Termo III (Práctica 4)

INSTITUTO POLITECNICO NACIONAL ESCUELA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERIA QUÍMICA E INDUSTRIAS EXTRACTIVAS EXTRACTIVAS

LABORATORIO DE TERMODINÁMICA DEL EQUILIBRIO DE FASES

Práctica 4. “Equilibrio Liquido-Vapor Liquido-Vapor de una solución no ideal a baja presión”

Doctor: Gustao P!r"# L$%"# Gru%o: &IV'( E)u*%o: + INTEGRANTES: • • • •

Go,#-."# /"r,-,0"# C!sar Au1usto Ra23r"# Sa.a#ar Ga4r*".a Cora. Ru3# S"1u,0o Pa.o2a M*c5".." V-#)u"# S-,c5"# 6or1" 6"s7s

PRACTICA No8 + “Equilibrio Liquido-Vapor Liquido-Vapor de una solución no ideal a baja presión” Objetivos:

98 Pr"%arar u,a s"r*" 0" so.uc*o,"s 0" c.oro;or2o 2"ta,o. .a co2%os*c*$, 0" .os a%or"s a %r"s*$, at2os;!r*ca8

&8 A %art*r 0" .os 0atos "%"r*2",ta."s 0"t"r2*,ar ". co";*c*",t" co" ;*c*",t" 0" act**0a0 co2%ara,0o .os r"su.ta0os co, .os 0atos "%"r*2",ta."s8

ntroducción teórica:

PRACTICA No8 + “Equilibrio Liquido-Vapor Liquido-Vapor de una solución no ideal a baja presión” Objetivos:

98 Pr"%arar u,a s"r*" 0" so.uc*o,"s 0" c.oro;or2o 2"ta,o. .a co2%os*c*$, 0" .os a%or"s a %r"s*$, at2os;!r*ca8

&8 A %art*r 0" .os 0atos "%"r*2",ta."s 0"t"r2*,ar ". co";*c*",t" co" ;*c*",t" 0" act**0a0 co2%ara,0o .os r"su.ta0os co, .os 0atos "%"r*2",ta."s8

ntroducción teórica:

S* u, r"c*%*",t" c"rra0o ", ". )u" %r"*a2",t" s" 5a 5"c5o ac3o s" ..",a %arc*a.2",t" co, u,a susta,c*a .3)u*0a A !sta s" "a%orar- %arc*a.2",t" su %r"s*$, 0" a%or 0" 2o0o )u" a24as %r"s*o,"s t*",0", a *1ua.ars"8 Cua,0o "so suc"0" s" ;or2ar- .a %r*2"ra 4ur4u@a 0" a%or "s 0"c*r co2*",#a .a "4u..*c*$,8 La t"2%"ratura a .a cua. s" *1ua.a, a24as %r"s*o,"s "s ". punto de ebullición  a .a %r"s*$, P8 S* !sta "s 9 at2 t",0r"2os ". %u,to 0" "4u..*c*$, ,or2a.8 S* s" s*1u" a%orta,0o ca.or "sta t"2%"ratura %"r2a,"c" co,sta,t" ",tr" ta,to 5a>a .3)u*0o au2",ta,0o 0" ,u"o cua,0o to0a .a susta,c*a "st! ", ;as" 1as"osa8 Co,s*0"r"2os a5ora u,a 2"#c.a *0"a. 0" 0os susta,c*as ", ;as" .3)u*0a A > B8 Eso )u*"r" 0"c*r ",tr" otras cosas )u": a= .a *,t"racc*$, 0" 2o.!cu.as 0" A co, 2o.!cu.as 2o.!cu.as 0" B "s *0!,t*ca a .a )u" s" 0a ",tr" .as 2o.!cu.as 2o.!cu.as 0" A o ",tr" .as 0" B? 4= ". o.u2", 0" 2"#c.a "s .a su2a 0" .os o.72","s 0" A > B %or s"%ara0o? c= ". ca.or 0" 2"#c.a "s ,u.o? 0= ". ")u*.*4r*o .3)u*0oa%or o4"0"c" .a ."> 0" Raou.t8 La ."> 0" Raou.t "sta4."c" )u" ", ". ")u*.*4r*o .a %r"s*$, %arc*a. 0" u,a susta,c*a "s *1ua. a su %r"s*$, 0" a%or %or .a ;racc*$, 2o.ar ", .a ;as" .3)u*0a "s 0"c*r:  > ta24*!,

