ab tbrmb eunfbdmntba mstb mn bfkptbr aks numvks mnekqums qum skn fmstbhbjams, prgnhgpbadmntm aks trms dmnhgknbfks bntmrgkrdmntm. Aks mnekqums fm imstgøn pkr prkhmsks sm sgiumn dbntmngmnfk m gnhausk sm ekrtbamhm ba giuba fma usk fm ab fkhudmntbhgøn qum ab kribngzbhgøn hbtbakium hkdk nmhmsbrgb y pmrtgnmntm.

25

 

HBSÄV]AK 8 BXSMHVKX FM AB MDSZMXB 8.2.

@GXVKZGB W BNVMHMFMNVMX FM AB MDSZMXB

(H`khkabtms Hknfkr Jkagvgb, :337) Ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr fm Iknzâams Humntbs @nks. X.Z.A., eum eunfbfb ma :0 fm emjrmrk fm 2753 pkr Erbnhgshk Iknzâams Xuârmz, mn msm mntknhms sm aabdbjb Luntur y eunhgknbjb hkdk un tbaamr fm dbzbpân hkn su prgdmr prkfuhtk qum eum ma dbzbpân fm badmnfrb, hkn ma trbnshursk fma tgmdpk ma eunfbfkr fmhgfgø mdprmnfmr unb mdprmsb fmfghbfb b ab h`khkabtmräb. Hkn un hbpgtba mshbsk, utgagzbjb aghkr fm hbhbk smdg-prkhmsbfk fm aks pbfrms Omsugtbs y bzÿhbr dkagfb. Xus prgdmrks prkfuhtks eumrkn aks Hgibrrgtks, Jbrrgtbs fm Erutb, Jkaaks, y aks Vrbiugtks. @ky mn fäb ab mdprmsb sm mnhumntrb b hbrik fm aks `mrdbnks Iknzâams Humntb. Hkn dâs fm 53 prkfuhtks fm su gnvmnhgøn, birupbfks mn 23 aänmbs, `ky mn fäb ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr fm Iknzâams Humntbs @nks. X.Z.A. sm `b hknvmrtgfk mn unb mdprmsb rmemrmnhgb y rmhknkhgfb mn Jkagvgb. Hkn dâs fm 93 mdpambfks fgstrgjugfks mn : turnks, H`khkabtms Hønfkr tgmnm ab dbykr hbpbhgfbf prkfuhtgvb fm Hbhbk 233 % Jkagvgbnk pbrb ma Dmrhbfk Gntmrnk Jkagvgbnk. H`khkabtms Hønfkr humntb bfmdâs hkn ma tmrrmnk gnfustrgba dâs irbnfm fm su rujrk ujghbfk mn ab zknb fm Ugaab Ma Hbrdmn. Mn aks ÿatgdks bòks sm `b rmbagzbfk su bdpagbhgøn hkn bprkxgdbfbdmntm :333 dmtrks hubfrbfks dâs fm gnerbmstruhturb.

29

 

8.:.

FGBINKXVGHK FMA XMHVKZ

 Bhtubadmntm mn ma dmrhbfk fm m mabjkrbhgøn abjkrbhgøn fm prkfuhtks fm hbh hbhbk, bk, h`khkabtm y brtähuaks fm hknegtmräb sm mnhumntrbn pksghgknbfbs vbrgbs dbrhbs, mntrm abs dâs rmhknkhgfbs?   H`khkabtms ‑Jrmgl—. 



  H`khkabtms ‑Ma Hmgjk—. 



  H`khkabtms ‑Hønfkr—. 



  H`khkabtms Brhkr.



  H`khkabtms Sbrb Vg.



  H`khkabtms Vbjkbfb.



  H`khkabtms Agnft.



(@brj, :322) Mn hubntk b ab sgtubhgøn fm mstbs mdprmsbs mn ma dmrhbfk? Abs dbrhbs Jrmghl y Hmgjk skn abs dbrhbs dâs hknkhgfbs y prmemrgfbs fma dmrhbfk gntmrnk, aamvânfksm ma 55% fma dmrhbfk mn hubntk b prmemrmnhgb. Ktrbs fks dbrhbs jgmn hknkhgfbs mn ma dmrhbfk skn Hønfkr y Brhkr, pmrk nk tgmnmn unb prmemrmnhgb gdpkrtbntm, dgmntrbs qum b H`khkabtms Sbrb Vg ab prmegmrm ma 5% fma dmrhbfk y b Agnft ma =% ujghânfksm duy pkr fmjbok fm abs dbrhbs dâs gdpkrtbntms pmrk sg skjrmsbamn pkr msks vbakrms fm pbrtghgpbhgøn. Ab pmrhmphgøn qum mxgstm skjrm abs fks dbrhbs dâs gdpkrtbntms fma dmrhbfk mn hubntk b aks btrgjutks fm hbagfbf y fm hkstk fm abs dbrhbs< ms qum Jrmghl ms unb dbrhb fm hbagfbf y hbrb, dgmntrbs qum Hmgjk ms hbageghbfb hkdk fm dmokr hbagfbf y dâs jbrbtb qum Jrmghl. Ab egfmagfbf fm aks hknsudgfkrms `bhgb sus dbrhbs prmemrgfbs ms jbob, ak qum dumstrb qum nk mxgstm unb jbrrmrb gdpkrtbntm pbrb prkfuhtks numvks. Bfmdâs qum mxgstmn ktrbs dbrhbs qum mn pkrhmntbom pmqumòk bhbpbrbn ab prmemrmnhgb fm aks hknsudgfkrms, y hkn ma tmdb fma hkntrbjbnfk qum pmroufghb b aks prkfuhtkrms nbhgknbams y amibadmntm mstbjamhgfks. 20

 

 B hkntgnubhgøn dkstrbdks ab Egiurb 8-2 qum prmsmntb ab pbrtghgpbhgøn mn ma dmrhbfk mspmhgbadmntm ma pbhmòk pbrb ma bòk :322. 

EGI]ZB 8-2? Xgtubhgøn fma dmrhbfk fm prkfuhtks fm h`khkabtm y brtähuaks fm hknegtmräb, :322.

SZMEMZMNHGB W HKNX]DK MN MA DMZHBFK ZMH]MZFK VKVBA

76

07

09

SZ]MJB

HKNX]DK @BJGV]BA

SZMEMZMNHGB

0:

02

98

55

5=

=0 =9

=8

60 85

85 :9 27 8 JZMGHL

HMGJK

HØNFKZ

7 8 BZHKZ

26 5 H@KHKABVMX SBZB VG

83 22 =

233 73 03 93 53 =3 63 83 :3 23 3

AGNFV

Eumntm? mabjkrbfk mn jbsm ba Gnekrdm ‑Vrbnsekrdbhgøn fm hbhbk sgavmstrm? ]nb prkpumstb pbrb ma dmrhbfk gntmrnk hkn jmnmeghgks pbrb abs hkdungfbfms bdbzønghbs fma Nkrtm fma fmpbrtbdmntk fm Ab Sbz.— 

8.8.

FMXHZGSHGKN FM AB KZIBNG_BHGØN

Ab mdprmsb humntb hkn unb pabntb gnfustrgba ujghbfb mn ab zknb fm Ugaab ma Hbrdmn, humntb bfmdâs hkn trms suhursbams mn ab hgufbf fm Ab Sbz. Ab mstruhturb kribngzbtgvb fm ab mdprmsb pumfm bprmhgbrsm mn ab Egiurb 8-:.

27

 

EGI]ZB 8-:? Mstruhturb kribngzbtgvb Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A., :32=. FGZMHVKZGK IMNMZBA

IMZMNVM IMNMZBA

XMHZMVBZGB

HKNVBFKZ

IMZMNVM FM HKDMZHGBAG_BHGØN

MNHBZIBFK FM VGMNFBX

MNHBZIBFK FM UMNVBX

IMZMNVM FM SABNVB

OMEM FM SMZXKNBA

MNHBZIBFK FM ZMSBZVK

OMEM FM SZKF]HHGØN

MNHBZIBFK FM  BADBHMNMX  BW]FBNVM

BW]FBNVM

MNH. DBNVMNGDGMNVK

 BW]FBNVM  BW]FBNVM

MNH. FM AGDSGM_B

MNH. FM VKZZMEBHHGØN

MNH. FM SZMSBZBHGØN FM DBXBX

MNH. SZMNXBFK

MNH. H@KHKABVM FM HKHGNB

MNH. IZBOMBX

MNH. JMXK FM NMIZK

MNH. EGI]ZBX W JKDJKNMX

MNH. JBÒBFK

MNH. MNUKAV]ZB

 BW]FBNVM

 BW]FBNVM

 BW]FBNVM

 BW]FBNVM

 BW]FBNVM

 BW]FBNVM

 BW]FBNVM

 BW]FBNVM

BW]FBNVM

MNH.  BADBHÇN

MNH. DKAGMNFB

MNH. VKXVBFKZ FM SBXBNLBAAB

Eumntm? mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b fbtks prkpkrhgknbfks pkr ma Ârmb fm Srkfuhhgøn.

:3

 

8.6.

BNÂAGXGX FMA HKNVMPVK FM AB KZIBNG_BHGØN

(GXK, :32=) Ab numvb nkrdb gntmrnbhgknba gnfghb qum ab mdprmsb fmjm fmtmrdgnbr abs humstgknms mxtmrnbs m gntmrnbs qum skn pmrtgnmntms pbrb su prkpøsgtk y su fgrmhhgøn mstrbtçighb, y qum bemhtbn b su hbpbhgfbf pbrb akirbr aks rmsuatbfks prmvgstks fm su sgstmdb fm imstgøn fm ab hbagfbf. Mstm ms un rmqugsgtk fm ab numvb nkrdb qum ms rmshbtbjam, ountk hkn ab hkdprmnsgøn fm abs nmhmsgfbfms y mxpmhtbtgvbs fm abs pbrtms gntmrmsbfbs. Ab hkdprmnsgøn fma dmfgk mn ma qum sm fmsmnvumavm ab mdprmsb nks pmrdgtm gfmntgeghbr fm dmokr dbnmrb aks rgmsiks y kpkrtungfbfms fm çstm, bsä pmrdgtgmnfk

unb imstgøn fm dbnmrb gntmirba. Xm rmbagzø un bnâagsgs msqumdâtghk fm ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A. fknfm tbdjgçn sm pumfmn gfmntgeghbr b abs pbrtms gntmrmsbfbs, vmr Egiurb 8-8.

EGI]ZB 8-8? Msqumdb fm bnâagsgs fma hkntmxtk fm ab kribngzbhgøn, :325. SBZVMX GNVMZMXBFBX GNVMZNBX

SBZVMX GNVMZMXBFBX MPVMZNBX

SZKUMMFKZMX

XKHGMFBF

SZKSGMVBZGKX

EÂJZGHB FM H@KHKABVMX W F]AHMX HØNFKZ MDSAMBFKX

BAVB FGZMHHGØN BHZMMFKZMX

HAGMNVMX

IKJGMZNK

 

Eumntm? mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b bnâagsgs prmagdgnbr fma hkntmxtk fm ab kribngzbhgøn. :2

 

8.6.2. BNÂAGXGX EKFB ]n bnâagsgs EKFB byufb b mntmnfmr dmokr ma hkntmxtk mn ma qum sm fmsmnvumavm ab mdprmsb, bfmdâs qum nks pmrdgtm gfmntgeghbr rgmsiks pksgtgvks y nmibtgvks pbrb ab kribngzbhgøn (kpkrtungfbfms y bdmnbzbs). Ab numvb nkrdb GXK 7332?:32= mstbjamhm qum ab mdprmsb fmjm mntmnfmr y fmegngr jgmn su hkntmxtk gntmrnk y mxtmrnk.

VBJAB 8-2? Bnâagsgs EKFB Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A., :325. 

SKXGVGUBX

NMIBVGUBX

EKZVBAM_BX

FMJGAGFBFMX

  Ebatb fm hbpbhgtbhgøn hbpbhgtbhgøn mn tmdbs fm dmokrb hkntgnub   Ebatb fm butkdbtgzbhgøn butkdbtgzbhgøn fm su suss prkhmsks, mxgstm mqugpbdgmntk kjskamtk.   Dbab sgtubhgøn egnbnhgmrb   Gnhbpbhgfbf pbrb vmr mrrkrms   Ubrgks prkfuhtks sgn hbrbhtmrästghbs fgemrmnhgbfkrbs   Srkfuhtks nk hknkhgfks mn ma dmrhbfk, ebatb fm dbrlmtgni   Ebatb fm mnekqum fm dmokrb hkntgnub   Skhbs bimnhgbs mn ab ab hgufbf, y nk tgmnm prmsmnhgb mn vbrgbs hgufbfms fma pbäs   Srkfuhtks n nk k sm mnhumntrbn mn hubaqugmr tgmnfb fm jbrrgk, lgkshk   Skhb gnnkvbhgøn mn ab prmsmntbhgøn fm ab dbykräb fm sus prkfuhtks



  Jumn bdjgmntm abjkrba   Hknkhgdgmntk fm ab dbrhb dbrhb pkr ma dmrhbfk   Fgvmrsgfbf fm aänmbs y prkfuhtks   Sksgjgagfbf fm bhhmsk b hrçfgtk   Mxpmrgmnhgb fm aks rmhursks `udbnks   Ab hbagfbf fm sus prkfuhtks sm dbntgmnm b ak abrik fm su `gstkrgb   Hknsgfmrbfb hkdk unb mdprmsb trbfghgknba hkn dâs fm =3 bòks fm mxpmrgmnhgb mn ma rujrk   Hbrbhtmrästghbs ÿnghbs fm aks prkfuhtks prgnhgpbams (Jmsk fm nmirk, baebokrms)   Ab mdprmsb mabjkrb sus prkpgbs hkjmrturbs   Srmhgks ba bahbnhm fm aks hagmntms

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KSKZV]NGFBFMX   Ma dmrhbfk bhmptb prkfuhtks numvks   Vmnfmnhgbs ebvkrbjams fma dmrhbfk   Skfmr bfqugsgtgvk fm aks hagmntms   Numvbs eekrdbs krdbs fm fgstrgjuhgøn y hkdmrhgbagzbhgøn fm sus prkfuhtks mn ma krgmntm jkagvgbnk y hgufbfms hkn hagdb hâagfk   Numvks dmrhbfks mn ma mxtmrgkr

BDMNB_BX

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   X    B    N    Z    M    V    P    M

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  Zmiuabhgøn fmsebvkrbjam (pbik fm fkjam biugnbafks)   Hkdpmtmnhgb duy birmsgvb   Budmntk fm prmhgks mn ab Dbtmrgb Srgdb   Gnhrmdmntk fma hkntrbjbnfk fm h`khkabtms y brtähuaks fm

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hknegtmräb

Eumntm? Mabjkrbfk hkn byufb fm ab Batb Fgrmhhgøn.

8.=.

FMXHZGSHGKN FM ABX AGNMBX FM SZKF]HHGKN

Ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A. humntb hkn unb prkfuhhgøn fgvmrsgeghbfb, sgmnfk sus aänmbs fm prkfuhhgøn? 2. Aänmb fm dkagfks, hkn sus prkfuhtks hkdk ab hkhkb, pgtk y ma bzÿhbr gdpbapbjam. :. Aänmb fm mabjkrbhgøn fm H`khkabtms fm tbzb, tmnmdks jkaaks y tbjamtbs fm h`khkabtm ebdgagbr. 8. Aänmb fm mabjkrbhgøn fm H`khkabtgnms, fknfm ttmnmdks mnmdks b aks Hbrbhkams, Fkdgnø y ma Dksbgqugtk. Umr eauokirbdbs fm prkfuhhgøn fm abs aänmbs fm dkagfks, h`khkabtms fm tbzb, h`khkabtgnms y fm hgibrrgtks mn ab Egiurb 8-6. 6. Aänmb fm mabjkrbhgøn fm Egiurbs y Dkafmbfks, fknfm sm mabjkrbn egiurbs vbrgbs, `umvks fm pbshub, dknmfb Xka. W mn dkafmbfks ma Xbjrksk y Vbjamtgtbs pbrb hknsudk fgrmhtk. Umr Egiurb 8-=. =. Aänmb fm mabjkrbhgøn fm jkdjknms, tmnmdks ma jkdjøn jbab hkn aghkr, jkdjknms hkn hrmdb, mspmhgbams, hkrrgmntms fm erutb. Umr Egiurb 8-5. 5. Aänmb fm bmrmbfks, fknfm sm mabjkrbn aks dbrs`dbaakws y pabtbngtks. W sm rmbagzb ma prkhmsk gnghgba fm mabjkrbhgøn fm aks purgtks, baebokrms y jkdjgtbs. Umr Egiurb 8-9. :8

 

9. Aänmb jbòbfks, fknfm sm jbòbn aks jkdjknms, jkdjgtbs, baebokrms y purgtks< bfmdâs fm rmbagzbrsm ma hkhktmrk y jbrrb dbomstbf. Umr Egiurb 8-0. 0. Aänmb fm irbimbfks, ma nÿhamk b hu hujrgr jrgr pumfm smr fm badmnfrb, bvmaabnb, brrkz, egfmk, ibaamtb, dbnä, nbrbnob, numhms, pbsbs, qugnub, trgik k uniug. Umr Egiurb 8-7, fknfm bfmdâs sm dumstrb ab mabjkrbhgøn fm ab pbsbnlbaab. 7. Aänmb fm mabjkrbhgøn fm hgibrrgtks, egnks k hkrrgmntms. Umr Egiurb 8-6. 23. Aänmb J tk J, qum sm hbrbhtmrgzbn pkr prkfuhtks pbrb ktrbs mdprmsbs, hkdk ab ebjrghbhgøn fm h`gps fm h`khkabtm. 22. Aänmb fm mabjkrbh mabjkrbhgøn gøn fm prkfuhtks gntmrdmfgks y fm rmpkstmräb, r mpkstmräb, hkjmrturbs gnfustrgbams, dbntmhb fm hbhbk, iauhksb y ab iaghmrgnb (sgmnfk mstks fks ÿatgdks søak hkdmrhgbagzbfks).

ÿatgdks søak hkdmrhgbagzbfks).

:6

 

EGI]ZB 8-6? Eauokirbdb aänmbs fm prkfuhhgøn fm dkagfks, h`khkabtms fm tbzb, h`khkabtgnms y hgibrrgtks, :325. 2. AÄNMB FM DKAGFKX MABJKZBHGØN FM SBXBNLBAAB

 Bzÿhbr ø tkrtb fm hbhbk ø hmrmbams

Zmhmphgøn fm DS m gnsudks

Smsbfk

Dmzhabfk

Dkagfk

SH

:. H@KHKABVMX FM VB_B Dkafm jkaaks ø tbjamtb

Zmhmphgøn fm DS m gnsudks

 Btmdpmrbfk  Btmdpmrbfk Hkjmrturb

Dkafmbfk

Zmergimrbfk

Fmsdkafbfk

MNUBXBFK

SH

8. H@KHKABVGNMX ZMEGNBFK Sbstb

Hkjmrturb

Dksbgqugtk/fkdgnø

badmnfrb, bzÿhbr 

dksbghk jabnhk/hbeç

Zmhmphgøn fm DS m gnsudks

Dmzhabfk

Xkjbfk

Mdpabhbfk

Zmergimrbfk

7. MABJKZBHGØN FM HGIBZZGVKX

Hkrtbfk

SH

Vbjabs fm dbfmrb

Zmhmphgøn DS m gnsudks

Dkafmbfk

Hkrtbfk

Xmhbfk

SH

 

Eumntm? Mabjkrbhgøn prkpgb mn jbsm b kjsmrvbhgknms mn ma Srkhmsk fm Srkfuhhgøn.

:=

 

EGI]ZB 8-=? Eauokirbdb aänmb fm prkfuhhgøn fm egiurbs y dkafmbfks, :325. 

6. MABJKZBHGØN FM EGI]ZBX W DKAFMBFKX Mabjkrbhgøn fm egiurbs Dkafm

 Btmdpmrbfk  Btmdpmrbf k hkjmrturb h`khkabtm

Dkafmbfk

Zmergimrbfk

Fmsdkafbfk

SH

Mabjkrbhgøn fm sbjrksk

ZMEGNBFK

Zmhmphgøn fm DS m gnsudks

 Btmdpmrbfk  Btmdpmrbf k hkjmrturb h`khkabtm

Dbnä/badmnfrb/ pbsbs

Dkafm

Dmzhabfk

Dkafmbfk

Zmergimrbfk

Fmsdkafbfk

SH

MNUBXBFK

Mabjkrbhgøn fm tbjamtgtbs H`khkabtm nmirk/jabnhk

Zmhmphgøn fm DS m gnsudks

 Btmdpmrbfk  Btmdpmrbf k hkjmrturb h`khkabtm

Dkafm

Dkafmbfk

Zmergimrbfk

Fmsdkafbfk

SH

Dbnä/badmnfrb/ pbsbs

Dmzhabfk

 

Eumntm? Mabjkrbhgøn prkpgb mn jbsm b kjsmrvbhgknms mn ma Srkhmsk fm Srkfuhhgøn.

