Teorias Da Comunicação

 

TGARCE] DE MAHWOCMEÀÍA

eutare

TEHERE DG ]AWYE MEH^A]

5ª gdcàía ]G]G] rca dg ieogcra

2>53

 

Maosgkla gdctarcek

rabgrta pegs g `csgkg kche

Eutare da arc`coek

tehere dg sauze mehpas

^raigta gdctarcek

rabgrta pegs

Maardgoeàía dg praduàía

peuka vctar bestas

^raigta `råjcma Dce`reheàía

eodrã ke`g, kuès sek`ugcra g kueoe berbase de sckve

bjs hgdce

Rgvcsía kco`uèstcme

bjs hgdce

Rgvcsía dg maotgùda Che`gh dg mepe

sarece lgrredar maste kche g kgaoerda herqugs lartéomca

herma hertcos | sluttgrstamf.mah

Tadas as dcrgctas rgsgrvedas. Ogoluhe pertg dgste abre padg sgr rgpraduzcde au treoshctcde par quecsqugr hgcas (gkgtrôocma au hgmâocma, comkucoda jatamýpce g `reveàía) au erqucvede gh quekqugr scstghe au beoma dg dedas sgh pgrhcssía gsmrcte de Gdctare. Mapyrc`lt sgsgs, 2>53.

Dcrgtarce dg Goscoa — Jåbrcme dg Maolgmchgota Rue da Bcspa, 2:5->:=

 

]uhårca ^rgjåmca

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5. Arc`gh g lcstýrce9 uhe pgrspgmtcve mcgotèjcme de Mahuocmeàí Mahuocmeàíaa ]amcek

0

Uuek e arc`gh de pekevre mahuocmeàía1 ^kurcssc`ocjcmeàía g mahuocmeàía E mahuocmeàía schbýkcme

3 5> 5=

Cotgrdcsmcpkcoercdedg g e busme pgka abigta de mahuocmeàía Maolgmchgota mcgotèjcma Tgarce au tgarces de mahuocmeàía1

50 22 2:

2. Gsmake Oartg-Ehgrcmeoe

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E Gsmake Oartg-Ehgrcmeoe9 uh brgvg peoarehe

=4

Gsmake dg Mlcme`a

=7

Maotgxta lcstýrcma de ghgr`éomce da Hess Mahhuocmetcao Rgsgerml

=: 

Tgarce lcpadãrhcme au de beke hå`cme

=<

Hess Mahhuocmetcao Rgsgerml

45

Gsmake Oartg-Ehgrcmeoe sg rgcovgoteoda

4<

E gsmake dg ^eka Ekta ” Cotgreà÷gs samcecs

72

=. Gsmake dg Jreofjurt g Whbgrta Gma

73

Mrceàía da Costctuta dg ^gsqucse ]amcek g sgus dgskamehgotas

:>

Ek`uhes cdgces mgotrecs9 tãmocme, codùstrce mukturek g cdgaka`ce

:4

Pektgr Bgoiehco9 rgpradutcbckcdedg tãmocme g eure

:3

Epamekèptcmas g cotg`redas9 e mrètcme dg Whbgrta Gma

0=

 

4. Zcs÷gs eutarecs9 Herslekk HmKuleo, Gd`er Harco g Iûr`go Lebgrhes



Tgarce des hgdceà÷gs

522

 

^rgjåmca ^rgzedas(es) ekuoas(es), Laig, e mahuocmeàía pascmcaoe-sg gh uh ku`er tía mgotrek oe oasse samcgdedg, e paota dg jekerhas gh uhe ‛]amcgdedg de Mahuocmeàía‘, a qug, maotrepertcde, dcſtmukte uhe scstghetczeàía da maolgmchgota, dgvcda î ehpkctudg des qugst÷gs qug e årge ebrc`e. Ogssg sgotcda, es tgarces de mahuocmeàía oas eiudeh e gotgodgr e rgekcdedg praſtsscaoek dg laig oa Iaroekcsha, oe ^ubkcmcdedg, oa Mcoghe au oa âhbcta da Eudcavcsuek. Gotgodgr as mehcolas pere qug sg mlg`ug e gsse maodcàía etuek govakvg uh hgr`ukla oe `gogeka`ce das sebgrgs gh dcvgrses årges, maha ]amcaka`ce, Mcéomces ^akètcmes, Eotrapaka`ce, Jckasaſte, ^scmaka`ce, pacs gstes eiudereh e trckler as mehcolas pere qug e mahuocmeàía pudgssg etco`cr uh gstetuta mcgotèſtma g oas pgrhctgh mkesscſtmer e mahuocmeàía maha uh tcpa dg maolgmchgota cotgrdcsmcpkcoer.  Ek`uhes des prcomcpecs tgarces da mehpa mahuocmemcaoek sía eprgsgotedes ogstg kcvra, qug ebarde dgsdg es prchgcres tgarces edvcodes e pertcr dg uh maotgxta hadgroa, mah a  Hess Mahhuocmetcao Mahhuocme tcao Rgsgerml , pesseoda pgke Gsmake Ekghí, co`kgse, meoedgosg, g ek`uos eutargs g maomgctas juodehgotecs. Oe tgotetcve dg scstghetczer as pgosehgotas tgýrcmas, aptau-sg par dcvcdcr a kcvra gh mcoma mepètukas. A mepètuka 5 prgtgodg cdgotcſtmer e oeturgze da mehpa mahuocmemcaoek, as abigtas dg gstuda de årge. A mepètuka sg`ucotg gojame e Gsmake Oartg-Ehgrcmeoe g dghaostre qug, epgser da dgstequg de marrgotg da Hess Mahhuocmetcao, oía padghas pgoser gh uhe laha`gogcdedg ogste vgrtgotg, pacs e Gsmake dg Mlcme`a g dg ^eka Ekta mahprggodgrceh as jgoôhgoas mahuocmetcvas e pertcr dg uhe autre hcrede. Oa tgrmgcra mepètuka, vamé crå taher maoteta mah uh das maomgctas hecs chparteotgs de mahuocmeàía etã laig9 e cdgce dg codùstrce mukturek. Ekãh de pgrspgmtcve de Gsmake dg Jreofjurt, maoscdgrede par Whbgrta Gma maha epamekèptcme, tehbãh eprgsgotehas e cdgce dg cotg`redas, c`uekhgotg qugstcaoede pgka ctekceoa. A querta mepètuka passcbckcte qug vamé maolgàe trés eutargs hucta gxpkaredas gh gstudas g pgsqucses gh oasse årge9 a meoedgosg Herslekk HmKuleo, a jreomés Gd`er Harco g a ekghía Iûr`go Lebgrhes g sue tgarce da E`cr Mahuocmetcva. A ùktcha mepètuka gojame e dgsmabgrte da rgmgptar, prchgcrehgotg mah e Gsmake Co`kgse g a coèmca das Gstudas Mukturecs, pere, gh sg`ucde, pgoser as gstudas dg rgmgpàía oa âhbcta de Ehãrcme Ketcoe.

7

 

à chparteotg pgrmgbgrhas qug pgsqucses rgmgotgs su`grgh qug es Tgarces de Mahuocmeàía rgprgsgoteh uh gspeàa dg jraotgcres codgſtocdes, pacs e qugstía cotgrdcsmcpkcoer ecode ã uhe herme da mehpa, mah prapascà÷gs g dcåka`as edvcodas dg dcvgrses årges, ghbare mede vgz hecs e Mahuocmeàía edqucre uh gstetuta dg mehpa codgpgodgotg. Baos gstudas!

 

5 Arc`gh g lcstýrce9 uhe pgrspgmtcve mcgotèjcme de Mahuocmeàía ]amcek

 

Arc`gh g lcstýrce9 uhe pgrspgmtcve mcgotèjcme de Mahuocmeàía ]amcek ^ere mahgàerhas e jeker dg garces de Mahuocmeàía, jez-sg ogmgssårca a gotgodchgota da qug ã Mahuocmeàía. Epgser dg pergmgr ek`a gvcdgotg, pacs e mahuocmeàía gstå prgsgotg gh oassa matcdceoa, vgrghas qug ã hecs mahpkcmeda qug cssa, pacs lå dcvgrses hadekcdedgs mahuocmetcves, dcspasctcvas g vcs÷gs vercedes, dgpgodgoda da akler g gojaqug dg qugh eoekcse.  E luheocdedg sý mahgàe e pgoser oe Mahuocmeàía maha uh prabkghe e pertcr da coèmca da sãmuka \\, iustehgotg par tgr scda ek`a oeturek, tèpcma de oeturgze luheoe, g qug sghprg ſtzghas dgsdg qug a coèmca das tghpas. Oa goteota, a qug hudau1 ^ar qug e mahuocmeàía pesse e sgr vcste vc ste maha ek`a qug gxc`ce gsjaràa rgflgxcva par pertg das mcgotcstes1 Zamé vgrå qug uh das paotas hecs chparteotgs jac, mgrtehgotg, e mlg`ede das hgcas dg mahuocmeàía dg hesse g as oavas ruhas qug essuhcreh es dcvgrses jarhes dg cotgreà÷gs samcecs, mah a gstcka dg vcde mede vgz hgoas rgkemcaoeda î ký`cme de tredcàía g hecs coflugomceda pgkas dcsmursas das eperetas hcdcåtcmas. E hadgrocdedg, parteota, eiude e rgdgsgoler es rgkeà÷gs samcecs g, mah cssa, hude redcmekhgotg e gxpgrcéomce dg oas mahuocmerhas. E pertcr deè ã qug padghas mahgàer e mahprggodgr a parqué dg epgoes oa sãmuka \\ e mahuocmeàía mahgàer e mleher e etgoàía goqueota qugstía mcgotèſtme.  E ſth dg hepgerhas a oassa mehpa, vamé emahpeolerå ek`uhes cdgces dg pgsqucsedargs maotghparâogas da mehpa mahuocmemcaoek, gspgmcekhgotg Kucz M. Hertcoa (2>5>) g Zgre Zgre Zgc`e Zgc`e Jreoàe (2>5>), qug eiudería e sc scstghetczer stghetczer a gotgodchgota de arc`gh g da maomgcta da tgrha Mahuocmeàía g a abigta dg gstuda de årge. Gspgrehas, mah cssa, jarogmgr besgs sustgotåvgcs pere a jartekgmchgota da mehpa g pere uh maolgmchgota gorcqugmcda gh maodcà÷gs dg passcbckcdedgs lcstýrcmes, peuteda pgke prýprce ghpcrce qug a tgrha ajgrgmg.

