Tercera Entrega Didactica de Las Ciencias Naturales

 

M_UFRGDCMLHGA^F NG UGTHNWFT TÔ@HNFT GA @M DFAT^UWDDHÔA NG LM^GUHM@GT NHNÍD^HDFT _MUM @M DFATGURMDHÔA NG@ LGNHF MLEHGA^G

HAT^H^WDHFA WAHRGUTH^MUHM _F@H^GDAHDF IUMADF@FLEHMAF BMDW@^MN NG GNWDMDHÔA @HDGADHM^WUM GA GNWDMDHÔA _MUM @M _UHLGUM HABMADHM

5?=8

 

=. _@MA _@MA^G ^GML MLHG HGA^ A^F FN NG@ G@ _UFE _UFE@G @GLM LM..

=.= Dmrmdtgrhzmdhôa ng `m pfe`mdhôa.  

@m shiuhgatg havgsthimdhôa sg ``gvmrí m dmef dfa `fs gstunhmatgs ng` irmnf ]uhatf ng

`m Hasthtudhôa Gnudmthvm Eugafs Mhrgs, dfa sgng ga g` dfrrgihlhgatf ng Nmrnmag`fs 5, Wehdmnf ga g` Luahdhphf ng Dchlhdcmium-Dgsmr. @m vgrgnm Nmrnmag`fs 5, sg gadugatrm uehdmnm ga g` dgatrf sur ng` ngpmrtmlgatf ng` Dgsmr; Bug buanmnm ga g` mýf =.3?5. Mdtum`lgatg sg gadugatrm dfabfrlmnf pfr >5 bmlh`hms, pmrm ua tftm` ng 5=? cmehtmatgs mprfxhlmnmlgatg. @ms gnmngs ng `fs gstunhmatgs dfa `fs qug sg trmemjmrí nhdcm prfpugstm gstía ga ua rmaif rmaif gatrg `fs =? y == mýfs ng gnmn, ng `fs dum`gs 2 sfa ahýfs y 3 ahýms, g` 87% ng `fs gstunhmatgs vhvga dfa bmlh`hm aud`gmr y g` 7% rgstmatg sg gadugatrma emjf g` duhnmnf ng bmlh`hmrgs dflf meug`fs f tìfs, `m lmyfrìm ng `fs gstunhmatgs vhvga ga cfimrgs culh`ngs, sus pmnrgs sg ngnhdma m `m mirhdu`turm y imamngrìm, uth`hzma tèdahdms trmnhdhfam`gs ga `m prfnuddhôa ng sus du`thvfs.  

@m tftm`hnmn tftm`hnmn ng `fs gstunhmatgs sfa ng gstrmtf = ngehnf m qug `m lmyfrìm lmyfrìm ng sus pmnrgs

sf`f dursmrfa `m prhlmrhm y tma sô`f > ng g``fs m`dmazmrfa m dursmr cmstm `m sgduanmrhm; `m  jframnm gsdf`mr ng `m hasthtudhôa hahdhm m `ms 2:4? Ml y tgrlham m `ms =5:4? _l; @m Hasthtudhôa ga su _.G.H. rhig su gasgýmazm iuhmnfs pfr g` lfng`f pgn pgnmiôihdf miôihdf dfastrudthvhstm y dfa uam lgtfnf`fiìm mdthvm pmrthdhpmthvm, nfang g` gstunhmatg gs g` prhadhpm` mdtfr ga g`  prfdgsf gnudmthvf y g` nfdgatg gs vhstf dflf lfngrmnfr, dffrnhamnfr, bmdh`htmnfr, lgnhmnfr y m` lhslf thglpf pmrthdhpmthvf; rgspfasme`g ng drgmr ua d`hlm mbgdthvf, mrlôahdf y ng lutum dfabhmazm dfa bhmazm pmrm `firmr ga sus gstunhmatgs ua mprganhzmjg shiahbhdmthvf.

 

=.5 BFULW@MDHÔA NG@ _UFE@GLM.  

G` dfrrgihlhgatf ng Nmrnmag`fs 5, prgsgatm ua d`hlm dí`hnf ``gaf ng ludcms

rhqugzms du`turm`gs, `ms dum`gs sfa lfthvf ng friu``f pmrm dmnm uaf ng sus cmehtmatgs; ym qug m pmrthr ng tfnms gsms g sms dfstulergs g``fs `firma hngathbhdmrsg, sha `uimr m nunms, dmnm u uam am ng gstms rhqugzms du`turm`gs du`turm`gs sfa ng irma hlpfrtmadhm ga `fs prfdgsfs ng bfrlmdhôa ng dmnm uaf ng `fs gstunhmatgs, gstunhmatgs, gatganhganf qug `m du`turm sg rg`mdhfam rg`mdhfam dfa g` ngsmrrf``f ng `m mdthtun, pugstf qug `fs vm`frgs hab`uyga ga `m bfrlm ga qug ssgg vhvg, `firmanf ngsmrrf``mr  pmtrfags ng dfanudtms, shstglms ng drggadhms, prhadhphfs y bfrlms ng vhnm mdfrngs m su dfatgxtf sfdhf-du`turm`.  

@m Hasthtudhôa Gnudmthvm Eugafs Mhrgs, pfr sgr rurm`, vhvg rfngmnf ng rhqugzm

amturm`, qug pgrlhtg m` nfdgatg ngsmrrf``mr n gsmrrf``mr mdthvhnmngs vhvgadhmnms y shiahbhdmthvms pmrm `fs gstunhmatgs ng gstm zfam. Gstg pmhsmjg sg vg mbgdtmnf mbgdtmnf ngehnf m` lm` lmagjf ng `fs rgshnufs sô`hnfs pfr pmrtg ng m`iuafs ng sus cmehtmatgs, qug m pgsmr pgsmr ng dfatmr dfa ua sgrvhdhf ng rgdf`gddhôa ng rgshnufs, rgshnufs, af `f uth`hzma, gstf sg gvhngadhm ga m`iuams ng sus dm``gs, gstm p prfe`glíthdm rfe`glíthdm sg cm gxtganhnf cmstm `m hasthtudhôa y gs ng vhtm` hlpfrtmadhm qug qu g `fs gstunhmatgs sg dfadhgadhga mdgrdm n ng` g` lmagjf y rgdhd`mjg ng `fs rgshnufs rgshnufs pmrm `m g`mefrmdhôa ng lmtgrhm`gs nhnídthdfs qug pugnma garhqugdgr `ms prídthdms pgnmiôihdms ga g` mu`m, ng gstm bfrlm pugnma mprfvgdcmr gsfs rgshnufs y lgjfrmr g` gatfraf.  