4a. 9' %%8'9=8

Co,s*0!r"s" 0" ,u"o u,a c-2ara co, .a ta%a 0"s%.a#a4." ", .a )u" s" 2a,t*"," u,a %r"s*$, P co,sta,t"8 Su%$,1as" )u" "st- ..",a 0" u,a 2"#c.a 0" A > B 0" co2%os*c*$, X A8 A. a%ortar ca.or s" *r- "."a,0o .a t"2%"ratura > s" .."1ar- u, 2o2",to ", ". )u" .a %r"s*$, 0" a%or 0" .a 2"#c.a *1ua." a P8 A "sta t"2%"ratura s" ..a2a punto de burbuja a P > a "..a s" ;or2a .a %r*2"ra 4ur4u@a 0" a%or8 La co2%os*c*$, 0". a%or s"17, .a ."> 0" Da.to, s"r-:

co,s"cu",t"2",t" H A "s 2a>or )u" X A8 S" 0*c" )u" ". a%or "st- ",r*)u"c*0o ", ". co2%o,",t" 2-s o.-t*. s* 4*", "s o4*o )u" "..o ,o *2%.*ca )u" H A s"a 2a>or )u" HB8 Para ". co2%o,",t" %"sa0o s" cu2%." )u" H B"s 2",or )u" XB8 S* s" s*1u" a%orta,0o ca.or .a t"2%"ratura ,o s" 2a,t*"," co,sta,t" s*,o )u" a au2",ta,0o? "..o s" 0"4" a )u" ". .3)u*0o s" a "2%o4r"c*",0o ", co2%o,",t" o.-t*. %or .o )u" %ara a.ca,#ar .a %r"s*$, tota. t",0r- )u" au2",tar >  0" Raou.t s" %u"0" "scr*4*r:

S*",0o H A  X A8 R"so.*",0o "st" s*st"2a 0" "cuac*o,"s s" o4t*"," T R .a ..a2a0a te!peratura de roc"o# > X A .a co2%os*c*$, 0" .a 7.t*2a 1ota 0" .a 2"#c.a .a 2-s %o4r" ", ". co2%o,",t" 2-s o.-t*. A8 Co,*"," ac.arar )u" T R  ta24*!, "s .a t"2%"ratura a .a cua. s" %ro0uc*r3a .a %r*2"ra 1ota 0" .3)u*0o a %art*r 0" u,a 2"#c.a 0" a%or"s 0" A > B 0" co2%os*c*$, H A  X A? 0" a53 ". ,o24r" 0" t"2%"ratura 0" roc3o8 La ;*1ura 9'8&8 R"co1" ". 0*a1ra2a 0" ")u*.*4r*o 0" ;as"s a %r"s*$, co,sta,t" %ara "st" t*%o 0" 2"#c.as8

 A5ora 4*", ,o to0as .as 2"#c.as s" co2%orta, 0" "st" 2o0o8 As3 %or "@"2%.o .a 2"#c.a "ta,o.a1ua ,o "s *0"a. ,o cu2%." .a ."> 0" Raou.t8 Las 0"s*ac*o,"s r"s%"cto a "sta ."> %u"0", s"r %os*t*as o ,"1at*as 9'8+= s"17, )u" .a %r"s*$, %arc*a. 0" ca0a co2%o,",t" s"a su%"r*or o *,;"r*or a .a o4t",*0a %or  .a 2",c*o,a0a .">8

F*18 9'8'8 D"s*ac*o,"s %os*t*as8

F*18 9'8+8 D"s*ac*o,"s ,"1at*as E, ". ",tor,o 0" A %uro "sto "s %ara s" cu2%." .a ."> 0" Raou.t %ara A au,)u" .a 2"#c.a s"a ,o *0"a.8 E, "s" 2*s2o ra,1o s" sat*s;ac" .a ."> 0" /",r> %ara B: P B  /B 8 XB 0o,0" / B "s .a co,sta,t" 0" /",r> )u" s$.o 0"%",0" 0" .a t"2%"ratura8 S* .as 0"s*ac*o,"s so, 2-s acusa0as %u"0", .."1ar a ;or2ars" Ja#"$tro%osJ "s 0"c*r 2"#c.as 0" 0os co2%o,",t"s )u" 5*"r", co2o s* ;u"s" u,a susta,c*a %ura co, u, %u,to 0" "4u..*c*$, co,sta,t" > or*1*,a,0o u, a%or 0" *1ua.