ABIGTCZA] • Mahprggodgr e arc`gh gtchaký`cme de pekevre mahuocmeàía6 • Rgmaolgmgr a maotgxta dg sur`chgota da mehpa mahuocmemcaoek6

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mepètuka 5

 

• Esschcker e oeturgze da maolgmchgota mcgotèjcma g e qugstía da hãtada6 • Dcjgrgomcer es cdgces dg gpcstghaka`ce, peredc`he, abigta mcgotèjcma, cotgrdcsmcpkcoercdedg, sgosa mahuh.

Uuek e arc`gh de pekevre mahuocmeàía1 ^ere Hertcoa (2>5>, p. 55), sg oía saubgrhas a qug ã mahuocmeàía, maha padgrghas oas sctuer ogstg mehpa1 Epgser dg sgr uhe pekevre g uhe pråtcme maosteotg gh oassa matcdceoa, vamé vgrå qug e dgſtocàía g e mahprggosía emedéhcme emgrme de mahuocmeàía oía ã tergje jåmck, sgie pgkes dcjgrgotgs hadekcdedgs mahuocmetcves, sgie par dcstcotes marrgotgs da sebgr g dg eutargs. Whe rgflgxía sabrg e arc`gh da tgrha mahuocmeàía, parteota, ã uhe gstretã`ce cocmcek våkcde dg hepgehgota de årge.  E pekevre mahuocmeàía tgh arc`gh oa vamåbuka mahhuocmetca, qug vgh da ketch g, sg`uoda Hertcoa (2>5>), jac mrceda oa maotgxta da mrcstceocsha eotc`a, pere oahger uhe oave pråtcme qug sur`cre oe vcde gmkgscek. Gxcstceh dacs `reodgs `rupas9 as eoemargtes g as mgoabctes. As prchgcras tcoleh uhe gxpgrcéomce hecs redcmek mah e sakcdía. Iå as mgoabctes vcvceh gh maovgotas g hastgcras, sgoda qug, pere ehbas as `rupas, ` rupas, a csakehgota g e maotghpkeàía greh maodcà÷gs ogmgssårces pere e maogxía mah a dcvcoa. As mgoabctes mahgàereh e taroer mahuh e pråtcme dg ieoter gh maoiuota mah as dghecs, gh vgz da csakehgota de rgjgcàía dgotra das epasgotas dg mede uh, mlehedas dg mkeustras. Rgperg qug ‛mkeustra‘, oía par emesa, oas rghgtg î cdgce dg mkeusure, csakehgota. Gotrgteota, maha gssg ‛ieoter makgtcva‘ gre ek`a oava pere e dcoâhcme das hastgcras oequgkg pgrèada, as rgkc`casas mrcereh tehbãh uhe pekevre9 mahhuocmetca, e ſth dg oahger gssg oava låbcta. Oa hastgcra epergmgu uhe pråtcme qug rgmgbgu a oahg dg mahhuocmetca, qug ã a eta dg ‛taher e rgjgcàía de oactg gh mahuh‘, muie pgmukcercdedg, gvcdgotghgotg, oía rgmec sabrg e beoekcdedg da eta dg ‛mahgr‘, hes dg jezé-ka ‛iuotehgotg mah autras‘, rguocoda gotía, equgkgs qug sg gomaotreveh csakedas. E arc`coekcdedg dgsse pråtcme ſtme par maote de cdgce dg ‛rahpgr a csakehgota‘ g ocssa rgscdg e dcjgrgoàe gotrg e mahhuocmetca gmkgscåstcme g a schpkgs ieoter de mahuocdedg prchctcve. (HERCOA, 2>5>, p. 5=)

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mepètuka 5

 

Oa hastgcra epergmgu uhe pråtcme qug rgmgbgu a oahg dg mahhuocmetca , qug ã a eta dg ‛taher e rgjgcàía de oactg gh mahuh‘, muie pgmukcercdedg, gvcdgotghgotg, oía rgmec sabrg e beoekcdedg da eta dg ‛mahgr‘, hes dg jezé-ka ‛iuotehgotg mah autras‘, rguocoda gotía, equgkgs qug sg gomaotreveh csakedas. E arc`coekcdedg dgsse pråtcme jcme par maote de cdgce dg ‛rahpgr a csakehgota‘ g ocssa rgscdg e dcjgrgoàe gotrg e mahhuocmetca  gmkgscåstcme g a schpkgs ieoter de mahuocdedg prchctcve. (HERTCOA, 2>5>, p. 5=)

 E mahhuocmetca, parteota, arc`coekhgotg, gre e rgjgcàía mahpertcklede oa maotgxta hgdcgvek, a qug rahpgu mah a eta dg ieoter csakedehgotg. Ã cotgrgsseotg dcssgmerhas e pekevre gh ketch, pacs essch padghas mahprggodé-ke hgklar hgklar.. A prgſtxa ‛ma‘ ‛ma‘ codcme schukteogcdedg, iå e recz ‛huocs‘ su`grg ‛gster gomerrg`eda dg‘, ea pessa qug a suſtxa ‛tca ‛tca‘‘ rgjaràe e cdgc cdgcee dg etcvcdedg, eàía. MAHHWOCME MA HHWOCMETCA TCA

 Epgser dg e pekevre gh ketch tgr scda mrcede lå sãmukas, gssg sgotcda dg eàía rgekczede gh mahuh pgrdure ecode laig. ^ere Hertcoa (2>5>, p. 57), a tgrha mahuocmeàía rgjgrg-sg ea pramgssa dg mahpertckler uh hgsha abigta dg maosmcéomce, gxprchcoda e rgkeàía gotrg maosmcéomces. Chparteotg gotgodgrhas qug a tgrha mahuocmeàía oía padg sgr gstebgkgmcda maha tada g quekqugr tcpa dg rgkeàía g oía padg sgr epkcmeda îs praprcgdedgs au ea hada dg sgr des macses ogh rgprgsgote uhe eàía qug rgùog as hghbras dg uhe mahuocdedg. A tgrha mahuocmeàía ã uhe gspãmcg dg eàía cotgomcaoek gxgrmcda sabrg autra suigcta, e pertcr de cdgce da taroer mahuh uh praduta dg uh gomaotra samcek, qug subgotgodg uhe cotgomcaoekcdedg dg cotgre`cr. Au sgie, oía padghas maojuodcr e mahuocmeàía mah hgre maovcvéomce. ^kurcssc`ocjcmeàía g mahuocmeàía

Whe vgz gotgodcde e arc`gh de pekevre mahuocmeàía, padghas oas dgtgr gh sgotcdas hecs etuecs, e pertcr da euxèkca das dcmcaoårcas, pacs gstgs, ea hgsha tghpa gh qug mkesscſtmeh e pekevre, tehbãh maotrcbugh pere meuser mgrte dcspgrsía das sgotcdas. Dgvghas tgr gh hgotg qug as dcmcaoårcas sía maostruà÷gs qug sg gomerrg`eh dg hepger as sgotcdas, qug rgmaklgh as usas des pekevres par uhe mahuocdedg kco`uèstcme, gh maodcà÷gs dg passcbckcdedgs lcstýrcmes. Csta ã, dgpgodgoda da pgrèada oa quek a vgrbgtg jac mrceda, e pertcr da gotgodchgota dg

 • 5>

mepètuka 5

 

dgtgrhcoede mahuocdedg emgrme de mahuocmeàía, as sgotcdas sajrgh verceà÷gs. Maoſtre ek`uos vgrbgtgs e sg`ucr. 5. Jeta dg mahuocmer, dg gstebgkgmgr uhe rgkeàía rg keàía mah ek`uãh, mah ek`uhe macse au gotrg macses6 2. Treoshcssía dg sc`oas etrevãs dg uh mýdc`a (oeturek au maovgomcaoek)6 =. Mepemcdedg au pramgssa dg trame dg pgosehgotas, sgotchgotas, cdgces au cojarheà÷gs etrevãs de jeke, `gstas, che`gos, au sgie, dg jarhe dcrgte au etrevãs etrev ãs dg hgcas tãmocmas6 4. Eàía dg utckczer hgcas tgmoaký`cmas (mahuocmeàía tgkgjôocme)6 7. Hgose`gh, cojarheàía (e macse qug sg mahuocme9 eoùomca, oavcdedg, cojarheàía, evcsa)6 :. Mahuocmeàía dg gspeàas (pesse`gh dg uh ku`er e autra), mcrmukeàía, treospartg dg macses6 0. Dcsmcpkcoe, sebgr, mcéomce.

 Es dgſtocà÷gs uh g trés gstía bgh prýxches î arc`gh gtchaký`cme da tgrha mahuocmeàía, su`grcoda e cdgce dg mahpertcklehgota dg uh abigta de maosmcéomce, ea comarparergh es maostruà÷gs vgrbecs ‛gstebgkgmgr rgkeàía‘ au ‛trame‘. Iå e dgſtocàía dacs utckcze e pekevre ‛treoshcssía‘, qug oavehgotg oas rghgtg î cdgce dg trame.  E dgſtocàía quetra govakvg ‛hgcas tgmoaký`cmas‘, tgmoaký`cmas‘, deoda uhe oave oueomg pere e mahuocmeàía, qug, maojarhg vchas, vgh de pekevre mahhuocmetca, arc`coekhgotg maomgbcde gh uh maotgxta peuteda pgke arekcdedg g par, oa håxcha, e trame gpcstaker, maha gre a mesa das hastgcras g maovgotas. Oía gstehas hecs oas rgjgrcoda hgrehgotg î mahuocmeàía jemg e jemg, hes î mahuocmeàía hgdcede tehbãh par eperetas tgmoaký`cmas, a qug trez autres chpkcmeà÷gs.  E dgſtocàía mcoma gstebgkgmg uhe maogxía mah a mehpa pubkcmctårca, e pertcr dg ‛eoùomca‘ au ‛evcsa‘, g mah uh maotgxta iaroekèstcma, mah e cdgce dg ‛cojarheàía‘‘ g ‛oavcdedg‘ àía oavcdedg‘.. Ogssg paota, ã våkcda qug maomgctughas cojarheàía g mahuocmeàía, dg hada e dcjgrgomcå-kas.

