Teorias Da Comunicação

 

Xcfrnks hk Ifluonikàéf 2µ Lùhudf1 Ifluonikàéf mulkok c notcrkàéf sfinkd

F fbactnvf ocstk pkrtc î ifostrunr ul ifoicntf hc ifluonikàéf mulkok. Iflf f tìtudf hk uonhkhc nohnik, cssc ifoicntf tcl k vcr ifl notcrkàéf sfinkd. K notcrkàéf î ul lfhf hc rcdkàéf sfinkd c pfr nssf f ifoicntf hc ifluonikàéf scrë novcstn`khf k pkrtnr hc hngcrcotcs rcdkàócs quc kifotcicl ok sfinchkhc. Ifosnhcrc quc ks rcdkàócs fifrrcl cotrc pcssfks. Cdks sc rcdkinfokl ulks ifl ks futrks tkotf cl klbncotcs nogfrlkns iflf cl klbncotcs gfrlkns. Kdîl hc sc rcdkinfokrcl hnrctklcotc cotrc cdks, ks  pcssfks tklbîl sc rcdkinfokl r cdkinfokl ifl nostntunàócs sfinkns. Cl ifotrkpkrtnhk, ks nostntunàócs sfinkns pfhcl sc rcdkinfokr ifl ulk, ifl ul `rupf fu ifl ludtnhócs hc pcssfks kf lcslf tclpf. Cssks rcdkàócs cotrc ks pcssfks c cotrc pcssfks c nostntunàócs oéf cs`ftkl tfhks ks rcdkàócs sfinkns, lks kauhkl k vcr quc më vërnfs cdclcotfs c lftnvfs covfdvnhfs ocdks, f quc pcrlntc pcoskr cl trás tnpfs hc ifluonikàéf nlpfrtkotìssnlfs k novcstn`kr ok ifostruàéf hf ifoicntf hc ifluonikàéf mulkok iflf notcrkàéf sfinkd. Ifluonikàéf notcrpcssfkd

F prnlcnrf tnpf k scr novcstn`khf î k ifluonikàéf notcrpcssfkd, quc kifotcic qukohf pcssfks trfikl nogfrlkàócs cotrc sn. Cssk trfik pfhc scr hnrctk c nlchnktk fu pfhc scr nohnrctk c lchnkhk. K ifluonikàéf hnrctk c nlchnktk kifotcic qukohf ks pcssfks cstéf ikrk k ikrk. Cdks sc rcdkinfokl,  prnoinpkdlcotc, pfr pfr lcnf hk gkdk c hk `cstniudkàéf `cstniudkàéf.. Cxclpdf tìpnif hc ifluonikàéf hnrctk cotrc ks pcssfks î qukohf ifovcrskl cl kd`ul klbncotc nogfrlkd (cl ulk gcstk fu of notcrvkdf hf trkbkdmf, pfr cxclpdf) cl quc1 ifotkl mnstùrnks: rcdktkl kifotcinlcotfs: hcsircvcl pcssfks: hnzcl f quc dcrkl of afrokd: kvnskl hk imc`khk hc kd`uîl, ifotkl  pnkhks. Aë k ifluonikàéf nohnrctk c lchnkhk kifotcic qukohf ks pcssfks cstéf hnstkotcs c oéf pfhcl sc coxcr`kr ocl csiutkr ulk k futrk. Ocssk sntukàéf, cdks prcinskl uskr kd`ul lcnf quc dmcs pfssnbndntc k trfik hc nogfrlkàócs, trkospfrtkohf k vfz fu fs `cstfs quc ulk gkz ktî k futrk. Fs lcnfs utndnzkhfs pfhcl scr  vkrnkhfs (tcdcgfoc, ikrtk, iflputkhfr), lks ulk vcz uskhf ul lcnf, cdc cstkrë lchnkohf (notcrlchnkohf) k ifluonikàéf cotrc ks pcssfks. Sl cxclpdf1 vfiá c cu cstklfs ofs ifluonikohf pfr notcrlîhnf hcstc lùhudf.  Ocstc iksf vfiá oéf cstë lc vcohf ocl lc fuvnohf. Cstë dcohf f quc cu csircvn. Cstë rcicbcohf nogfrlkàócs csirntks. Yupfstklcotc fs ifotcñhfs hcssks nogfrlkàócs séf fs lcus scotnlcotfs, pcosklcotfs c ifomcinlcotfs. Cssk î ulk ofàéf snlpdcs hc ifluonikàéf cl quc kd`uîl clntc lcosk`cl pkrk ul futrf. Lkns khnkotc cdk scrë prfbdclktnzkhk prfbdclktnzkhk.. Futrf cxclpdf1 ul pkrcotc scu vnkafu pkrk futrk inhkhc. Wfiá qucr hkr c rcicbcr oftìinks hcdc. Iflf gkzcr6 Wfiá pfhc csircvcr ulk ikrtk. Wfiá pfhc gkzcr ulk dn`kàéf tcdcgøonik. Wfiá pfhc covnkr ulk lcosk`cl cdctrøonik pfr lcnf hf iflputkhfr fu hf icdudkr. Cognl, vfiá tcl hnvcrsfs lcnfs pkrk sc ifluonikr ifl scu pkrcotc, lcslf cstkohf dfo`c hcdc. K ifluonikàéf notcrpcssfkd, pfrtkotf, î rckdnzkhk cotrc pcssfks quc prcinskl nogfrlkr c scrcl nogfrlkhks fu quc busikl nogfrlkàócs c quc, pkrk nssf, uskl kd`ulk dno`uk`cl (gkdk, `cstfs, csirntk) c kd`ul lcnf (vfz, tcdcgfoc, ifrpf, ikrtk, dnvrf) quc pcrlntkl sc rcdkinfokr ifl futrks pcssfks pkrk trfikr  nogfrlkàócs. Lks pfr quc ks pcssfks trfikl c oéf snlpdcslcotc trkoslntcl nogfrlkàócs ulks pkrk ks futrks6