Gstm prfe`glíthdm dfa``gvm uam irma rgspfasmeh`hnmn ga `fs nfdgatgs, yganf ng `m lmaf ng `fs augvfs prfdgsfs y lgtfnf`fiìms ng gasgýmazm, qug pgrlhtma m `fs gstunhmatgs uam lmyfr mshlh`mdhôa y dflprgashôa ng `fs tglms gspgdìbhdfs ng` írgm ng dhgadhms amturm`gs,

 

qug pgrlhtma sf`udhfamr `m prfe`glíthdm matg gxpugstm, pgrlhthganf nhsbrutmr ng ua mlehgatg smaf ga `m Hasthtudhôa Gnudmthvm Eugafs Mhrgs, nfang tgaimlfs ua lmyfr rgspgtf pfr g` duhnmnf ng` lgnhf mlehgatg, `m sm`un ng` dugrpf y g` euga lmagjf ng `fs rgshnufs.  

5.

_@MA^GMLHGA^F NG FEJG^HRFT IGAGUM@GT X GT_GDÌBHDFT

 

5.= Fejgthvf igagrm`. Dfadhgathzmr m `fs gstunhmatgs sferg g` duhnmnf mlehgatm` ngsng `m hlp`glgatmdhôa y gjgdudhôa ng `m prfpugstm lgtfnf`ôihdm sferg g` lmagjf ng `fs rgshnufs sô`hnfs pmrm `m g`mefrmdhôa ng lmtgrhm`gs nhnídthdfs ga `m Hasthtudhôa Gnudmthvm Eugafs Mhrgs, ga `fs gstunhmatgs ng` irmnf quhatf ng prhlmrhm.  

5.5 Fejgthvfs gspgdìbhdfs. 

Lfthvmr m` dugrpf nfdgatg y m `fs gstunhmatgs ng` irmnf quhatf, ga g` ngsmrrf``f ng mdthvhnmngs pmrm g` euga lmagjf ng `fs rgshnufs.



Drgmr g` irupf GDFEWMH (irupf gdf`ôihdf ng` irmnf quhatf ng `m Hasthtudhôa Gnudmthvm Eugafs Mhrgs)



Mprfvgdcmr `fs rgshnufs ga `m g`mefrmdhôa ng lmtgrhm` nhnídthdf (íemdfs, ef`fs, thganm gsdf`mr, lmqugtms).

 

4. MA^GDGNGA^GT

 

Ga eusdm ng ua mdgrdmlhgatf m` prfpôshtf ng gstm prfpugstm ng trmemjf, trmemjf, vm`g `m pgam

rgm`hzmr uam rgvhshôa m` pmsmnf, dfa mqug``fs pgrsfamjgs qug ng uam u ftrm lmagrm cma igagrmnf gspmdhfs ng lgjfrmlhgatf m `m prfe`glíthdm mlehgatm` ng lmagjf mngdumnf ng rgshnufs sô`hnfs. @m eúsqugnm sg gabfdô m ahvg` ng hasthtudhfags gnudmthvms ga luahdhphf ng Df`flehm y f ng ppmìsgs `mthafmlgrhdmafs, ga uahvgrshnmngs mdrgnhtmnms y qug erhanga  prfirmlms mbhags dfa g` lmagjf ng rgshnufs sô`hnfs.

@m matgrhfr rgvhshôa mrrfjô `fs shiuhgatgs cm``mzifs.

_UHLGU ^UMEMJF =. AFLEUG NG@ ^UMEMJF:

Lmagjf mngdumnf y rguth`hzmdhôa ng rgshnufs sô`hnfs ga g` _gnrf

5. MW^FU (GT):

Zmlhrm Uflmým, Zmlhrm Uflmým, Lmrhtzm Lmrhtzm @mrm, Mnrhmam Mnrhmam Wrrgif, Wrrgif, Uuehg` Uuehg`mm Dmrlfam, @h`hmam Lmrìm Rg`ísqugz.

4. BGDCM:

Mýf 5?=7

>. FE FEJJG^HRFT:

@firmr qug `fs pmnrgs ng bmlh`hm y `fs gstunhmatgs ng `fs irmn irmnfs fs sg sgxt xtf f y sè sèpt pthl hlf f ng `m Ha Hast stht htud udhô hôa a Gnud Gnudmt mthv hvmm lmgstrf _gnrf Ag` Iôlgz, pmrthdhpga rgspfasme`glgatg ga g` prfirmlm mlehgatm` gsdf`mr sferg lmagjf mngdumnf ng ngsgdcfs sô`hnfs. @fs prfe`glms mlehgatm`gs igagrm`gs ng gstm dfluahnmn sg nma pfr `m dflfnhnmn, g` gifìslf, `m mutfsubhdhgadhm y `m bm`tm ng rgspgtf pfr sì lhslf, pfr p fr g` ftrf y pfr `m amturm`gzm; Gs pfr gsf qug nhsgýmlfs gstg  prfygdtf gnudmthvf mlehgatm`hstm dfa g` prfpôshtf ng

7. THA^GTHT:

 prftgigr y dfasgrvmr g` lgnhf mlehgatg.

 

2. LG LG^F ^FNF NF@F @FIH IHMT MT::  @m lgtfnf`fiìm qug sg uth`hzm uth`hzm gs `m rgdf`gddhôa rgdf`gddhôa y d`mshbhdmdhôa ng rgshnufs sô`hnfs sgiúa sus dmrmdtgrìsthdms pmrm `ugif sgr rguth`hzmnfs ga nhbgrgatgs  prfygdtfs dflf g` gdf `mnrh``f, g`mefrmdhôa mrtgsmam` ng fejgtfs dfa pmpg` lgtm`hzmnf, g`mefrmdhôa ng pmpg` lmdcg-trmnhdhôa, gstrmtgihm ng` dumngraf vhgjf. Gtd.