]ECBE HEC] Cojarheàía9 hgose`gh madcjcmede treoshctcde par ek`uãh. Mahuocmeàía9 amarrg queoda equgkg qug cotgre`g mah a autra dgmadcjcme e hgose`gh,

passcbckcteoda qug as cotgre`gotgs mahpertcklgh uh hgsha abigta de maosmcéomce. Au sgie, sg ek`uãh jeke ek`a gh iepaoés g vamé oía dahcoe gssg cdcahe, gotía gsse hgose`gh madcjcmede maotcoue sgoda cojarheàía, pacs vamé oía dgtãh a ersgoek schbýkcma pere dgmadcjcmer e hgose`gh. Autra gxghpka qug chpgdg e pesse`gh de cojarheàía pere e mahuocmeàía ã a jeta dg uh jekeotg E dczgr ek`a e uh jekeotg B g gstg oía prgster etgoàía, oía gsmuter.

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mepètuka 5

 

 E mahuocmeàía goqueota cojarheàía c ojarheàía g hgose`gh dgvg sgr gotgodcde oe ardgh da schbýkcma, au sgie, ‛oía sg padg maojuodcr e hgose`gh mah a pepgk g e tcote. Ehbas pgrheogmgh oa oèvgk da ghpèrcma, oa oèvgk de hetgrcekcdedg des macses g oía des pekevres.‘. (HERCOA, 2>5>, p. 50) ^ere qug e på`coe dg uh kcvra sg treosjarhg gh hgose`gh ã prgmcsa rguocr teota e etcvcdedg da kgctar, queota a praduta de etcvcdedg da gsmrctar. Maosgqugotghgotg, uh kcvra oe gsteotg oía ã mahuocmeàía, sgoía e pertcr da hahgota dgsse cotgreàía. Dc`a rgkeàía V...X, csta ã, padg sg taroer mahuocmeàía e pertcr da hahgota qug jar kcda. (HERTCOA, 2>5>, p. 5:)

Gssg trgmla dg Hertcoa (2>5>) ã cotgrgsseotg, pacs pgrhctg qug vamé mahprggode hgklar as gkghgotas cogrgotgs ea pramgssa mahuocmetcva. Wh kcvra ã gkebareda par uh eutar, qug gsmrgvg es pekevres (hgose`gh) e pertcr per tcr dg uh mýdc`a (kèo`ue partu`ugse) oa supartg pepgk (kcvra). Oa goteota, sg a kgctar jaklgce es på`coes g ã eoekjebgta, par gxghpka, gkg oía tgrå maodcà÷gs dg dgmadcſtmer a maotgùda, g pgrheogmgrå, pere gkg, oa âhbcta de cojarheàía. ^arteota, e hgose`gh maotcde gh uh kcvra sý sg taroe gjgtcvehgotg mahuocmeàía queoda a kgctar e`g gh mche da maotgùda, dgmadcſtmeoda-a.  Essch, ã prgmcsa qug sg tgole e mahpkgte rgkeàía gotrg dues au hecs maosmcéomces pere qug leie mahuocmeàía. ‛ade cojarheàía prgssup÷g uh supartg, mgrtas treàas hetgrcecs g uh mýdc`a mah a quek ã gkebarede e cojarheàía.‘ (HERCOA, (HER COA, 2>5>, p. 50)  E cojarheàía c ojarheàía ã pertg da pramgssa dg mahuocmeàía, dgvgoda sgr maoscdgrede maha mahuocmeàía gh patgomcek, padgoda sgr madcſtmede, au sgie, gstamede par hgca dg uh supartg (queoda jeàa uhe ghcssía redcajôocme, rgpraduza vcbreà÷gs mah mgrte jrgquéomce, aodes saoares, tgoda a er maha supartg) g tehbãh rgvgrtcde gh uh sg`uoda hahgota, au sgie, cotgrprgtede, dgmadcſtmede. Cotgrprgteoda a sgxta sgotcda e pertcr das vgrbgtgs, e dgſtocàía trez es cdgces dg mcrmukeàía, mahuocmeàía dg gspeàas, treospartg dg macses g gstrgcte-sg î etcvcdedg gmaoôhcme, su`grcoda a sgotcda dg maovgomchgota, jeke, pgrsuesía. Hertcoa (2>5>, p. 53) mcte a dgus Lgrhgs, a hgose`gcra das dgusgs, qug qu g tcole as etrcbutas de mahuocmeàía g gre tcda maha a petraoa das aredargs, gsmrctargs g hgrmedargs. A treospartg dg hgrmedarces g a jeker bgh greh gomeredas maha etcvcdedgs marrgketes, uhe vgz qug oía besteve schpkgshgotg treosparter, pacs gre prgmcsa sebgr og`amcer, pgrsuedcr.

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mepètuka 5

 

Dgssg hada, epgser dg pgrmgbgrhas e ertcmukeàía gotrg a treospartg g e vgode dg hgrmedarces maha quekcdedgs ogmgssårces ea mahgrmceotg dg eotc`ehgotg, oatehas maha gsses prgrra`etcves ecode gstía oa mgrog de gsjgre pubkcmctårce, qug, gh kcoles `grecs, vcse ea treospartg dg hgose`gos schbýkcmes da e`gotg qug eouomce pere a pùbkcma-ekva, par hgca dg dcvgrsas meoecs g supartgs. Ogssg sgotcda, e mahuocmeàía dgcxe dg sgr uhe pråtcme samcek oeturek pere sg taroer uh gxgrmèmca makgtcva, goqueota gstretã`ce dg padgr, taroeoda, essch, vcsèvgk e mahuocmeàía. A ùktcha vgrbgtg eprgsgote e mahuocmeàía maha ‛dcsmcpkcoe, sebgr, mcéomce‘. Csta ã, seèhas dg uhe maomgpàía pråtcme, dg trame gotrg codcvèduas, sgie jemg e jemg au hgdcede par uh epereta tgmoaký`cma, pere oas rgjgrcrhas e dgtgrhcoeda sebgr. sebgr. A pramgssa mahuocmetcva, parteota, ã abigta dgssg sebgr, a qug taroe sc`ocſtmetcve g vctek e chpartâomce de mahuocmeàía pere e vcde luheoe. Hertcoa (2>5>, p. 2>) oas jez pgrmgbgr a queota e eoåkcsg sghâotcme dg vgrbgtgs prgsgotgs oa dcmcaoårca gvame maodcà÷gs lcstýrcmes autres, dcjgrgotgs vazgs g maomgctas, e qug gkg mlehe dg pakcssghce . E mahuocmeàía schbýkcme

Maha vchas, e pekevre mahuocmeàía sumcote dcvgrsas oèvgcs sghâotcmas, a qug e taroe pakcsséhcme. Whe jarhe dg mahprggodgrhas hgklar e oeturgze de mahuocmeàía chpkcmede oa gxgrmèmca des etcvcdedgs iaroekèstcmes, pubkcmctårces g mcogheta`råſtmes, ã dcvcdcrhas e mahuocmeàía gh trés `reodgs jrgotgs, maojarhg su`grg Hertcoa (2>5>)9 ]grgs brutas

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mepètuka 5

 

]grgs ar`âocmas    H    A    M  .    F    M    A    T    ]    R    G    T    T    W    L    ]     |    @    O    A    L    F    M    E    I      ©

Lahgh

Oe dchgosía das sgrgs brutas, e mahuocmeàía essuhg e emgpàía gtchaký`cme, au sgie, mahuocmeàía goqueota rgkeàía. Essch, a tgrha edqucrg a sgotcda dg ‛treoshcssía‘9

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Tadas as scstghes dg trame dg jaràe au dg gogr`ce padgh sgr dgsmrctas maha pramgssas mahuocmetcvas9 ghcssar (5e bake), rgmgptar (2e bake), hgose`gh (jaràe/mekar) g gjgcta (dgskamehgota/dcketeàía). Tghas eè, par eoeka`ce, tadas as gkghgotas qug tredcmcaoekhgotg sía utckczedas oe dgsmrcàía da pramgssa dg mahuocmeàía luheoe. (HERTCOA, 2>5>, p. 25)

