Teoria - Practica-Didactica de La Matematica II

December 5, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

Share Embed Donate

Report this link

Short Description

Download Teoria - Practica-Didactica de La Matematica II...

Description

J.Y.D.A y Q K¾ :-779 Kmrbof Yup`rjmr Ajaïitjio a` fo Bot`bïtjio JJ JJ Wrmd`smroam> W@W

Wrmd.> Womfo Ijkio Oÿm> 9·

Imbjsjùk> ? y 5

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

@f s`ktjam a` fo Bot`bïtjio y su `ks`ÿokzo `k fo `siu`fo a` cmy ½_uê Bot`bïtjio `k fo `siu`fo prjborjo= Drìu`kt`b`kt` `siuicobms `k fos oufos, m `k mtrms ïbejtms, pr`huktos m odjrboijmk`s qu` kms ff`vok r`df`xjmkor smer` ku`stros prmpjos jaòs oi`rio a` fo Bot`bïtjio y su `ks`ÿokzo `k foo`siu`fo a` cmy>      

Y`ÿm, ½quê coy qu` coi`r= ½@s a` bïs m a` pmr= Wrmd`, fo x, ½s` poso subokam m r`stokam= Y`ÿm… ½y `stm poro quê sjrv`= ½Wmr quê coy qu` `stuajor `stos r`hfos= @stm `s buy ajdâijf, kukio fm vmy o `kt`ka`r… O bâ, Bot`bïtjio b` iu`sto, ym km sjrvm poro `sm. `sm. - W`rm sj `s doijfâsjbm… doijfâsjbm… Fos iu`ktos, coi`fos vms qu` soeês Bot`bïtjio.

½Iuïf`s smk fms s`ktjams qu` fms ofubkms -sòk kjÿms, kjÿos, nùv`k`s m p`rsmkos oauftos qu` iur iursok sok sus `st `stuaj uajms ms prj prjbor borjms jms-- m `st `stuaj uajokt okt`s `s a` dmr dmrboi boijùk jùk ami ami`kt `kt`` otr otrjeu jeuy`k y`k,, m pmarâok otrjeujr, o fms imkmijbj`ktms bot`bïtjims= ½@s oiosm su utjfjaoa fm qu` f`hjtjbo `sms imkmijbj`ktms= Z sj du`ro osâ, ½su utjfjaoa poro quê= O fo v`z, ½quê r`pr`s`ktoijmk`s tj`k`k -y t`k`bms- smer` quê `s soe`r Bot`bïtjio=< ½`s soe`r coi`r iu`ktos, ifosjdjior djhuros, r`smfv`r prmef`bos smer` prìjms, p`râb`trms m port`s pjktoaos `k uk pmst`= Fos r`pr`s`ktoijmk`s a` fms ofubkms oi`rio a`f vofmr a`f opr`kajzon` a` fo Bot`bïtjio, ½iuïktm imjkija`k imk fos a` sus bo`strms y bo`stros=< ½y imk fos a` sus dobjfjos= Fos a` `stuajokt`s `stua jokt`s a` dmrbo dmrboijùk ijùk ami` ami`kt`, kt`, ½smk sjb sjbjfor`s jfor`s o fos a` sus prmd`sm prmd`smr`s r`s y o fos a` fms bo`strms imk fms qu` jkt`roitþok=

Imbm bo`strms m prmd`smr`s dmrboamr`s, ½iuïktos vì`s kms pr`huktobms oi`rio a`f vofmr smijof smijof a` fm qu` `ks`ÿobms=

@k `f oportoam Uìmksja`ror, `f s`ktjam a` Bot`bïtjio `k fo `siu`fo qu` s` pr`s`kto `k fo jktrmauiijùk a` fms Iuoa`rkms poro `f Oufo odjrbo qu` fo imki`pijùk qu` ioao p`rsmko s` vo dmrbokam a` fo Bot`bïtjio a`p`ka` a`f bmam `k qu` vo imkmij`kam y usokam fms imkmijbj`ktms bot`bïtjims. Wmr fm toktm, `f tjpm a` troeonm qu` s` ròfji` `k fo `siu`fo jkdfujrï du`rt`b`kt` `k fo r`foijùk qu` ioao p`rsmko imkstruyo imk `sto ij`kijo, fm qu` jkifuy` `f cìcm a` s`ktjrs`, m km, iopoz a` opr`ka`rfo. Wma`bm Wma `bmss pr` pr`huk huktor torkms kms `kt `ktmki mki`s, `s, ½qu ½quêê ior ioroit oit`râ `râstj stjios ios osu osub` b` `s` tro troeon eonm m `k ku` ku`str stroo `siu`fo m `k fo `siu`fo imk fo qu` troeonobms `k `f jkstjtutm a` dmrboijùk= ½Iùbm pmarâobms a`sirjejrfm= Iform `stï qu` ioroit`rjzor `f tjpm a` troeonm qu` s` a`sorrmffo `k uk oufo, y bïs oþk `k uko `siu`fo, s`râo uko torò imbpf`no qu` t`karâo r`suftoams buy ajstjktms, s`hþk qujêk fo ròfji`. Qobpmim eostorâo imksuftor uko þkjio du`kt`. Yjk `beorhm, mes`rvor ofhukms r`hjstrms a` iuoa`rkms a` ifos`, imbm fms qu` jkifujbms `k fo sjhuj`kt` pr`s`ktoijùk, puà` p`rbjtjrkms ja`ktjdjior ofhukms a` fms roshms qu` ioroit`rjzok fos ajstjktos bok`ros a` p`ksor fo bot`bïtjio `k fo `siu`fo. ?

5

9

1

0

4

8

Imbm coerïk mes`rvoam, coy `n`bpfms a` ajstjktos oitjvjaoa`s, `k imkt`xtms bïs m b`kms v`rmsâbjf`s, y qu` jkvmfuirormk a`sodâms a` ajstjktm tjpm poro fms ofubkms.

Woro s`hujr r`df`xjmkokam y tmbor kmto

½_uê tj ½_uê tjpm pm a` prm prmpu pu`s `sto toss smk smk drì drìu` u`kt kt`s `s `k su suss `s `siu iu`f `fos os=< =< ½coy ½coy pr`miupoijùk pmr fo prïitjio a`f iïfiufm `sirjtm usokam fms ofhmrjtbms troajijmkof`s=< ½s` prmbu`v` fo r`smfuijùk a` prmef`bos `k ajstjktms imkt`xtms=< `k r`foijùk imk fms imkt`xtms, ½s` eusio qu` r`dj`rok o fo ‖vjao imtjajoko‒=< ½quê pr`s`kijo tj`k`k fms prmef`bos smer` kþb` kþ b`rms rms=< =< ½y smer smer`` dj djhu huro ross h`mb h`mbêt êtrj rjio ios= s= ½dïijf m ajdâijf poro qujêk=

Fo oitjvjaoa bot`bïtjio `k `f oufo s` i`ktro, `ktmki`s, `k coi`r fm qu` `f bo`strm pja` a` bo bok` k`ro ro `x `xpf pfâi âijt jto, o, p`rm p`rm km coy coy tmbo tmbo a` aìj aìjsj sjmk mk`s `s kj a`bo a`bosj sjoa oam m im imkt ktrm rmff a` fms fms r`suftoams pmr port` a` fms ofubkms qu`, fu`hm a` iubpfjr imk fo torò, pr`huktok sj fm ròfjzoam `stoeo ej`k. @s `f iosm, pmr `n`bpfm, a` fo ‖r`hfo a` tr`s‒ yo qu`, o vì`s, s` uso a` bok`ro outmbïtjio y sjk imksja`ror sj `s `f prmiàjbj`ktm bïs oaìuoam poro `f prmef`bo qu` s` pr`s`kto>

½_uê suià` `ktmki`s imk fms opr`kajzon`s a` a ` fms ofubkms= Buicms

a` `ffms s` oaoptok o `st` dmrbotm, coi`k fm qu` ‖tj`k`k qu` coi`r‒. Mtrms, qu` puà`k r`smfv`r p`rm a` uk bmam ajstjktm of qu` s` `sp`ro, m qu` km imbpr`ka`k pmr quê co coyy qu qu`` coi` coi`rr fm qu qu`` s` pja` pja`,, qu quà àok ok `k miosjmk`s `xifujams y osub`k qu` fo ajdjiuftoa `stï `k su prmpjo iopoijaoa. Êst` `s `f bma`fm qu` Zv`s Ic`voffora (?::8) a`kmbjk a`km bjkoo a` ‖r` ‖r`foi foijùk jùk bmk bmkub` ub`kto ktoff imk fos meros‒, meros ‒, `k fo qu` fo `siu`fo pr` pr`s`kto s`kto ij ij`rtos `rtos meros a` fo smijàoa o nùv`k`s imbm sj s` vjsj vjsjto toro ro uk bm bmku kub` b`kt ktm, m, sjk sjk aor aor fuho fuhorr o fo foss pr`hukt pr`h uktos os o fos iuo iuof`s f`s `ffos `ffos r`s r`spmk pmka`k a`k,, sjk sjk

Zv`s Ic`voffora (Bors`ffo, ?:14) `s Fji`kijoam `k Bot`bïtjio, ami`kt` ` jkv`stjhoamr a` fo Pkjv`rsjtê a'Ojx-Bors`jff` JJ. Du` rìmkmijam imk `f Amitmroam Cmkmrjs Iouso pmr Pkjv`rsjaoa Koijmkof a` Iùrameo (PKI)`k kmvj`ber` posoam. @s r`spmksoef` a` fo dmrboijùk jkjijof y imktjkuo a` prmd`smr`s a` Bot`bïtjio,, bj`berm a` ajstjktos osmijoijmk`s Bot`bïtjio aàjioaos o fo jkv`stjhoijùk y fo ajdusjùk a` `stuajms smer` ajaïitjio a` fo Bot`bïtjio. Yu jkv`stjhoijùk co aoam fuhor o fo Q`mrâo Oktrmpmfùhjio a` fm Ajaïitjim, ukm a` fms prjb`rms `kdmqu`s `k imksja`ror imbm men`tm a` `stuajm ` jkv`stjhoijùk, km sùfm fos oitjvjaoa`s a`

y opr`kajzon` `k `f oufo, sjkm tmam `f `f im imks ksja ja`r `ror or a` su sussioao ro rozm zmk` k`ss a` s`r. s`r. Os Osmi mijo jorr fo `ks`ÿokzo imkmijbj`ktm bot`bïtjim o `ks`ÿokzo prmi`sm qu` vo a`sa` fo iròijùk y utjfjzoijùk a`f sus sus ‖r ‖roz ozmk mk`s `s a` s`r‒, s`r‒, `s imks imksja ja`ro `rorr qu qu`` fo soe`r bot`bïtjim costo su jkimrpmroijùk `k fo Bot`bï Bot `bïtji tjio, o, ouk fo bïs `f`b `f`b`kt `ktof, of, co sja sjam m :

imkièjao poro aor r`spu`sto o prmef`bos o fms `siu`fo imbm soe`r `ks`ÿoam. @s outmr a` fjerms qu` cok t`kjam uko jbpmrtokt` qu` s` `kdr`ktok fos p`rsmkos `k fo smijàoa. ajdusjùk `k ku`strm poâs. Fo Qrokspmsjijùk Ajaïitjio> a`f soe`r soejm of soe`r `ks`ÿoam, (Ojqu`, ?::?), @stuajor Bot`bïtjio< `f `sfoeùk p`rajam `ktr` fo `ks`ÿokzo y `f opr`kajzon` (Eori`fmko/JI@ (Eori`fmko/JI @ Cmrsmrj, ?::8) nuktm imk Borjkko Emsic y Nms`p Hosiùk y rìj`kt`b`kt` rìj`kt`b`kt` Fo Bot`bïtjio `k fo `siu`fo (Fjerms a`f ^mrzof, 57?9). Yu pïhjko> cttp>//yv`s.ic`voffora.dr``.dr/

T`bms `ktmki`s `ktmki`s qu` coy ajst ajstjktos jktos bok`ros a` ‖coi`r Bot`bïtjio‒> uko i`ktroao `k prmp prmpmr mriijm jmko korr o fms of ofub ubkm kmss a` a`ddjkji jkjijm jmk k`s prìjsos, têikjios poro opfjior y uk usm a`f f`khuon` onustoam of rjhmr, y mtro qu` prmpmk` o fms ofubk ofubkms ms y ofu ofubko bkoss coi coi`r `r Bot Bot`bï `bïtji tjioo poro poro jr im imkm kmij ij`k `kam am iuïf iuïf`s `s smk smk fo foss pr prïi ïitj tjio ioss prmpjos a` `sto ajsijpfjko. Of r`spìtm Icorfmt (?:34) s`ÿofo> ‖…Yj imksja`robms fo oitjvjaoa a`f bot`bïtjim, `sto smer`stjbo smer`s tjboijùk ijùk a` fo dmrbo r`sufto poroamnof, poroamnof, yo qu` km `s fo dmrbo fo qu` ao s`ktjam s`ktjam o fms r`suftoams, pmrqu` fo dmrbo sùfm s` a`t`rbjko o pmst`rjmrj, iuokam s` ff`ho o fms r`suftoams r`suf toams pmr pmr mtros mtros vâos buicm buicm bïs oiija`kto oiija`ktoaos> aos> kjkhþk kjkhþk bot`bïtji bot`bïtjim m jkv`k jkv`ktù tù nobïs nobïs koao imk uko a`bmstroijùk rjhurmso r`sp`tokam fos r`hfos iokùkjios. @sto s`poroijùk `ktr` fo oitjvjaoa bot`bïtjio y sus r`suftoams, `ktr` fms prmef`bos y fms imki`ptms, `kh`karo uk droiosm `simfor jbpmrtokt`, smer` tmam `ktr` fms kjÿms a` dobjfjos cubjfa`s, qu` km `stïk dobjfjorjzoams imk `s` f`khuon` `xpfâijtm, dmrbofjzoam, imajdjioam.‒

Buicos p`rsmkos `xpfjiok `st` droiosm ajij`kam qu` fo Bot`bïtjio `s ajdâijf pmrq rqu u` `s oestroito. W`ks W`ksor or fo Bo Bot` t`bï bïtj tjio io imbm imbm uk iu iu`r `rpm pm a` im imkm kmij ijbj bj`k `ktm tmss fùhj fùhjio iob` b`kt kt`` mrh mrhok okjz jzoa oam, m, uk f`khuon` qu` p`rbjt` `xpr`sor jaòs oestroitos m imbm uk iobpm a` imkmijbj`ktms `k `f qu` troeono uko ij`rto imbukjaoa qu` a`sor a`s orrmf rmffo fo prï prïit itji jios os a` prm prmau auii iijù jùk, k, ffff`v `voo o tmbor aìjsjmk`s buy ajstjktos `k r`foijùk imk su `k `ks` s`ÿo ÿokz kzo. o. Z, o su v` v`z, z, `stm `stm jb jbpo poit itoo du`rt`b`kt` `k fos pmsjejfjaoa`s qu` s` f`s ao o fms kjÿms y kjÿos a` oiià`r o `ffo. Dr`kt` o `st` `si`korjm, ofhukms cok p`ksoam qu` fo r`spu`sto `stï `k ‖coi`r imkir`tm fm oestroitm‒, troeonor imk rìursms bokjpufoef`s m ràuijr fms imkt`xtms `k fms qu` s` pr`s`ktok fms prmef`bos o oq oqu` u`ffffms ms pr prmpj mpjms ms a` fo vjao vjao imtjajoko a` fms kjÿms.

E`rkora Icorfmt (Worâs, ?:11) `s amitmr `k Ij`kijos y f`tros, prmd`smr `bêrjtm a` fo Pkjv`rsjaoa Tjki`kk`s Tjki`kk`s Yojkt-A`kjs Worjs Worjs TJJJ y `k fo oituofjaoa s` a`s`bp`ÿo imbm prmd`smr jkvjtoam `k fo Pkjv`rsjaoa Dà`rof a` Y`rhjp`, Erosjf. Co i`ktroam su oitjvjaoa `k Ij`kijos a` fo @auioijùk, portjiuforb`kt` portjiuforb`kt` smer` fo `vmfuijùk a` fo `siu`fo `k uko smijàoa `k iobejm y smer` fos ajdjiuftoa`s a` opr`kajzon` `k bàjms pmpufor`s. @k ?::8 dukaù `f Hrupm a` Jkv`stjhoijùk @auioijùk, Ymijofjzoijùk Ymijofjzoijùk y Imfìtjvjaoa`s Fmiof`s (@YIMF), a` fo Pkjv`rsjaoa a` Worâs TJJJ. A`sa` 5774 immrajko `f hrupm a` jkv`stjhoijùk @auioèém ` Imkt`bpmrok`jaoa`, aàjioam `stuajor fos r`foijmk`s imk fms soe`r`s y `f bmam `k qu` fms ofubkms oiià`k o `ffms. Qj`k` kub`rmsms fjerms puefjioams y, `k Orh`ktjko, rìj`kt`b`kt` s` àjtù Fo U`foijùk imk `f soe`r (Fjerms a`f ^mrzof, 57?7).

Imbm cmy Imbm cmy aobm aobmss port portji jiuf ufor or r` r`f` f`vo voki kijo jo o fo r`smf r`s mfui uijù jùk k a` pr prmef mef`b `bos os,, f`s f`s pr prmp mpmk mk`b `bms ms ocmr ocmroo r`v r`vjs jsor or of ofhu hukm kmss a` fms fms ir irjt jt`rj `rjms ms qu qu`` pmk pm k`b `bms ms `k nu`h nu`hm m iuo iuoka kam m `f`h `f`hjb jbms ms fms fms imkt`xtms poro fms prmef`bos. @stms imkt`xtms, oa`b oa`bïs ïs a` jkdf jkdfuj ujrr `k fo foss pm pmsj sjej ejfjfjao aoa` a`ss a` r` r`ssmf mfu uijùk ijùk,, vok vok bo bori riok okam am fos jaò jaòss qu qu`` ku`s ku `str trms ms ofub ofubkm kmss s` dmrb dmrbok ok oi oi`r `rio io a` fo Bot`bïtjio. Woro `ffm, r`vjsor`bms prjb`rm uko jaò buy `xt`kajao y qu` qujsjêrobms prmef`botjzor> sj`bpr` imkvj`k`k fms imkt`xtms a` fo vjao imtjajoko, smk sjhkjdjiotjvms poro fms ofubkms y doijfjtok `f opr`kajzon` . Fu`hm, pmkar`bms fo bjroao smer` `f troeonm qu` ffobobms jktrobot`bïtjim y qu`, buicos vì`s, km tj`k` sudjij`kt` pr`s`kijo `k fos oufos.

½I ½Iùb ùbm m `f `f`h `hjjbms fms im imkt kt`x `xttms `k fm fmss qu qu`` pr pr`s `s``kt ktob obms ms fm fmss prmef`bos= ?7

Iuokam `f opr`kajzon` s` ff`vo o ioem `k sjtuoijmk`s ròf`s a` prïitjio, `so prïitjio p`rbjt` otrjeujr s`ktjam of imkmijbj`ktm pu`stm `k nu`hm y imktrmfor `f êxjtm a` fo torò ròfjzo ròf jzoao. ao. @s `f io iosm, sm, pmr `n` `n`bpf bpfm, m, a`f opr`k opr`kajz ajzon` on` a` uk mdjij mdjijm m oim oimbpo bpoÿoa ÿoam m pmr uk `xp`rtm, m iuokam s` opr`ka` uk a`pmrt`, uk nu`hm, m uko ij`rto torò a` jkt`rês poro `f qu` opr`ka`. Yuià` tobejêk imk fms opr`kajzon`s imk kþb`rms y fos mp`roijmk`s qu` s` aok `k sjtuoijùk a` usm smijof, iuokam fms kjÿms m fms oauftms bok`nok `f ajk`rm u mtros ioktja iok tjaoa` oa`ss of por portji tjijpo jporr a` fos oit oitjvj jvjaoa aoa`s `s smi smijof jof`s, `s, prm prmaui auitjv tjvos os m imb imb`ri `rijof jof`s `s `k su imbukjaoa. A` `st` bmam, fos jaòs y imki`ptms qu` uko p`rsmko imkstruy` sj`bpr` `stïk osmijoams o fo oitjvjaoa y o fms `si`korjms smijof`s `k fms qu` tuvj`rmk fuhor. W`rm, ½quê miurr` iuokam `stïy `k a` jkstjtuijùk imbm fo portjiufor, ½iuïf` ½iu ïf`ss `so smktroksbjsjùk fos fos prï prïitj itjios ios fmsbokms imkt` imkt`xtm xtmsuko s qu` s` `fjh`k `fjh`k por poro o `siu`fo= tro troksb ksbjtj jtjrr@kfms soe`r` soe`r`ss bot`bïtjims= 

Jkifujr men`tms a`f bukam s`ksjef`, imkmijams pmr fms icjims, ½os`huro fo sjhkjdjiotjvjaoa a` fo torò= Tòbms ofhukms iosms iurjmsms.

??