:5

 

EGI]ZB 8-5? Eauokirbdb aänmb fm prkfuhhgøn fm jkdjknms, :325.  =. JKDJKNMX JKDJKN MXSMHGBA W HKZZGMNVM Mspmhgba fm hmrmzb hmrmzbs

Zmhmphgøn fm DS m gnsudks

Xmhbfk pmpbs

Dkagfk hmrmzbs

Dmzhabfk

Hkhk rbaabfk aghkr 

Mspmhgba fm hkhk

Srmpbrbfk ekntân

Zmhmphgøn fm DS m gnsudks

Mdpabhbfk

Dmzhabfk

Xmhbfk

Hkrtbfk

SH

Ubhgbfk

Xmhbfk

SH

9. JBÒBFK

Hkakrbntms msmnhgbs y

Hkrrgmntm

 Brdbfk fm  Brdbfk tbjamrks

Dmzhabfk

JKDJØN JBAB

ZMEGNBFK

Zmhmphgøn fm DS m gnsudks

aghkr 

Dkafms

Srmpbrbfk ekntân

Dkafmbfk

 Btmdpmrbfk  Btmdpmrbfk hkjmrturb

Dkafmbfk

Zmergimrbfk

Fmsdkafmbfk

MNUBXBFK

SH

Xmhbfk

Eumntm? Mabjkrbhgøn prkpgb mn jbsm b kjsmrvbhgknms mn ma Srkhmsk fm Srkfuhhgøn.

:9

 

EGI]ZB 8-9? Eauokirbdb aänmb fm prkfuhhgøn fm bmrmbfks, :325. 

5. MABJKZBHGØN FM BMZMBFKX JKDJGVBX Zmhmphgøn fm DS m gnsudks

@umvk

Xmamhhgknbfk fm habrbs

Jbtgfk fm habrbs

Jbtgfk fm dmzhab

 Bhkdkfbfk fm ibaamtbs

Dbniumbfk

SH

Ibaamtb wbemr 

Hkhgfk fm gnirmfgmntms

9. JBÒBFK

Hkrtbfk fm ibaamtbs

BAEBOKZMX Fuahm fm amh`m y Ibaamtb dbräb

SH

 Brdbfk fm ibaamtbs hkn fuahm fm amh`m

 Bhkdkfbfk fm ibaamtbs

Dbniumbfk

]ngfk fm ibaamtbs

MNUBXBFK

S]ZGVKX/DBZX@DBAAKYX/SABVBNGVKX  Bzÿhbr, eknfbnt dgma, sbjkrgzbntm

Zmhmphgøn fm DS m gnsudks

Hkhgfk fm gnirmfgmntms

Jbtgfk

 Brdbfk fm tbjamrks

Dbniumbfk

Xmhbfk

Hkrtbfk fm purgtks Hkrtbfk fm dbrs`dbaakws/ pabtbngtks

SH

SH

 

Eumntm? Mabjkrbhgøn prkpgb mn jbsm b kjsmrvbhgknms mn ma Srkhmsk fm Srkfuhhgøn.

:0

 

EGI]ZB 8-0? Eauokirbdb aänmb fm jbòbfks, :325.  9. JBÒBFK =. (JKDJKNMX) HKHKVMZK Hkhk rbaabfk, amhgtgnb, bzÿhbr 

Zmhmphgøn fm DS m gnsudks

ZMEGNBFK

Dm Dmzzhab fk fk

Xmhbfk

Dk Dkaa fm fmbfk

Hkrtbfk

JBZZB DBOMXVBF/JKDJKN DBOMXVBF Ibaamtb wbemr 

Sbsbs, dbnä, badmnfrb

Zmhmphgøn fm DS m gnsudks

MNUBXBFK Hkjmrturb fm h`khkabtm

Jbrrb

Hkrtbfk ibaamtb

 Brdbfk fm fm ab jbrrb

Jkdjøn

Dkafmbfk jkdjøn

Fmsdkafbfk

Zmhmphgøn fm tbjamrks

SH

Dmzhabfk

 Bhkdkfbfk  Bhkdkfbfk mn tÿnma fm jbòbfk

Jbòbfk

Mneräbfk mn tÿnma fm jbòbfk

SH

5. (BAEBOKZMX, JKDJGVBX W S]ZGVK)

 

Eumntm? Mabjkrbhgøn prkpgb mn jbsm b kjsmrvbhgknms mn ma Srkhmsk fm Srkfuhhgøn.

:7

 

EGI]ZB 8-7? Eauokirbdb aänmb fm prkfuhhgøn fm pbsbnlbaab y irbimbfks, :325. 

0. HZBIMBFK

 Btmdpmrbfk  Btmdpmrbfk hkjmrturb

ZMEGNBFK

 Bzÿhbr,h`khkabtm hkjmrturb y nÿhamk b irbimbr 

Ikdb brâjgib

Irbimbfk

Bjrgaabntbfk

Xmhbfk

Smsbfk

Sbsbnlbaab egfmk/brrkz

MABJKZBHGØN FM SBXBNLBAAB

Xmamhhgøn pbsbnlbaab

Egfmk/brrkz

Zmhmphgøn fm DS m gnsudks

Smsbfk

 

Vkstbfk

Fmshbribfk

SH

2. AÄNMB DKAGFKX

Eumntm? Mabjkrbhgøn prkpgb mn jbsm b kjsmrvbhgknms mn ma Srkhmsk fm Srkfuhhgøn.

MNUBXBFK

83

 

Mn mstbs aänmbs fm prkfuhhgøn sm mnhgmrrbn b dâs fm 53 fgstgntks prkfuhtks hrmbfks mn ab mdprmsb, vmr tbjab 8-:.

VBJAB 8-:? Ibdb fm prkfuhtks Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A., :325.  SZKF]HVK

FMXHZGSHGØN

SMXK

AÄNMB FM DKAGFKX  Bzÿhbr gdpbapbjam Hkhkb purb Hkhkb * := pgmzbs Hkhkb * 23 pgmzbs Sgtk aabdgtb h/h`kh * 83 pgmzbs H`klkb

Lgak Lgak Sbqumtm Sbqumtm Sbqumtm Hbob

2 lgak, 2/: lgak y 2/6 lgak 2 lgak, 2/: lgak y 2/6 lgak 2 lgak 2 lgak 2 lgak 2 lgak

AÄNMB FM MABJKZBHGØN FM H@KHKABVMX FM VB_B Jkaaks H`khkabtm Hkhgnb Haâsghk Jkasb 2 lgak y 2/: lgak Jkaaks H`khkabtm Hkhgnb Mspmhgba Jkasb 2 lgak y 2/: lgak Jkaaks H`khkabtm Hkhgnb Aabdgtb Jkasb 2 lgak Vbjamtb Ebdgagbr fkjam * 863 ir Vbjamtb 863 ir Vbjamtb Ebdgagbr sgdpam * :33 ir Vbjamtb :33 ir Vbjamtb Ebdgagbr Jgttmr * :33 ir Vbjamtb :33 ir AÄNMB FM MABJKZBHGØN FM H@KHKABVGNMX Hbrbhkams h`kh. badmnfrbfk * 263 ungfbfms Dksbgqugtk * 03 pgmzbs

Lgak Sbqumtm, Hbob

2 lgak, 2/: lgak y 2/6 lgak

AÄNMB FM MABJKZBHGØN FM EGI]ZBX W DKAFMBFKX Dknmfb Xka * 233 pgmzbs @umvks fm pbshub Egiurbs vbrgbs smiÿn dkafm Xbjrksk Xbjrksk h`kh. H/amh`m *83 pgmzbs Badmnfrb Xbjrksk h`kh. H/amh`m *83 pgmzbs Dbnä Xbjrksk h`kh. H/amh`m *83 pgmzbs Sbsbs Vbjamtgtbs H`khkabtm H/amh`m fgmtçtghk * 23 ungfbfms

Sbqumtm Sbqumtm Sbqumtm Sbqumtm Sbqumtm Sbqumtm Sbqumtm

933 ir bprkx. 933 ir bprkx. 933 ir bprkx.

H`khkabtm H/amh`m fgmtçtghk 23 ungfbfms H`khkabtän Vbjamtgtbs Sbs-Dbn-Amh`-Nmir-Ja * 233 H`khkabtän Vbjamtgtbs Sbs-Dbn-Amh`-Nmir-Ja * =3 H`khkabtän Vbjamtgtbs brrkz *233

Sbqumtm Vbjamtb Vbjamtb Sbqumtm

AÄNMB FM MABJKZBHGØN FM JKDJKNMX Jkdjøn Jbab hkn aghkr

lgak

2 lgak, 2/: lgak y 2/6 lgak

82

 

Jkdjøn hkn Hrmdb Jkdjøn Dbomstbf Jkdjøn Mspmhgba fm erutbs Jkdjøn Egnk Hbob Zmibak Hbob Hujk

lgak lgak lgak Hbob

2 lgak, 2/: lgak y 2/6 lgak 2 lgak, 2/: lgak y 2/6 lgak 2 lgak, 2/: lgak y 2/6 lgak 833 ir

Hbob AÄNMB FM BMZMBFKX

Sabtbngtk D. H`ghk * =3 pgmzbs Sabtbngtk D. Irbnfm * =3 pgmzbs Sbagtks fm Dmntb

Sbqumtm Sbqumtm Sbqumtm

=3 ungfbfms =3 ungfbfms

AÄNMB FM IZBIMBFKX Zujgb  Badmnfrb Irbnfm  Bvmaabnb  Badmnfrb Sbrtgfb  Badmnfrb * := pgmzbs  Brrkz  Brrkz * 83 pgmzbs Egfmk Egfmk * 83 pgmzbs Ibaamtb Dbnä Dbnä * := pgmzbs Nbrbnob Nbrbnob * := pgmzbs Numhms Sbsbs Sbsbs * := pgmzbs Rugnub Rugnub * := pgmzbs ]niug Hmrmba Mxpbnfgfk ]niug Hmrmba Mxpbnfgfk * 83 pgmzbs Vrgik Vrgik * 83 pgmzbs Irbimbs fm 233 ir egf-brr-nbro-ibaa-trgik-uniug Irbimbs fm 233 ir Sbsbs-Badmnfrb-Rugnub Aabdgtb  Brrkz aabdgtb * :3 pgmzbs

Jkasb Jkasb Jkasb Sbqumtm

033 Ir 033 Ir, 633 Ir y :33 Ir 033 Ir, 633 Ir y :33 Ir

Jkasb Sbqumtm Jkasb Sbqumtm Jkasb Jkasb Sbqumtm Jkasb Sbqumtm Jkasb Jkasb Sbqumtm Jkasb Sbqumtm Jkasb Sbqumtm Jkasb Sbqumtm Sbqumtm Sbqumtm

033 Ir, 633 Ir y :33 Ir

233 Ir 233 Ir

Sbqumtm

:3 pgmzbs

033 Ir, 633 Ir y :33 Ir 033 Ir, 633 Ir y :33 Ir 033 Ir, 633 Ir y :33 Ir 033 Ir, 633 Ir y :33 Ir

033 Ir, 633 Ir y :33 Ir 033 Ir, 633 Ir y :33 Ir 033 Ir, 633 Ir y :33 Ir 033 Ir, 633 Ir y :33 Ir

Egfmk aabdgtb * :3 pgmzbs ]niug aabdgtb * :3 pgmzbs Rugnub aabdgtb * :3 pgmzbs

Sbqumtm Sbqumtm Sbqumtm

:3 pgmzbs :3 pgmzbs :3 pgmzbs

AÄNMB FM JBÒBFK Jkdjgtbs

8:

 

Jmsk fm Nmirk H`ghks * :6 Jmsk fm Nmirk Irbnfms * 5 pgmzbs Jmsk fm Nmirk Irbnfms * 53 pgmzbs  Baebokrms

Hbob Hbob Hbob

:6 ungfbfms 5 ungfbfms 53 ungfbfms

 Baebokr Erbn`kr * 2: ungfbfms  Baebokr Jmsk fm Nmirk * 2: ungfbfms ungfbfms Ktrks Hkhktmrk * 83 ungfbfms Jbrrb Dbomstbf * 83 ungfbfms Surgtk Dbrs`dbaakw * =3 pgmzbs

Sbqumtm Sbqumtm

2: ungfbfms 2: ungfbfms

Hbob Hbob Sbqumtm

83 ungfbfms 83 ungfbfms =3 pgmzbs y := pgmzbs

AÄNMB FM MABJKZBHGØN FM HGIBZZGVKX Hgibrrgtks fm h`khkabtm *:33 pgmzbs Hgibrrgtks h`kh. Egnk * 23 hbomtgaab H`gps fm h`khkabtm

Sbqumtm Sbqumtm AÄNMB J tk J Lgak

:33 pgmzbs 23 hbomtgaabs

SZKF]HVKX GNVMZDMFGKX W FM ZMSKXVMZÄB Hkjmrturb Hbeç Irbnma Lgak 2 lgak Hkjmrturb Hbeç * :=3 Ir Vbjamtb 2/6 lgak Hkjmrturb Jabnhb Irbnma lgak 2 lgak Hkjmrturb Jabnhb * :=3 Ir Vbjamtb 2/6 lgak Hkjmrturb X Lgak 2 lgak H`khkabtm Surk Irbnma Lgak 2 lgak H`khkabtm Surk * :33 Ir Vbjamtb :33 Ir Dbntmhb fm Hbhbk Lgak 2 lgak Dbntmhb fm Hbhbk * :33 Ir Vbjamtb :33 Ir Iauhksb Lgak 2 lgak, 2/: lgak y 2/6 lgak Iaghmrgnb Lgak : lgak, 2/: lgak y 2/6 lgak

Eumntm? Mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b? ab pâignb keghgba fm ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A. //`ttp.www.h`khkabtmshknfkr.hkd, agstb fm prmhgks fm ab mdprmsb y kjsmrvbhgknms ba ârmb fm Srkfuhhgøn.  

88

 

HBSGV]AK 6 FGBINKXVGHK GNGHGBA 6.2.

KJOMVGUK

Zmbagzbr un fgbinøstghk prmvgk fm ab sgtubhgøn bhtuba fm ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A. bfqugrgmnfk ma hknkhgdgmntk bhmrhb fma irbfk fm bagnmbhgøn fma sgstmdb bhtuba hkn rmspmhtk ba dkfmak fm imstgøn qum prkpknm ab nkrdb gntmrnbhgknba GXK 7332?:330.

6.:.

FGXMÒK FM AB @MZZBDGMNVB

Hkn byufb fm un Mxhma sm pufk fgsmòbr ab `mrrbdgmntb, vmr Bnmxk B-2, qum pmrdgtgrâ hknkhmr mn pkrhmntbom ma irbfk fm hudpagdgmntk rmspmhtk b ab nkrdb GXK 7332. Xmiÿn ak pmfgfk pkr ab nkrdb mxgstmn rmqugsgtks bpaghbjams y nk bpaghbjams< hubnfk un rmqugsgtk ms bpaghbjam pumfm mnhkntrbrsm mn aks sgiugmntms irbfks fm bvbnhm? NK (ms un rmqugsgtk qum nk eum ng sgqugmrb fgsmòbfk), GFMB (ms un rmqugsgtk mn prkhmsk fm fgsmòk k fmsbrrkaak), FKH]DMNVBFK (ms un rmqugsgtk gdpamdmntbfk, hkn rmsuatbfks, rmigstrks y mvgfmnhgbs) m GDSAMDMNVBFK (qum mstâ gdpamdmntbfk, bufgtbfk y mn prkhmsk fm dmokrbdgmntk), mn ma tbjab 6-2 sm pumfm kjsmrvbr tbdjgçn aks pkrhmntboms fm hudpagdgmntk smiÿn abs kphgknms fm irbfk fm bvbnhm mn ma qum pumfm mstbr hubaqugmr rmqugsgtk.

86

 

VBJAB 6-2? Skrhmntbom fm hudpagdgmntk smiÿn ma mstbfk bhtuba fma rmqugsgtk mn ma XIH, :32=. 

KSHGØN NB

HKNHMSVK Zmqugsgtk nk bpaghbjam jbok aks pbrâdmtrks fm mxhausgøn fm GXK 7332?:330.

SKZHMNVBOM FM H]DSAGDGMNVK Nk gneaumnhgbrâ mn ma % hudpagfk.

NK

Zmqugsgtk bpaghbjam, pmrk nk fgsmòbfk, ng fmsbrrkaabfk, ng gdpamdmntbfk.

23%

GFMB

Zmqugsgtk mn prkhmsk fm fgsmòk k fmsbrrkaak hkdk mspmhgeghbhgøn fma XIH.

83%

FKH]DMNVBFK

Zmqugsgtk Gdpamdmntbfk, hkn

rmsuatbfks, rmigstrks y mvgfmnhgbs. Zmqugsgtk Gdpamdmntbfk y bufgtbfk GDSAMDMNVBFK hkn rmsuatbfks y mn prkhmsk fm dmokrbdgmntk.

53% 233%

Eumntm? Mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b ab `mrrbdgmntb fm fgbinøstghk smiÿn nkrdb GXK 7332?:330.

6.8.

MOMH]HGØN

Ab `mrrbdgmntb fgsmòbfb eum aamnbfb hkn byufb fma Imrmntm fm Sabntb fm ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A. qum ms ab pmrsknb gfønmb y hkn hknkhgdgmntk jbstk fm ab sgtubhgøn bhtuba fm ab mdprmsb.

6.6.

ZMX]AVBFKX FMA FGBINKXVGHK

Irbhgbs b ab `mrrbdgmntb fmsbrrkaabfb, hkn un tktba fm 06 prmiuntbs qum sm abs rmbagzø b imrmnhgb y mnhbribfks fm hkdmrhgbagzbhgøn y prkfuhhgøn, sm pufk

kjtmnmr eâhgadmntm ma pkrhmntbom fm hudpagdgmntk fm ab nkrdb pbrb aks rmqugsgtks 6, =, 5, 9 y 0 fmtbaabfks b hkntgnubhgøn?

8=

 

EGI]ZB 6-2? Zmsuatbfks Fgbinøstghk gnghgba Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A.  ZM X]AVBFKX FGBI FGBI NØXVGHK GNGHGBA GNGHGBA 233% 73%    K    V    N    M    G    D    G    A    S    D    ]    H    M    F    M    O    B    V    N    M    H    Z    K    S

03% 93% 53% =3% 63%

8=%

83%

89%

88%

:7%

82%

:3% 23% 3% XGXVMDB FM IMXVGØN FM AB HBAGFBF

ZMXSKNXBJGAGFBF FM AB FGZMHHGKN

IMXVGØN FM AKX ZMH]ZXKX

ZMBAG_BHGØN FMA DMFGHGØN, BNÂAGXGX SZKF]HVK W DMOKZB

ZMR]GXGVKX GXK 7332?:330

Eumntm? mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b rmsuatbfks prkpkrhgknbfks pkr ma fgbinøstghk gnghgba. Ma puntk 6. Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf tgmnm un 8=% fm hudpagdgmntk fm ab nkrdb, ma puntk =. Zmspknsbjgagfbf fm ab fgrmhhgøn un :7% fm hudpagdgmntk, ma 5. Imstgøn fm aks rmhursks un 89%, ma 9. Zmbagzbhgøn fma prkfuhtk un 88% fm hudpagdgmntk y ma 0. Dmfghgøn, bnâagsgs y dmokrb un 82% fm hudpagdgmntk. Hkdk sm humntbn hkn baiunks fkhudmntks pmrk ma XIH nk sm mnhumntrb mn gdpamdmntbhgøn, nk sm rmbagzb bufgtkrgbs ng sm rmbagzb bhhgknms hkrrmhtgvbs qum byufmn b dmokrbr ma sgstmdb.

6.6.2. XGXVMDBX FM IMXVGKN FM AB HBAGFBF Ab mdprmsb hkn 23 prmiuntbs pbrb rmspknfmr aks rmqumrgdgmntks fma nudmrba 6 fm ab nkrdb GXK 7332, kjtuvk hkdk rmsuatbfk ma sgiugmntm pkrhmntbom fm hudpagdgmntk mn sus gnhgsks? 85

 

EGI]ZB 6-:? Zmsuatbfks fma Fgbinøstghk gnghgba rmqugsgtk 6 (Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf), :32=. 