rete-sg dg uhe ‛eàía/rgeàía‘ gotrg abigtas. Autra gxghpka ã e mahuocmeàía gstebgkgmcde gotrg uh oatgbaaf g uh deteslaw . E hgose`gh sgrce a maotgùda dg uhe eprgsgoteàía dg skcdg, praigtede e pertcr de maogxía LDHC gotrg mahputedar/praigtar,, par hgca de kuz. dar/praigtar Oe dchgosía das sgrgs ar`âocmas, Hertcoa (2>5>, p. 22) oas ekgrte qug ‛es rgeà÷gs oía padgh hecs sgr dgsmrctes maha pramgssas hgmâocmas, vcsta qug a ar`eocsha, gh sue cdcasscomresce, sgkgmcaoe es rgspastes‘. Au sgie, e rgkeàía eàía/ rgeàía pesse e tgr uhe `ehe dg passcbckcdedgs, dgcxeoda, parteota, dg sgr bcoårce. A pramgssa de mahuocmeàía amarrg pgke cotgrprgteàía g sgkgàía. Wh gxghpka amarrg oe rgkeàía sgxuek, oe quek a eochek sgkgmcaoe g cotgre`g mah sues gspãmcgs. Autra gxghpka sía memlarras brcomeoda. ek ek eàía padg mahgàer maha ek`a kùdcma g, pgke cotgrprgteàía hgsha qug costcotcve dg uh das eochecs, qug iuk`e a autra e`rgsscva, comarrgr gh uhe brc`e. Oýs, sgrgs luheoas, tghas hecs dcſtmukdedg dg goquedrer maha brcomedgcre au brc`e par oía mahprggodgrhas cotgcrehgotg es pcstes ghctcdes pgkas eochecs. Oa dahèoca da lahgh, qug ã a hecs oas cotgrgsse, e mahuocmeàía essuhg jarhe schbýkcme, chpkcmeoda cotgrvgoà÷gs dg mukture oa pramgssa cotgretcva. Lå, pgka hgoas, trés hadekcdedgs9 e  cotremahuocmeàía  cotremahuocmeàía, qug ã e mahuocmeàía dg uh codcvèdua mah gkg hgsha. Ek`uhes vgzgs oía oas dehas maote, hes dceka`ehas maoasma a tghpa tada, sgie oas eutacomgotcveoda, sgie oas rgprggodgoda. E  co cotgrmahuocmeàía ã e qug pretcmehas mah autrgh, qug padg sgr tehbãh `rupek. Uueoda pgosehas gh uhe mahuocmeàía hesscve au hgsha dc`ctek, e praparàía gh tgrhas dg pgssaes maogmtedes e uhe hgshe hgose`gh euhgote maoscdgrevgkhgotg, e pertcr das dcspasctcvas govakvcdas. Ogssg paota, lå e ogmgsscdedg dg gotgodgrhas qug, ea trebeklerhas mah e dchgosía mukturek, gstehas kcdeoda mah e treoshcssía dg uh petrchôoca etrevãs des `greà÷gs. Cssa gxpkcme a jeta dg e Mahuocmeàía ]amcek sgr uhe mcéomce samcek epkcmede, au sgie, lå uh juoda samcek, luheocste, qug ghbese e eàía da mahuocmedar,, a qug gxpkcme e chpartâomce dg dcsmcpkcoes maha ]amcaka`ce, Eotrapaka`ce g medar Jckasaſte. ^ar ^ar cssa, sghprg prgmcsehas emahpeoler es tgodéomces, oatèmces g praduà÷gs mukturecs dg heogcre `grek, pacs e absgrveàía de mukture ã qug oas passcbckcte

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mahprggodgrhas as dcstcotas pùbkcmas g pkeogierhas a pramgssa mahuocmetcva. ada bah mahuocmedar, essch, ã eotgs dg tuda uh cotgosa absgrvedar samcek g dgvg sghprg gster etgoda eas èmaogs, èodcmgs g sèhbakas.

]ECBE HEC] E sghcýtcme ã e mcéomce qug trete das gstudas das sc`oas g padg sgr maoscdgrede maha uhe des tgarces de mahuocmeàía. ]c`oa ã tuda equcka qug mrce uhe rgprgsgoteàía sabrg ek`uhe macse. ^gka sgu `reu dg chpartâomce, as mursas dg Mahuocmeàía ]amcek mastuheh dgdcmer uhe dcsmcpkcoe sahgotg e gsse jrgotg dg gstudas. Zgie e gsqughetczeàía qug Mlerkgs ^gcrmg (5302) gstebgkgmgu9 Èmaogs9 sía sc`oas qug `uerdeh sghgkleoàe mah a abigta rgprgsgoteda. Whe jata`rejce uh dgsgola au uh busta padgh sgr èmaogs. Èodcmgs9 a èodcmg su`grg uhe rgkeàía, codcme a abigta rgprgsgoteda. A mlía hakleda ã uh codèmca dg qug mlavgu, e pg`ede oe ergce erg ce codcme qug ek`uãh pessau pgka kamek g e juheàe codcme a ja`a. ]èhbakas9 a sc`oa sèhbaka govakvg maovgoà÷gs mukturecs, au sgie, rg`res pere sgus usas g sues epkcmeà÷gs. Wh hgsha sèhbaka padg gvamer sgotcdas dcvgrsas, dg emarda mah a maotgxta lcstýrcma. E suåstcme ã sèhbaka rgkc`casa gh jarhe dg mruz muies lestgs téh es gxtrghcdedgs rgmurves. Jac usede gotrg ek`uos budcstes, rgprgsgoteoda e jgkcmcdedg g e bae sartg. Jac tehbãh gxpkarede g edeptede pgka CCC Rgcml g sg taroau a sèhbaka da oezcsha, sgoda qug, pere as ekghígs oezcstes tcole uh sgotcda dcvgrsa da gvameda laig au dequgkg cojgrcda pgkas iudgus de ãpame.

 Etã hgsha e oaàía dg Lahgh gstå oe ardgh da schbýkcma, sc hbýkcma, gh apascàía ea sgr bcaký`cma (eochek lahgh). E rgprgsgoteàía da huoda oía ã eprgsgotede ea lahgh sgh kgver gh maoscdgreàía e hgdceàía da dgsgia, a maolgmchgota g a rgmaolgmchgota, au sgie, govakvg oía sý uhe mahuocmeàía cotgomcaoek, gstretã`cme dg qugh cotgre`g, hes tehbãh gstå mekmede oes maovgoà÷gs mukturecs, a qug pgrhctg e cotgreàía g a gotgodchgota. ‛Mahuocmer ã schuker e maosmcéomce dg autrgh, taroer mahuh (pertcmcper) uh hgsha abigta hgotek (sgoseàía, pgosehgota, dgsgia, ejgta). (HERCOA, 2>5>, p. 2=)

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mepètuka 5

 

Cotgrdcsmcpkcoercdedg g e busme pgka abigta de mahuocmeàía ]ghprg qug jekehas dg uh mehpa mcgotèſtma, tehbãh gstå gh ia`a uhe gpcstghaka`ce. Hes, a qug gssg tgrha sc`ocſtme1 E gpcstghaka`ce go`kabe a maolgmchgota juodehgoteda, sgoda dcjgrgotg de apcocía, par gxghpka.  E gpcstghaka`ce  gstude   gstude e arc`gh, e gstruture, as hãtadas g e vekcdedg da maolgmchgota. Ea mahprggodgrhas e gpcstghaka`ce mahuocmemcaoek, parteota, kgvehas gh maote maha praduzchas a maolgmchgota mcgotèſtma oe årge laig, au sgie, hgtadaka`ces rgmahgodedes pere as gstudas, maomgctas g eutargs rgmaolgmcdas, es gstrutures dcvgrses de praduàía mcgotèſtme (haoa`reſte, ertc`a, dcssgrteà÷gs g tgsgs)6 dgsse heogcre, busmehas oas epraxcher da eutarczeda pgka mehpa mcgotèſtma mahuocmemcaoek. Lå rg`res oa jezgr mcéomces, dgsdg a hada dg gsmrgvgr î heogcre dg ar`eoczer as gstudas, pesseoda par eutargs g vgrtgotgs tgýrcmes emgctes g pgkes rg`res de Essamceàía Bresckgcre dg Oarhes ãmocmes, e EBO EBO , sý pere mcter ek`uos gxghpkas.

]ECBE HEC] Gxghpka dg gsqughe mkåsscma dg uhe pgsqucse mcgotèjcme Tgste`gh/rgjkgxía de lcpýtgsg e pertcr  dg prgssupastas tgýrcma-hgtadaký`cmas

Gouomceda dg uh prabkghe

Jarhukeàía dg uhe lcpýtgsg

Maomkusía

Che`gh jgcte pgke eutare (2>53)

Oa goteota, pere mlg`erhas e gssg peoarehe etuek, e mahuocmeàía prgmcsau pesser par uh pramgssa dg kg`ctcheàía samcek, e ſth dg sgr rgmaolgmcde goqueota mehpa mcgotèſtma.

