TERMODINAMICA

 

G SFYNDCLG@NLK@ CF BV[LÛG \ KDGRFY[LÛG I`z`g Ndtt` @gcrff Juhld

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Drtlz Sfvfz Clfmd Yfnyhhfr

D

F [

 

ÛG: LGSYDCVKKLÛG: Fh prdkfsd Sìrnlkd cf Buslûg y Kdgvfrslûg cf nlgfr`hfs fs ug` ft`p` lnpdrt`gtf fg h` Nft`hurml` cf hds nlgfr`hfs. Fg fstf prdkfsd cf tfxtd cfh p`trûg Ku`rtd glvfh sfFclt`r hhfv`fstlhds hhfv` `k`id h` kdgvfrslûg cfh cfh fst`cd fst`cd sûhlcd `h fst`cd hîqulcd sûhlcd 

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[fmugcd glvfh Pulgtd glvfh utlhlz`gcd `ht`s tfnpfr`tur`s fg hds adrgds. Sfrkfr glvfh Fg fh k`sd cfh kdirf, sf a`kf usd cf `ht`s tfnpfr`tur`s cf 0955µK 

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p`r` pdcfr kdgvfrtlr fh nlgfr`h fg ug fst`cd hîqulcd y sf sfp`rf cf dtrds nlgfr`hfs, pfs`cd fg h` p`rtf p`r` i`j`hufmd y fh sf nlgfr`h pufc`nfgd ditfgfr pfs`cd fh sf nlgfr`h v`y` nàs ` h` supfrblklf.

 

UYDKF[D CF BVGCLKLDG Fh kdgkfgtr`cd cf kdirf sfkd kdg ug` kdgkfgtr`klûg cfh ;0%cf kdirf, sf sdnftf ` prdkfsds cf plrd nft`hurml`, fg adrgds ` mr`gcfs tfnpfr`tur`s. Nfcl`gtf hds ku`hfs hds nft`hfs cfh kdgkfgtr`cd fs tr`gsbdrn`cd.

 

LNUDYS@GKL@ CFH UYDKF[D CF BVGCLKLÛG •

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FS@U@[ CFH UYDKF[D CF BVGCLKLÛG FPVLUD[ CF BV[LÛG ‛ KDGRFY[LÛG

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UYDCVKSD[ \ [VIUYDCVKSD[ YF[LCVD[ CFH UYDKF[D

 

FS@U@[ CFH UYDKF[D CF BVGCLKLDG YFKFUKLÛG \ NVF[SYFD(UYLNFY@ FS@U@) Kdnd gdrn`hnfgtf sf tr`i`j` kdg kdgkfgtr`cds cf clbfrfgtfs prdkfcfgtfs, sf rf`hlz` ug nufstrfd y sf kh`slblk`g cf `kufrcd ` kdgkfgtr`klûg y fh pdrkfgt`jf cf aunfc`c quf tfgm`s fstds nft`hfs

ALFYYD (BF) (BF)

 @ZVBYF ([)

[ÎHLKF ( [l)

KDIYF (KV)

 

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Fh dijftlvd cf h` buslûg fs hdmr`r fh k`nild cf fst`cd sûhlcd ` fst`cd hlqulcd p`r` quf fh nft`h sf sfp`rf cf dtrds fhfnfgtds quf kdnpdgfg fh kdgkfgtr`cd. Fg fstf prdkfsd, fg fh k`sd cfh kdirf fs sdnftlcd ` `ht`s tfnpfr`tur`s (0955µK) p`r` hdmr`r fh k`nild cf fst`cd sûhlcd ` hîqulcd.

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Ku`gcd fh Ku p`s` `h fst`cd hîqulcd, hds fhfnfgtds quf kdnpdgfg hds nlgfr`hfs prfsfgtfs fg fh kdgkfgtr`cd sf sfp`r`g sfmúg su pfsd, qufc`gcd hds hlvl`gds fg h` p`rtf supfrldr y hds quf tlfgfg nàs pfsd sf qufc`g fg h` p`rtf i`j`.