co2%os*c*$, )u" .a 2"#c.a .3)u*0a 0" %art*0a8 Es "*0",t" )u" %ara "stas 2"#c.as ,o %u"0" co,s"1u*rs" ,*,1u,a s"%arac*$, 2"0*a,t" ". "2%."o 0" .a 0"st*.ac*$,8

S* .os .3)u*0os so, *,2*sc*4."s sus 2o.!cu.as ,o *,t"racc*o,a, ",tr" s3 > s" a%or*#a, > co,0",sa, 0" ;or2a *,0"%",0*",t"? s" %u"0" 0"c*r a to0os .os ";"ctos )u" .a 2"#c.a s" co2%orta co2o s* 5u4*"ra u, ta4*)u" 0" s"%arac*$, ",tr" .os .3)u*0os A > B > co2%art*"ra, u, "s%ac*o co27, %ara .os a%or"s8 E, ". ")u*.*4r*o ca0a co2%o,",t" s" co2%orta co2o u,a susta,c*a %ura? ", co,s"cu",c*a .a %r"s*$, %arc*a. 0" ")u*.*4r*o s"r- *1ua. a .a %r"s*$, 0" a%or %ara ca0a co2%o,",t"8

S* s" *,tro0uc", 0os 0" "stos .3)u*0os ", u, r"c*%*",t" ", ". )u" s" 5a 5"c5o ". ac3o s" 2a,t*"," u,a t"2%"ratura co,sta,t" > s" a1*ta %ara "*tar .a 0"ca,tac*$, 0" u,o 0" .os co2%o,",t"s a24os %asar-, a. "sta0o 0" a%or 5asta a.ca,#ar u, "sta0o 0" ")u*.*4r*o ", ". )u" .a %r"s*$, tota. s"r- .a su2a 0" .as %r"s*o,"s %arc*a."s 0" a%or 0" .os co2%o,",t"s %uros 2*",tras "*sta, a24os ", "sta0o .3)u*0o ,o *2%orta,0o .as ca,t*0a0"s %r"s",t"s 0" u,o u otro:  o %r"*a2",t" "t*)u"ta0o ta%-,0o.a *,2"0*ata2",t"8 Para .as so.uc*o,"s )u" corr"s%o,0", a .as susta,c*as %uras ,o "s ,"c"sar*o to2ar 2u"stra 0" co,0",sa0o8 "=8 R"%"t*r %ara ca0a so.uc*$, .os %asos c > 08 ;=8 Es%"rar a )u" .as 2u"stras )u" co,t*",", ". co,0",sa0o "st!, a .a t"2%"ratura a24*",t" %ara 2"0*r ". 3,0*c" 0" r";racc*$, a ca0a u,a8 1=8 Co, a>u0a 0" .a cura 0" ca.*4rac*$, ".a4ora0a ", ". %aso 4 0"t"r2*,ar .a ;racc*$, 2o. 0". 2"ta,o. ", .os a%or"s ", ". 2o2",to ", )u" s" 0*o ". ")u*.*4r*o .3)u*0oa%or8

(ia%ra!a de )lujo del procedi!iento e'peri!ental Equilibrio Liquido-Vapor de una solución no ideal abaja te!peratura

a= Pr"%arar u,a s"r*" 0" so.uc*o,"s 0" c.oro;or2o > 2"ta,o.

4= Co.ocar .as so.uc*o,"s ", r"c*%*",t" 0". ")u*%o *,sta.a0o %o,"r r"c*%*",t" so4r" .a %arr*..a 0" ca.",ta2*",to co, u,a a1*tac*$,8 Ca.",tar ". .3)u*0o 5asta "4u..*c*$, "s%"rar a )u" t"2%"ratura s"a co,ta,t" > a,otar: "sa "s .a t"2 "ratura 0" 4ur4u a8 A a ar .a arr*..a8

c= D" %rotu4"ra,c*a )u" t*"," ". ")u*%o ", %*" 0". r";r*1"ra,t" )u" "s u, 0"%$s*to 0" co,0",sa0o to2ar 2u"stra %or 2"0*o 0" u,a %*%"ta 0".1a0a > u,a %"r*..a 0"%os*tar.a ", u, tu4o 0" ",sa>o %r"*a2",t" "t*)u"ta0o ta%-,0o.a *,2"0*ata2",t"8 Para .as so.uc*o,"s )u" corr"s%o,0", a .as susta,c*as %uras ,o "s ,"c"sar*o to2ar 2u"stra 0" co,0",sa0o8

