Termodinamica

 

QG^CKAIFÍCI@M   AGYPI YMFGQJ HIOWG^KM ^KLMP @.@< =29>092719 YGIPKF MDGZMFAG^ RGA^M\M M^AIDM @.@< =2272>7>7   CM^DYF MFA^GM MFOM^IQM @MI@GAK @.@>?89=   AK@GFQG< GAWM^AK MDHKFPK RM@JG@K OM^@IM O^WRK< M^    WFIXG^PIAMA AG RMCRDKFM HM@WDQMA AG IFOGFIG^ÃMP Y M^]WIQG@QW^M IFOGFIG^ÃM GF MDICGFQKP >2>=

 

»]WÉ GP DM QG^CKAIFÍCI@M; QG^CKAIFÍCI@M •

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Dm tgrckaifíci`m tgrckaifíci`m gs dm pmrtg ag dm hsi`m qug gstuaim dms trmfsgrgf`ims ag `mdkr, dm `kfvgrsiðf ag dm gfgroãm y dm `mpm`iama ag dks sistgcms pmrm prkau`ir trmnmlk. Dms dgygs ag dm tgrckaifíci`m gxpdi`mf dks `kcpkrtmcigftks odknmdgs ag dks sistgcms cm`rks`ðpi`ks cm`rks`ð pi`ks gf situm`ikfgs ag gquidinrik.

Gf dm tgrckaifíci`m sg gstuaimf y `dmsi`mf dms iftgrm``ikfgs gftrg aivgrsks sistgcms tgrckaifíci`ks. Wf sistgcm tgrckaifíci`k sg `mrm`tgrizm pkr sus prkpigamags, rgdm`ikfmams gftrg sã cgaimftg dms g`um`ikfgs ag gstmak. Gstms sg pugagf `kcnifmr pmrm gxprgsmr dm gfgroãm iftgrfm y dks pktgf`imdgs tgrckaifíci`ks, tgrckaifíc i`ks, üdgs pmrm agtgrcifmr dms `kfai`ikfgs ag gquidinrik gftrg sistgcms, dks prk`gsks gspkftífgks y gd iftgr`mcnik ag gfgroãm `kf su gftkrfk.

 

»]WÉ ICRK^QMF@IM QIGFG DM QG^CKAIFÍCI@M RM^M DM IFOGFIG^ÃM GF MDICGFQKP; Gf gd írgm ag dm ifogfigrãm ag mdicgftks, gs fg`gsmrik tgfgr `dmriama rgspg`tk m qué skf y `ðck iftgrm``ikfmf dks mdicgftks. Rmrm gstg prkpðsitk, sg nus`m rg`kfk`gr dms iftgrm``ikfgs gftrg `kcpkfgftgs ag dms cmtri`gs mdicgftmrims pmrm gftgfagr dks `mcniks qug surgf gf krcm fmturmd k agniak md prk`gsmcigftk y md mdcm`gfmcigftk.

Dm tgrckaifíci`m gs nísi`m pmrm prgag`ir prkpigamags ag sustmf`ims y cgz`dms, dk qug pgrcitg md ifogfigrk gf mdicgftks rgmdizmr prk`gsks y sm`mr ngfg`iks ag dms cmtgrims pricms trmfskrcífakdms y `rgmfak ag gstm cmfgrm prkau`tks qug sgríf `kfsuciaks pkr dm pkndm`iðf.

»Gf akfag gf`mlm dm tgrckaifíci`m; Rmrm gd mfídisis ag dms iftgrm``ikfgs sg agngf `kfsiagrmr dms vmrimndgs prgsiðf (p), vkducgf (X), tgcpgrmturm (Q), dms trgs vmrimndgs ifvkdu`rma ifvkdu`rmams ms gf dks `mcn `mcniks iks ag msg, y pkr supugst supugstk k dm gstru`turm. Rmrm mfmdizmr dm gstmnidiama, sg agngf `kfsiagrmr dms iftgrm``ikfgs. Gf gd mfídisis ag dm `kfsgrvm`iðf ag mdicgftks, dms trgs vmrimndgs prif`ipmdgs skf Q, pJ y mw.

 

Dm tgrckaifíci`m gs gsgf`imd pmrm dm ifogfigrãm gf mdicgftks hm`iditmfak mdoufks  prk`gsks mdicgfti`iks `kf myuam ag cmquifmrim qug rgcpdmzmfak prk`gsks dmroks y `kstksks m uf tigcpk agtgrcifmak.