Worìj`ro qu` `f prmpùsjtm a` jkifujr fo jboh`k `s `f a` p`rbjtjr uk opmym imkir`tm `k `f imkt`m imk t`m.. W`r W`rm, m, ½qu ½qujêk jêk sub suborâ orâoo bok bokico icoss a` njr njrodo odos= s= ½Wo ½Woro ro quê kì kì`sj `sjtor torâo âo `s` vof vofmr= mr= Qobejêk r`sufto `xtroÿm p`ksor qu` fos bokicos qu` tj`k`k `sos njrodos smk sùfm fos qu` s` v`k. ½O quê ifos` a` outjtms s` r`dj`r` `f mtrm prmef`bo= ½Iùbm smk `sos ionos poro qu` imkt`khok 945 outjtms= Qob Qobej ejêk êk pm pma` a`bm bmss r` rìimrao mraorr fo jbo boh` h`k k a` fo tmrt tmrtuh uhoo (v (v`r `r pr`s pr`s`k `kto toij ijùk ùk "_uê "_uê Bot`bïtjio coi`bms `k fo `siu`fo", ajopmsjtjvo 8) y sus 180 cu`vms. ½_uê r`foijùk tj`k` `s` iïfiufm (579 + ?18 + ?50) imk uko sjtuoijùk ròf= Iuokam Iuok am fm fmss `k `kuk ukij ijoa oams ms a` fms fms prmef`bos r` r`bj bjt` t`k k o sj sjtu tuoi oijm jmk`s k`s jkv` jkv`rms rmsâb âbjfjf`s `s,, m o pr`huktos iuym b`rm men`tjvm `s fo ròfjzoijùk a` uk `n`rijijm bot`bïtjim, `so torò sùfm tj`k` tj` k` ofh ofhþk þk s`k s`ktja tjam m a`k a`ktrm trm a` fo `si o> `f poro s`k s`ktja tjam m a` `n` `n`rij rijtor tor iu` iu`kto ktos, s, sjk coi`r ‖iu`ktos su`ftos‒. Fos aìjsjmk`s qu``siu`f sù`fo> tmbok r`smfv`r `f prmef`bo km a`p`ka`k `k oesmfutm a`f imkt`xtm sjkm a` fos pofoeros ifov` pr`s`kt`s `k `f t`xtm (ohr`hor, tmtof, r`portjr, `ti.) m a` fo sjbjfjtua a` fo `struituro a` `s` `kukijoam imk mtrm. A` `st` bmam, imbj`kzo o imkstrujrs` o vì`s uko djiijùk `simfor `k fo qu` km jbpmrto fm qu` s` subo m s` buftjpfjio, bj`ktros `f r`suftoam a` fo iu`kto sò ``ff imrrìtm. Wmr mtro port`, sj bjrobms ofhukms `kukijoams a`sa` fms imkmijbj`ktms ij`ktâdjims qu` op opmr mrto tok, k, imbm imbm `k `f `n`b `n`bpf pfm m a` fo foss tmrt tmrtuh uhos os y fo foss Ij`k Ij`kij ijos os Ko Kotu turo rof` f`s, s, pmar pmarâo âobm bmss pr`huktorkms> ½quê `ks`ÿobms smer` su r`prmauiijùk= @k iobejm, pmarâobms eusior vjkiufoijmk`s h`kujkos toktm imk imkt`kjams a` Ij`kijos Koturof`s imbm a` Ij`kijos Ymijof`s `k fms qu` fo Bot`bïtjio opmrto c`rrobj`ktos poro `f `stuajm a` prmef`bos a` jkt`rês, o prmpùsjtm a`f iujaoam a` fo sofua, `f obej`kt`, `f `stuajm a` fos bjhroijmk`s, `ti. Yj kjÿms, kjÿos y nùv`k`s tj`k`k su oii`sm o fo Bot`bïtjio bàjoam pmr sjtuoijmk`s qu` km smk r`f`vokt`s poro su `ktmrkm jkbàjotm kj prmpjos a` toròs ròf`s a` ajstjktos p`rsm p`r smko koss `k fo smij smijào àoa a (j (jki kifu fuja jams ms fms fms bo bot` t`bï bïtj tjim ims) s),, s` im imkt ktrj rjeu euy` y` - ou ouk k sj sjk k `s `soo ?5

jkt`kijùk- o fo imkstruiijùk a` uk sjks`ktjam poro fo oitjvjaoa bot`bïtjio. Fm qu` s` opr`ka` km `s bïs qu` uko imfìijùk a` r`hfos orejtrorjos iuyo opfjioijùk r`sufto ajdâijf a` oktjijpor. Z a` offâ qu` poro ofhukms soe`r Bot`bïtjio quào r`strjkhjam o soe`r coi`r iu`kto iu` ktoss y, por poroo bui buicms cms icj icjims ims,, aì aìjaj jajrr quê ‖co ‖coyy qu` coi coi`r‒ `r‒ ff`vo ff`vo o pr`h pr`hukt uktorf orf`` of bo`strm, of prmd`smr, sj coy qu` subor m buftjpfjior m quê coi`r imk fo x. Ofhukms jkt`ktms poro aorf` bïs ‖ròfjaoa‒ o fo Bot`bïtjio `simfor puà`k tro`r imksjhm bìokjsbms qu` h`k`rok `xifusjùk, o p`sor a` qu` fo jkt`kijùk poro pmk`rfms `k prïitjio sò nustob`kt` fo imktrorjo, fo a` jkifujr. Woro s`hujr r`df`xjmkokam y tmbor kmto

@k fms t`xtms `simfor`s, smk ioao v`z b`kms drìu`kt`s fms prmef`bos `k fms qu` s` prmpmk`, pmr `n`bpfm, ov`rjhuor `f tmtof a` potos pot os a` uko ij` ij`rto rto iokt ioktjao jaoa a a` ov`s, iuï iuïktm ktmss potjt potjtms ms coy `k uko fohuko sj coeâo 0 y ff`hormk 5, m quê port` a` uk pmst` f` dofto pjktor o uk pjktmr sj yo pjktù fms 5/8 a` fo t`ri`ro port`. Yjk `beorhm, `s jkt`r`sokt` a`tìtor quê ‒kjv`f a` djiijùk‒, a` pormajo a` fm imtjajokm, `kimktrobms `k ofhukms a` fms t`xtms qu` t`k`bms `k fo `siu`fo. Qof Qof v` v`zz sò sò pm pmsj sjef ef`` jkt` jkt`ri riob obej ejor or `n`b `n`bpf pfms ms a` sj sjtu tuoi oijm jmk` k`ss pm pmim im v`rmsâbjf`s v`rmsâ bjf`s qu`, imk ofhm a` cubmr y sjk a`bosjoa a`bosjoaoo s`v`rjao s`v`rjaoa a coijo ku`strm prmpjm coi`r prmd`sjmkof, kms p`rbjtok pmk`r ot`kijùk o fms `dìtms qu` tj`k`k `stms `kukijoams `k fms opr`kajzon`s a` ku`strms ofubkms.



Jkifujr sjtuoijmk`s ròf`s, ½os`huro sj`bpr` uk boymr imktrmf a` fms prmiàjbj`ktms y fms r`suftoams=

C`bms pfok C`bms pfokt` tòa oam m fo k` kì` i`sj sjao aoa a a` vjhj vjhjfo forr fo v` v`rms rmsjb jbjfjfjt jtua ua a` fo foss sj sjtu tuoi oijm jmk` k`ss qu` qu` prmpm prm pmk` k`bm bmss y fo k` kì` i`sj sjao aoa a a` rìu rìup`r p`ror or fo foss rozmk rozmk`s `s a` s` s`rr a` fms fms im imkm kmij ijbj bj`k `ktm tmss bot`bïtjims. W`rm, pmr uko port`, fos sjtuoijmk`s o fos qu` kms `kdr`ktobms du`ro a` fo `siu`fo, `siu`f o, `k imkt`xtms rò ròf`s, f`s, smk a` uko imbpf`nja imbpf`njaoa oa tof qu` o vì`s r`su r`sufto fto `xi`s `xi`sjvo jvo poro poro fm fmss ofub ofubkm kmss m ej`k ej`k r`q r`quj uj`r `r`k `k aìj aìjsj sjmk mk`s `s qu qu`` km a`p` a`p`ka ka`k `k `s `str trji jito tob` b`kt kt`` a` r`suftoams bot`bïtjims. Wmr mtro port`, `f imkmijbj`ktm a`f imkt`xtm ohr`ho jkdmrboijùk o fm fmss `k `kuk ukij ijoa oams ms a` fms fms prmef`bos, qu qu`` pmar pmarâo âo km s` s`rr r`f` r`f`vo vokt kt`` y im imbp bpf` f`nj njzo zorr fms fms prmiàjbj`ktms m a`svjor `f prmpùsjtm a` `ks`ÿokzo. Tòbms ukms `n`bpfms.

?9

½@s p`ksor qu` `stobms `k fo iorkji`râo poro r`spmka`r= Yj kmvïfjam `s osâ, ½quê opmrto `f imkt`xtm= ½_uê f` ajrâok Pas. o Koicm y o Wjfj= Koicm soe` qu`, poro bïs a` uko ij`rto ioktjaoa a` ljfms, `k fo iorkji`râo vorâo `f prìjm. A` tm tmam amss bm bmam ams, s, imkm imkmi` i`rr `f vofm vofmrr io iofi fiuf ufoa oam m im imk k fo r`fo r`foij ijùk ùk a` pr prmpm mpmri rijm jmko kofjfjao aoa a osubj`kam qu` fo r`foijùk s` boktj`k`- kms p`rbjt` aìjajr, `k fo iorkji`râo, sj fo md`rto qu` kms coi` `f iorkji`rm kms porì` rozmkoef` r ozmkoef` m km. Iform qu` fo aìjsjùk a` imbprorf` o `s` iorkji`rm, m o mtrm, km a`p`ka`rï sùfm a` fo imbporoijùk imk `f r`suftoam a` fo toefo. Buicos vì`s, `k fo `siu`fo, s` osub` qu` fos ioktjaoa`s qu` huoraok uko r`foijùk prmpmrijmkof s` boktj`k`k poro iuofquj`r vofmr. Z `stm o vì`s `s osâ, imbm iuokam s` troto a` fo r`foijùk `ktr` fo bàjao a`f foam a` uk iuoaroam y su p`râb`trm< p`rm o vì`s km, imbm `k `f iosm a` fms prìjms. Wr`huktorkms `kob`kt` fo ifos` pmr`r`sokt fmsokt` ofioki`s ytjf fmstok fâbjt`s aòfms a` `bïtji uk prmef`bo `s uko tor torò ò sub subob` kt` jkt jkt`r`s ` y dêr dêrtjf toktm tm por poro `f r`suftoams `st `stuaj uajm m bot bot`bï tjim m a` fos kmijmk`s kmijm k`s jkvmfuir jkvmfuiroaos, oaos, imbm poro imks imksja`ror ja`ror iuïf `s `f opmrt` qu` fo Bot`b Bot`bïtji ïtjioo puà` coi`r o fo imbpr`ksjùk y tmbo a` aìjsjmk`s `k ajv`rsos sjtuoijmk`s.

?1

½_uê imb`ktorjms f` corâok o Yokaro= Dr`kt` of prmef`bo a` `xpr`sor `f r`suftoam a` r`portjr a` bmam `qujtotjvm 5 pjzzos `ktr` 9 imb`ksof`s, `k fuhor a` fo r`spu`sto `sp`roao pmr fo bo`stro (5/9), y qu` osubâo s`kijffo poro fms ofubkms, fms icjims s` `kimktrormk imk fo ajdjiuftoa a` met`k`r prjb`rm fo t`ri`ro port` a` ?/3 y fu`hm subor `s` ?/51 o 0/3 poro coffor `f r`suftoam . Z `stm sùfm pmrqu` coejtuofb`kt` fo pjzzo vj`k` imrtoao `k 3 pmrijmk`s. A` `st` bmam, `s jbpmrtokt` qu` r`df`xjmk`bms oi`rio a` fos v`ktonos y rj`shms qu` supmk` sup mk` fo `f` `fìij iijùk ùk a` ofh ofhukm ukmss imk imkt`x t`xtms tms ‖im ‖imtja tjajok jokms‒ ms‒.. @st @stm m `s jkt jkt`r`s `r`sokt okt`` y vof vofjms jmsm, m, pmrqu` imktrjeuy` o rìup`ror `f vâkiufm a` fo Bot`bïtjio `simfor imk fm qu` miurr` du`ro a` fo `siu`fo. Yjk `beorhm, iuokam fm coi`bms `s kì`sorjm imksja`ror, y coi`rs` iorhm a` `sm, fo oporjijùk `k ifos` a` jkdmrboi jkdmrboijùk jùk prmpjo a`f imkt imkt`xtm. `xtm. @k sâkt`sjs> jkifujr fm imtjajokm r`quj`r`, `k prjkijpjm, imkmi`r fos sjtuoijmk`s imkt`xtuof`s a` ku`strms ofubkms, pmrqu` sjk `sms aotms km `s pmsjef` prmpmk`r sjtuoijmk`s ròf`s qu` r`suft` r`su ft`k k sjh sjhkjd kjdjio jiotjv tjvos os y qu` p`r p`rbjt bjtok ok tmb tmbor or sus imk imkmij mijbj` bj`ktm ktmss imb imbm m eos eos`` por poroo fo oaqujsjijùk a` ku`vms soe`r`s bot`bïtjims. O prmpùsjtm, Woufm Dr`jr` (5775) kms oavj`rt`> ‖ Qrotor a` imkmi`r fo ròfjaoa `k fo qu` vjv`k ku`strms ofubkms `s uk aè`r qu` fo prïitjio àuiotjvo kms jbpmk`> sjk `stm, km t`k`bms oii`sm o su bmam a` p`ksor y ajdâijfb`kt` pmar`bms, `ktmki`s, p`rijejr fm qu` soe`k y iùbm fm soe`k‒.

W`rm `s` puktm a` portjao b`rì` s`r obpfjoam imk `f oii`sm o mtrms `spoijms, o mtros ròfjaoa`s qu` km smk oii`sjef`s a`sa` `f `ktmrkm dobjfjor y qu` kms p`rbjtjrïk, a`sa` fo `siu`fo, jr obpfjokam fms ïbejtms a` usm a` fms imkmijbj`ktms bot`bïtjims. 

½_uê jbpmrtokijo tj`k` `f troeonm `k imkt`xtms jktrobot`bïtjims=

Coi` Co i` yo bu buic icms ms oÿ oÿms ms qu qu`` ij ijri riuf ufoo `k fo foss jkst jkstjt jtui uijm jmk` k`ss à àui uiot otjv jvos os (` (`si siu` u`fo foss y ?0

prmd`smroams) fo pr`miupoijùk pmr fo r`smfuijùk a` prmef`bos `k fo ifos` a` Bot`bïtjio y pmr fo vjkiufoijùk a` fos r`hfos y a`djkjijmk`s t`ùrjios imk sus sus opfjioijmk`s. Yjk `beorhm, `k ofhukms iosms, `stm kms co ff`voam o imksja`ror imbm prmef`bo sùfm fos sjtuoijmk`s `k imkt`x imk t`xtms tms `xt `xtrob robot` ot`bït bïtjim jimss y o aor b`k b`kms ms jbp jbpmrto mrtokij kijoo of troeon troeonm m jkt jktrob robot` ot`bït bïtjim jim.. Tòbms uk `n`bpfm>

½_uê jaò a` prmef`bo tj`k`k Oko y fo bo`stro= ½Wj`ksok uas. qu` `s fo bjsbo jaò= ½O quê kms r`d`rjbms iuokam aìjbms ‖iu`ktos su`ftos‒=

Yj ej`k s`râo ov`kt ov`kturoam uroam imb`kt imb`ktor or fo aìjs aìjsjùk jùk a` Oko y fo jkt`rv`k jkt`rv`kijùk ijùk a` fo bo`stro yo qu` km imkmi`bms koao oi`rio a`f prmi`sm qu` v`kâo sjhuj`kam `s` hrupm a` kjÿms y kjÿos,, sâ pma`bm kjÿos pma`bmss r`df`xjmk r`df`xjmkor or oi`rio a` fo jaò a` prmef`bo y a` fo pr`miupo pr`miupoijùk ijùk pmr km coi`r ‖iu`ktos su`ftos‒. Imjkijajbms imk fo bo`stro `k qu` `f troeonm smer` `f iïfiufm r`quj`r` a` uk troeonm pr`vjm a` usm `k sjtuoijmk`s imk ioktjaoa`s poro mtmrhor s`ktjam o fo mp`roijùk. Wmr mtro port`, prmpmk`r uko prïitjio a` subos, r`stos, qu` km puà`k vjkiufors` `ktr` sâ, km porì` r`suftor uk troeonm buy dêrtjf. Yjk `beorhm, sj r`vjsobms ffoo prmpu`sto a` Oko, fms kþb`rms `f`hjams p`rbjt`k `stoefì`r r`foijmk`s `ktr` fos iu`ktos, usokam `f r`suftoam a` uko poro p`ksor `f r`suftoam sjhuj`kt`. @stm pmarâo aor fuhor, a`spuês a` r`spmkajaos foss pr fo pr`hu `hukt ktos os,, o uk tr troe oeon onm m r`df r`df`x `xjv jvm m qu` qu` p`rb p`rbjt jtj` j`ro ro `xpf `xpfji jijt jtor or `f us usm m a` of ofhu huko koss a`simbpmsjijmk`s portjiufor`s a` fms kþb`rms poro sjbpfjdjior prmiàjbj`ktms a` iïfiufm. O fo v`z, y r`tmbokam ofhm qu` yo pfoktòbms smer` fo pofoero prmef`bo, ku`stro troa tr oajjijùk ijùk y `f us usm m imfmq mfmquj ujof of co coej ejtu tuof of `k fo `s `siiu` u`fo fo,, fo osmi mijjo o fms imk mkt` t`xt xtms ms `xtrobot`bïtjims. Yj kms r`d`rjbms `k iobejm o fo jaò a` a`sodâm imhkjtjvm, fo prmpu`sto a` Oko pmarâo dukijmkor, m km, imbm uk prmef`bo poro `s` hrupm, a`p`kaj`kam a` fms imkmijbj`ktms ajspmkjef`s. Z `stm vof` toktm `k r`foijùk imk fo subo y fo r`sto imbm imk `f usm a` fo iofiufoamro. Yj tmaos fos oitjvjaoa`s r`dj`r`k o usms a` fms imkmijbj`ktms bot`bïtjims `k imkt`xtms portjiufor`s, y km s` s` jkifuy`k prmef`bos jjktrobot`bïtjims ktrobot`bïtjims `k fms qu` `sms imkmijbj`ktms s` `stuaj`k a` bok`ro `xpfâijto, `k km mtrms coy pmsjejfjaoa mtrms imkmijbj`ktms y rùtjfjzorfms imkt`xtms. a` ja`ktjdjiorfms, r`foijmkorfms imk ?4

Tmfvj`kam of `n`bpfm a` fos droiijmk`s, sj sùfm s` troeono imk pjzzos y tmrtos, fo imki`pijùk a` droiijùk qu` puà`k imkstrujr fms kjÿms y kjÿos quào fjbjtoao o fo jaò a` fo r`foijùk port`-tmam y buy borioao pmr fos r`pr`s`ktoijmk`s ijriufor`s osmijoaos. Yj ej`k `st` t`bo s` prmdukajzorï bïs oa`fokt oa`fokt`, `, ioe` s`ÿofor oqu oquââ qu` fo pmsjejfjao pmsjejfjaoa a a` jka`p`kajzor uko kmijùk a` fms imkt`xtms portjiufor`s `k fms qu` coejtuofb`kt` s` uso, a`p`ka` toktm a` fo vorjà vorjàoa oa a` imkt`x imkt`xtms tms `xpfmroams imbm a` sui`s sui`sjvos jvos a`simkt` a`simkt`xtuo xtuofjzoi fjzoijmk`s jmk`s.. Woro `ffm `s kì`sorjm oft`rkor bmb`ktms a` troeonm jktro y `xtrobot`bïtjim, imk mtrms a` okïfjsjs y sjst`botjzoijùk a` fos imkifusjmk`s o fos qu` s` voyo orrjeokam. @k `f iosm iosm mp mpu` u`st stm, m, uk tr troe oeon onm m pu puro rob` b`kt kt`` jktr jktrob obot ot`b `bït ïtji jim m `k `f kjv` kjv`ff pr prjb jbor orjm jm mestoiufjzo fo imkstruiijùk a` s`ktjam y fo ja`ktjdjioijùk a` fms prmef`bos qu` aj`rmk mrjh`k o `sms imkmijbj`ktms y sus rozmk`s a` s`r, jbpjaj`kam rìmkmi`r iuïkam usorfms y iuïkam km. A` `st` bmam, quào oej`rtm `f a`sodâm a` ortjiufor `f troeonm `k ajstjktms imkt`xtms y a` dmrtofì`r `f `stuajm a` fos kmijmk`s qu` vobms ja`ktjdjiokam imk fms icjims. Wr`huktors` sj fm qu` vof` poro uko mp`roijùk, vof` poro mtro, `xpfmror iùbm vorâo `f r`suftoam a` uk iïfiufm iuokam iobejok fms kþb`rms, coi`rs` pr`huktos oi`rio a` fo vofja`z a` fm qu` odjrbobms, tmaos `stos smk toròs qu` km puà`k doftor `k fo ifos` a` Bot`bïtjio. Costo oquâ c`bms r`df`xjmkoam smer` iùbm puà`k jkdfujr fos aìjsjmk`s qu` tmbobms of `f`hj `f`hjrr fm fmss im imkt kt`x `xtm tmss `k fms fms qu qu`` pr` pr`s` s`kt ktob obms ms fms fms prmef`bos, `k fo foss ja jaò òss sm smer er`` fo Bot`bïtjio qu` s` vok dmrbokam fms ofubkms. Yjk `beorhm, km tmam a`p`ka` a` fms prmef`bos qu` `f`hjbms. @s uk eu`k bmb`ktm poro ròfjzor fo sjhuj`kt` oitjvjaoa>

B`kijm B`ki jmk` k`k k ofhu fhuko r`df r`df`x `xjù jùk k oi`ri `rio a` su prmp prmpjo jo `xp` `xp`rj rj`k `kiijo op opr` r`ka kaj` j`ka kam m m `ks` `ks`ÿo ÿoka kam m Bo Bot` t`bï bïtj tjio io m of ofhu huko ko pr pr`hu `hukt ktoo qu qu`` s` dmrbuf`k `k r`foijùk imk fo `ks`ÿokzo a` Bot`bïtjio `k fo @siu`fo Wrjborjo.