0= Es%"rar )u" .as 2u"stras )u" co,t*",", ". co,0",sa0o "st!, a .a t"2%"ratura a24*",t" %ara 2"0*r ". 3,0*c" 0" r";racc*$, 9 "%"r*2",ta."s > ta24*!, s" o4t*",", .os a.or"s 0" > & %or 0*;"r",c*a: ncond

98'&( 98'( 98' 98+9+ 98+9' 98+9 98+9 98+&9'

'+

 89 8& 8' 8+ 8 8 8(

&+ e'p5

& e'p5 +- &+5

2 2.,4/2+4 2.44,1, 2.0/202,3 2.0303 2./,2+ 2.//,//0 2./30/04

+ 2./0,31/ 2.00/+/4 2.4,343/+ 2.424+ 2.,/33 2.,,/,,0 2.,24,4/

98+&&+ 98+&& 98+++9

8 8 9

2./3+1 2./3,,4, +

2.,21 2.,2//0 2

T",*",0o .os 0atos "%"r*2",ta."s 0"  9 ,co,0 ɳ .*) T"% H9 s" %ros*1u" a ca.cu.ar %ara ca0a "s%"c*" &= .os a.or"s "%"r*2",ta."s 0" P9sat > P&sat ɣ i

co, "cuac*$, 0" A,to*," 

>

9

ɣ i

 co, LRM8

&

(onde “Pisat”#se calcula: Bi

Lo1 I,

9 8&' 8&9+ 8+'+9 8+&+&(9 8'(( 8'''&' 8'&+'+ 8'(&(& 8'((  ɣ 2

8+(9 98+( +'+8& '8'& '98(9( '8&&+& '+8'+9 '+8'+9 '8&&+& '8&&+& ++8+

 %ara ca0a a.or 0" 

 s 9 co2o ta24*!, I,

ɣ 2

ɣ e'p5 2.3/+4/, 2.1,1+0 2.313/3 2.323/+ +.21310 +.+14014+ +.42122/+ +.11/02/ .4/0,20 4.3++/00 2

ɣ 1

 

ɣ 2

 > 1ra;*ca,0o I,

 s & s" ,ota )u" a24as t*",", u,

co2%orta2*",to 0" u,a "cuac*$, cua0r-t*ca > a%.*ca,0o a .as 1r-;*cas .a ;u,c*$, 0" "cuac*$, 0" r"1r"s*$, cua0r-t*ca ,os 0a 0*c5as "cuac*o,"s cua0r-t*cas co, .os a.or"s 0" a 4 > c8 a= I,

ɣ 1

a

  8+ 9&  &8&9  98' 4

c

Do,0" 9 %ara sacar ". a.or 0" c =+ 98' 4= I,

ɣ 2

a

 '8&((&&  8&+&&  98+' 4

c

Do,0" & %ara sacar ". a.or 0" c =+ 98+'

T",*",0o ". a.or 0" A9& > A&9 s" ca.cu.a I,

ɣ 1

 u0a

0" .a "cuac*$, 0" Vaa, Laar:  Inɣ 1=

A12

[

1+

 A 12 x 1  A 21 x 2

 Inɣ 2=

]

2

"c 

nɣ+ teo5 +.,/11 +.+414/ 2.313133 2.12331 2./,4+3 2.4+/213 2.,,312/ 2.+3/+ 2.2342/3+ 2.2040// 2

ɣ 2

 a %u"stos a,t"r*or2",t" ", .a "c

 89 8& 8' 8+ 8 8 8( 8 8 9

9 8 8 8( 8 8 8+ 8' 8& 89 

'8''999 '8&+9 &8'9 &8&+'+9&99 98+& 98&(+' 98'&&++ 98&9(9' 98'' 98&(''( 9

ɣ teo5

9 989&9' 98+++9 9899(' 98&9'( 98''' 98(9(9' &899'&& &8'( +8&( 8(''