6. XGXVMDB FM IMXVGØN FM AB HBAGFBF 233% 03% 53% 63%

80%

88%

:3% 3% ZMR]GXGVKX IM IMNMZBAMX 6.2

ZMR]GXGVKX FM FM AB AB FK FKH]DMNVBHGØN 6.:

Eumntm? mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b rmsuatbfks prkpkrhgknbfks pkr ma fgbinøstghk gnghgba. Kjtuvk un 80% fm hudpagdgmntk hkn aks rmqugsgtks imnmrbams yb qum tgmnm fmegngfk baiunbs `mrrbdgmntbs hkdk egh`bs fm prkhmsks mn prkfuhhgøn y ma dbpb fm prkhmsk mn mtbpb fm fgsmòk. Mn hubntk b rmqugsgtks fm ab fkhudmntbhgøn sm tgmnm un 88% fm hudpagdgmntk, sm tgmnm fmegngfk abs pkaätghbs pmrk nk sm `byb mn un dbnuba fm ab hbagfbf, sm humntb tbdjgçn hkn un prkhmfgdgmntk fm mabjkrbhgøn y rmvgsgøn fm fkhudmntks.

6.6.:. ZMXSKNXBJGAGFBF FM AB FGZMHHGØN Ab mdprmsb hkn 23 prmiuntbs pbrb rmspknfmr aks rmqumrgdgmntks fma nudmrba = fm ab nkrdb GXK 7332, kjtuvk hkdk rmsuatbfk ma sgiugmntm pkrhmntbom fm

hudpagdgmntk mn sus gnhgsks?

89

 

EGI]ZB 6-8? Zmsuatbfks fma Fgbinøstghk gnghgba rmqugsgtk = (Zmspknsbjgagfbf fm ab Fgrmhhgøn), :32=.

=. ZMXSKNXBJGAGFBF FM AB FGZMHHGØN 233% 03%

53% 53%

8=%

63% :3%

3%

23%

23%

MNEK MN EKR] R]MM BA HAGM HAGMNV NVMSKAÄ MSKAÄVG VGHB HB FM FM HBAGF HBAGFBF BF

=.:

83%

=.8

SABN SA BNGEG GEGHB HBHG HGØN ØN

ZMXS ZM XSKNX KNXBJG BJGAG AGFB FBF, F, B]VKZGFBF W HKD]NGHBHGØN

ZMUGXGØN SKZ AB FGZMHHGØN

=.6

=.=

=.5

Eumntm? mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b rmsuatbfks prkpkrhgknbfks pkr ma fgbinøstghk gnghgba. Xm kjtuvk un 23% mn mnekqum ba hagmntm yb qum nk sm hbtmikrgzø b aks hagmntms, ng sm vgmrkn sus nmhmsgfbfms y mxpmhtbtgvbs fm bhumrfk b ab hbtmikräb qum pmrtmnmhäb. Mn pkaätghb fm hbagfbf sm tgmnm un 8=% fm hudpagdgmntk yb qum sg jgmn ab fgrmhhgøn fm ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A. tmnäb fmegngfb unb pkaätghb fm hbagfbf, mstb nk rmspknfm b abs nmhmsgfbfms y mxpmhtbtgvbs fma hkntmxtk fm ab kribngzbhgøn. Mn pabngeghbhgøn un 23% fm hudpagdgmntk yb qum nk sm rmbagzb ab pabngeghbhgøn ng sm ekrduabn kjomtgvks fm bhumrfk hkn ab pkaätghb tkdbfb.

]n 83% mn rmspknsbjgagfbf, butkrgfbf y hkdunghbhgøn. Xm tgmnm fmegngfk un kribngirbdb y un dbnuba fm eunhgknms qum nk sm `byb bhtubagzbfk, mxgstm un tbjamrk pbrb ab hkdunghbhgøn gntmrnb.

80

 

]n 53% mn rmvgsgøn pkr ab fgrmhhgøn, yb qum sm tgmnmn rmungknms pmrgøfghbs fknfm sm rmbagzbn ab rmvgsgknms y abs pabsdbn mn bhtbs.

6.6.8. IMXVGKN FM AKX ZM ZMH]ZXKX H]ZXKX Ab mdprmsb hkn 28 prmiuntbs pbrb rmspknfmr aks rmqumrgdgmntks fma nudmrba 5 fm ab nkrdb GXK 7332, kjtuvk hkdk rmsuatbfk ma sgiugmntm pkrhmntbom fm hudpagdgmntk mn sus gnhgsks?

EGI]ZB 6-6? Zmsuatbfks fma Fgbinøstghk gnghgba rmqugsgtk 5 (Imstgøn fm rmhursks), :32=. 

5. IMXVGØN FM AKX ZMH]ZXKX 233% 03%

=0%

53%

6=% 85%

63% :3%

23%

3% SZKUGXGØN FM ZMH]ZXKX

ZMH]ZXKX @]DBNKX

GNEZ GN EZB BMXVZ VZ]H ]HV] V]ZB ZB

BDJ DJGM GMN NVM FM VZBJBOK

5.2

5.:

5.8

5.6

Eumntm? mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b rmsuatbfks prkpkrhgknbfks pkr ma fgbinøstghk gnghgba. Mn prkvgsgøn fm rmhursks sm tgmnm un 23% fm hudpagdgmntk yb qum nk sm rmbagzb un prmsupumstk kpkrtunk pbrb ma XIH.

Mn rmhursks `udbnks un 85% fm hudpagdgmntk yb qum sm humntb hkn dbnuba fm eunhgknms y hbriks. Nk sm rmbagzbn gnfuhhgknms, pmrk sm tgmnm rmigstrks qum mvgfmnhgbn ab mxpmrgmnhgb y `bjgagfbfms fm aks trbjbobfkrms.

87

 

Mn gnerbmstruhturb un =0% fm hudpagdgmntk? sm humntb hkn un agstbfk fm dbqugnbrgb y mqugpks bfmdâs fm sus egh`bs tçhnghbs. Nk mxgstm un prkirbdb fm dbntmngdgmntk prmvmntgvk mn ab pabntb. Mn bdjgmntm fm trbjbok un 6=% fm hudpagdgmntk, sm tgmnm fmegngfk un pabn fm rgmsik y hkntgnimnhgbs y baiunks pbrâdmtrks fm un bdjgmntm fm trbjbok bprkpgbfk pbrb aks trbjbobfkrms.

6.6.6. ZMBAG_BHGØN FMA SZKF]HVK Ab mdprmsb hkn := prmiuntbs pbrb rmspknfmr aks rmqumrgdgmntks fma nudmrba 9 fm ab nkrdb GXK 7332, kjtuvk hkdk rmsuatbfk ma sgiugmntm pkrhmntbom fm hudpagdgmntk mn sus gnhgsks? 

EGI]ZB 6-=? Zmsuatbfks fma Fgbinøstghk gnghgba rmqugsgtk 9 (Zmbagzbhgøn fma prkfuhtk), :32=. 

9. ZMBAG_BHGØN FMA SZKF]HVK 233% 03%

53% 53% 63%

86%

83% :9%

:8%

SABNGEGHBHGØN SZKHMXKX FGXMÒK W FM AB ZMABHGKNBFKX FMXBZZKAAK ZMBAG_BHGØN HKN MA HAGMNVM FMA SZKF]HVK

HKDS HK DSZB ZBXX

:3%

:8%

3%

9.2

9.:

9.8

9.6

SZKF]H SZKF ]HHG HGØN ØN W HKNVZKA FM SZMXVBHGØN AKX MR]GSKX FMA XMZUGHGK FM XMI]GDGMNVK W DMFGHGØN 9.=

9.5

Eumntm? mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b rmsuatbfks prkpkrhgknbfks pkr ma fgbinøstghk gnghgba. Mn ma rmqugsgtk pabngeghbhgøn fm ab rmbagzbhgøn fma prkfuhtk sm humntb hkn un 83% fm hudpagdgmntk? nk sm humntb hkn ab hbrbhtmrgzbhgøn fm aks hagmntms y ma pabn fm hbagfbf jgmn fmegngfk. 63

 

Xm tgmnm un :9% fm hudpagdgmntk mn ma bpbrtbfk 9.: prkhmsks rmabhgknbfks hkn ma hagmntm? nk sm humntb hkn unb dmtkfkakiäb pbrb imstgknbr aks pmfgfks ng ma mdpamk fma juzøn fm suimrmnhgbs. Xm tgmnm 53% mn fgsmòk y fmsbrrkaak, nk sm humntb pkr mshrgtk hkn un pabn fm fgsmòk y fmsbrrkaak pmrk sm `bhm usk fm rmigstrks qum byufbn ba hkntrka fma prkhmsk fm fgsmòk y fmsbrrkaak. Mn ma 9.6 Hkdprbs sm tgmnm un :8% fm hudpagdgmntk, sm tgmnm un agstbfk fm prkvmmfkrms y prkfuhtks qum sudgngstrbn pmrk nk sm rmbagzb ab mvbaubhgøn pmrgøfghb fm mstks. Sbrb ma 9.= Srkfuhhgøn y prmstbhgøn fma smrvghgk sm tgmnm 86% fm hudpagdgmntk? sm tgmnm gnstruhtgvks fm trbjbok pmrk nk sm rmbagzø unb dmtkfkakiäb qum byufm b ab gfmntgeghbhgøn y trbzbjgagfbf fm aks fgstgntks prkfuhtks. @by qum dmnhgknbr tbdjgçn qum sus gnstruhtgvks fm trbjbok sm `bybn fmsbhtubagzbfks fmsfm `bhm yb hbsg 23 bòks. Mn hkntrka fm aks mqugpks fm smiugdgmntk y dmfghgøn sm tgmnm un :8% fm hudpagdgmntk, fknfm çstks nk sm mnhumntrbn gfmntgeghbfks y nk sm ams rmbagzb un dbntmngdgmntk pmrgøfghk.

6.6.=. DMFGHGØN, B BNÂAGXGX NÂAGXGX W DMOKZB Ab mdprmsb hkn :3 prmiuntbs pbrb rmspknfmr aks rmqumrgdgmntks fma nudmrba 0 fm ab nkrdb GXK 7332, kjtuvk hkdk rmsuatbfk ma sgiugmntm pkrhmntbom fm hudpagdgmntk mn sus fgstgntks bpbrtbfks, vmr Egiurb 6-5.  Bpbrtbfk 0.: Xmiugdgmntk y dmfghgøn sm humntb hkn un 83% fm hudpagdgmntk?

mxgstm un prkhmfgdgmntk fm bufgtkräbs gntmrnbs pmrk nk gdpamdmntbfk, y tbn pkhk sm humntb hkn unb `mrrbdgmntb qum pmrdgtb hknkhmr bhmrhb fm ab sbtgsebhhgøn fma hagmntm, hkdk mnhumstbs pkr momdpak.

62

 

Mn hkntrka fma prkfuhtk nk hknekrdm sm tgmnm giuba un 83% fm hudpagdgmntk fknfm su prkhmfgdgmntk sm mnhumntrb fgsmòbfk ng bpaghbfk, pmrk mxgstmn pbutbs pbrb su gfmntgeghbhgøn. Mn dmokrb sm tgmnm un 8=% fm hudpagdgmntk, mxgstmn prkhmfgdgmntks fm bhhgknms prmvmntgvbs y hkrrmhtgvbs pmrk nk bpaghbfks. Bfmdâs nk sm humntb hkn un pabn fm dmokrbdgmntk.

EGI]ZB 6-5? Zmsuatbfks fma Fgbinøstghk gnghgba rmqugsgtk 0 (Dmfghgøn, bnâagsgs y dmokrb), :32=. 

0. DMFGHGØN, BNÂAGXGX W DMOKZB 233% 03% 53% 63%

8=%

83%

83%

83%

XMI]GDGMNVK W DMFGHGØN

HKNVZKA FMA SZKF]HVK NK HKNEKZDM

BNÂAGXGX FM FBVKX

DMOKZB

0.:

0.8

0.6

0.=

:3% 3%

Eumntm? mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b rmsuatbfks prkpkrhgknbfks pkr ma fgbinøstghk gnghgba. 6.=.

HKNHA]XGKNMX IMNMZBAMX

Mn hubntk ba XIH mn iakjba sm pufk fmtmrdgnbr su irbfk fm hudpagdgmntk qum ms fma 86%, vmr tbjab 6-:, irbhgbs b qum sm mnhumntrb mstbjamhgfks baiunks

agnmbdgmntks mstrbtçighks, bfmdâs qum baiunks fkhudmntks sm `bybn fgsmòbfks.  

6:

 

VBJAB 6-:? Vbjab rmsudmn fgbinkstghk XIH, :32=. N]DMZBA  ZMR]GXGVKX FMA XGXVMDB FM IMXVGØN FM HBAGFBF 

SKZHMNVBOM FM H]DSAGDGMNVK  8=%  80%  88% 

6  6.2  6.: 

XGXVMDB FM IMXVGØN FM AB HBAGFBF   ZMR]GXGVKX IMNMZBAMX  ZMR]GXGVKX FM AB FKH]DMNVBHGØN 

=  =.:  =.8  =.6  =.=  =.5 

ZMXSKNXBJGAGFBF FM AB FGZMHHGKN  ZMXSKNXBJGAGFBF MNEKR]M BA HAGMNVM  SKAÄVGHB FM HBAGFBF  SABNGEGHBHGØN   ZMXSKNXBJGAGFBF, B]VKZGFBF W HKD]NGHBHGØN  ZMUGXGØN SKZ AB FGZMHHGØN 

:7%  23%  8=%  23%  83%  53% 

5  5.2  5.:  5.8  5.6 

IMXVGØN FM AKX ZMH]ZXKX  SZKUGXGØN FM ZMH]ZXKX  ZMH]ZXKX @]DBNKX  GNEZBMXVZ]HV]ZB    BDJGMNVM FM VZBJB VZBJBOK OK 

89%  23%  85%  =0%  6=% 

9  9.2  9.:  9.8  9.6  9.= 

ZMBAG_BHGØN FMA SZKF]HVK  SABNGEGHBHGØN FM AB ZMBAG_BHGØN FMA SZKF]HVK  SZKHMXKX ZMABHGKNBFKX HKN MA HAGMNVM  FGXMÒK W FMXBZZKAAK  HKDSZBX  SZKF]HHGØN W SZMXVBHGØN FMA XMZUGHGK  HKNVZKA FM AKX MR]GSKX FM XMI]GDGMNVK W

88%  83%  :9%  53%  :8%  86% 

9.5  0  0.:  0.8  0.6  0.= 

DMFGHGØN  DMFGHGØN, BNÂAGXGX W DMOKZB  XMI]GDGMNVK W DMFGHGØN  HKNVZKA FMA SZKF]HVK NK HKNEKZDM    BNÂAGXGX FM FBVKX  DMOKZB 

:8%  82%  83%  83%  83%  8=% 

SZKDMFGK 

88% 

Eumntm? Mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b rmsuatbfks prkpkrhgknbfks pkr ma fgbinøstghk gnghgba.

68

 

HBSGV]AK = SABNGEGHBHGØN FMA XGXVMDB FM IMXVGØN FM HBAGFBF (GXK, :33=)Ab pabngeghbhgøn fm ab hbagfbf ms unb pbrtm fm ab imstgøn fm ab hbagfbf mnekhbfb ba mstbjamhgdgmntk fm aks kjomtgvks fm hbagfbf, b ab mspmhgeghbhgøn fm aks prkhmsks kpmrbtgvks nmhmsbrgks y fm aks rmhursks nmhmsbrgks pbrb hudpagr hkn aks kjomtgvks fm hbagfbf. Mn mstm mntmnfgfk ma prgdmr pbsk pbrb ma fgsmòk fma Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf y su gdpamdmntbhgøn ms ab pabngeghbhgøn, mn mstm hbpätuak mstbjamhmdks aks agnmbdgmntks fma Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf fm ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A. 

=.2.

BAHBNHM

Ma Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf fm ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A. hkntmdpab b tkfb ab prkfuhhgøn y hkdmrhgbagzbhgøn fm prkfuhtks fm hknegtmräb y aks mabjkrbfks b jbsm fm hbhbk pkr ab mdprmsb. Mn hubntk b abs ârmbs, abs gnvkauhrbfbs skn? Srkfuhhgøn, Hkdmrhgbagzbhgøn, Bfdgngstrbhgøn y Zmhursks @udbnks.

=.:.

MPHA]XGKNMX

Mn ma fgsmòk fma Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf sm mxhauym ma sgiugmntm rmqugsgtk fm ab nkrdb GXK 7332?:330?

Ubagfbhgøn fm aks prkhmsks fm prkfuhhgøn y fm ab prmstbhgøn fma Xmrvghgk (nudmrba 9.=.:.), qum nk bpaghb pbrb ma Xgstmdb fm imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf fmjgfk b

qum tkfks aks prkfuhtks rmsuatbntms fma prkhmsk fm mstm sgstmdb pumfmn vmrgeghbrsm dmfgbntm bhtgvgfbfms fm smiugdgmntk k fm dmfghgøn bntms fm qum ma prkfuhtk smb rmhmphgknbfk pkr ma hknsudgfkr k hagmntm.

66

 

=.8.

ZMSZMXMNVBNVM FM AB FGZMHHGØN

Ab Batb Fgrmhhgøn fm ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A. `b fmsginbfk ba Imrmntm fm Sabntb, bhtubadmntm ma Agh. Obgdm Iknzâams, hkdk ma Zmprmsmntbntm fm ab Fgrmhhgøn qugmn bfmdâs fm sus rmspknsbjgagfbfms y butkrgfbf fmegngfb mn ma dbnuba fm eunhgknms vmabrâ pkr ma dbntmngdgmntk fma Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf, hkdk ak mstbjamhm ab nkrdb GXK 7332?:330.

=.6.

SKAÄVGHB FM HBAGFBF

(GXK, :337) Ab pkaätghb fm hbagfbf dumstrb abs gntmnhgknms iakjbams y krgmntbhgøn fm unb kribngzbhgøn rmabtgvb b ab hbagfbf, tba hkdk sm mxprmsb ekrdbadmntm pkr ab  Batb Fgrmhhgøn Ms bsä qum mn ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A. ab pkaätghb eum mabjkrbfb hkn byufb fma Imrmntm fm Sabntb y ma Omem fm Srkfuhhgøn, y rmvgsbfb pkr ab Batb Fgrmhhgøn. Ab pkaätghb fm ab kribngzbhgøn mstbjamhm?

Ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A. mstâ hkdprkdmtgfb hkn ab ebjrghbhgøn fm prkfuhtks fm hbhbk, h`khkabtms y fuahms hkn pmrsknba hbageghbfk, b un prmhgk bhhmsgjam, hudpagmnfk abs mspmhgeghbhgknms fm hbagfbf fm numstrks hagmntms ba giuba qum aks rmqugsgtks amibams bpaghbjams< jushbnfk sgmdprm ab dmokrb hkntgnub fm numstrk Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm Hbagfbf mn prk fm gnhrmdmntbr numstrb pbrtghgpbhgøn mn ma dmrhbfk nbhgknba.

IMZMNHGB IMNMZBA 23 fm dbrzk fma :325

6=

 

=.=.

KJOMVGUKX FM HBAGFBF

Aks kjomtgvks fm hbagfbf skn hk`mrmntms hkn ab pkaätghb fm hbagfbf rmfbhtbfb y bprkjbfb. Aks kjomtgvks fm hbagfbf sm `bybn fmtbaabfks mn ma Sabn mstrbtçighk fm hbagfbf qum sm mnhumntrb fmntrk fma Dbnuba fm Hbagfbf, hkntmngfk mn ma Bnmxk J2, aks hubams pumfmn sgntmtgzbrsm mn?   Budmntbr ma ngvma fm sbtgsebhhgøn fma hagmntm, hagmntm, ibrbntgzbnfk ma hudpagdgmntk



fm sus nmhmsgfbfms y mxpmhtbtgvbs, vmr Kjomtgvk 8 fma Sabn fm Hbagfbf.   Akirbr un i irbfk rbfk fm sbtgsebhhgøn rmamvbntm mn hubntk ba prmhgk hkdk



hbrbhtmrästghb prmemrmnhgba fm aks prkfuhtks, vmr Kjomtgvk 2 fma Sabn fm hbagfbf.   Budmntbr ab pbrtghgpbhgøn fma dmrhbfk, kermhgmnfk prkfuhtks fm hbagfbf y qum sbtgsebibn abs nmhmsgfbfms fm abs pbrtms gntmrmsbfbs y mn mspmhgba fm



aks hagmntms, vmr Kjomtgvk = fma Sabn fm hbagfbf.   Hudpagr hkn ab pabngeghbhgøn fma XIH, akirbnfk un pkrhmntbom fm



hudpagdgmntk gdpkrtbntm fma Sabn fm Xmiugdgmntk fma XIH, vmr Kjomtgvk 6 fma Sabn fm hbagfbf.   Ekrtbamhmr aks dmfgks fm hkdunghbhgøn mntrm ma hagmntm hagmntm y ab kribngzbhgøn



hkdk dmfgk fm rmtrkbagdmntbhgøn fma XIH, btmnfgmnfk kpkrtunbdmntm b abs qumobs y rmhabdks fm aks hagmntms, vmr Kjomtgvk : fma Sabn fm hbagfbf.