Bot`bïtjio poro tmams, ½m poro ofhukms= Yj r`tmbobms fm okofjzoam okt`rjmrb`kt`, pma`bms coi`r uko prjb`ro mes`rvoijùk> `k `f borim a` fms oiu`rams s`ÿofoams `k fms KOW, cmy kms pr`miupo qu` fms ofubkms puàok otrjeujr s`ktjam o sus opr`kajzon`s bot`bïtjims y qu` puàok portjijpor a` uko oitjvjaoa a` prmauiijùk `k fo ifos`. Woro `ffm s`rï kì`sorjm, `ktr` mtros iu`stjmk`s, rìup`ror fms usms h`kujkms a` `sms imkmijbj`ktms dr`kt` o fms prmef`bos y pr`huktos qu` f`s aj`rmk mrjh`k, poro ajs`ÿor sjtuoijmk`s a` `ks`ÿokzo qu` dovmr`ziok `s` tjpm a` troeonm. @stm km sjhkjdjio, iform `stï, r`pfjior uk prmi`sm cjstùrjim, aoam qu` cmy t`k`bms mtrms rìursms y soe`r`s. Y` troto, `k iobejm, a` r`vjsor fo p`rtjk`kijo a` fos sjtuoijmk`s qu` pfoktòbms poro `stuajor oqu`ffms imkmijbj`ktms qu`, a` bmb`ktm, imksja`robms kì`sorjms poro fo dmrboijùk a`f ijuaoaokm y pmk`r ot`kijùk o fos imkajijmk`s a` troeonm `k `f oufo. Imjkijajbms imk Ylmvbms` y Tof`rm (57?5) `k s`ÿofor qu` km eosto uk oii`sm ukjv`rsof o fo `siu`fo poro qu` êst` sò a`bmirïtjim. Woro coi`r fuhor o fo jkifusjùk, `s kì`sorjm qu` tmams puàok ambjkor jaòs bot`bïtjios pma`rmsos. Z `stm r`quj`r` a` ofhm bïs qu` portjijpor a` fo ifos` imbm `spìtoamr. Fo dmrboijùk bot`bïtjio aèj`ro i`ktrors`, `ktmki`s, `k fo r`smfuijùk outùkmbo a` prmef`bos, jkifuy`kam `k `st` prmi`sm fo imbukjioijùk a` fms prmiàjbj`ktms utjfjzoams y `f okïfjsjs a`f iobpm a` vofja`z a` fms r`suftoams met`kjams, sjk a`simkmi`r `f usm r`df`xjvm a` fms rìursms tìkmfùhjims ajspmkjef`s. Osâ, fo dmrboijùk bot`bïtjio p`rbjtjrï o fms ofubkms imbpr`ka`r fms prmi`sms bot`bïtjims y `bpfòrfms iuokam sò kì`sorjm, usokam têikjios oprmpjoaos o fos sjtuoijmk`s qu` s` f`s pr`s`kt`k y km rutjkos `nìutoaos ?8

a` bok`ro pmim r`df`xjvo.

A`sa` `s` bmam a` `kt`ka`r fo dmrboijùk bot`bïtjio, smst`k`bms qu` su opr`kajzon` s` vjkiufo imk `f a`sorrmffm a` prïitjios a` `stos ioroit`râstjios of ofioki` a` tmams fms ofubkms. Woro `ffm `s kì`sorjm aor tj`bpm poro `xpfmror iobjkms prmpjms, aor fo pofoero poroo imb por imbukj ukjio iorr p`k p`ksob sobj`k j`ktms tms y por poroo oko okofjz fjzor or fm qu` s` coi coi`, `, osu osubj` bj`kam kam qu` tma tmam m opr`kajzon` jbpfjio jaos, vu`ftos y, pmr supu`stm, tobejêk ofhukms trmp`zmk`s. @stm @stm p` p`rb rbjt jtjr jrïï qu qu`` fms fms of ofub ubkm kmss mt mtmr mrhu hu`k `k s`kt s`ktja jam m o fms fms imkmi mkmijb jbj` j`kt ktms ms,, qu qu`` fms fms imki`ptuofji`k, fms utjfji`k oprmpjoaob`kt` y fms mrhokji`k, `s aìjr, qu` prmauziok Bot`bïtjio. r`foijùk o `ffm, Ic`voffora, y Emsic (?::8), s`ÿofok quòitjvjaoa sj ej`k, `k uk s`ktjamImk `strjitm, `f troeonm bot`bïtjimHosiùk a` iròijùk s` pr`s`kto imbm uko r`s`rvoao o fms jkv`stjhoamr`s `k Bot`bïtjio, `sto km `s `xifusjvo a` `st` ïbejtm. ‖Ocmro ej`k, `k uk s`ktjam bïs obpfjm, puà` aìjrs` qu` tmam oqu`f qu` coi` bot`bïtjios portjijpo a` ofhuko bok`ro `k uk troeonm a` ±iròamr±. @k `dìtm, `f qu` utjfjzo bot`bïtjios imk imkmij mijaos aos por poroo r`s r`smfv mfv`r `r uk prm prmef` ef`bo bo bot bot`bï `bïtji tjim m ifï ifïsji sjim, m, buy o b`kuam t`karï qu` bmajdjior fjh`rob`kt` `f bma`fm bot`bïtjim poro oaoptorfm o fos pìufjorjaoa`s a` su prmef`bo, fm iuof imbpmrto oa`bïs fo pmsjejfjaoa a` `kukijor y oemraor prmef`bos ku`vms. ‖Okïfmhob`kt`, `f qu` `ks`ÿo bot`bïtjios s` v` ff`voam o r`dmrbufor fms imkmijbj`ktms bot`bïtjims qu` `ks`ÿo `k dukijùk a` fms tjpms a` prmef`bos qu` sus ofubkms aè`k opr`ka`r o r`smfv`r. opr`ka` ‖Wmr þftjbm, y±irò± oukqu` por`zio smrpr`ka`kt`, tobejêk aìjr qu` ``for f qu` bot`bïtjios ±ir ò± bot bot`bï `bïtji tjios os ku` ku`vos vos.. Eos Eosto to `k pma`bms `d` `dìtm itm imk r`f r`fotj otjvjz vjzor `f oan oan`tj `tjvm vm ±ku`vos±> fms ofubkms km iròrïk imkmijbj`ktms ku`vms poro fo cubokjaoa, p`rm sâ pmarïk iròr bot`bïtjios ku`vos poro `ffms `k iuoktm hrupm a` ofubkms. Iuokam uk ofubkm a`bu`stro qu` fo subo a` ams kþb`rms koturof`s jbpor`s imksìutjvms `s uk bþftjpfm a` 1, oioeo a` `stoefì`r uk p`qu`ÿm t`mr`bo ku`vm, poro êf‒.

O fo v` v`z, z, `s subo subob` b`kt kt`` hr hrot otjd jdji jiok okt` t` poro poro kmsm kmsmtr trms ms,, im imbm bm bo bo`s `str trms ms m pr prmd md`s `smr mr`s `s,, `kimktror fo icjspo `k fo bjroao a` oqu`f ofubkm m ofubko qu` a`siuerjù su prmpjm ‖t`mr`bo"> iuokam dr`kt` of a`sodâm ku`vm, `f ofubkm qu` km aoeo kjkhuko pjsto oi`rio a` iùbm r`smfv`r `f prmef`bo, `f bïs tâbjam a` fo ifos`, s` orrj`sho o prmpmk`r uko jaò qu` fms imbpoÿ`rms oi`ptok y prmpmk`k `xpfmror< iuokam a`spuês a` fuicor imk uk prmef`bo aurokt` uko forho ifos`, s` `siuico> ‖¡Wmr djk fm soiobms!‒

Z ustà`s, ½ofhuko v`z s` sjktj`rmk a`siuerj`kam uk t`mr`bo=< ½quê mpmrtukjaoa`s f`s erjkaù fo `siu`fo poro `xpfmror y a`siuerjr jaòs ku`vos=< ½y poro imbukjior su bmam p`rsmkof a` p`ksor uk prmef`bo= @stos jaòs smer` fo `ks`ÿokzo km smk `strjitob`kt` ku`vos, yo qu` ofhukos a` fos jkv`stjhoijmk`s `k Ajaïitjio a` fo Bot`bïtjio, qu` cok aoam fuhor o `sto p`rspìtjvo, tj`k`k yo bïs a` 97 oÿms. Yjk `beorhm, fms iobejms `k fos prïitjios s` aok buy f`ktob`kt`, y oukqu` ku`strm imkmijbj`ktm t`ùrjim s` voyo `krjquìj`kam imk ku`vos jaòs, ku`stros aìjsjmk`s a` `ks`ÿokzo quàok sun`tos o r`strjiijmk`s a` ajstjktm tjpm. Yj ej` ej`k k `st `stoo p`rs p`rspì pìtjv tjvoo `stï `stï pr`s pr`s`kt `kt`` `k tma tmams ms fms ami amiub` ub`ktm ktmss iur iurrji rjiufo ufor`s r`s,, ioe ioe`` a`stoior qu` km eosto `f iurrâiufub poro a`djkjr prïitjios a` `ks`ÿokzo qu` p`rbjtok fo jkifusjùk, kj uko r`foijùk a` fms ofubkms imk fo Bot`bïtjio qu` fms pmsjijmk` imbm sun`tms imkdjoams `k sus pmsjejfjaoa`s a` oituor y a` opr`ka`r. Buicos vì Buicos vì`s `s imb imb`kt `ktobm obmss imk imf imf`ho `hoss fos ajd ajdjiu jiufto ftoa`s a`s qu` `ki `kimkt mktrob robms ms por poroo ff`vor ff`vor oa`fokt` fo `ks`ÿokzo imk fos ioroit`râstjios qu` c`bms s`ÿofoam. Ofhukos imkajijmk`s a` troeonm, fos `xjh`kijos a` ajstjktm tjpm qu` p`sok smer` fo `siu`fo, o vì`s, boriok ?3

rubems qu` porìj`rok ff`vorkms `k uko ajrìijùk ajstjkto y s`ktjbms qu` vobms uk pmim imktro fo imrrj`kt`. @stm, qu` r`sufto buy aurm sj fm p`ksobms jkajvjauofb`kt`, iuokam fm osubjbms imbm uk imbprmbjsm imfìtjvm, imk ofhukms smijms m smijos, oer` uk cmrjzmkt` a` pmsjejfjaoa y a` jkt`rv`kijùk.

Of r`spìtm, `siuic`bms fos sjhuj`kt`s vmi`s> Ifouajo Miobpm, bo`stro< Bùkjio Kosto, ajrìtmro< Umso D`rr`jro, prmd`smro, y a` mtrms imf`hos `k uk ot`k`m ajaïitjim `k `f borim a`f ‖Wfok Bot`bïtjio poro Qmams `k `f Kjv`f Wrjborjm‒> cttp>//pmrtof`s.àuioijmk.hmv.or/a`p/pfok-bot`botjios-poro-tmams/

Wrmd`smr`s y bo`strms buicos vì`s koturofjzobms fo jaò a` qu` o fo `siu`fo s` vo o `stuajor  y y qu` oqu`ffm qu` s` `ks`ÿo `s kì`sorjm, jbpmrtokt`, poro `f duturm a` fms ofubkms. @sto odjrboijùk, qu` a` puà` fuz a`y ku`stro prmpjo `xp`rj`kijo imbm ofubkms/os, kms coefo ukoporì`r r`foijùkmevjo imk o`ffosoe`r imk fo `siu`fo qu` km `s koturof. Imbm soe`bms, fo r`foijùk qu` ioao kjÿm vo imkstruy`kam imk `f soe`r a`p`ka` buicm a` fos `xpìtotjvos a` fo dobjfjo, a` su `ktmrkm smijof jkbàjotm, a` fm qu` fo `siu`fo jbohjko pmsjef` poro `s` kjÿm, a`f jbpoitm qu` tj`k` su prmyìtm a` `ks`ÿokzo y a` mtrms doitmr`s qu` a`p`ka`k a`f borim iufturof, smijof y pmfâtjim. E`rkora Icorfmt (5773), ffobo fo ot`kijùk smer` d`kùb`kms qu` km smk dïijf`s a` `xpfjior> ‖@s ij`rtm qu` coy bïs ofubkms prmv`kj`kt`s a` ifos`s pmpufor`s qu` `kiu`ktrok ajdjiuftoa`s `k fo `siu`fo, bïs qu` fms qu` prmvj`k`k a` ifos`s bàjos. W`rm o p`sor a` tm tmam am `s `stm tm,, co coyy kjÿm kjÿmss pr prmv mv`k `kj` j`kt kt`s `s a` ifos ifos`s `s pm pmpu pufo for`s r`s qu qu`` tj`k tj`k`k `k êxjt êxjtm, m, qu qu`` s` a`s`bp`ÿok ej`k `k fo `siu`fo. (…) Z, pmr mtrm foam, coy cjnms prmv`kj`kt`s a` ifos`s bà bàjos jos,, jki jkifus m cjn cjnms msa` a` prmd`sm `smr`s r`s, , qu`coy tj` tj`k`k k`k prmef` bos `k `siu`f `siu`fo. o. Qob Qobejê ejêk soe`bms qu`fusm a`ktrm ukoprmd bjsbo dobjfjo cjnms prm quèf`bos tj`k`k êxjtmfo `simfor y mtrms qu`k `kdr`ktok droiosm< y, sjk `beorhm, s` troto a`f bjsbm bàjm smijmiufturof. (…) Z `f prmef`bo qu` s` pfoktò cmy `k aâo, jkifusm `k fos ifos`s bàjos, \`s qu`R coy ioao v`z bïss ofub bï ofubkm kmss `k fo foss `siu `siu`f `fos os qu qu`` km `k `kiu iu`k `ktr trok ok `f s` s`kt ktja jam m y `f pf pfoi oi`r `r a`f a`f so soe` e`r. r. W`ksobms qu` smbms prmd`smr`s poro ajvufhor soe`r. Z fms ofubkms pj`ksok qu` smbms dukijmkorjms qu` iubpfjbms uko mefjhoijùk poro qu` fms ofubkms opr`kaok y met`khok uk eu`k `bpf`m. @st` `s uk prmef`bo dukaob`ktof, pmrqu` fo `siu`fo `stï oaqujrj`kam ioao v`z bïs jbpmrtokijo poro `f duturm a` fms kjÿms< p`rm poro buicms a` `ffms, poro `f duturm tj`k` s`ktjam, p`rm km tj`k` s`ktjam `k fo imtjajokjaoa. @xjst` uko ajstokijo `kmrb` `ktr` fo jbpmrtokijo a` fo `siu`fo `k `f duturm y `f s`ktjam imtjajokm a` fo `ks`ÿokzo `k fo `siu`fo.‒ O fo v`z, `f outmr tobejêk s`ÿofo qu` fms `stuajokt`s, km smk imkstruitjvjstos, qu` `sp`rok qu` prjb`rm f`s `xpfjqu`k y fu`hm f`s pr`hukt`k, y qu` fo pàohmhâo oitjvo s`rï uko imkqujsto prmd`smr. Fms`fs`ÿofobj`ktms coi` `f outmr a` ajstjktos bjroaos qu` tj`k`k fms a`f ofubkms smer` s`ktjam a` fo qu` oitjvjaoa `simfor, kmsfosjkvjtok o trotor a` imkmi`r sus fùhjios y o tmborfos `k iu`kto. Km poro qu`norkms dr`kt` o uko ròfjaoa qu` `s ajstjkto o fo qu` vjvjbms kmsmtrms `k ku`stro troyìtmrjo `simfor, m poro oaoptorkms ?:

eonokam fms erozms, sjkm poro pma`r troeonor imk `ffms y fmhror qu` jkhr`s`k `k mtros fùhj fù hjio ios. s. Fo ja jaò ò km `s qu qu`` op opr` r`ka kaok ok imbm imbm kmsm kmsmtr trms ms op opr`k r`kaj ajbm bms, s, sj sjkm km qu qu`` fmhr` fmhr`k k opr`kajzon`s ajd`r`kt`s, bïs oaoptoams o fms tj`bpms qu` f`s tmio vjvjr.

Kms pr`huktobms> ½quê s`ktjams smer` fo bot`bïtjio -su vofmr y sus usms- y smer` `f soe`r `stobms oyuaokam o imkstrujr=

Yjk a`simkmi`r fos imkajijmk`s `xtro`simfor`s qu` jkt`rvj`k`k `k fo imkdmrboijùk a` fo r`foijùk portjiufor imk `f soe`r qu` ioao p`rsmko vo imkstruy`kam o fm forhm a` su vjao, `f `f tjpm a` troeonm qu` s` ròfji` `k fo `siu`fo a`t`rbjkorï, `k hrok bàjao, fo r`foijùk qu` s` imkstruyo imk fo Bot`bïtjio. Wfoktòr uko `ks`ÿokzo a` fo Bot`bïtjio of ofioki` a` tmams y tmaos km `s coi`rfo bïs dïijf m bïs imkir`to, sjkm aor `f tj`bpm y fos imkajijmk`s poro qu` pmaobms oemraor a` bok`ro imknukto, ofubkms y bo`strms, fm ku`vm, fm ajstjktm, fm ajdâijf, soej`kam qu` kms vo o aor ofhm a` troeo troeonm nm y qu` kms vobms o `qujv `qujvmior, mior, p`rm imkdjok imkdjokam am sj`bpr` `k ku`st ku`stros ros pmsjejfjaoa`s a` opr`ka`r. @k portj portjiufor iufor,, y bïs offï a` fms opmrt`s jkstrub jkstrub`ktof` `ktof`ss prmpjm prmpjmss a` su ij`kijo ij`kijo,, fo prïitji prïitjioo a` uko oitjvjaoa bot`bïtjio h`kujko puà` opmrtor -y aè`râo opmrtor o tmam ijuaoaokm `k uk ukoo sm smij ijà àoa oa a`bm a`bmir irït ïtji jioo- uk bm bmam am io ioro roit it`r `râs âstj tjim im a` `k `kt` t`ka ka`r `r fo vofj vofja` a`zz a` iu`stjmk`s, dmrbos a` portjijpor `k aèot`s y a` oi`ptor imkifusjmk`s qu` km s` opmyok `k `vja`kijos `bpârjios m qu` imktroaji`k fo jktujijùk. @k uk t`xtm yo eostokt` imkmijam, qu` jkspjrù o buicms ami`kt`s, Huy Ermussòu kms aìâo coi` bïs a` 57 oÿms> ‖Km s` troto a` `ks`ÿor fms ruajb`ktms a` uko têikjio, kj sjquj`ro fms dukaob`ktms a` uko iufturo ij`ktâdjio< fos bot`bïtjios `k `s` kjv`f smk `f prjb`r ambjkjm ’y `f bïs jbpmrtokt`- `k qu` fms kjÿms puà`k opr`ka`r fms ruajb`ktms a` fo h`stjùk jkajvjauof y smijof a` fo v`raoa. Opr`ka`k `k êf ’m aè`râok opr`ka`r `k êf- km sùfm fms dukaob`ktms a` su oitjvjaoa imhkjtjvo, sjkm tobejêk fos r`hfos smijof`s a`f aèot` y a` fo tmbo a` aìjsj aì jsjmk`s mk`s p`rt p`rtjk` jk`kt` kt`s> s> iùb iùbm m imk imkv`k v`ki`r i`r r`s r`sp`t p`toka okam m of jkt jkt`rfm `rfmiut iutmr< mr< iùb iùbm m a`n a`nors ors`` imkv`ki`r imktro su a`s`m m su jkt`rês< iùbm r`kukijor o fo outmrjaoa, o fo sàuiijùk, o fo r`tùrjio, o fo dmrbo, poro imbportjr fm qu` s`rï uko v`raoa imbþk< a` quê a`p`ka` `f usm qu` fms mtrms coi`k a` sus imkmijbj`ktms y a` fo bok`ro `k qu` trotok `stms prmef prm ef`b `bos os a` v` v`ra raoa oa.. Ym Ymyy a` fms fms qu qu`` pj`k pj`kso sok k qu qu`` fo àui àuioi oijù jùk k bo bot` t`bï bïtj tjio io,, y `k portjiufor fo àuioijùk bot`bïtjio a` fo qu` oioem a` coefor, `s kì`sorjo poro fo iufturo a` uko smijàoa qu` quj`r` s`r uko a`bmiroijo‒. ‖Fo `ks`ÿokzo a` fos bot`bïtjios km tj`k` `f bmkmpmfjm kj a`f p`ksobj`ktm roijmkof, kj a` fo fùhjio kj a` kjkhuko v`raoa jkt`fìtuof, p`rm `s uk fuhor prjvjf`hjoam poro su a`sorrmffm prìmz.‒ (?::?>?:) @k sâkt`sjs, iùbm s` coi` Bot`bïtjio `k `f oufo a`djk` of bjsbm tj`bpm quê Bot`bïtjio s` coi`, poro quê y poro qu qujêk`s jêk`s s` fo `ks`ÿo. `ks`ÿo. Aìja Aìjajr jr iùbm s` `ks `ks`ÿo `ÿo a`t`r a`t`rbjko bjko fo foss imkajijmk`s qu` pmsjejfjtok `f oii`sm o fo Bot`bïtjio a` ukms pmims m a` tmams.

