Terapia de Pareja 2

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

Mgtjgbm @mrtà Mrms. @mstcr >116->118.

=/6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^MK\BKJ. BGLBKC. 1. BG\^JLSKKBÛG. =.  LCFBGBKBÛG LC IM \C^MQBM LC QM^COM. m.  Ci tcrmpcutm. >.  C[\^SK\S^M LC IM QM^COM ;.  Q^BGKBQMIC[ Í^CM[ LC KJGFIBK\J CG IM QM^COM. /6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

=1.  Mpâglbkc. Mpâglbkc. m.  Gjr`ms lc nucgm kj`ugbkmkbûg n.  Gjr`ms pmrm `cojrmr im kj`ugbkmkbûg k.  Ibstmlj lc jnstíkuijs cg im kj`ugbkmkbûg l.  Huàm pmrm scr `ís kjgskbcgtc lc ims kjsms mhrmlmnics quc m`njs emkcg c.  ’ Qbiic m su pmrcom emkbcglj mihj mhrmlmnic‐ f.   Mutjrrchbstrj lc sbtumkbjgcs sbtumkbjgcs lc kjgfibktj h.  Huàm pmrm ims scsbjgcs lc sjiukbûg lc prjnic`ms e.  Huàm kj`j emkcr ug kjgtrmtj. b.  Kucstbjgmrbj lc írcms lc km`nbj lc Xcbss. Qmrtc =. ==. NBNIBJH^MFÀM.

;/6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

Ci kj`pjrtm`bcgtj eu`mgj gj cs micmtjrbj gb b`prcvbsbnic, gj jkurrc pjrquc sà, j pjrquc emym mihj bgtràgsckj cg ci bglbvbluj quc ic emhm kj`pjrtmrsc kj`j ij emkc. [b jnscrvm`js, tcgc`js gckcsmrbm`cgtc quc kjgstmtmr ug eckej? im kjgluktm lci bglbvbluj `mgtbcgc ugm rchuimrblml cg im bgtcrmkkbûg kjg ci m`nbcgtc. Cstc eckej cs prckbsm`cgtc ci cic`cgtj c`pàrbkj quc gjs pcr`btc kjgstrubr ugm kbcgkbm lci kj`pjrtm`bcgtj y fuglm`cgtmr im psbkjijhàm kj`j kbcgkbm.

116->115

Bgtrjlukkbûg. Ims cstmlàstbkms lbkcg quc ijs kmsmljs vbvcg `ís y kjg `myjr kmiblml lc vblm,... sb gj emy kjgfibktjs. Qcrj ijs kjgfibktjs? cgfcr`mg `cgtmi`cgtc (lcprcsbûg, trmstjrgj nbpjimr, ncnblm, vbjicgkbm,..) y fàsbkm`cgtc (kjrmzûg, kígkcr, cgfcr`clmlcs bg`ugjiûhbkms, ljijr krûgbkj...). Emstm mu`cgtmg im prjnmnbiblml lc mkkblcgtcs lc trífbkj, bgkiubljs ijs `jrtmics. Ijs kjgfibktjs cg im pmrcom hcgcrmg tm`nbâg prjnic`ms cg ijs ebojs (prjnic`ms lc kjgluktm, lcprcsbûg y prjnic`ms pmrm mikmgzmr im bgtb`blml cg ci futurj). Ijs `clbjs lc kj`ugbkmkbûg gjs trmgs`btcg ug `cgsmoc quc pmrckc bglbkmr quc im fjr`m lc vbvbr `cojr gj cs im pmrcom y lc eckej msà sc vm pims`mglj cg im sjkbclml. @bcgtrms quc cg ijs mýjs 81 ci 81% lc ijs ejhmrcs m`crbkmgjs ijs jkupmnm ug `mtrb`jgbj mktumi`cgtc sjim`cgtc sjg ci 31%. Qcrj `ukems jtrms kbfrms gj sjg tmg kbcrtms. Gjs lbkcg, pjr coc`pij, quc sc lbvjrkbmg `ís pcrsjgms quc sc kmsmg, ij quc cs fmisj, cg gucstrj pmàs mi `cgjs. Cg ci mýj >111 sc scpmrmrjg ug ;1% lci gÿ`crj lc pmrcoms quc sc kmsmrjg. [c lmg pmrcoms lc eckej y fjr`ms lc rcimkbûg `uy imrhms, sbcglj ’gjvbjs‐ y vbvbcglj kmlm ugj cg su kmsm, kj`pmrtbcglj sjim`cgtc ci tbc`pj ibnrc, sjg fjr`ms quc pcr`btcg rcimkbjgcs kjg ug `cgjr kj`prj`bsj. Qjlràm`js cstmr tcgtmljs lc mtrbnubr cstjs prjkcsjs cxkiusbvm`cgtc m im fmitm lc prcpmrmkbûg psbkjiûhbkm pmrm mfrjgtmr ijs prjnic`ms y kjgfibktjs quc sjg bgecrcgtcs m  vbvbr cg pmrcom cg ci `j`cgtj mktumi. Qcrj schurm`cgtc fcgû`cgjs sjkbmics tbcgcg cxpibkmkbjgcs y jràhcgcs sjkbmics. Im sjkbclml `mrkm im pmrcom quc qubcrc j quc gckcsbtm. Gj tcgc`js `ís quc kjgsblcrmr im bgfiucgkbm lc fmktjrcs pjsbtbvjs kj`j ijs mvmgkcs lc im `uocr emkbm im bhumilml sjkbmi kjg ci ej`nrc y su bgtchrmkbûg cg ci prjkcsj prjluktbvj4 y jtrjs gj tmg pjsbtbvjs kj`j im blcjijhàm ecljgbstm, cstmnickblm pmrm `mgtcgcr ug hrmg gbvci lc kjgsu`j, j im fmitm lc mpjyj mi lcsmrrjiij lc im fm`bibm, quc pjgc tcgcr hrmglcs lbfbkuitmlcs kj`j imnjrmics ci kublmljsjkbmi lc ijs ebojs, y quc iicvmg m kjgsblcrmr lcskcglcgkbm ugmpmrm kmrhm bgsjpjrtmnic, ougtj kjg jtrjs cic`cgtjs kj`j ims kjglbkbjgcs prckmrbms lc trmnmoj, quc pjr ugm pmrtc lbsumlcg lc cstmnickcr kj`prj`bsjs m imrhj pimzj, kj`j tcgcr ebojs j kj`prmr ug pbsj, y pjr jtrm cstmnickcg ojrgmlms bgtcr`bgmnics quc kjgtrbnuycg lc fjr`m lctcr`bgmgtc m bgkrc`cgtmr ims nmrrcrms lc kj`ugbkmkbûg cg im pmrcom. [jg tjljs fmktjrcs sjkbmics quc kjgfbhurmg im fjr`m lc im pmrcom quc sc puclc lmr cg gucstrm sjkbclml.

3/6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

=.º ]uâ cs im tcrmpbm lc pmrcom: [b nuskm`js im lcfbgbkbûg lcfbgbkbûg lc tcrmpbm lc pmrcom pjlc`js cgkjgtrmr vmrbms cxpibkmkbjgcs lci târ`bgj? =. Im tcrmpbm lc pmrcom myulm m ims pmrcoms ‛kmsmlms j gj“m cgtcglcr y rcsjivcr kjgfibktjs j m `cojrmr ims rcimkbjgcs. Qrjpjrkbjgm ims ecrrm`bcgtms ecrrm`bcgtms gckcsmrbms pmrm pjtcgkbmr im kj`ugbkmkbûg, utbibzm tâkgbkms pmrm im rcsjiukbûg lc kjgfibktjs kjgfibktjs y fmkbibtm im ggchjkbmkbûg chjkbmkbûg lc ims lbfcrcgkbms cxbstcgtcs cg ci scgj lc im pmrcom. Im tcrmpbm im iicvm m kmnj ug tcrmpcutm j ugm tcrmpcutm cspckbmibzmljs cg tcrmpbm lc pmrcom  y fm`bibm. Cstjs tcrmpcutms, mlc`ís lc tcgcr ugm fjr`mkbûg cg psbkjijhàm kiàgbkm, kucgtmg kjg ugm m`pibm trmycktjrbm cg ci trmtm`bcgtj y mscsjrm`bcgtj m pmrcoms y fm`bibms. >. @jlmiblml tcrmpâutbkm kjg im fbgmiblml lc quc im pmrcom bgvjiukrmlm kj`pmrtm y rcspctc ug gucvj cstbij lc vblm y quc ci kjgfibktj puclm sc rcsucitj kjg sus prjpbjs `clbjs, nmoj ci kjgkcptj lci "lmrsc kucgtm". Quclc iicvmrsc lc lbfcrcgtcs fjr`ms?   \crmpbm kjgougtm.- M`nms pcrsjgms sjg mtcglblms sb`uitígcm`cgtc pjr ci `bs`j

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tcrmpcutm.  Mscsjràm ljnic.- [c mitcrgmg ims scsbjgcs bglbvblumics bglbvblumics lc ugj y jtrj `bc`nrj lc im pmrcom4 bgkiuyc ci trmtm`bcgtj lc prjnic`ms bglbvblumics, bgtcrvbgbcglj ci `bs`j tcrmpcutm. Cgfjquc kjimnjrmljr.- M`nms pmrtcs sc mtbcglcg bglbvblumi`cgtc y lcgtrj lci `bs`j bgtcrvmij lc tbc`pj, pcrj kjg tcrmpcutms lbfcrcgtcs. \crmpbm kjgkurrcgtc.- [c jnscrvm m im pmrcom pjr scpmrmlj, bgtcrvbgbcglj ci `bs`j tcrmpcutm, cg scsbjgcs bglbvblumics. \crmpbm bglbvblumi.-[ûij ug `bc`nrj lc im pmrcom rckbnc tcrmpbm.

CI \C^MQCS\M. Ci tcrmpcutm lc pmrcom cs mquci quc jptm pjr trmtmr m pcrsjgms quc prcscgtmg prjnic`ms kjgyuhmics y gj sûij prjvbcgcg lc ugm lbskbpibgm sbgj quc mug mquciijs quc kj`pmrtcg ugm `bs`m, prjkclcgkbm, cgkmrgm ijs `bs`js prjnic`ms kjg cgfjqucs y jnoctbvjs `mrkmlm`cgtc lbstbgtjs. Sgjs krcàmg quc im tcrmpbm lc pmrcom crm sbgûgb`j lc ’mscsjrm`bcgtj `mtrb`jgbmi‐, pcrj im hrmvclml lc ijs prjnic`ms trmtmljs cxbhc ugm tcrmpbm lc prjfuglblml, y tmi prjfuglblml sjij cstm ib`btmlm pjr im fjr`mkbûg y kmpmkblml lci tcrmpcutm. 6/6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

Ci tcrmpcutm lc pmrcom gj puclc ib`btmrsc m trmtmr prjnic`ms bgtcrpcrsjgmics lci `mtrb`jgbj, sbgj quc kumglj ijs prjnic`ms bgtrmpsàqubkjs lc ugj lc ijs kjgyuhucs b`pblcg im rcsjiukbûg lc im bgmr`jgbm kjgyuhmi, ci tcrmpcutm lcnc scr kmpmz lc mnjkmrsc m ugm tcrmpbm bglbvblumi, mlc`ís , ci tmrpcutm kj`pctcgtc gj lcnc lcomr lc trmtmr ijs prjnic`ms quc sc trmtmr prcscgtcg, lci `bs`j `jlj quclcmi ug príktbkmr tcrmpbm lc fm`bibm, tmi fm`bibmrcs vcz scm prckbsj ci prjnic`m bgtrmpsàqubkj bglbvblujp j ug prjnic`m kjgyuhmi quc kjmlyuvm m pcrturnmr m im fm`bibm. Qmrm lbfcrcgkbmr târ`bgjs, \C^MQBM LC FM@BIBM, ’cs kumiqubcr sbtumkbûg psbkjtcrmpâutbkm kcgtrmlm cxpiàkbtm`cgtc cg `jlbfbkmr ims bgtcrmkkbjgcs cgtrc ijs `bc`nrjs lc im fm`bibm y quc nuskm `cojrmr ci fugkbjgm`bcgtj lc im fm`bibm kj`j ugblml j sus sunsbstc`ms y/j ci fugkbjgm`bcgtj lc ijs `bc`nrjs bglbvblumics lc im fm`bibm ( Hur`mg,=256, píh?363)‐ [b nbcg im tcrmpbm lc pmrcom sucic kjgsblcrmrsc ug sunhrupj lc tcrmpbm lc fm`bibm. Ijs tcrmpcutms lc pmrcom lbspjgcg lc mihugms vàms , mugquc cskmsms, pmrm `mgcomr ijs prjnic`ms quc m`cgmzmg im rcimkbûg kjgyuhmi. \m`nbâg myulmg m pmrcoms cg prjkcsj lc lbvjrkbj y prjpjrkbjgmg tcrmpbm scxumi. Cxbstcg sbtumkbjgcs cg quc ims gckcsblmlcs lc lcpcglcgkbm lc ugj lc ijs ljs kjgyuhucs sc vc scrbm`cgtc m`cgmzmlms. Ci trmtm`bcgtj mquà, kjgtc`pimlc im ijs pjsbnbiblml lc( scpmrmr m ijs bglbvblujs m im vcz quc sc kjgstruycg ims pjtcgkbmiblmlcs `bc`nrjs Hjgzmicz, =251).  Mugquc cxbstcg `uy lbvcrsjs cgfjquc y tcjràms quc mnjrlmg im tcrmpbm lc pmrcom, y quc pjstcrbjr`cgtc rcvbsmrc`js, mquà vm`js m kcgtrmrgjs cg ci cgfjquc kjhgbtbvj ‛ kjgluktumi. Cstc sc kcgtrm cg ci mgíibsbs lctmiimlj lc ijs kjgfibktjs kjtblbmgjs quc puclcg iicvmr m im rupturm lc im rcimkbûg, sc pimgtcm kû`j mpmrckcg y kû`j sc `mgtbcgcg. Qmrm kjgschubr ugm bgtcrvcgkbûg cfbkmz, sc pimgtcmg fjr`ms lc supcrmrijs kcgtrígljsc cg ci bgtcrkm`nbj lc kjgluktms pjsbtbvms y `cojrmr im kj`ugbkmkbûg y im rcsjiukbûg lc prjnic`ms. Mugquc ij vcrlmlcrm`cgtc b`pjrtmgtc cs quc ci tcrmpcutm scpm cgkjgtrmr im/s `cojrcs tâkgbkms pmrm kmlm kmsj cg pmrtbkuimr, ym quc im `cojr tcrmpbm lc pmrcom cs im quc nmsm sus `âtjljs cg ims gckcsblmlcs rcmics lc ims pcrsjgms quc lc`mglmg kjgsuitm. Gj tjlms ims pmrcoms sjg bhumics, gb tbcgcg ijs `bs`js prjnic`ms, lcnc`js mljptmr ugm pjsturm bgtchrmljrm, bgtchrmljrm, kj`nbgmg kj`nbgmglj lj pjr coc`pij, im tcrmpbm sbstâ` sbstâ`bkm, bkm, kjg ecrrm`bcgtms ecrrm`bcgtms kjhgbtbvj-kjgluktumics, psbkjclukmtbvms y kjmke4 sbc`prc cgfjkmljs cg ci mpjyj kjgtbguj m im pmrcom y im sjiukbûg lc sus prjnic`ms. Emy quc krcmr ug `mrkj mprjpbmlj pmrm kjgjkcr ims gckcsblmlcs lc ijs `bc`nrjs lc im pmrcom, blcgt blcgtbfbkmr bfbkmr ijs prjnic`ms y rcsjivcrijs km`nbmglj, mkcptmglj j `cojrmglj kbcrtms pmutms kjgluktumics, c`jkbjgmics  y lc kj`ugbkmkbûg. Ims lbfcrcgkbms gj iicvmg gckcsmrbm`cgtc mi kjgfibktj, sc puclc kjgvbvbr kjg im jtrm pcrsjgm mkcptmglj j bgkiusbvc emkbcglj kj`pmtbnics cstms lbfcrcgkbms. Cg ijs ÿitb`js mýjs, y hrmkbms mi mvmgkc cg ci í`nbtj lc im bgvcstbhmkbûg y im príktbkm kiàgbkm, sc em bgkrc`cgtmlj lc `mgcrm gjtmnic im cfcktbvblml lc im tcrmpbm lc pmrcom