 

Ks pcssfks trfikl nogfrlkàóc kàócss pkrk skbcr sc scot scotcl, cl, pcoskl c skb skbcl cl f lcsl lcslff sfbrc f luoh luohff c k trfikl nogfrl vnhk fu sc scotcl, pcoskl c skbcl ifnsks hngcrcotcs. Cognl, ks pcssfks trfikl nogfrlkàócs pkrk noninkr, ifoscrvkr, notcosngnikr fu trkosgfrlkr fs dkàfs sfinkns ifl ks futrks.  Oéf gfn hngìind iflprccohc iflprccohcrr k ofàéf hc ifluonikàé ifluonikàéff notcrpcssfkd, oéf î6 Lks, vfiá aë pcosfu iflf  pcssfks quc gkdkl hngcrcotcs nhnflks fu pcssfks quc oéf gkdkl (luhks) pfhcl sc ifluonikr6 [ukd scrnk f cdclcotf ifluoniktnvf lkns nlpfrtkotc pkrk k ifluonikàéf ifl cssks pcssfks1 k dno`uk`cl fu f lcnf6 Fu fs hfns tcrnkl k lcslk nlpfrtâoink6 Ifluonikàéf nostntuinfokd

[uc hngcrcoàk gkz pkrk k ifluonikàéf sc ks pcssfks cstnvcrcl cl cspkàfs nogfrlkns fu cl cspkàfs sfinkns gfrlkns qukohf trfikl nogfrlkàócs6 Kpkrcotclcotc ocomulk, pfns k ifluonikàéf ifotnouk scohf cotrc pcssfks quc uskl dno`uk`cl c lcnfs pkrk nssf, oéf î lcslf6 Yc vfiá cstnvcr pcoskohf cssk fbvnchkhc, vfu prfbdclktnzkr1 Ycrë quc ofs cspkàfs gfrlkns (iflf k csifdk) ks pcssfks uskl ks dno`uk`cos hf lcslf lfhf quc uskl cl klbncotcs nogfrlkns6 C ks nogfrlkàócs quc trfikl séf ks lcslks pcdks qukns sc notcrcsskl oul klbncotc nogfrlkd6 C fs lcnfs quc utndnzkl, scrë quc séf fs lcslfs6 Ufns î, pcosf quc oéf. C oéf scohf, cotcohf quc f cspkàf fu klbncotc cl quc k trfik hc nogfrlkàócs kifotcic covfdvc futrfs cdclcotfs c lftnvfs. [ucr skbcr qukd î k hngcrcoàk6 Wfu ifdfikr ul cxclpdf pkrk kokdnskrlfs auotfs.  Ok csifdk cl quc vfiá trkbkdmk tcl lurkns, oéf tcl6 Ucdf lcofs ul hcvc tcr. Ukrk quc scrvcl fs lurkns6 Ukrk ifluonikr, î ùbvnf. Fs lurkns séf lcnfs hc ifluonikàéf, pcdfs qukns ks pcssfks sc rcdkinfokl ulks ifl ks futrks, lcslf oéf cstkohf ikrk k ikrk. Ofs lurkns hc suk csifdk ks lcosk`cos séf cohcrcàkhks k pcssfks cspciìgniks6 Ås vczcs snl, sc f lurkd tnvcr cssc fbactnvf, iflf luntk `cotc gkz ok `cdkhcnrk hc iksk. Wfiá gkz nssf6 Hcnxk rcikhfs pkrk scus gklndnkrcs cl kd`ul du`kr hk iksk6 Cu hcnxf ok `cdkhcnrk. Lnomk `cdkhcnrk î ul lurkd. Lks, pkrcic quc fs lurkns hk csifdk oéf tál cssc fbactnvf. Ucdf lcofs oéf tfhfs. Xuhf bcl quc ks nogfrlkàócs hf lurkd oéf séf pkrk pcssfks cspciìgniks, lks cdks séf ifdfikhks ocdc  pfr kd`ulk pcssfk. Ynl, î idkrf. Lks séf nogfrlkàócs sfbrc cssks pcssfks quc gkzcl f lurkd quc séf hnvud`khks ocdc6 Ofrlkdlcotc oéf, oéf î6 Cotéf, f lurkd î ul lcnf hc ifluonikàéf uskhfk pcssfks ok / pcdkcspciìgniks. csifdk c oéfWcak pfr pcssfks nohnvnhukns pkrk trkoslntnr nogfrlkàócs å ifluonhkhc csifdkr c oéf quc, lcslf quc scakl  pcssfks quc ifdfqucl nogfrlkàócs of lurkd pkrk quc futrks pcssfks tflcl ifomcinlco ifomcinlcotf tf hcdks, ks nogfrlkàócs oéf séf hc pcssfks pkrk pcssfks. Yéf hk csifdk å ifluonhkhc csifdkr. Ks pcssfks cstéf covfdvnhks pcdf prficssf hc trfik hc nogfrlkàócs, lks oéf séf f iflcàf ocl f gnl hcdc. F lurkd oéf î lcnf hc ifluonikàéf hks pcssfks, lks î ul nostrulcotf nostntuinfokd (hk csifdk). Wfiá ifosc`unu pcricbcr k hngcrcoàk6 Knohk oéf6 Cotéf pcosc1 of lurkd hk csifdk hë pkrk gnxkr qukdqucr nogfrlkàéf, ifl qukdqucr dno`uk`cl, sfbrc qukdqucr kssuotf6  Oéf! Ks nogfrlkàócs ifotnhks of lurkd hk csifdk hnzcl rcspcntf k kssuotfs hk csifdk (trkbkdmfs hfs kduofs, hktks gcstnvks, kvnsfs kfs pkns, cotrc luntfs futrfs). Cotéf, ks nogfrlkàócs k scrcl gnxkhks of lurkd hk csifdk séf nogfrlkàócs hc notcrcssc hk nostntunàéf csifdkr, ok qukd ks pcssfks kssulcl icrtks pfsnàócs1 kduofs, prfgcssfrcs, hnrctfrcs, guoinfoërnfs, pkns. Yéf fs suacntfs fu ktfrcs csifdkrcs. K ifluonikàéf nostntuinfokd kifotcic cotrc pcssfks, pfrîl, qukohf cdks cstéf cl cxcriìinf hc scus pkpîns nostntuinfokns, gfrlkl ul pñbdnif.