 

FPVLUD[ CF BV[ÎÛG KDGRFY[LÛG H` buslûg pufcf rf`hlz`rsf cf cds n`gfr`s: ADYGD CF YFRFYIFYD [f us` p`r` h` buslûg tr`clkldg`h.

A`m` khlk fg fh lkdgd p`r` `mrfm`r ug` ln`mfg

 

FH KDGRFYSLCDY NDCLBLK@CD SFGLFGSF (KNS) Fs ug klhlgcrd, kuy` p`rfc fs ug n`gtd cf `kfrd rfkuilfrtd pdr cfgtrd kdg h`crlhhd rfbr`kt`rld ` ndcd cf `lsh`klûg. Fg h`s clvlsldgfs cf Kdcfhkd, sdhd sf rf`hlz` fh prdkfsd cf buslûg-kdgvfrslûg, utlhlz`gcd fh kdgvfrtlcdr ndclblk`cd tfglfgtf. Fs ug adrgd i`skuh`gtf, bdrn`cd pdr 6 n cf clànftrd y pdr 99 n cf h`rmd. Clspufstd fg pdslklûg adrlzdgt`h. Fst` ndgt`cd sdirf ug slstfn` cf krfn`hhfr`s quf hfs pfrnltf dsklh`r.

 

UYDKF[D CFFS@U@) BV[LÛG (SFYKFY@ Fh kdgkfgtr`cd subrf ug prdkfsd cf buslûg, sffskdrl`. sfp`r` fh fjf cf h`

 

KDGRFYSLCDY SFGLFGSF Fs k`rm`cd cf bdrn` kdgtlgu` kdg kdgkfgtr`cd cf Ku y [l pdr ug` `ifrtur` uilk`c` fg su p`rtf supfrldr. Fh sîhlkf tlfgf fh dijftlvd cf k`pt`r fh alfrrd kdgtfglcd fg hds nlgfr`hfs suhbur`cds bugclcd y kdgkfgtr`cd fg h` p`rtf nàs hlvl`g` cf h` nfzkh` bugclc`. Slfgf slstfn` k`ðfrî`s fgkdg fh D9, lgtfrldr h`s ku`hfs ug lgsubh`g `lrfcffgrlqufklcd fh ku`h pfrnltf h` dxlc`klûg cf Bf y [, prfsfgtf fg hds nlgfr`hfs quf kdgstltuyfg fh kdgkfgtr`cd.

 

UYDKF[D CF KDGRFY [LÛG: [f tr`t`g hds prdcuktds ditfglcds fg h` buslûg, p`r` ditfgfr Ku cf `ht` purfz`. U`r` fstd sf utlhlz`g adrgds kdgvfgkldg`hfs hh`n`c` Fclt`r fstlhds cf tfxtd cfh p`trûg Uflrkf-[nlta, fg adgdr ` sus krf`cdrfs. Ku`rtd glvfh 

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[fmugcd glvfh glvfh pdr 00 n cf Kdgslstf fgglvfh ug rf`ktdr klhîgcrlkd cf 3,6 n Pulgtd cf clànftrd Sfrkfr h`rmd `prdx. Cdgcf sf prdkfs`g sfp`r`c`nfgtf fh fjf prdvfglfgtf cfh adrgd cf rfvfrifrd y fh nft`h ih`gkd prdvfglfgtf cfh 

kdgvfrtlcdr Sfglfgtf.

 

UYDKF[D KFYY@CD Fh prdkfsd kfrr`cd qulfrf cfklr quf h` k`rm` fs h` nlsn`, tr`t`c` y hhfv`c` a`st` fh blg`h cfh prdkfsd slg rfk`rm` cf n`tfrl`h. Blg`hnfgtf sf ditlfgf fh kdirf ihîstfr, kdirf prdcuklcd ` p`rtlr cf h` buslûg cf h` n`t` d fjf fg hds adrgds kdgvfrtlcdrfs kdg ug` purfz` cf