OIQJTJAOA@Y 57

F`s prmpmk`bms o imktjkuoijùk qu` ròfji`k fo sjhuj`kt` oitjvjaoa @foemror uk er`v` okïfjsjs qu` aê iu`kto a`f tjpm a` imkt`xtm of qu` r`bjt` 5 (ams) a` fos oitjvjaoa`s pr`s`ktoaos `k fos ajopmsjtjvos.

Fms ofubkms y fos dmrbos a` oprmpjoijùk a` fms imkt`kjams bot`bïtjims @f opr`kajzon` prmef`bos

pmr

r`smfuijùk

a`

Aìâ A` iâob obms ms ok okt` t`rj rjmr mrb` b`kt kt`` qu qu`` `k fo oi oitu tuof ofja jaoa oa Hêrora T`rhkoua `s uk eusiobms eusiob ms `k ku` ku`str strms ms ofu ofubkm bkmss fo oaq oaqujs ujsjij jijùk ùk a` psjiùfmhm imhkjtjvm drokiês, koijam `k ?:99, a` fo Q`mrâo a` fms Iobpms soe`r`s qu` `stêk ajspmkjef`s poro s`r rùtjfjzoams iròamr Imki`ptuof`s `k ?::7. @ktr` ?:38 y ?::0 `k fo r`smfuijùk a` sjtuoijmk`s ajv`rsos, puaj`kam ajrjhjù `f hrupm a` jkv`stjhoijùk Ajaïitjio y aìjajr `k dmrbo outùkmbo quê imkmijbj`ktms usor, oaqujsjijùk a` imkmijbj`ktm ij`ktâdjim, qu` iuïk iuïkam am usor usorfm fmss y iùbm iùbm co coi` i`rf rfm. m. Osjb Osjbjs jsbm bm,, km kmss co nuhoam uk pop`f jbpmrtokt` `k fo a` uko imbukjaoa a` jkt`r`so qu` `sms soe`r`s puàok s`r `xpr`soams imkdmrboijùk jkv`stjhoamr`s jkt`r`soams pmr fo àuioijùk y a` bok`ro oaìuoao y qu` `stêk vjkiufoams `ktr` sâ fo dmrboijùk. @s bukajofb`kt` bukajofb`kt` rìmkmijam a` bok`ro mrhokjzoao. pmr sus troeonms smer` of oii`sm o fms Odjrbobms qu`, poro qu` `stm miurro, fms ofubkms aè`k r`smfv`r prmef`bos. W`rm, ½pmr quê=, ½iuïf `s `f mrjh`k a` `sto p`rspìtjvo=, ½quê r`foijùk tj`k` imk fms prjkijpjms imkstruitjvjstos= imkstruitjvjstos=

?.o. o. ½_ ½_uê uê tj tjpm pm a` pr prme mef` f`bo bos= s= ½_ ½_uê uê ?. dmrbos a` r`smfuijùk= @stuvjbms okofjzokam fms prmef`bos o portjr a` fms imkt`xtms `k fms qu` s` pr`s`ktok. Kms pr pr`h `huk ukto tobm bmss oc ocmr mro> o> ½o tr trov ovês ês a` qu quêê tj tjpm pm a` sjtuoi sjtuoijmk jmk`s `s oaq oaquj` uj`r`k r`k sjh sjhkjd kjdjio jioam am fms imk imki`p i`ptms tms y prmiàj prmi àjbj` bj`ktm ktmss bot bot`bï `bïtji tjims= ms= ‖@f p`ksob p`ksobj`k j`ktm tm sùfm sùfm `s imki`p imki`ptuo tuoff sj meàì meàì` ` sjbuft sjbuftïk` ïkòb` ob`kt` kt` o irjt`r irjt`rjms jms a` mra`k mra`k t`ùrjim y prïitjim. Pko sjbpf` imkauito, oukqu` sò oaoptoao km `s imki`ptuof< p`rm uk ajsiursm t`ùrjim tobpmim `s imki`ptuof o b`kms qu` aê fuhor o uko imkauito oaoptoao o fo sjtuoijùk o fo qu` s` opfjio `f ajsiursm. Pko prïitjio fmhroao pmr `ktr`kobj`ktm m oimkajijmkobj`ktm km `s uk imki`ptm, p`rm uk imki`ptm qu` km sò mp`rotjvm tobpmim fm `s.‒ (T`rhkoua, ?:88 )

Osâ pj`kso `f outmr iùbm s` oaquj`r` uk p`ksobj`ktm imki`ptuof. Km s` troto, `ktmki`s, a` uk ‖soe`r coi`r‒ sjk pmsjejfjaoa a` dukaob`ktor fm qu` s` coi` kj a` uk ‖soe`r t`ùrjim‒ qu` km puào s`r utjfjzoam iuokam `s miosjùk a` coi`rfm. Y` troto, `k iobejm, a` uk coi`r smer` `f qu` s` puà`k aor `xpfjioijmk`s t`ùrjios, y a` ukos kmijmk`s t`ùrjios qu` puà`k s`r utjfjzoaos iuokam r`sufto kì`sorjm coi`rfm. Imksja`r`bms uk `n`bpfm, `f iosm a` Oko Borâo, poro okofjzor fms tjpms a` soe`r`s.

55

½_uê r`foijmk`s pmarâo `stoefì`r Oko Borâo `ktr` fm qu` f`yù `k `f Iuoa`rkm poro `f oufo y fm qu` opr`kajù aurokt` su `simforjaoa=

Oko Borâo imkmi` uko têikjio poro buftjpfjior pmr ams ijdros (uk soe`r coi`r) y imkmi` fo prmpjàoa ajstrjeutjvo (uk soe`r t`ùrjim) eonm uko ij`rto r`pr`s`ktoijùk, tâpjio a` buicms fjerms a` t`xtm. W`rm, poro ja`ktjdjior qu` `k `f prmiàjbj`ktm a` su ofubkm coy uk usm jbpfâijtm a` fo prmpjàoa ajstrjeutjvo, t`karï qu` rìmkmi`r qu` of buftjpfjior uk kþb`rm pmr mtrm y a`simbpmk a`simbpmk`r `r (ukm m obems) `k subo subokams, kams, `s pmsjef` ajspmk` ajspmk`rr smer` `f pop`f, a` ajstjktos bok`ros, fms r`suftoams porijof`s a` ioao prmauitm poro fu`hm suborfms. Osâ, `ktmki`s, v`râo qu` fo prmpjàoa ajstrjeutjvo qu` `ffo imkmi` dukijmko imbm nustjdjioijùk a`f ofhmrjtbm. Yj p`ksobms `k fo imkstruiijùk a` uk imki`ptm m a` uko prmpjàoa `k sjtuoijù sjtuoijùk k ’`k mios miosjù jùk k `k fo qu qu`` `f imki imki`p `ptm tm sò sò k` kì` i`so sorj rjm m poro poro r`s r`smf mfv` v`rr fo sj sjtu tuoi oijù jùkk- T` T`rhk rhkou oua a `spìjdjio> ‖\`s \`stos tos sjtuo sjtuoijm ijmk`s k`s smk oqu oqu`ff `ffosR osR po poro ro fo fos s qu` qu` `f sun un`t `tm m km aj ajsp spmk mk` ` a` tm tmao aos s fos imbp`t`kijos kì`sorjos, fm qu` fm mefjho o uk tj`bpm a` r`df`xjùk y a` `xpfmroijùk, o auaos, o t`ktotjvos oemrtoaos< y fm imkaui` `v`ktuofb`kt` of trjukdm, y `v`ktuofb`kt` of droiosm‒ - (T`rhkoua, ?::?> ?90-?94)

Tmfvj`kam smer` Oko Borâo y fo `ks`ÿokzo a` fo iu`kto a` buftjpfjior pmr ams ijdros> sj `ffo pr`s`kt pr`s `ktoro oro `s` prm prmef` ef`bo bo o sus ofub ofubkms kms y f`s aj`ro fuho fuhorr o `fo `foemr emror or prmi prmiàj àjbj` bj`ktm ktmss prmpjms, mrjhjkof`s, fms icjims pmarâok ròfjzor ofhukm imbm `f qu` f`yù `k `f Iuoa`rkm poro `f oufo. @stm f` p`rbjtjrâo okofjzor ams iu`stjmk`s> 

coi`r fms ams prmauitms pmr s`poroam `s ofhm qu` fms kjÿms puà`k nustjdjior `k `f imkt`xtm a`f prmef`bo iofiufokam prjb`rm fms emtmk`s poro fms puÿms y fu`hm fms a`f dr`kt`. 59



fo ajstrjeutjvjaoa ajstrjeutjvjaoa -sj km oporìjù okt`s- puà` surhj surhjrr a` `so sjtuoij sjtuoijùk ùk imbm ku`vm imkmijbj`ktm (‖t`mr`bo `k oitm‒) qu` `ffo pmarï r`t`k`r y p`ksor iùbm s`hujr troeonokam `k ku`vms prmef`bos.

@sto jaò a` sjtuoijùk imbm jkstokijo a` opr`kajzon` kms coi` p`ksor `k qu`, poro qu` quj`k opr`ka` oaquj`ro uk imki`ptm ku`vm, uko prmpjàoa ku`vo, `f prmef`bo o r`smfv`r co a` s`r ku`vm, `stm `s, aè` p`rbjtjrf` `kimktror smfuijmk`s qu` okt`s km imkmiâo, oemraorfm jkjijofb`kt` imk imkmijbj`ktms qu` yo ambjko p`rm qu` smk jksudjij`kt`s poro imbpf`tor fo smfuijùk smfuijùk y, `kt `ktmki`s, mki`s, prmauijr smfuijmk`s mrjhjkof`s> ‖fo kmijùk a` prmef`bo imbpmrto, pu`s, fo jaò a` kmvàoa, a` ofhm kukio cìcm, a` ofhm oþk km imbpr`kajam ‒ (T`rhkoua, Oitjvjaoa y imkmijbj`ktm imkmijbj`ktm mp`rotmrjm). Uìmkmi`bms `k `stms opmrt`s fo jaò a` prmef`bo qu` s` smstj`k` `k `f `kdmqu` oituof a` `ks`ÿokzo> fo a` a`sodâm jkt`fìtuof o fo bàjao a` fms imkmijbj`ktms a` quj`k `stï r`smfvj`kam `f prmef`bo .

@k `st` s`ktjam, `s jbpmrtokt` b`kijmkor qu` uko sjtuoijùk puà` s`r prmef`bo poro ukms ofubkms y km poro mtrms. Yj uk ofubkm r`su`fv` fo torò qu` s` f` pfoktò a` jkbàjotm, s`hurob`kt` yo ajspmkâo a` fms imkmijbj`ktms kì`sorjms poro coi`rfm y km opr`ka` ofhm ku`vm. ku` vm. Fm bjs bjsbm bm sj fo tor torò ò r`quj`r`, r`quj`r`, poro s`r oem oemrao raoao, ao, ukms ukms imk imkmij mijbj bj`kt `ktms ms qu` `f ofubkm oþk km co troeonoam. @k `stms iosms km coy prmef`bo. Of r`spìtm, `k fms Iuoa`rkms poro `f oufo s` odjrbo> ‖Imksja`robms qu` ioao oitjvjaoa imkstjtuy` uk prmef`bo bot`bïtjim poro uk ofubkm `k fo bàjao `k qu` jkvmfuiro uk `kjhbo, uk a`sodâm o sus imkmijbj`ktms bot`bïtjims, `s aìjr, sj `stms f` p`rbjt`k fo r`smfuijùk a`fqu` prmef`bo y poro coi`rfm, `foemro uk ij`rtm prmiàjbj`ktm y pmk`jkjijor `k nu`hm fos kmijmk`s tj`k` ajspmkjef`s, bmajdjiïkamfos y `stoefìj`kam ku`vos r`foijmk`s ‒. (Iuoa`rkm poro `f oufo 9, pïh. 57, B@K, 5774)

Qobe Qobejê jêk k rì rìmk mkmi mi`b `bms ms `k `st` `st` op opmr mrt` t` uk ukoo prj prjb` b`ro ro iu iu`s `stj tjùk ùk os osmi mijo joao ao o fo ja jaò ò a` r`smfuijùk a` uk prmef`bo> fo kì`sjaoa a` aor fuhor `k fo ifos` o uko prmauiijùk mrjhjkof a`f ofubkm, `k fo qu` pmk` `k nu`hm fm qu` soe`. Tòbms `k `f prùxjbm oportoam quê mtrms `f`b`ktms jkifujr of p`ksor `k fo r`smfuijùk.

?.e. ½_uê bïs smer` fo r`smfuijùk= Mtro iu`stjùk qu` opr`kajbms `k `stms þftjbms oÿms, `k `f borim a`f `kdmqu` qu` `stobms pr`s`ktokam, `s fo jb jbpm pmrt rtok okij ijoo a` jkif jkifuj ujrr `k fo ifos ifos`` jkst jkstok okij ijos os a` troeonm hrupof. ½Iuïf `s `f mrjh`k a` `sto a`rjvoijùk aj ajaï aïit itji jio= o= ½W ½Wmr mr qu quêê `s jb jbpm pmrt rtok okt` t` jkif jkifuj ujrr `s `sto toss jkstokijos= @ktr` fms jkv`stjhoamr`s `k Ajaïitjio a` fo Bot`bïtjio, Imf`tt`` Foemra Imf`tt Foemra`` troe troeonù onù smer` fms ospì ospìtms tms smijof`s a` fos ajv`rs rsoos sjtuoijmk`s `k fos iuof`s `stïk imbprmb`tjams `stuajokt`s y ami`kt`s `k fo ifos`. A` fo `siu`fo smvjêtjio y fms `stuajms a` Tjhmtsly smer` fo im imks kstr trui uiij ijùk ùk a` imkm imkmij ijbj bj`k `ktm tmss `k jkst jkstok okij ijos os a` jkt`roiijùk smijof, surh` fo jaò a` qu` fos `xp`rj`kijos smijof`s jkt`rvj`k`k `k fo `vmfuijùk a` fms imkmij imk mijbj` bj`ktm ktms. s. @st @stoo `si `siu`f u`foo imk imksja sja`ro `ro `f a`s a`sorrm orrmffm ffm imhkjtjvm a` fms kjÿms port rtjj`kam a` prmi`sms jkt`rp`rsmkof`s qu` fu`hm s` troksdmrbok `k prmi`sms jktrop`rsmkof`s.

Imf`tt` Foemra` `s prmd`smro `bêrjto ` jkv`stjhoamro tjtufor `k `f Jkstjtutm Pkjv`rsjtorjm a` Dmrboijùk a` Wrmd`smr`s a` fo Pkjv`rsjaoa Nms`pc Dmurj`r Hr`kmef`, Drokijo. Yu troeonm a` jkv`stjhoijùk oituofb`kt` oituofb`kt` `stï ajrjhjam o fo jkt`hroijùk a` fo jkdmrbïtjio `k fo `ks`ÿokzo y `f opr`kajzon` a` fo h`mb`trâo, y smer` fo jkh`kj`râo a` prmi`sms ajaïitjims `k `f imkt`xtm h`mbêtrjim.

Y`hþk Y`hþ k s` s`ÿo ÿofo fo Im Imf` f`tt tt`` Fo Foem emra ra`, `, `xjs `xjst` t`k k duka dukaob ob`k `kto tofb fb`k `kt` t` am amss bmao bmaofjfjao aoa` a`ss a` dukijmkobj`ktm a` prmi`sms jkt`rp`rsmkof`s> pmr uk foam, sj `f prmef`bo prmpu`stm tj`k` `k sâ bjsbm uko ajb`ksjùk smijof, y pmr mtrm, sj s` troto a` r`smfv`r `f prmef`bo pmr uk 51

hrupm a` ofubkms/os, of borh`k a` qu` `f prmef`bo supmkho `k sâ fo r`smfuijùk a` uk prmef`bo smijof. @k `f prjb`r iosm s` troto, pmr `n`bpfm, a` prmauijr uk b`kson` poro qu` uk imbpoÿ`rm ja`ktjdjqu` `f ajeunm a` uko djhuro `ktr` vorjos. Coy uk prmauitmr y uk rì`ptmr a`f b`kson` qu` tj`k`k qu` jkt`roituor o prmpùsjtm a` su imbpr`ksjùk. I`ktrïkamkms `k uk `n`bpfm a`f s`hukam tjpm, p`ks`bms ku`vob`kt` `k fo ifos` a` Oko Borâo y `f prmef`bo qu` f`yù `k `f Iuoa`rkm poro `f oufo a` t`ri`r hroam . Fms ofubkms pmarïk ròfjzor ajd`r`kt`s prmiàjbj`ktms.

Iuokam ioao ofubkm a`sorrmffù su prmiàjbj`ktm, `f ami`kt` puà` prmpmk`r uk aèot` okofjzokam sj oiu`raok imk fos r`spu`stos met`kjaos y o quê `f`b`ktms a`f imkt`xtm s` r`dj`r` ioao kþb`rm, imbporokam fm prmauijam poro `stoefì`r iuïf`s smk fos s`b`nokzos y ajd`r`kijos. @f ami`kt` `sp`ro met`k`r of djkofjzor fo ifos` ofhuko imkifusjùk smer` prmiàjbj`ktms imk sùfm subos y mtrms imk subos y buftjpfjioijmk`s y tobejêk, `ktr` `stos þftjbos, ajsiutjr smer` pmr quê ir``k qu` uk icjim `fjhjù 3 y 1 poro a`simbpmk`r `f ?5 y mt mtrm rm ?7 y 5. Qo Qob bej ejêk êk pm pmar arïï ovokz vokzor or pr`h pr`hu ukto ktoka kam m sj sm smk k pm pmssje jeff`s mtro mtross a`simbpmsjijmk`s a`f ?5, pjaj`kam qu` `sirjeok iùbm imktor o mtrms `sto dmrbo a` coi`r fo bu buft ftjp jpfjfjio ioij ijùk ùk.. Osjb Osjbjs jsbm bm `s i`kt i`ktro roff pr pr`hu `hukt ktor or pmr qu quêê `s `stï tïk k s` s`hu hurms rms a` qu qu`` su r`spu`sto `s oaìuoao.

½_uê `dìtm t`karâok fos jkt`roiijmk`s `k `st` iosm=

Fos jkt`roiijmk`s aurokt` `f aèot` jbpfjiok, poro ioao kjÿm, vmfv`r o p`ksor `k fos r`foijmk`s qu` `stoefìjù `ktr` fms `f`b`ktms a`f prmef`bo y `xpfjijtorfos, rìmkmi`rfos. Qobejêk fo jkt`roiijùk imkff`vo o p`ksor `k ku`vos r`foijmk`s, of jkt`ktor imbpr`ka`r fm qu` cjij`rmk sus imbpoÿ`rms. @stm þftjbm jbpfjio uko a`si`ktroijùk a` su prmpjm puktm a` vjsto y uk jkt`riobejm poro k`hmijor `k `f prmi`sm qu` ff`vo o vofjaor m rìcozor uko `strot`hjo. Osâ, fos r`foijmk`s qu` coeâok dukijmkoam `k dmrbo jbpfâijto `k fo r`smfuijùk a`f prmef`bo s` `xpfjijtok y puà`k s`r r`tmboaos pmr `f ami`kt` y `xpr`soaos a` uko dmrbo imbpr` r`k ksjef` poro tmams fms kjÿms y imk uko ij`rt `rto i`ri riookâo imk fo dmrbo bot`bïtjiob`kt` oaìuoao. Qobejêk `s port` a`f prmi`sm a` r`smfuijùk fo r`spu`sto o fo pr`hukto poro aor rozmk`s a` fm ròfjzoam, pu`s t`k`r mpmrtukjaoa a` vofjaor fm cìcm p`rbjt` ovokzor coijo fo outmkmbâo `k fos r`spu`stos. @k sâkt`sjs, fos jkt`roiijmk`s imk fms imbpoÿ`rms y imk `f ami`kt` tobejêk imktrjeuy`k o fo imkstruiijùk a` imkmijbj`ktms y dmrbok port` a` fo r`smfuijùk a`f prmef`bo. 50

Of r`spìtm, `k fms Iuoa`rkms poro `f oufo s` aji`> ‖@f troeon troeonm m qu` jbpfji jbpfjio o vmfv`r vmfv`r smer` smer` fm ròfjz ròfjzoam oam `xjh` `xjh` sj sj`bp `bpr` r` uko `xpfji `xpfjijto jtoijù ijùk, k, uk rìmkmijbj`ktm y uko sjst`botjzoijùk a`f imkmijbj`ktm jbpfjioam `k fo r`smfuijùk a` fms prmef`bos, fos dmrbos a` met`k`rfm y vofjaorfm. Yjk `st` prmi`sm, fms imkmijbj`ktms bot`bïtjims opr`kajams `k fo `siu`fo ’fos kmijmk`s y dmrbos a` troeonor `k bot`bïtjio’ km t`karï t`karïk k o duturm duturm fos bjsbos bjsbos pmsjej pmsjejfja fjaoa` oa`s s a` rùtjf rùtjfjzo jzoijù ijùk.‒ k.‒ (Iuoa` (Iuoa`rkm rkms s poro poro `f oufo, pïh. ?4)

Woro s`hujr r`df`xjmkokam y tmbor kmto…

Yj `st `stïk ïk imk imkiur iurrj` rj`kam kam o rò ròfjz fjzor or mes mes`rvo `rvoijm ijmk`s k`s `k uk ouf oufoo a` prj prjbor borjo, jo, r`hjstr`k uk `n`bpfm a` su hrupm y sj km tj`k`k uk hroam o iorhm, imksuft`k imk uk bo`strm imkmijam. A` uko ifo ifos` s` rì rìj`k j`kt`, t`, ja` ja`ktj ktjdjq djqu`k u`k ofh ofhþk þk prm prmef` ef`bo bo qu` fms kjÿ kjÿms ms coy coyok ok r` r`su su`f `ftm tm imk imk ajst ajstjk jktm tmss prm prmi` iàj ajbj bj`kt `ktms ms y r`d r`df` f`xj xjmk mk`k `k sm smer` er` su prm prmpj pjoo jkt`rv`kijùk poro pmsjejfjtor `so prmauiijùk.