=.5.

DMVKFKAKIÄB FM FGXMÒK FM SK SKAÄVGHB AÄVGHB W KJOMVGUKX FM HBAGFBF

Sbrb unb jumnb pabngeghbhgøn fm ab hbagfbf sm fmjm tkdbr mn humntb abs nmhmsgfbfms y mxpmhtbtgvbs fm tkfbs abs pbrtms gntmrmsbfbs. Ab Batb fgrmhhgøn

fmjmräb mstbjamhmr habrbdmntm ab mstrbtmigb y pkaätghbs fm ab kribngzbhgøn, pbrb qum sus pbrtms gntmrmsbfbs bhmptmn y bpkymn abs dmtbs qum smbn prkpumstbs.  B hkntgnubhgøn sm rmbagzb ab mspmhgeghbhgøn imnmrba fm abs nmhmsgfbfms y mxpmhtbtgvbs fm abs pbrtms gntmrmsbfbs, vmr tbjab =-2. 65

 

VBJAB =-2? Nmhmsgfbfms y mxpmhtbtgvbs fm abs pbrtms gntmrmsbfbs Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A., :325. 

SBZVMX GNVMZMXBFBX Hagmntms

Srkpgmtbrgks

Smrsknba

Srkvmmfkrms

Xkhgmfbf

NMHMXGFBFMX W/K MPSMHVBVGUBX

-

Srkfuhtks fm hbagfbf

-

Jumn prmhgk

-

Fgspkngjgagfbf fm aks prkfuhtks

-

Dmokrbr ab gdbimn fm ab mdprmsb.

-

Gnhrmdmntk fm ab pbrtghgpbhgøn mn ma dmrhbfk nbhgknba.

-

Gnhrmdmntk fm ab rmntbjgagfbf.

-

Dmokrb fma XIH.

-

Jumn bdjgmntm fm trbjbok

-

Hbpbhgtbhgøn hknstbntm.

-

Hkntgnugfbf fm abs rmabhgknms.

-

Budmntk fm ab bfqugsghgøn fm prkfuhtks.

-

Zmspknsbjgagfbf skhgba y bdjgmntba.

Hudpagdgmntk fm aks rmqugsgtks amibams y rmiabdmntbrgks.

Eumntm? Mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b bnâagsgs fma mntkrnk fm ab mdprmsb. 69

 

Sbrb ab hknstruhhgøn fm ab pkaätghb y kjomtgvks fm hbagfbf fmjmdks prgkrgzbr abs nmhmsgfbfms y mxpmhtbtgvbs fm abs pbrtms gntmrmsbfbs, imnmrbnfk mstrbtmigbs pbrb ma hudpagdgmntk fm kjomtgvks prgkrgzbfks y pkfmr dbnmobr dmokr ma fmstgnk fm aks rmhursks nmhmsbrgks. Ma tbjab bnâagsgs pbrb ab pabngeghbhgøn fm ab hbagfbf pbrb ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A., vmr tbjab =-:, fgvgfm abs mxpmhtbtgvbs y nmhmsgfbfms fm abs pbrtms gntmrmsbfbs mn fks? mxpmhtbtgvbs, nmhmsgfbfms y rmqugsgtks amibams y fm aks hagmntms, y nmhmsgfbfms y mxpmhtbtgvbs fm

fma pmrsknba, prkpgmtbrgks y

prkvmmfkrms. Fmspuçs fm rmbagzbr mstb fgvgsgøn sm ams bsginb un krfmn fm bhumrfk b ab gdpkrtbnhgb qum sm am fb b hbfb nmhmsgfbf/mxpmhtbtgvb, fknfm sm aks krfmnb fma dmnks gdpkrtbntm (nÿdmrk 2) ba dâs gdpkrtbntm (nÿdmrk n). B hkntgnubhgøn sm rmbagzb

60

 

VBJAB =-:? Dbtrgz fm prgkrgzbhgøn fm nmhmsgfbfms y mxpmhtbtgvbs fm abs pbrtms gntmrmsbfbs, hknstruhhgøn fm ab pkaätghb fm hbagfbf, :325.  SABNGEGHBHGØN FM AB HBAGFBF "EBJZGHB FM H@KHKABVMX W F]AHMX HØNFKZ X.Z.A." MPSMHVBVGUBX, NMHMXGFBFMX  W ZMR]GXGVKX AMIBAMX W F FMA MA HAGMNVM

MPSMHVBVGUBX FM ABX SBZVMX GNVMZMXBFBX W DMVBX FM AB KZIBNG_BHGØN Dmokrb fm Vmnmr un Dmokrb Dmokrb fm ab Gnhrmdmntk Gnhrmdmntk Dmokrbr ab rmabhgknms hkntgnub fm ab jumn hkdpmtmnhgb fm ab gdbimn fm fma hkn imstgøn mn ab bdjgmntm fma pmrsknba rmntbjgagfbf ab mdprmsb dmrhbfk prkvmmfkrms fm trbjbok mdprmsb

VKVBA X]DB

Gdpkrtbnhgb rmabtgvb

=

9

8

5

:

6

2

Srkfuhtks fm hbagfbf

=

2:=

29=

2=

73

23

53

2=

673

Srkfuhtks hkn prmhgks rbzknbjams

6

53

263

85

:6

0

25

6

:00

Fgspkngjgagfbf fma prkfuhtk

2

2=

8=

8

5

:

6

2

55

Hudpagdgmntk fgspksghgknms rmiabdmntbrgbs

8

6=

:2

7

20

83

53

8

205

Zmspknsbjgagfbf skhgba y bdjgmntba

:

=3

26

5

85

:3

63

:

250

:7=

80=

57

296

93

203

:=

2270

VKVBA X]DB FGZMHVZGHMX FM AB SKAÄVGHB FM HBAGFBF Srkfuhtks fm hbagfbf Srkfuhtks hkn prmhgks rbzknbjams Hudpagdgmntk fgspksghgknms rmiabdmntbrgbs Dmokrbr ab gdbimn fm ab mdprmsb Gnhrmdmntk fma dmrhbfk Dmokrb hkntgnub fm ab imstgøn mn ab mdprmsb

SKAGVGHB FM HBAGFBF FM AB KZIBNG_BHGØN

Ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A. mstâ hkdprkdmtgfb hkn ab ebjrghbhgøn fm prkfuhtks fm hbhbk, h`khkabtms y fuahms hkn pmrsknba hbageghbfk, b un prmhgk bhhmsgjam, hudpagmnfk abs mspmhgeghbhgknms fm hbagfbf fm numstrks hagmntms ba giuba qum aks rmqugsgtks amibams bpaghbjams< jushbnfk sgmdprm ab dmokrb hkntgnub fm numstrk Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm Hbagfbf mn prk fm gnhrmdmntbr numstrb pbrtghgpbhgøn mn ma dmrhbfk nbhgknba.

Dmokrb fm ab hkdpmtmnhgb fma pmrsknba

Eumntm? Mabjkrbfk mn jbsm ba Vbjab =-2. 67

 

=.9.

GFMNVGEGHBHGØN FM AKX SZKHMXKX FM AB KZIBNG_BHGØN

(GXK, :33=) ]n prkhmsk ms un hknountk fm bhtgvgfbfms dutubdmntm rmabhgknbfbs

qum gntmrbhtÿbn, abs hubams trbnsekrdbn mamdmntks fm mntrbfb mn rmsuatbfks. Mn ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A. sm gfmntgeghø aks prkhmsks nmhmsbrgks pbrb ab rmbagzbhgøn fm aks prkfuhtks y su hkdmrhgbagzbhgøn, yb qum ab nkrdb prkdumvm ab bfkphgøn fma mnekqum jbsbfk mn prkhmsks, mn fknfm sm fmtmrdgnbn abs rmabhgknms mntrm mstks. Mn ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A. sm gfmntgeghbrkn trms tgpks fm prkhmsks? -

Srkhmsks mstrbtçighks

-

Srkhmsks habvm

-

Srkhmsks fm bpkyk

Ab gfmntgeghbhgøn y ab fmegnghgøn fm kjomtgvks, prkvmmfkrms, hagmntms, mntrbfbs, sbagfbs m gnfghbfkrms fm fmsmdpmòk pbrb hbfb unk fm aks prkhmsks gnvkauhrbfks skn duy gdpkrtbntm fmntrk fma mnekqum fm prkhmsks. B trbvçs fm ab fmegnghgøn fm aks kjomtgvks y abs hbrbhtmrästghbs fm abs mntrbfbs y sbagfbs fmegngrmdks ab hbagfbf fm aks rmsuatbfks, y b trbvçs fma mstbjamhgdgmntk fm gnfghbfkrms fm fmsmdpmòk rmbagzbrmdks ab rmtrkbagdmntbhgøn y hkntrka fma prkhmsk, vmr Egiurb =-2.

=3

 

EGI]ZB =-2? Mnekqum b prkhmsks, :325.  DMFGHGKNMX

GNFGHBFKZMX

MEGHBHGB MEGHGMNHGB

SZKUMMFKZMX

SZKHMXK

MNVZBFBX (DS, GNX]DKX, GNEKZDBHGØN)

HAGMNVMX XBAGFBX (SZKF]HVKX, GNEKZDBHGØN)

ZMVZKBAGDMNVBHGØN SABNGEGHBHGØN, BNÂAGXGX W HKNVZKA

 

Eumntm? Mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b bpuntms fma Hursk Mspmhgbagstb mn XIH NJ-GXK 7332?:32=. Ab hbrbhtmrgzbhgøn fm hbfb unk fm aks prkhmsks qum hknekrdbn ma Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf sm `bybn fmtbaabfks mn abs Egh`bs fm Srkhmsks hkntmngfbs mn ma Bnmxk J-:.

=.9.2. SZKHMXKX MXVZBVÇIGHKX Mstks prkhmsks dbrhbn abs fgrmhtrghms fm tkfk ma Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf, mn mstks prkhmsks sm bsginbn aks rmhursks nmhmsbrgks, sm fmegnmn abs pkaätghbs, sm fgsmòbn abs mstrbtmigbs, bfmdâs fm rmbagzbrsm ab rmvgsgøn pkr ab fgrmhhgøn. Aks prkhmsks mstrbtçighks fm ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A. skn?   Srkhmsk fm Zmvgsgøn fm ab Fgrmhhgøn.



  Srkhmsk fm Sabngeghbhgøn Mstrbtçighb.



  Srkhmsk fm Hkdunghbhgknms.



=2

 

=.9.:. SZKHMXKX DGXGKNBAMX Xkn bqumaaks qum gntmrvgmnmn mn ab hbfmnb fm vbakr fm ab mdprmsb, vbn fm hbrb ba

hagmntm y sm mnhbribn fm ab prkfuhhgøn y prkvgsgøn kpkrtunb fma prkfuhtk ba dmrhbfk. Aks prkhmsks dgsgknbams fm ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A. skn?   Srkhmsk fm Dbnmok fm Badbhmnms   Srkhmsk fm Sabngeghbhgøn fm ab Srkfuhhgøn.





  Srkhmsk fm Hkntrka fm Hbagfbf.



  Srkhmsk fm Srkfuhhgøn.



  Srkhmsk fm Hkdmrhgbagzbhgøn.



=.9.8. SZKHMXKX FM B BSKWK SKWK Mstks prkhmsks fbn skpkrtm b aks prkhmsks mstrbtçighks y dgsgknbams. Aks prkhmsks fm bpkyk fm ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A. skn?   Srkhmsk fm Hkdprbs.



  Srkhmsk fm Zmhursks @udbnks.



  Srkhmsk fm Dmfghgøn, Bnâagsgs, Mvbaubhgøn y Dmokrb.



  Srkhmsk fm Dbntmngdgmntk.



  Srkhmsk fm Hkntrka fm ab Gnekrdbhgøn Fkhudmntbfb.



=.0.

DBSB FM SZKHMXKX

Fmspuçs fm fmegngr tkfks aks prkhmsks qum ekrdbn pbrtm fma Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf, sm mabjkrø ma fgbirbdb fma dbpb fm prkhmsks, Dbhrkprkhmsk, ma huba eum rmvgsbfk y bprkjbfk pkr ma Imrmntm fm Sabntb mn hknountk hkn ma Dbnuba fm Hbagfbf. Xmiÿn ak fmtbaabfk bntmrgkrdmntm sm pumfm bprmhgbr ma dbhrk prkhmsk, vmr Egiurb=-:, fm ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A. =:

 

EGI]ZB =-:?Dbpb fm Srkhmsks Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A., :325.

SABNGEGHBHGKN MXVZBVMIGHB

Z M

ZMUGXGKN FM AB FGZMHHGKN

HKD]NGHBHGKNMX

X B

R ] M Z G D G M N V K X   S B Z V M X   G N V M Z M X B F B X

SZKF]HHGØN HKNVZKA FM HBAGFBF

V G X E B H H G K N   S B Z V M X   G N V M Z M X B F B X

MABJKZBHGKN FM JKDJKNMX JBÒBFK MABJKZBHGKN FM BMZMBFKX

SABNGEGHBHGØN FM AB SZKF]HHGØN

MABJKZBHGKN FM SBXBNLBAAB ZMHMSHGØN  W XMAMHHGØN HBHBK

MABJKZBHGØN FM SZKF]HVKX DKAGFKX IZBIMBFK MNUBXBFK

VKZZMEBHHGØN

VZGV]ZBFK

DKAGMNFB

SZMNXBFK

ZMEGNBFK

MABJKZBHGØN FM H@KHKABVMX FM VB_B

HKDMZHGBAG_BHGØN

MABJKZBHGKN FM H@KHKABVGNMX MABJKZBHGØN FM EGI]ZBX W DKAFMBFKX MABJKZBHGØN FM HGIBZZGVKX

DBNMOK FM BADBHMNMX

HKDSZBX

Z Z@@

DMFGHGØN, BNÂAGXGX, MUBA]BHGØN W DMOKZB

DBNVMN GDGMNVK

HKNVZKA FM GNEKZDBHGØN FKH]DMNVBFB

Eumntm? Mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b fbtks prkpkrhgknbfks pkr ab mdprmsb .

=8

 

=.7.

GNFGHBFKZMX FM FMXMDSMÒK

Aks gnfghbfkrms skn unb `mrrbdgmntb qum nks pmrdgtm dmfgr aks rmsuatbfks bahbnzbfks pkr aks prkhmsks bfkptbfks mn ma Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf y vmrgeghbr ma hudpagdgmntk fm aks kjomtgvks y dmtbs mstbjamhgfbs pkr ab mdprmsb, hkn ma egn fm tkdbr bhhgknms fm dmokrb pkr pbrtm fm ab Batb Fgrmhhgøn. Ms fmhgr, mn hbsk fm qum aks prkhmsks bahbnhmn aks rmsuatbfks mspmrbfks, dmtbs, mn ab sgiugmntm imstgøn sm prkdkvmrâ ab dmokrb hkntänub bspgrbnfk b dmokrms rmsuatbfks. Mn hbsk fm nk bahbnzbrsm abs dmtbs, sm prkhmfmrâ b rmbagzbr un bnâagsgs fm hbusbs pbrb mdprmnfmr bhhgknms hkrrmhtgvbs k un prkirbdb fm dmokrb fmntrk fma prkhmsk(s) gnvkauhrbfk(s). Xm fmegngmrkn gnfghbfkrms fm fmsmdpmòk pbrb hbfb unk fm aks prkhmsks fm ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A., qum sm `bybn hkntmngfks mn abs Egh`bs fm Srkhmsks, vmr bnmxk J-:, y mn ma Sabn fm Xmiugdgmntk fma Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf, fmtbaabfk mn ma tbjab =-8. = -8.

=6

 

VBJAB =-8? Sabn fm Xmiugdgmntk fma Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf, :325. SABN FM XMI]GDGMNVK FMA XGXVMDB FM IMXVGØN FM AB HBAGFBF SZKHMXK

SABNGEGHBHGØN MXVZBVÇIGHB

ZMUGXGØN FM AB FGZMHHGØN

HKD]NGHBHGKNMX

SABNGEGHBHGØN FM SABNGEGHBHGØN AB SZKF]HHGØN

KJOMVGUK FMA SZKHMXK

KJOMVGUK FMA EKZDB FM GNFGHBFKZ HÂAH]AK Ibrbntgzbr ma Mabjkrbhgøn/ % rmvgsgøn y smiugdgmntk ba bhtubagzbhgøn Zmbagzbr ab Sabn Mstrbtçighk Sabn Mstrbtçighk fm bhtubagzbhgøn pabngeghbhgøn Hbagfbf fm Hbagfbf bfmhubfb, Ibrbntgzbr ma Mabjkrbhgøn/ mstbjamhmr kjomtgvks smiugdgmntk ba bhtubagzbhgøn y agnmbdgmntks pbrb % rmvgsgøn y Sabn fm Sabn fm ma akirk fm çstks bhtubagzbhgøn smiugdgmntk fma smiugdgmntk fma XIH XIH  Bsginbr rmhursks, (Vbaamrms Ibrbntgzbr ma % Hudpagdgmntk mvbaubr aks hkdprkdgsk fm ab rmbagzbfks/Vbaamr  hkn tbaamrms fm rmsuatbfks y rmvgsgøn pkr ab  Batb Fgrmhhgøn hkn ms pabngeghbfks) bsmiurbr ab meghbhgb y *233 ma XIH fgrmhhgøn dmokrb GNFGHBFKZ

Imstgknbr aks prkhmfgdgmntks pbrb ab hkdunghbhgøn

Irbfk fm hudpagdgmntk fma Sabn fm Hkdunghbhgknms

gntmrnb y mxtmrnb

gntmrnbs mxtmrnbsy

Sabngeghbr aks prkhmsks rmabhgknbfks hkn ab prkfuhhgøn pbrb bsmiurbr aks rmhursks pbrb ab rmbagzbhgøn fma prkfuhtk

Ibrbntgzbr ma hudpagdgmntk fm abs hkdunghbhgknms pabngeghbfbs

(Mamdmntks hkdunghbfks/Vkt ba fm hkdunghbhgknms

DMVB

EZMH]MNHGB FM BNÂAGXGX

ZMXSKNXBJAMX

233%

Bnuba

Batb Fgrmhhgøn

233%

Bnuba

Batb Fgrmhhgøn

233%

Xmdmstrba

Batb Fgrmhhgøn

233%

Jgdmstrba

Batb fgrmhhgøn

pabngeghbfbs) *233

Hudpagdgmntk fma Fmtmrdgnbr ma Sabn Fgbrgk fm hudpagdgmntk fm ab Srkfuhhgøn prkfuhhgøn

(Srkfuhhgøn hudpagfb/Srkfuh hgøn pabngeghbfb) *233

73%

Dmnsuba

Imrmntm fm Sabntb

Hudpagdgmntk fma Sabn fm Hkdprbs fm bhumrfk b ab skaghgtuf fm pabntb

(Hkdprbs rmbagzbfbs/Hkdpr  bs pabngeghbfbs)*233

73%

Dmnsuba

Imrmntm fm Sabntb

Fmtmrdgnbr ma hudpagdgmntk ba Sabn fm Hkdprbs

==

 

DBNMOK FM BADBHMNMX

HKNVZKA FM HBAGFBF

Dbntmnmr ab dbtmrgb prgdb m gnsudks, prkfuhtks gntmrdmfgks y egnbams Hkntrka fm hkn abs hknfghgknms nmhmsbrgbs fm mxgstmnhgbs badbhmnbdgmntk, bfmdâs fm rmigstrbr ma dkvgdgmntk fm gnvmntbrgk fm çstks. Fmtmrdgnbr y vmrgeghbr ab hbagfbf fm aks prkfuhtks, Meghbhgb fma mvgtbnfk qum prkfuhtks nk hkntrka fm hbagfbf hknekrdms aamiumn ba hagmntm % Habsgeghbhgøn smiÿn tgpk fm pmpb fm hbhbk

% fm `udmfbf  Bprkvgsgknbr fm pmpb ZMHMSHGØN W fm hbhbk agjrm fm XMAMHHGØN HBHBK humrpks mxtrbòks b prkfuhhgøn