 

F quc vfiá hcsifbrnu, cotéf, sfbrc k hngcrcoàk quc prfpfomf cotrc ifluonikàéf notcrpcssfkd c ifluonikàéf ifluonikà éf nostntuinfokd6 Bcl, csircvcohf k vfiá, hcsifbrn quc k ifluonikàéf notcrpcssfkd pfhc scr nlchnktk fu lchnkhk, coqukotf quc k ifluonikàéf nostntuinfokd î sclprc lchnkhk. Lchnkhk pfr lcnfs hc ifluonikàéf (lìhnks). Ynl, pfrquc ks nostntunàócs séf pcssfks c, pfr nssf, oéf sc ifluonikl iflf pcssfks. Of iksf hk nostntunàéf csifdkr fs lcnfs pfhcl scr1 lurkd, ikrtk, k`cohk csifdkr, ikhcrof, bfdctnl c lcslf kduofs, prfgcssfrcs, guoinfoërnfs c hnrctfrcs, cotrc futrfs. Kduofs, prfgcssfrcs, guoinfoërnfs c hnrctfrcs, ok csifdk, séf pcssfks k scrvnàf hk nostntunàéf. Futrk hngcrcoàk î quc k ifluonikàéf notcrpcssfkd kifotcic cotrc pcssfks cspciìgniks, coqukotf quc k nostntuinfokd covfdvc pcssfks quc rcprcscotkl ikr`fs c guoàócs, kifotcic cotrc k nostntunàéf c f pñbdnif ifl quc cdk sc rcdkinfok bcl iflf cotrc nostntunàócs (csifdk c scirctkrnk hc chuikàéf, pfr cxclpdf). Nssf î gëind hc pcricbcr. [ukohf k csifdk tcl nogfrlkàócs ofvks, trkoslntc å ifluonhkhc csifdkr c oéf k pcssfks cspciìgniks ocl å sfinchkhc notcnrk, k oéf scr cl iksfs pkrtniudkrcs, quc oéf prfbdclktnzkrcn kqun. Slk tcricnrk hngcrcoàk î quc k ifluonikàéf notcrpcssfkd î hc hflìonf prnvkhf coqukotf quc k nostntuinfokd î tkotf hc hflìonf prnvkhf iflf hc hflìonf pñbdnif, ifogfrlc k prùprnk nostntunàéf. Slk csifdk pkrtniudkr oéf prcinsk tfrokr pñbdniks ks suks nogfrlkàócs. Aë pkrk ulk csifdk pñbdnik ks nogfrlkàócs séf pñbdniks. C, pf pfrr gn gnl, l, k ñd ñdtn tnlk lk hn hngc gcrc rcoà oàkk î qu qucc k if iflu luon onik ikàé àéff no notc tcrp rpcs cssf sfkd kd î no nogf gfrl rlkd kd co coqu quko kotf tf qu qucc k ifluonikàéf ifluonikà éf nostntuinfokd î gfrlkd. Iflf vfiá vìu of lùhudf = - Urfhuàéf tcxtukd ok chuikàéf csifdkr. Clbfrk cxnstkl cssks hngcrcoàks, î bfl hcnxkr idkrf quc më ulk sclcdmkoàk guohklcotkd cotrc fs hfns tnpfs hc ifluonikàéf1 klbfs séf rcdkàócs sfinkns quc ifdfikl ks pcssfks cl notcrkàéf of prùprnf ktf hk trfik hc nogfrlkàócs. Ifl nssf, vfiá aë pcricbc quc ks dno`uk`cos c fs lcnfs hc ifluonikàéf séf luntf nlpfrtkotcs ok vnhk sfinkd. Ycak pkrk ks nostntunàócs, scak pkrk ks pcssfks. Fs lcnfs c ks dno`uk`cos quc vfiá prfhuz c iunhk ok csifdk iflf tîionif cl ludtnlcnfs. Yc vfiá prcstkr ktcoàéf, pkrcic quc cl tfhks ks csifdks fs kssuotfs lkns nlpfrtkotcs séf fs lcslfs1 inhkhkonk, lcnf klbncotc, rcspcntf kf hngcrcotc, noiduséf sfinkd, vnfdáoink c futrfs. Nssf lc dcvk k ircr quc fs kssuotfs hk csifdk oéf séf hcgnonhfs ok prùprnk csifdk. F quc vfiá kimk hnssf6 Wfiá skbcrnk hnzcr fohc, iflf c qucl hcgnoc fs kssuotfs nlpfrtkotcs pkrk scrcl ifluonikhfs ifluonikhfs c hcbktnhfs ok csifdk6 Ifluonikàéf hc lkssk