8 9*5 teo5 01.2,303 0+./,+4+ 41.4+2 4/.4001 40.0,321 40.+343 40.2342 40.+13/ 40.43143 4/.34+43 0,.422/,

Co,oc*",0o .os a.or"s 0" t"2%"ratura t"$r*ca s" ca.cu.a .as P 9sat +

8 9*5 teo5

 89

8' 98'9+(9

P+sat !!7%5 teo5 /14./0+,4 002.+,32,

Psat !!7%5 teo5 010 44/.3001

8& 8' 8+ 8 8 8( 8 8 9

+8&+9&( +8+(( +8(' +89+(& +8(+& +89&( +8+(+ +8&+9+ '8+&'

Co,oc*",0o .os 0atos 0" P 9sat 9

t"o co, LRM:  y 1=

ɣ 1 x1 P1

 P

sat 

8 "c+

8 e'p5 9*5

 89

 

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+

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8 8

+( +

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9

'8

70

65

60

55

8 e'p 9*5

50 x1 y1

45

40

35

30 0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

'+ l"quido5# &+ e'p5 vapor5

@rá)ica 4: “8 teo5 9*5 vs '+ l"quido5# &+ teo5 vapor5” >+

 ?+ teo5

8 9*5 teo5

1

 89 8& 8' 8+ 8 8 8( 8 8 9

 8'&(' 8++'+ 8&++& 8(9'+9 8+&( 89(9'& 8'+(( 8'9+' 8('++ 9

8' 98'9+(9 +8&+9&( +8+(( +8(' +89+(& +8(+& +89&( +8+(+ +8&+9+ '8+&'

70

65

60

55

8 teo5 9*5

50  Y x

45

40

35

30 0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

'+ l"quido5# &+ teo5 vapor5

@rá)ica 0: “&+e'p5# &+ teó5 vs '+”

0.8

0.9

1

X1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

 ?+ teo5

&+ e'p5

 8'&(' 8++'+ 8&++& 8(9'+9 8+&( 89(9'& 8'+(( 8'9+' 8('++ 9

2 2.,4/2+4 2.44,1, 2.0/202,3 2.0303 2./,2+ 2.//,//0 2./30/04 2./3+1 2./3,,4, + 1

0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6

&+e'p5# &+ teó5

0.5  Y1T!  Y1"P

0.4

#

0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

'+

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

@rá)ica /: “n '+

n

89 8& 8' 8+ 8 8 8( 8 8 9

ɣ 1

vs '+”

ɣ 1

98999+ 8+&'& 8((&+ 89'+ 8+('+' 8'''9 8&'&+'+& 899+' 8'+(+( 8''((( f(x) = 0.84x^2 - 2.25x + 1.37

1.1

0.9

0.7

nɣ

$ny1

0.5

Polynomial ($ny1) 0.3

0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

-0.1 X1

 A%.*ca,0o a "sta 1r-;*ca .a ;u,c*$, 0" "cuac*$, 0" r"1r"s*$, cua0r-t*ca ,os 0a .a "cuac*$, cua0r-t*ca co, .os a.or"s 0" a 4 > c8  I,>9  8+ 9&  &8&9  98'

a

4

c @rá)ica : “n

>

vs '”

ɣ 2

n

9 8 8 8( 8 8 8+ 8' 8& 89

ɣ 2

8'''(+9 89' 8('(9 8&'(' 8&(9+ 89'9(& 8'+&9(+ 89+9+ 8&'9& 989(9+

1.6 1.4

f(x) = 3.28x^2 - 5.25x + 1.95

1.2 1 0.8

ɣ nAA

$n%2

0.6

Polynomial ($n%2)

0.4 0.2 0 0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

-0.2 X2

 A%.*ca,0o a "sta 1r-;*ca .a ;u,c*$, 0" "cuac*$, 0" r"1r"s*$, cua0r-t*ca ,os 0a .a "cuac*$, cua0r-t*ca co, .os a.or"s 0" a 4 > c8