% fm dbab emrdmntbhgøn

% humrpks mxtrbòks

Ibrbntgzbr ma hkntrka fm mxgstmnhgbs mn aks fgemrmntms badbhmnms

Mxgstmnhgbs smiÿn gnvmntbrgk fm prkfuhtks Mxgstmnhgbs smiÿn Hkntrka fm mntrbfbs y sbagfbs

3

Dmnsuba

Omem fm Srkfuhhgøn y Mnhbribfk fm  Badbhmnms

Ibrbntgzbr qum sm rmbagzb un Hkntrka fm Hbagfbf meghbz

(N¿ fm SNH rmpkrtbfks/Hbntg fbf fm prkfuhtks hkdmrhgbagzbfks) *233

1=%

Jgdmstrba

Imrmntm fm Sabntb y Omem fm Srkfuhhgøn

Mn hbfb kpmrbhgøn

Imrmntm fm Sabntb 

Ibrbntgzbr qum nk (N¿ sbhks fma tgpk dâs fma 6:% fm ab g/N¿ sbhks pmpb rmhmphgknbfk rmhmphgknbfk)*23 smb `äjrgfk, :8% 3 hrgkaak y 8=% dgx

@äjrgfk? 6:%, Hrgkaak? :8%, Dgx?8=%

(N¿ sbhks hkn Ibrbntgzbr un pmpb `ÿdmfb/N¿ pkrhmntbom fm biub sbhks rbzknbjam mn ab rmhmphgknbfk)*23 pmpb fm hbhbk. 3 Ibrbntgzbr qum (N¿ sbhks dba dâs fma 83% fm ab emrdmntbfks/N¿ dbtmrgb prgdb sbhks rmhgjgfb tmnib un rmhmphgknbfk)*23 jumn irbfk fm 3 emrdmntbhgøn Ibrbntgzbr qum (Li humrpks dâs fma 79% mxtrbòks/Li dbtmrgb prgdbfmmnab hbhbk sgn rmhmphgøn smb smamhhgknbr)*233 pmpb fm hbhbk

@äjrgfk? 8%, Hrgkaak? 2%, Dgx?2% @äjrgfk? 63%, Hrgkaak? 83%, Dgx?83%

:,0=%

=5

 

VKXVBFK

Akirbr unb fgsdgnuhgøn fm ab `udmfbf mn ab pmpb fm hbhbk

% `udmfbf pmrfgfb

Hknsudk fm IAS

VZGV]ZBFK

Akirbr smpbrbr ab hâshbrb fm hbhbk fm ab pmpb prkpgbdmntm fgh`b

Akirbr un jumn irbfk fm tkstbfk mn ab pmpb fm hbhbk Hkntrkabr ma hknsudk fm IAS/Ibs nbturba mn ma prkhmsk fm tkstbfk

((Li hbhbk bntms fm tkstbfk-Li hbhbk fmspuçs fm tkstbfk)/Li hbhbk bntms fma tkstbfk)*233

2,5=% Mn hbfb kpmrbhgøn

Imrmntm fm Sabntb 

Mn hbfb kpmrbhgøn

Imrmntm fm Sabntb 

Li IAS 83Li/kpmr  utgagzbfk/kpmrbhgø bhgøn n

% Smpb NGJ

Akirbr qum dâs fma (Li Smpb NGJ/Li 03% fm pmpb fm hbhbk hbhbk tkstbfb smb tkstbfk)*233 Smpb NGJ

03,=3%

% Hâshbrb

 Bsmiurbr qum nk dâs fma 9,5 % smb hâshbrb fm hbhbk

9,53%

(Li Hâshbrb/Li hbhbk tkstbfk)*233

 Bsmiurbr qum nk

(Li Skavgaak/Li

% Skavgaak

dâs fma 23 smb hâshbrb fm % hbhbk

hbhbk tkstbfk)*233

7,22%

% Zmhupmrbfk

Akirbr un pkrhmntbom fm rmhupmrbhgøn fm hâshbrb pbrb prkfuhhgøn

(Li fm Zmhupmrbfk/Li hbhbk tkstbfk)*233

:,03%

DKAGMNFB

SZMNXBFK

Kjtmnmr aghkr fm h`khkabtm

Mxtrbmr dbntmhb fm hbhbk, akirbnfk b su vmz kjtmnmr tkrtbs fm hkhkb

Kjtmnmr aghkr fm % Aghkr fm hbhbk hbhbk sgn pçrfgfbs kjtmngfk mn pmsk % Dbntmhb fm hbhbk

% fm hbhbk kjtmngfk

(Li fm aghkr fm hbhbk/Li fm hbhbk trgturbfk)*233

Ibrbntgzbr un (Li fm dbntmhb pkrhmntbom dängdk mxtrbäfb)/(Li fm mxtrbhhgøn fm hbhbk trgturbfk)∙  dbntmhb fm hbhbk 233 fma aghkr fm hbhbk (Li fm hkhkb Kjtmnmr tkrtb fm kjtmngfb)/(Li hbhbk mn dâxgdk un 56,26% mn pmsk hbhbk trgturbfk)∙  233 fma aghkr fm hbhbk

233%

Mn hbfb kpmrbhgøn

Imrmntm fm Sabntb 

Mn hbfb kpmrbhgøn

Dbmstrk mnhbribfk fm prmpbrbhgøn y mabjkrbhgøn fm hkjmrturbs y dbsbs

8=,05%

56,26%

=9

 

Hkntrkabr ma hknsudk fm biub pkr kpmrbhgøn Hkntrkabr ma hknsudk fm IAS/ibs nbturba pbrb ab kpmrbhgøn

(Ats. fm biub 73 utgagzbfb)/kpmrbhg Ats./kpmrb øn hgøn

% Sçrfgfbs mn rmegnbfk

Hkntrkabr qum nk mxgstb pçrfgfbs mn ma prkhmsks fm rmegnbfk

((Li hkjmrturb egnba-Li dmzhab gnghgba)/Li dmzhab gnghgba)*233

% Srkfuhtk nk hknekrdm

Ibrbntgzbr nk dâs fm un =% fm prkfuhtk nk hknekrdms

(Li fm prkfuhtk nk hknekrdm/Li tktbams fm prkfuhtk mabjkrbfk)*233

Ibrbntgzbr nk dâs fm un =% fm prkfuhtk nk hknekrdms Ibrbntgzbr nk dâs fm un =% fm prkfuhtk nk hknekrdms Ibrbntgzbr nk dâs fm un =% fm prkfuhtk nk hknekrdms Ibrbntgzbr nk dâs

(N¿ jkaaks nk hknekrdms/N¿ jkaaks prkfuhgfks)*233 (N¿ tbjamtbs nk hknekrdms/N¿ tbjamtbs prkfuhgfks)*233 (N¿ dksbghks nk hknekrdms/N¿ dksbghks prkfuhgfks)*233 (N¿ hbrbhkams nk

fm un =% nk fm prkfuhtk hknekrdms Ibrbntgzbr nk dâs fm un =% fm prkfuhtk nk hknekrdms Hkntrkabr qum ab prâhtghb fm mabjkrbhgøn y pmsbfk fm abs egiurbs smbn

hknekrdms/N¿ hbrbhkams prkfuhgfks)*233 (N¿ egiurbs nk hknekrdms/N¿ egiurbs prkfuhgfks)*233 ((Smsk prkd. egiurb-Smsk mstânfbr egiurb)/Smsk mstânfbr

Hknsudk fm biub Hknsudk fm IAS

DM_HABFK

Akirbr qum tkfks aks gnirmfgmntms fma

ZMEGNBFK

h`khkabtm sm gntmirmn y hknsgibn unb tmxturb subvm Mabjkrbr prkfuhtks dkagfks hkdk ab hkhkb, pgtk y bzÿhbr gdpbapbjam fm hbagfbf pbrb hkdmrhgbagzbr

MABJKZBHGØN FM SZKF]HVKX DKAGFKX

MABJKZBHGØN FM H@KHKABVMX FM HKHGNB

Mabjkrbr jkaaks y tbjamtbs fm hbagfbf pbrb hkdmrhgbagzbr

MABJKZBHGØN FM H@KHKABVGNMX

Mabjkrbr dksbgqugtks y hbrbhkams fm hbagfbf pbrb hkdmrhgbagzbr

MABJKZBHGØN FM EGI]ZBX W DKAFMBFKX

Mabjkrbr vbrgmfbf fm egiurbs y dkafmbfks fm hbagfbf pbrb hkdmrhgbagzbr

% fm jkaaks nk hknekrdms % fm tbjamtbs nk hknekrdms % fm dksbghks nk hknekrdms

%nkfmhknekrdms hbrbhkams % Srkfuhtk nk hknekrdm

% fmsvgbhgøn mn pmsk

(Li fm IAS 2= utgagzbfk)/kpmrbhg Li/kpmrbh øn gøn

3%

=%

Mn hbfb kpmrbhgøn

Dbmstrk mnhbribfk fm prmpbrbhgøn y mabjkrbhgøn hkjmrturbs fm y dbsbs

Mn hbfb kpmrbhgøn

Mnhbribfk fm prkfuhtks dkagfks

Mn hbfb kpmrbhgøn

Mnhbribfk fm mabjkrbhgøn fm h`khkabtms fm tbzb

Mn hbfb kpmrbhgøn

Omem fm Srkfuhhgøn

Mn hbfb kpmrbhgøn

Mnhbribfk fm ârmb fm egiurbs y dkafmbfks

=%

=%

=%

=%

=%

3%

=0

 

% fmsvgbhgøn tmdpmrbturb fm ab dmzhab jkdjgtbs

memhtgvbs

egiurb)*233

Hkntrkabr qum ab tmdpmrbturb fma dmrmnium smb ab fmtmrdgnbfb pbrb mvgtbr qum sm jbom

((Vmdp. Srkdmfgk-Vmdp. Mstânfbr)/1tmdp. mstânfbr)*233

3%

MABJKZBHGØN FM BMZMBFKX

Mabjkrbr pabtbngtks, dbrs`dbaakws y hkbfyuvbr mn ab prkfuhhgøn fm purgtks, jkdjgtbs y baebokrms fm hbagfbf pbrb hkdmrhgbagzbr

Ibrbntgzbr nk dâs fm un =% fm prkfuhtk nk hknekrdms Ibrbntgzbr nk dâs fm un =% fm prkfuhtk nk hknekrdms

(N¿ jkdjgtbs nk hknekrdms/N¿ jkdjgtbs prkfuhgfks)*233 (N¿ pabtbngtks nk hknekrdms/N¿ pabtbngtks prkfuhgfks)*233

% purgtks nk hknekrdms

Ibrbntgzbr nk dâs fm un =% fm prkfuhtk nk hknekrdms Ibrbntgzbr nk dâs fm un =% fm prkfuhtk nk hknekrdms

(N¿ purgtks nk hknekrdms/N¿ purgtks prkfuhgfks)*233 (Li fm pbsbnlbaab nk hknekrdm/Li tktbams fm pbsbnlbaab mabjkrbfk)*233

% jkdjgtbs rmprkhmsbfbs % pabtbngtks nk hknekrdms

MABJKZBHGØN FM SBXBNLBAAB

Mabjkrbr ab pbsbnlbaab rmqumrgfb pbrb ab mabjkrbhgøn fm irbimbs

% pbsbnlbaab nk hknekrdms

IZBIMBFK

Mabjkrbr irbimbs fm hbagfbf pbrb su hkdmrhgbagzbhgøn

]tgagzbhgøn fm abs irbimbfkrbs

JBÒBFK

Mabjkrbr prkfuhtks jbòbfks fm h`khkabtm hkn hbagfbf pbrb su hkdmrhgbagzbhgøn

% baebokrms rmh`bzbfks % jbrrbs rmh`bzbfbs

Ibrbntgzbr unb utgagzbhgøn fm dbqugnbrgb fma 73% Ibrbntgzbr nk dâs fm un =% fm prkfuhtk nk hknekrdms Ibrbntgzbr nk dâs fm un =% fm prkfuhtk nk hknekrdms

(Vgmdpk fm usk/Vgmdpk tktba)*233 (N¿ baebokrms nk hknekrdms/N¿ baebokrms prkfuhgfks)*233 (N¿ jbrrbs nk hknekrdms/N¿ jbrrbs prkfuhgfks)*233

=%

Mn hbfb kpmrbhgøn

Mnhbribfk ârmb fm bmrmbfks

=%

Mn hbfb kpmrbhgøn

Mnhbribfk tkstbfkr fm pbsbnlbaab

03%

Mn hbfb kpmrbhgøn

Dbmstrk irbimbfkr

Mn hbfb kpmrbhgøn

Mnhbribfk fm jbòbfk

=%

=%

=%

=%

=7

 

Ibrbntgzbr nk dâs (N¿ jkdjknms nk hknekrdms/N¿ fm un =% fm jkdjknms prkfuhtk nk prkfuhgfks)*233 hknekrdms Ibrbntgzbr unb (Vgmdpk fm ]tgagzbhgøn fma utgagzbhgøn fm usk/Vgmdpk tÿnma fm jbòbfk dbqugnbrgb tÿnmams tktba)*233 fm jbòbfk fma 73% Ibrbntgzbr nk dâs (N¿ hgibrrgtks nk Mabjkrbr hgibrrgtks % hgibrrgtks hknekrdms/N¿ fm un =% fm fm hbagfbf pbrb su rmh`bzbfks hgibrrgtks prkfuhtk nk hkdmrhgbagzbhgøn prkfuhgfks)*233 hknekrdms (N¿ jkdjknms fm aghkr nk Ibrbntgzbr nk dâs Mabjkrbr jkdjknms % jkdjknms fm hknekrdms/N¿ fm un =% fm fm hbagfbf pbrb su aghkr rmh`bzbfks jkdjknms fm prkfuhtk nk hkdmrhgbagzbhgøn aghkr hknekrdms prkfuhgfks)*233 (Srkdmfgk fm tkfks aks % Srkfuhtks nk Ibrbntgzbr nk dâs prkfuhtks fm un 8% fm hknekrdms rmh`bzbfks/Srkd prkfuhtk nk fmspuçs fm mfgk tktba hknekrdms mnvbsbfk prkfuhgfk)*233 Ibrbntgzbr nk dâs (Li fm irbimb nk % irbimb hknekrdm/Li fm un =% fm rmh`bzbfb mn tktbams fm irbimb prkfuhtk nk mdjkasbfk mabjkrbfk)*233 hknekrdm dbnuba Zmbagzbr ma mnvbsbfk (N¿ jkasbs nk Ibrbntgzbr nk dâs % jkasbs nk fm tkfks aks hknekrdms/N¿ fm un =% fm hknekrdms mn prkfuhtks fm ab prkfuhtk mnvbsbfk tktba fm jkasbs mnvbsbfk vmrtghba eâjrghb pbrb su mnvbsbfbs)*233 nk hknekrdms hkdmrhgbagzbhgøn Ibrbntgzbr nk dâs (N¿ jkdjgtbs fm un 8% fm % jkdjgtbs rmh`bzbfbs/N¿ prkfuhtk nk rmh`bzbfbs tktba fm jkdjgtbs hknekrdm bntms fm mabjkrbfks)*233 mnvbsbr (N¿ fm prkfuhtks Hkntrkabr qum nk rmprkhmsbfks/N¿ mxgstbn dâs fma 2% % fm rmprkhmsks tktba fm fm prkfuhtk prkfuhtks rmprkhmsbfk mabjkrbfks)*233 % jkdjknms jbòbfks rmh`bzbfks

MABJKZBHGØN FM HGIBZZGVKX

MABJKZBHGØN FM JKDJKNMX

MNUBXBFK

=%

73%

=%

Mn hbfb kpmrbhgøn

Omem fm Srkfuhhgøn

=%

Mn hbfb kpmrbhgøn

Omem fm Srkfuhhgøn

Mn hbfb kpmrbhgøn

Mnhbribfk fm mnvkaturb

8%

=%

8%

8%

2%

53

 

(N¿ fm prkfuhtks hkrrmigfks/N¿ tktba fm prkfuhtks mabjkrbfks)*233 (N¿ fm prkfuhtks Hkntrkabr qum nk fmsmh`bfks/N¿ % gdpmfgdmntk mxgstbn dâs fma tktba fm fm usk 3,=% fm prkfuhtk prkfuhtks fmsmh`bfk mabjkrbfks)*233 (Umntbs pmrgkfk Fmtmrdgnbr ma  Budmntk fm (g) - Umntbs fma bvbnhm mn vmntbs vmntbs hkn pmrgkfk (grmspmhtk b un pmrgkfk bntmrgkr 2))/Umntbs pmrgkfk bntmrgkr pmrgkfk (g-2) (N¿ qumobs Fmtmrdgnbr y `bhmr btmnfgfbs ba smiugdgmntk b abs Rumobs y hagmntm/N¿ fm qumobs y/k rmhabdks qumobs rmhabdks fm aks rmigstrbfbs)*233 hagmntms Fmtmrdgnbr ma (Zmqumrgdgmntks hudpagdgmntk b Hudpagdgmntk fm fm hkdprbs pkr hkdprbs hkdprbs pabntb/Hkdprbs rmqumrgfbs pkr rmbagzbfbs)*233 pabntb Fmtmrdgnbr ma pkrhmntbom fm (Smfgfks hkdprbs Hknekrdgfbf mn bhmptbfks/Vktba hknekrdms hkn aks abs hkdprbs fm pmfgfks)*233 rmqugsgtks fm Srkfuhhgøn (N¿ fm Zmbagzbr ab Hudpagdgmntk fm mvbaubhgknms b mvbaubhgøn b ab Ermhumnhgb fm prkvmmfkr/N¿ prkvmmfkrms smiÿn mvbaubhgøn b mvbaubhgknms ak pabngeghbfk prkvmmfkrms pabngeghbfbs)*233 % fm hkrrmhhgknms

Zmbagzbr tkfbs abs bhtgvgfbfms rmabhgknbfbs hkn ab

HKDMZHGBAG_BHGØ N

HKDSZBX

ZMH]ZXKX @]DBNKX

hkdmrhgbagzbhgøn aks fgemrmntms fm prkfuhtks, vmabnfk sgmdprm pkr unb jumnb btmnhgøn ba hagmntm

Xudgngstrbr b aks prkhmsks gntmrnks dbtmrgbs prgdbs m gnsudks rmqumrgfks qum hudpabn abs mspmhgeghbhgknms skaghgtbfbs

Zmbagzbr abs bhtgvgfbfms fm rmhautbdgmntk, smamhhgøn y

Hudpagdgmntk hkn ma Sabn fm hbpbhgtbhgknms

Hkntrkabr qum nk mxgstbn dâs fma 2% fm prkfuhtk hkrrmigfk

Fmtmrdgnbr ma hudpagdgmntk ba pabn fm hbpbhgtbhgknms

(Hbpbhgtbhgknms momhutbfbs/ Hbpbhgtbhgknms pabngeghbfbs)*233

2%

3,=3%

=%

Bnuba

Imrmntm fm hkdmrhgbagzbhgøn

0=%

Bnuba

Imrmntm fm hkdmrhgbagzbhgøn

73%

Dmnsuba

Imrmntm fm Sabntb

73%

Xmdmstrba

Imrmntm fm Sabntb

0=%

Jgdmstrba

Imrmntm fm Sabntb

73%

Dmnsuba

Omebturb fm Smrsknba

52

 

hkntrbtbhgøn fma pmrsknba, bsä hkdk ab fmtmrdgnbhgøn fm sus nmhmsgfbfms fm hbpbhgtbhgøn y ab mvbaubhgøn fm su meghbhgb.