 Of lcu cotcohnlco cotcohnlcotf, tf, k ifluonikà ifluonikàéf éf hc lkssk î hngcrcotc hk ifluonikàéf notcrpcssfkd c hk ifluonikàéf nostntuinfokd, pfrquckfoéf sc hnrn`c k pcssfks ocl k pñbdnifs cspciìgnifs. Cdk oéf sc hnrn`c k ono`uîl c sc hnrn`c k tfhf luohf lcslf tclpf. K ifluonikàéf hc lkssk tcl hc scr gcntk pcdfs lcnfs hc ifluonikàéf k gnl hc ktno`nr c kdikoàkr ks ludtnhócs. Ufrtkotf, k ifluonikàéf hc lkssk î sclprc lchnkhk fu lchnktnzkhk. Ukrk quc qukdqucr pcssfk pfssk cotcohcr ks nogfrlkàócs trkoslntnhks nohnstnotklcotc ok sfinchkhc, ofss lcn of lcnfs fs hc ifl ifluon uonikà ikàéf éf (af (afrok rokd,d, rëh rëhnf nf c tcd tcdcvn cvnsé séf, f, prn prnoi oinpk npkdlc dlcotc otc)) cdk cdkss tál hc scr prf prfhuz huznhk nhkss c rcprfhuznhks pfr lcnf hc dno`uk`cos snlpdngnikhks (vfikbudërnf iflul, pfr cxclpdf) c lñdtnpdks (vnsukns, sfofrks c csirntks). Sskohf dno`uk`cos snlpdngnikhks, fs lcnfs hc ifluonikàéf hc lkssk trktkl ks pcssfks ifl bksc cl ulk lîhnk, ul lfhcdf, ul pkhréf. Cssc pkhréf gkz hcskpkrcicr ks hngcrcoàks c lfhcdk k tfhfs. Ukhrfonzk k tfhfs. K nhînk hc lîhnf (dcntfr lîhnf, fuvnotc lîhnf, tcdcspcitkhfr lîhnf) pfhc scr oc`ktnvk sc vfiá cotcohcr quc, pkrk cstkr ok lîhnk, ks pcssfks hcvcl dcr, fuvnr c kssnstnr ks lcslks ifnsks. Cdks hcvcl vcr c cotcohcr fs kifotcinlcotfs pcdf lcslf tcxtf, pcdk lcslk vfz, pcdk lcslk nlk`cl.

 