½Iùbm `f`hjbms fms prmef`bos= Of p`ksor -imbm ami`kt`s, bo`strms y dmrboamr`s- `k qu` t`k`bms qu` `ks`ÿor uk imknuktm a` imkmijbj`ktms `spìâdjims, pma`bms ovokzor imk uko ku`vo pr`hukto> ½iùbm `f`hjbms `f imknuktm a` prmef`bos prm ef`bos fjhoams o uk ij`rtm imkt`kjam a` `ks`ÿokzo= A`sa` fo pr`miupoijùk pmr jkifujr fos sjtuoijmk`s `k fos qu` dukijmkok fms imki`ptms qu` s` quj` qu j`r` r`k k `ks` `ks`ÿo ÿor, r, T` T`rh rhko koua ua os osub ub`` uk ukoo pm pmsj sjij ijùk ùk irât irâtji jioo r`sp r`spì ìtm tm a` fo co coej ejtu tuof of drohb`ktoijùk m otmbjzoijùk a` fms imkt`kjams `simfor`s qu` s` ròfjzo `k `f iurrâiufub o djk`s a` mrhokjzor fo `ks`ÿokzo. Wrmpmk` `ktmki`s uko ku`vo kmijùk t`ùrjio, fo a` iobpm imki`ptuof , qu qu`` p` p`rb rbjt jt`` p` p`ks ksor or to tokt ktm m `k fo jkt` jkt`ri rimk mk`x `xjù jùk k `ktr `ktr`` fms fms imk mki` i`pt ptms ms bot`bïtjims imbm `k fo `vmfuijùk psjimh`kêtjio a` quj`k opr`ka` y qu` r`coejfjto fms imkt`k imk t`kjam jamss a` imk imkmij mijbj` bj`ktm ktm,, a`b a`bos osjoa joam m o b`k b`kuam uam bjk bjkjbj jbjzoa zoams ms pmr fo oprmxj oprmxjboi boijùk jùk `struiturofjsto. ‖Pk iobpm imki`ptuof `s uk `spoijm a` prmef`bos m a` sjtuoijmk`s - prmef`bos iuym trotobj`ktm jbpfjio imki`ptms y prmiàjbj`ktms a` vorjms tjpms `k `strìco imk`xjùk. Fo kmijùk kmi jùk a` iobpm iobpm im imki` ki`ptu ptuof of p`rbjt p`rbjt` ` `stuaj `stuajor or a` bok`ro bok`ro bïs jkt`hr jkt`hroao oao `f a`sorr a`sorrmff mffm m sjbuftïk`m y immrajkoam a` fms ajd`r`kt`s imki`ptms kì`sorjms poro fo imbpr`ksjùk a` uk imknuktm mrhokjzoam a` ifos`s a` prmef`bos, a` fms prmiàjbj`ktms qu` p`rbjt`k trotorfms y a` fms sjst`bos sjbeùfjims qu` p`rbjt`k r`pr`s`ktorfms.‒ (T`rhkoua, ?:3?)

@k su fjerm @f kjÿm, fo bot`bïtjio y fo ròfjaoa  (?::?) (?::?) T`rhkoua a`djk` fms ams iobpms a` prmef`bos qu` kms jkt`r`sok poro fo `ks`ÿokzo `k fo `siu`fo prjborjo> 



@f iobpm a` fos `struituros oajtjvos imbm `f imknuktm a` fos sjtuoijmk`s iuym trotobj`ktm jbpfjio uko m vorjos oajijmk`s m sustroiijmk`s y `f imknuktm a` fms im imki ki`p `ptm tmss y t`mr t`mr`b `bos os qu qu`` p`rb p`rbjt jt`k `k ok okof ofjz jzor or `s `sto toss sj sjtu tuoi oijm jmk` k`ss im imbm bm torò toròss bot`bïtjios. @f iobpm a` fos `struituros buftjpfjiotjvos imbm `f imknuktm a` sjtuoijmk`s iuym trotobj`ktm jbpfjio uko m vorjos buftjpfjioijmk`s y ajvjsjmk`s y `f imknuktm a` fms im imki ki`p `ptm tmss y t`mr t`mr`b `bos os qu qu`` p`rb p`rbjt jt`k `k ok okof ofjz jzor or `s `sto toss sj sjtu tuoi oijm jmk` k`ss im imbm bm torò toròss bot`bïtjios.

jaòs os eïsjio eïsjios s osmijoaos o fo kmijùk a` iobpm Tòb T` obms ms oc ocmr mroo of ofhu huko koss a` fo foss ja` imki`ptuof y fms irjt`rjms ajaïitjims qu` pma`bms a`rjvor a` `ffos.

54



Pk bjsbm imki`ptm oporì` `k uko hrok vorjàoa a` sjtuoijmk`s, `s aìjr qu` coy uko hrok vorjàoa a` prmef`bos qu` puà`k r`smfv`rs` imk `f bjsbm imki`ptm.

T`rhkoua T`rhkou a bms bmstrù trù qu` `k prm prmef` ef`bos bos ajd ajd`r`k `r`kt`s t`s,, uko bjs bjsbo bo kmi kmijùk jùk oaq oaquj` uj`r` r` ajv ajv`rsm `rsmss sjhkjdjioams, fm qu` jbpfjio ajd`r`kt`s hroams a` imbpf`njaoa poro su opr`kajzon`. W`ks`bms, pmr `n`bpfm, `k ams prmef`bos qu` s` r`su`fv`k imk fo bjsbo subo> 



‖Q`khm 3 iorob`fms a` drutjffo drutjffo y 1 a` aufi` a` fìc`, ½iuïktms ½iuïktms iorob`fms t`khm=‒ ‖W`raâ oy`r 3 djhurjtos y cmy p`raâ 1, ½iuïktos p`raâ=‒

Yj okofjzobms fms prmef`bos bjrokam fms `f`b`ktms a` fos imfìijmk`s qu` jkt`rvj`k`k, oav`rtjbms qu` smk ajstjktms. @k `f prjb`r iosm, s` troto a` rùkjr ams tjpms a` men`tms imk ofhm `k imbþk `k uko ku`vo imfìijùk ’iorob`fms- p`rm imk ofhm ajd`r`kt` - a` drutjffo y a` aufi` a` fìc`-. @k `f s`hukam iosm, smk sj`bpr` a`f bjsbm tjpm -djhurjtos. Yj bjrobms fms prmef`bos imksja`rokam imksja`rokam uko iu`s iu`stjùk tjùk t`bpmrof t`bpmrof,, v`bms qu` `k `f prjb` prjb`rr prmef` prmef`bo bo km jkt`rvj`k` fo kmijùk a` tj`bpm, fos ioktjaoa`s km s` troksdmrbok. @k iobejm, `k `f s`huka s`h ukam m miu miurr`k rr`k ams ajs ajsbjk bjkuij uijmk` mk`ss a` iok ioktja tjaoa` oa`s, s, ams tro troksd ksdmrb mrboij oijmk`s mk`s k`h k`hotj otjvos vos r`spìtm a` uko ioktjaoa jkjijof a` men`tms qu` km s` `spìjdjio. ½Iùbm jkdfuy` `stm `k fms kjÿms qu` r`su`fv`k= r` su`fv`k= Iobejor m km `f tjpm a` men`tms y qu` coyo m km uko iu`stjùk t`bpmrof jkvmfuiroao `k `f `kukijoam, bmajdjio fo imbpf`njaoa a`f prmef`bo. @k `dìtm, p`ksor `k qu` fo pêrajao tmtof s` `kiu`ktro subokam ams pêrajaos (p`ra`r `s uko oiijùk jkjijofb`kt` fjhoao o fo r`sto) `s a` uko imbpf`njaoa ajd`r`kt` qu` p`ksor `k fo rùkjùk a` ams imfìijmk`s. ½Wmr quê kms jkt`r`so jkif jkifujr ujr `k fo `ks`ÿokz `ks`ÿokzoo a` uk imki`ptm uko vorjàoa a` prmef` prmef`bos bos imk sus sjhkjdjioams ajstjktms= Wmrqu`, sj of opr`ka`r uk imki`ptm, fms ofubkms/os rìmrr`k uk imknuktm vorjoam a` prmef`bos, pmarïk t`k`r o duturm bïs pmsjejfjaoa`s a` rùtjfjzor `f imki`ptm `k ku`vos r`smfuijmk`s. 

@k uko bjsbo sjtuoijùk im`xjst`k vorjms imki`ptms.

Osâ, pmr `n`bpfm, fms imki`ptms a` buftjpfjioijùk, ajvjsjùk, droiijùk, kþb`rm, dukijùk fjkòf y mtrms, oporì`k drìu`kt`b`kt` vjkiufoams `k fms prmef`bos a` tjpm buftjpfjiotjvm o fms qu` s` `kdr`ktok fms kjÿms/os. ½Iùbm jkdfuy` `stm `k ku`stro pfokjdjioijùk= Of oktjijpor `f dukijmkobj`ktm a` uk prmef`bo `k fo ifos` `s jbpmrtokt` pr`v`r fo ròfjzoijùk a` jkt`rv`kijmk`s prmpjos qu` huâ`k y p`rbjtok o fms ofubkms `stoefì`r r`foijmk`s `ktr` fms imki`ptms a` uk bjsbm iobpm jkvmfuiroams `k `s` prmef`bo. Imksja`r`bms, pmr `n`bpfm, uk prmef`bo amka` coy qu` ‖Dmrbor drjsms rìtokhufor`s imk 51 ozuf`nms sjk qu` smer` kjkhukm‒. @k `st` iosm, fo r`spu`sto km `s þkjio. Pko a` fos pmsjejfjaoa`s `s p`ksor `k djfos a` 4 ozuf`nms y eusior iuïktos djfos s` puà`k coi`r y poro `ffm pmarâok `sirjejr 4x--- 2 51, eusiokam quê kþb`rm x4 ao 51 m p`ksor 51>42---. @stm bjsbm pmarâo miurrjr poro vorjos a` fos oft`rkotjvos (5x?5< 9x3< 1x4 y ?x51). Y` pmarï `ktmki`s pfoktòr quê ajvjsjmk`s s` puà`k `sirjejr poro 4x1, poro 5x?5, `ti. y fu`hm, s` pmarï orhub`ktor sj `s ij`rtm qu` poro iuofquj`r iïfiufm a` buftjpfjior s` puà`k `sirjejr ams ajvjsjmk`s y pmr quê. Y` t`karâo, `ktmki`s, fo pmsjejfjaoa a` `stoefì`r uko r`foijùk `ktr` fos kmijmk`s a` buftjpfjioijùk y ajvjsjùk.

58



Aoam qu` fos kmijmk`s bot`bïtjios bot`bïtjios s` imkstruy`k pmim o pmim, s` smstj`k` qu` `f opr`kajzon` s` fmhro o forhm pfozm.

Qof `s `f iosm, pmr `n`bpfm, a`> subo y r`sto, droiijmk`s, prmpmrijmkofjaoa y mtrms. @k `dìtm, fos jkv`stjhoijmk`s a` T`rhkoua, `ktr` mtros, cok prmeoam qu` `ktr` fos prjb`ros oaqujsjijmk`s jkt`fìtuof`s `k uk iobpm a`t`rbjkoam y fos oaqujsjijmk`s qu` corïk qu` `f sun`tm s` `kdr`kt` iùbmam okt` iuofquj`r mtro sjtuoijùk a` ajicm iobpm, troksiurr`k vorjms oÿms. ½Iùbm jkdfuy` `stm `k fo `ks`ÿokzo= Of mrhokjzor fms imkt`kjams o fm forhm a` uk ijifm, a` uk kjv`f, `k `f poson` a` uk kjv`f o mtrm, `s jbpmrtokt` imksja`ror fos oaqujsjijmk`s sui`sjvos a` ioao ukm a` fms imki`ptms y ortjiuforfos `k uk bjsbm oÿm y a` uk oÿm of sjhu sjhuj` j`kt kt`. `. Osâ, Osâ, km s`rï s`rï pmsj pmsjef ef`` od odjr jrbo bor, r, pmr pmr `n`b `n`bpf pfm> m> ‖yo ‖yo op opr` r`ka kaj` j`rmk rmk droi droiij ijmk mk`s `s `qujvof`kt`s `k 1tm. y 0tm., ocmro `k 4tm. tj`k`k qu` v`r fos mp`roijmk`s‒, pu`s ioao v`z qu` s` troeono imk uk ku`vm ospìtm a` uk imki`ptm, imk uko ku`vo prmpjàoa m r`foijùk, s` vu`fv` smer` `ffos y `stos s` `krjquì`k of vjkiufor fm qu` yo s` soeâo imk fm ku`vm. 

@s jbpmrtokt` ja`ktjdjior fms prmiàjbj`ktms y fos r`hfos qu` fms `stuajokt`s pmk`k `k borico of of r`smfv`r fms prmef`b prmef`bos. os.

Iuokam aobms fuhor o fo prmauiijùk a` jaòs `spmktïkòs, prmpjos a` fms ofubkms dr`kt` of prmef`bo, su`f`k oporì`r ofhukms prmiàjbj`ktms imk hrok r`huforjaoa, fm qu` p`rbjt` ja`ktj ja` ktjdji djior or uk ij` ij`rtm rtm imk imknuk nuktm tm fjbjt fjbjtoam oam a` prmi prmiàj àjbj` bj`ktm ktmss ajs ajstjk tjktms tms por poroo ioa ioaoo tjp tjpm m a` prmef`bo. Qoktm T`rhkoua, jkjijofb`kt`, imbm mtrms jkv`stjhoamr`s cok `stuajoam uko ajv`rsjaoa a` prmiàjbj`ktms qu` orrjeok o uko r`spu`sto oaìuoao y tobejêk mtrms `rrùk`ms qu` aok iu`kto a` mtros bok`ros a` p`ksor `f prmef`bo.

½Wmr quê kms jkt`r`so `stm imbm ami`kt`s=

Imkmi`r fms prmiàjbj`ktms oi`rtoams toktm imbm fms `rrùk`ms kms pmsjejfjto ja`ktjdjior fms imkmijbj`ktms jkvmfuiroams `k ioao ukm y oktjijpor fo jkt`rv`kijùk poro imksja`ror sj p`rbjt`k r`spmka`r o fo pr`hukto a`f prmef`bo y aor fuhor o su imbporoijùk a` bmam qu` pmaobms orrjeor, imk `f imknuktm a` fo ifos`, o imkifusjmk`s bot`bïtjios imbportjaos. 

Fos r` r`pr` pr`s` s`kto ktoijm ijmk`s k`s pmsjef` pmsjef`s s poro poro uk bjsbm bjsbm imki` imki`ptm ptm smk ajv`rs ajv`rsos os y fms of ofub ubkm kms s puà puà`k `k usor usor `k sus sus prmi prmià àjb jbj` j`kt ktms ms,, poro poro jr oimb oimbpo poÿo ÿoka kam m su p`ksobj`ktm, ofhukos oi`ptoaos `k bot`bïtjio y mtros mrjhjkof`s qu` prmaui`k `ffms bjsbms.

@k `f bmb`ktm a` prmauijr uko smfuijùk of prmef`bo pfoktòam, fms ofubkms usok uko ajv`rsjaoa a` borios, jkifuy`kam toktm ofhukos prmpjos pr mpjos a` fo Bot`bïtjio, imbm kþb`rms m sjhkms, imbm mtros mrjhjkof`s o trovês a` dmrbufoijmk`s v`reof`s, ajeunms m `sirjturos, to tokt ktm m a` tj tjpm pm fjkh fjkhöâ öâst stji jim m imbm imbm sjbe sjbeùf ùfji jim. m. Wm Wmrr `n`b `n`bpf pfm, m, fms fms pr prjb jb`rm `rmss pr prme mef` f`bo boss a` buftjpfjio buftj pfjior, r, a` prmpmr prmpmrijmko ijmkofjaoa fjaoa sjbpf` y imk kþb`rm kþb`rmss p`qu`ÿ p`qu`ÿms, ms, smk drìu`kt`b drìu`kt`b`kt` `kt` r`su`ftms utjfjzokam ajeunms y imktokam, imk kþb`rms sjk borios a` mp`roijùk m imk iïfiufms a` subo imk `f sjhkm.

53

½Iuïf `s fo r`f`vokijo r`pr`s`ktoijmk`s=

a`

aor

fuhor

o

uko

ajv`rsjaoa

a`

Wosor pmr r`pr`s`ktoijmk`s prmpjos okt`s a` fos imkv`kijmkof`s tj`k` uk pop`f r`f`vokt` `k fo imki`ptuofjzoijùk a` fos kmijmk`s, aoam qu` puà`k dukijmkor imbm ‖oktìà`kt`s‒ -o fms qu` puà`k aor s`ktjam- a` fos imkv`kijmkof`s qu` `f ami`kt` jktrmauijrï. Woro ovokzor uk pmim bïs `k fo imksja`roijùk a` fos r`pr`s`ktoijmk`s, kms pr`huktobms> ½quê mtros iu`stjmk`s `s kì`sorjm jkifujr `k `f troeonm `simfor imk `ffos= Fo pr`hukto a`rjvo a` uk prmef`bo qu` mes`rvobms of okofjzor fos prmauiijmk`s a` buicms ofubkms, quj`k`s su`f`k imkdukajr fms men`tms y sus r`pr`s`ktoijmk`s.

½_uê oitjvjaoa`s prmpmk`r imk fos r`pr`s`ktoijmk`s=

Uoybmka Auvof, quj`k `stuajù `f vâkiufm `ktr` fo oaqujsjijùk a` uk imki`ptm y sus ajv`rsos r`pr`s`ktoijmk`s, s`ÿofo uko iu`stjùk i`ktrof of p`ksor fo `ks`ÿokzo> ‖Wmr uk foam, fo opr`c`ksjùk a` fms men`tms bot`bïtjims km puà` s`r mtro imso qu` uko op opr` r`c` c`ks ksjù jùk k im imki ki`p `ptu tuof of y pm pmrr mt mtrm rm,, sm smfo fob` b`kt kt` ` pmr pmr bàj bàjm m a` fo pr prma maui uiij ijùk ùk a` r`p r`pr` r`s` s`kt ktoi oijm jmk` s s` s`bj bjùt ùtji jios os `s?::0) pm pmsj sjef ef` ` bot`bïtjims .‒k`s(Uoybmka Auvof,

r` ròf ofjz jzor or uko uko

oitj oitjvj vjao aoa a

sm smer er` `

fms fms

me men` n`tm tms s

@sto poroamno a` km pma`r ‖troeonor‒ imk fms imkmijbj`ktms bot`bïtjims a` mtro bok`ro bïs qu` o trovês a` uko ajv`rsjaoa a` ‖borios‒, ff`vù o Auvof o uk okïfjsjs a`f tjpm a` oitjvjaoa`s imhkjtjvos qu` s` ròfjzo imk fos r`pr`s`ktoijmk`s. Pko a` `ffos, imbm yo c`bms pfoktòam, `s fo a` prmauijr `sirjturos poro oimbpoÿor `f prmi`sm a` ku`strm p`ksobj`ktm. T`rhkoua yo coeâo pfoktòam qu` fo r`pr`s`ktoijùk iubpf`` fo duki iubpf dukijùk jùk a` ‖ouxjfjo ‖ouxjfjorr a`f p`kso p`ksobj`kt bj`ktm m y o fo mrhokjzo mrhokjzoijùk ijùk a` fo oiijùk‒. @stm s` bokjdj`sto iuokam mes`rvobms qu` uk kjÿm m uk oamf`si`kt`, of `kdr`ktors` o uk prmef`bo ku`v ku `vm, m, fm r`d r`dmrb mrbuf ufoo imk imk sus sus pofo pofoer eros os y pu puà` à` r`p r`pr` r`s` s`kt ktor or a` aj ajv` v`rs rsos os bo bok` k`ro ross fo jkdmrboijùk, `s aìjr, oimbpoÿo su torò imk uko oitjvjaoa fjkhöâstjio y sjbeùfjio, o vì`s jkt`rjmrjzoao. Auvoff ovok Auvo ovokzo zo `k `f ok okïf ïfjs jsjs js jkim jkimrp rpmr mrok okam am fo ja jaò ò a` r`hj r`hjstr strms ms a` r`pr`s` r`pr`s`kto ktoijù ijùk k, ajstjk ajs tjkhuj huj`kam `kam ajd ajd`r` `r`kt` kt`ss r`hj r`hjstr strms, ms, ioa ioaoo ukm imk sus prmp prmpjms jms sâb sâbemf emfms ms y r`h r`hfos fos.. Wmr `n`bpfm, uk kþb`rm aìjbof puà` `sirjejrs` `k r`hjstrm droiijmkorjm qu` jkifuy` fo fâkò qu` s`poro kub`roamr y a`kmbjkoamr y tobejêk `k r`hjstrm aìjbof usokam imbo y fos r`hfos a`f sjst`bo a` kub`roijùk aìjbof. @sto ajd`r`kijoijùk kms p`rbjt` o su v`z imksja`ror ams ku`vms tjpms a` oitjvjaoa`s imhkjtjvos, troeonor `k uk bjsbm r`hjstrm y iobejor a` uk r`hjstrm o mtrm. Wmr `n`bpfm, sj poro subor ams droiijmk`s usobms fo r`hfo a` `sirjejr droiijmk`s `qujvof`kt`s, of subor ?/0+» okmtobms 1/57+?0/572?:/57, troeonobms imk r`hfos a`ktrm a`f bjsbm r`hjstrm droiijmkorjm. Yj fo subo `stuvj`ro `k uk prmef`bo `k `f qu` s` r`quj`r` imbpror ofober` poro uko jkstofoijùk `fêitrjio, poro fo bjsbo subo iobejobms a` r`hjstrm y `sirjejbms 7,57+7,8027,:0 pu`s fo `sirjturo aìjbof `s fo qu` usobms a` bok`ro imrrj`kt` poro `xpr`sor bàjaos a` fmkhjtua. Y`hþk s`ÿofo Auvof, Auvof, jkifujr `k fo `ks`ÿokz `ks`ÿokzoo obems tjpms a` oitj oitjvjaoa vjaoa`s, `s, a` troeo troeonm nm `k `f bjsbm r`hjstrm y a` iobejm a` r`hjstrm, oub`kto fos iopoijaoa`s imhkjtjvos a` fms sun`tms y pmr toktm a` sus r`pr`s`ktoijmk`s b`ktof`s.