 I,>9  8+ 9&  &8&9  98' a

4

c Observaciones

For2a0as so.uc*o,"s 0" c.oro;or2o > 2"ta,o. co2o co2%u"sto u,o > 0os r"s%"ct*a2",t"8 S" 2*0*$ .a t"2%"ratura 0" 4ur4u@a 0" ca0a u,a 0" .as so.uc*o,"s a. *1ua. )u" .a co2%os*c*$, 0" .os a%or"s a %r"s*$, at2os;!r*ca8 Ut*.*#a,0o u, r";ract$2"tro 0" 2*0*$ .a r";racc*$, 0" ca0a u,a 0" .as susta,c*as %r*2"ro ", "sta0o %uro > 0"s%u!s ", 4as" a .as so.uc*o,"s ;or2a0as co, "stos r"act*os8 Ha 5"c5as .as so.uc*o,"s s" 0"st*.a4a, 5asta )u" s" %r"s",tara, .os %r*2"ros s*1,os 0" 4ur4u@as s" to2a4a u,a 2u"stra > s" o.3a a 2"0*ar su 3,0*c" 0" r";racc*$, 5ac*!,0os" a5ora u,a co2%arac*$, ",tr" 3,0*c"s 0" r";racc*$, > ,ota,0o )u" .os 0atos 5a43a, ca24*a0o .*1"ra2",t"8  A %art*r 0" .os 0atos "%"r*2",ta."s s" 0"t"r2*,$ ". co";*c*",t" 0" act**0a0 1a22a 9 0" ca0a co2%o,",t" ", ca0a so.uc*$, Co2o co,s"cu",c*a 0". a,-.*s*s 0" 0atos 0" ELV "%"r*2",ta."s "*st",t"s %ara susta,c*as 0" co,st*tuc*$, )u32*ca s"2"@a,t" ", so.uc*$, co, otra 0" r";"r",c*a s" 5a %o0*0o o4s"rar ". ";"cto 0" ca0a 1ru%o )u32*co co,st*tu>",t" 0" .a susta,c*a t*"," so4r" ". co2%orta2*",to 0" .a so.uc*$,8 U,a so.uc*$, co2o "sta s" co,s*0"ra co2o u,a 2"#c.a 0" 1ru%os > ,o co2o 2"#c.a 0" susta,c*as8 S" 1ra;*c$ 1a22a 9 > 1a22a & %or ". 2!to0o 0" .a 0*.uc*$, *,;*,*ta ". cua. co,s*st" ", )u" .a 0*so.uc*$, t*"," u,a co,c",trac*$, ta, %")u"a )u" t*",0" a c"ro > s" o4t*",", .os a.or"s 0" .os %ar-2"tros 0" .as "cuac*o,"s 0" Mar1u."s o Va, .aar > 0"s%u!s 0"t"r2*,a,0o .os a.or"s r")u"r*0os ta."s co2o .a t"2%"ratura 0" 4ur4u@a

*onclusiones

D" acu"r0o a u,a s"r*" 0" so.uc*o,"s %r"%ara0as 0" c.oro;or2o 2"ta,o. co2%ara2os .os r"su.ta0os co, .os 0atos "%"r*2",ta."s 0" acu"r0o co, .a *,"st*1ac*$, r"a.*#a0a a,t"r*or2",t"8 Pu"sto )u" .as %ro%*"0a0"s 0" .a ;as" .3)u*0a so, *,s",s*4."s a ca24*os 2o0"ra0os 0" %r"s*$, .a %r"s*$, otras8

Biblio%ra)"a: SMIT/ 68M88? VAN NESS /8C8  ABBOTT M8M88 0" I,1",*"r3a8 T"rc"ra "0*c*$, ", *,1.!s8 6o5, [*.">  So,s I,c8 Nu"a Hor8

•

C/APRA STEVEN  CANALE RAHMOND8 %ara "a.uar.as t","2os ar*as o%c*o,"s8 La 2-s co27, "s ". 2o0".o W \ ϕ8 Para ". cua.: ; *  ; *L  Ø i ^