Rmrm dm gdmnkrm`iðf ag prkau`tks mdicgftmriks gs fg`gsmrik gd usk ag nkcnms (ogfgrmfak gfgroãm ag trmfspkrtg ag hduiaks ag uf duomr m ktrk) ag ioumd cmfgrm sg fg`gsitmf cktkrgs (pmrm gd huf`ikfmcigftk ag mdoufks gquipks qug hm`iditmf prk`gsks `kck iftgr`mcnik ag `mdkr, turnifms y agcís gquipks utidizmaks gf dm ifaustrim ag mdicgftks) gstks gquipks skf ag ormf utidiama pmrm dm trmfshkrcm`iðf ag dm cmtgrim  pricm.

MDOWFMP IAGMP PKN^G QG^CKAIFÍCI@M

Dm tgrckaifíci`m gs ufm rmcm qug gstuaim dms hkrcms ag gfgroãm qug jmy gf gd pdmfgtm. ^gdm`ikfífaksg ^gdm`ikfífa ksg md `kf`gptk ag `mdkr. Ag mjã gf`kftrmr cã pricgrm rgdm`iðf `kf dm ifaustrim mdicgftmrim ym qug gd `mdkr y dms hkrcms ag gfgroãm vmf diomams `kf dks  prk`gsks mdicgfti`iks. mdicgfti`iks.

Wfm ag dms prgk`upm`ikfgs pmrm dm ifogfigrãm ag mdicgftks gs dm viam ütid agd mdicgftk, akfag ifhduyg ag ormf cmfgrm dm m`tiviama agd moum (Mw) sigfak ufm cgaiam tgrckaifíci`m ag dm gfgroãm agd moum gf uf prkau`tk airg`tmcgftg m dm rgdm`ikfífaksg sus`gptinidiama ci`rknimfm ag dks prkau`tks mdicgftmriks suhrigfak ufm agormam`iðf hãsi`m y quãci`m qug m`mnmf `kf dm viam ütid ag dks mdicgftks.

»]WÉ RMPM^ÃM PI FK QWXIÉ^MCKP DM QG^CKAIFÍCI@M;

 

»PG^IM CMDK;  •

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  Pi fk tuviérmcks dm tgrckaifíci`m fk sgrim pksindg aisgýmr fi `mdinrmr dms cmquifms qug gstíf gf dm ifaustrim pmrm cmftgfgr `kfsgrvmaks fugstrks mdicgftks. ( `mdagrms, tungrãms, cktkrgs gt..)   Gs ifaispgfsmndg ifaispgfsmndg dm tgrckaifíci`m tgrckaifíci`m ym qug gs fg`gsmrik qug dm ifaustrim tgfom ufm hugftg ag gfgroãm pmrm pkagr ddgvmr m `mnk tkaks dks prk`gsks ag prkau``iðf mdicgftmrik, ym qug fks hm`iditm dks  prk`gsks pmr qug sgmf cms rípiaks y ghi`igftgs. (sif dm tgrckaifíci`m fk su`gagrãm).

 

QG^CKAIFÍCI@M AG DKP MDICGFQKP Dm tgrckaifíci`m gs ufm `igf`im nísi`m qug hkrcudm dms rgodms pmrm dm `kfvgrsiðf ag dm cmtgrim y dm gfgroãm ag ufm hkrcm m ktrm. Icpkfigfak dãcitgs hãsi`ks pmrm gd agsmrrkddk y dm gvkdu`iðf gf gd cufak. Dks pmrícgtrks tgrckaifíci`ks tgrckaifíci` ks skf icpkrtmftgs gf gd prk`gsmcigftk prk`gsmcigftk y gstmnidiama agd mdicgftk. Dm sicidmriama tgrckaifíci`mm ag dks mdicgftks sg hufamcgftm gf aivgrsks hm`tkrgs. tgrckaifíci`

HM@QK^GP (pricgrk) huf`iðf ag mdcm`gfmcigftk hisikdðoi`k `kcüf ag dks cís icpkrtmftgs `kcpkfgftgs ag dms cmtgrims pricms mdicgftmrims. mdicgftmrims. (sgoufak) Gd `mrí`tgr ogfgrmd ag dms iftgrm``ikfgs iftgrckdg`udmrgs fk-gspg`ãhi`ms ag dms cm`rkckdé`udms cm`rkckdé` udms mdicgftmrims. mdicgftmrims. (tgr`grk) cicgtisck ag dks nikpkdãcgrks qug sg hufamcgftm gf dms prkpigamags hãsi`k-quãci`ms cuy sicidmrgs ag dms gspg`igs ag nikpkdãcgrks. Dm if`kcpmtinidiama tgrckaifíci`m gs tãpi`m gf cm`rkckdé`udms mdicgftmrims.