8/6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

>. C[\^SK\S^M LC IM QM^COM. \rcs sjg

ijs cocs prbgkbpmics sjnrc ijs quc sc lcsmrrjiim ug ugmm rcimkbûg? pmsbûg,

kj`prj`bsj c bgtb`blml.  Mktumi`cgtc im nmsc sjnrc im quc sc fjr`mg kmsb tjlms ims pmrcoms cs ci cgm`jrm`bcgtj. Ci pmsbûg,, mfcktj, tcrgurm, cgm`jrm`bcgtj cs ugm c`jkbûg y tbcgc ug fucrtc kj`pjgcgtc lc pmsbûg scxj. Qjr csj ugj lc ijs prbgkbpmics jnoctbvjs lc im pmrcom ejy cs emkcrsc im vblm mhrmlmnic. Qcrj ugm c`jkbûg cs pmsmocrm, pjrquc cstí sj`ctblm m im icy lc im emnbtumkbûg. \jljs smnc`js quc ci cgm`jrm`bcgtj sc pmsm y `ukems pmrcoms, nmsmlms sjim`cgtc cg csm c`jkbûg sc lbsucivcg, "sc pbcrlc im biusbûg"4 "gj sc sbcgtc ij `bs`j". [bg c`nmrhj, ci m`jr mpmsbjgmlj lc ijs kj`bcgzjs cs ugm vàm bg`cojrmnic pmrm kjgschubr `mgtcgcr im pmrcom. Qmrm ciij cs prckbsj lcsmrrjiimr im bgtb`blml y im vmiblmkbûg. Bgtb`blml supjgc mnrbrsc y kjgtmr kjsms quc, cg jtrms kbrkugstmgkbms, pjlràmg usmrsc cg kjgtrm gucstrm y rckbnbr mkcptmkbûg pjr pmrtc lci jtrj. Kumglj cstm`js cgm`jrmljs gjs pjgc`js kj`pictm`cgtc cg `mgjs lc gucstrm pmrcom y lc cstm cs tm fjr`m kjgstrub`js im bgtb`blml. \m`nbâg lckblb`js kj`pmrtbr `ís kjsms kjg ci jtrj y vm`js kj`prj`ctbâgljgjs mgtc im sjkbclml, sc humrlm fblciblml, sc kj`pmrtc ci tbc`pj, sc cgtrchm ci kucrpj, sc kj`pmrtcg nbcgcs `mtcrbmics kj`j ug pbsj, ctk. fbgmi`cgtc sc mlqubcrc ug kj`prj`bsj lc vblm cg kj`ÿg, quc puclc cstmr j gj rcfrcglmlj sjkbmi`cgtc. [c kjgstruyc msà ci kj`prj`bsj quc kj`prj`bsj  quc cs im lckbsbûg lc pcr`mgckcr cg im rcimkbûg pcsc m ijs prjnic`ms quc  vmymg surhbcglj, iukemglj iukemglj kjg tjlms ims fucrz fucrzms ms pjsbnics pmrm rcsjivcrijs. [chÿg sc vmg kj`pmrtbcglj `ís cic`cgtjs sc tbcgc vm kjgstruycglj ug `âtjlj pmrm tj`mr lckbsbjgcs y sc cstmnickc ugm cstrukturm lc pjlcr, quc puclc scr `ís j `cgjs lc`jkrítbkm, pcrj sbc`prc mkcptmlm pjr ijs ljs. Im tj`m lc lckbsbjgcs cs ugm lc ims fucgtcs lc kjgfibktj b`pjrtmgtcs cg im pmrcom. Qmrm tcgcr  tcgcr  bgtb`blml, bgtb`blml, pmrm tj`mr lckbsbjgcs, y pmrm kjgvbvbr cs prckbsj smncr kj`ugbkmrsc, cskukemrsc y rcspctmrsc. Qmrm rcsjivcr ijs prjnic`ms tm`nbâg. Im kmpmkblml lc kj`ugbkmrsc y lc rcsjivcr ijs kjgfibktjs cs fuglm`cgtmi pmrm im kjgtbgublml lc im pmrcom. Jtrj mspcktj `uy b`pjrtmgtc cs ci mpjyj `utuj. Ci jtrj cs ci prbgkbpmi sjstâg mgtc ims lbfbkuitmlcs y m`cgmzms lc im vblm y ci mpjyj cg ci lcsmrrjiij pcrsjgmi y sjkbmi.

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\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

\CJ^BM \^BÍGHSIM^ LCI M@J^ LC [\C^GNC^H

BG\B@BLML

QM[BÛG

KJ@Q^J@B[J

Ci m`jr rj`ígtbkj? b`pibkm bgtb`blml y pmsbûg, pcrj gj kj`prj`bsj. Ci m`jr fmtuj? b`pibkm kj`prj`bsj y pmsbûg, pcrj gj bgtb`blml. Ci m`jr sjkbmnic? b`pibkm bgtb`blml y kj`prj`bsj, pcrj gj pmsbûg. Ci cgkmprbkem`bcgtj? b`pibkm pmsbûg, pcrj gj bgtb`blml gb kj`prj`bsj. Ci m`jr vmkàj? b`pibkm kj`prj`bsj (pcrj gj bgtb`blml gb pmsbûg). Ci kmrbýj? b`pibkm bgtb`blml (pcrj gj pmsbûg gb kj`prj`bsj). Ci m`jr kjgsu`mlj? b`pibkm bgtb`blml, pmsbûg y kj`prj`bsj. Gucstrj mprcglbzmoc lc kû`j cs cg im pmrcom csc mpjyj `utuj sc lm lcgtrj lc im fm`bibm cg im quc gmkb`js. Sgm lc ims prb`crms kjgluktms quc lcsmrrjiim`js cg ciim cs im lc mpchj. Lcfbgblm kj`j im nÿsquclm lc prjtckkbûg mgtc m`cgmzms cxtcrgms y, cg ci gbýj, sc kjgkrctm lc fjr`m prbgkbpmi cg nuskmr im prjtckkbûg lc im `mlrc.  Vbstm lcslc im sjkbclml im i m pmrcom cs ugm cgtblml nmsmlm cg im rcimkbûg cgtrc ljs pcrsjgms. Kj`j cgtc sjkbmi im pmrcom sc kj`pjrtm kj`j ugm ugblml y cs rckjgjkblj msà pjr ijs quc ijs rjlcmg. Cs lcgtrj lc im pmrcom kj`j bgstbtukbûg sjkbmi ljglc sc prjlukcg ims rcimkbjgcs lbílbkms cgtrc sus `bc`nrjs. Ims icycs, ijs usjs y ims kjstu`nrcs `mrkmg y lcfbgcg ugms kmrmktcràstbkms nísbkms cg im pmrcom, kj`j ci kj`prj`bsj quc ugc m sus `bc`nrjs, y ic msbhgmg ugm fugkbûg sjkbmi, bgfiuycglj lckbsbvm`cgtc cg im fjr`m y kjgtcgblj lc ims rcimkbjgcs cgtrc sus kj`pjgcgtcs. Emstm emkc pjkj im bg`cgsm `myjràm lc ims pmrcoms cstmnmg kjgstbtublms pjr ug pmr lc pcrsjgms lc lbstbgtj scxj quc cg fugkbûg lc lbstbgtms rmzjgcs lckblàmg kj`pmrtbr su kucrpj, mpjymrsc `utum`cgtc cg im smiul y cg im cgfcr`clml. Im pmrcom crm ug 2/6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

`mtrb`jgbj quc tcgàm kj`j jnoctj sjkbmi im krcmkbûg lc im fm`bibm y pims`mnm sus bgtcgkbjgcs ichmi`cgtc cg ug kjgtrmtj `mtrb`jgbmi. Mktumi`cgtc gbghugm lc ims ljs kjsms cs gckcsmrbm pmrm quc ug cgtjrgj sjkbmi kjgsblcrc quc ljs pcrsjgms kjgstbtuycg ugm pmrcom4 `ukems pmrcoms gj tbcgcg bgtcgkbûg lc fjr`mr ugm fm`bibm y gj pims`mg su rcimkbûg m`pibj. pjr `clbj lc ug kjgtrmtj cxpiàkbtj. Ci kjgkcptj lc pmrcom sc em eckej `ís Ci pmpci lc im pmrcom y im fm`bibm cg im sjkbclml em blj km`nbmglj m ij imrhj lc ijs tbc`pjs. Cg ijs ÿitb`js ljskbcgtjs mýjs, im fm`bibm em pmsmlj lc ugblml lc prjlukkbûg m ugblml lc kjgsu`j (Dcmri, >11=). Kmlm `bc`nrj lc im fm`bibm jntbcgc ijs bghrcsjs lc fjr`m bglcpcglbcgtc y cg im fm`bibm sc kj`pmrtcg ijs nbcgcs lc kjgsu`j, kj`blm,  vbvbcglm, ctk. Im cxbstcgkbm sjkbmi lc im pmrcom b`pibkm quc cg `ukejs mspcktjs `mgtbcgc ugm kjgluktm kj`ÿg, ÿgbkm, y quc cxbstcg ugm scrbc lc nbcgcs sjnrc ijs quc `mgtbcgc ugm prjpbclml y ug usj kj`ÿg. Mgtc im sjkbclml c`picm ci ’gjsjtrjs‐ kj`j rcspjgsmnic lc im prjpbclml y lc ims mkkbjgcs.  Mktumi`cgtc sc supjgc quc ci jnoctbvj b`piàkbtj kjg ci quc kmlm `bc`nrj sc bgkjrpjrm m im pmrcom cs emkcr im vblm `ís fcibz y picgm mi jtrj y rckbnbr ug trmtj mgíijhj. Qmrm ciij bgtcrkm`nbmg kjgluktms y kj`pmrtcg, lcslc ug pugtj lc vbstm sjkbmi, ugm scrbc lc nbcgcs  y mktbvblmlcs. Ij emkcg lc fjr`m prbjrbtmrbm, iichmglj iichmglj cstm prbjrblml m scr ug kj`prj`bsj lc cxkiusbvblml. Mihugjs lc ijs nbcgcs y mktbvblmlcs quc kj`pmrtcg sjg?   Ci kucrpj. Cs im kmrmktcràstbkm `ís cspckàfbkm lc im pmrcom. Ims pmrcoms sc lbstbghucg

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pjrquc kj`pmrtcg kmlm ugj ci kucrpj lci jtrj. Ims rcimkbjgcs scxumics lc ijs `bc`nrjs lc im pmrcom sc pimgtcmg lc fjr`m cxkiusbvm cgtrc ciijs `bcgtrms im rcimkbûg cxbstc. Cs `ís, hcgcrmi`cgtc kumglj sc lmg rcimkbjgcs scxumics fucrm lc im pmrcom, sc pjgc `uy scrbm`cgtc cg pcibhrj im kjgtbgublml lc im pmrcom.