Cssk î ulk klbnvkdáoink hk ifluonikàéf hc lkssk, pfns nogfrlk ks pcssfks sfbrc f quc cstë kifotcicohf of luohf, of scu pkìs, ok suk inhkhc, c, kf lcslf tclpf, oéf pfhc cstkbcdcicr rcdkàócs notcrktnvks ifl ks pcssfks, clbfrk pfssk prflfvá-dks cotrc cdks. [ucr hnzcr, fs lcnfs hc ifluonikàéf hc lkssk gkzcl inriudkr nogfrlkàócs quc vcniudkl fpnonócs clbutnhks quc ks pcssfks oéf pfhcl qucstnfokr   auotf k cdcs, lks lks pfhcl sc qucstnfokr qucstnfokr cotrc sn. Ifotuhf, vfiá oéf prcinsk pcoskr sfbrc nssf k`frk. mkvcrë cspkàf. Kqun nlpfrtk cotcohcr quc k ifluonikàéf hc lkssk î hngcrcotc hk ifluonikàéf notcrpcssfkd c hk ifluonikàéf nostntuinfokd. î sclprc lchnkhk, oéf sck.gkz cotrc pcssfks, ocl cotrc nostntunàócs c scus  pñbdnifs, lks cotrc lks lcnfs hcCdk ifluonikàéf ifluonikàéf c lkssk koøonlk. koøonl Wfiá, quc tcl ktntuhc irìtnik hcvc sc pcr`uotkr1 lks oéf séf pcssfks quc gkdkl of rëhnf, quc csircvcl of afrokd c kpkrcicl ok tcdcvnséf6 Ynl, vfiá tcl rkzéf! Yéf pcssfks quc gkzcl nssf. Lks séf prfgnssnfokns quc skbcl iflf gkzcr pkrk quc ks nogfrlkàócs scakl cotcohnhks ok lìhnk. Hcssk lkocnrk ks pcssfks csircvcl of afrokd sc`unohf ul pkhréf hc csirntk. Gkdkl of rëhnf sc`unohf ul pkhréf rkhnfgøonif. Kpkrcicl ok tcdcvnséf sc`unohf ul pkhréf tcdcvnsnvf. Fu scak, ks pcssfks prfgnssnfokns hfs lcnfs hc ifluonikàéf kikbkl scohf mflf`cocnzkhks pcdfs pkhrócs hk ifluonikàéf hc lkssk. Cdks lcslks oéf sc hnstno`uîl hk lkssk. Fs lcnfs hc ifluonikàéf hc lkssk séf imklkhfs kssnl ifl bksc ok cxprcsséf, cl no`dás, lkss lchnk, quc sn`ongnik lcnfs hc lkssk. Cssk cxprcsséf tcl k vcr ifl k qukotnhkhc c f lfhf iflf csscs lcnfs kdikoàkl c ktno`cl ks pcssfks  pkrk nogfrlkr1 cdcs tfrokl nogfrlkàócs kicssìvcns k tfhfs pfr lcnf hk pkhrfonzkà pkhrfonzkàéf éf hc dno`uk`cos. Cdcs rcprfhuzcl f lcslf tcxtf csirntf lndmócs hc vczcs, prfpk`kl k vfz hfs dfiutfrcs pfr dfo`ks hnstâoinks c  pfssnbndntkl quc ikhk pcssfk vcak, csiutc c sknbk k fpnonéf hc cspcinkdnstks sfbrc kifotcinlco kifotcinlcotfs tfs cifoølnifs,, pfdìtnifs, cspfrtnvfs, sfikns, klbncotkns, cti. cifoølnifs Wfiá hcvc pcoskr1 frk, aë lc hcn ifotk hc quc ks nogfrlkàócs sù pfhcl scr trkoslntnhks pcdks dno`uk`cos c lcnfs. Yc kssnl î, pkrk quc qukdqucr ul pfssk cotcohcr k lcslk nogfrlkàéf î ùbvnf quc fs lcnfs hc lkssk ifluonikl cl ulk dno`uk`cl uonvcrskd.  Oéf! Oéf î cxktklcotc cl ulk dno`uk`cl dno`uk`cl uonvcrskd quc fs lcnfs hc lkssk lkssk ifluonikl, lks cl ulk dno`uk`cl lîhnk c snlpdcs pkrk pcssfks lîhnks. Cl ulk dno`uk`cl quc oéf gkz pcoskr, quc oéf gkz huvnhkr, quc oéf gkz pcr`uotkr, pfns oéf prcvá k trfik cotrc fs lcnfs c ks pcssfks, scoéf kpcoks k trkoslnsséf hc nogfrlkàócs hfs lcnfs pkrk ks pcssfks. Kdîl hfs lcnfs hc ifluonikàéf uskrcl dno`uk`cos cspciìgniks c pkhrfonzkhks, cdcs oéf trkoslntcl quknsqucr nogfrlkàócs. nogfrlkàócs. Ycohf lcnfs hc ifluonikàéf sfinkd (f afrokd, f rëhnf c k tcdcvnséf) supfstklcotc sù trkoslntcl lcosk`cos notcrcssc hc pñbdnif. oéf dmc héfquc oftìinks f scu pkrcotc oéfulk î6 K oéf scr quc cdc tcomk hc pkrtninpkhf kd`ulCdcs kifotcinlcotf imklksfbrc k ktcoàéf pñbdnik1quc ul vnkafu, kinhcotc, iktëstrfgc, ul prálnf c futrfs kifotcinlcotfs. Lks vfiá vkn gnikr skbcohf pfr kiksf, pfns k nogfrlkàéf oéf î hnrn`nhk hnrctklcotc k vfiá. Kssnl, fs lcnfs hc ifluonikàéf, kdîl hc hcgnonr iflf trkoslntnr ks lcosk`cos, tklbîl hcgnocl f quc vkdc c f quc oéf vkdc å pcok scr nogfrlkhf å lkssk hc pcssfks. Ifluonikàéff hc lkssk, pfrtkotf, î k ifluonikàéf sfinkd k pkrtnr hfs lcnfs hc ifluonikàé Ifluonikàé ifluonikàéff hc `rkohc kdikoic c kuhnáoink c quc trkoslntcl nogfrlkàócs hc notcrcssc pñbdnif uskohf dno`uk`cos c gfrlktfs  pkhrfonzkhfss pkrk ks pcssfks. Î k ifluonikàé  pkhrfonzkhf ifluonikàéff quc pkutk, luntks vczcs, qukns scréf fs kssuotfs k scrcl hcbktnhfs ok sfinchkhc, fs qukns sc trkosgfrlkl cl kssuotfs hk csifdk. K ifluonikàéf hc lkssk cstë luntf prcscotc ok vnhk hc tfhks ks pcssfks, cdk prfhuz luntfs cgcntfs sfbrc scotnlcotfs, pcosklcotfs c ifomcinlcotfs c f gkz hc ul lfhf klbnvkdcotc, iflf aë hnssc kotcs1 nogfrlk c pkhrfonzk kf lcslf tclpf.

 

Csscs cgcntfs séf nlpfrtkotcs c tál k vcr ifl k chuikàéf hc gfrk hk csifdk, quc scrë prfbdclktnzkhk c cstuhkhk kqun, pkrk quc vfiá pfssk cotcohcr iflf k csifdk chuik tcohf prcscotc cssk klbnvkdáoink hk ifluonikàéf hc lkssk, quc tklbîl î ulk hks klbnvkdáoinks hk csifdk. Cdclcotfs ifohninfokotcs hk ifluonikàéf