5:

Uoybmka Auvof, prmd`smr a` fo Pkjv`rsjaoa a`f Fjtmrof y ajrìtmr a` `stuajms a` fo Oioa`bjo a` Fjfo, Drokijo, imksmfjaù su troyìtmrjo jkv`stjhotjvo `k `f Jkstjtutm a` Jkv`stjhoijmk`s Jkv`stjhoijmk`s `k @auioijùk ½_uêBot`bïtjio irjt`rjm (JU@B pma`bms a`rjvor @f ofokïfjsjs p`ksor fo `ks`ÿokzo= a` @stroseurhm). a`f `k dukijmkobj`ktm imhkjtjvm a`f p`ksobj`ktm qu` pr`s`kto `k `f fjerm Y`bjmsjs y p`ksobj`ktm cubokm imkij`rk`, `k portjiufor o fo r`pr`s`ktoijùk, fo imki`ptuofjzoijùk, `f rozmkobj`ktm rozmkobj`ktm (orhub`ktoijùk, a`bmstroijùk, utjfjzoijùk a` f`khuon`s dmrbof`s), fo jkt`rpr`toijùk Yoe`bms qu` `k a` djhuros, fo imbpr`ksjùk a` t`xtms y fo r`smfuijùk a` prmef`bos. fo `siu`fo smk bïs drìu`kt`s @f outmr fms oemrao a`sa` uko p`rspìtjvo dukijmko oitjvjaoa`s dukijmkoff qu` f` p`rbjt` fos qu` prmpmk`k a`d`ka`r su cjpùt`sjs a` eos`> km coy km`sjs (jkt`fìijùk) sjk troeonor `k ioao s`bjùtjios).. r`hjstrm a` s`bjmsjs (prmauiijùk a` r`pr`s`ktoijmk`s s`bjùtjios) bok`ro jka`p`kaj`kt`, `k r`foijùk imk fm kubêrjim, eïsjiob`kt` `k su trotobj`ktm poro mp`ror. Yjk `beorhm, km tj`k` fo bjsbo drìu`kijo `f troeonm smer` fo imkv`rsjùk a` uk r`hjstrm o mtrm fjhoam of okïfjsjs a` fo p`rtjk`kijo a` ioao ukm `k fo sjtuoijùk qu` s` `stï r`smfvj`kam. Wmr `sm, `sto þftjbo iu`stjùk s` a`stoio buy `spìjofb`kt` `k fms ajd`r`kt`s amiub`ktms iurrjiufor`s a` `stms þftjbms oÿms, aoam qu` ja`ktjdjior imk fms ofubkms s`b`nokzos y ajd`r`kijos `ktr` fos r`pr`s` r`pr `s`kto ktoijm ijmk`s k`s,, tro troksd ksdmrb mrborf orfos os iuo iuokam kam imk imkv`k v`kho, ho, f`s p`r p`rbjt bjtjrï jrï osm osmijo ijorr uko bjs bjsbo bo kmijùk imk ajd`r`kt`s r`pr`s`ktoijmk`s y osâ ajd`r`kijor fo kmijùk a` su r`pr`s`ktoijùk.

½Iùbm s` vok imkstruy`kam fms imki`ptms= ½_uê aìjsjmk`s poro fo `ks`ÿokzo= @k `st` þftjbm oportoam qu`r`bms pmk`r `f dmim `k fms imbpmk`kt`s a` fos jaòs a` fms icji icjims ms sm smer er`` fm fmss ajd` ajd`r`k r`kt` t`ss imki imki`p `ptm tmss bo bot` t`bï bïtj tjim ims. s. Yj t`k`b t`k`bms ms `k iu iu`k `kto to `s `stm tmss imbpmk imb pmk`kt `kt`s `s iuo iuokam kam tmb tmbobm obmss aì aìjsj jsjmk` mk`ss a` `ks `ks`ÿo `ÿokzo kzo -to -toktm ktm por poroo ku` ku`str stroo ouf oufo, o, sj smbms bo`strms, m imk fms `stuajokt`s a` dmrboijùk ami`kt` iuokam vok o aor sus prïitjios- pma`bms coi`r ovokzor o ku`strms ofubkms `k uko dmrbo a` oprmpjoijùk a` fms imkmijbj`ktms qu` f`s p`rbjto orrjeor o imki`ptuofjzoijmk`s ioao v`z bïs pmt`kt`s y ajspmkjef`s poro jkt`roituor imk fos ajv`rsos sjtuoijmk`s qu` s` f`s pr`s`kt`k.

Fms imki`ptms, ½vok iobejokam=

Woro r`spmka`r `sto pr`hukto, rìurrjbms o fo ejefjmhrodâo ajaïitjio. Offâ `kimktrobms qu` poro r`d`rjrs` o fos jaòs a` uk sun`tm ’kjÿm m km- smer` uk ij`rtm imki`ptm bot`bïtjim, s` coefo coe fo a` imki`pijmk`s. @st @st`` têr têrbjk bjkm m `s jkt jktrmau rmauij ijam am pmr T`r T`rhko hkoua ua por poroo ja` ja`ktj ktjdji djior or fos dmrbos `k fos qu` fms sun`tms pj`ksok fms imki`ptms. Woro êf, fo dmrbo `k qu` uk sun`tm -m vorjms- imkstruy` uk imki`ptm, iobejo imk `f tj`bpm y `k tof s`ktjam, r`sufto s`r uk `stoam imhkjtjvm hfmeof a` ajicm/s sun`tm/s r`d`rjam o uk men`tm bot`bïtjim a`t`rbjkoam. A`f bjsbm bmam bmam `k qu`, `k su a`sorrmff a`sorrmffm m cjstùrji cjstùrjim, m, s` a`sirje` a`sirje`k k fos ajv`rsos dm dmrbos rbos `k qu` du`rmk p`ksoams fms imki`ptms, imki`ptms, `stm `s, `k fo iròijùk y rìrò rìròijùk ijùk a` fms imki`ptm imki`ptmss bot`bïtjims of pfoktòr y r`smfv`r ajv`rsms prmef`bos, a` `so bjsbo bok`ro s` a`sirje` fo im imks kstr trui uiij ijùk ùk qu qu`` coi` coi`k k qu quj` j`k` k`ss op opr`k r`ka`k a`k ku ku`v `vms ms im imki ki`p `ptm tms, s, pu`s pu`stm tm qu qu`` vo vok k bmajdjiokam su `stoam iorhïkamfms a` ku`vos prmpjàoa`s y r`foijmk`s o bàjao qu` vok r`smf r`s mfvj vj`k `kam am pr prme mef` f`bo boss a`k a`ktr trm m m du`ro du`ro a` fo `s `siu iu`f `fo, o, rìm rìmks kstr truy uy`k `kam am poro poro `ffm `ffmss fms fms imkmijbj`ktms bot`bïtjims smijofb`kt` oi`ptoams. Imksja`ror ajd`r`kt`s dmrbos pmsjef`s poro uk bjsbm imki`ptm kms p`rbjt` ajstokijorkms a` fo imbpr`ksjùk -buicos vì`s jkauijao pmr fo `ks`ÿokzo troajijmkof- a` êstms imbm 97

þkjims,, jkb þkjims jkbuto utoef` ef`ss y ukj ukjv`r v`rsof sof`s. `s. W`k W`ksor sor `k imk imki`p i`pijm ijmk`s k`s sui sui`sj `sjvos vos sme smer` r` uk bjs bjsbm bm imki`ptm bot`bïtjim pmk` `k `vja`kijo fo pfurofjaoa a` puktms a` vjsto pmsjef`s. @k `st` `kdmqu` `s dukaob`ktof fo jbpmrtokijo a` imkièjr ‖`stoams sui`sjvms‒ `k fms imkmijbj`ktms fjhoams o fos imki`pijmk`s qu` vok imkstruy`kam fms ofubkms o portjr a` ku`vos sjtuoijmk`s qu` r`su`fv`k. @stms `stoams a` imkmijbj`ktm s` bokjdj`stok `k fos prmauiijmk`s qu` ròfjzok y, a`sa` `sto p`rspìtjvo, `s pmsjef` jkt`rpr`tor fms `rrmr`s km imbm uko dofto a` Bjic`f` Ortjhu`. Fo troyìtmrjo a` Ortjhu` s` r`bmkto imkmijbj`ktms, sjkm imbm fo pr`s`kijo a` fms 87, bmb`ktms `k qu` Drokijo s` pusm o fo mtrms imkmijbj`ktms, oioe`zo jkimbpf`tms, `f r`pfokt`m a` fo ajaïitjio `k bot`bïtjio. ajd`r`kt`s y pmim ortjiufoams. Ortjhu` cjzm uk uk hrok opmrt` o `st` a`sorrmffm imk imk su t`mrâo a` fo jkh`kj`râo ajaïitjio imbm b`tmamfmhâo a` jkv`stjhoijùk `k fo ajaïitjio bot`bïtjio, ofhm qu` rjqu`zo o` fosjkv`stjhoijùk fo`dmrboijùk ½Iuïf`s serjkaù mk ` ktmki mki fms doiytomr mr` s m ia` mbpmk` mk`kt`s ami`kt`s. imki`pijùk= Y` amitmrù `k fùhjios bot`bïtjios `k ?:85 pmr fo Pkjv`rsjaoa a` Worâs 8. Fu`hm, imb`kzù o troeonor `k `f iobpm a` fo ajaïitjio `k bot`bïtjio ` jkiursjmkù `k jkv`stjhoijùk, jkkmvoijùk y a`sorrmffm prmd`sjmkof a` fms ami`kt`s. A` cìcm, portjijpù `k fo mrhokjzoijùk a` fo àuioijùk bot`bïtjio a` uko `siu`fo prjborjo `xp`rjb`ktof y fu`hm `k uk iursm `xp`rjb`ktof poro `stuajokt`s a` pr`hroam, a`sorrmffoams imknuktob`kt` imknuktob`kt` imk dâsjims. @k ?:::, `k `f A`portob`ktm a` Bot`bïtjios a` fo Pkjv`rsjaoa a` Worâs 8, amka` ajrjhjù `f prmhrobo a` Bo`strâo y Amitmroam a` fo @siu`fo. A`sa` s`ptj`ber` a` 57?7, `s prmd`smro `bêrjto.

a`

uko

Fo jaò mrjhjkof a` T`rhkoua tmboeo tr`s imbpmk`kt`s a` uk imki`ptm, o soe`r> 





@f imknuktm a` fos sjtuoijmk`s qu` aok s`ktjam of imki`ptm. @f imknuktm a` fos dmrbos a`f f`khuon` y a`f km f`khuon` qu` p`rbjt`k r`pr`s`ktor sjbeùfjiob`kt` `f imki`ptm, sus prmpjàoa`s y fms prmiàjbj`ktms a` trotobj`ktm. @f imknuktm a` prmpjàoa`s y r`foijmk`s qu` p`rbjt`k `f iorïit`r mp`rotmrjm.

Bjic`f` Bjic` f` Ortjh Ortjhu` u` ròd ròdjrbo jrbo `sto jaò `k fms imbpm imbpmk`kt`s k`kt`s a` uko imki`pi imki`pijùk jùk a` uk sun`tm y ajstjkhu`> 



‖fo ifos` a` sjtuoijmk`s-prmef`bo sjtuoijmk`s-prmef`bo qu` aok s`ktjam of imki`ptm imki`ptm poro `f ofubkm< `f imknuktm a` r`pr`s`ktoijmk`s r`pr` s`ktoijmk`s sjbeùfjios ` jiùkjios qu` êf `s iopoz a` osmijorf`, `k portjiufor fos jbïh`k`s b`ktof`s, fos `xpr`sjmk`s sjbeùfjios<

9?



fos c`rrobj`ktos, þtjf`s, t`mr`bos, ofhmrjtbms a` fms iuof`s ajspmk` poro bokjpufor `f imki`ptm‒. (Ortjhu`, ?:31> 94)

½Iùbm tmbobms `stms imbpmk`kt`s iuokam p`ksobms fo `ks`ÿokzo=

Of `f`hjr fo ifos` a`f prmef`bo Yoe`bms qu` pma`bms imksja`ror poro ioao kmijùk ajd`r`kt`s hrupms a` prmef`bos y qu` ioao hrupm opmrto fms sjhkjdjioams portjiufor`s of imki`ptm. Osâ, pmr `n`bpfm, fo ajvjsjùk puà pu à`` t` t`k` k`rr uk sjhk sjhkjd jdji jioa oam m a` ‖r ‖r`po `port rtm‒ m‒ `k uk hr hrup upm m a` pr prmef mef`b `bos os y, `k mtrm, mtrm, uk sjhkjdjioa sjhkj djioam m a` portj portjijùk ijùk.. Bïs offï a` qu` `k obems iosms sòk prmef`bo prmef`boss amka` dukijm dukijmko ko uko r`foijùk a` prmpmrijmkofjaoa, fo jkdmrboijùk aoao y fo pr`hukto smk ajd`r`kt`s y pmr `sm, poro quj`k r`su`fv` smk prmef`bos imk ajd`r`kt`s sjhkjdjioams a` fo ajvjsjùk. Of r`smfv`r ajstjktms imknuktms a` prmef`bos qu` imbport`k `f bjsbm sjhkjdjioam a` uk imki`ptm, fms ofubkms jrïk `stoefìj`kam r`foijmk`s `ktr` `ffms y, fu`hm, ku`vos r`foijmk`s `ktr` fms ajd`r`kt`s sjhkjdjioams. @sto iu`stjùk `s i`ktrof of `f`hjr fms prmef`bos poro `ks`ÿor uko kmijùk, pu`s aurokt` su `simforjaoa fms ofubkms aè`râok t`k`r fo mpmrtukjaoa a` r`smfv`r prmef`bos imk sus ajd`r`kt`s fms Iuoa`rkms s` `xpfjijtok `xpfjijt ok fms sjhkjdji sjhkjdjioams a` fos mp`roijmk`ssjhkjdjioams. eïsjios imk@k kþb`rms koturof`sporo qu` `f sòufo jkajiok poro troeonor `k ioaooams hroam.

Of aìjajr y oktjijpor fos r`pr`s`ktoijmk`s Qoktm of `f`hjr quê r`pr`s`ktoijùk a`f imki`ptm vobms o jkifujr `k ioao ukm a` fms prmef`bos qu` pr`s`ktobms imbm of imksja`ror fos ajv`rsos ‖borios‒ qu` prmaui`k fms icjims y icjios of r`smfv`r, jr`bms rìmrrj`kam `f imknuktm qu` `stï s`ÿofoam poro ioao kmijùk `k ioao hroam.

Of imksja`ror fos prmpjàoa`s y r`foijmk`s qu` s` pmk`k `k nu`hm Of aìjajr iuïf`s smk fos kmijmk`s bot`bïtjios qu` qu`r`bms qu` s` imkstruyok `k `f oufo ’prm ’p rmpj pjà àoa oa aj ajst strj rjeu eutj tjvo vo a` fo bu buft ftjp jpfjfjio ioij ijùk ùk,, pr prmp mpj` jào aoa` a`ss a` fo foss r`fo r`foij ijmk mk`s `s a` prmpmrijmkofjaoa, dmrbos a` iofiufor uk imij`kt`, `ti.- `f`hjbms sjtuoijmk`s prmef`bo `k fos qu` `stos kmijmk`s s` puàok pmk`r `k nu`hm. Qobejêk imksja`robms iuïf`s smk fos kmijmk`s qu` ioao sjtuoijùk r`quj`r` imbm puktm a` portjao, imbm opmym poro pma`r `foemror uko `strot`hjo a` r`smfuijùk. Fòbms `k fo ijto a` Huy Ermussòu fo `strìco r`foijùk `ktr` fos imki`pijmk`s a`f sun`tm y fo foss sjtu sjtuoi oijm jmk` k`ss a` `ks` `ks`ÿo ÿokz kzoo qu qu`` ifor iforob ob`k `kt` t` pmk` pmk` a` bo bokj kjdj dj`s `stm tm fo mrj` mrj`kt ktoi oijù jùk k imkstruitjvjsto a` fo p`rspìtjvo àuiotjvo qu` v`kjbms pr`s`ktokam> ‖Fos imki`pijmk`s a` fms ofubkms smk `f r`suftoam a` uk jkt`riobejm p`rbok`kt` imk fos sjtuoi sjtuoijmk jmk`s`s-prme prmef`b f`bos os `k fo fos s iuof`s iuof`s `stïk sjtuoa sjtuoams ms y `k `f iursm iursm a` fos iuof`s iuof`s sus im imkm kmij ijbj bj`k `ktm tms s okt` okt`rj rjmr mr`s `s sm smk k bmvj bmvjfj fjzo zoam ams s poro poro s` s`rr bmaj bmajdj djio ioam ams, s, im imbp bpf` f`to toam ams s m rìcozoams. \@k `st` s`ktjam,R `f ofubkm imkstrujrï prmhr`sjvob`kt` sus imkmijbj`ktms posokam pmr imki`pijmk`s sui`sjvos. \…R Pk bjsbm ofubkm puà` utjfjzor kub`rmsos imki`pijmk`s jhkmrokam sus r`foijmk`s, m ej`k of imktrorjm, r`foijmkïkamfos r`foijmkïkamfos imk uk men`tm bïs h`k`rof‒. (Ermussòu, ?:39, `k Uujz Cjhu`ros, ?::3> 98)

95

OIQJTJAOA@Y O imktjkuoijùk f`s prmpmk`bms fos oitjvjaoa`s poro `sto ifos`> 

F``r `f t`xtm ‖Ajsiu ‖Ajsiusjm sjmk`s k`s `k fos ifos`s a` bot`bïtjio> _uê, poro quê y iùbm s` ajsiut` ‒ a`

_uorokto, B.@. y Xmfbok, Y.



Imksja`ro Imksj a`rorr `f `n` `n`bpf bpfm m a` Irj Irjst stjko jko,, quj`k pfoktò fo sjhuj`kt` oitjvjaoa `k fo ifos` pmst`rjmr of nu`hm> U` U`po port rt` ` o io ioao ao ukm ukm a` su sus s ofubkms ams iortos imk droiijmk`s y ueji ue jio o mtro mtros s iu iuot otrm rm `k `f pj pjzo zorrù rrùk. k. Imk `f hrupm `k su imknuktm, `ffo vo coij`kam pr`huktos y oft`rkotj oft`r kotjvob`kt vob`kt` ` ajstjktms ajstjktms ofubkms ofubkms a`f hrupm vok r`spmkaj`kam.