9. UG UGTW TW@^ @^M MNF NFT TX DFAD@WTHFAGT:

Dfa gstm prfpugstm sg fetuvhgrfa rgsu`tmnfs bmvfrme`gs aftme`gs ga g` dmlehf ng dfadhgadhm mlehgatm` tmatf ga `fs gstunhmatgs dflf ga `fs pmnrgs ng bmlh`hms.

TGIWANF ^UMEMJF =. AFLEUG N NG G@

Nhsgýf ng prfpugstm nhnídthdm qug dfatrheuym m` euga

^UMEMJF:

lmagjf, rgdf`gddhôa, y nhspfshdhôa ng `fs rgshnufs sô`hnfs, ga `fs gstunhmatgs ng `m Hasthtudhôa Gnudmthvm Gstgema Fdcfm ng Htmiðì.

5. MW^FU (G (GT T):

Junhtc Lmrìm _m`mdhfs

4. BGDCM:

5?=7

>. FEJG^HRFT:

Nhsgýmr uam prfpugstm nhnídthdm qug dfatrheuym m` euga lmagjf, rgdf`gddhôa, y nhspfshdhôa ng `fs rgshnufs sô`hnfs, ga `fs gstunhmatgs ng `m Hasthtudhôa Gnudmthvm Gstgema Fdcfm dfa g` bha ng prflfvgr uam dfadhgadhm mlehgatm` mngdumnm mdgrdm ng `m prfe`glíthdm ga su gatfraf gnudmthvf.

7. THA^GTHT:

Ga `m mdtum`hnmn `m hasthtudhôa Gnudmthvm Gstgema Fdcfm  prgsgatm nhbhdu`tmngs dfa `fs ngsgdcfs igagrmnfs ga su hatgrhfr, ym qug af dugatm dfa uam du`turm ng sgpmrmdhôa ng rgshnufs, ah uam mngdumnm bfrlmdhôa mlehgatm` y pfr dfashiuhgatg af cmy dfadhgadhm ng` euga lmagjf qug sg `g ngeg nmr m `fs ngsgdcfs sô`hnfs.

2. LG LG^F ^FNF NF@F @FIH IHMT MT:: Dfabfrlmdhôa ng ua irupf gdf`ôihdf `fs dum`gs sfa dmpmdhtmnfs pfr pmrtg ng `m sgdrgtmrìm ng lgnhf mlehgatg ng` luahdhphf ng Htmiðì y `ugif dfa gstg irupf ngsmrrf``mr  mdthvhnmngs `únhdms y mdmnèlhdms qug ``gvga m `m dfadhgathzmdhôa sferg `m hlpfrtmadhm ng` lmagjf

 

mngdumnf ng `fs rgshnufs sô`hnfs.

9. UG UGTW TW@^ @^M MNF NFT TX DFAD@WTHFAGT:

@m lmyfr smthsbmddhôa bug myunmr m `fs gstunhmatgs y ``gvmr`fs m ua luanf rgm` nfang g``fs lhslfs sg nhgrfa dugatm ng `m agdgshnmn ng mpfrtmr m su gatfraf gnudmthvf m`tgramthvms ng lgjfrmlhgatf m` hium` qug `m bfrtuam ng bflgatmr y lgjfrmr `m du`turm mlehgatm` ng `m Hasthtudhôa.

^GUDGU ^UMEMJF =. AFLEUG N NG G@ ^UMEMJF:

Gvm`umdhôa ng` hlpmdtf mlehgatm` ng `fs rgshnufs sô`hnfs, igagrmnfs ga `m Wahvgrshnmn amdhfam` ng Df`flehm Tgng Lgng``ìa.

5. MW^FU (G (GT T): 4. BGDCM:

Dmr`fs Mrrfymvg

>. FEJG^HRFT:

Hngathbhdmr, p`mahbhdmr y gjgdutmr mddhfags frhgatmnms m  prgvgahr y/f dfrrgihr `fs hlpmdtfs mlehgatm`gs y sfdhm`gs ng lmagjfs ng ngsgdcfs sô`hnfs.

7. THA^GTHT:

Tg drgm prfygdtf mlehgatm`hstm qug eusdm dfadhgathzmr m `fs gstunhmatgs dfa rgspgdtf m `m hlpfrtmadhm ng duhnmr g` lgnhf mlehgatg nhslhauyganf f dfrrhihganf gsfs lm`fs cíehtfs qug m nhmrhf `g cmdga tmatf nmýf m augstrf p`magtm.

5??7

2. LG LG^F ^FNF NF@F @FIH IHMT MT:: Gstg prfygdtf usm uam lgtfnf`fiìm dum`htmthvm. 9. UG UGTW TW@^ @^M MNF NFT TX Cfy ga nìm sg pugng pu gng aftmr g` nhsbrutg ng ngsmrrf``fs ng DFAD@WTHFAGT:

mdthvhnmngs qug pgrlhtga `m pmrthdhpmdhôa dfajuatmlgatg ng `m dfastruddhôa ng ua mlehgatg smaf qug nìm m nìm `fs ``gvmrí m `m dfasf`hnmdhôa ng uam du`turm mlehgatm` rgspfasme`g.

DWMU^F ^UMEMJF =. AFLEUG N NG G@

Mprganhzmjg ng `ms dhgadhms ga prggsdf`mr: `m `uz dfastruddhôa ng rgprgsgatmdhfags y gxp`hdmdhfags sferg `m y `ms

 

^UMEMJF:

sflerms.

5. MW^FU (G (GT T):

@gthdhm Dmzmrgs, Bgramanf B`frgs, G`gam Dm`ngrôa.

4. BGDCM:

5??3

>. FEJG^HRFT:

Ngsmrrf``mr prfdgsfs dfastruddhôa ng gxp`hdmdhôa y rgprgsgatmdhôa ga `fs m`ulafs pgqugýfs ga g a `ms shiuhgatgs tglíthdms: df`frgs, `uz y sflerm, hlíigags, sfahnfs, lfvhlhgatfs y bugrzm.

7. THA^GTHT:

Ga gstg prfygdtf sg gxpfaga `ms dfastruddhfags dfadgptum`gs qug pugnga cmdgr `fs gstunhmatgs ng  prggsdf`mr sferg `ms afdhfags ng `uz y ng sflerm.