K`frk quc vfiá aë kprcohcu quc ifluonikàéf î trfik hc nogfrlkàócs cl hngcrcotcs tnpfs hc rcdkàócs sfinkns (notcrpcssfkd, nostntuinfokd c lkssngnikhk), sc pcr`uotkrcl k vfiá —iflf skbcr sc cl ulk hkhk sntukàéf më ifluonikàéf6“. F quc vfiá rcspfohcrnk6 Bcl,k ifluonikàé î gëind rcspfohcr k cssk Wfiá pcr`uotk! Cl tfhk rcdkàéf sfinkd hc nogfrlkàócs,  pfrtkotf, ifluonikàéf f sc rckdnzk. cstë icrtf kf rcspfohcr kssnl,kifotcic pfrîl îtrfik prcinsf tcr idkrf quc cxnstcl cdclcotfs quc ifohninfokl k rckdnzkàéf hk ifluonikàéf oks rcdkàócs sfinkns. Yc prcstkr ktcoàéf vcrë quc csscs cdclcotfs aë cstkvkl ifdfikhfs oks scàócs kotcrnfrcs. Yù oéf gfrkl hcstkikhfs. hcstkikhf s. Gkàf-f k`frk. Ks nogfrlkàócs pkrk scrcl trfikhks prcinskl scr prfhuznhks. Gfotc î f prfhutfr hk nogfrlkàéf1  pcssfk, nostntunàéf, clprcsk hc ifluonikàéf. K gfotc prfhuz nogfrlkàéf pkrk ul hcstnoktërnf, quc î f quc vkn sc kprfprnkr hcdk1 pcssfk, pñbdnif, lkssk koøonlk. Ukrk quc pfsskl scr trkospfrtkhks, hk gfotc kf hcstnoktërnf, î prcinsf ul clnssfr fu ifhngnikhfr quc trkosgfrlc k lcosk`cl cl snokns c ul hcifhngnikhfr  fu rcicptfr quc rcifostruk ok futrk pfotk. K nogfrlkàéf, iflf sc vá, î f ifotcñhf hk ifluonikàéf quc vkn hk gfotc kf hcstnoktërnf pfr ul ikokd quc trkospfrtk lcosk`cos ifhngnikhks cl snokns. Kssnl, vfiá pfhc oftkr fs cdclcotfs guohklcotkns hk ifluonikàéf1 gfotc, hcstnoktërnf, clnssfr, rcicptfr, iùhn`f, ikokd, lcosk`cl/nogf lcosk`cl/nogfrlkàéf. rlkàéf. Wcak ul cxclpdf1 Wfiá vkn sc ifluonikr ifl scu pkrcotc pfr tcdcgfoc. Wfiá î k gfotc hk lcosk`cl. F kpkrcdmf tcdcgøonif î f ifhngnikhfr quc vkn trkosgfrlkr suk vfz cl snokns. Fs snokns scréf trkospfrtkhfs  pfr ikbfs tcdcgøonifs (ikokd) ktî f kpkrcdmf (hcifhngnikhfr) cl quc cstë f scu pkrcotc, quc î f hcstnoktërnf hk lcosk`cl. Of kpkrcdmf hf scu pkrcotc fs snokns quc vncrkl pcdf ikbf scréf hcifhngnikhfs c k vfz scrë rcifostntuìhk. Kssnl, scu pkrcotc pfhc csiutë-df c vnic-vcrsk. Csscs cdclcotfs ifostntucl f prficssf hc ifluonikàéf kokdnskhf pcdks tcfrnks hk ifluonikàéf, scak cotrc pcssfks fu cotrc lëqunoks. Ufrîl, ifogfrlc f notcrcssc hk koëdnsc, f sn`ongnikhf c f vkdfr hc ikhk ul  pfhc luhkr. Kdîl Kdîl hnssf, kd`ulks kd`ulks tcfrnks noiducl futrfs futrfs cdclcotfs cdclcotfs pkrk iflprccohcr iflprccohcr k ifluonikàéf. ifluonikàéf. Wcak1

Wfiá pfhc cotcohcr k ifluonikàé ifluonikàéff kpcoks iflf trkoslnsséf hc nogfrlkàócs.  Ocstc iksf, f prnoinpkd cdclcotf ifohninfok ifohninfokotc otc hk ifluonikàéf î f ikokd quc trkospfrtk ks nogfrlkàócs snokns. Yc ftcf ikokd bcl, ksskhks ifluonikàéf sc rckdnzk. Cssk ifluo if luonik nikàéf àéf cl prcsc prc scotc otc oks tcfrnk rnkss guoinfokr hk nog nogfrl frlkà kàéf, éf,cotéf notcrc not crcssk hks cl kdi kdikoà koàkr kr f lëx lëxnlf nlfî khcifoicpàéf prcins prc inséf éf hc ok ifluonikàéf ifluonikà éf k hnstâoink, fu scak, scu pkrcotc csiutkrë vfiá kf tcdcgfoc pcrgcntklcotc. Lks ifl iflff skb skbcr cr quc k if ifluo luonik nikàéf àéf ki kifot fotci cic6 c6 Hnk Hnkotc otc hcs hcssk sk pcr pcr`uo `uotk tk vfi vfiáá pfh pfhcc rcs rcspfo pfohcr hcr11 k ifluonikàéf ifluonikà éf kifotcic qukohf k lcosk`cl imc`k hk gfotc kf hcstnoktërnf scl ruìhfs c notcrrupàócs. K ifluonikàéf î ul prficssf dnockr quc iflcàk ifl k gfotc c tcrlnok of hcstnoktërnf.

 

Cotéf, pkrk kd`uos, k ifluonikàéf sc rckdnzk qukohf f hcstnoktërnf rcicbc k lcosk`cl. Ukrk futrfs, k ifluonikàéf ifluonikà éf kifotcic qukohf f hcstnoktërnf iflprccohc k lcosk`cl iflf k gfotc k prfhuznu. Ukrk futrfs, knohk, k ifluonikàéf î ul prficssf cl quc f hcstnoktërnf notcrprctk k lcosk`cl cl ul hkhf ifotcxtf c k trkosgfrlk. Hc qukdqucr lkocnrk, fs cdclcotfs bësnifs covfdvnhfs ok ifluonikàéf séf fs lcslfs oks trás  pfssnbndnhkhcss hc cotcohnlcotf  pfssnbndnhkhc cotcohnlcotf intkhks kotcrnfrlcotc. kotcrnfrlcotc. Dclbrf1 gfotc, hcstnoktërnf, hcstnoktërnf, iùhn`f, clnssfr, rcicptfr, rcicptfr, lcosk`cl/nogfrlkàéf, lcosk`cl/no gfrlkàéf, ikokd. Ifosnh Ifo snhcrk crkohf ohf f quc gfn csi csirnt rntff oc ocstk stk scà scàéf, éf, pc pcosc osc11 ok ifl ifluon uonikà ikàéf éf hc lks lkssk sk not notcrc crcssk ssk quc f hcstnoktërnf rcicbk k lcosk`cl fu notcrcssk quc cdc k notcrprctc6 C ok csifdk, f quc notcrcssk6 Ifoicntfs hc ifluonikàéf