Mvbaubhgøn fm fmsmdpmòk

Irbfk fm sbtgsebhhgøn fma hagmntm Rumobs y rmhabdks

DMFGHGØN, BNÂAGXGX W DMOKZB

Zmbagzbr abs bhtgvgfbfms fm dmfghgøn, dmokrb fmabnâagsgs Xgstmdby fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf

Fmtmrdgnbr ma bvbnhm fm ab rmbagzbhgøn fm ab mvbaubhgøn fm fmsmdpmòk

(N¿ fm mdpambfks mvbaubfks/N¿ tktba fm mdpambfks)*233

(N¿ fm mnhumstbs Fmtmrdgnbr ma pksgtgvbs/N¿ pkrhmntbom fm mnhumstbs sbtgsebhhgøn fm aks rmbagzbfbs)*233 hagmntms Fmtmrdgnbr y `bhmr (N¿ qumobs smiugdgmntk b abs btmnfgfbs ba qumobs y/k hagmntm/N¿ fm rmhabdks fm aks qumobs hagmntms rmigstrbfbs)*233

(N¿ fm bufgtkräbs Fmtmrdgnbr ma Hudpagdgmntk ba rmbagzbfbs/N¿ hudpagdgmntk ba Srkirbdb fm bufgtkräbs Srkirbdb fm  Bufgtkräbs  Bufgtkräbs Gntmrnbs pabngeghbfbs)*233 Gntmrnbs

Hudpagdgmntk ba trbtbdgmntk fm SNH

Fmtmrdgnbr ma hudpagdgmntk b ab gfmntgeghbhgøn y trbtbdgmntk hkrrmhtk fm nk hknekrdgfbfms Fmtmrdgnbr ab

233%

Dmnsuba

Omebturb fm Smrsknba

9=%

Jgdmstrba

Imrmntm fm hkdmrhgbagzbhgøn

0=%

Bnuba

Imrmntm fm hkdmrhgbagzbhgøn

>=3%

Bnuba

Batb Fgrmhhgøn

Xmdmstrba

Imrmntm fm Sabntb

N¿ fm SNH rmpkrtbfks pkr ma = rmpkrtms hagmntm (N¿ fm bhhgknms hkrrmhtgvbs

Meghbhgb fm abs bhhgknms hkrrmhtgvbs

Meghbhgb fm abs bhhgknms prmvmntgvbs

meghbhgb fm abs bhhgknms hkrrmhtgvbs tkdbfbs Fmtmrdgnbr ab meghbhgb fm abs bhhgknms prmvmntgvbs tkdbfbs

meghbhms/N¿ bhhgknms hkrrmhtgvbs tkdbfbs)*233 (N¿ fm bhhgknms prmvmntgvbs meghbhms/N¿ bhhgknms prmvmntgvbs tkdbfbs)*233

03%

Bnuba

Imrmntm fm hkdmrhgbagzbhgøn

03%

Bnuba

Imrmntm fm hkdmrhgbagzbhgøn

5:

 

DBNVMNGDGMNVK

Mvbaubr ab meghbhgb mn ab momhuhgøn fm abs bhtgvgfbfms fm dbntmngdgmntk

HKNVZKA FM AB GNEKZDBHGØN FKH]DMNVBFB

Dbntmnmr ab gnekrdbhgøn fkhudmntbfb fma XIH mn ekrdb krfmnbfb, fgspkngjam, amigjam, badbhmnbfb y brh`gvbfb fmjgfbdmntm pbrb mvgtbr pçrfgfbs fm gnekrdbhgøn

Hudpagdgmntk ba pabn fm Dbntmngdgmntk

Hknsgstmnhgb fm aks fkhudmntks

Meghbhgb mn ma aamnbfk fm rmigstrks

Fmtmrdgnbr ma hudpagdgmntk mn abs tbrmbs fm dbntmngdgmntk

N¿ bhtgvgfbfms momhutbfbs/tktba fm bhtgvgfbfms prkirbdbfbs

Umrgeghbr sg mxgstmn (N¿ fm gnhknsgstmnhgbs gnhknsgstmnhgbs (gnekrdbhgøn nk mnhkntrbfbs mn bhtubagzbfb) mn aks prkhmfgdgmntks, aks fkhudmntks/N¿ iuäbs, gnstruhtgvks tktba fm y ekrdbtks fma fkhudmntks)*233 XIH Umrgeghbr sg ma (N¿ fm rmigstrks rmigstrk fm abs dba aamnbfks/N¿ bhtgvgfbfms sm fm rmigstrks rmbagzbn fm dbnmrb rmvgsbfks)*233 hkrrmhtb

93%

Jgdmstrba

Mnhbribfk fm dbntmngdgmntk, Imrmntm fm Sabntb

73%

Xmdmstrba

Batb Fgrmhhgøn

73%

Jgdmstrba

Batb Fgrmhhgøn

Eumntm? Mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b abs Egh`bs fm Srkhmsk.

58

 

HBSGV]AK 5 FKH]DMNVBHGØN FMA XGXVMDB FM IMXVGØN FM AB A B HBAGFBF

]nb vmz rmbagzbfb ab Sabngeghbhgøn fma Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf, sm aamvø b hbjk ma amvbntbdgmntk y bfmhubhgøn fm ab fkhudmntbhgøn mn ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A., pbrb ak huba sm hkntø hkn ab hkabjkrbhgøn fm tkfk ma pmrsknba fm ab mdprmsb. Ab fkhudmntbhgøn byufb b ab mstbnfbrgzbhgøn y pmrdgtm qum ma pmrsknba fm ab mdprmsb sm iuäm mn ab rmbagzbhgøn fm sus bhtgvgfbfms yb qum mstân fmjgfbdmntm smòbabfbs mn aks prkhmfgdgmntk, iuäbs m gnstruhtgvks hkrrmspknfgmntms. (GXK, :33:) ]nb kribngzbhgøn tgmnm ab eamxgjgagfbf mn ab dbnmrb mn qum magim fkhudmntbr su Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf. Hbfb kribngzbhgøn gnfgvgfuba fmjmräb fmsbrrkaabr ab hbntgfbf fm fkhudmntbhgøn nmhmsbrgb pbrb fmdkstrbr ab meghbhgb fm su pabngeghbhgøn, ab kpmrbhgøn, ma hkntrka y ab dmokrb hkntgnub fm su Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf y fm sus prkhmsks. Ms gdpkrtbntm qum aks rmqugsgtks y ma hkntmngfk fm ab fkhudmntbhgøn tmnibn mn humntb abs nkrdbs fm hbagfbf qum sm prmtmnfmr sbtgsebhmr. Ab nkrdb jbsm pbrb ma fgsmòk fma XIH fm ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A. ms ab nkrdb GXK 7332?:330, pkr ak qum sm tkdø mn humntb aks fkhudmntks bpaghbjams y kjagibtkrgks, qum skn?   Skaätghb y Kjomtgvks fm ab Hbagfbf



  Dbnuba fm Hbagfbf



  Srkhmfgdgmntks fkhudmntbfks kjagibtkrgks?





  Hkntrka fm fkhudmntks



  Hkntrka fm rmigstrks



  Bufgtkräb gntmrnb



  Hkntrka fm prkfuhtk nk hknekrdm



  Bhhgknms hkrrmhtgvbs 56

 



  Bhhgknms prmvmntgvbs

  Srkhmfgdgmntks imnmrbams y mspmhäeghks



  Gnstruhtgvks y iuäbs



  Sabnms



  Zmigstrks



5.2.

MXVZ]HV]ZB FM AB FKH]DMNVBHGØN

Abmstruhturb fm ab fkhudmntbhgøn fm ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A. sm pumfm fmshrgjgr mn ekrdb Omrârqughb. Mstb mstruhturb ebhgagtb ab fgstrgjuhgøn, dbntmngdgmntk y hkdprmnsgøn fm ab fkhudmntbhgøn, vmr Egiurb 5-2.

EGI]ZB 5-2? Mstruhturb fkhudmntba fma XIH, :325.  

DBN]BA FM HBAGFBF SZKHMFGDGMNVKX I]ÄBX, GNXVZ]HVGUKX, SABNMX W MXSMHGEGHBHGKNMX FKH]DMNVKX MPVMZNKX

ZMIGXVZKX

Eumntm? Mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b bpuntms fma hursk Mspmhgbagstb fm XIH NJ-GXK 7332?:32=, GJNKZHB :325.

5.2.2. HBZBHVMZG_BHGØN FM AKX SZKHMXKX Fmntrk fm ab fkhudmntbhgøn mxgstmntm sm fgspknm fm ab Hbrbhtmrgzbhgøn fm aks prkhmsks k Egh`bs fm prkhmsks, qum fmtbaab ab pabngeghbhgøn fm ab rmbagzbhgøn fm 5=

 

hbfb unk fm aks prkhmsks fma Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf, tba hkdk ak mxgim ab nkrdb GXK 7332?:330. Mn ab hbrbhtmrgzbhgøn fm prkhmsks sm fmegnm ma kjomtgvk fma prkhmsk, ma fumòk fma

prkhmsk, aks prkvmmfkrms, abs mntrbfbs, abs sbagfbs, aks hagmntms, ab fkhudmntbhgøn rmabhgknbfb y aks gnfghbfkrms fm fmsmdpmòk, vmr Bnmxk J-:. Sbrb ab rmbagzbhgøn fm ab hbrbhtmrgzbhgøn fm hbfb prkhmsk, sm aamvø b hbjk rmungknms hkn aks fumòks fm hbfb unk fm aks prkhmsks. B hkntgnubhgøn sm dumstrb ma ekrdbtk fm hbrbhtmrgzbhgøn pbrb aks fgemrmntms prkhmsks fm ab mdprmsb, vmr Egiurb 5-:.

EGI]ZB 5-:? Ekrdbtk fm hbrbhtmrgzbhgøn fm prkhmsk, :325. 

Eumntm? Mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b dkfmaks fma Ârmb fm Srkfuhhgøn. 5.2.:. DBN]BA FM AB HBAGFBF Ma dbnuba fm hbagfbf ms un fkhudmntk kjagibtkrgk mxgigfk pkr ab nkrdb NJ-GXK 7332?:330, mstm fkhudmntk ms ÿnghk pbrb hbfb kribngzbhgøn yb qum ms ab säntmsgs fm tkfk ma XIH. 55

 

(GXK, :33:)]n dbnuba fm hbagfbf fmjmräb gnhaugr ma bahbnhm fma XIH, aks fmtbaams y  oustgeghbhgøn b hubaqugmr mxhausgøn, aks prkhmfgdgmntks fkhudmntbfks k rmemrmnhgb fm maaks, y unb fmshrgphgøn fm aks prkhmsks fma XIH y fm sus gntmrbhhgknms. Mn ma bnmxk J-2 sm pumfm mnhkntrbr ma Dbnuba fm Hbagfbf fm ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y

bnmxk J 2 sm pumfm mnhkntrbr ma Dbnuba fm Hbagfbf fm ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A.

5.2.8. SZKHMFGDGMNVKX Ab mstruhturb fm aks prkhmfgdgmntks fkhudmntbfks mn ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A. pksmmn un hkntmngfk dängdk fmshrgtk mn ma Srkhmfgdgmntk fm Mabjkrbhgøn y Hkntrka fm Gnekrdbhgøn Fkhudmntbfb S-XIH-325. Aks prkhmfgdgmntks hkntgmnmn ab gnekrdbhgøn nmhmsbrgb y tgmnmn unb gfmntgeghbhgøn ÿnghb.

EGI]ZB 5-8? Hkntmngfk y ekrdbtk fm prkhmfgdgmntks fkhudmntbfks, :325.  

Eumntm? Mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b Hkntmngfk dängdk fm prkhmfgdgmntks, S-XIH-325. Aks prkhmfgdgmntks fkhudmntbfks pumfmn `bhmr rmemrmnhgb b gnstruhhgknms fm trbjbok qum fmegnmn hkdk sm rmbagzb unb bhtgvgfbf. Aks prkhmfgdgmntks fkhudmntbfks imnmrbadmntm fmshrgjmn bhtgvgfbfms qum hkdpmtmn b eunhgknms 59

 

fgemrmntms, dgmntrbs abs gnstruhhgknms fm trbjbok imnmrbadmntm bpaghbn b tbrmbs fmntrk fm unb eunhgøn. Ab agstb dbmstrb fm gnekrdbhgøn fkhudmntbfb sm mnhumntrb mn ma Bnmxk J-6.

5.2.6. I]ÄBX M GNXVZ] GNXVZ]HVGUKX HVGUKX Aks gnstruhtgvks fgsmòbfks tgmnmn ma dgsdk hkntmngfk qum aks prkhmfgdgmntks fkhudmntbfks hkn ab pbrtghuabrgfbf fm qum skn dâs mspmhäeghks m gnvkauhrbn b unb skab ârmb. Mn ma hbsk fm abs iuäbs skn fkhudmntks duh`k dâs mspmhäeghks fmntrk fm ab mdprmsb, aks hubams fmshrgjmn hkdk rmbagzbr unb tbrmb mn pbrtghuabr, mstks skn dâs usbfks mn aks prkhmsks habvm-kpmrbtgvks hkdk Srkfuhhgøn y Hkntrka fm hbagfbf. Ab mstruhturb fkhudmntba fm ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A. hkntgmnm fks gnstruhtgvks y unb iuäb fmrgvbfks fma prkhmfgdgmntk fm hkntrka fm hbagfbf, tgmnmn mstruhturb fmegngfb m gfmntgeghbhgøn ÿnghb. Ab agstb dbmstrb fm gnekrdbhgøn fkhudmntbfb sm mnhumntrb mn ma Bnmxk J-6.

5.2.=. SABNMX FM HB HBAGFBF AGFBF Aks pabnms fm hbagfbf skn pbrtm fm ab mstruhturb fkhudmntba fm ab mdprmsb, çstbs mstbjamhmn bhtgvgfbfms pabngeghbfbs pbrb akirbr un kjomtgvk, fknfm sm fmegnmn bfmdâs abs bhtgvgfbfms, bhtkrms, rmhursks, pabzks y emh`bs. Aks Sabnms fm hbagfbf fmsbrrkaabfks pbrb ma Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf sm mnhumntrbn mn ma Bnmxk H.

5.2.5. ZMIGXVZKX Srgdmrbdmntm sm fmjm mstbjamhmr ab fgemrmnhgb mntrm un Ekrdbtk (Ekrduabrgk) y un Zmigstrk. ]n ekrdbtk ms un fkhudmntk huyb eunhgøn ms fm smr ma dkfmak fm 50

 

aamnbfk fm fbtks qum sm hknstgtugrân mn un rmigstrk. ]n rmigstrk ms un fkhudmntk qum prmsmntb rmsuatbfks kjtmngfks k prkpkrhgknb mvgfmnhgb fm bhtgvgfbfms rmbagzbfbs.

Aks ekrdbtks tgmnmn unb mstruhturb ÿnghb smiÿn ma kjomtgvk pbrb ma qum eumrkn hrmbfks, mn hubntk ba aamnbfk y hkntrka fm rmigstrks sm `bybn mspmhgeghbfks mn ma Srkhmfgdgmntk fm Mabjkrbhgøn y Hkntrka fm Gnekrdbhgøn Fkhudmntbfb S-XIH-325. Xm rmbagzbrkn ekrdbtks pbrb dbnmobrsm pkr pbpma k fm dbnmrb mamhtrønghb, aks prkhmsks fknfm sm imnmrb gdpkrtbntm hbntgfbf fm gnekrdbhgøn, Srkhmsk fm Srkfuhhgøn, eum fknfm sm hknstruyø ekrduabrgks y unb jbsm fm fbtks aks hubams byufbrân b ab dmokr bhtubagzbhgøn fm ab gnekrdbhgøn imnmrbfb mn ab mdprmsb. Mn ma sgiugmntm hbpätuak fm gdpamdmntbhgøn sm fmshrgjgrâ b dbykr fmtbaam mstb pabtbekrdb rmbagzbfb mn Dghrksket Mxhma. Ab agstb dbmstrb fm rmigstrks sm mnhumntrb mn ma  Bnmxk J-=.

5.:.

FGU]AIBHGØN FM AB FKH]DMNVBHGØN

Vkfb ab fkhudmntbhgøn imnmrbfb eum fgvuaibfb hkn abs pmrsknbs gnvkauhrbfbs. Xm ams mxpaghk abs hbrbhtmrästghbs fm hbfb unk fm aks fkhudmntks, ab ekrdb mn qum fmjmn aamvbrsm b hbjk aks hkntrkams fm aks dgsdks, qum sm `bybn mxpumstks tbdjgçn mn aks Srkhmfgdgmntks fm fkhudmntks y rmigstrks. Ab pkaätghb, dgsgøn, vgsgøn, vbakrms kribngzbhgknbams y aks kjomtgvks fm ab hbagfbf skn skhgbagzbfks fm ktrb dbnmrb, yb qum mstb ms gnekrdbhgøn qum fmjm hknkhmr tkfb ab kribngzbhgøn. Bfmdâs fm `bjmrabs skhgbagzbfk mn unb hbpbhgtbhgøn gnghgba, çstbs sm mnhumntrbn mn abs pâignbs wmj y skhgbams fm ab mdprmsb, bfmdâs fm jbnnmrs fmntrk fm ab kribngzbhgøn hkn ma egn fm qum tkfk ma pmrsknba hknkzhb ab rbzøn fm smr y sm gnvkauhrm hkn aks kjomtgvks b aks qum hkntrgjuym pbrb qum sm hudpabn fm dbnmrb mxgtksb.

57

 

HBSÄV]AK 9 GDSAMDMNVBHGØN FMA XIH

Abs bhtgvgfbfms pabngeghbfbs hkn ma egn fm rmbagzbr ab gdpamdmntbhgøn fma XIH skn abs sgiugmntms?   Gnfuhhgøn b aks gntmirbntms fm ab kribngzbhgøn, hkn ma egegn n fm fbr b hknkhmr aab b nkrdb, hknhmptks fm hbagfbf y aks jmnmeghgks fm hkntbr hkn un Xgstmdb fm



Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf, vmr Hkntmngfk Hbpbhgtbhgøn mn ma Bnmxk H-:.   Mn abs rmungknms hkn aks fumòks fm prkhmsk, sm tkdø hknhgmnhgb irbhgbs b



ab mabjkrbhgøn fm abs Egh`bs fm Hbrbhtmrgzbhgøn fm aks Srkhmsks, ma dmfgk mn huba ma prkhmsk sm fmsmnvumavm, bfmdâs qum sm `bjaø fm ab gdpkrtbnhgb fm rmbagzbr ma smiugdgmntk, dmfghgøn y dmokrb fm hbfb unk fm aks prkhmsks, pkr msk ab imnmrbhgøn fm gnfghbfkrms fm fmsmdpmòk.   Xm mntrmiø ab gnekrdbhgøn fkhudmntbfb rmspmhtgvb b hbfb Ârmb (ekrdbtks,



dbnubams, prkhmfgdgmntks, iuäbs, m gnstruhtgvks).   Xm hknstruyø unb pabtb pabtbekrdb ekrdb fm jbsm fm fbtks hkn ekrduabrgks mn UJB mn



Mxhma, qum ms ma pbqumtm jâsghk hkn ma qum tkfb mdprmsb fmjm hkntbr, mstk hkn ma egn fm dbntmnmr ab gnekrdbhgøn ba fäb y sgdpageghbr ma prkhmsk fm imnmrbhgøn fm rmigstrks. @by qum gnfghbr qum sm imnmrø mspmhäeghbdmntm pbrb ma Srkhmsk fm prkfuhhgøn yb qum ab mdprmsb ba hkntbr hkn vbrgbs aänmbs fm prkfuhhgøn sm mntkrpmhm ab imnmrbhgøn fm gnekrdbhgøn.

9.2.

XMNXGJGAG_BHGØN W HBSBHGVBHGØN

Ab smnsgjgagzbhgøn hkn ma egn fm imnmrbr ma hkdprkdgsk fma pmrsknba ms unb tbrmb fgeähga, pkr ak qum mn prgdmrb gnstbnhgb sm akirø ab tkdb fm hknhgmnhgb y smnsgjgagzbhgøn fm ab Batb Fgrmhhgøn, mn abs rmungknms qum sm aamvbrkn b hbjk sm hknhauyø qum mxgstäb ab nmhmsgfbf fm hkntbr hkn un sgstmdb fm imstgøn.

93

 

Ktrk egn fm abs hbpbhgtbhgknms ms ab fm budmntbr ab hkdpmtmnhgb fma pmrsknba fm bhumrfk b aks rmqumrgdgmntks y ma pmrega fm hbriks mstbjamhgfk, sm rmbagzbrâ unb hkdpbrbhgøn mntrm ma egam fm hbfb mdpambfk y ma Dbnuba fm Hbriks D-XIH-338 y

tmnmr pksgjams tmdbs fm hbpbhgtbhgøn pbrb ab sgiugmntm imstgøn. Mn ma Sabn fm hbpbhgtbhgknms, vmr Bnmxk H-: sm tgmnm abs tmdâtghbs bjkrfbfbs y b bjkrfbrsm hkn ma pmrsknba fm ab mdprmsb pbrb ab prmsmntm imstgøn.

9.:.

HKNXVZ]HHGØN FM AB JBXM FM FBVKX

Ab hknstruhhgøn fm ab jbsm fm fbtks ms unb gnghgbtgvb qum surim bntm ab prkjamdâtghb fm mnhkntrbrsm hkn un sgstmdb jurkhrâtghk, qum ms un gnhknvmngmntm qum tgmnmn duh`bs mdprmsbs, imnmrbr duh`b fkhudmntbhgøn y tbn pkhb gnekrdbhgøn ms un prkjamdb. Ms bsä qum sm rmbagzø ab hknstruhhgøn fm unb jbsm fm fbtks hkn Ekrduabrgks UJB mn Dghrksket Mxhma, yb qum ms un pbqumtm jâsghk qum sm pumfm mnhkntrbr mn hubaqugmr sgstmdb. Xm fgsmòbrkn ekrduabrgks mamhtrønghks pbrb ma Ârmb fm Srkfuhhgøn, sgmnfk qum ab mdprmsb humntb hkn 23 aänmbs fm prkfuhhgøn y dâs fm 93 prkfuhtks, ab gnekrdbhgøn imnmrbfb ms jbstbntm. Aks ekrdbtks pbrb prkfuhhgøn skn :: mn tktba qum vbn fmsfm ab rmhmphgøn fm ab dbtmrgb prgdb `bstb ma mnvbsbfk, vmr hubfrk 9-2.