2. LG LG^F ^FNF NF@F @FIH IHMT MT:: _mrthdhpmthvm 9. UG UGTW TW@^ @^M MNF NFT TX DFAD@WTHFAGT:

`fs rgsu`tmnfs lugstrma qug `m gstrmtgihm cm juimnf ua  pmpg` hlpfrtmatg ga `m dfabfrlmdhôa ng `ms gxp`hdmdhfags ng `fs ahýfs sfergs `fs g`glgatfs qug hatgrvhgag ga `fs bgaôlgafs s gsms gxp`hdmdhfags sg cma cgdcf lís gxtgasms y gxp`hdhtms.

]WHA^F ^UMEMJF =. AFLEUG N NG G@ ^UMEMJF:

Lmtgrhm`gs ng rgdhd`mjg dflf rgdursf nhnídthdf pmrm gasgýmr dhgadhms amturm`gs m `fs gstunhmatgs ng` quhatf mýf ng gnudmdhôa igagrm` eíshdm ng `m uahnmn Gnudmthvm Tma _me`f Ng Iumrmhami.

5. MW^FU (G (GT T):

Dfymif Tuduzcmýmy Hrlm Rm`grhm

4. BGDCM:

5?=7-5?=2

>. FEJG^HRFT:

_rfpfagr lmtgrhm`gs ng rgdhd`mjg dflf rgdursf nhnídthdf  pmrm gasgýmr Dhgadhms Amturm`gs m `fs gstunhmatgs ng` quhatf mýf ng Gnudmdhôa Igagrm` Eíshdm (GIE) ng `m Wahnmn Gnudmthvm Tma _me`f ng Iumrmhami.

7. THA^GTHT:

G` fejgthvf quggssgqug pgrshiug rgm`hzmanf gstm prfpugstm lgtfnf`ôihdm gstunhmatgs y nfdgatgs nhspfaima ng

 

rgdursfs nhnídthdfs pmrm lgnhmr `fs shstglms ng mprganhzmjg gasgýmazm (TMG) ng `ms Dhgadhms Amturm`gs, gs ngdhr, `m prgtgashôa gs lgjfrmr uam shtumdhôa  pgnmiôihdf-nhnídthdm.

2. LG LG^F ^FNF NF@F @FIH IHMT MT:: @m prfpugstm dfashstg ga prfpfagr lmtgrhm`gs rgdhd`mnfs dflf rgdursfs nhnídthdfs pmrm gasgýmr Dhgadhms Amturm`gs ng Gnudmdhôa Igagrm` Eíshdm.

9. UG UGTW TW@^ @^M MNF NFT TX DFAD@WTHFAGT:

¹

G` dfafdhlhgatf ng `fs lmtgrhm`gs ng rgdhd`mjg dflf rgdursf nhnídthdf pfr pmrtg ng `fs => gstunhmatgs havgsthimnfs gs pfdf y amnm ga g` 7? %; ga g` dmsf ng `fs nfdgatgs, ga dumatf m su uth`hzmdhôa ga `m gasgýmazm ng Dhgadhms Amturm`gs ga g` quhatf mýf ng GIE ng `m Wahnmn Gnudmthvm Tma _me`f ng Iumrmhami, dfashngrma pfdf, g` 3? % ng `fs gadugstmnfs.

Tìatgshs ng `fs trmemjfs gadfatrmnfs  

^fnfs `fs trmemjfs lgadhfamnfs matgrhfrlgatg eusdma mpfrtmr gstrmtgihm lgtfnf`ôihdm

 pmrm qug sg ``gvg m dmef ua lgjfr lmagjf ng `fs rgshnufs sô`hnfs, y msì rgnudhr `fs hlpmdtfs mlehgatm`gs agimthvfs qug gstfs prfnudga m augstrf p`magtm. Cfy nìm m pmrthr ng `ms  prfe`glíthdms qug nhmrhmlgatg fesgrvmlfs dfa rg`mdhôa m` dm`gatmlhgatf i`fem` y `m dfatmlhamdhôa mlehgatm` sgathlfs `m agdgshnmn ng dfastruhr uam rg`mdhôa amturm`gzmsfdhgnmn `m dum` nglmanm ng uafs g`glgatfs qug pgrlhtma dfafdgr `m rgspfasmeh`hnmn qug  pfsgglfs `fs sgrgs culmafs dfa augstrf gatfraf y msì pfngr dfastruhr uam pgnmifiìm mlehgatm` `m dum` gs g` rgtf ng `m èpfdm, y af sf`f ua msuatf ng lfnm f prfe`glm pmrthdu`mr ng m`iúa lmgstrf lmgstrf qug eusdm eusdm haafvmr, pugstf qug g` duhnmnf ng` lgnhf mlehgatg gs ua msuatf qug afs havf`udrm m tfnfs, af pfnglfs sgr mjgafs m `m dfatmlhamdhôa qug sg nm dfastmatglgatg ga augstrf m`rgngnfr. ^fnfs gstfs trmemjfs afs shrvhgrfa ng mpfyf ga `m  eúsqugnm ng gstrmtgihms mlehgatm`hstms qug afs myunmría m tflmr dfadhgadhm ng` irma nmýf

 

qug dmusmlfs m` gdfshstglm y tmlehèa m` lhslf thglpf eusdmr `ms lgjfrgs prídthdms gdf`ôihdms qug myunmrma m ngsmprgangr dfanudtms hamprfphmnms qug dmusma tmatf nmýf y qug rgm`lgatg gstí ga augstrms lmafs ngjmr`ms m ua `mnf y glpgzmr m dmpmdhtmrafs g habfrlmrafs ng `ms prídthdms dfrrgdtms qug myunga m qug augstrf gdfshstglm sg rgdupgrg.

>. LMUDF ^GÔUHDF >.= Ugdursfs nhnídthdfs. @fs rgdursfs pgnmiôihdfs sfa luy hlpfrtmatgs ga `m gasgýmazm mprganhzmjg, ym qug gstf pgrlhtg mbhmazmr ga g` dulp`hlhgatf ng `fs fejgthvfs prfpugstfs ga g` p`ma ng d`msgs.

Lmrtìagz (5?=7) Ugvhstm @mthafmlgrhdmam gxprgsm: `fs lmtgrhm`gs ng rgdhd`mjg dflf rgdursf nhnídthdf, sgiúa m`iuafs nfdgatgs dulp`ga `m bham`hnmn, ng hlpu`smr `m pmrthdhpmdhôa ng lmagrm shiahbhdmthvm ng `fs gstunhmatgs ga `m rgm`hzmdhôa ng `ms d`msgs.