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A sãmuka \C\ coeu`ure uhe oave ardgoeàía mcgotèſtme dg huoda. Es mcéomces luheoes, maha e ]amcaka`ce, e Eotrapaka`ce, e ^scmaka`ce, e @ga`reſte g e Lcstýrce sur`gh ogssg èotgrch, bgh maha e oaàía dg lahgh. Eotgs, e cdgce dg codcvèdua oía jezce teota sgotcda, pacs levce uh sgosa makgtcva hucta jartg, mah mahuocdedgs magses, vcvgoda î kuz dg uhe tredcàía treoshctcde das hecs vgklas pere as hecs iavgos. As `rupas ſtmeveh mcrmuosmrctas e uhe kamekcdedg `ga`råſtme bgh rgstrcte, iå qug as hgcas dg treospartg g es jarhes dg mahuocmeàía greh kchctedas. Whe des `reodgs maotrcbucà÷gs das hgcas dg mahuocmeàía hesscvas jac gxetehgotg e passcbckcdedg dg rgdgsgoler es jraotgcres da tghpa g da gspeàa, chpaste î luheocdedg par sãmukas. E oave maomgpàía tgrrctarcek prgmcse kgver gh maote e ghgr`éomce dgssg oava sgr qug sajrg uh pramgssa dg dgstgrrctarcekczeàía.  E pekevre ‛mahuocmeàía ‛mahuocmeàía‘‘ mahgàe e sgr prajgrcde î gxeustía, oía î tae, e pertcr de sg`uode hgtedg da sãmuka \\, maojarhg oas gxpkcme Zgre Jreoàe (2>57). Dg jarhe perekgke sur`g uh oava sebgr gspgmcekczeda, uhe oave dcsmcpkcoe mcgotèſtme, muia abigta sgrce as pramgssas dg mahuocmeàía. Hes queoda gsse mcéomce cocmce g quek e dgſtocàía da abigta dg gstuda dgsse mcéomce/dcsmcpkcoe1 Gxcstgh pgka hgoas dacs `reodgs dgseſtas queoda pgosehas oes tgarces de mahuocmeàía, maojarhg epaote Lalkjgkdt (2>> g 530> da sãmuka \\, oa Bresck. E gre da hcke`rg gmaoôhcma g a epgrjgcàaehgota `redetcva das gqucpehgotas covgotedas (rådca g Z) prapcmcereh e cotg`reàía g hadgroczeàía des codùstrces de mahuocmeàía. Oe dãmede dg 53:>, es uocvgrscdedgs mahgàereh e ehpkcer e ajgrte dg merrgcres oa âhbcta de mahuocmeàía, gh gspgmcek e ^aotcjèmce Wocvgrscdedg Metýkcme da Rca @reodg da ]uk (^WM-R]) g e Gsmake dg Mahuocmeà÷gs Mukturecs de Wocvgrscdedg dg ]ía ^euka (GME-W]^), qug gh 53:: iå maoteve mah e jarheàía gh Iaroekcsha, Rgkeà÷gs ^ùbkcmes, Redcatgkgvcsía g Mcoghe. Wh herma chparteotg jac a Mao`rgssa Oemcaoek dg Mahuocmeàía, maovameda pgke Essamceàía Bresckgcre dg Chprgose (EBC), gh 5305, oa Rca dg Ieogcra (RI). Gre e prchgcre vgz qug pgsqucsedargs, kèdgrgs scodcmecs g rgprgsgoteotgs dg tades es årges ghprgsercecs de Mahuocmeàía pertcmcpeveh dg uhe rguocía. ^arteota, as eoas 0> jareh ghbkghåtcmas, pere dgkcoger e jcscaoahce da oassa mehpa mahuocmemcaoek. Oía epgoes pgka mrgsmchgota g dcvgrscjcmeàía da sgtar pradutcva, hes sabrgtuda pgke emuhukeàía dg maolgmchgotas qug, e pertcr dg gotía, es ghgr`gotgs jemukdedgs dg mahuocmeàía pessereh e praduzcr, scstghetczer, samcekczer. (HGKA, 2>>5>, p. 25>, p. 257) qugstcaoe-sg sabrg quek sgrce a abigta de Mahuocmeàía. Gke eſtrhe qug, oe rgekcdedg, lå uh maoiuota dg abigtas ghpèrcmas, besteoda qug oýs absgrvghas mah etgoàía, pere oas dgpererhas mah a pra`rehe dg rådca g Z Z,, uh autdaar,, es mehpeoles pakètcmes, es rgvcstes g iaroecs, es maovgrses matcdceoes, as marautdaar pas tetuedas. Hes gstgs abigtas oía gstía ‛praotas g emebedas‘, pacs ogmgsscteh dg uh rgmartg, uh dgtgrhcoeda akler qug dgvg sgr epkcmeda eas hgshas e ſth dg qug rgekhgotg sg maoſt`urgh maha abigtas de mahuocmeàía, parqug ‛a abigta de mahuocmeàía oía sía as abigtcvas mahuocmetcvas da huoda, hes uhe jarhe dg cdgotcſtmå-kas, dg jeker dgkgs ” au dg maostruèdas maomgctuekhgotg. (JREOÀE, 2>57, p. 42)  E pertcr dgssg paota, padghas cojgrcr qug pgoser uocmehgotg as hgcas dg mahuocmeàía dg hesse goqueota abigtas de Mahuocmeàía ã rgdumcaocste, oía parqug gstgs oía a passeh sgr, hes parqug ã ogmgssårca der uh tretehgota mahuocmemcaoek e gssgs abigtas, qug, mesa maotrårca, padgrceh sgr pgrjgctehgotg gstudedas par autre mcéomce luheoe. Ekãh da hecs, vamé iå vcu qug e mahuocmeàía luheoe vec hucta ekãh de mahuocmeàía hesscve, gsteoda prgsgotg gh oasses cotgrkamuà÷gs jemg e jemg au hgsha oes jarhes dg mahuocmeàía dc`ctek. Hertcoa (2>5>), gh uhe jresg, eiude pere qug eveomghas oe busme pgka abigta de mahuocmeàía, ea eſtrher qug tek abigta ã ‛uhe kgcture da samcek‘ e pertcr das hgcas dg mahuocmeàía g/au hadekcdedgs mahuocmetcves. ek havchgota govakvg uhe hcrede oe quek as hgcas dg mahuocmeàía g e mukture dg hesse oía sg ap÷gh ogh sg rgduzgh uh ea autra, hes gxc`gh uhe rgkeàía dg rgmcpramcdedg g mahpkghgoteàía.  E ghgr`éomce de oasse dcsmcpkcoe rgscdg oe mah mahprggosía prggosía des maodcà÷ maodcà÷gs gs dg passcbckcdedgs lcstýrcmes das pramgssas mahuocmetcvas g des pråtcmes qug govakvgh e utckczeàía das hgcas dg mahuocmeàía g a sgu abigta dg gstuda. Wh samcýka`a, par gxghpka, ea rgflgtcr sabrg as dcsmursas dg dgtgrhcoeda iaroek gh deda maotgxta, tekvgz maosc`e, e pertcr de eoåkcsg des hetãrces, rgprgsgoter es maodcà÷gs lcstýrcmes

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mepètuka 5

 

g samcecs gh ia`a, ek`a qug a trebekla dg uh mahuocmedar tehbãh dgvgrce der maote, tekvgz oía mah a hgsha oèvgk dg prajuodcdedg. Maotuda, a gstuda da samcýka`a, passcvgkhgotg, oía trerce pere a dgbetg es maodcà÷gs de praduàía oatcmcase, as mrctãrcas dg oatcmcebckcdedg, sgkgàía g lcgrerquczeàía de cojarheàía, tehpauma es meremtgrèstcmes de hetgrcekcdedg iaroek chprgssa, pacs gstes sía qugst÷gs hecs meres ea uocvgrsa mahuocmemcaoek, ghbare tehbãh tgodeh e sgr tretedes teo`gomcekhgotg g supgrſtmcekhgotg par autras mehpas. A hgsha sg epkcmerce e uh samcýka`a rgflgtcoda sabrg pgàes pubkcmctårces.  ekvgz ekvgz gssg cotgkgmtuek c otgkgmtuek rgtretessg brckleotghgotg a maotgxta samcek dg arc`gh des pgàes, hes dcſtmckhgotg sgrce låbck ea eoekcser es margs g as gkghgotas de pgàe dg uh hada hecs tãmocma/tgýrcma, au hgsha, rgflgtcr sabrg as erquãtcpas qug mede pgàe su`grg. ^ere Jreoàe Jreoàe (2>5>, p. =3), oía sg trete epgoes dg ‛uh abigta qug gstå î oasse jrgotg dcspaoèvgk eas oassas sgotcdas, hetgrcekczeda gh abigtas g pråtcmes qug padghas vgr, auvcr g tamer‘. ^ere e pgsqucsedare, sgrce rgdumcaocste au schpkcste dghecs gstebgkgmgr a abigta de mahuocmeàía maha ek`a qug dgprggodg des passèvgcs jarhes gxpkaredes pgke samcgdedg maotghparâoge, dgsdg as hgcas îs trames schbýkcmes (de praduàía das marpas îs hermes dg kco`ue`gh). Are, ã ýbvca qug as lahgos sghprg sg mahuocmereh, qug q ug as prchgcras e`rupehgotas luheoas, equcka qug padghas cotucr maha a ghbrcía de vcde samcek, epgoes sg maostctuèreh sabrg e besg des trames schbýkcmes, de gxprgsscvcdedg das lahgos. Ã ýbvca qug e mahuocmeàía ” pramgssa samcek båscma dg praduàía g pertcklehgota da sgotcda etrevãs de hetgrcekczeàía dg jarhes schbýkcmes ” gxcstcu dgsdg sghprg oe lcstýrce das lahgos g oía jac covgotede pgke chprgose, pgke TZ, pgke cotgrogt. E hadgroczeàía oía dgsmabrcu e mahuocmeàía, epgoes e prabkghetczau g mahpkgxcjcmau sgu dgsgovakvchgota, prahavgoda a sur`chgota dg hùktcpkes jarhes g hadukeà÷gs oe sue rgekczeàía. (JREOÀE, 2>5>, p. 45)

^ere Zgre Jreoàe (2>5>), a abigta de Mahuocmeàía prgssup÷g e eprggosía g e maojarheàía das gstèhukas oe jarhe dg uh ‛abigta‘ rgmarteda. A prabkghe sgotcda sg treosjarhe gh prabkghe jarhukeda, e pertcr da quek sg maostrýc uh abigta dg maolgmchgota. ^arteota, ea vakterhas oassa akler sabrg a abigta de Mahuocmeàía g taheoda es prapascà÷gs dg Jreoàe (2>5>), a pgrmgbghas maha e jarhe dg cdgotcſtmer, dg jeker au dg maostrucr maomgctuekhgotg, as abigtas mahuocmetcvas da huoda, au sgie praduzcr maostruà÷gs cogrgotgs ea prýprca pramgssa dg maolgmchgota, e pertcr des jgrrehgotes g da `reu dg gxpgrchgoteàía dcspaoèvgk.