  Nbcgcs ckjgû`bkjs. Cxbstc ug kj`prj`bsj ckjgû`bkj pjr ci quc sc kj`pmrtcg

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lbfcrcgtcs nbcgcs. [c sucic tcgcr ugm vbvbcglm cg kj`ÿg, mugquc mktumi`cgtc sjg frckucgtcs ims pmrcoms quc tbcgcg kmsms lbfcrcgtcs y mitcrgmg im vblm cg kj`ÿg lurmgtc pcrbjljs kjrtjs, pjr coc`pij fbgcs lc sc`mgm j vmkmkbjgcs, kjg im vblm scpmrmljs, kmlm ugj cg su pbsj. Iicvmg ugm rcimkbûg lc gjvbmzhj ctcrgj, cg im quc gj cxbstc ci prjycktj lc prjfuglbzmr y kj`pmrtbr gmlm `ís.

  Ci kj`prj`bsj lc kj`pmrtbr nbcgcs ckjgû`bkjs puclc cstmr rcspmilmlj lc

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fjr`m ichmi j gj4 cg ims pmrcoms lc eckej, gj cxbstc kj`prj`bsj ichmi lc kj`pmrtbr nbcgcs y hcgcrmi`cgtc gb sbqubcrm sc pmktm cxpiàkbtm`cgtc ims rchims quc sc vmg m schubr.

=1/6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

Emy quc rcsmitmr im pmrtc lc ijhàstbkm quc tbcgc kj`pmrtbr nbcgcs lc kjgsu`j. Qjr coc`pij, sb sc kj`pmrtc ug pbsj cs prckbsj lctcr`bgmr qubcg sc cgkmrhm lc kmlm tmrcm lj`âstbkm. Mktumi`cgtc cs ug fjkj b`pjrtmgtc lc kjgfibktj cg ims pmrcoms, qubzís pjr im pjkm kuiturm quc tbcgcg ijs ej`nrcs lc emkcr tmrcms lj`âstbkms (Fbse`mg y Ncmke, =222).   Im pmtcrgblml /`mtcrgblml. Cs ugj lc ijs `jtbvjs quc iicvmg m kjgstbtubr ugm pmrcom cstmnic. Qcrj tm`nbâg cstj cstí km`nbmglj. Im prjpjrkbûg lc ebojs gmkbljs lc `uocrcs sjitcrms cs kmlm vcz `myjr iichmglj m scr `myjrbtmrbj cg pmàscs kj`j Bsimglbm, [uckbm j Gjruchm Fm`bi Fm`biyy Fmkt Fbic (>11=). •

Cxbstcg jtrjs cic`cgtjs quc sc kj`pmrtcg lc mihugm fjr`m kj`j ci prcstbhbj sjkbmi, ijs m`bhjs, pcrj gj sc emkc lc fjr`m cxkiusbvm y im vmrbmkbûg lci hrmlj lc ugm pmrcom m jtrm cs `uy hrmglc. Qjr coc`pij im cxkiusbvblml m im ejrm lc kj`pmrtbr ci tbc`pj lc jkbj em km`nbmlj gjtmnic`cgtc4 sb nbcg gj em sblj gugkm lctcr`bgmgtc pmrm ci ej`nrc, mejrm kmlm vcz cs `cgjr im cxbhcgkbm y `myjr im ibncrtml lc kmlm `bc`nrj lc im pmrcom pmrm tcgcr sus `j`cgtjs lc jkbj bglcpcglbcgtcs. Emy quc tcgcrijs cg kucgtm pjrquc prbjrbzmr im schurblml ckjgû`bkm cg ci kmsj lc ims `uocrcs j ci prcstbhbj sjkbmi cg ci kmsj lc ijs ej`nrcs puclc lmr iuhmr m lbstjrsbjgcs b`pjrtmgtcs y m kjgfibktjs m imrhj pimzj. Gj sjim`cgtc sc kj`pmrtcg nbcgcs tm`nbâg sc bgtcrkm`nbms kjgluktms, msà, ug mspcktj `uy b`pjrtmgtc cs ci mpjyj `utuj. [c pims`m cg im fûr`uim lc cstmr ougtjs cg im smiul y im cgfcr`clml, cg ims michràms y cg ims trbstczms. Ci jtrj cs ci prbgkbpmi sjstâg mgtc ims lbfbkuitmlcs y m`cgmzms lc im vblm y ci mpjyj cg ci lcsmrrjiij pcrsjgmi y sjkbmi. Gucstrj mprcglbzmoc lc kû`j cs cg im pmrcom csc mpjyj `utuj sc lm lcgtrj lc im fm`bibm cg im quc gmkb`js. Sgm lc ims prb`crms kjgluktms quc lcsmrrjiim`js cg ciim cs im lc mpchj. Im kjgluktm lc mpchj fuc lcfbgblm pjr Njwniy (=262) kj`j im nÿsquclm lc prjtckkbûg mgtc m`cgmzms cxtcrgms y, cg ci gbýj, sc kjgkrctm lc fjr`m prbgkbpmi cg nuskmr im prjtckkbûg lc im `mlrc. Lcgtrj lci mpchj sc emg kjgsblcrmlj ims kjgluktms lc nÿsquclm lc myulm y im rcspucstm quc em jntcgblj. Msà, cg su `clblm, sc bgkiuycg fmktjrcs kj`j im lbspjgbnbiblml lc ijs pmlrcs, su mkcptmkbûg, su rcspctj y im fmkbibtmkbûg lc im prjpbm mutjgj`àm, im nÿsquclm lc myulm cg sbtumkbjgcs cstrcsmgtcs y im smtbsfmkkbûg quc sc cgkucgtrm cg ci muxbibj jntcgblj. Ci mpchj sc pims`m tm`nbâg cg ug bgtcrâs cg `mgtcgcr ims rcimkbjgcs kjg ijs pmlrcs y ci mfcktj quc sc sbcgtc pjr ciijs (Dcggy, =253). Rm lc mluitjs nuskm`js kj`pmýàm pmrm rclukbr gucstrm mgsbclml y pmrm cgkjgtrmr mpjyj cg sbtumkbjgcs m`cgmzmljrms (@jym, =228). Sgm fugkbûg sjkbmi lc im pmrcom cs `mgtcgcr y muxbibmr mi jtrj y ij quc sc emhm y kj`j sc emhm vm m cstmr rcimkbjgmlj kjg ims kjgluktms lc mpchj quc mprcglb`js cg im bgfmgkbm y ims rcspucstms quc jntuvb`js. c bgkiuyc ims fugkbjgcs quc lmg iuhmr m ims kjgluktms lc mpchj y msà ij rckjgjkc im sjkbclml cg ims myulms ckjgû`bkms quc sc lmg cg kmsj lc fmiickb`bcgtj lci kûgyuhc. Ims `jtbvmkbjgcs mirclcljr lci mpchj sjg ugm kmusm b`pjrtmgtc lci `mgtcgb`bcgtj j lbsjiukbûg lc ims pmrcoms. Ci pcsj quc tbcgc cg im kjgstbtukbûg lc im pmrcom sc em

==/6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

c`pczmlj m tcgcr cg kucgtm cg im tcrmpbm (Ojegsjg y Hrcc`ncrh, =2534 Imwrcgkc, Cilrblhc mgl Kebstcgscg, =225). Kj`pmrtbr cstjs nbcgcs y mktbvblmlcs cs ij quc lcfbgc m im pmrcom kj`j cgtc sjkbmi. Cg kmlm`cgjrcs sjkbclmlkmlm cxbstcg quc fbomg imkrckbcgtc fjr`m lcimsemkcrij. sjkbmics sjg vczgjr`ms y kjg frckucgkbm pmrcomsQcrj fbomgims suscxbhcgkbms prjpbms rchims mi `mrhcg lc ijs usjs y kjstu`nrcs vbhcgtcs, lcfbgcg, b`piàkbtm j cxpiàkbtm`cgtc, quc nbcgcs  y mktbvblmlcs kj`pmrtcg y emstm quc hrmlj ij emkcg4 `ukems vckcs pcgsmglj quc sbtumrsc fucrm lc im gjr`m ics vm m myulmr m gj tcgcr ijs prjnic`ms quc cstíg cg im rmàz lc ijs frmkmsjs cg im kjgvbvcgkbm. Kumglj sc kjgstbtuyc im pmrcom kmlm `bc`nrj pcrsbhuc ugjs jnoctbvjs, b`piàkbtjs j cxpiàkbtjs, quc qubcrc jntcgcr cg im rcimkbûg. Gj sjg jnoctbvjs bg`utmnics cg ci tbc`pj, m ij imrhj lc im vblm lc im pmrcom km`nbm su b`pjrtmgkbm lcpcglbcglj lci lcsmrrjiij bglbvblumi y sjkbmi j lc im fmsc cg quc cstâg, sb sc tbcgcg ebojs pcqucýjs j ym `myjrcs, sb sc cstí ounbimlj, kjg prcsbjgcs ckjgû`bkms, ctk. (Imwrcgkc, Cilrblhc y Kerbstcgscg, =225). Bgbkbmi`cgtc tbcgc `ukem b`pjrtmgkbm ci scxj y iuchj vmg tj`mglj prcpjglcrmgkbm jtrjs fmktjrcs kj`j mspcktjs kjgvcrsmkbjgmics j mfcktbvjs (Kíkcrcs, =226, ph. ;6). Ijs jnoctbvjs lc m`njs tbcgcg quc kjgouhmrsc y kjjrlbgmrsc cg tjlj `j`cgtj pmrm quc im pmrcom puclm fugkbjgmr. Kumglj gj cstíg mr`jgbzmljs mpmrckcg prjnic`ms. (Cpstcbg ct mi, =22;) Ci `mgcoj lci lbgcrj kj`pmrtblj puclc scr ug coc`pij lc kû`j fugkbjgm im pmrcom kj`j cgtc sjkbmi. Ims gckcsblmlcs y jnoctbvjs quc kmlm `bc`nrj qubcrc rcsjivcr kjg ci lbgcrj sc cxpibkbtmg cg im kj`ugbkmkbûg y kj`prcgsbûg `utum y tbcgc quc cxbstbr ug `âtjlj pmrm fbomr ims prbjrblmlcs m ims quc sc vm m mpibkmr im kmgtblml lbspjgbnic. Im fjr`m lc fbomrims cs ug rcficoj lci rcpmrtj lc pjlcr cg im pmrcom. Gj sc trmtm lc quc sc cstmniczkmg ugms prbjrblmlcs jnoctbvm`cgtc rmzjgmnics j cqubtmtbvms, sbgj lc quc scmg mkcptmlms y mkcptmnics pjr ijs ljs. Kj`j cgtc sjkbmi sc mkmnm tj`mglj ugm lckbsbûg kjgougtm y kjjrlbgmlm. Gj cs ci lbgcrj ci ÿgbkj cic`cgtj cg ci quc sc rcficomg ims rcimkbjgcs lc pjlcr, cg rcmiblml sc lmg cg tjljs y kmlm ugj lc ijs nbcgcs quc sc kj`pmrtcg. Gj tbcgcg pjrquâ scr sbc`prc ims `bs`ms4 pjr coc`pij, `bcgtrms quc cg ijs hmstjs iicvm im vjz kmgtmgtc ug `bc`nrj cg ims rcimkbjgcs sjkbmics, puclc scr ci jtrj. Cg ci `uglj bgtcrgj lc im pmrcom ugj lc ijs `bc`nrjs puclc tcgcr `ís kmpmkblml pmrm kjgschubr quc ci jtrj mkcptc emkcr ij quc âi qubcrc. [c cstmnickc ugm cstrukturm lc pjlcr, lcfbgblj kj`j im kmpmkblml pmrm bgfiucgkbmr m ijs jtrjs pmrm quc emhmg ij quc ugj qubcrc (Emrpcr, =253). Qcrj ci pjlcr lcpcglc lci `mgcoj lc ijs rckursjs quc ugj tbcgc. Im cstrukturm lc pjlcr cg im pmrcom sc pims`m cg ims rcimkbjgcs lc lj`bgmgkbm. [u b`pjrtmgkbm cg im pmrcom y cg sus kjgfibktjs em sblj m`pibm`cgtc rckjgjkblm. Msà Hjtt`mg (=282) prjpusj quc im lj`bgmgkbm cs ug cic`cgtj fuglm`cgtmi cg ci cqubibnrbj lc im pmrcom y quc sb gj sc cstmnickc ugm rcimkbûg lc lj`bgmgkbm ijs prjnic`ms cstíg mschurmljs. Ci prjnic`m quc sc lm kjg cstc kjgkcptj cs su kbrkuimrblml. Hjtt`mgg (=282) lj`bgmgkbm kj`jCstj ugm cs, msb`ctràm cg im ims kjgluktm prclbkkbjgcs lc impcrsjgm, kjgluktmMquc sbhuc mlcfbgc im kjgluktm lci jtrj. ’kumglj lc ugm cs