G` rf` ng` lmgstrf gs bfrtm`gdgr `fs mprganhzmjgs gsdf`mrgs pfr lgnhf ng rgdursfs nhnídthdfs, drgmanf gxpgrhgadhms shiahbhdmthvms ga dmnm mdthvhnmn p`matgmnm pfr g` nfdgatg.

Ga gstg dfatgxtf Ng`lmu Lfrm`gs, (5?=7) gxprgsm qug:

@m gsgadhm ng tfnf rgdursf gs prfphdhmr g` dmlehf, `f qug hlp`hdm nmr `uimr m ua prfdgsf ng tflm ng ngdhshfags sferg `m uth`hzmdhôa ng `fs rgdursfs dfa qug dugatm duga tm g` prfbgshfam` pmrm rgm`hzmr su trmemjf.

Lmtgrhm`gs ng rgdhd`mjg  

Ga `fs dfadgptfs prgsgatmnfs prgsgatmnfs pfr `fs havgsthimnfrgs mdgrdm ng` tglm ng lmtgrhm` lmtgrhm` ng

rgdhd`mjg dflf rgdursf nhnídthdf ga g` dmlpf gnudmthvf, g``fs puatum`hzma ga `m hlpfrtmadhm

 

ng` usf ng lmtgrhm` nhnídthdf dflf cgrrmlhgatms ga `m gasgýmazm mprganhzmjg gsdf`mr, y `m lmagrm dflf dfatrheuyg mdthvm, drgmthvm y pmrthdhpmthvmlgatg ga `m mprgcgashôa ng `fs mprganhzmjgs, sha `uimr m nunms, `fs lmgstrfs gstmlfs ``mlmnfs m bflgatmr dfadhgadhm ga g` duhnmnf ng` lgnhf mlehgatg, prhadhpm`lgatg ngsng `ms dhgadhms amturm`gs. Wam bfrlm ng dfatrheuhr ng lmagrm hatgirm` ga tfnfs gstfs prfdgsfs gs g` ngsmrrf``f y `m uth`hzmdhôa ng rgdursfs nhnídthdfs g`mefrmnfs dfa lmtgrhm` rgdhd`mnf ng` gatfraf, `firmanf msì, `fs  prfpôshtfs gnudmthvfs p`matgmnfs ga gstm írgm, mbhmazmanf cmeh`hnmngs, ngstrgzms, dflpgtgadhms y prhadhpm`lgatg `fs vm`frgs mlehgatm`gs.

>.5 Mprganhzmjg pfr ngsduerhlhgatf Tg gathgang pfr mprganhzmjg pfr ngsduerhlhgatf, tmlehèa ``mlmnf cgurìsthdf, g` qug  prflugvg qug g` mprganhgatg mnquhgrm `fs dfafdhlhgatfs pfr sì lhslf, ng tm` lfnf qug g` dfatgahnf qug sg vm m mprgangr af sg prgsgatm ga su bfrlm bham`, shaf qug ngeg sgr ngsduehgrtf pfr g` mprganhgatg. G` tèrlhaf sg rgbhgrg, msì pugs, m` thpf ng gstrmtgihm f lgtfnf`fiìm ng lgtfnf`fiìm ng gasgýmazm qug sg shiug, y sg fpfag m mprganhzmjg pfr rgdgpdhôa.

Gs ua dfadgptf prfphf ng `m pshdf`fiìm `m pshdf`fiìm dfiahthvm. dfiahthvm. G` pshdô`fif y pgnmifif J. Eruagr (=82?, =822) ngsmrrf``m uam tgfrìm ng mprganhzmjg ng ìanf`g dfastrudthvhstm dfastrudthvhstm,, dfafdhnm dfa g` aflerg ng mprganhzmjg pfr ngsduerhlhgatf. Lhgatrms qug N. Musueg` prgdfahzm `m gasgýmazm gxpfshthvm f g` mprganhzmjg pfr rgdgpdhôa dflf g` lètfnf lís mngdumnf pmrm g` ngsmrrf``f ng` mprganhzmjg shiahbhdmthvf, shiahbhdmthvf, J. Eruagr dfashngrm qug `fs gstunhmatgs ngega mprgangr pfr lgnhf ng` ngsduerhlhgatf iuhmnf qug thgag `uimr nurmatg uam gxp`frmdhôa lfthvmnm pfr `m durhfshnmn. Msì, ngsng g` puatf ng vhstm ng` mprganhzmjg pfr ngsduerhlhgatf, ga `uimr ng gxp`hdmr g` prfe`glm, ng nmr g` dfatgahnf mdmemnf, g` prfbgsfr ngeg  prfpfrdhfamr g` lmtgrhm` mngdumnf y gsthlu`mr m `fs mprganhgatgs pmrm qug, lgnhmatg `m

 

fesgrvmdhôa, `m dflpmrmdhôa, g` maí`hshs ng sglgjmazms y nhbgrgadhms, gtd., ``giuga m ngsduerhr dôlf buadhfam m`if ng ua lfnf mdthvf. Gstg lmtgrhm` qug prfpfrdhfam g` prfbgsfr  dfasthtuyg `f qug J. Eruagr ngaflham g` manmlhmjg. manmlhmjg.

_mrm J. Eruagr, gstg thpf ng mprganhzmjg pgrshiug:

=.

Tupgrmr `ms `hlhtmdhfags ng` mprganhzmjg lgdmahdhstm. lgdmahdhstm.

5. Gsthlu`mr Gsthlu`mr m `fs `fs m`ulafs m`ulafs pmrm qug qug bfrlu`ga bfrlu`ga supfshdhf supfshdhfags ags hatuhthv hatuhthvms ms qug  pfstgrhfrlgatg hatgatmría dfabhrlmr shstglíthdmlgatg. shstglíthdmlgatg. 4.

_ftgadhmr `ms gstrmtgihms lgtmdfiahthvms y lgtmdfiahthvms y g` mprgangr m mprgangr . Tg pmrtg ng `m hngm ng qug g` prfdgsf gnudmthvf gs m` lgafs tma hlpfrtmatg dflf su prfnudtf, nmnf qug g` ngsmrrf``f ng `m dflprgashôa dfadgptum` y ng `ms ngstrgzms y `ms gstrmtgihms dfiahthvms gs g` fejgthvf buanmlgatm` ng `m gnudmdhôa, lís qug `m mnquhshdhôa ng habfrlmdhôa bmdtum`.