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mepètuka 5

 

Maolgmchgota mcgotèjcma

goda mahprggodcda a abigta de Mahuocmeàía, vamé gotgodgrå hgklar e prýprce qugstía da maolgmchgota mcgotèſtma maha uhe des jarhes dg eprggodgrhas a huoda e oasse vakte. Maolgmgr ã etcvcdedg gspgmcjcmehgotg luheoe. Wktrepesse a hgra ‛der-sg maote dg‘, g sc`ocjcme e eprggosía, e cotgrprgteàía. Maolgmgr sup÷g e prgsgoàe dg suigctas6 sup÷g uh abigta au prabkghe qug susmcte sue etgoàía mahprggoscve6 a usa dg costruhgotas dg eprggosía, uh trebekla dg dgbruàer-sg sabrg. (JREOÀE, 2>5>, p. 4=)

A sebgr mcgotèſtma, parteota, prche pgke rgprgsgoteàía da maolgmcda e pertcr de maostruàía da suigcta par hgca dg hadgkas dg eprggosía. ^ar cssa, govakvg hãtada, au sgie, heogcre dg gstuderhas, pgrspgmtcves tgýrcmes qug sía emcaoedes. Gotgodgr a pramgssa dg maostruàía da maolgmchgota ã chparteotg pere gstebgkgmgr es rgkeà÷gs qug sg jarheh gotrg as sebgrgs. Jreoàe (2>5>) oas epaote, cocmcekhgotg, a maolgmchgota maha rgsukteda dg oasse vcvéomce, a matcdceoa, oasses eà÷gs oa g pere a huoda. Lå dcjgrgotgs jarhes dg mahprggodghas a huoda, maha maolgmchgota rgkc`casa au hèstcma, a maolgmchgota gstãtcma e pertcr de jrucàía ertèstcme g hgsha da qug dgoahcoehas dg sgosa mahuh. ]gosa mahuh ã a tcpa dg sebgr qug busme jarogmgr arcgoteàía ea lahgh g oía a dgcxer rgpgtcr as grras da pesseda, tgoda rgkeàía mah maolgmchgotas qug sía samcekhgotg pertckledas, par cssa e pekevre ‛mahuh‘. Ã uhe jarhe dg sebgr tehbãh våkcde, qug eiude e eomarer a codcvèdua gh sgu matcdceoa, hes oía govakvg hãtada g scstghetczeàía, maha a maolgmchgota mcgotèſtma. A maolgmchgota de Mahuocmeàía mahgàe maha uhe jarhe båscme de vcde samcek, g a eprgodczeda da lahgh sg då oas prchgcras hahgotas de vcde. ]ahas cosgrcdas oes jarhes mahuocmemcaoecs dg oasse mukture g pessehas e rgmaolgmgr as hadgkas mahuocmetcvas mah as quecs sahas dgjraotedas matcdceoehgotg. ‛E gxpascàía g a usa pgrheogotg das hgcas dg mahuocmeàía jezgh dgkgs pråtcmes g abigtas jehckcergs g ehpkehgotg maolgmcdas pgkas hghbras de samcgdedg.‘ (JREOÀE, 2>5>, p. 44) Ã uh maolgmchgota gxpgrchgoteda, gspaotâoga, vcva, cotuctcva, qug treoscte oa dce e dce das suigctas, maojarhg esscoeke e pgsqucsedare. Oa goteota, ã uh maolgmchgota qug eprgsgote kchctgs, uktrepessedas pgka maolgmchgota mcgotèſtma, etrevãs dg hãtadas g tãmocmes dg pgsqucse, metg`arces eoekètcmes, abigtcves, mucdedases g dcsmcpkcoergs. ^arteota, hgoas chgdcetcste qug a maolgmchgota da sgosa mahuh.

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Zekg sekcgoter qug Zgre Jreoàe tehbãh mlehe e etgoàía pere a maolgmchgota maha jgoôhgoa samcek g lcstýrcma, au sgie, suigcta e maodcmcaoehgotas g cofluéomces. ‛A qug sc`ocſtme9 s c`ocſtme9 ã tehbãh permcek g suigcta e grras.‘ (JREOÀE, 2>5>, p. 44) Au hgklar, a maolgmchgota mcgotèſtma par vgzgs oía uktrepesse a sgosa mahuh g, dgste heogcre, padg sgr etrevgsseda pgka vcãs das cotgrgssgs dg pascà÷gs dg padgr.  E dcjgrgoàe, parãh, rgscdg oe maosteotg maosteotg tgotetcve de abigtcvcdedg, pgke eutamrètcme dg hãtadas g rgsuktedas, pgke maosteotg vekcdeàía. Gsse vcomukeàía mah e rgekcdedg oía ã ” au oía padg sgr ” uhe rgtýrcme vezce oe dcsmussía sabrg a maolgmchgota. Zcomukede îs autres jarhes dg maolgmchgota, e mcéomce prgtgodg ekmeoàer uh hecar rgjcoehgota, uh hecar ekmeomg. Autres dcjgrgotgs jarhes dg maolgmchgota etgodgh e dcjgrgotgs abigtcvas (sabrgvcvgr, vcvgr bgh, gxpgrchgoter, hgklarer oasse pascàía gtm.) gh uh pramgssa gh qug a maolgmchgota ã epgoes jetar subscdcårca au dgmarrgotg. (JREOÀE, 2>5>, p. 47)

]ECBE HEC] Gh oatèmce pubkcmede pgka Iaroek A @kaba, gh 2>54, oe amescía de e`rgssía maotre a  ia`edar Deocgk Ekvgs, a iaroe iaroekcste kcste use a gpcsýdca de ‛b ‛beoeoe‘ eoeoe‘ maha uh `eomla pere ebarder a gstuda das mrâocas qug ]ehugk @gar`g Hartao jgz oa sãmuka \C\. Laig, e tgarce de supgrcarcdedg da mrâoca das meumesceoas oía ã hecs rgmaolgmcde, hes essuhcu gstetuta mcgotèjcma oe ãpame. Cssa parqug, oequgkg maotgxta, e pertcr da quek a oezcsha sg grc`cu, es maodcà÷gs lcstýrcmes greh jevaråvgcs e gsses prgrra`etcves, qug laig maoscdgrehas remcstes g gu`gocstes, epgser dg a remcsha pgrscstcr, maojarhg ebardeda oa trgmla de oatèmce ebecxa9 ‛Gkg eo`ercau jehe gh sgu peès g oe Gurape oa sãmuka \C\ dcssghcoeoda e tgarce dg qug e supgrcarcdedg remcek ã marrabarede pgka gstuda das mrâocas. Equgkgs dg gstruture hecs mahpkgxe g eveoàede, uh scoek cog`åvgk dg cotgkc`éomce g hecar mepemcdedg dg remcamèoca, sgrceh as dg meumesceoas. ]gu er`uhgota rgscstcu par 57> eoas. Jac eoekcseda par jc`ures maha Mlerkgs Derwco, maovgomgu ebakcmcaocstes g sý jac dgjcoctcvehgotg dgsheotgkeda oe dãmede dg 53, ghbare es heocjgsteà÷gs remcstes pgrscsteh.‘ (@REODGKKG, 2>54) Maojcre e hetãrce oe èotg`re dcspaoèvgk gh9 ;lttps9//a`kaba.`kaba.mah/samcgdedg/ lcstarce/gstuda-dg-mreocas-sgrvcu-maha-besg-jekle-mcgomce-da-remcsha-52=0>=2=?. Emgssa gh9 iuo. 2>53.

A maolgmchgota mcgotèſtma vgh de rgekcdedg g rgtaroe e gke gh uhe rgkeàía dg praxchcdedg g ejestehgota, g ã coflugomceda, parteota, pgkes maodcà÷gs lcstýrcmes

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g samcecs, pgke kute schbýkcme gotrg cotgkgmtuecs govakvcdas, au sgie, lå tade uhe qugstía dg ardgh pakètcme qug subiez a maolgmchgota mcgotèſtma. A gxgrmèmca de bae mcéomce, oa goteota, oa âhbcta des samcecs g luheocdedgs, rgmaolgmg gsses maodcà÷gs g etã es prabkghetcze, ekãh dg sg etgr ea hãtada g ea rc`ar mcgotèſtma. Maha prcomcpecs abigtcvas de mcéomce, padghas mcter a dgsgia dg mahprggodgr a huoda, dg jemckcter e vcde g e prgvgoàía dg jgoôhgoas g maotrakg de oeturgze. Jreoàe codcme uh dupka havchgota oe rgkeàía gotrg e mcéomce g e pråtcme. Whe tgarce sgh pråtcme ã ebstreàía, uhe vgz qug ã e pertcr de pråtcme qug sur`gh es qugst÷gs, es prabkghåtcmes. ‛A lahgh tgarcze oía epgoes parqug pgose, hes parqug sgotg, e`g, sg rgkemcaoe. rgkemcaoe.‘‘ (JREOÀE, 2>5>, p. 47)  E pgsqucsedare kghbre qug mebg î tgarce praduzcr rgflgx÷gs sabrg a huoda. Gssg havchgota da maolgmchgota eiude e gotgodgr parqug as gstudas de mahuocmeàía sía rgmgotgs, iå qug, maha vchas, e mahuocmeàía sý pesse e sgr vcste maha uh prabkghe e pertcr das hgcas dg mahuocmeàía dg hesse. Go`eoe-sg, oa goteota, qugh emrgdcte qug sý a maolgmchgota mcgotèſtma praduz gxpkcmeà÷gs. A pramgssa da matcdceoa, es rgkeà÷gs gstebgkgmcdes oa tgrrgoa de Mahuocmeàía praduzgh maolgmchgota sabrg gke. Hes ea keda dgssg maolgmchgota, oa goteota, autra gsjaràa mahprggoscva vgh sgoda dgsgovakvcda oa mehpa de mcéomce, etrevãs da dgsgovakvchgota dg coùhgras gstudas sabrg as hgcas dg mahuocmeàía g e rgekcdedg mahuocmetcve. mahuocmetcv e. E tgarce au tgarces de mahuocmeàía sía a rgsukteda g e scstghetczeàía dgsses coùhgres g dcstcotes cocmcetcves, mah prgtgosía mcgotèjcme, dg maolgmgr e mahuocmeàía. (JREOÀE, 2>5>, p. 40)

A mehpa dg gstuda de mahuocmeàía meremtgrcze-sg par tgos÷gs, maotredcà÷gs g dcſtmukdedgs de oeturgze da abigta au par rgkeà÷gs maoflctuases gotrg a mehpa de tgarce g a mehpa de pråtcme. Jreoàe (2>5>) epaote uhe prchgcre dcſtmukdedg oa mehpa dg gstuda de mahuocmeàía, qug dcz rgspgcta ea prate`aocsha de pråtcme mah rgkeàía ea dgsgovakvchgota emedéhcma de tghåtcme, au e uhe ‛dcoâhcme covgrtcde ‘, ‘, rgsukteda dg uhe cotgrvgoàía g dg uh trebekla dg rgmartg. Au sgie, es rgflgx÷gs tgýrcmes emgrme de pråtcme amarrgreh gste iå gsteve rgketcvehgotg maosakcdede.  Ea pgoserhas e mahuocmeàía, parteota, dgvghas gotgodgr qug jac e pertcr da dgsgovakvchgota des pråtcmes g de covgoàía das hgcas dg mahuocmeàía qug jareh ekeveomedas as gstudas g es rgflgx÷gs, es code`eà÷gs, as qugstcaoehgotas g tgoscaoehgotas. Hgsha oe Emedghce costeurau-sg mgrte ardgh pre`håtcme dg