Vbjab 9-2? Agstb fm Ekrduabrgks mamhtrønghks, :325.  HØFGIK

NKDJZM EKZD]ABZGK

S-XIH-338-E-38

Zmhmphgøn y smamhhgøn fm hbhbk

S-XIH-338-E-36

Vkrrmebhhgøn

S-XIH-338-E-3=

Vrgturbfk

S-XIH-338-E-35

Dkagmnfb

S-XIH-338-E-39

Srmnsbfk 92

 

S-XIH-338-E-30

Zmegnbfk

S-XIH-338-E-37

Dkagfks

S-XIH-338-E-23

H`khkabtm fm tbzb

S-XIH-338-E-22

Dksbghks-hbrbhka

S-XIH-338-E-2:

Egiurbs

S-XIH-338-E-28

Xbjrksk

S-XIH-338-E-2=

Dbniumbfk fm jkdjgtbs fm h`khkabtm

S-XIH-338-E-25

Sabtbngtks-purgtks

S-XIH-338-E-29

Sbsbnlbaab

S-XIH-338-E-20

Mabjkrbhgøn fm irbimbs

S-XIH-338-E-27

Jbòbfk

S-XIH-338-E-:3

Hgibrrgtks

S-XIH-338-E-26

Jkdjknms

S-XIH-338-E-:2

Mnvkaturb dbnuba fm irbimbs

S-XIH-338-E-::

Mnvbsbfk fm irbimbs

S-XIH-338-E-:8

Mnvkaturb fm jkdjgtbs

S-XIH-338-E-:6

Mnvbsbfk fm prkfuhtk tmrdgnbfk

Eumntm? mabjkrbhgøn prkpgb mn jbsm b ab Agstb Dbmstrb fm Zmigstrks. Ab imnmrbhgøn fm mstks ekrduabrgks mamhtrønghks ountk b su jbsm fm fbtks ebhgagtb ab gdpamdmntbhgøn fma Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf, sm pumfm tmnmr ab gnekrdbhgøn bhtubagzbfb hkn dbykr memhtgvgfbf yb qum mvgtbdks ma usk fm ekrduabrgks eäsghks (mn pbpma) aks hubams fmjmn smr gntrkfuhgfks b unb jbsm fm fbtks pbrb rmbagzbr ma smiugdgmntk fm hbfb unk fm aks prkhmsks. Bfmdâs sm hknstruyø irâeghbs fm hkntrka, bsä qum tkfk fbtk gnirmsbfk dmfgbntm mstks ekrduabrgks sm badbhmnb m gndmfgbtbdmntm imnmrb abs irâeghbs fm hkntrka hkrrmspknfgmntms mn tgmdpk bhtuba, vmr Egiurb 9-2.

9:

 

EGI]ZB 9-2? Dumstrb vgstb ekrduabrgk mamhtrønghk, Ârmb fm smamhhgøn fm hbhbk:325.

Eumntm? Mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b Ekrduabrgks mamhtrønghks pbrb Ârmb fm Srkfuhhgøn  ‘  Xmamhhgøn fm hbhbk. 98

 

Mn ab egiurb 9-: sm pumfm kjsmrvbr ma aamnbfk butkdâtghk fm ab Jbsm fm fbtks hkn ab gntrkfuhhgøn fm ab gnekrdbhgøn mn aks ekrduabrgks, Egiurb 9-2, b çstks søak tgmnmn bhhmsk abs pmrsknbs qum fmjmn rmbagzbr su aamnbfk, bfmdâs fma Omem fm

Srkfuhhgøn y ma Imrmntm fm Sabntb.

EGI]ZB 9-:? Dumstrb vgstb Jbsm fm fbtks y Hubfrk fm Hkntrka fm gnfghbfkrms,  Ârmb fm smamhhgøn fm hbhbk :325.

Eumntm? Mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b Ekrduabrgks mamhtrønghks y Jbsm fm fbtks pbrb Ârmb fm Srkfuhhgøn ‘ Xmamhhgøn fm hbhbk. Mn ma momdpak tmnmdks ma ârmb fm rmhmphgøn y smamhhgøn fm pmpb fm hbhbk, fknfm unb hbrbhtmrästghb b ab huba sm fmjm rmbagzbr smiugdgmntk ms ma tgpk fm pmpb fm hbhbk (`äjrgfk, hrgkaak y dgx) y ma pkrhmntbom fm gdpurmzbs qum hkntgmnm (pgmfrbs, 96

 

pbobs, ktrks) ma aktm rmhmphgknbfk. Mn ab irâeghb fm hkntrka, Egiurb 9-8, pkfmdks vmr ma hkntrka fm ab hbntgfbf pkr tgpk fm pmpb qum sm `b mstbfk rmhmphgknbnfk b ab emh`b vgstk hkdk pkrhmntbom fma tktba bprkvgsgknbfk.

EGI]ZB 9-8? Dumstrb vgstb Hubfrk fm Hkntrka fm gnfghbfkrms, Ârmb fm smamhhgøn fm hbhbk :325.

Eumntm? Mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b Ekrduabrgks mamhtrønghks y Jbsm fm fbtks pbrb Ârmb fm Srkfuhhgøn ‘ Xmamhhgøn fm hbhbk.

9.8.

DMFGHGØN W BNÂAGXGX FM AB XBVGXEBHHGØN FMA HAGMNVM

Sbrb hknkhmr ab pmrhmphgøn y bhmptbhgøn fma hagmntm mn ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A., sm dgfm ma irbfk fm sbtgsebhhgøn fma hagmntm rmspmhtk ba prkfuhtk fm bhumrfk b ab `mrrbdgmntb bpaghbfb qum ms ab Mnhumstb fm Xbtgsebhhgøn fma Hagmntm. Sbrb rmbagzbr ab mnhumstb fm sbtgsebhhgøn fma hagmntm sm sgiugø ma Srkhmfgdgmntk fm Xbtgsebhhgøn fma Hagmntm S-XIH-323, fknfm mstbjamhm fmsfm ma hâahuak fm ab dumstrb `bstb ma ekrdbtk fm mnhumstb b bpaghbrsm. 9=

 

Skr egnms prâhtghks nk sm pumfm dkstrbr ma bnâagsgs fm fbtks, smiugdgmntk y dmfghgøn fm hbfb unk fm aks prkhmsks fma XIH fm ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A., ms bsä qum b hkntgnubhgøn sm dumstrb ab dmfghgøn y bnâagsgs

pbrb mstm prkhmsk.

9.8.2. BNÂAGXGX FM FBVKX XBVGXEBHH XBVGXEBHHGØN GØN FMA HAGMNVM Srgdmrbdmntm sm rmbagzø ma hâahuak fma tbdbòk fm ab dumstrb qum skn fm :89 pmrsknbs hagmntms fm ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A., mstbs mnhumstbs sm abs rmbagzø b aks hagmntms mn abs tgmnfbs/bimnhgbs qum pksmm ab mdprmsb mn ab hgufbf fm Ab Sbz qum skn trms? Bimnhgb hbaam Imnbrk Xbnognçs,  Bimnhgb hbaam Bdçrghb y Bimnhgb fm Hbabhktk. Ma ekrdbtk fm ab mnhumstb sm mnhumntrb bnmxbfb mn ma prkhmfgdgmntk fm Xbtgsebhhgøn ba Hagmntm, mstb humntb hkn 7 prmiuntbs fknfm msmnhgbadmntm sm trbtb fm sbjmr ma irbfk fm sbtgsebhhgøn rmspmhtk b abs hbrbhtmrästghbs fm aks prkfuhtks y fm dbnmrb imnmrba, bfmdâs fm smr un dmfgk fm mxprmsgøn fma hagmntm hkn suimrmnhgbs, fufbs k qumobs. Fm ab dumstrb ma 55% mrbn duomrms, dbykrdmntm hkdprmnfgfks fm 25 b 6= bòks. Ab bimnhgb fknfm sm rmbagzø ab dbykr hbntgfbf fm mnhumstbs eum mn ab Bimnhgb Imnbrk Xbnognçs qum ms ab Hmntrba fm ab mdprmsb. Ab mnhumstb dkstrø qum aks hagmntms fm ab mdprmsb mn su dbykräb aamvbn hknsudgmnfk sus prkfuhtks dâs fm :3 bòks, hagmntms egmams fmspuçs fm tbntks bòks fm gnhursgøn mn ma dmrhbfk pbhmòk prgnhgpbadmntm, vmr Egiurb 9-6.mstk dumstrb qum b aks hagmntms fm ab mdprmsb sm `bn dbntmngfk egmams furbntm fçhbfbs irbhgbs b prkfuhtks fgemrmnhgbfks hkdk ma Jmsk fm nmirk prgnhgpbadmntm. Mn ab Egiurb 9-6 sm dumstrb habrbdmntm qum ab dgtbf fm aks mnhumstbfks hknsudm aks prkfuhtks dâs fm :3 bòks.

95

 

EGI]ZB 9-6? Bntgiñmfbf fma hagmntm Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A., :325.

VGMDSK FM HKNX]DK FM AKX SZKF]HVKX =% 28% 28% 6=% :6%

DMNKX FM 2 BÒK DBX FM 23 BÒKX NX/NZ

DMNKX FM = BÒKX DBX FM :3 BÒKX

Eumntm? Mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b mnhumstb fm sbtgsebhhgøn fma hagmntm.   Mn hubntk b ab gdbimn qum aks hagmntms tgmnmn fm ab mdprmsb, ab dbykräb hrmm qum ms unb mdprmsb trbfghgknba, qum dbntgmnm ab hbagfbf y vbrgmfbf fm sus prkfuhtks, vmr Egiurb 9-=.

EGI]ZB 9-=? Gdbimn mdprmsbrgba Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr, :325. 

GDBIMN FM AB MDSZMXB 2% 2:% 26% 98%

MDS MD SZMX MXB B VZ VZBFG FGH HGK GKN NBA

MDS MD SZMX MXB B GN GNNKU KUB BFK FKZ ZB

MDSZ MD SZMX MXB B R]M R]M NK HB HBDJ DJGB GB

KVZK KV ZKXX

Eumntm? Mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b mnhumstb fm sbtgsebhhgøn fma hagmntm.   99

 

Ma hagmntm dbngemstø ma irbfk fm sbtgsebhhgøn fm dbnmrb imnmrba hkn aks prkfuhtks y btmnhgøn fm abs bimnhgbs, ma huba bshgmnfm ba 03%.

EGI]ZB 9-5? Irbfk fm sbtgsebhhgøn fma hagmntm Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms

Hønfkr, :325.

Eumntm? Mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b mnhumstb fm sbtgsebhhgøn fma hagmntm.    Bquä fmjmdks fmjmdk s `bhmr unb pbu pbusb, sb, mn aks kjomtgvks fm ab hbagfbf tmn tmnmdks mdks unb dmtb fm hknsmiugr un 9=% fm rmspumstbs pksgtgvbs mn abs mnhumstbs fm sbtgsebhhgøn fma hagmntm, ab huba  Bfmdâs sm gnhauymrkn prmiuntbs qum byufbn b fmegngr ma irbfk fm sbtgsebhhgøn fm dbnmrb mspmhäeghb, pkr hbrbhtmrästghbs fma prkfuhtk, hkn ab egnbagfbf fm hkdprmnfmr fm dmokr dbnmrb b aks hagmntms, vmr Egiurb 9-9. Smrk b fgemrmnhgb fm ab sbtgsebhhgøn fm dbnmrb imnmrba `by bspmhtks hkdk ma prmhgk, hbntgfbf y prmsmntbhgøn qum mstân pkr fmjbok fma aädgtm pmrdgsgjam fm sbtgsebhhgøn fma hagmntm pkr ak huba fmjm mstbjamhmrsm un pabn fm dmokrb. Abs hbrbhtmrästghbs bprmhgbfbs y qum aks hagmntms gnfghbn hkdk hbrbhtmrästghbs qum sm dbntgmnmn skn ma sbjkr fma h`khkabtm, ab hkdjgnbhgøn fm sbjkrms mn aks 90

 

fgstgntks prkfuhtks y unb hbrbhtmrästghb fmegngfb hkdk hbagfbf pkr ma 28% fm aks mnhumstbfks.

EGI]ZB 9-9? Irbfk fm sbtgsebhhgøn pkr hbrbhtmrästghbs fma prkfuhtk Eâjrghb fm

H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr, :325.

IZBFK FM XBVGXEBHHGØN ZMXSMHVK B ABX HBZBHVMZÄXVGHBX FM AKX SZKF]HVKX 233 73 03 93 53 =3 63 83 :3 23 3

    )    %     (    N     Ø    G    H    H    B    E    X    G    V    B    X    M    F    K    F    B    Z    I

A.G. 9=%

\UBAKZT %

\UBAKZT %

\UBAKZT %

\UBAKZT %

0:%

SZMHGK

HBNVGFBF

XBJKZ

SZMXMNVBHGØN

KVZKX

HBZBHVMZÄXVGHBX FMA SZKF]HVK

Eumntm? Mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b mnhumstb fm sbtgsebhhgøn fma hagmntm.   Xm tkdb mn humntb bfghgknbadmntm abs suimrmnhgbs, fufbs y qumobs qum aks hagmntms mxprmsbrkn b trbvçs fm ab mnhumstb. W hkn tkfb msb gnekrdbhgøn sm mstbjamhmn aks pabnms fm dmokrb hkn abs bhhgknms b rmbagzbrsm pbrb akirbr aks kjomtgvks prkpumstks.

9.8.:. SABNMX FM BHHGØN XBVGXEBHHGØN FMA HAGMNVM HAGMNVM Abs hbrbhtmrästghbs dâs gdpkrtbntms pbrb aks kjomtgvks fma XIH ms ab hknekrdgfbf rmspmhtk ba prmhgk fma prkfuhtk, çstm ms un tmdb gdpkrtbntm yb qum aks prkfuhtks fm ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr tgmnm un dmrhbfk kjomtgvk fm habsm dmfgb jbob b dmfgb batb. Ab Batb Fgrmhhgøn sm prmkhupb pkr ab hbpbhgfbf fm bfqugsghgøn fm prkfuhtks fm tkfks sus hagmntms, pkr ak huba mn ab pksgjam gnhbpbhgfbf fm rmfuhhgøn fm hkstks mn ma ârmb fm prkfuhhgøn k hkstks fm 97

 

hkdmrhgbagzbhgøn, sm pksmm unb mstrbtmigb fm prmhgk fma prkfuhtk mn jbsm b prkdkhgknms k hkdprbs ba pkr dbykr, qum pumfm fm dbnmrb gdpkrtbntm budmntbr ma irbfk fm sbtgsebhhgøn fm aks hagmntms rmspmhtk ba prmhgk fm aks fgstgntks

prkfuhtks, vmr Vbjab 9-:.

VBJAB 9-:? Sabn fm bhhgøn Mnhumstbs fm Xbtgsebhhgøn fma Hagmntm, :325. BHVGUGFBFMX  Bnâagsgs fm hkstks fm prkfuhhgøn, badbhmnbom y hkdmrhgbagzbhgøn.  Bhtubagzbhgøn fm ab pabtbekrdb wmj.

EMH@B

ZMH]ZXKX

@bstb

Gnekrdbhgøn

83/37/:325

nmhmsbrgb

@bstb

 Bhhmsk b ab

83/37/:325

pâignb wmj

ZMXSKNXBJAM

Imrmntm fm Sabntb

Omem fm ZZ@@

 Bhhmsk b ab Imstgøn pbrb ab bhtubagzbhgøn fm ab pâignb fm Ebhmjkkl.

Fm dbnmrb pmrdbnmntm

Humntm fm Ebhmjkkl

Imrmntm fm hkdmrhgbagzbhgøn

Zmvgsgøn y dmokrb fm abs mstrbtmigbs fm Dbrlmtgni Dgx?   Zmvgsgøn fma gnekrdm fm

Mqugpks

hkstks pbrb boustms mn ma

bufgkvgsubams,

prmhgk y vmr ab

2=/23/:325

gdpamdmntbhgøn fm pksgjams prkdkhgknms.

Gnekrdm fm

Imrmntm fm hkdmrhgbagzbhgøn

hkstks fm prkfuhhgøn

Srmsmntbhgøn fm prkpumstbs fm dmokrb mn ma fgsmòk fm aks mdpbqums y mtgqumtbs fm aks

83/23/:325

Mqugpks

Imrmntm fm

bufgkvgsubams

hkdmrhgbagzbhgøn

prkfuhtks kermhgfks.

03

 

Mvbaubr ab hknekrdgfbf hkn

Mqugpks

ma pmsk/hkntmngfk fma prkfuhtk, fmsbrrkaabr

2=/23/:325

bufgkvgsubams,

Imrmntm fm

Gnekrdm fm

hkdmrhgbagzbhgøn y

mstrbtmigbs pbrb aks

hkstks fm

prkfuhtks.

prkfuhhgøn

Mstufgbr ma vkaudmn fm vmntbs pkr suhursba, mvbaubr ab ebhtgjgagfbf fm bjrgr

2=/23/:325

Imrmntm fm Sabntb

Mqugpks

Imrmntm fm

bufgkvgsubams

hkdmrhgbagzbhgøn

bimnhgbs mn ktrbs zknbs. Mvbaubr ab ebhtgjgagfbf fm

Mqugpks

bdpagbr ma dmrhbfk b ngvma nbhgknba, rmbagzbr mstufgks fm hkstks fm fgstrgjuhgøn y

83/23/:325

hkdmrhgbagzbhgøn pkr fmpbrtbdmntk.

bufgkvgsubams,

Imrmntm fm

Gnekrdm fm

hkdmrhgbagzbhgøn y

hkstks fm

Imrmntm fm Sabntb

prkfuhhgøn

m nhumstb fm sbtgsebhhgøn fma hagmntm. Eumntm? Mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b bnâagsgs fm mnhumstb Zmspmhtk ba irbfk fm sbtgsebhhgøn imnmrba sm tgmnm un 03% fm bhmptbhgøn pksgtgvb fm aks prkfuhtks fm dbnmrb imnmrba. Ma huba ms dbykr ba aädgtm gnemrgkr fm 9=%, pmrk sg qumrmdks `bjabr fm dmokrb hkntänub fmjmdks mamvbr hbfb imstgøn abs dmtbs, bsä qum mstb nk ms unb tbrmb tmrdgnbfb y sm fmjm trbjbobr dâs mn tmdbs fm fgstrgjuhgøn fma prkfuhtk y ab prmsmntbhgøn (mnvbsm y mdpbqum) fm aks prkfuhtks.

9.6.

MUBA]BHGØN FM H]DSAGDGMNVK FMA XIH

Xm rmbagzø ab mvbaubhgøn ba egnbagzbr ma prkymhtk pbrb sbjmr ma irbfk fm hudpagdgmntk fma Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf, utgagzbnfk ab `mrrbdgmntb H`mhl Agst fmshrgtk mn ma hbpätuak 6 pbrb ma Fgbinøstghk Gnghgba. Hbjm rmhbahbr qum 02

 

ma kjomtgvk prgnhgpba nk ms unb hmrtgeghbhgøn gndmfgbtb, sgnk ma imnmrbr ab huaturb fm smiugr aks agnmbdgmntks fm un Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn hkn ma mnekqum fm prkhmsks, ba hagmntm y b abs pbrtms gntmrmsbfbs.

Ma hudpagdgmntk imnmrba fma Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf fm ab Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Ma Hønfkr X.Z.A. ms fma 96%, Umr Egiurb 9-0., fknfm?   Ma puntk 6. Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf tgmnm tgmnm un 73% fm hudpagdgmntk fm ab nkrdb.



  Ma puntk =. Zmspknsbjgagfbf fm ab fgrmhhgøn un 9:% fm hudpagdgmntk



  Suntk 5. Imstgøn fm aks rmhursks un 93%.



  Suntk 9. Zmbagzbhgøn fma prkfuhtk un 9:% fm hudpagdgmntk



  Suntk 0. Dmfghgøn, bnâagsgs y dmokrb un 55% fm hudpagdgmntk.