>.

Gsthlu`mr `m mutfgsthlm y mutfgsthlm y `m sgiurhnmn.

7. NHTGÝF LG^FNF@FIHDF 7.= ^hpf ng havgsthimdhôa: Gstm prfpugstm nhnídthdm bug g`mefrmnm m pmrthr ng uam havgsthimdhôa dum`htmthvm ngehnf m qug sg rgm`hzô uam rgdf`gddhôa ng nmtfs m pmrthr ng fesgrvmdhfags ngtm``mnms ng dflpfrtmlhgatfs dfa rg`mdhôa m` lmagjf hangehnf ng `fs rgshnufs sô`hnfs ngatrf y bugrm ng`  p`matg` gnudmthvf ng `fs gstunhmatgs ng `m Hasthtudhôa Gnudmthvm Eugafs Mhrgs dfa sgng Nmrnmag`fs. @fs mutfrgs qug sustgatma gstm prfpugstm gatrg ftrfs tgaglfs:

 

 Jgma _hmigt: ‐Tgým`f sferg `m lmahpu`mdhôa ng fejgtfs qug grm luy buanmlgatm` pmrm g` ngsmrrf``f ng ua pgasmlhgatf `ôihdf nurmatg `fs mýfs matgrhfrgs m gtmpms fpgrmtfrhms habfrlm`“

_mrm _hmigt, g` ngsmrrf``f dfiahthvf gs g` prfnudtf ng `m hatgrmddhôa ng` jfvga dfa g` lgnhf mlehgatg ga bfrlm qug dmlehm sustmadhm`lgatg m lgnhnm qug g` ahýf gvf`udhfam.

G` mprganhzmjg pfr ngsduerhlhgatf sgrí augstrf m`hmnf pmrm p mrm `firmr qug `fs ahýfs ngsduerma `ms rgspugstms m sus prfphfs p rfphfs hatgrrfimatgs.

Eruaagr, ga su tgfrìm ng` mprganhzmjg pfr ngsduerhlhgatf lmahbhgstm qug: g` gstunhmatg ngeg dflprgangr `f qug mprgang y af `m rutham, rgpgthdhôa y rgm`hzmdhôa ng `ms mdthvhnmngs qug af gathgang.

7.5 Ng`hlhtmdhôa Gspmdhf-^glpfrm`:  

Gstm prfpugstm sg ngsmrrf``mrí ga `m Hasthtudhôa Gnudmthvm Eugafs Mhrgs dfa sgng

Nmrnmag`fs HH, ga g` irmnf quhatf y tganrí uam nurmdhôa nurmdhôa ng 2 lgsgs.

7.4 _fe`mdhôa y lugstrm:  Gstm prfpugstm nhnídthdm sg ``gvmrí m dmef ga `m Hasthtudhôa Gnudmthvm Eugafs Mhrgs dfa sgng ga Nmrnmag`fs HH. Wehdmnm ga g` luahdhphf ng Dchlhdcmium Dgsmr ga `m Rgrgnm Nmrnmag`fs. @m gsdug`m ng Nmrnmag`fs HH dugatm dugatm dfa 2? gstunhmatgs ga Eíshdm _rhlmr _rhlmrhm hm dfrrgspfanhgatgs m `fs irmnfs gatrg _rggsdf`mr y ]uhatf y `m lugstrm gsdfihnm dfa `m qug sg trmemjmrí nhdcm prfpugstm sfa => ahýfs ng` irmnf ]uhatf ng `fs dum`gs 2 sfa ahýfs y 3 ahýms gatrg gnmngs ng =? m == mýfs.

 

2. _UF_WGT^M LG^FNF@FIHDM 2.= ^H^W@F: GA GDFEWMH UGDHD@MANF X DFAT^UWXGANF GT^FX, DWHNMANF LH GA^FUAF M_UGANHGANF RFX.

2.5 FEJG^HRF IGAGUM@  

Dfadhgathzmr m `fs gstunhmatgs sferg g` duhnmnf mlehgatm` ngsng `m hlp`glgatmdhôa y

gjgdudhôa ng `m prfpugstm lgtfnf`ôihdm sferg g` lmagjf ng `fs rgshnufs sô`hnfs pmrm `m g`mefrmdhôa ng lmtgrhm`gs nhnídthdfs ga `m Hasthtudhôa Gnudmthvm Eugafs Mhrgs, ga `fs gstunhmatgs ng` irmnf quhatf ng prhlmrhm.

2.4 FEJG^HRFT GT_GDÌBHDFT



Drgmr g` irupf GDFEWMH (irupf gdf`ôihdf ng` irmnf quhatf ng `m Hasthtudhôa Gnudmthvm Eugafs Mhrgs)



Rhadu`mr m tfnm `m dfluahnmn gnudmthvm ga `m pugstm ga prmdthdm ng `m prfpugstm lgtfnf`ôihdm.





Frimahzmr `fs sueirupfs pmrm rgm`hzmr `ms nhsthatms buadhfags. Lfthvmr m `fs pmnrgs ng bmlh`hms m pmrthdhpmr ng bfrlm mdthvm ga dmnm uam ng `ms mdthvhnmngs prfirmlmnms.



Mprfvgdcmr `fs rgshnufs ga `m g`mefrmdhôa ng lmtgrhm` nhnídthdf (íemdfs, ef`fs, thganm gsdf`mr, lmqugtms).

2.> NGTMUUF@@F NG @M _UF_WGT^M

 

 

Dfa g` bha ng ``gvmr m dmef y dfa èxhtf èxhtf gstm gstm prfpugstm lgtfnf`ôihdm GA GDFEWMH:

UGDHD@MANF X DFAT^UWXGANF GT^FX, DWHNMANF LH GA^FUAF M_UGANHGANF RFX. sg prflugvg uam du`turm sferg g` lmagjf ng `fs rgshnufs sô`hnfs nfang sg cmdg agdgsmrhf ``gvmr m dmef `ms shiuhgatgs mddhfags pgnmiôihdms:

=. Drgmdh Drgmdhôa ôa ng` irupf irupf GDFEW GDFEWMH: MH: Gstg Gstg irupf irupf gstmr gstmríí dfabfrlmnf pfr `fs gstunhmatgs ng` irmnf irmnf quhatf ng `m Hasthtudhôa Gnudmthvm, nfdgatgs ng` írgm ng dhgadhms amturm`gs, ng gnudmdhôa mrtìsthdm y pmnrgs ng bmlh`hm. G` irupf GDFEWMH: Gstm suenhvhnhnf ga trgs irupfs pmrm nhamlhzmr `m prfpugstm, dflf sg ngsdrheg m dfathaumdhôa.