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etcveàía da maolgmchgota abigtcva, pgsg, par gxghpka, a gstèhuka gs tèhuka e mursas praſtsscaoekczeotgs oe årge dg mahuocmeàía, gh qug a iaroekcsha jac a hecar gxpagotg. Gsses pråtcmes eotgmgdgreh es prapascà÷gs tgýrcmes, qug mlg`ereh î pastgrcarc, ebrcoda pere e jarheàía tãmocme e dchgosía luheoèstcme g samcek. E maosgquéomce dgsse ardgh covgrtcde pgke pråtcme trauxg ek`uos comaovgocgotgs g dcstarà÷gs, maha epaote Jreoàe. Whe dgkes ã e oeturgze costruhgotek de dgheode. Goqueota etcvcdedg gssgomcekhgotg. Goqueota etcvcdedg gssgomcekhgotg govakvcde mah a pramgssa pradutcva de samcgdedg, e mahuocmeàía gstå sghprg îs vaktes mah e quekcdedg dg sgu dgsghpgola, maojc`ureoda uhe dgheode apgremcaoek g maosgqugotg arcgoteàía pre`håtcme dg huctes pgsqucses ghprggodcdes. Mah jrgquéomce, a gstuda de mahuocmeàía sg dgsgovakvg vakteda pere e abtgoàía dg dgtgrhcoedas rgsuktedas, `uceda par jcoekcdedgs gspgmèjcmes ” a qug mgrtehgotg mahprahgtg a dcsteomcehgota mrètcma ogmgssårca ea maolgmchgota. (JREOÀE, 2>5>, p. 45>, p. 43)

Autre prapascàía des pgsqucses dg Jreoàe epaote tehbãh e dcſtmukdedg oa qug sg rgjgrg î lgtgra`gogcdedg das epartgs tgýrcmas emcaoedas pere e mahprggosía das pramgssas mahuocmetcvas. E Mahuocmeàía chpkcme hùktcpkas aklergs, qugr pgke dcvgrscdedg des etcvcdedgs havcdes pgkes rgkeà÷gs samcecs g luheoèstcmes, qugr pgke huktcpkcmcdedg gvamede pgke gvakuàía das hgcas. ‛Ã uh abigta mahpkgxa qug eprgsgote rgmartgs passèvgcs dg sgrgh covgstc`edas par vårces dcsmcpkcoes.‘ (JREOÀE, 2>5>, p. 43) Deè e lgtgra`gogcdedg cocmcek, des tgarces de mahuocmeàía, rgsukteda dg prapascà÷gs dgsmaotèoues, coscpcgotgs g gouomcedas edvcodas dg sebgrgs dgbruàedas oe ]amcaka`ce, Eotrapaka`ce, ^scmaka`ce, gotrg autras, qug rgflgtceh uh akler maomgctuek g hgtadaký`cma de dcsmcpkcoe dg arc`gh. Gssg pramgssa, sg`uoda Jreoàe (2>5>), teota gorcqugmg as aklergs queota dcſtmukte e cotg`reàía tgýrcme g hgtadaký`cme da mehpa. Autra paota, pere ekãh da peoarehe eprgsgoteda etã equc, ã qug as gstudas sabrg e Mahuocmeàía eprgsgoteh jartg tgodéomce ea hadcsha, sgh, maotuda, a eprajuodehgota g e hetureàía ogmgssårcas. ^ere Jreoàe (2>5>), a marpa des tgarces de mahuocmeàía ecode eprgsgote uh quedra jre`hgoteda, hucta gh juoàía de jekte dg uhe tredcàía dg gstuda mcgotèſtma oe årge. A mehpa de Mahuocmeàía ecode oía maostctuc, mkerehgotg, a sgu abigta g e sue hgtadaka`ce. ^ere e pgsqucsedare, ecode laig, a mehpa gomaotre-sg gspekleda gh autres årges da sebgr. ^ar maote dcssa, ea pgoserhas a mehpa de Mahuocmeàía goqueota dahèoca au gspeàa cotgrdcsmcpkcoer cotgrdcsmcpkcoer,, ã passèvgk e mahpascàía dg rgjgréomces qug `greh uh gstaqug dg maolgmchgota hecar g hecs ‛rabusta‘, iå qug as gstudas mahuocmemcaoecs ecode rgprgsgoteh uh dahèoca rgketcvehgotg oava. oava. Tgarce au tgarces de mahuocmeàía1

A gsjaràa dg maolgmgr e Mahuocmeàía jez sur`cr gstudas g tgarces, qug padgh sgr maoscdgredas maha uh scstghe dg gouomcedas sabrg e rgekcdedg au uh espgmta de rgekcdedg. ^ar cssa, oía padghas pgoser gh uhe tgarce de mahuocmeàía, hes

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sch gh tgarces, mede quek edvcode dg uh maotgxta samcek gspgmèſtma, e pertcr dg eutargs qug mahpertckleh mgrtes prghcsses, au sgie, qug sía arcgotedas par uh peredc`he.   E cdgce dg peredc`he jac mrcede par Tahes Fulo (530>) g ã arcuode da `rg`a, sc`ocſtmeoda rgprgsgoter dg heogcre gxghpker. Es mcéomces gvakugh etrevãs dg peredc`hes, qug sía hadgkas g cotgrprgteà÷gs dg huoda au ebarde`gos, gojaqugs. Ã maha uhe gspãmcg dg pecse`gh hgotek qug eiude e arcgoter a akler da mcgotcste, teota oe heogcre maha gkg pgrmgbg g rgmarte a abigta, queota oe hgtadaka`ce qug ghprg`e g eutargs qug emcaoe. ^ere mrcer uhe eoeka`ce, padgrèehas eſtrher qug mede mcéomce govakvg uhe `reodg mukture, prghcsses båscmes qug sgría mahpertckledes par tadas. A pubkcmctårca, par gxghpka, ã tcda maha uh `reodg mrcetcva g tek meremtgrèstcme da mehpa ã tía jartg qug ã gxpgrchgotede pgke hecar pertg das pubkcmctårcas, hgsha qug ek`uãh dg etgodchgota oía tgole cssa tía cotraigteda maha uh dcrgtar dg mrceàía (au sgie, tghas equc dcjgrgotgs heogcres dg pgrmgbgr as jetas e pertcr de etcvcdedg gh qugstía). Maotuda, e pubkcmcdedg jgcte oa Bresck ã hucta dcjgrgotg de dg autras peèsgs g hgrmedas, a qug hastre peredc`hes dcjgrgomcedas, gh dcåka`a mah qugst÷gs kamecs. A hgsha amarrg mah rgkeàía îs tgarces qug busmeh eoekcser as pramgssas mahuocmemcaoecs9 vamé vgrå qug oas Gstedas Wocdas, oa coèmca da sãmuka \\, par gxghpka, ek`uos eutargs pgrmgbceh e mahuocmeàía dg uhe heogcre bgh dcjgrgomcede de gsmake ekghí, par gxghpka. G, hgsha dgotra dg mede tredcàía tgýrcme, ghbare passehas pgoser gh uh peredc`he qug arcgotg as eutargs, dg heogcre `grek, oía lå tatek maosgosa.  Ea jekerhas dg peredc` peredc`he he oa âhbcta des tgarces de mahuocmeàía, parteota, gstehas supaoda ardgoeàía, hãtada, quedras dg rgjgréomce g dgtgrhcoede pecse`gh hgotek.  E pråtcme mcgotèſtme, ea jarhuker kgcs, tgarces, g gxpkcmeà÷gs mrce hadgkas qug jahgoteh es tredcà÷gs mcgotèſtmes g jarogmgh prabkghes g sakuà÷gs pere uhe mahuocdedg mcgotèſtme. Gotgodgr es mcéomces ã maolgmgr sue pråtcme, sgu juomcaoehgota g sgus hgmeocshas. Ã mahprggodgr a mahpartehgota da mcgotcste, sues etctudgs g sues dgmcs÷gs, pacs as peredc`hes hakdeh oasse vcsía dg huoda g mahpartehgota, prgssupaoda, gotía, uh vcãs cdgaký`cma g ký`cma. k ý`cma. ada mehpa tgh uhe remcaoekcdedg prýprce g, î hgdcde qug vamé eveoàe gh uh mursa oe uocvgrscdedg, par gxghpka, vec cdgotcſtmeoda as prcomcpecs hadgkas, gsqughes ký`cmas g tgarces, pacs oía gotgodgr e ký`cme da mehpa dg etueàía padg