=>/6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

prclckbnic lcslc im kjgluktm lc ugm pcrsjgm N, sc lbkc quc N cs lj`bgmgtc sjnrc M‐. Cstm lcfbgbkbûg tbcgc kj`j prjnic`m quc im kjgluktm lc su`bsbûg prclbkc, cg hcgcrmi, ci kcsc lci mtmquc lci bglbvbluj lj`bgmgtc. Qjr ciij mpibkmglj im lcfbgbkbûg mgtcrbjr ci bglbvbluj quc sc sj`ctc scràm lj`bgmgtc sjnrc ci jtrj. Im lcfbgbkbûg lc lj`bgmgkbm quc sc kcgtrm cg lci im kjgluktm lm iuhmrcg m m`nbhùclmlcs, sc rcsucivcg sb sc tbcgc cg kucgtmsjim`cgtc ci rcsuitmlj cgfrcgtm`bcgtj kumgtj m qubcgquc sc quclm cg pjscsbûg lci rckursj cg lbsputm. Kbtmglj ugm lcfbgbkbûg `ís jpcrmtbvm [iukdbg (=251) `cgkbjgm m \ej`psjg (=268), quc utbibzm ug krbtcrbj m`pibj pmrm lcfbgbr lj`bgmgkbm. [c lm lj`bgmgkbm cg ugm bgtcrmkkbûg kumglj ug gbýj ’fàsbkm`cgtc hmgm ugm iukem, lcspimzm m jtrj gbýj lc su iuhmr, mkmnm tcgbcglj ug jnoctj quc lcscmg `utum`cgtc, j quc kjgtrjim lc fjr`m jnvbm im kjgluktm lci jtrj gbýj, gjr`mi`cgtc m trmvâs lc ûrlcgcs vcrnmics.‐ Qmrckc kimrj quc, sb nbcg gb im prcscgkbm lc ugm cstrukturm lc lj`bgmgkbm gb su muscgkbm cs im kmusm lctcr`bgmgtc lc ijs kjgfibktjs cg im pmrcom (Hjtt`mg, =225), tcgcr rcsucitm lc fjr`m smtbsfmktjrbm pmrm m`njs im tj`m lc lckbsbjgcs kjgtrbnuyc m su cstmnbiblml. Ijs prjnic`ms surhcg kumglj ims lckbsbjgcs quc sc tj`mg iicvmg m ug rcsuitmlj gchmtbvj pmrm im jtrm pcrsjgm. Im gchmtbvblml sc `blc lcslc ug pugtj lc vbstm sunoctbvj y kjgsbstc, im `myjràm lc ims vckcs, cg ugm lbskrcpmgkbm cgtrc ims cxpcktmtbvms y ijs rcsuitmljs. Cg hcgcrmi, cs lbfàkbi cstmnickcr krbtcrbjs jnoctbvjs lc gchmtbvblml cg ims rcimkbjgcs y cg ims bgtcrmkkbjgcs (Kíkcrcs, =226). Kj`j cg kumiqubcr cgtblml sjkbmi ims cstrukturms lc pjlcr pcrlurmg `bcgtrms gj emym ug km`nbj cg ims kbrkugstmgkbms quc iicvcg m kucstbjgmrims, surhc cgtjgkcs ci kjgfibktj lc pjlcr quc cstí imtcgtc cg `ukejs lc ijs prjnic`ms lc pmrcom.

;. Qrbgkbpmics írcms lc kjgfibktj cg im pmrcom. Ims írcms lc kjgfibktj mfcktmg m tjljs ijs kj`pjgcgtcs quc sc emg ibstmlj lc im cstrukturm lc im pmrcom. Ci pjlcr

\cgbcglj cg kucgtm ims rcspjgsmnbiblmlcs? qubcg sc cgkmrhm lc emkcr ims kjsms y qubcg lckblc ij quc emy quc emkcr. Cstms lckbsbjgcs mnmrkmg mspcktjs tmg fuglm`cgtmics kj`j? Ims fbgmgzms, ci kublmlj lc ijs ebojs, ims rcimkbjgcs sjkbmics, ctk. Im bgtb`blml

Im bgtb`blml sc kjgstruyc kjg ugm scpmrmkbûg lc im fm`bibm lc jrbhcg, lmglj prbjrblml mi jtrj cg im mutjrrcvcimkbûg y cg im tj`m lc lckbsbjgcs. Qjr csj ugj lc ijs tc`ms `ís kjgfibktbvjs sc lm cg ims rcimkbjgcs kjg im fm`bibm lc jrbhcg,

=;/6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

Im pmsbûg pmsbûg ci mfcktj im scxumiblml

vm sustbtuycglj bgbkbmi vmssc lmglj bgtb`blml  yCimim`jr kmrbýj, pcrj gj pjr mi csjcgm`jrm`bcgtj, sc puclc pcrlcrimimpmsbûg mtrmkkbûg quc c sbcgtcpmsj pjrmciimjtrj kj`j jnoctj y suoctj scxumi. Kj`ugbkmkbûg

Kumglj sc prjlukcg ijs kjgfibktjs y sc cgqubstmg sc prjlukcg pmtrjgcs lc kj`ugbkmkbûg quc pcrpctÿmg ci prjnic`m y kjglukcg fbgmi`cgtc m im scpmrmkbûg. Lcscgkmlcgmgtcs lc ijs kjgfibktjs Cg kbrkugstmgkbms gjr`mics ims pmrcoms, mugquc gj scmg fcibkcs, sc m`jilmg y gj surhcg ijs kjgfibktjs, cstjs mpmrckcg kumglj sc lmg kbrkugstmgkbms b`pjrtmgtcs lc km`nbj, cs lckbr, sbtumkbjgcs cstrcsmgtcs kj`j? Km`nbjs imnjrmics tmgtj gchmtbvjs kj`j pjsbtbvjs? pmrj, mskcgsjs4        

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Im ounbimkbûg. Cgfcr`clmlcs4 Qrjnic`ms ckjgû`bkjs, Im pmtcrgblml/ `mtcrgblml,

Kumglj ijs ebojs sc vmg lc kmsm j sb`pic`cgtc sc emkcg `myjrcs y lcomg `ís tbc`pj ibnrc m im pmrcom. \jljs, pjsbtbvjs y gchmtbvjs, sjg fucgtcs lc cstrâs quc cxbhcg m im pmrcom pjgcr cg `mrkem sus emnbiblmlcs lc kj`ugbkmkbûg y lc rcsjiukbûg lc kjgfibktjs, mlc`ís lc im `jtbvmkbûg pmrm `mgtcgcrsc ougtjs y im kmpmkblml lc rckjgjkcr ims lcnbiblmlcs lcimgtc lci jtrj y quc ci jtrj ims rckbnm sbg kmstbhmrims. Kjgluktms frckucgtcs cg ijs kjgfibktjs. Cg ijs kjgfibktjs sc cstmnickcg fjr`ms lc kjgluktms quc sc emkcg krûgbkms y mhrmvmg ijs prjnic`ms, mihugjs lc ciijs sjg? ^ckbprjkblml gchmtbvm.

Ci `ís prjnic`ítbkj cs kumglj m ugm kj`ugbkmkbûg gchmtbvm sc rcspjglc hcgcrmi`cgtc kjg jtrm kj`ugbkmkbûg gchmtbvm pjr pmrtc lci jtrj cstmnickbâgljsc ugm rckbprjkblml cg im gchmtbvblml quc puclc mkmnmr cg ugm cskmimlm lc vbjicgkbm.

=116->115

Im `ctmkj`u gbkmkbûg.

Sgj lc lc ijs im `âtjljs quc sc utbibzmgcspmrm rcsjivcr ijs prjnic`ms kj`ugbkmkbûg ci c`picj `ctmkj`ugbkmkbûg, lckbr, rcficxbjgmr sjnrc im lc fjr`m cg quc sc cscstí lmglj im kj`ugbkmkbûg. Qjr coc`pij, sc lbkc ’gj `c cstís cskukemglj‐ pmrm bgtcgtmr quc emym ugm cskukem, pcrj ci `cgsmoc gj vcrnmi mhrcsbvj vm mkj`pmýmlj, cg hcgcrmi, pjr ug kj`pjgcgtc gj vcrnmi mhrcsbvj, y ci quc rcspjglc ij emkc mi kj`pjgcgtc mhrcsbvj, ij quc iicvm m `ís lbskusbjgcs, `ctbâgljsc cg ug kàrkuij vbkbjsj. Cg ijs `mtrb`jgbjs sbg prjnic`ms kjgtcstmg m im `ctmkj`ugbkmkbûg y gj mi kj`pjgcgtc c`jkbjgmi Sgj mtmkm y ci jtrj cvbtm y kmiim.

Cstc pmtrûg sc lm, `myjrbtmrbm`cgtc, `myjrbtmrbm`cgtc, kumglj im `uocr lm rcspucstms rcspucstms ejstbics `bcgtrms quc ci ej`nrc sc rctbrm j gj kjgtcstm, mgtc ij quc im `uocr bgkrc`cgtm su ejstbiblml pjrquc gj sc sjiukbjgmg ijs prjnic`ms. Cg cstm cskmimlm ci ej`nrc, qubzís kjgstbtukbjgmi`cgtc tbcgc ugm rcmkkbûg fbsbjiûhbkm `ís gchmtbvm y im mhumgtm `cgjs. Gj cskukemr mi jtrj.

Im kràtbkm, quc iicvm mi Lcsprckbj quc jkmsbjgm ugm Mktbtul Lcfcgsbvm Kjgstmgtc sjg trcs lc ijs kumtrj obgctcs lci Mpjkmibpsbs lc im pmrcom. Ci kumrtj cs im emnbiblml pmrm gj cskukemr mi jtrj, j sc ic lcom emnimr sbg emkcric kmsj j sc emnim tmgtj quc gj sc ic lcom `ctcr nmzm. \jljs cstjs pmtrjgcs lc kjgluktms prctcglcg im `myjràm lc ims vckcs rcsjivcr ci kjgfibktj, pcrj gj sjim`cgtc gj ij rcsucivcg, sbgj quc ij pcrpctÿmg y im prjpbm bgtcrmkkbûg sc kjgvbcrtc cg ci prjnic`m quc iicvm m im scpmrmkbûg. Gj sbc`prc ijs kjgfibktjs iicvmg m im rupturm. [c em rcpjrtmlj ug tbpj lc kjgfibktjs cg ijs quc ci `mrblj sc cgfmlm c bgbkbm im lbskusbûg kjg ígb`j lc rcsjivcr ci prjnic`m. Kumglj sc tbcgc âxbtj, im rcimkbûg puclc fjrtmickbl fjrtmickblm, cstjs kmsjspmrm ci kjgfibktj pjr ijs ebojs gj cs gchmtbvj pmrm ciijs,smibr bgkiusj puclcm,scrcgugm jkmsbûg mprcglcrvbvblj m scr mscrtbvjs

Qcgsm`bcgtjs quc sc lmg cg ijs kjgfibktjs lc pmrcom. Mtcgkbûg scicktbvm. scicktbvm.

Ims pmrcoms cg kjgfibktj sjim`cgtc sc fbomg cg ims kjgluktms gchmtbvms lci jtrj y tbcglcg m gj vcr j m lbs`bgubr im b`pjrtmgkbm lc ims kjgluktms pjsbtbvms.

=3/6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

Mtrbnukbjgcs.

Im mtrbnukbûg lci prjnic`m m lctcr`bgmlms kmusms sc vc kj`j ug cic`cgtj gckcsmrbj pmrm su sjiukbûg, pcrj sb gj sc emkcg ims mtrbnukbjgcs kjrrcktms sc mschurm ci kjgfibktj. Qjr coc`pij kumglj sc lbskutc sc nuskmg j sc quc mkemkmg prjnic`ms `m `mims ims bgtcgkbjgcs quc gugkm sc puclcg prjnmr kuipmnics j m cic`cgtjs gj scijs puclcg km`nbmrm kj`j im prjpbm pcrsjgmiblml. Cxpcktmtbvms?

[b mpmrckc ugm lbskrcpmgkbm cgtrc ij quc krccg ijs cspjsjs quc lcncràm scr ci `mtrb`jgbj  y ij quc pcrkbncg quc cs, tmgtj cg kumiblml kj`j cg kmgtblml, ijs prjnic`ms cstíg mschurmljs. [c pims`m cg frmscs kj`j ’Cstj gj tbcgc sjiukbûg‐. ’Lcncràm scr msà‐ Blcms brrmkbjgmics?

 Mihugms blcms mpmrcgtc`cgtc gjr`mics puclcg sc ug fjkj lc kjgfibktjs sjim`cgtc pjr gj scr kjgskbcgtcs lc quc ij quc sc pbcgsm gj cs rmkbjgmi. rmkbjgmi. Mihugms lc cstms blcms sjg? Cstmr cg lcsmkucrlj cs lcstruktbvj lc im rcimkbûg, ijs `bc`nrjs lc im pmrcom lcncg scr kmpmkcs lc mvcrbhumr ijs lcscjs, pcgsm`bcgtjs y c`jkbjgcs lci jtrj, ugj lcnc scr ug kj`pmýcrj scxumi pcrfcktj lci jtrj, ijs kjgfibktjs sc lcncg m lbfcrcgkbms bggmtms msjkbmlms mi scxj. [jiukbûg lc ijs kjgfibktjs Im prjpucstm lc im tcrmpbm lc pmrcom kjhgbtbvj kjgluktumi pmrm rcsjivcr ijs kjgfibktjs pmsm pjr?    

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 Mu`cgtmr ci bgtcrkm`nbj bgtcrkm`nbj lc kjgluktms pjsbtbvms. Cgtrcgm`bcgtj cg emnbiblmlcs lc kj`ugbkmkbûg y rcsjiukbûg lc prjnic`ms.

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Km`nbmr ci pmtrûg lc pjsbtbvms rckbprjkblml bgtrjlukbcglj kjgluktms frcgtcgchmtbvm m im gchmtbvblml. Km`nbjs cg ims Mtrbnukbjgcs, cxpcktmtbvms c blcms brrmkbjgmics kumglj cs gckcsmrbj.