Irupf =. _UGIFAGUFT: Dfabfrlmnf pfr > gstunhmatgs qug sg gadmrimrma ng sfdhm`hzmr `m prfpugstm y `ms mdthvhnmngs m rgm`hzmr matg `m dfluahnmn gnudmthvm pfr lgnhf ng dfavgrsmtfrhfs.

Irupf 5. TGLEUMNFUGT: Dfabfrlmnf pfr > gstunhmatgs, gadmrimnfs ng dfadhgadhmr m tfnm `m dfluahnmn gnudmthvm m trmvès ng rgm`hzmdhôa ng sm`hnms ng dmlpf y dfavgrsmtfrhfs mpfymnfs pfr `fs nfdgatgs mdflpmýmatgs.

Irupf 4. BFULMNFUGT: Dfabfrlmnf pfr 2 gstunhmatgs, gadmrimnfs ng rgm`hzmr rgm`hzmr dmlpmýms ng rgdf`gddhôa ng rgshnufs sô`hnfs, pmrm nmr`g ua euga lmagjf y ng gstm bfrlm sgr  rguth`hzmnfs ga `fs prfdgsfs ng gasgýmazm mprganhzmjg mdflpmýmnfs pfr g` nfdgatg ng gnudmdhôa mrtìsthdm.

 

NFDGA^GT MDFL_MÝMA^GT: Gstmrí dfabfrlmnf pfr g` nhrgdtfr ng irupf ng` irmnf, nfdgatgs ng dhgadhms amturm`gs, nfdgatgs ng gnudmdhôa mrtìsthdm y dffrnhamnfrgs.

_MNUGT NG BMLH@HM: Gstmrí dfabfrlmnf pfr pmnrgs ng bmlh`hm vf`uatmrhfs, `fs dum`gs mpfymrma m dmnm sueirupf ng

GDFEWMH.

DFARGUTM^FUHFT: Ga g``fs sg trmtmría `fs tglms, dflf: 

Tfdhm`hzmdhôa ng `m prfpugstm lgtfnf`ôihdm



Tfdhm`hzmdhôa ng drfafirmlms ng mdthvhnmngs



Hlpfrtmadhm ng duhnmr augstrf mlehgatg.



Lmagjf ng rgshnufs sô`hnfs. 

G`mefrmdhôa ng lmtgrhm`gs nhnídthdfs.

TM@HNMT NG DML_F: Tg rgm`hzmría pmrm dfadhgadhmr m tfnm `m dfluahnmn gnudmthvm, lgnhmatg `m fesgrvmdhôa nhrgdtm ng su gatfraf.

EUHIMNMT NG UGDF@GDDHÔA NG LM^GUHM@GT: sg rgm`hzmría gstms erhimnms pmrm d`mshbhdmr `fs rgshnufs sô`hnfs dfa g` bha ng rguth`hzmr`fs.

G@MEFUMDHÔA NG LM^GUHM@GT NHNÍD^HDFT: `ugif ng sgr d`mshbhdmnfs `fs rgshnufs sô`hnfs sg prfdgngrí ga `m g`mefrmdhôa ng `fs lmtgrhm`gs nhnídthdfs ga `ms dhgadhms amturm`gs dflf: lmqugtms, lmtgrms, gatrg ftrfs; ga lmtglíthdms dflf: `m thganm gsdf`mr, íemdfs; ga gnudmdhôa bìshdm dflf: dfafs, ef`fs; ga dhgadhms sfdhm`gs dflf: lmqugtms y ga tgdaf`fiìm g habfrlíthdm, gatrg ftrms.

9.DFAD@WTHFA

 

 

Gstm prfpugstm thgag dflf bham`hnmn hlp`glgatmr g` usf ng lmtgrhm` nhnídthdf g`mefrmnf

dfa lmtgrhm` rgdhd`mnf, dflf cgrrmlhgatm pgnmiôihdm ga `fs prfdgsfs ng gasgýmazm mprganhzmjg, `firmanf gabrgatmr `ms nhbhdu`tmngs mlehgatm`gs gxhstgatg ga `m hasthtudhôa, gstm  prfpugstm eusdm cmdgr ua ``mlmnf m tfnm `m dfluahnmn gnudmthvm, m qug sg mprfphga ng `m gnudmdhôa y `m bfrlmdhôa ng `fs gstunhmatgs ng `m Hasthtudhôa Gnudmthvm Eugafs Mhrgs, ym qug sg dfashngrm qug uam bfrlm ng dfatrheuhr dfa g` mprfvgdcmlhgatf y g` lmagjf ng `fs lmtgrhm`gs sf`hnfs rgshnum`gs ng `m hasthtudhôa, gs rguth`hzíanf`fs ng lmagrm drgmthvm ga `fs mprganhzmjgs ng `fs gstunhmatgs.