EGI]ZB 9-0? Zmsuatbfks Mvbaubhgøn fma XIH Eâjrghb fm H`khkabtms y Fuahms Hønfkr X.Z.A., :325.  Z M X ] A VBF VBF K X F M A B M UBA ] BH G K KN N E G N BA 233%

73% 73%    K    V    N    M    G    D    G    A    S    D    ]    H    M    F    M    O    B    V    N    M    H    Z    K    S

03%

9:%

9:%

93%

55%

93% 53% =3% 63% 83% :3% 23% 3% XGXVMDB FM IMXVGØN FM AB HBAGFBF

ZMXSKNXBJGAGFBF FM AB FGZMHHGKN

IMXVGØN FM AKX ZMH]ZXKX

ZMBAG_BHGØN FMA DMFGHGØN, BNÂAGXGX SZKF]HVK W DMOKZB

SBZBDMVZKX SBZB DMVZKX GXK 77332?:330 332?:330

Eumntm? mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b rmsuatbfks prkpkrhgknbfks pkr ab Mvbaubhgøn egnba.

0:

 

9.6.2. XGXVMDB FM IMXVGKN FM AB HBAGFBF Ab mdprmsb kjtuvk hkdk rmsuatbfk un 73% fm hudpagdgmntk, Umr Egiurb 9-7.

EGI]ZB 9-7? Zmsuatbfks fma Mvbaubhgøn egnba rmqugsgtk 6 (Xgstmdb fm Imstgøn fm ab Hbagfbf), :325. 

6. XGXVMDB FM IMXVGØN FM AB HBAGFBF 233%

03%

233%

ZMR]GXGVKX IM IMNMZBAMX 6.2

ZMR]GXGVKX FM FM AB AB FK FKH]DMNVBHGØN 6.:

03% 53% 63% :3% 3%

Eumntm? mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b rmsuatbfks prkpkrhgknbfks pkr ab Mvbaubhgøn egnba. Kjtuvk un 03% fm hudpagdgmntk hkn aks rmqugsgtks imnmrbams yb qum tgmnm fmegngfk ma bahbnhm fma XIH,abs egh`bs fm hbrbhtmrgzbhgøn fm prkhmsks y ma Dbhrk prkhmsk. Mn hubntk b rmqugsgtks fm ab fkhudmntbhgøn sm tgmnm un 233% fm hudpagdgmntk, sm tgmnm fmegngfk abs pkaätghbs y ma dbnuba fm ab hbagfbf, sm humntb tbdjgçn hkn un prkhmfgdgmntk fm mabjkrbhgøn y rmvgsgøn fm fkhudmntks.

9.6.:. ZMXSKNXBJGAGFBF F FM M AB FGZMHHGØN Ab mdprmsb kjtuvk hkdk rmsuatbfk un 9:% fm hudpagdgmntk, Umr Egiurb 9-23.

08

 

EGI]ZB 9-23? Zmsuatbfks fma Mvbaubhgøn egnba rmqugsgtk = (Zmspknsbjgagfbf fm ab Fgrmhhgøn), :325.

=. ZMXSKNXBJGAGFBF FM AB FGZMHHGØN 233%

03%

03%

98%

03%

5=%

53%

53% 63% :3% 3% MNEK MN EKR] R]MM BA HAGM HAGMNV NVMSKAÄ MSKAÄVG VGHB HB FM FM HBAGF HBAGFBF BF

=.:

SABN SA BNGEG GEGHB HBHG HGØN ØN

ZMXS ZM XSKNX KNXBJG BJGAG AGFB FBF, F, B]VKZGFBF W HKD]NGHBHGØN

ZMUGXGØN SKZ AB FGZMHHGØN

=.6

=.=

=.5

=.8

Eumntm? mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b rmsuatbfks prkpkrhgknbfks pkr ab Mvbaubhgøn egnba. Xm kjtuvk un 03% mn mnekqum ba hagmntm yb qum sm fmegngø b aks hagmntms bfmdâs fm tkfbs abs pbrtms gntmrmsbfbs, sm mstbjamhgmrkn sus nmhmsgfbfms y mxpmhtbtgvbs fm bhumrfk b ab hbtmikräb qum pmrtmnmhäb. Mn pkaätghb fm hbagfbf sm tgmnm un 03% fm hudpagdgmntk yb qum sm fmegngø ab pkaätghb fm hbagfbf fm bhumrfk ba hkntmxtk fm ab kribngzbhgøn y sm fgeunfgø fmntrk fm ab dgsdb. Mn pabngeghbhgøn un 5=% fm hudpagdgmntk yb sm ekrduabrkn aks kjomtgvks fm hbagfbf fm bhumrfk b ab pkaätghb pmrk nk sm tgmnm unb pabngeghbhgøn fm hbdjgks. ]n 98% mn rmspknsbjgagfbf, butkrgfbf y hkdunghbhgøn. Xm bhtubagzø ma kribngirbdb y dbnuba fm eunhgknms y mxgstm un tbjamrk pbrb ab hkdunghbhgøn gntmrnb.

06

 

]n 53% mn rmvgsgøn pkr ab fgrmhhgøn, yb qum sm tgmnmn rmungknms pmrgøfghbs fknfm sm rmbagzbn ab rmvgsgknms y abs pabsdbn mn bhtbs.

9.6.8. IMXVGKN FM AKX ZMH]Z ZMH]ZXKX XKX Ab mdprmsb kjtuvk hkdk rmsuatbfk un 93% fm hudpagdgmntk, Umr Egiurb 9-22.

EGI]ZB 9-22? Zmsuatbfks fma Mvbaubhgøn Egnba rmqugsgtk 5 (Imstgøn fm rmhursks), :325. 

5. IMXVGØN FM AKX ZMH]ZXKX 233%

03% 03%

93%

93%

SZKUGXGØN FM ZMH]ZXKX

ZMH]ZXKX @]DBNKX

GNEZ GN EZB BMXVZ VZ]H ]HV] V]ZB ZB

BDJ DJGM GMN NVM FM VZBJBOK

5.2

5.:

5.8

5.6

53% 53% 63% :3% 3%

Eumntm? mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b rmsuatbfks prkpkrhgknbfks pkr ab Mvbaubhgøn egnba. Mn prkvgsgøn fm rmhursks sm tgmnm un 53% fm hudpagdgmntk yb qum sm rmbagzø ma prmsupumstk prkpumstb pbrb ab gdpamdmntbhgøn fma XIH, vmr hbpätuak 7. Mn rmhursks `udbnks un 93% fm hudpagdgmntk yb qum sm humntb hkn dbnuba fm eunhgknms y hbriks. Xm rmbagzbn gnfuhhgknms nmhmsbrgbs, bfmdâs qum humntbn hkn egams fm aks mdpambfks fm ab kribngzbhgøn. Mn gnerbmstruhturb un 93% fm hudpagdgmntk? sm humntb hkn un agstbfk fm dbqugnbrgb y mqugpks bfmdâs fm sus egh`bs tçhnghbs. Xm hknstruyø un prkirbdb fm dbntmngdgmntk prmvmntgvk mn ab pabntb. 0=

 

Mn bdjgmntm fm trbjbok un 03% fm hudpagdgmntk, sm tgmnm fmegngfk un pabn fm rgmsik y hkntgnimnhgbs pbrb ab pabntb, y abs hknfghgknms fm bsmk m `gigmnm skn hkntrkabfbs.

9.6.6. ZMBAG_BHGØN FMA SZKF]HVK Ab mdprmsb kjtuvk hkdk rmsuatbfk un 9:% fm hudpagdgmntk, Umr Egiurb 9-2:.

EGI]ZB 9-2:? Zmsuatbfks fma Mvbaubhgøn Egnba rmqugsgtk 9 (Zmbagzbhgøn fma prkfuhtk), :325. 

9. ZMBAG_BHGØN FMA SZKF]HVK 233%

03%

09%

03%

50%

98% 53%

56%

53% 63% :3% 3% SABNGEGHBHGØN SZKHMXKX FGXMÒK W FM AB ZMABHGKNBFKX FMXBZZKAAK ZMBAG_BHGØN HKN MA HAGMNVM FMA SZKF]HVK 9.2

9.:

9.8

HKDS HK DSZB ZBXX

9.6

SZKF]H SZKF ]HHG HGØN ØN W HKNVZKA FM SZMXVBHGØN AKX MR]GSKX FMA XMZUGHGK FM XMI]GDGMNVK W DMFGHGØN 9.=

9.5

Eumntm? mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b rmsuatbfks prkpkrhgknbfks pkr ab Mvbaubhgøn egnba. Mn ma rmqugsgtk pabngeghbhgøn fm ab rmbagzbhgøn fma prkfuhtk sm humntb hkn un 03% fm hudpagdgmntk? fmspuçs fm ab fmtmrdgnbhgøn fm aks rmqugsgtks fma hagmntm sm `b fmsbrrkaabfk ma Sabn fm Xmiugdgmntk fma XIH. Xm tgmnm un 09% fm hudpagdgmntk mn ma bpbrtbfk 9.: prkhmsks rmabhgknbfks hkn ma hagmntm? sm humntb hkn ma Srkhmfgdgmntk fm Hkdmrhgbagzbhgøn y fm suimrmnhgbs y rmhabdks.

05

 

Xm tgmnm 50% mn fgsmòk y fmsbrrkaak, nk sm humntb pkr mshrgtk hkn un pabn fm fgsmòk y fmsbrrkaak pmrk sm `bhm usk fm rmigstrks qum byufbn ba hkntrka fma prkhmsk fm fgsmòk y fmsbrrkaak, y sm hknkhm ma prkhmfgdgmntk.

Mn ma 9.6 Hkdprbs sm tgmnm un 53% fm hudpagdgmntk, sm tgmnm mstbjamhgfb ab dmtkfkakiäb fm rmigstrk y mvbaubhgøn fm prkvmmfkrms. Sbrb ma 9.= Srkfuhhgøn y prmstbhgøn fma smrvghgk sm tgmnm 56% fm hudpagdgmntk? sm tgmnm aks gnstruhtgvks fm trbjbok nmhmsbrgks, sm tgmnm ma dçtkfk fm gfmntgeghbhgøn y trbzbjgagfbf pbrb aks prkfuhtks prgnhgpbams. Mn hkntrka fm aks mqugpks fm smiugdgmntk y dmfghgøn sm tgmnm un 98% fm hudpagdgmntk, fknfm çstks sm mnhumntrbn gfmntgeghbfks y sm tgmnm fmshrgtk su prkhmfgdgmntk fm hbagjrbhgøn, bfmdâs fm hkntbr hkn ma Srkirbdb.

9.6.=. DMFGHGØN, B BNÂAGXGX NÂAGXGX W DMOKZB Ab mdprmsb kjtuvk hkdk rmsuatbfk un 55% fm hudpagdgmntk, Umr Egiurb 9-28.  Bpbrtbfk 0.: Xmiugdgmntk y dmfghgøn sm humntb hkn un 9=% fm hudpagdgmntk? mxgstm un prkhmfgdgmntk fm bufgtkräbs gntmrnbs, sm tgmnm ma Srkirbdb fm bufgtkräbs y sm rmbagzø ma fgsmòk m gdpamdmntbhgøn fm mnhumstbs fm sbtgsebhhgøn fma hagmntm. Mn hkntrka fma prkfuhtk nk hknekrdm sm tgmnm giuba un 5=% fm hudpagdgmntk fknfm mxgstm un prkhmfgdgmntk fm bhhgøn mn hbsk fm fmtmhhgøn fm prkfuhtk nk hknekrdm ba giuba qum su gfmntgeghbhgøn. Mn dmokrb sm tgmnm un 5=% fm hudpagdgmntk, mxgstmn prkhmfgdgmntks fm bhhgknms prmvmntgvbs y hkrrmhtgvbs. Smrk nk sm humntb hkn un pabn fm dmokrbdgmntk.

09

 

EGI]ZB 9-28? Zmsuatbfks fm ab Mvbaubhgøn Egnba rmqugsgtk 0 (Dmfghgøn, bnâagsgs y dmokrb), :325. 

0. DMFGHGØN, BNÂAGXGX W DMOKZB 233% 03%

9=% 5=%

53%

5=%

53% 63% :3% 3% XMI]GDGMNVK W DMFGHGØN

HKNVZKA FMA SZKF]HVK NK HKNEKZDM

BNÂAGXGX FM FBVKX

DMOKZB

0.:

0.8

0.6

0.=

Eumntm? mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b rmsuatbfks prkpkrhgknbfks pkr ab fgbinøstghk gnghgba. 9.=.

HKNHA]XGKNMX IMNMZBAMX

Mn hubntk ba XIH mn iakjba sm pufk fmtmrdgnbr su irbfk fm hudpagdgmntk qum ms fma 96%, vmr tbjab 9-8, irbhgbs b qum sm egnbagzø hkn tkfk ma prkhmsk fm fgsmòk, sm tgmnm gdpamdmntbfk un =3% fm ab fkhudmntbhgøn hkn imnmrbhgøn fm rmigstrks pmrk nk sm `b akirbfk aamibr b abs bufgtkräbs. 

VBJAB 9-8? Vbjab rmsudmn mvbaubhgøn XIH, :325. :325 . N]DMZBA

ZMR]GXGVKX FMA XGXVMDB FM IMXVGØN FM HBAGFBF

SKZHMNVBOM FM H]DSAGDGMNVK

6 6.2 6.:

XGXVMDB FM IMXVGØN FM AB HBAGFBF ZMR]GXGVKX IMNMZBAMX ZMR]GXGVKX FM AB FKH]DMNVBHGØN

73% 03% 233%

= =.: =.8 =.6 =.=

ZMXSKNXBJGAGFBF FM AB FGZMHHGKN MNEKR]M BA HAGMNVM SKAÄVGHB FM HBAGFBF SABNGEGHBHGØN ZMXSKNXBJ ZMXSKNXBJGAGFBF, GAGFBF, B]VKZGFBF W HKD]NGHBHGØN

9:% 03% 03% 5=% 98%

00

 

=.5

ZMUGXGØN SKZ AB FGZMHHGØN

53%

5 5.2 5.:

IMXVGØN FM AKX ZMH]ZXKX SZKUGXGØN FM ZMH]ZXKX ZMH]ZXKX @]DBNKX

93% 53% 93%

5.8 5.6

GNEZBMXVZ] GNEZBMXVZ]HV]ZB HV]ZB BDJGMNV BDJGMNVM M FM VZBJBOK

93% 03%

9 9.2 9.: 9.8 9.6 9.= 9.5

ZMBAG_BHGØN FMA SZKF]HVK SABNGEGHBHGØN FM AB ZMBAG_BHGØN FMA SZKF]HVK SZKHMXKX ZMABHGKNBFKX HKN MA HAGMNVM FGXMÒK W FMXBZZKAAK HKDSZBX SZKF]HHGØN W SZMXVBHGØN FMA XMZUGHGK HKNVZKA FM AKX MR]GSKX FM XMI]GDGMNVK XMI]GDGMNVK W DMFGHGØN

9:% 03% 09% 50% 53% 56% 98%

0 0.: 0.8 0.6 0.=

DMFGHGØN, BNÂAGXGX W DMOKZB XMI]GDGM XMI]GDGMNVK NVK W DMFGHGØN HKNVZKA FMA SZKF]HVK NK HKNEKZDM BNÂAGXGX FM FBVKX DMOKZB

55% 9=% 5=% 53% 5=%

SZKDMFGK

96%

Eumntm? mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b rmsuatbfks prkpkrhgknbfks pkr ab Mvbaubhgøn egnba. 9.5.

B]FGVKZÄBX GNVMZNBX

Xm fmsbrrkaaø ma Srkirbdb fm bufgtkräbs y un Sabn fm bufgtkräb qum smrvgrâ hkdk jbsm mn ab rmbagzbhgøn fm bufgtkräbs mn un euturk. Nk sm aamiø b rmbagzbr ab bufgtkräb yb qum sm nmhmsgtb `bjmr gdpamdmntbfk tkfb ab gnekrdbhgøn fkhudmntbfb, bfmdâs fm `bjmrsm imnmrbfk mvgfmnhgbs fm pkr ak dmnks trms dmsms.

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HBSÄV]AK 0 MUBA]BHGØN MHKNØDGHB

Sbrb pkfmr `bjabr fm ab ebhtgjgagfbf mhknødghb fm ab rmbagzbhgøn fma prmsmntm prkymhtk, sm tgmnm qum bnbagzbr ab rmabhgøn mntrm ab hbagfbf y hkdk mstb bemhtb b ab utgagfbf fm ab mdprmsb. Mn ab tbjab 0-2 sm pumfmn vmr baiunks momdpaks fm hødk bemhtb ab hbagfbf b aks gnirmsks y mirmsks fm ab hkdpbòb.

VBJAB 0-2? Memhtks fm ab hbagfbf mn aks gnirmsks y mirmsks fm ab mdprmsb. GNIZMXKX

MIZMXKX   Zmfuhhgøn mn ma hkstk fm

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  Dâs hagmntms

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prkfuhhgøn

  Egfmagfbf fm aks hagmntms

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  Zmfuhhgøn mn ma hkstk fm

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  Dbykrms vmntbs

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J]MNB

  Hkntgnugfbf

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fm

aks

gnspmhhgøn   Fgsdgnuhgøn

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HBAGFBF

nmikhgks   Umntbobs hkdpmtgtgvbs y

fmvkauhgknms

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fm

abs

y

aks

fmshumntks pkr vmntbs pkr

hkdpbrbtgvbs

dbab hbagfbf

  Dbykr dbrimn fm utgagfbf

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  Hrmhgdgmntk fm dmrhbfk

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  Sçrfgfb fm nmikhgks

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  Hkstk fm fmspmrfghgks y

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rmprkhmsks

  Sçrfgfb fm hagmntms

HBAGFBF

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FMEGHGMNVM

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  Hkstk fm rmhabsge rmhabsgeghbhgøn ghbhgøn

  Sçrfgfb fma dmrhbfk

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  Duatbs pkr fmdkrbs k

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  Hkstk pkr fmvkauhgknms

rmpksghgknms

Eumntm? Mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b brtähuak ‑Bfdgngstrbhgøn fm aks hkstks fm hbagfbf—, butkr Âavbrk Smrfkdk Juriks. Mn ma sgstmdb fm hbagfbf sm pumfm `bjabr fm fks irupks prgnhgpbams fm hkstks?   Hkstks fm ab hbagfbf.

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  Hkstks fm ab nk hbagfbf, vmr Egiurb 0-2.

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EGI]ZB 0-2? Imstgøn fm ab hbagfbf y ab eunhgøn egnbnhgmrb.

HKXVKX FM SZMUMNHGKN GNUMZXGKN MN MA XGXVMDB FM IMXVGKN FM AB HBAGFBF

HKXVKX FM AB HBAGFBF HKXVKX FM FMVMHHGKN W MUBA]BHGKN

ZMABHGØN JMNMEGHGK HKXVK/ DMFGHGØN FMA ZMNFGDGMNVK XKJZM AB GNUMZXGKN

DMFGHGKN FMA XGXVMDB FM HBAGFBF HKXVKX FM EBAABX GNVMZNBX HKXVKX FM AB NK HBAGFBF HKXVKX FM EBAABX MPVMZNBX

ZMF]HHGKN FM ABX SMZFGFBX SKZ DBAB HBAGFBF ZMX]AVBFKX FM AKX KJOMVGUKX FM DMOKZB

Eumntm? Mabjkrbfk mn jbsm b brtähuak ‑Bfdgngstrbhgøn fm aks hkstks fm hbagfbf—, butkr Âavbrk Smrfkdk Juriks. Aks hkstks fm hbagfbf skn aks qum fmrgvbn fm ab kpmrbhgøn fma sgstmdb fm hbagfbf y b su vmz sm fgvgfmn mn?   Hkstks fm prmvmnhgøn.

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  Hkstks fm fmtmhhgøn y mvbaubhgøn.

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Aks hkstks fm ab nk hbagfbf skn bqumaaks qum rmsuatbn fm abs ebaabs k mrrkrms mn aks prkhmsks fm kpmrbhgøn y sm fgvgfmn?   Hkstks fm ebaabs gntmrnbs.

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  Hkstks fm ebaabs mxtmrnbs.

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Hubnfk mxgstm ab prkjbjgagfbf fm qum abs hksbs pumfbn sbagr dba, unb mdprmsb gnhurrm mn aks hkstks fm prmvmnhgøn y mvbaubhgøn (hkstks fm hkntrka), mstks sm

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hknsgfmrbn hkdk unb gnvmrsgøn< hubnfk abs hksbs sbamn dba, sm mxpmrgdmntbn aks hkstks fm ebaabs (gntmrnbs y mxtmrnbs) hknsgfmrânfkabs hkdk pçrfgfbs.