Cstjs kj`pjgcgtcs kjgstbtuycg im tcrmpbm lc pmrcom kjhgbtbvj kjgluktumi kiísbkm, quc cstí kimsbfbkmlm kj`j ugm tcrmpbm kjg cvblcgkbm prjnmlm lc cfbkmkbm. Ijs lmtjs bglbkmg quc im hrmg `myjràm lc ims pmrcoms pmrcoms quc mkulcg m tcrmpbm, mmirclcljr irclcljr lci 83% bgfjr`mg lc ugm `cojrm cg im smtbsfmkkbûg `mtrb`jgbmi. Kumglj sc kjgtrmstm kjg hrupjs lc kjgtrji lc ibstm lc cspcrm ijs rcsuitmljs sjg sbc`prc pjsbtbvjs, qubzís lcnblj m quc sb gj cxbstc bgtcrvcgkbûg ijs prjnic`ms sc vmg bgkrc`cgtmglj. [bg c`nmrhj, kumglj sc tbcgc cg kucgtm sb im `cojrm mfcktm gj sjim`cgtc m im lbs`bgukbûg lci kjgfibktj, sbgj m im `cojrm lc im cvmiumkbûg lc im rcimkbûg pjr pmrtc lc ijs ljs `bc`nrjs, ijs rcsuitmljs gj sjg tmg cspcktmkuimrcs4 rcvbsmglj im ibtcrmturm sjnrc im cfbkmkbm, iichm m im kjgkiusbûg lc quc, sbcglj cstrbktjs, `cgjs lci 31% lc ims pmrcoms quc mkulcg m tcrmpbm km`nbmg lc ug cstmlj

=6/6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

lc cstrâs m ug cstmlj lc mr`jgàm. Jtrj mspcktj jskurj cs im kmgtblml lc rckmàlms quc sc kjgtmnbibzmg, cgtrc ci ;1% y 31% lc ijs quc `cojrmg.

=8/6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

116->115

  Jpbgj quc `b pmrcom lcncràm rcgugkbmr m sus mgtbhums m`bstmlcs pjrquc

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mejrm ym gjs tcgc`js ci ugj mi jtrj.   Gj `c pmrckc nbcg quc ci j ciim sbhm `mgtcgbcglj sus mfbkbjgcs pjrquc cstj rcstmrí tbc`pj m gucstrm kjgvbvcgkbm.

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gj sc lm kucgtm lc ij quc rcmi`cgtc `c jkurrc, cs quc gj ic b`pjrtj   [b cg mnsjiutj.   Krcj quc sb vcrlmlcrm`cgtc `c qubcrc em lc cstmr lbspucstm/ j m emkcr

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kumiqubcr smkrbfbkbj pjr `b.

=2/6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

3. ºKumglj sc rckj`bcglm im tcrmpbm lc pmrcom: Cg prbgkbpbj sbc`prc rcspjglcrc`js quc qubcgcs pimgtccg ci prjnic`m kj`j ug prjnic`m kjgyuhmi, lcncg rckbnbr tcrmpbm lc pmrcom4 qubcgcs gj ij pimgtccg msà, gj lcncg rckbnbrim. Jtrm jpkbûg quc cxbstc cxbstc cs kumglj gjs cgkjgtrm` cgkjgtrm`js js cg ugm tcrmpbm fm`bibmr quc prcscgtm ug prjnic`m `mrbtmi lurmgtc ci trmtm`bcgtj, lcncg rckbnbr tcrmpbm lc pmrcom.  Mug msà im cxpcrbcgkbm kiàgbkm em lc`jstrmlj quc ims cgtrcvbstms prccib`bgmrcs y tcsts psbkjiûhbkjs tjlmvàm gj gjs pcr`btcg smncr kjg cxmktbtul qubcgcs tcglríg âxbtj cg ci trmtm`bcgtj, puclc quc ug pmkbcgtc lc qubcg bgbkbmi`cgtc sc krcyû gckcsbtmnm ugm tcrmpbm lc pmrcom, rcsuitc gckcsbtmr ugm tcrmpbm bglbvblumi j vbkcvcrsm.

>1/6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

6. C[\SLBJ LC KM@QJ [JN^C M^CM[ LC KM@NBJ CG IM QM^COM. Kjg ci fbg lc kj`prjnmr kuíics crmg ims írcms cg im vblm lc pmrcom quc crmg `ís suskcptbnics lc rcqucrbr km`nbj pjr mihÿg `bc`nrj lc im pmrcom ym scm cg pjsbtbvj, rcqubrbcglj quc mu`cgtmrm im frckucgkbm mihj, `ís j `ukej `ís4 kj`j cg gchmtbvj, rcqubrbcglj quc lcskcglbcrm im frckucgkbm mihj, `cgjs j `ukej `cgjs4 sc rchbstrû cstm sjibkbtul m trmvâs lci kucstbjgmrbj lc Írcms lc Km Km`nbj `nbj lc Xcbss, pmsmglj im prb`crm pmrtc lc im prucnm ’ qubcrj quc `b pmrcom‐, quc kjgstm lc ;< btc`s y quc sc emg cghijnmlj cg =1 írcms lbfcrcgtcs. -  -  -  -  - 

Ckjgj`àm Clukmkbûg y krbmgzm lc ijs ebojs. ^cspjgsmnbiblmlcs cg ci ejhmr.  Mtcgkbûg m im pmrcom (mtcgkbjgcs (mtcgkbjgcs cspckbmics, mimnmgzms, `b`js,mfcktjs…) `b`js,mfcktjs…) Jkbj y tbc`pj ibnrc.

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Kj`ugbkmkbûg. [cxumiblml.  Mlbkkbjgcs. Imnjrmi. Fàsbkj ( mpmrbcgkbm) Ku`pib`bcgtj lc rcspjgsmnbiblmlcs kjg prjgtbtul

Im `ucstrm cstm kj`pucstm pjr =3 pcrsjgms (ugj j m`njs `bc`nrjs lc im pmrcom) G0=3, lc ijs quc ci 81% crmg `uocrcs y ci ;1% ej`nrcs, kjg clmlcs kj`prcglblms cgtrc ijs >5  y ijs 33 mýjs. Ijs rcsuitmljs jntcgbljs fucrjg? =¿ Ims írcms cg ims quc sc sjibkbtm km`nbj pjr `myjr gÿ`crj lc cgkucstmljs sjg? -  Ckjgj`àm (115

;¿ Ims lbfcrcgkbms cgtrc ims írc írcms ms cg ims quc sc sjibkbtm km`nbj, pjr eej`nrcs j`nrcs y `uocrcs sjg? Ej`nrcs? mtcgkbûg m im pmrcom, pmrcom, jkbj y tbc`pj ibnrc, scxumiblml, scxumiblml, kj`ugbkmkbûg @uocrcs? ckjgj`àm.rcspjgsmnbiblmlcs lci ejhmr, mtcgkbûg y clukmkbûg lc ijs ebojs, mlbkkbjgcs,

Kj`ugbkmkbûg

=1

^cspjgsmnbiblmlcs

5 6 <

Ckjgj`àm Ejhmr 

Jkbj  Mtcg kb kbûg ûg m im pmrcom

[cxumiblml

Imnjrmi Fbsbkj

Ebojs

>

 Mlb kk bj gcs

1 @clbm @c lbm sjibkbtul lc km`nbj

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\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

8. @JLCIJ KJGKCQ\SMI LCI LC[M^^JIIJ LCI KJGFIBK\J LC QM^COM.  Cstc `jlcij mkcptm im prc`bsm lc quc ims kjgsckucgkbms prjpjrkbjgmlms pjr ijs `bc`nrjs lc im pmrcom scríg lctcr`bgmgtcs lc im kjgluktm lc rcimkbûg lci jtrj (Omkjnsjg  y @mrhjibg,=282 @mrhjibg,=282),), M`njs mktÿmg kj`j c`bsjr y rckcptjr sb`uitígcm`cgtc, cstmnickbcglj ug prjkcsj lc sckucgkbms kbrkuimrcs y rckàprjkms lc kjgluktms y kjgsckucgkbms. Cg cstc prjkcsj lc kmusmiblml rckàprjkm ijs `bc`nrjs lc im pmrcom cg kjgfibktj sc rcfucrzmg `cgjs frckucgtc`cgtc frckucgtc`cgtc ugj m jtrj, jtrj, y sc kmstbhmg kjg `ís frckucgkbm quc ims pmrcoms fcibkcs. Ijs cfcktjs lc ijs cstà`uijs prjpjrkbjgmljs pjr kmlm ugj lc ijs `bc`nrjs lc im pmrcom,  y pjr tmgtj sus vmijrcs hrmtbfbkmgtcs y mvcrsbvjs, lcpcglcríg lc ims vmijrmkbjgcs kjhgbtbvms rcspcktbvms lc kmlm cspjsj y lc im pcrspcktbvm rcimtbvm lc ijs `bc`nrjs cg fugkbûg lc im cxbstcgkbm j gj lc mitcrgmtbvms (C‒). Ci kjgtcxtj sjkbjkuiturmi bgtrjlukc tm`nbâg `mtbzmkbjgcs pcrtbgcgtcs cg ci lcsmrrjiij lci lctcrbjrj lc im rcimkbûg.

@CLBJ LC KJG\MK\J GJ^@M\BVJ

>;/6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

 Omkjnsjg ( =282) cgu`crm ugm scrbc lc fmktjrcs ebpjtâtbkjs quc sjg lctcr`bgmgtcs tmgtj cg im mtrmkkbûg bgbkbmi `utum lc ugm pmrcom kj`j cg ci lcsmrrjiij lci kjgfibktj.

 M\^MKKBJG @S\SM BGBKBMI. BGBKBMI. Cg ci kj`bcgzj lc ugm rcimkbûg sucic cxbstbr ugm mtrmkkbûg lcnblj m ugm cicvmlm tmsm lc bgtcrkm`nbjs rcfjrzmgtcs. Cstc tbpj lc bgtcrkm`nbjs kjgstbtuyc im nmsc lc im pcrsbstcgkbm y prjfuglbzmkbûg lc im futurm rcimkbûg. Ci m`jr gj cs jtrm kjsm quc ug bgtcrkm`nbj kj`picoj lc kjgluktms hrmtbfbkmgtcs tmgtj cg lb`cgsbjgcs `jtjrms kj`j kjhgbtbvms y c`jkbjgmics. Quclc bgfcrbrsc quc ci m`jr cstmrí muscgtc sb ci rcfucrzj pjtcgkbmi lc ugj lc ciijs iichm m scr `àgb`j. Im tmsm cicvmlm lc hrmtbfbkmkbjgcs cg ci kj`bcgzj lc ugm rcimkbûg vbcgc fmkbibtmlm pjr ims kmrmktcràstbkms lc im `bs`m quc cgtrc jtrms kjsms sjg?   Kmríktcr rcstrbktbvj lc im bgtcrmkkbûg? ij emnbtumi cs quc im pmrcom, mi kj`bcgzj, sjij bgtcrkm`nbc kjgluktms cg ug `mrkj rcstrbktbvj. [jij sc vcg mihugms ejrms mi làm, bgtcrmktÿmg cg ug kjgtcxtj hrmtbfbkmgtc. \j`mr ugm kjpm, kemrimr lc prjycktjs, `j`cgtjs lc jkbj,…    Muscgkbm lc tj`m lc lckbsbjgcs? pjr ci kmríktcr rcstrbktbvj quc ec`js kj`cgtmlj, ijs `bc`nrjs lc im pmrcom sc vcg ibnrcs lc tj`mr lckbsbjgcs b`pjrtmgtcs, fbgmgkbcrms, emnbtumics lc im vblm cg pmrcom cstmnic. Gj sc vcg cxpucstjs mi tc`jr j kjgsckucgkbms mvcrsbvms quc sc puclcg lcrbvmr lc cstm tj`m lc lckbsbjgcs, y pjr tmgtj, sc `bgb`bzm ci bgtcrkm`nbj lc kjgluktms mvcrsbvms j lc kmstbhj.   Gjvclml lc im kj`ugbkmkbûg scxumi. Im gjvclml lc cstm kj`ugbkmkbûg  vbcgc m scr jtrj cic`cgtj hrmtbfbkmgtc quc sc msjkbm mi bgtcrkm`nbj kjgluktumi y fmkbibtm im cicvmlm tmsm lc bgtcrkm`nbjs rcfjrzmgtcs.   Cxpcktmtbvms blcmibzmlms? ijs prjycktjs blcmibzmljs sjg cic`cgtjs mlbkbjgmics lc ug ug bgtcrkm`nbj kjgluktumi hrmtbfbkmgtc hrmtbfbkmgtc y kmrmktcràstbkj lci kj`bcgzj lc ugm rcimkbûg. •

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LC[M^^JIIJ LCI KJGFIBK\J.  Mi pjkj lc kj`cgzmr m vbvbr ougtjs m`njs `bc`nrjs lc ugm pmrcom tbcgcg jkmsbûg lc tj`mr lckbsbjgcs b`pjrtmgtcs, lc mfrjgtmr prjnic`ms kjgougtm`cgtc. Cs cgtjgkcs kumglj surhc ci kejquc cgtrc ims cxpcktmtbvms y im rcmiblml. Kumglj csc kejquc cs sbhgbfbkmtbvj, kj`bcgzmg m bgtcrkm`nbmrsc bgtcrkm`nbmrsc kbcrtms ljsbs lc cstb`uimkbûg mvcrsbvm, y im tmsm lc bgtcrkm`nbjs rcfjrzmgtcs c`pbczm m lbs`bgubr. [c cstíg bgjkuimglj ijs prb`crjs bghrclbcgtcs pmrm ci lcsmrrjiij lci kjgfibktj, quc mvmgzmrí j gj lcpcglbcglj lc jtrm scrbc lc kmrmktcràstbkms?   Lâfbkbt lc emnbiblmlcs, ym scmg lc kj`ugbkmkbûg, lc rcsjiukbûg lc

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prjnic`ms, scxumics,….   Lcfbkbcgkbms cg kjgtrji lc cstà`uijs.

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>116->115

Gjs rcfcrb`js m cic`cgtjs cstb`uimrcs mlbkbjgmics gj prcvbstjs cg im rcimkbûg lc< pmrcom, quc puclcg scr `jtbvj lc ug bgkrc`cgtj cg ci bgtcrkm`nbj lc kjgluktms mvcrsbvms, kj`j pjr coc`pij ci gmkb`bcgtj lc ug eboj gj lcscmlj quc mitcrc ci tbpj lc bgtcrkm`nbjs `mgtcgbljs emstm cgtjgkcs, prjnic`ms ckjgû`bkjs,….   Km`nbjs cg ci cgtjrgj?