C k`frk, f quc hnrnk sc kd`uîl dmc pcr`uotkssc1 —f quc cotcohc pfr ifluonikàéf6“. ifluonikàéf6“. Hnrnk quc î trfikr lcosk`cos fu nogfrlkàócs6 nogfrlkàócs6 Hnrnk quc î cxprcsskr kd`ul scotnlcotf, pcosklcotf pcosklcotf fu ifomcinlcotf6 Hnrnk quc î ifovcrskr ifl futrk pcssfk6 Hnrnk quc î hnkdf`kr6 Hnrnk quc î hnvud`kr oftìinks6 ifomcinlcotf6

 

Hnrnk quc î gkzcr prfpk`kohk6 Hnrnk quc î hnguohnr fpnonócs sfbrc ul kssuotf, ulk pcssfk fu ulk nostntunàéf6 Bcl, sc vfiá rcspfohcu tuhf nssf fu kpcoks ulk hcssks kdtcroktnvks, vfiá cstë icrtf, pfns, quknsqucr  hks rcspfstks nohnikl kd`ul tnpf hc rcdkàéf sfinkd. Cotéf, `rfssf lfhf, vfiá pfhc hnzcr quc cotcohc k ifluonikàéf ifluonikà éf iflf ul tnpf hc rcdkàéf. Cssk î k okturczk hk ifluonikàéf. Ifotuhf, knohk oéf hë pkrk gnikr sktnsgcntf ifl cssk rcspfstk, pfns sc k ifluonikàéf î ul tnpf hc rcdkàéf, cdk oéf î qukdqucr rcdkàéf. Ocssc iksf vfiá pfhc sc pcr`uotkr1 qukd î k hngcrcoàk cotrc k rcdkàéf ifluoniktnvk c futrfs tnpfs hc rcdkàéf6 K ifluonikàéf pfhc scr ikrkitcrnzkhk hc trás lkocnrks hngcrcotcs1 ;) Iflf rcdkàéf hks pcssfks ifl lcosk`cos, lks oéf cotrc sì: 2) Iflf rcdkàéf cotrc pcssfks pfr lcnf hc lcosk`cos - ks lcosk`cos séf nostrulcotfs hks pcssfks: 9) Iflf rcdkàéf cl quc kf prfhuznrcl, clntnrcl c rcicbcrcl lcosk`cos, ks pcssfks notcrk`cl cotrc sn c ifl ks lcosk`cos - pcssfks c lcosk`cos oéf pfhcl scr scpkrkhfs ok rcdkàéf. Wfiá cstë pcoskohf sc nssf gkz hngcrcoàk fu oéf6 Frk, gkz ulk `rkohc hngcrcoàk, pfns, of prnlcnrf iksf, vkn cotcohcr k ifluonikàéf iflf ulk rcdkàéf cl quc ks pcssfks séf dn`khks ås lcosk`cos, pcrlkocicohf scpkrkhks cotrc sn. Ucdk ifluonikàéf tfrokl ifluos iflu os scot scotnlco nlcotfs, tfs, pcos pcosklco klcotfs tfs c ifom ifomcinl cinlcotfs cotfs,, quko qukohf hf séf trko trkoslntn slntnhfs hfs hc ulks pkrk futrk futrks. s. K ifluonikàéf ifluonikà éf sc ikrkitcrnzk kpcoks iflf trkoslnsséf hc lcosk`cos. Hc futrf lfhf, vkn cotcohcr k ifluonikàéf iflf ulk rcdkàéf cl quc ks pcssfks cstéf dn`khks cotrc sn. Cdks iflpkrtndmkl scotnlcotfs, pcosklcotfs c ifomcinlcotfs ulks ifl ks futrks ktrkvîs hk clnsséf c rcicpàéf hc lcosk`cos c nssf pfssnbndntk quc cdks ifostntukl ulk ifluonhkhc, ul `rupf sfinkd. Ocstc iksf k ifluonikàéf î cotcohnhk iflf trkoslnsséf hc lcosk`cos c iflpkrtndmklcotf hf quc î trkoslntnhf, hngcrcotc hk sntukàéf kotcrnfr cl quc sc rcicbc lcosk`cos quc oéf séf iflpkrtndmkhks. Ufr gnl, of tcricnrf iksf, vkn cotcohcr k ifluonikàéf iflf k rcdkàéf cl quc ks pcssfks séf ks lcosk`cos c ks lcosk`cos séf ks pcssfks. Kdîl hc clntnr c rcicbcr lcosk`cos (trkoslnsséf) cotrc sn, ks  prùprnks pcssfks pcssfks séf ifotcñhfs ifotcñhfs hk ifluonikàéf. ifluonikàéf.  Ocstc iksf ks pcssfks notc`rkl k ifluonikàé ifluonikàéf, f, ifostntucl k ifluonikàé ifluonikàéf. f. Ks pcssfks gkzcl k ifluonikàéf c séf gcntks ocdk. K ifluonikàéf î ul prficssf cl quc ks pcssfks tfrokl ifluos scotnlcotfs, pcosklcotfs c ifomcinlcotfs oéf kpcoks pfrquc fs trkoslntcl c iflpkrtndmkl, lks pfrquc notcrk`cl ulks ifl futrks. K ifluonikàéf î cotcohnhk iflf notcrkàéf sfinkd. Kf clntnrcl lcosk`cos, ks pcssfks cstéf hnzcohf f quc scotcl, pcoskl c cspcrkl, pkrk quc futrks pfsskl ifoifrhkr fu hnsifrhkr of prficssf hc ifostruàéf sfinfiudturkd. K`frk vfiá aë pfhc hnzcr quc cotcohc k ifluonikàéf iflf k rcdkàéf quc dn`k pcssfks c sc ikrkitcrnzk  pcdk trfik c pcdf tfrokr iflul kd`ulk ifnsk cotrc cdks, kpcskr hc quc cssc trfikr c cssc tfrokr iflul  pfsskl scr cotcohnhfs hc gfrlks hngcrcotcs1 kpcoks iflf trkoslnsséf: iflf trkoslnsséf c iflpkrtndmklcotf: iflpkrtndmklco tf: iflf trkoslnsséf, iflpkrtndmklcotf c notcrkàéf. Lks cssk rcspfstk knohk oéf sktnsgkz. Wfiá pfhc pcr`uotkr, k`frk, f quc gkz ifl quc cssc tnpf hc rcdkàéf cxnstk6 Hc lfhf `crkd î pfssìvcd kgnrlkr quc f quc gkz ifl quc k rcdkàéf ifluoniktnvk cxnstk î k vnhk sfinkd.  Ofvklcotc, nssf pfhc scr cotcohnhf cotcohnhf hc lkocnrks lkocnrks hngcrcotcs. Ukrk kd`uos, ks pcssfks vnvcl sfinkdlcotc pfrquc sc ifluonikl. Ycl if ifluo luonik nikàéf àéf oéf cx cxnst nstcc sf sfinc inchkh hkhc. c. Ukr Ukrkk fut futrfs rfs,, ks pcs pcssfk sfkss sc ifl ifluon uonikl ikl pfr pfrquc quc vnv vnvcl cl sfink sf inkdlc dlcotc otc.. Oéf cxn cxnstc stc if ifluo luonik nikàé àéff scl sfi sfinch nchkhc khc.. F icr icrtf tf î quc vnh vnhkk sf sfink inkdd c ifl ifluon uonik ikàéf àéf séf nohnssfinëvcns. nohnssfinëvc ns. Oéf pfhcl scr cotcohnhks scpkrkhklcotc. Î nssf quc notcrcssk.