F`s prmpmk`bms ocmro qu` vòk `f vja`m y bj`ktros fm bjrok, okmt`k fos pr`huktos a` Irjs Irjstj tjko ko y fm qu qu`` vo `si `sirj rjej ej`k `kam am `k `f pjzorrùk. Huy Ermussòu (Borruìms, ?:99) imb`kzù su iorr`ro imbm bo`strm a` `siu`fo prjborjo, prjborjo, `s fji`kijoam `k Ij`kijos Ij`kijos a` fo àuioijùk y amitmr `k ` k Bot`bïtjio. Co sjam prmd`smr a` fo fo Pkjv`rsjaoa y `f Jkstjtutm Pkjv`rsjtorjm a` Dmrboijùk a` Wrmd`smr`s (JPDB) a` Eura`ms, amka` troeonù costo ?::3. @s Wrmd`smr @bêrjtm `k `f JPDB a` Oqujtokjo y fo Pkjv`rsjaoa Pkjv`rsjaoa a` Emraòux Emraòux y Amitmr Cmkmrjs Iouso a` fos Pkjv`rsjaoa`s a` Bmktròf, Hjkèro, Icjpr` y Iùrameo. Costo fms oÿms :7 co portjijpoam a` fos oitjvjaoa`s a` fo Imbjsjùk Jkt`rkoijmkof poro `f @stuajm y B`nmro a` fo @ks`ÿokzo a` fos Bot`bïtjios. @ktr` sus kub`rmsos jkv`stjhoijmk`s, su opmrt` t`ùrjim bïs kmtoef` du` fo `foemroijùk a` fo Q`mrâo a` fos cttps>//www.ymutue`.imb/wotic= sjtuoijmk`s ajaïitjios, qu` a`sirje` fos v2XbPwalNUwq3 jkt`roiijmk`s smijof`s qu` s` a`sorrmffok `k fo ifos` `ktr` fms `stuajokt`s, `f prmd`smr y `f soe`r y qu` imkajijmkok fm qu` opr`ka`k fms Woro ròfjzor fu`hm uko pu`sto `k imbþk. `stuajokt`s y iùbm puà` s`r opr`kajam. @ktr` sus kub`rmsos puefjioijmk`s y ortâiufms qu` s` puà`k imksuftor `k fo wè, pma`bms `kimktror `k Orh`ktjko> Orh`ktjko> ‖Fms ajd`r`kt`s rmf`s a`f bo`strm‒, `k Worro, I. y Yojz, oi`rio J. (imbp.), a` fos Fo fìturo a`f ortâiufm ‖U`df`xjmk`s h`k`rof`s aÀjaïitjio fo `ks`ÿokzo a` fo bot`bïtjios (Wojaùs, ?::1), Jkjijoijùk of bot`bïtjio‒ `k Wokjzzo, Boe`f (imbp) (5779) ?.sjtuoijmk`s "@ks`ÿor Bot`bïtjio `stuajmIop a` fos sjtuoijmk` s ajaïitjios (fjerms `k `f Kjv`f Jkjijof y `f prjb`r ijifm a` fo @HE. Okïfjsjs y prmpu`stos" . Wojaùs, a`f ^mrzof, 5778).

IMBWF@B@KQOUJOY JOY F@IQPUOY IMBWF@B@KQOU

im imkt ktrj rjeu euy` y` du du`rt `rt`b `b`kt `kt`` o fo imbp imbpr`k r`ksj sjùk ùk a` fo p`rs p`rspì pìtj tjvo vo qu qu`` cm cmyy smst smst`k `k`b `bms ms,, i`kt i`ktrï rïka kams ms`` port portji jiuf ufor orb` b`kt kt`òprmxjboijùk `k am amsso suiu iu`s `stj tjmk mk`s `s> > fo Pko t`mrâo `k> Wokjzzo, B. r`foijmk`s ‖Imki`ptms eïsjims fo t`mrâo a` a` jkt`rrmhoijùk a` fo kmijùk a` s`ktjam y fos `ktrà`fms men`tms sjtuoijmk`s ajaïitjios‒, `k @ks`ÿor imkmijbj`ktm y sus r`pr`s`ktoijmk`s. bot`bïtjio `k Kjv`f Jkjijof y Wrjb`r ijifm a`

fo @HE, Boe`f Wokjzzo (imbp.) Eu`kms Ojr`s,

Wojaùs, 5779

Pko ejmhrodæo a`toffoao y uko sâkt`sjs a` sus prjkijpof`s opmrt`s 99 cttp>//www.orab.ù/imkt`ku/huy`k>cttp>//www.orab.ù/imkt`ku/huy`k> ermussòu-`spokmf

Wïhjko> cttp>//huy-ermussòu.imb/

t` t`mr mrâo âo a` opor oporì ` im imbm bm a` uk fo bàj b` ajm m prjv prjvjf jf`hj `hjoa m imkvj`rt` poro poro im imbp bpr`k r`ka` a`rropmrt` fm qu` qui`ktrof ` co coi` i`k k`kfms fm`fs y‖Fo bêtmams foì` ajaïitjio Bot`bïtjio yoam s` `k uk prmd`smr`s iobpm a`f imkmijbj`ktm y fms ofubkms`ky imkstruiijùk. tobejêk poro prmauijr prmef`bos oaoptoams o fms soe`r`s y o fms ofubkms‒. (Ermussòu, ?:::)

@sto t`mrâo `stï sust`ktoao `k fo bjsbo imki`pijùk imkstruitjvjsto a`f opr`kajzon` qu` vjbms `k mtrms jkv`stjhoamr`s y pfoktò fm sjhuj`kt`>

ofubkm km opr`k opr`ka` a` oaop oaoptï tïka kams ms` ` of bàj bàjm m qu` qu` `s uko uko du`k du`kt` t` a` im imkt ktro roaj ajii iijm jmk` k`s, s, ‖@f ofub a`s`qujfjerjms, ajdjiuftoa`s, uk pmim imbm fm coi` fo smijàoa cuboko .‒(Ermussòu, ?:34)

Ermussòu `foemro uko bma`fjzoijùk a`f dukijmkobj`ktm a`f imkmijbj`ktm bot`bïtjim `k fo ifos`, jkifuy`kam uko a`sirjpijùk a`f imknuktm a` prïitjios a` uk ofubkm tof imbm fos jbohjko> ‖Pko eu`ko r`prmauiijùk pmr port` a`f ofubkm a` fo oitjvjaoa bot`bïtjio `xjh` qu` êst` jkt` jkt`rv rv`k `kho ho `k `so `so oi oitj tjvj vjao aoa, a, fm iu iuof of sj sjhk hkjd jdji jio o qu` qu` dmrb dmrbuf uf` ` `kuk `kukij ijoa oams ms y pr pru` uè` e` prmpmsjijmk`s, qu` imkstruyo bma`fms, f`khuon`s, imki`ptms y t`mrâos, qu` fms pmkho o pruèo ` jkt`riobej` imk mtrms, qu` rìmkmzio fms qu` `stïk imkdmrb`s imk fo iufturo bot`bïtjio y qu` tmb` fms qu` smk þtjf`s poro imktjkuor su oitjvjaoa ‒. ‒.

Qobejêk Qobejê k a`s a`sirj irje` e` fo `ks`ÿo `ks`ÿokzo kzo vjk vjkiuf iufoao oao imk fos sjtuoi sjtuoijmk jmk`s`s-prme prmef`b f`boo qu` s` aè aè`k `k prmpmk`r> ‖… `f prmd`s prmd`smr mr aè` aè` coi`r coi`r pmsjef pmsjef` ` qu` fms of ofubk ubkms ms a`sorr a`sorrmff mff`k `k fo oitjv oitjvjao jaoa a s`ÿofo s`ÿofoao, ao, jbohjkokam y prmpmkj`kam o sus ofubkms sjtuoijmk`s bot`bïtjios qu` `ffms puàok vjvjr y f`s jbpfjqu`k r`smfv`r prmef`bos `k fms iuof`s fms imkmijbj`ktms qu` quj`r` `ks`ÿor sòk fo b`nm b`nmrr sm smfu fuij ijùk ùk po poro ro aj ajic icms ms pmr prmef prmef`b os,, im imk imka kaji jijù jùk k oa oaji jijm jmko koff a` qu` qu` aj ajic icms ms imkmijbj`ktms sòk imkstrujef`s `f `bos ofubkm .‒ k fo im

Of `stuajor fo ifos`, Ermussòu okofjzo ij`rtos r`huforjaoa`s jbpfâijtos `k fo r`foijùk a` fms ofubkms y `f prmd`smr imk fms imkmijbj`ktms. @stos r`hfos a`t`rbjkok uk ij`rtm imktrotm qu` r`hufo fos jkt`roiijmk`s y fos a`kmbjko imktrotm ajaïitjim. Fos r`hfos y ifïusufos qu` `k `f oufo s` pmk`k `k dukijmkobj`ktm of jkt`roituor dr`kt` o uk imkmijbj`ktm `spìâdjim a`djk`k, o fo v`z, fm qu` ioao ukm puà` coi`r y `f sjhkjdjioam a` sus oituoijmk`s `k r`foijùk imk `s` imkmijbj`ktm. Aji` of r`spìtm W. Yoamvsly> ‖@f imktrotm ajaïitjim qu` sueyoi` of dukijmkobj`ktm a` fms men`tms bot`bïtjims `stï r`hjam pmr r`hfos a` koturof`zo buy ajd`r`kt` qu` s` r`dj`r`k toktm o fms imki`ptms (fos dukijmk`s sj`bpr` s` a`djk`k o trovês a` dùrbufos, fos r`foijmk`s irìj`kt`s sj`bpr` smk a` prmpmrijmkofjaoa ajrìto, uko ìuoijùk tj`k` smfuijùk þkjio, `ti.) imbm o fos kmrbos qu` imbokaok fms bmams a` oemraor fms prmef`bos (km s` puà` otrjeujr vofmr`s o fos vorjoef`s a` bok`ro orejtrorjo, fms prmef`bos sj`bpr` tj`k`k smfuijùk, `ti.)‖. (Yoamvsly, 5770, p.17)

Pk `n`bpfm a` r`hfo qu` co dukijmkoam aurokt` buicm tj`bpm `k fo `siu`fo prjborjo `s fo qu` aji` quê coy qu` coi`r poro r`smfv`r uk prmef`bo> ‖sj t` aok uk `kukijoam imk kþb`rms, t`kês qu` coi`r uko iu`kto imk `ffms, `f r`suftoam `s fo r`spu`sto o fo pr`hukto y fo smfuijùk `s þkjio‒. @k `st` iosm, v`bms qu` fo jaò a` prmef`bo `stï r`d`rjao o fms ifïs ifïsji jims ms `k `kuk ukij ijoa oams ms imk imk jkdm jkdmrb rboi oijù jùk k ku kubê bêrj rjio io.. Cm Cmyy t`k` t`k`bm bmss fo `xp` `xpìt itot otjv jvoo a` jr troeonokam `k fo `siu`fo imk fms prmef`bos kubêrjims, `krjquìj`kam fo pmsjejfjaoa a` coi`r uk trotobj`ktm a` fo jkdmrboijùk a` bmam qu` `sto r`hfo s` bmajdjqu`, pr`s`ktokam `kukijoams imk aotms a` bïs m a` b`kms, imk pr`huktos qu` km r`quj`rok iïfiufms poro s`r r`spmkajaos y imk mtros qu` km s` puàok r`spmka`r imk fo jkdmrboijùk prmpmrijmkoao. @stos r`hfos oporì`k `k `f borim a` fo ifos` iuokam `f prmd`smr m fms ofubkms oitþok ‖rmbpj`kam‒ `stms jbpfâijtms y, `k `s` iosm, tj`k` s`ktjam coefor `xpfâijtob`kt` a` `ffos poro oi`ptorfos, rìcozorfos m `stoefì`r susr`spu`sto‒ fâbjt`s. Wmr `n`bpfm, `xpfjijtokam, iuokam `sm miurro, qu` ‖`f prmef`bo tj`k` bïs a` uko m ‖`k `f prmef`bo a`f pohm a`f toxj, o bïs ljfùb`trms rìmrrjams s` poho bïs p`rm km `s a` prmpmrijmkofjaoa ajrìto‒. 91

Of `stoefì`r ukos imkajijmk`s poro qu` `f opr`kajzon` dukijmk` imbm uko imkstruiijùk a` imkmijbj`ktms, Ermussòu a`djk` uko sjtuoijùk uko sjtuoijùk ajaïitjio ajaïitjio imbm imbm uko sjtuoijùk imkstrujao imk `f djk a` qu` ukms ofubkms opr`kaok uk soe`r a`t`rbjkoam. @stï imkstjtujao pmr tmams fmss `f fm `f`b `b`k `ktm tmss qu qu`` imbp imbpmk mk`k `k `f b` bàj ajm m imk imk `f qu qu`` fms fms of ofub ubkm kmss vok vok o jkt` jkt`ro roit ituo uor, r, jkifuy`kam `f prmef`bo o r`smfv`r, fms `f`b`ktms bot`rjof`s (sj du`ro `f iosm) y, s`hþk iùbm s` aìjao, uk hrupm a` imbpoÿ`rms. Ermussòu a`djk` a` `sto bok`ro o uko sjtuoijùk ajaïitjio> ‖Pk imknuktm a` r`foijmk`s `stoefìjaos `xpfâijto m jbpfâijtob`kt` `ktr` uk ofubkm y uk hrupm a` ofubkms, ofubkms, uk ij`rtm bàjm (qu` imbpr`ka` `v`ktuofb`kt` `v`ktuofb`kt` jkstrub`ktm jkstrub`ktms s u mtrms men`tms) men`tm s) y uk sjst`bo àuiotjvm àuiotjvm (r`pr`s`kto (r`pr`s`ktoam am pmr `f prmd`smr) prmd`smr) imk fo djkofjaoa djkofjaoa a` fmhror fmhror qu` `stms ofubkms s` oprmpj`k a` uk soe`r imkstjtujam m `k vâos a` imkstjtuijùk.‒ (Ermussòu, ijtoam `k Hofv`z, ijtoam `k Wokjzzo, ?::1)

@k `st` s`ktjam, Ermussòu a`kmbjko sjtuoijùk a`kmbjko sjtuoijùk oajaïitjio oajaïitjio   of bmb`ktm `k `f qu` `f ofub of ubkm km s` `k `kiu iu`k `ktr troo smfm smfm dr dr`kt `kt`` o fo r`sm r`smfu fuij ijùk ùk a`f a`f pr prme mef` f`bo bo sj sjk k qu qu`` `f bo bo`s `str trm m jkt`rv`kho `k iu`stjmk`s r`fotjvos of soe`r qu` s` quj`r` qu` êf prmauzio poro orrjeor o uko r`spu`sto okt` fo sjtuoijùk pfoktòao . Wrìjsob`kt` , sj `f ofubkm co a` imkstrujr imkmijbj`ktms, `s dukaob`ktof imkièjr uko dos` `k fo qu` sò kì`sorjo fo oporjijùk a`f soe`r y qu` `so kì`sjaoa `stê a`t`rbjkoao pmr fos imkajijmk`s qu` mdrì` fo bjsbo sjtuoijùk sjk qu` `f ami`kt` jkt`rv`kho. Aji`, tmbokam pofoeros a` E`rtc`fmt y Yofjk> ‖@f têrbjkm a` sjtuoijùk oajaïitjio a`sjhko tmao sjtuoijùk qu`, pmr uko port` km puà` s`r ambjkoao a` bok`ro imkv`kj`kt` sjk fo pu`sto `k prïitjio a` fms imkmijbj`ktms m a`f soe`r qu` s` pr`t`ka` y qu`, pmr fo mtro, sokijmko fos aìjsjmk`s qu` tmbo `f ofubkm (eu`kos m bofos) sjk fo jkt`rv`kijùk a`f bo`strm `k fm qu` imkij`rk` of soe`r qu` s` pmk` `k nu`hm‒ . (Wokjzzo, ?::5)

@k `f ortâiufm ijtoam a` Wokjzzo (pïhs. 49/44) s` okofjzok tr`s ospìtms a` fo kmijùk a` sjtuoijùk oajaïitjio qu` p`rbjt`k prmdukajzor su imbpr`ksjùk> `f imkmijbj`ktm o imkstrujr `k fo sjtuoijùk aè` s`r kì`sorjm poro su r`smfuijùk< `f bo`strm km aè` jkt`rv`kjr `k r`foijùk imk `s` imkmijbj`ktm< y `f bàjm imk `f qu` `f ofubkm jkt`roitþo aè` boriorf` a` ofhþk bmam sj fos aìjsjmk`s qu` tmbù of r`smfv`r smk m km oaìuoaos. Woro pma`r ovokzor imk mtros kmijmk`s, tobejêk pmt`kt`s poro okofjzor prmpu`stos a` `ks`ÿokzo, p`ks`bms `k `f iosm sjhuj`kt`>

Irjstjko qu quj` j`r` r` pr pr`s `s`k `kto torr uk pr prme mef` f`bo bo qu qu`` p` p`rb rbjt jtoo o fms fms of ofub ubkm kmss `foe `foemr mror or `strot`hjos poro subor droiijmk`s. @kiu`ktro `k `f Iuoa`rkm poro `f oufo a` 0tm .

(pïh. ?71) uk nu`hm poro troeonor imk subos a` droiijmk`s> ‖@simeo a`f ?‒> subos qu` aok ?. @f bot`rjof poro `f nu`hm smk kojp`s imk droiijmk`s r`pr`s`ktoaos `k rìtïkhufms> ?/5, ?/9, ?/1, ?/4, ?/3, y ?/:. ? /:.

Irjstjko s` pr`hu o> ½pma ½p rï s`r s` rmef` uk uko o s=< eu eu`k o marï oi oitj tjvj aoa po ro troe troeon orhor= a`s a`sa` fo p`rs p`rsp` pìt itjv jvo o pr` a` hukt r`sm r`kto> smfu fuij ijùk ùkmarï a` pr prme f`bo bos= Fo jkt`rv`kijùk ami`kt` `k fo ifos` a` Bot`bïtjio, Iùrameo

cttps>//www.ymutue`.imb/wotic=v2qdzv-Oc@Oci

@qujpm Qêikjim

@qujpm a` Bot`bïtjio> Bot`bïtjio> Yokaro Jkês Bmfjkmfm, Oko Borâo Horiâo, @a`ra a`f a`f Toff` Wjiio Immrajkoijùk Immrajkoi jùk Wàohùhjio> Yokaro Jkês Bmfjkmfm Immrajkoijùk Immrajkoi jùk H`k`rof> Hoerj`fo Irjstjko Irjstjk o W`r`ttj (Ïrò a` H`stjùk Iurrjiufor Iurrjiuf or a` fo Yuesìr`torâo a` Wrmbmijùk a` jhuofaoa y Iofjaoa @auiotjvo) @ auiotjvo) Yuesìr`torjm a` Wrmbmijùk a` Jhuofaoa y Iofjaoa @auiotjvo> Cmroijm Oa`bor D`rr`yro Y` ohroaì` o fo @siu`fo Kmrbof Yup. Ar. O. Horzùk Ohuffo (Iùrameo Iopjtof) y o fo @siu`fo Ormfam Oka`kbott`b (Iùrameo Iopjtof). @k

fms Iuoa`rkms poro `f oufo (p. ?:) s` `xpfjio fo r`foijùk `ktr` nu`hm y prmef`bo>

‖N ‖Nuh uhor or p` p`rb rbjt jt` ` ±` ±`kt ktro rorr `k `f nu`h nu`hm± m± a` fo aj ajsi sijp jpfj fjko ko bot` bot`bï bïtj tjio io,, pu`s pu`s s` `f `fjh jh`k `k orejtrorjob`kt` ukms puktms a` portjao y ukos r`hfos qu` tmams fms portjijpokt`s oiu`raok y s` imbprmb`t`k o r`sp`tor. Fu`hm, s` usok `strot`hjos qu` oktjijpok `f r`suftoam a` fos oiijmk oii jmk`s, `s, s` tmbok tmbok aìjsj aìjsjmk` mk`s s aurokt aurokt` ` `f nu`hm nu`hm y s` ròfjz ròfjzok ok oiu`ram oiu`rams s dr`kt` dr`kt` o fos ajsiusjmk`s.‒

Fo pr`hukto a` Irjstjko smer` fms imkm imkmijbj ijbj`ktms `ktms qu` kì`s kì`sjtok jtok sus ofub ofubkms kms poro pma`r nuhor r`bjt` o fo kì`sjaoa a` p` p`ksor ksor `k fos ajd`r`kt`s oft`rkotjvos a` nuhoaos y okofjzor quêê k` qu kì` i`sj sjto tok k so soe` e`rr fms fms icji icjims ms poro poro io ioao ao uk uko. o. Wm Wmrr `n`b `n`bpf pfm, m, sj so soe` e`k k droi droiij ijmk mk`s `s `qujvof`kt`s, `stm `s, 5/4 2 ?/9, vok o r`foijmkor rïpjaob`kt` qu` imk ams iortos a` ?/4 dmrbok ?/9. @k mtrm iosm pmarïk a`siuerjr `so `qujvof`kijo imbprmeïkamfo hrïdjiob`kt` `k `f imkt`xtm a`f nu`hm. Yj ej`k s` `sp`ro qu` fms ofubkms y ofubkos imkmziok fo r`foijùk `ktr` `f `kt`rm y ioao droiijùk ukjtorjo -pmr `n`bpfm, qu` uko port` `s ¶ sj imk 1 a` `sos port`s s` dmrbo `f `kt`rm-, sj `stm km miurrj`s`, uko prjb`ro `xpfmroijùk imk fos iortos f`s p`rbjtjrâo orrjeor o `sto jaò. 94

Wmr mtrm foam, fos subos qu` s` puà`k met`k`r a`p`ka`k a` fms vofmr`s a` fos iortos y pmr `sm `s pmsjef` bmajdjiorfos s`hþk `f r`p`rtmrjm a` subos qu` s` quj`ro oemraor.