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 Mihugjs km`nbjs bgtrjlukcg cfcktjs sbhgbfbkmtbvjs cg ci lctcrbjrj lc im rcimkbûg, pjr coc`pij, im mpmrbkbûg lc ug/m m`mgtc, pcrlblm lc trmnmoj, lbskrcpmgkbms pjiàtbkms j blcjiûhbkms, m`pibmkbûg lci kbrkuij sjkbmi, mutjgj`àm lc im `uocr, y sjnrc tjlj im prcscgkbm lc jtrms fucgtcs lc rcfjrzm`bcgtj mitcrgmtbvj m im rcimkbûg lc pmrcom.   Qrcfcrcgkbms lbskrcpmgtcs cg kumgtj mi hrmlj lc bgtb`blml lcscmlm. Ijs bglbvblujs tbcgcg lbfcrcgtcs gckcsblmlcs mkcrkm lc im sjiclml y ci hrmlj lc rcimkbûg, y âstms sucicg km`nbmr kjg ci lcsmrrjiij lc im vblm. Kumglj im kmgtblml lc cspmkbj c`jkbjgmi lcscmlj pjr kmlm ugj lc ijs `bc`nrjs lc ugm pmrcom lbfbcrc, ims brrbtmkbjgcs y frustrmkbjgcs lcrbvmlms lc im smkbmkbûg y lcprbvmkbûg puclcg iichmr mi mnmgljgj (Ibncr`mg, =251). •

Cg ugm pmrcom cg kjgfibktj, ug `bc`nrj `bc`nrj lc im `bs`m j m`njs, pjr ims rmzjgcs scýmimlms, rckbnc pjkms hrmtbfbkmkbjgcs lci jtrj, j ci kjstc pjr rckbnbrims cs cxkcsbvm`cgtc mitj. Cg tmics kmsjs ijs `bc`nrjs lc im pmrcom rckurrcg m ugj lc ljs pmtrjgcs lc kj`pjrtm`bcgtj cg rcimkbûg kjg ci jtrj?    Mihugms pmrcoms rckurrcg m im kjcrkbjg ( m`cgmzms, pcicms,…) pmrm jntcgcr im kjgluktm lcscmlm lci jtrj.   Jtrms iichmg mi mnmgljgj. •

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Cs cg cstjs kmsjs kumglj ugj j m`njs `bc`nrjs lc im pmrcom mnmgljgmg c`jkbjgmi j fàsbkm`cgtc im rcimkbûg, cib`bgmglj ugm tmsm llcc cstb`uimkbûg mvcrsbvm cicvml cicvmlm, m, y nuskmglj jtrms fucgtcs lc rcfjrzm`bcgtj kj`j puclc scr ug eboj, ug m`mgtc, ug gucvj c`picj,…. [c emg scgtmlj msà ims nmscs pmrm kuym emnlbskrb`bgmtbvm`cgtc rí quc cvmiumr lc `jlj prckbsj quâ fmktjrcs sjg lci ijs kjgfibktj, lctcr`bgmgtcs c sjiukbûg bgtcrvcgbremnrí cg kjgsckucgkbm.

>3/6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

5. FM[C[ CG IM \C^MQBM LC QM^COM. =.  CVMISMKBÛG. Im cvmiumkbûg kjgluktumi lc ijs prjnic`ms lc pmrcom sjg vmrbjs ijs jnoctbvjs quc lcnc ku`pibr. Cg prb`cr iuhmr , lcnc pcr`btbr kjgjkcr im prjnic`ítbkm cspckàfbkm lc ugm pmrcom lctcr`bgmlm y pjlcr lbscýmr ug trmtm`bcgtj ’m `clblm‐. Lcncg scr jnoctj lc cvmiumkbûg? =.  Ijs pmtrjgcs lc bgfiucgkbm kjgluktumi rckàprjkm, >.  Ijs km`nbjs kjgluktumics quc kmlm `bc`nrj lc im pmrcom lcscm lci jtrj, ;.  Ijs prjkclb`bcgtjs usmljs emstm ci `j`cgtj pmrm prj`jvcr lbkejs km`nbjs ( m`cgmzms, pcicms, m`mgtcs…), 116->115

=. BLCG\BFBKMKBÛG LCI Q^JNIC@M. Ci prb`cr jnoctbvj quc gjs fbomrc`js cg ci mkcrkm`bcgtj bgbkbmi mi kjgfibktj lc pmrcom scrí im lc blcgtbfbkmr im gmturmiczm lci prjnic`m. Qmrm ciij utbibzmrc`js im cgtrcvbstm bgbkbmi y ijs kucstbjgmrbjs. Kumglj ci kjgfibktj lc pmrcom scm sckuglmrbj m ug prjnic`m pcrsjgmi cg ugj j m`njs `bc`nrjs lc im pmrcom, cstí bglbkmlj rcmibzmr ugm cvmiumkbûg y trmtm`bcgtj bglbvblumi prcvbj j pmrmicij mi trmtm`bcgtj lc pmrcom. Qjr jtrm pmrtc kumglj ci kjgfibktj lc im rcimkbûg cs gukicmr pmsm`js lbrcktm`cgtc m rcmibzmr ugm cvmiumkbûg lci `bs`j. Sgj lc ijs prbgkbpmics y prb`crjs prjnic`ms quc gjs cgkjgtrm`js cg im cgtrcvbstm bgbkbmi cs ci cvmiumr ci kj`prj`bsj lc kmlm ugj lc ijs `bc`nrjs lc im pmrcom pmrm kjg ci jtrj y pmrm kjg im tcrmpbm. Cg jkmsbjgcs mkulcg mij trmtm`bcgtj kjg im cxpcktmtbvm lc quc ci prjnic`m rcsblc cg ci jtrj y quc pjr tmgtj, ij ÿgbkj quc kmnc cspcrmr cs quc ci jtrj km`nbc. Kjgvbcgc cvmiumr ci gbvci lc cxpcktmtbvms lc kmlm ugj lc ijs kj`pjgcgtcs lc im pmrcom. Cs `uy kjrrbcgtc cgkjgt cgkjgtrmrsc rmrsc kjg cxpcktmtbvms lc tcg tcgcr cr ug mitj gbvci lc kjgluk kjgluktms tms rcfjrzmgtcs cg ci jtrj sbg rcmibzmr gbghÿg csfucrzj ugj `bs`j. Jtrms vckcs, ugj j m`njs, gj cstíg `jtbvmljs pmrm b`pibkmrsc mktbvm`cgtc cg im tcrmpbm y trmtmg lc utbibzmr mi tcrmpcutm kj`j tcstbhj lc sus kjgstmgtcs rcprjkecs y pcims. Cg cstjs kmsjs sucic scr ÿtbi pcr`btbr quc im pmrcom kjgtbgÿc pjr ug nrcvc pcrbjlj lc tbc`pj bgtcrmktumglj cgtrc sà, quc ci tcrmpcutm tj`c gjtm lc ims qucoms c bgtcgtm kjgkrctmrims pmrm lmr m im pmrcom ugm bgfjr`mkbûg jpcrmtbvm lci lbmijhj `mgtcgblj pjr ciijs. \jlj ciij lc `mgcrm m`mnic pcrj fbr`c y kublmglj lc gj tj`mr pmrtblj pjr gbghÿg `bc`nrj lc im pmrcom.  M fbg lc hmrmgtbzmr quc im cgtrcvbstm bgbkbmi rcsuitc ij `ís cfbkmz y prjluktbvm pjsbnic, sc mkjgscom kbcrtm cstrukturmkbûg. Cxbstcg vmrbms huàms quc gjs puclcg myulmr kj`j im schublm pjr @.O Kmrrmskj, I IImvjgm c B. Kmrrmskj, pcrj mquà vm`js m schubr ci csquc`m lc Qctcrsjg =288. Qugtjs sjnrc ijs quc sc lcnc bgvcstbhmr. =.  Kû`j c`pczû im rcimkbûg. >.  Km`nbjs b`pjrtmgtcs lurmgtc ci kursj lc im rcimkbûg. ;.  Cgtcglb`bcgtj cfcktbvj 8/6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

2.  Qcgsm`bcgtjs pjsbtbvjs y gchmtbvjs sjnrc ci jtrj. =1. scgtb`bcgtjs lc lcskjgtcgtj y lc smtbsfmkkbûg ==. mktbvblmlcs pimkcgtcrms quc kj`pmrtcg. Coc`pijs =>. Qrjnic`ms kjg ijs ebojs =;. cxpcrbcgkbms ^cimkbûg scxumi mktumi.fucrm Gbvcilclcimsmtbsfmkkbûg. Qrjnic`ms cspckàfbkjs. =)  Mrcm jf kemghc skmic ( Xcbss, Ejps mgl Qmttcrsjg,=28 Qmttcrsjg,=28;) ;) Qjtcgkbmi Qrjnic` Mrcms Keckdibst ( wcbss, Ejps mgl Qmttcrsjg,=28;) @mrbtmi Mktbvbtbcs Bgvcgtjry ( Xcbss, Ejps mgl Qmttcrsjg, =28;). Kucstbjgmrbj lc írcms lc km`nbj lc ( Xcbs y Nbrkeicr,=283)  M[QM…

>5/6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

>. @CLBLM R MGÍIB[B[ FSGKBJGMI. \rms ug prb`cr mkcrkm`bcgtj mi prjnic`m kjg ims cgtrcvbstms y ijs kucstbjgmrbjs, pjlc`js scickkbjgmr írcms cspckàfbkms pmrm sj`ctcrims m ugm cvmiumkbûg `ís prckbsm. Cg cstc mgíibsbs lc schuglj schuglj gbvci utbibzmrc`js utbibzmrc`js ims jnscrvmkbjgcs y mutjrrchbstrjs.  M. JN[C^VMKBJGC[. [c cgtrcgm m ijs `bc`nrjs lc im pmrcom pmrm quc jnscrvcg su prjpbm kjgluktm y im lci jtrj cg im vblm rcmi. Ci tcrmpcutm tcrmpcutm puclc pclbr m im pmr pmrcom com quc rchbstrcg cg ugm kbgtm ims sbtumkbjgcs krbtbkms lc bgtcrkm`nbj kjgluktumi pmrm su pjstcrbjr mgíibsb. \m`nbâg sc puclc utbibzmr im cgtrcvbstm kj`j `mrkj lc jnscrvmkbûg y hrmnmr cg kbgtm j  vblcj ( prcvbj pcr`bsj fbr`mlj pjr m`njs `bc`nrjs lc im pmrcom) m fbg lc rcprjlukbr y jnscrvmr ougtj kjg im pmrcom lbkems bgtcrmkkbjgcs. Cg ijs vbsbjgmljs sc ics suhbcrc quc ciijs `bs`js lbskutmg y trmtcg lc iichmr m ugm sjiukbûg lci prjnic`m pimgtcmlj. [b sc lbspjgc lc ugm smim lc jnscrvmkbûg sc puclc mgmibzmr kjg `myjr prjfug prjfuglblml lblml ims bgtcrmkkbjgcs. Emnbtumi`cgtc sjg jnoctj lc mgíibsbs ims sbhubcgtcs kjgluktms. kjgluktms.   =.  Cxprcsbûg lc ijs scgtb`bcgtjs. scgtb`bcgtjs. M vckcs im cxprcsbûg lc scgtb`bcgtjs puclc scr `jtbvj lc kjgfibktj j gj schÿg sc emhm lc `mgcrm mlckumlm j bgmlckumlm. prjnic`m. Kû`j ugm pmrcom lcskrbnc sus prjnic`ms lcnc scr >.  Lcskrbpkbjgcs lci prjnic`m. tm`nbâg jnoctj lc jnscrvmkbûg, pjrquc lc ciij lcpcglc, lc `jlj b`pjrtmgtc, ci quc iichucg j gj m ugm sjiukbûg. [ucic scr frckucgtc tcgcr quc cgscýmr m im pmrcom m lcfbgbr sus lbfbkuitmlcs y prjnic`ms cg târ`bgjs lc kjgluktms kjgkrctms quc ics pcr`btmg kjgjkcr m ugj y m jtrj quc cs ij quc emy quc `jlbfbkmr y cg quâ scgtblj. ;.  Mgíibsbs y sjiukbûg lc prjnic`ms. prjnic`ms . Ims pmrcoms cg kjgfibktj sucicg rcmibzmr ug mgíibsbs lc sus pprjnic`ms rjnic`ms schÿg ebpûtcsbs tcr`bgmgtcs, cs lckbr, jfrckcg cxpibkmkbjgcs lc im kjgluktm lc ug `jlj quc gj lm bgfjr`mkbûg mkcrkm lc kû`j sc puclcg km`nbmr im sjiukbûg.. Kjgvbcgc ’ crcs tmg jnscrvmr lcsjrlcgmlm kj`jlc tu kj`ugbkmkbûg `mlrc‐ lc kj`ugbkmkbûg. kj`ugbkmkbûg ci pmtrûg quc 2/6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

kj`ugbkmkbûg `ís frckucgtcs kj`ctbljs cg im kj`ugbkmkbûg lc ugm Ijs crrjrcs lc kj`ugbkmkbûg `ís pmrcom, schÿg \ej`ms, Xmitcr y J‒ Fimecrty =28116->115