 

Yuk rcspfstk, k`frk, `komfu lkns ifosnstáoink1 ifluonikàéf î ulk rcdkàéf quc dn`k ks pcssfks oulk trfik, oul tfrokr ifluos fs scotnlcotfs, pcosklcotfs, ifomcinlcotfs, ifomcinlcotfs, vkdfrcs c fpnonócs quc cdks prcinskl  pkrk vnvcr sfinkdlcotc. sfinkdlcotc. Ukrk vnvcr vnvcr ulks ifl ks futrks c ifostrunr iudturk. iudturk. Ifotuhf, knohk ikbcrnk ulk futrk pcr`uotk pkrk vfiá gkzcr c pcoskr1 qukd f pkpcd hk ifluonikàéf ok vnhk sfinkd6 Luntfs. F pkpcd guohklcotkd î f hc ifoscrvkr c trkosgfrlkr ks rcdkàócs sfinkns pcdk notcrkàéf irìtnik hks pcssfks ifl vkdfrcs c skbcrcs trkoslntnhfs c iflpkrtndmkhfs ok prùprnk rcdkàéf ifluoniktnvk.  Ocssc scotnhf, k ifluonikàé ifluonikàéff pfssnbndntk k cxprcsséf hks nohnvnhukdnhkhcs: k trkoslnsséf hc vkdfrcs c skbcrcs: k ifovcrskàéf c f hnëdf`f cotrc hngcrcotcs (`crkàócs, `rupfs sfinkns, `áocrfs, ctonks, cti.): k hnvud`kàéf hc nogfrlkàócs, prfhutfs, nhînks, cti.: k hnguséf c prfpk`kàéf hc fpnonócs, prfhutfs, nlk`cos... Kdîl hnssf, k ifluonikàéf tklbîl pfhc hnvcrtnr, cotrctcr, cosnokr, chuikr, cotrc futrfs. Kimfu quc tnomk kikbkhf6 Knohk tcl ulk ñdtnlk pcr`uotnomk1 iflf î pfssìvcd k ifluonikàéf6 Ukrk quc k ifluonikàéf scak pfssìvcd î prcinsf prfhuznr, ifhngnikr, trkoslntnr lcosk`cos quc pfsskl inriud inr iudkr kr cot cotrc rc ks pcs pcssfk sfks, s, pkr pkrkk quc scakl not notcrp crprct rctkhk khks, s, sc tfr tfroc ocl l if ifluo luoss c pfs pfsskl skl sc scrr trf trfik ikhks hks c iflpkrtndmkhks,, irntnikhks c qucstnfokhks iflpkrtndmkhks qucstnfokhks.. Nssf sù hë pkrk gkzcr `rkàks å dno`uk`cl c kfs lcnfs c tciofdf`nks hc ifluonikàéf quc, k pkrtnr hk  prùxnlk uonhkhc uonhkhc scréf imklkhfs imklkhfs hc lìhnk.