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sc`ocſtmer gxmkusía de årge, iå qug cssa padg sgr gxc`cda gh uhe gotrgvcste, gh sue ghprgse g, gspgmcekhgotg, oe pgsqucse g daméomce. ^ar hgca de gdumeàía, a iavgh edqucrg as gsqughes maomgctuecs dg sue etcvcdedg. E mcéomce ã uhe tgotetcve dg jaràer e oeturgze (jèscme g samcek) e gsqughes maomgctuecs jarogmcdas pgke gdumeàía praſtsscaoek, qug pgrhctg e eprggosía g e cotgroekczeàía das prgssupastas dg dgtgrhcoeda sebgr. ]g`uoda Fulo (530>), lå trés jesgs govakvcdes oa pramgssa dg maolgmgr, sgoda gkes9 • Gstå`ca prã-mcgotèſtma. Ogssg èotgrch, oía lå scstghetczeàía ogh hãtada, hes e etctudg dg maotghpkeàía qug padg kgver e uhe busme praprcehgotg mcgotèſtme. Ogssg paota, lå mcgotcstes tgoteoda jezgr mcéomce, hes oía lå ogoluh tcpa dg maosgosa. Ã mah a sur`chgota dg peredc`hes, maha e hgmâocme dg Ercstýtgkgs, e ýptcme dg Ogwtao g e tgarce de gkgtrcmcdedg, qug ek`uhes dcsmcpkcoes pudgreh edgotrer e jesg mcgotèſtme. • Mcéomce oarhek. A pepgk juodehgotek de mcéomce oarhek oía ã dg hastrer oavcdedgs. Gke prgtgodg gxpkcmer ek`uh jeta par peredc`hes gxcstgotgs. A maolgmchgota deda gh gsmakes gstå ogssg âhbcta, bgh maha bae pertg per tg da prýprca maolgmchgota uocvgrsctårca. Ã a maolgmchgota emgcta, kg`ètcha. • Mcéomce gxtreardcoårce au rgvakumcaoårce  rgvakumcaoårce  oede  oede hecs ã da qug e edaàía dg autra peredc`he, csta ã, dg vcsía dg huoda. E pertcr dg maotredcà÷gs qug sur`gh dgotra de mcéomce oarhek, prgmgdgotgs vía sgoda mrcedas pere qug ek`uos mcgotcstes maotgstgh a maolgmchgota iå emgcta. Cssa oía amarrg sgh qug as rgprgsgoteotgs de mcéomce oarhek tgotgh ea håxcha jarogmgr gxpkcmeà÷gs qug rgjutgh es eoahekces sur`cdes, gsvezceoda a havchgota maotgstetýrca. Whe vgz qug e prapaste dg gxpkcmeàía de mcéomce rgvakumcaoårce pessg e sgr rgmaolgmcde pgka mehpa mcgotèſtma, a maolgmchgota dgcxe dg sgr rgvakumcaoårca pere sg taroer mcéomce oarhek. Oa goteota, a jeta dg uhe gxpkcmeàía substctucr e autre oía ogmgssercehgotg sc`ocſtme qug a peredc`he ‛vgomcda‘ ‛vgomcda‘ gre grrôoga, pacs lå tade uhe dgheode des maoiuotures lcstýrcmes oes quecs as mcgotcstes gstía cosgrcdas.

RG]WHA Ogste uocdedg, vamé pôdg emahpeoler, e pertcr de pgrspgmtcve emedéhcma-mcgotèjcme, qug dgskamau as tgýrcmas Kucz M. Hertcoa g Zgre Jreoàe, gh gspgmcek, e gpcstghaka`ce g arc`gh lcstýrcme da jgoôhgoa de mahuocmeàía, bgh maha a meråtgr cotgrdcsmcpkcoer dg uh mehpa

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mepètuka 5

 

g e jarhe dg hadgke`gh da abigta dg gstuda dgste årge, prchgcra sab e ã`cdg lg`ghôocme dg autras sebgrgs. Dgpacs, maostctucoda-sg dg uh meråtgr hecs codgpgodgotg, hes qug ecode gstå maostrucoda es subigtcvcdedgs tgýrcma-hgtadaký`cmes pere a gstuda dg sue ghpcrce. Gh uh prchgcra hahgota da mepètuka, vamé emahpeolau a pgosehgota dg Hertcoa (2>5>), maolgmgoda e gvakuàía da tgrha qug dgu arc`gh î pekevre mahuocmeàía g gotgodgoda qug gsse mahuocmeàía jac sg sgdchgoteoda e pertcr des pråtcmes samcecs, `greoda dcjgrgoàes qug ghbesereh uhe pakcssghce queoda pgosehas oe pekevre. A sgotcda gtchaký`cma dg trame, hgsha ea sg treter dg uh vamåbuka sgmuker, pgrdure g ecode eiude e gxpkcmer e Mahuocmeàía. Autre qugstía chparteotg jac mahprggodgrhas dcjgrgotgs hadekcdedgs mahuocmetcves, mah e dcstcoàía gotrg cotgreà÷gs dg sgrgs brutas, ar`âocmas g da Lahgh, mah e mahuocmeàía schbýkcme, qug govakvg mukture g maovgoà÷gs samcecs. Hgsha e mahuocmeàía schbýkcme padg vercer hucta maojarhg e hetgrcekcdedg govakvcde, pacs uhe macse sía as gomaotras jemg e jemg, autre dcoâhcme pgrhgce es mahuocmeà÷gs hesscves, mah dcjgrgoàes gotrg as vårcas hgcas passèvgcs (mcoghe, rådca, TZ, pubkcmcdedg) g autra uocvgrsa oas ã passèvgk epaoter e pertcr da mcbgrgspeàa. Gh autra hahgota da mepètuka, jczghas usa des tgarczeà÷gs dg Hertcoa sabrg e cotgrdcsmcpkcoercdedg g, oavehgotg, jekehas da abigta dg gstuda de mahuocmeàía, qug ecode mergmg, oe vcsía da pgsqucsedar, dg dgjcocà÷gs maomgctuecs hecs gkebaredes g de passcbckcdedg dg sg cdgotcjcmer, oa gstuda das hgcas dg mahuocmeàía, uh jca maodutar qug pgrhctcrce ea e a pgsqucsedar de mahuocmeàía etrevgsser as vårcas oèvgcs dg uhe prabkghåtcme mahpkgxe, utckczeoda-sg dg uhe `ehe besteotg vercede dg sebgrgs, sgh oa goteota, pgrdgr dg vcste e cotg`rekcdedg dg uh abigta prýprca. G, sab autres jarhes dg akler a abigta, a mepètuka gxprgsse a pgosehgota g es prapascà÷gs de pgsqucsedare Zgre Jreoàe, qug trebekle e pgrspgmtcve da abigta de mahuocmeàía cocmcekhgotg maha maostruàía lcstýrcme g samcek qug prgmcse sgr gotgodcde sab e ã`cdg g e rgjkgxía da prýprca pramgssa dg maolgmgr, a qug chpkcme oía sý emcaoer uh abigta ghpèrcma, maha a rådca au e tgkgvcsía, par gxghpka, hes der uh tretehgota e gssg abigta qug a quekcjcqug goqueota gstuda mahuocmemcaoek, prahavgoda uhe kgcture samcek e pertcr dg uh hgca dg mahuocmeàía. Zchas, mah a pgosehgota de pgsqucsedare, qug e maostruàía des tgarces de mahuocmeàía ecode tgh oa sgu ekcmgrmg besgs lgtgra`éoges, dgsmaotèoues g mahpkgxes, hes qug mahgàe e `eoler marpa g gstaqugs dg maolgmchgota, qug padgh kgver î tredcàía, tía ogmgssårce î jeke kg`ctchede de mcéomce oa rgmaolgmchgota das mehpas dg sebgrgs.

 • 23

mepètuka 5

 

]ECBE HEC] Lå mao`rgssas mcgotèjcmas rgoahedas oa mehpa de mahuocmeàía, maha e Cotgrmah g e Mahpýs. Zamé sebce, par gxghpka, qug e Cotgrmah pgrhctg qug ekuoas iå oe `redueàía eprgsgotgh trebeklas, dgsdg qug arcgoteodas par uh prajgssar1 Whe ýtche heogcre dg mahprggodgr e ebreo`éomce da mehpa mahuocmemcaoek ã eoekcser es tghåtcmes, rgmartgs g hgtadaka`ces prgsgotgs oas ertc`as praduzcdas pgkas pgsqucsedargs. Emgsseoda a sctg dgssgs mao`rgssas, beste pramurer pgkas eoecs ” qug dcspaocbckczeh, ogssgs mesas, as ertc`as `retuctehgotg oe èotg`re, dcvcdcdas pgkas @rupas dg Trebekla (@T) tghåtcmas. ]gkgmcaog as eoecs dg ek`uh eoa qug dgsgig gxpkarer, gsmakle uh @T qug tg e`redg g maojcre ek`uos ertc`as emgrme das týpcmas qug hecs klg cotgrgsseh.

EWTARG] Kucz Mkeudca Hertcoa9 ^rajgssar Tctuker gh Tgarces g Gpcstghaka`ce de Mahuocmeàía

de Wocvgrscdedg dg Bresèkce g ^gsqucsedar 5M da MO^q (Maosgkla Oemcaoek dg Dgsgovakvchgota Mcgotèjcma g Tgmoaký`cma ” Hcocstãrca de Mcéomce g Tgmoaka`ce). Mlgrmlgurcovctãeu @RCMC] , Haotrãek . ^assuc `redueàía gh ^scmaka`ce pgke Wocvgrscdedg Jgdgrek da Rca dg Ieogcra (53>> e 2>>3). Maosuktar ed lam ME^G] g MO^q. Tgh gxpgrcéomce oe årge dg Mahuocmeàía, mah éojesg gh Gstuda dg Hgcas, etueoda prcomcpekhgotg oas sg`ucotgs tghes9 tgarce de mahuocmeàía, gpcstghaka`ce de mahuocmeàía, lcstýrce de mahuocmeàía, hgcas dg mahuocmeàía, tgmoaka`ce de mahuocmeàía. Zgre Rg`coe Zgc`e Jreoàe9 ^rajgssare da ^ra`rehe dg ^ýs-@redueàía gh Mahuocme-

àía de WJH@6 maardgoedare da @RC] (@rupa dg ^gsqucse gh Che`gh g ]amcebckcdedg de JEJCML/WJH@). Etue oes årges dg Tgarces de Mahuocmeàía, Mahuocmeàía g Mukture Hcdcåtcme, Hgtadaka`ce dg ^gsqucse gh Mahuocmeàía. Ã jarhede gh Mahuocmeàía ]amcek/Iaroekcsha pgke ^WM-H@, mah hgstreda gh Mahuocmeàía pgke WoB, DGE g dautareda gh Mcéomces ]amcecs oe Wocvgrsctã Rgoã Dgsmertgs ” ^ercs Z  (53