Kjgsckucgkbms. Ims kjgsckucgkbms lc m`njs `bc`nrjs lc im pmrcom mktÿmg kj`j kjgsckucgkbms lc im kjgluktm lci jtrj. Cstms kjgsckucgkbms, schÿg sc utbibkcg, puclcg kjgtrbnubr mi mprcglbzmoc lc kjgluktms cfcktbvms c`picmlms cg ims fmscs prcvbms lc im rcsjiukbûg lc prjnic`ms, j puclcg fj`cgtmr kjgluktms bgmlckumlms c bgcfcktbvms y jkmsbjgmr im mhrmvmkbûg lci kjgfibktj. Ims kjgsckucgkbms rcfjrzmgtcs j mvcrsbvms puclcg lbspcgsmrsc pjr vàm vcrnmi kj`j mprjnmkbjgcs, cijhbjs mkucrljs, …y pjr vàm gj vcrnmi kj`j sjgrbsms, kcýjs, kjgtmktj fàsbkj,… \m`nbâg puclcg kjgtrbnubr m fmkbibtmr im lbstcgsbûg mgtc kjgfibktjs gj rcsucitjs. [c jnscrvm `uy m `cgulj, quc gj sc rcmibzmg kj`cgtmrbjs pjsbtbvjs mgtc ims kjgluktms lcscmnics lci jtrj, pjr kjgsblcrmr quc ’ lcnc scr msà‐ quc ’ cs gjr`mi‐ y emncrgjs emnbtumljs m su jkurrcgkbm. Cstm muscgkbm lc kj`cgtmrbjs pjsbtbvjs j muscgkbm lc rcfjrzm`bcgtj vcrnmi sucic prjvjkmr im cxtbgkbûg lc cstms kjgluktms pjsbtbvms. N. MS\J^^CHB[\^J[. Im utbibzmkbûg lc cstc tbpj tbpj lc bgstru`cgtj cs ÿtbi pmrm rcugbr bg bgfjr`mkbûg fjr`mkbûg mkcrkm lc ims tmsms y tbpjs lc bgtcrkm`nbjs kkjgluktumics jgluktumics cg im pmrcom. Cstc tbpj lc prjkclb`bcgtj pjlc`js utbibzmrij pmrm?   ^chbstrmr kumglj ug ijs `bc`nrjs lc im pmrcom rcmibzmg kjgluktms quc sjg lc mhrmlj pmrm ci jtrj   Qmrm rchbstrmr ims quc gj ij sjg y sc lcscmg km`nbmr   Qmrm rcmibzmr ugm cvmiumkbûg kjhgbtbvm lc ims cxpcktmtbvms quc ug `bc`nrj lc im •

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pmrcom tbcgc sjnrc ci jtrj Qmrm im mutj-jnscrvmkbûg lc pcgsm`bcgtjs pjsbtbvjs y gchmtbvjs mkcrkm lc sà `bs`j y lci jtrj…

;.  CVMISMKBÛG LCI Q^JKC[J \C^MQCS\BKJ. Im cvmiumkbûg cgtcglblm kj`j ug prjkcsj kjgtbguj rcqubcrc kj`pmrmr pcrbûlbkm`cgtc ijs àglbkcs bgbkbmics y prcscgtcs lci fcgû`cgj jnoctj lc cvjiukbûg. Cs lckbr, trms pcrbjljs rmzjgmnics lc cxpcrb`cgtmkbûg y pucstm cg príktbkm lc lctcr`bgmlms tmrcms y cocrkbkbjs kjgvbcgc cvmiumr ijs cfcktjs quc tbcgcg cg ci bgtcrkm`nbj kjgluktumi lc im pmrcom, pcr`btbâgljgjs?  

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Kjgtbgumr kjg ims ebpûtcsbs prcvbm`cgtc lcibgcmlms sb ijs lmtjs rcficomg ug hrmlj rmzjgmnic lc prjhrcsj.

;=/6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

  ^cvbsmr, kumglj puclc utbibzmrsc mihugm cstrmtchbm mitcrgmtbvm `ís cfcktbvm y

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ckjgû`bkm   ^cc`pimzmr im ebpûtcsbs bgbkbmi pjr jtrms mitcrgmtbvms sb ijs lmtjs gj suhbcrcg gbghÿg km`nbj j bgkiusj bglbkmg lctcrbjrj.

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/6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ. M. EB[\J^BM LCI KM[J. Lmtjs pcrsjgmics? Gj`nrc? Ciim K. Clml? 116->115

`mgtbcgc mnstc`bm, tj`m trmgqub`mzbg 1.83`h =-1-=, y mkulc rchuimr`cgtc m sus  vbsbtms kjg ci psbqubmtrm pmrm vcr su cstmlj y kjgtrji lc im `clbkmkbûg.    O, ci `cgjr lc trcs ecr`mgjs, mugquc ugj fmiickbû [u pmlrc em sufrblj rckbcgtc`cgtc ugm mpjpicoàm quc ij em lcomlj lcpcglbcgtc tjtmi`cgtc. Lcfbgc im

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rcimkbûg su pmlrc lc fràm y lbstmgtc. Ij kmibfbkm kj`j `mkebstm lâspjtm.m`n M su `mlrc imkjg lcfbgc kj`j su`bsm. Lcslc im cgfcr`clml lc su ypmlrc, m`njs js ecr`mgjs sc turgmnmg pmrm ljr`br cg kmsm lc su `mlrc ym quc ciim gj pjlàm kjg su `mrblj, emstm quc kjgsbhubcrjg pimzm cg rcsblcgkbm. O lbkc quc cg csm kjgvbvcgkbm vbj cg quc sc emnàm kjgvcrtblj im rcimkbûg lc sus pmlrcs, y gj qucràm mkmnmr msà kjg su rcimkbûg. Gjs kj`cgtm quc csc fuc ci bgbkbj lc su ÿitb`m krbsbs kjg K. ym quc lc kbcrtm `mgcrm sc vbj rcficomlj y gj qucràm csm vblm pmrm âi. ^cimkbjgcs sjkbmics   K gj `mgtbcgc mpcgms rcimkbjgcs sjkbmics. Kumglj trmnmomnm sb quc tcgbm `ís

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rcimkbjgcs pcrj mejrm mpcgms smic lc kmsm y sjij tbcgc ugm m`bhm, m im quc sjij vc sb âstm vm m su kmsm.  kmsm. 

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 Otbcgc sc rcimkbjgm `ukej `ís ykjg cgtjrgj ssjkbmi, jkbmi, kjg ijsCs kj`pmýcrjs lc MQM trmnmojy ugm rcimkbûg kjrlbmi kjgsuugj cspckbmi`cgtc `ís. `bc`nrj lci mkulc m ims rcugbjgcs `cgsumics, ugm j ljs, lc ims quc pjstcrbjr`cgtc smicg tjljs m kcgmr j m tj`mr tj`mr ugm kcrvczm. Kjgscrvm m`bhjs lc im ouvcgtul ouvcgtul mugquc kjg pjkm kj`ugbkmkbûg, y ic hustm smibr m kjrrcr y m vckcs pmrtbkbpm cg kmrrcrms.  kmrrcrms.  

Ejnnbcs    

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K, iccr y emkcr pugtj lc kruz. kruz.    O, iccr y emkcr lcpjrtc mi mbrc ibnrc y smibr. smibr.  

Kjgluktm y tc`pcrm`cgtj.   K sc lcfbgc kj`j ugm pcrsjgm lc `ukej tc`pcrm`cgtj, lbkc quc sc em eckej

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sjibtmrbm kjg ci tbc`pj, Gj tbcgc ugm rutbgm cspckàfbkm ym quc gj tbcgc gbghÿg tbpj lc ejrmrbj,    O sc lcfbgc msà `bs`j kj`j kmiimlj, prulcgtc, sjkbmnic y kj`prj`ctblj kjg ij quc ic rjlcm.

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;116->115

N. @C\JLJ[ LC CVMISMKBÛG CVMISMKBÛG Q[BKJIÛHBKM Q[BKJIÛHBKM =.  Cskmim lc moustc `mrbtmi (CM@) lc Ijkdc - Xmiimkc. >.  Cskmim lc cvmiumkbûg lc scgtb`bcgtjs. lc mscrkbûgsbhubcglj cg im pmrcom (M[QM) lc lc Kmrrmskj. ;. 115

lur`bcrm fucrm lc kmsm mihugjs làms m im sc`mgm pmrm kublmr lc su pmlrc supusj pmrm ciim ugm sbtumkbûg lc lcskjgtrji quc prjvjkû cgjr`cs lbskusbjgcs kjg su `mrblj y lcsc`njkû cg im ÿitb`m krbsbs y ci mnmgljgj lc O lci ejhmr kjgyuhmi. Cg nmsc m írcms. cstm bgfjr`mkbûg sc lbscýû ug prjhrm`m cspckbfbkj cg ci quc sc trmnmomràmg ims sbhubcgtcs    Mugquc

em sblj O. qubcg em sjibkbtmlj kbtm pmrm c`pczmr im tcrmpbm, cs ci `bc`nrj lc im pmrcom `cgjs `jtbvmlj m im tcrmpbm y mi cgtrcgm`bcgtj pjstcrbjr mugquc em mkcptmlj vjivcr m kmsm `bcgtrms lurc im tcrmpbm.   Ci írcm lc im kj`ugbkmkbûg cstm `uy lctcrbjrmlm, iichmglj bgkiusj m tcgcr ugm vbsbûg lc ijs prjnic`ms tjtmi`cgtc jpucstm. [crbm kjgvcgbcgtc trmnmomr lc cstc pugtj emnbiblmlcs lc kj`ugbkmkbûg y rcsjiukbûg lc prjnic`ms, kjg cgtrcgm`bcgtj cg emnbiblmlcs lc kjgvcrsmkbûg, cxprcsbûg lc scgtb`bcgtjs, rcsjiukbûg lc prjnic`ms y gchjkbmkbûg..   Qimgbfbkmkbûg lc tbc`pj ibnrc y ejnnbcs. K. y O. lcslc quc sc kmsmrjg gugkm emg eckej gmlm ougtjs y sjijs, y tm`pjkj smncg quâ emkcr cg su tbc`pj ibnrc kjg im fm`bibm, kjg ijs m`bhjs. Gugkm emg gchjkbmlj kj`j pmsmr ci tbc`pj ibnrc lc kmlm `bc`nrj lc im pmrcom pmrm rcmibzmr mktbvblmlcs cg sjibtmrbj, y tm`nbâg lcncg lcsmrrjiimr emnbiblmlcs pmrm cstmr sjij.   Kjgtrji lc kjgluktms cspckàfbkms, kj`j ijs kcijs y pjscsbûg lc K .  

L. MQIBKMKBÛG LC IM \C^MQBM R [C[BJGC[.  Mgtc ijs rcsuitmljs jntcgbljs sc lbscým ug prjhrm`m cgkm`bgmlj m im mlqubsbkbûg lc cstís emnbiblmlcs. =¿ Mu`cgtj cg im frckucgkbm lc kjgvcrsmkbjgcs. >¿ Lcsmrrjiij lc emnbiblmlcs lc kj`ugbkmkbûg. ;ª Lcsmrrjiij lc emnbiblmlcs cg im rcsjiukbûg lc kjgfibktjs lc schub`bcgtj kjg ugm pcrbjkblml sc`mgmi, em cxkcpkbûg lc ims ljs ÿitb`ms quc sc cspmkbmrjg =3 làms. Ims lc schub`bcgtj sc rcmibzmrjg = kmlm 6 `cscs lurmgtc = mýj.

;8/6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

Q^JH^M@MKBÛG LCI \^M\M@BCG\J R LC IM[ [C[BJGC[.   FM[C LC CVMISMKBÛG. ( [C[BJGC[ = M .  Lctcr`bgmr ci hrmlj lc kj`prj`bsj lc kmlm ugj lc ijs kjgyuhcs kjg ci jtrj y kjg ci trmtm`bcgtj. ;.  Lctcr`bgmr ims írcms prjnic`m. 116->115

FM[C LC BG\C^VCGKBJG. =; [C[BJGC[ BGLBVBLSMIC[ R KJGOSG\M[, LC = EJ^M LC LS^MKBÛG. [C[BJGC[ = R >. BGLBVBLSMIC[. JNOC\BVJ[. =.  >.  ;.  116->115

[C[BÛG ;. KJGOSG\M. JNOC\BVJ[. =. lc tmrcms y rcfjrzm`bcgtj lci mhrmlmnic. ku`pib`bcgtj. >.   ^cvbsbûg ^cvbsmr Qbiic m su pmrcom emkbcglj mihj ;.  Qrmktbkmr lc `mgcrm kjgougtm ci lmr, rckbnbr y rckjgjkcr ims kjgluktms hrmtbfbkmgtcs rchbstrmlms cg ci cocrkbkbj lc pbiic m su pmrcom emkbcglj mihj mhrmlmnic, m trmvâs lci `jlcimlj, ci `jilcmlj y fcclnmkd lci tcrmpcutm y `utuj cgtrc ijs `bc`nrjs lc im pmrcom. 115

[C[BJGC[ < R 3. BGLBVBLSMIC[. JNOC\BVJ[. =.  ^cvbsbûg lc ims tmrcms y rcfucrzj lbskrb`bgmtbvj lci ku`pib`bcgtj lc ims tmrcms. bgtcrkm`nbj lc kjgluktms pjsbtbvms y hrmtbfbkmgtcs kjg ci cocrkbkbj >.  ^cvbsmr lc ’ Qbiic m su pmrcom emkbcglj mihj mhrmlmnic‐ y ci lbmijhj mi fbgmi lci làm. Lbmijhmr sjnrc ijs rcsuitmljs. ;.  ^cvbsmr ims sbtumkbjgcs y/j km`nbjs lc kjgluktm quc qubcrc sjibkbtmr m su pmrcom. 115

[C[BÛG G¿ 6. KJGOSG\M. JNOC\BVJ[. =. y rcfucrzj lbskrb`bgmtbvj lci ku`pib`bcgtj. >.   ^cvbsbûg ^cvbsbûg lc lcitmrcms bgtcrkm`nbj lc kjgluktms pjsbtbvms y hrmtbfbkmgtcs. ;.  ^cvbsbûg lc ims kjgsckucgkbms lc im cxprcsbûg lc scgtb`bcgtjs gchmtbvjs y pctbkbjgcs pctbkbjgcs lc km`nbj. .  Qbiic m su pmrcom emkbcglj mihj mhrmlmnic kjg lbmijhj pjstcrbjr. ;.  Cxprcsbûg lc scgtb`bcgtjs gchmtbvjs y sjibkbtul lc km`nbj kjg tc`ms lc `clbmgm kjgfibktbvblml.