>*PT*P*sat  Ø i=1

Do,0" &iP86

ɣ i

^

ɣ i

 'iPisat

H "sta "cuac*$, r"c*4" ". ,o24r" 0" Ecuac*$, 0" Raou.t 2o0*;*ca0a .a cua. %r"0*c" 2"@or ". ELV > %u"0" %r"0"c*r .a "*st",c*a 0" u, a#"$tro%o a 0*;"r",c*a 0" .a "rs*$, or*1*,a.8 b5 ndique cuales son las condiciones que validan la aplicación de la ecuación de la Le& de co";*c*",t"s 0" act**0a0 "s 7t*. %ara so.uc*o,"s ", .as )u" s$.o ". 0*so.",t" t*"," u,a ;racc*$, 2o. c"rca,a a .a u,*0a0: to0os .os so.utos "st-, %r"s",t"s ", ca,t*0a0"s r".at*a2",t" %")u"as8 Para u, s*st"2a 0" "st" t*%o "2%."a2os ". s*st"2a rac*o,a. %ara ". 0*so.",t" > ". s*st"2a %r-ct*co %ara .os so.utos8 Co,;or2" .a co,c",trac*$, 0" .os so.utos s" "2%o4r"c" ". co2%orta2*",to 0" cua.)u*"r so.uc*$, r"a. s" ac"rca a. co2%orta2*",to 0" .a so.uc*$, 0*.u*0a *0"a.8 c5 (escribir el si%ni)icado de Ciste!a de Equilibrio no deal

La act**0a0 rac*o,a. 0" .os co,st*tu>",t"s o.-t*."s 0" u,a 2"#c.a .3)u*0a %u"0" ca.cu.ars" ;-c*.2",t" 2*0*",0o .a %r"s*$, %arc*a. 0". co,st*tu>",t" ", .a ;as" a%or  ", ")u*.*4r*o co, ". .3)u*0o8 Co2o ", ". ")u*.*4r*o .os %ot",c*a."s )u32*cos 0" ca0a co,st*tu>",t" 0"4", s"r *1ua."s ", .as ;as"s a%or > .3)u*0o8 La ")u*a.",c*a 0" .a act**0a0 r"s%"cto a. %ot",c*a. )u32*co "%r"sa0a %or u,a r".ac*$, "s .a %ro%*"0a0 ;u,0a2",ta. 0" .a act**0a08 La t"or3a 0". ")u*.*4r*o %o0r3a 0"sarro..ars" ", su tota.*0a0 ", ;u,c*$, 0" .as act**0a0"s 0" .as susta,c*as ", "# 0" 5ac"r.o ", ;u,c*$, 0" sus %ot",c*a."s )u32*cos8 Fas" 1as *0"a. ;as" .*)u*0a ,o *0"a.  E. co";*c*",t" 0" act**0a0 "s u,a 2"0*0a 0". 1ra0o 0" 0*"r1",c*a 0". co2%orta2*",to 0" .a susta,c*a co, r"s%"cto a. *0"a. < ɣ  =8

E, "st" 2!to0o .a ;as" .3)u*0a s" co,s*0"ra r"a. %or .o )u" s" a@usta co, ɣ  * 0" Raou.t ". cua. s*r" %ara "a.uar 0" ;or2a s",c*..a .os %ro4."2as 0" ")u*.*4r*o "s a%ro%*a0o %ara 5*0rocar4uros .*1"ros > 0" 2o.!cu.as s*2%."s co, ;u"r#as *,t"r2o."cu.ar"s s",c*..as8

d5 (escriba la diná!ica de aplicación & li!itaciones de la Le& de 0" .a ;racc*$, 2o.ar  0" ca0a co2%o,",t" ", .a so.uc*$,8 U,a 0"s*ac*$, %os*t*a 0" .a LRM ocurr" cua,0o .os co2%o,",t"s 0" .a 2"#c.a %r";*"r", "star c"rca 0" 2o.!cu.as 0" su 2*s2o t*%o ", .u1ar 0" "star c"rca 0" .as 2o.!cu.as 0". otro co2%o,",t"8 La 0"s*ac*$, ,"1at*a su"." %r"s",tars" ", so.uc*o,"s ", )u" .as 2o.!cu.as 0" 0*st*,tas c.as"s t*",0", a atra"rs" ",tr" s3 0*;*cu.ta,0o .a t",0",c*a a. "sca%" 0" .as 2o.!cu.as ", ". %roc"so 0" a%or*#ac*$,8 e5 (escriba el si%ni)icado )"sico del dia%ra!a 8'& para un siste!a binario no ideal.

La .3,"a r"cta r"%r"s",ta .as %r"s*o,"s a .as )u" .as 0os ;as"s "st-, ", ")u*.*4r*o ", ;u,c*$, 0" .a co2%os*c*$, 0" .a 0*so.uc*$,