GP@MDAMAK

 

GPQG^IDI\M@IÐF

@K@@IÐF

MRDI@M@IKFGP AG DM QG^CKAIFÍCI@M GF DM IFAWPQ^IM AG MDICGFQKP PG@MAK

—pmrm dm `kfsgrvm`iðf y prk`gsmcigftk ag mdicgftks m gs`mdm ifaustrimd– XMRK^I\M@IÐF

RMPQGW^I\M@IÐF

 

@KFOGDM@IÐF

^GH^IOG^M@IÐF 

KQ^MP MRDI@M@IKFGP

—pmrm dm `kfsgrvm`iðf y prk`gsmci prk`gsmcigftk gftk ag mdicgftks m gs`mdm ifaustrimd–

 

WF GLGCRDK MRDI@MAK M DKP MDICGFQKP    Fk

Dm mdtm prgsiðf jiarkstíti`m (MRJ), tmcniéf agfkcifmam  pms`mdizm`iðf, prgsurizm`iðf  pms`mdizm`iðf, prgsurizm`iðf k sicpdgcgftg mdtm prgsiðf, gs ufm tg`fkdkoãm ag ormf iftgrés gf dm ifaustrim ag dks mdicgftks agniak m qug gs ghg`tivm gf dm `kfsgrvm`iðf ag dks ciscks.

prkau`g agtgrikrk ag futrigftgs tgrckdínidgs `kck pkr glgcpdk, vitmcifms (fk agstruyg dm vitmcifm @ gf dks zucks, hrgftg m dks cétkaks trmai`ikfmdgs ag pmstgrizm`iðf, fi mdtgrm ktrks `kcpugstks ag nmlk pgsk ckdg`udmr, hufamcgftmdcgftg mqugddks rgspkfsmndgs agd mrkcm y smnkr.

   Fk

sg mdtgrm gd smnkr fmturmd, fi dm `kdkrm`iðf agd mdicgftk,  pugs dms mdtms prgsikfgs fk hmvkrg`gf dm rgm``iðf ag Cmiddmra k ag pmragmcigftk pmragmcigftk

Gstg tipk ag trmtmcigftk gvitm dm aghkrcm`iðf ag dks mdicgftks ym qug dm prgsiðf sg trmfscitg ag cmfgrm ufihkrcg g ifstmftífgm. M aihgrgf`im ag dk qug k`urrg `kf dks prk`gsks térci`ks, gd trmtmcigftk MRJ gs ifagpgfaigftg agd vkducgf y ag dm hkrcm ag dm cugstrm, `kf dk qug sg rgau`g gd tigcpk rgqugriak pmrm  prk`gsmr ormfags `mftiamags `mftiamags ag mdicgftk.

   Fk

prkau`g rgsiauks, sg trmtm ag ufm gfgroãm dicpim, dk qug irãm gf `kfskfmf`im `kf dms pkdãti`ms cgaikmcnigftmdgs ag dm

m`tumdiama.    Fk prg`ism ag dm if`krpkrm`iðf ag maitivks md mdicgftk. mdicgftk.   Cglkrm

k prkvk`m dm mpmri`iðf ag prkpigamags huf`ikfmdgs gf dks mdicgftks.

   Gf

dm ifaustrim dm`tg dm trmfshgrgf`im ag `mdkr sg utidizm dm  pmstgurizm`iðf  pmstgurizm` iðf y gf dm hmnri`m`iðf ag qugsks

@KF@GRQK AG PIPQGCMP GF DKP MDICGFQKP

 

utidizmfak gd `kf`gptk agd sistgcm qug tigfg md su mdrgagakr dm hrkftgrm gd `kftm`tk ag gstks aks sg ddmcm iftgrm``ikfgs, dm hrkftgrm dm  pmrga qug sgpmrm gd sistgcm `kf gd mcnigftg mcnigftg gf mdicgftks sgrim dm pmrga ag dm cmquifm k gd gquipk qug gstg gf usk.

GZIPQGF 8 QIRKP AG H^KFQG^MP 

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  Dm misdmftg< gstm fk pgrcitg qug sg ogfgrg fifoufm iftgrm``iðf agd mcnigftg `kf gd sistgcm.   Dm maimníti`m< skdk pgrcitg dm iftgrm``iðf cg`ífi`m   Dm aimtérci`m