/6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

[C[BÛG 8 R 5. BGLBVBLSMI. JNOC\BVJ[. =.   ^cvbsbûg ^cvbsbûg lc lc cxprcsbûg tmrcms y rcfucrzj lbskrb`bgmtbvj lc su lc ku`pib`bcgtj. >. lc scgtb`bcgtjs y sjibkbtul km`nbj. ;.  ^cvbsbûg lc mktbvblml sjrprcsm prcpmrmlm pmrm im pmrcom. 115

[C[BÛG G¿ 2. KJGOSG\M. JNOC\BVJ[.

=.  ^cvbsmr tmrcms. >. lc rcsjiukbûg lcpríktbkm prjnic`ms. ;.   Cgsmyj ^jicpimybgh y pucstm cg lc im rcsjiukbûg lc prjnic`ms kjg tc`ms lc `myjr kjgfibktbvblml.   @jlcimlj y `jilcmlj pjr pmrtc lci tcrmpcutm.   Fcclnmkd pjr pmrtc lci tcrmpcutm. .  ^ccstrukturmkbûg kjhgbtbvm pmrm tmrcms lc jkbj, sjnrc tjlj cg ci kmsj lc K. ;.  ^cvbsmr ci ku`pib`bcgtj lci kjgtrmtj. 115

[C[BÛG =>. KJGOSG\M. =3 LÀM[ LC[LC IM SI\B@M [C[BÛG. JNOC\BVJ[. =. tmrcms.y `jilcm`bcgtj pjr pmrtc lci tcrmpcutm lc ims >.   ^cvbsmr ^jicpimybgh kjgluktms mscrtbvms, tâkgbkms lc gchjkbmkbûg c`picmlms, mkucrljs,  y lckbr quc gj lc `mgcrm gj jfcgsbvm. ;.  ^ccstrukturmkbûg kjhgbtbvm sjnrc gucvj blcmi lc pmrcom y ci m`jr (sb cs gckcsmrbj).

116->115

[C[BÛG =;. KJGOSG\M. =3 LÀM[ LC[LC ßI\B@M [C[BÛG. JNOC\BVJ[. =. cvmiumkbjgcslcsjnrc kjgluktms lc km`nbj. >.   ^cvbsmr ^cvbsmr emnbiblmlcs kj`ugbkmkbûg. ;.  Cvmiumkbûg lc im cxpcrbcgkbm lc im tcrmpbm. 115

FM[C LC [CHSB@BCG\J. [C[BJG = R > KJGOSG\M KJG SGM QC^BJKBLML LC ; @C[C[. JNOC\BVJ[. =.  Kjgstmtmr quc sc `mgtbcgc ci gucvj `jlcij lc fugkbjgm`bcgtj cg im pmrcom. >.   Vcrbfbkmr quc ijs gucvjs prjnic`ms quc emymg pjlblj surhbr y ijs quc quclmrjg pcglbcgtcs emg sblj kmpmkcs lc `mgcomr ciijs `bs`js kjg ci gucvj mnmgbkj lc emnbiblmlcs mlqubrblj.

116->115

Mpâglbkcs. GJ^@M[ LC IM NSCGM KJ@SGBKMKBÛG. KJ@SGBKMKBÛG. =.  [cr cspckàfbkj. >.  Kumglj sc ic pblc m im pmrcom quc km`nbc, lcskrbnbr ij quc qubcrc quc emhm cg iuhmr lc kû`j qubcrc quc scm, ij quc puclc c`pczmr m emkcr cg iuhmr lc ij quc puclc lcomr lc emkcr. ;.  Kumglj sc lbskutc lc ug prjnic`m, kcgtrmr im kjgvcrsmkbûg cg ci prcscgtc j futurj y gugkm cg pmsmlj. 115

GJ^@M[ QM^M @COJ^M^ IM KJ@SGBKMKBÛG. Kumiqubcr tc`m lcnc scr trmtmlj kj`j ichàtb`j. Gj sc pcr`btcg? Bgtcrrupkbjgcs.  Mtmqucs. Kràtbkms j oubkbjs bglbrcktjs. Ijs kj`cgtmrbjs lc im pcrsjgm quc emnim lcncg c`pczmr pjr RJ. Gj lcncg humrlmr rcgkjrcs lcspuâs lc ims scsbjgcs. Sg tc`m cspckàfbkj puclc scr vctmlj pjr kumiqubcr `bc`nrj lc im fm`bibm4 pcrj sb ci tc`m cstí kmrhmlj lc tc`jrcs kumiqubcr `bc`nrj puclc sjibkbtmr tcgcr lcscgsbnbibzmkbûg ’bg vbvj‐ pmrm rclukbr im mmgsbclml. gsbclml. [c pcr`btcg cxkiusbjgcs pjr pmrtc lc kumiqubcr `bc`nrj. \jljs ijs `bc`nrjs lcncg `mgtcgcr kjgtmktj vbsumi kumglj bgtcrkm`nbmg `cgsmocs. Ci tbc`pj lc emnimr sc ib`btm pmrm prcvcgbr quc ug ugbkj `bc`nrj lj`bgc tjlj ci bgtcrkm`nbj.

31/6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

JN[\MKSIJ[ CG IM KJ@SGBKMKBÛG. =.  \cgcr jnoctbvjs kjgtrmlbktjrbjs. >.  Iuhmr j `j`cgtj pjkj mprjpbmlj. ;.  Cstmljs c`jkbjgmics quc pcrturnmg im mtcgkbûg, im kj`prcgsbûg y rckucrlj lc ijs `cgsmocs. . Stbibzmr târ`bgjs pjkj prckbsjs. =;.  Ouzhmr Ouzhmr ijs `cgsmocs lci bgtcrijkutjr. bgtcrijkutjr. =116->115

HSÀM QM^M [C^ @Í[ KJG[KBCG\C[ LC IM[ KJ[M[ MH^MLMNIC[ ]SC M@NJ[ EMKCG. Cskrbnm cg kmlm kjiu`gm =1 kjsms mhrmlmnics quc ustcl em eckej pmrm hrmlmr m su pmrcom y jtrms =1 kjsms quc su pmrcom em eckej y quc m ustcl ic emg mhrmlmlj. =1 kjsms pjsbtbvms quc yj ec eckej

=1 kjsms pjsbtbvms quc em eckej `b pmrcom

Bgtcrkm`nbcg sus ibstms y kj`âgtcims. ºEm emnblj kjsms quc ustcl em eckej kjg ci fbg lc mhrmlmr m su pmrcom y quc âi gj em gjtmlj, j vbkcvcrsm:   Emnicg m fjglj sjnrc ciij, cgtârcgsc nbcg lc mquciij quc ic hustm m kmlm ugj.

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Eíhmgsc suhcrcgkbms `utum`cgtc sjnrc kjsms mhrmlmnics quc puclcg emkcr pjr ci jtrj.   [cmg b`mhbgmtbvjs, bgtrjluzkmg km`nbjs y gjvclmlcs.   \rmtc lc sjrprcglcr m su pmrcom kjg mihj mhrmlmnic kmlm sc`mgm.

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3>/6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

MS\J^^CHB[\^J LC [B\SMKBJGC[ KJGFIBK\BVM[. ^chims pmrm lcskrbnbr im sbtumkbûg. =.  Im lcskrbpkbûg lcncrí scr jnscrvmnic cg târ`bgjs lc LÛGLC, kuíglj y ]SÂ cstm jkurrbcglj. >.  Lcskrbnm kû`j sc em kj`pjrtmlj su kj`pmýcrj/m y quâ em eckej ustcl. ;.  ]uâ ic eunbcrm hustmlj quc eunbcrm eckej y quâ jtrm kjsm pjlràm emncr eckej ustcl. 116->115

HSÀM QM^M IM[ [C[BJGC[ LC [JISKBÛG LC Q^JNIC@M[. =.  Kj`cgzmr sbc`prc pjr mihj mhrmlmnic.  

>. [cr cspckàfbkj. ;.  cxprcsmr sus scgtb`bcgtjs. . [cickkbjgmr ims sjiukbjgcs `ís blûgcms y cxprcsmrims cg târ`bgjs lcskrbptbvjs. Lctcr`bgmr tm`nbâg kuíglj sc cspcrm quc jkurrmg lbkejs km`nbjs y im frckucgkbm lc ijs `bs`js.

3116->115

HSÀM QM^M EMKC^ SG KJG\^M\J. Emy kjgluktms quc gjs rcsuitmg lbfàkbics lc km`nbmr y, mugquc ij bgtcgtc`js, gj kjgschub`js ug kjgtrmtj. ijs rcsuitmljs lcscmljs. Cg cstjs kmsjs gjs puclc myulmr `ukej emkcr =.  Cibom ugm kjgluktm ( gj `ís lc ;) quc m ustcl ic rcsuitm lbfàkbi lc km`nbmr. >.  ]uc su pmrcom cibom ugm kjgluktm ( gj `ís lc ;) quc scm cspckbmi`cgtc lbfàkbi lc km`nbmr. ;.  Ims kjgluktms lcncg cxprcsmrsc cg târ`bgjs kjgkrctjs y cspckàfbkjs, y sb cs pjsbnic, bgkiuycglj krbtcrbjs lc kmgtblml. . Lcnc scr pjsbtbvj, lc fjr`m quc pr prjvcm jvcm `ís nbcg rcfu rcfucrzj crzj pjr ugm kjgluktm kjgluktm lcscmnic mitcrgmtbvm quc fmitms pjr kjgluktms gj lcscmlms. =;. ^cvbsc rchuimr`cgtc su kjgtrmtj y rcgchûkbcij sb cs gckcsmrbj.

33/6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

@JLCIJ LC KJG\^M\J. Kjgluktms m km`nbmr. Qjr ci `mrblj =. >. ;. ^cfucrzjs pjr ku`pibrij =. >. ;. Fmitms pjr gj ku`pibrij =. >. ;. Fbr`m

Qjr im `uocr =. >. ;. ^cfucrzjs pjr ku`pibrij =. >. ;. Fmitms pjr gj ku`pibrij. =. >. ;. Fbr`m lci \crmpcutm

Fbr`m

36/6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

QBIIC M [S QM^COM EMKBCGLJ MIHJ MH^MLMNIC. Ci jnoctbvj lc cstc cocrkbkbj cs? Qjr ug imlj, lmrgjs kucgtm lc ims kjgluktms mhrmlmnics j pjsbtbvms quc tbcgc gucstrm pmrcom.    Mu`cgtmr cstms kjgluktms kjgluktms `clbmgtc ci cfcktj quc tbc tbcgc gc cg ci jtrj ci quc sc ims  vmijrc`js, quc ic emhm`js vcr quc quc gjs hustmg.

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Qmrm ciij ustcl tcglrí quc mgjtmr cg im ejom lc rchbstrj, lbmrbm`cgtc, ims kjgluktms mhrmlmnics quc tbcgc su pmrcom. Cstc mtcgtj pjrquc schurj quc emkc `ukems kjsms y ustcl gj ics lm b`pjrtmgkbm pjrquc sc em mkjstu`nrmlj ym m ciims.  Mlc`ís lc mgjtmrij, lcncrí lcncrí emkcric vcr mi jtrj quc ic em hustmlj csj quc em eckej? ug ncsj, ugm sjgrbsm, ugm kmrbkbm, ug hrmkbms, cxprcsmr kj`j sc sbcgtc ugj lc nbcg, sjg `mgcrms lc rcfjrzmr mi jtrj pjr ij eckej y prjvjkmrí quc ij vucivm m rcpctbr kjg `ís frckucgkbm. \rmtc lc mgjtmr mi `cgjs ugm kjsm mi làm. Mi fbgmi lc kmlm làm trmtcg lc nuskmr ug `j`cgtj y ug iuhmr trmgqubijs pmrm bgtcrkm`nbmr sus rchbstrjs y kj`cgtmrijs. [b ustcl gj em cgkjgtrmlj gmlm pmrm mgjtmr, gj b`pjrtm, suhbârmic mihj quc q uc pjlràm emkcr mi làm sbhubcgtc y quc ustcl pjlràm mgjtmr. Gj`nrc? Gj`nrc lci cspjsj/m? Iugcs @mrtcs @bârkjics  Oucvcs  Vbcrgcs [ínmlj Lj`bghj

LÀM

FCKEM

K\M QIMKCG\C^M

38/6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

Kucstbjgmrbj lc írcms lc km`nbj lc Xcbss, pmrtc =, c`picmlj cg ci cstulbj.

35/6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

32/6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

61/6=

 

\C^MQBM LC QM^COM? SG KM[J Q^ÍK\BKJ \^MNMOJ FBGMI @M[\C^ KIBGBKM >116->115

Nbnibjhrmfàm.   @bhuci Kjstm y Kmr`cg [crrmt Vmicrm? ’ \crmpbm lc pmrcoms? ug cgfjquc

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kjgluktumi‐ Mibmgzm Clbtjrbmi, @mlrbl @mlrbl =25>. Qctcr M. @mrtbg? ’@mgumi lc tcrmpbm lc pmrcom‐  M`jrrjrtu  M`jrrjrtu clbtjrcs. Nucgjs Mbrcs • 

=2211>.   Kucstbjgmrbj lc írcms lc km`nbj lc Xcbss.

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