3. ¶DWÍ@ ¶DWÍ@GT GT TF TFA A @FT UG^FT ]WG ^H ^HGAG GAG @ @M M GNWDMDHÔA GNWDMDHÔA NG@ THI@F THI@F SSH X _FU ]WG GT HANHT_GATME@G WAM ^UMATBFULMDHÔA TWT^MADHM@6 @m gsdug`m trmnhdhfam` juiô ua pmpg` hlpfrtmatg ga `m gnudmdhôa, dfa irmangs mpfrtgs qug ga su thglpf shstglmthzmrfa `m gnudmdhôa pmrm prfvggr pgrsfams fegnhgatgs y ruthamrhms qug ga su lflgatf `ms glprgsms hanustrhm`hzmnms y ng` mirf nglmanmema ga mqug``fs lflgatfs. Mcfrm ehga, `m sfdhgnmn dmlehm ga bfrlm rmnhdm` y prfbuanm, y `m gsdug`m trmnhdhfam` af rgspfang m gstfs dmlehfs vgrthihafsfs, `m gsdug`m trmnhdhfam` sg cm dfavgrthnf hagbhdhgatg g hamngdumnm, dflf pfnglfs fesgrvmr `m sfdhgnmn dmlehm y sueymdg gatrg augvfs rgtfs y augvms nglmanms. @m gsdug`m sg trmasbfrlm luy `gatmlgatg y af a f gs ng gxtrmýmr, ym qu qugg `fs dmlehfs gnudmthvfs sug`ga gstmr ngsdfatgxtum`hzmnfs ga g` thglpf, ga m`iuafs dmsfs m`dmazma `fs dhga mýfs. Gs pfr gstf qug sg cmdg hanhspgasme`g uam vgrnmngrm trmasbfrlmdhôa ngsng augstrm prídthdm nfdgatg y ngjmr mtrís gsms mtmnurms qug afs ``gvm m dmgr ga g`

 

mrdmìslf, cmy qug gnudmr dhunmnmafs ng` shi`f SSH, pmrm g` shi`f SSH, bfrlmanf hanhvhnufs drgmthvfs, glprgangnfrgs, drìthdfs, dflpgtgatgs dfa g` luanf nhihtm`, dfa m`tfs nftgs sfdhm`gs y qug sg mnmptga m mlehgatgs `mefrm`gs nhvgrsfs,  prflfvhganf `fs ph`mrgs ng `m had`ushôa sfdhm`, hr pmrm`g`mlgatg m `ms augvms tgdaf`fiìms, gs hanhspgasme`g prflfvgr `ms dflpgtgadhms, `m drgmthvhnmn, hatgirmr mdthvmlgatg m `m bmlh`hm bmlh`hm ga `fs prfdgsfs gnudmthvfs, y pfr gang gs hlpfrtmatg qug g` nfdgatg rgtflg ua augvf rf`, ngsng `m trmaslhshôa ng dfatgahnfs m `m frhgatmdhôa y mpfyf ng` m`ulaf, igagrmanf `ms dfanhdhfags pmrm qug sgm èstg g` qug, ng lmagrm mdthvm y gxpgrhlgatm`, dfastruym su prfphf dfafdhlhgatfs, g` mprganhzmjg af gstí ga `fs dfatgahnfs shaf ga `ms hatgrmddhfags qug sg prfnudga m`rgngnfr ng g``fs pfahganf ga prídthdm `fs dfafdhlhgatfs.  

Tg trmtm trmtm ng bfrlmr m dhunmnmafs, af sf`f sf`f m prfbgshfam`gs gbhdhgatgs, sh af drgmr ua

shstglm gnudmthvf mehgrtf m `m dfluahnmn y emsmnf ga mprganhzmjgs df`mefrmthvfs qug hlp`hdma m tfnm `m sfdhgnmn. @m `mefr ng gstg shstglm af gs bfrlmr m dhunmnmafs úahdmlgatg pmrm sgr úth`gs m ua lgrdmnf, shaf bfrlmr m dhunmnmafs dmpmdgs ng ngsgavf`vgrsg ga tfnfs `fs ahvg`gs sfdhm`gs y qug gstg hanhvhnuf tgaim y prmdthqug `ms had`ushfags sfdhm`gs; ga nfang nhdcf hanhvhnuf sgm dmpmz ng mdgptmr y rgspgtmr `ms nhbgrgadhms ng` ftrf, ftrf, ngehnf m qug g` sgr culmaf gs sgr sfdhm` pfr amturm`gzm y ga nfang dmnm uaf pugnm m`dmazmr su ehgagstmr sfdhm` y glfdhfam`., pmrm `f dum` sg rgquhgrg qug cmym ua vìadu`f nhrgdtf gatrg `m bmlh`hm, `m gsdug`m y `m dfluahnmn ga igagrm`. ^gahganf ga dugatm qug `m gnudmdhôa gs g` pmtrhlfahf pmtrhlfahf lís sô`hnf sô`hnf g hlpfrtmatg qug m`iuhga pugng rgdhehr, pfsheh`htmanf m qug g` hanhvhnuf drgzdm hanhvhnum` y sg ngsmrrf``g hatgirm`lgatg ga gstm sfdhgnmn, m` pftgadhmr sus

 

cmeh`hnmngs, du`thvmr sus vm`frgs, dulp`hr su prfygdtf ng vhnm y ng gstm lmagrm trmasbfrlmr su gatfraf.

3. UGBGUGADHMT EHE@HFIUÍBHDMT Mrrf``mvg, D. (5??>). Gbgdtfs ng `m hamngdumnm igsthôa ng rgshnufs sô`hnfs. Lgng``ìa Lgng``ìa.. Gstrudp`ma. Ugdupgrmnf ng: Cttp:www.gstrudp`ma.dfl.mr/mr Cttp:www.gstrudp`ma.dfl.mr/mrthdu`fs/vgrmrthdu thdu`fs/vgrmrthdu`f.msp6HNMrthdu`f52 4>72938/=>522/=/W_T2/=/W_TD^??9?=4.pnb  Bgf, U. (5?=?). Frhgatmdhfags eíshdms pmrm g` nhsgýf ng gstrmtgihms nhnídthdms. nhnídthdms. ^gangadhms pgnmiôihdms, =2, 55?-542. Ugdupgrmnf cttp://www.tgangadhmspgnmifi cttp://www.tgangadhmspgnmifihdms.dfl/Mrthdu`fs/5 hdms.dfl/Mrthdu`fs/5?=?V=2V=4.pnb  ?=?V=2V=4.pnb   pm`mdhf, J. (5?=7). Nhsgýf Nhsgýf ng prfpugstm nhnídthdm, nhnídthdm, qug dfatrheuym m` euga lmagjf, rgdf`gddhôa, y nhspfshdhôa bham` ng `fs rgshnufs sô`hnfs, ga `fs gstunhmatgs ng `m hasthtudhôa gnudmthvm Gstgema Fdcfm ng Htmiðì. Wahvgrshnmn Amdhfam` ng Df`flehm. Lgng``ìa. Ugdupgrmnf ng:cttps://www.iffi`g.dfl/ur`6 ng: cttps://www.iffi`g.dfl/ur`6 sm