@k `f iosm a`f nu`hm qu` `kimktrù Irjstjko, fms kþb`rms a` fos iortos puà`k t`k`r fms vofmr`s pfoktòams u mtrms s`hþk fos subos smer` fos qu` `f bo`strm quj`r` qu` s` troeon`. Wmr `n`bpfm, s` pmarâo nuhor imk iortos qu` t`khok tobejêk amiòvms, qujktms y aêijbms m jkifuy`kam ofhukos qu` km t`khok kub`roamr ?. Qobejêk s` pmarâo nuhor o qu` fo ‖`simeo‒ du`ro a`f 5 sj, pmr `n`bpfm, s` qujsj`s` fu`hm okofjzor fms subokams `k r`foijùk imk fo ukjaoa y coi`r iïfiufms oprmxjboams. Wmr mtro port`, tobejêk pmarâok vorjor fos r`pr`s`ktoijmk`s a` fos droiijmk`s qu` s` usok `k fos iortos, m sjk ajvjsjmk`s, m imk mtro poroa``ffos `kt`rm. @kimrr`spmka` `stms iosms vorâo pmsjejfjaoa aìmk imbprmeor `dìtjvob`kt` sj fodmrbo rùkjùk port`s m km fo of `kt`rm. @st` okïfjsjs kms p`rbjt` jkimrpmror mtro kmijùk dukaob`ktof a` fo t`mrâo, fo a` vorjoef` ajaïitjio.. @k `f ortâiufm mpmrtukob`kt` ijtoam a` Wokjzzo, su outmro orrjeo o su sjhuj`kt` ajaïitjio a`djkjijùk> ‖ Ofhukos Ofhukos a` `sos imkajijmk`s (a` fo sjtuoijùk) qu` puà`k vorjor o vmfuktoa a`f ami`kt` y qu` imkstjtuy`k uko vorjoef` ajaïitjio iuokam, s`hþk fms vofmr`s qu` tmbok, bmajdjiok fos `strot`hjos a` r`smfuijùk y `k imksìu`kijo, `f imkmijbj`ktm kì`sorjm poro r`smfv`r fo sjtuoijùk.‒

@k su t`mrâo, Ermussòu ajstjkhu` tr`s tjpms a` sjtuoijmk`s, iuyo a`sirjpijùk tmbobms a`f t`xtm a` Wokjzzo> 

‖Yjtuo ‖Yjtuoijmk` ijmk`ss a` oiij oiijùk> ùk> `f `f of ofub ubkm km a` aè` e` oitu oituor or sm smer er` ` uk bàj bàjm m (bot (bot`r `rjo joff m sjbeùfjim),, fo sjtuoijùk sjbeùfjim) sjtuoijùk r`quj`r` smfob`kt` smfob`kt` fo pu`sto pu`sto `k oitm a` imkmijbj`k imkmijbj`ktms tms jbpfâijtms.



Yjtuoijmk`s a` dmrbufoijùk> uk ofubkm (m uk hrupm a` ofubkms) `bjsmr aè` dmrbufor dmrbuf or `xpfâi `xpfâijto jtob`k b`kt` t` uk b`kso b`kson` n` a`stjk a`stjkoam oam o mt mtrm rm ofu ofubkm bkm (m uk hrupm hrupm a` ofubkms) rì`ptmr, qu` aè` oituor (smer` uk bàjm bot`rjof m sjbeùfjim), a` oiu`ram imk `f imkmijbj`ktm imkt`kjam `k `f b`kson`.



Yjtuoijmk`s a` vofjaoijùk> ams ofubkms (m hrupms a` ofubkms) aè`k `kukijor os os`r `rij ijmk mk`s `s y pm pmk` k`rs rs` ` a` oi oiu` u`ra ram m sm smer er` ` fo v` v`ra raoa oa m dofs dofsà àoa oa a` `f `ffo fos. s. Fos Fos odjrboijm odjrb oijmk`s k`s prmpu`stos pmr ioao hrupm smk smb`t smb`tjaos jaos o fo imksja`roijùk imksja`roijùk a` mtrm hrupm, hru pm, qu` aè` aè` t`k`r t`k`r fo iopoij iopoijaoa aoa a` ±sokij ±sokijmko mkorfo rfos±, s±, `s aìjr, aìjr, s`r iopoz a` oi`ptorfos oi`pt orfos,, rìcozorfo rìcozorfos, s, pàjr pruèos, pruèos, mpmk`r mtros os`rijmk`s os`rijmk`s." ." (Wokjzzo, pïhs.

44/8, 5779) @k r`foijùk imk `stos dmrbos a` jkt`roiijùk aìjbms `k fms Iuoa`rkms poro `f oufo > 98

‖Fms kjÿms pmarïk ròfjzor ajd`r`kt`s toròs. @k ofhukos miosjmk`s, troeonorïk usokam fms imkmij imk mijbj` bj`ktm ktms s bot`b bot`bïtj ïtjims ims a` bok`ro bok`ro jbpfâi jbpfâijto jto,, sjk kmbero kmberorfm rfms s kj `sirje `sirjejrf jrfms, ms, pmr `n`bp `n` bpfm fm,, of bàj bàjr, r, im imks kstr truj ujr, r, a` aìj ijaj ajrr iùbm iùbm nu nuho horr m im imkt ktor or.. @k mt mtro ros, s, ut utjf jfjz jzor orïk ïk fms fms imkmijbj`ktms bot`bïtjims a` bok`ro `xpfâijto> t`karïk qu` a`sirjejr iùbm bjaj`rmk m im imkt ktor ormk mk,, quê quê jkst jkstru rub` b`kt ktms ms us usor ormk mk po poro ro im imks kstr truj ujrr y qu quê ê cj cjij ij`r `rmk mk `k io ioao ao posm posm,, m prmauijrïk uk jkstruitjvm poro qu` mtrm imkstruyo uko djhuro m ròfji` uk iïfiufm, `xpfjiorïk pmr quê aìjaj`rmk utjfjzor uk prmiàjbj`ktm u mtrm, iùbm puà`k imbprmeor qu` uk r`suftoam `s oaìuoam. Qobejêk aorïk rozmk`s poro imkv`ki`r o mtrm imbpoÿ`rm a` qu` fms kþb`rms `kimktroams m fos djhuros ajeunoaos iubpf`k imk fos imkajijmk`s a`f prmef`bo< t`karïk qu` orhub`ktor smer` sj uk prmiàjbj`ktm `s m km imrrìtm, m `k quê iosms uko odjrboijùk `s v`raoa`ro. ‖Of oktjijpor `f a`sorrmffm a` fo ifos` y pr`v`r fos imkajijmk`s kì`sorjos poro qu` miurrok fos jkt`roiijmk`s qu` kms jkt`r`sok, ajs`ÿobms uko sjtuoijùk prmef`bïtjio o prmpùsjtm a`f imkmijbj`ktm qu` qu`r`bms `ks`ÿor. @sto sjtuoijùk jkifuy` uk imknuktm a` `f`b`ktms y r`foijm r`fo ijmk`s k`s qu` `storï `storïk k pr`s`kt pr`s`kt`s `s `k fo ifos`> ifos`> `f prmef`b prmef`bo, o, fms bot`rjo bot`rjof`s f`s,, uko ij`rto ij`rto mrhokjz mrho kjzoij oijùk ùk a`f hrupm, hrupm, uk a`sorr a`sorrmff mffm m imk bmb`kt bmb`ktms ms poro poro ajd ajd`r`k `r`kt`s t`s jkt`ri jkt`riobe obejms jms.. Of pfokjdjior, tobejêk oktjijpobms fms ajd`r`kt`s prmiàjbj`ktms y fos r`pr`s`ktoijmk`s qu` pmarïk usor fms ofubkms, ku`stros pr`huktos y fos imkifusjmk`s pmsjef`s.‒ (Iuoa`rkms poro `f oufo, Bot`bïtjio 9, pïh.?4)

@f ovoki` a` fo ifos` y su h`stjùk Imksja`r`bms ocmro qu` c`bms `f`hjam uk prmef` Imksja`r`bms prmef`bo bo poro pr`s`k pr`s`ktor tor o ku`st ku`strms rms ofubkms a` prjborjo m qu` `stobms oktjijpokam imk fms duturms bo`strms `f a`sorrmffm a` fo ifos`. Uìurrobms poro `ffm yof troeonm U`hjk` quj`k prmpmk`r ukos `ks`ÿo `ks `ÿokzo kzo ajd ajd`r` `r`kt` kt` qu` fmsaòfu ofubkm bkmss Amuoay, imk imkstr struyo uyok k `f pfoktò s`k s`ktja tjam m qu` a` poro fms imk imkmij mijbj` bj`ktm ktms bot`bïtjims qu` utjfjzok, `s kì`sorjm mrhokjzor fo `ks`ÿokzo a` mtrm bmam> oitjvj vjao aoa a pr prjk jkij ijpo poff `k bot` bot`bï bïtj tjio ios, s, `k `f bori borim m `sim `simfo for, r, m `k fms fms i` i`kt ktrm rms s a` ‖Fo oitj jkv`stjhoijùk prmd`sjmkof, imksjst` `k r`smfv`r prmef`bos, `k pfoktòr iu`stjmk`s. (…) @f jkv`stjhoamr (bot`bïtjim) puà` aìforor r`su`ftm uk prmef`bo sj puà` nustjdjior sus aìforoijmk`s s`hþk uk sjst`bo a` vofjaoijùk prmpjm a` fos bot`bïtjios. @k `st` iobjkm, irò imki`pt imki`ptms ms qu` nu`hok nu`hok `f pop`f pop`f a` jkstrub`ktms poro r`smfv`r prmef`bos. Iuokam poso o fo imbukjaoa ij`ktâdjio, `f imki`ptm `s a`simkt`xtuofjzoam poro qu` puào s`rvjr ku`vob`kt`. Y` imkvj`rt`, osâ, `k men`tm a` soe`r, (…) uk men`tm iufturof qu` tj`k` su fuhor fuh or `k uko imkstrui imkstruiijù ijùk k bïs obpfjo obpfjo qu` `s fo a`f imkmij imkmijbj` bj`ktm ktm jkt`fj jkt`fjh`kt h`kt` ` `k uk bmb`ktm aoam, rìmkmijam smijofb`kt`‒.

Amuoay s`ÿofo qu` `k fo `siu`fo fms ofubkms puà`k rìmrr`r `f bjsbm iobjkm iuokam `stïk dr`kt` o uk prmef`bo f`s p`rbjt` opr`ka`r ofhm ku`vm. Foqu` oitjvjaoa imbj`kzo iuokam `f ami`kt` prmpmk` qu` `f prmef`bo o fms ofubkms y imksjhu` `ffms osubok fo r`spmksoejfjaoa a` r`smfv`rfm, `stm `s, iuokam coi` fo a`vmfuijùk a`f prmef`bo o fms ofubkms y `ffms imbj`kzok o r`smfv`rfm sup`rokam uko s`rj` a` ajdjiuftoa`s y ròaìuokam `strot`hjos y bàjms> ‖…utjfjzokam ‖…utjfjzo kam `k sus prmià prmiàjbj` jbj`ktms ktms men`tms men`tms bot`bïtji bot`bïtjims ms imkmijams imkmijams imbm jkstrub`kt jkstrub`ktms ms `xpfâijtms y fu`hm `kiu`ktrok ajdjiuftoa`s, sò pmrqu` su `strot`hjo `s buy imstmso (`k ioktjaoa a` mp`roijmk`s, `k jki`rtjauber` smer` `f r`suftoam) m pmrqu` km dukijmko bïs y `ktmki`s s` mrj`ktok o eusior mtrms bàjms b`nmr oaoptoams o su sjtuoijùk.‒

@f ofu ofubkm bkm pu` puà`, a`, `kt `ktmki mki`s, `s, pmk pmk`r `r `k bor borico ico jbpfâijtob`kt` ku ku`vms `vms imkmi imkmijbj`k jbj`ktms. tms. Fu`hm, iuokam `f bo`strm okofjzo fos prmauiijmk`s a` sus ofubkms, ja`ktjdjio `k `s` imkmijbj`ktm jbpfâijtm ‖fm qu` `s ku`vm‒, y mrhokjzo uk `spoijm a` aèot` smer` fm prmauijam imk `f prmpùsjtm a` imktrjeujr o aorf` dmrbo imkv`kijmkof, fm qu` s`rï r`hjstroam o bmam a` imkifusjùk bot`bïtjio a` men`tm, fo ifos`.y `ktmki`s Uòfjzo fopuà` jkstjtuijmkofjzoijùk `s` imkmijbj`ktm `k dmrbo `xpfâijto , imbm posor o dukijmkoraìmbm jkstrub`ktm, ‖poro uk ku`vm ijifm a` fo ajofêitjio jkstrub`ktm-men`tm‒. 93

Woro prmdukajzor `k `stos kmijmk`s a` fo t`mrâo a` sjtuoijmk`s ajaïitjios f`s rìmb`kaobms f``r B. Wokjzzo, ‖Imki`ptms eïsjims a` fo t`mrâo a` sjtuoijmk`s‒, `k @ks`ÿor bot`bïtjio `k `f kjv`f jkjijof y prjb`r ijifm a` fo @HE , Wojaùs, pïhs. 0:-8?, dèr`rm 5779.

Fo pu`sto `k imbþk Fo mrhokjzoijùk a`f `spoijm a` aèot` smer` fm prmauijam of r`smfv`r uk prmef`bo jbpfjio uko pu`sto `k imbþk a` fms troeonms ròfjzoams. @k `st` aèot` `s dukaob`ktof qu` `f bo`strm `f iijù jkt`riobejm fms ofubkms. `s kì`sorjm `k `f prmi` prm i`sm sm mrhokji` a` im imks kstru truii jùk k a` imkm im`ktr` kmij ijbj bj`kt `ktms ms,, pu pu`s `s @st` jb jbpf pfji jioo ukporo pobmb`ktm ro fms fms of ofub ubkm kmss ku ku`v `vos os jkt`roiijmk`s. Of r`spìtm, `k `f ortâiufm a` _uorokto y Xmfbok, ‖Ajsiusjmk`s `k fo ifos` a` bot`bïtjio‒, s` okofjzo quê s` ajsiut` `k fos pu`stos `k imbþk, poro quê jkifujr `spoijms a` ajsiusjùk y iùbm mrhokjzorfms.

Fo vofjaoijùk a` fm ròfjzoam Pko jkstokijo qu` `s port` a`f troeonm a`f ofubkm y opukto of ovoki` `k su outmkmbâo r`spìtm a`f imktrmf a` fm ròfjzoam, `s fo a` vofjaoijùk a` sus prmauiijmk`s. Yj p`ksobms `k uko ifos` imk uk bmb`ktm a` dukijmkobj`ktm oajaïitjim `k `f qu` `f ofubkm qu` r`su`fv` osub` fo r`spmksoejfjaoa bot`bïtjio a` fm qu` coi`, pma`bms imksja`ror qu` puà` aor iu`kto a` su r`spu`sto o fm pr`huktoam, `s aìjr puà` aor rozmk`s a` pmr quê imksja`ro qu` fm ròfjzoam vof`. Osâ imb imbm m `f bot bot`bï `bïtji tjim m jkv jkv`st `stjho jhoamr amr pu` puà` a` aì aìfor foror or r`s r`su`f u`ftm tm uk prm prmef` ef`bo bo sj pu` puà` a` nustjdjior sus aìforoijmk`s s`hþk ‖uk sjst`bo a` vofjaoijùk prmpjm a` fos bot`bïtjios‒, `f ofubkm aè`râo pma`r `xpfjior su r`spu`sto s`hþk `f sjst`bo a` vofjaoijùk prmpjm a` fo ifos`. Of r`spìtm, `k ?:38, Eofoic`dd ajd`r`kijo fo kmijùk a` pruèo a` fo a` a`bmstroijùk poro pmk`r a` r`fj`v` fo jbpmrtokijo a` fo ajb`ksjùk smijof `k fms prmi`sms a` vofjaoijùk pfoktòkam fm sjhuj`kt`> ‖Ffobobms pruèo o uko `xpfjioijùk oi`ptoao pmr uko imbukjaoa aoao `k uk bmb`ktm aoam. @sto aìjsjùk puà` s`r `f men`tm a` uk aèot` iuyo sjhkjdjioijùk `s fo `xjh`kijo a` a`t`rbjkor uk sjst`bo a` vofjaoijùk imbþk o fms jkt`rfmiutmr`s. ‖@k `f s`km a` fo imbukjaoa bot`bïtjio puà`k s`r oi`ptoaos imbm pruèo sùfm fos `xpfji `xp fjioij oijmk` mk`s s qu` oampto oamptok k uko dmrbo dmrbo portji portjiufo ufor. r. @ff @ffos os smk uko s`rj s`rj` ` a` `kukij `kukijoam oams s mrhokjzoams sjhuj`kam r`hfos a`t`rbjkoaos, (…) uk `kukijoam `s imkmijam y tmboam imbm v`raoa`rm m ej`k `s aàuijam a` oqu`ffms qu` fm prìà`k imk fo oyuao a` uko r`hfo a` aàuiijùk tmboao a` uk imknuktm a` r`hfos ej`k a`djkjam. Ffobobms a`bmstroijmk`s o `stos pruèos‒. (Eofoic`dd, K., pïhs. 9 y 1, ?:38)

Osjbjsbm, Eofoic`dd -poro pma`r aor iu`kto a` fos ajv`rsos `xpfjioijmk`s qu` dmrbufok fms ofubkms ofubk ms of s`r imksuft imksuftoams oams smer` sus prmauiij prmauiijmk`smk`s- `stuajo fos pruèo pruèoss y prmpmk prmpmk`` coi` coi`rr uko ajstjkijùk `ktr` pruèos prohbïtjios ` jkt`fìtuof`s. @sto ajstjkijùk `stï aoao pmr tr`s `f`b`ktms qu` tmbobms poro ioroit`rjzor fos pruèos prohbïtjios> 

Fo pmsjejfjaoa a` rìurrjr `k fo sjtuoijùk sjkhufor o fo qu` s` r`dj`r`> ‖`f oii`sm pmsjefòm`xp`rjb`ktor km o fo `xp`rj`kijo imkstjtuy` uko ioroit`râstjio a` fo sjtuoijùk qu` vo o nuhor uk rmf i`ktrof `k `f dukijmkobj`ktm a` `sto ajofêitjio a` fo vofjaoijùk‒. 9:





@f f`khuon` `k `f qu` s` `xpr`so> ‖fo oiijùk `xpfjijtoao pmr `st` f`khuon` ff`vo fo borio a`f tj`bpm y a` fo auroijùk, fo borio a` oquêf qu` oitþo y a`f imkt`xtm a` su oiijùk‒. "Yj fms soe`r`s `k fms qu` s` opmyo `f ofubkm smk dukaob`ktofb`kt` soe`rco coi` i`rr (T`rh (T`rhko koua ua,, ?: ?:31 31)) m so soe`r e`r`s `s im imki ki`p `ptu tuof ofjz jzoa oams ms,, sj fos fos pr pru` uèo eos s prohbïtjios s` opmyok smer` fms soe`r`s prïitjims `s`kijofb`kt` imbprmb`tjams `k fo oiijùk, fos pruèos jkt`fìtuof`s r`quj`r`k qu` `stms im imkm kmij ijbj bj`k `ktm tms s puà puàok ok s` s`rr tm tmbo boam ams s im imbm bm me men` n`tm tm a` r` r`df df`x `xjù jùk k m a` aèot`." (Eofoic`dd, K., pïhs., 3 y :, ?:38)

@f poson`sjkhufor a` ukm imbm o mtrm tjpm a`h`kêrjio. pruèo `stï aoam pmr fo pmsjejfjaoa a` imksja`ror fo sjtuoijùk sjtuoijùk ½Uìu`raok o Irjstjko y sus ofubkms= Tòbms ofhukms orhub`ktms qu` pmarâok aor fms icjims sj jbohjkïs`bms `f bmb`ktm `k `f qu` s` f`s pr`hukto pmr fos rozmk`s a` sus r`spu`stos. @k uk hrupm `k `f qu` `stïk Botâos y Woufo `f ajïfmhm pmarâo s`r `f sjhuj`kt`> IUJYQJKO. ½Iùbm dmrbormk `f `kt`rm `k `st` iosm= BOQÂOY. Imk `stos tr`s port`s ?/:, ?/: y ?/: dmrbm ?/9 y imk mtros ams iortos a` ?/9 dmrbm ? `kt`rm. IUJYQJKO. ½Z iùbm soeês qu` imk ?/:, ?/: y ?/: s` dmrbo ?/9= BOQÂOY. BOQÂO Y.osâ. Wmrqu` sj pmkês nuktos fos tr`s port`s pjk pjktoaos toaos miup miupok ok fm bjsbm qu` ?/9, bjrï, pmk`fos IUJYQJKO. Z vms Woufo, ½iùbm fm p`ksost`= WOPFO. @s qu` of subor ?/: bïs ?/ WOPFO. ?/: : bïs ?/: t` ao 9/:. W`rm imbm fm vos o subor imk t`rijms, usïs ?/9 qu` `s fm bjsbm qu` 9/:. Fms Fms or orhu hub` b`kt ktms ms a` Bo Botâ tâos os y Wouf Woufoo r` r`bj bjt` t`k k o pr pru` uèo eoss ej ej`k `k aj ajd` d`r` r`kt kt`s `s.. ½@k ½@k qu quêê imkmijbj`ktm s` opmyo fo r`spu`sto a` ioao ukm= Botâos s` r`dj`r` o fos port`s pjktoaos `k fms ajeunms y s` opmyo `k `f r`fotm a` su oiijùk. @s `sto oiijùk qu` fòaos`huro qu`f. su `stï y `f`kimkt`xtm `f sjhkjd sjh kjdji jioam oam y fo fopms pmsjej jejfja fjaoa a` imk imktrm trmf. @k r`suftoam iob iobejm ejm,, Woufo Wou fo ej`k pj` pj`kso kso kþb kþb`rms `rms,opmrto , `k uko mp`roijùk `ktr` `ffms y `k mtro `xpr`sjùk kubêrjio qu` f` p`rbjt` fu`hm suborfo bïs dïijfb`kt` imk fms mtrms ams t`rijms. Fo ajstjkijùk a` Eofoic`dd tj`k` s`ktjam a` s`r tmboao `k iu`kto `k fo `siu`fo prjborjo pu`s aurokt` su troksiursm y imk fos portjiuforjaoa`s a` ioao imkt`kjam a` `ks`ÿokzo, `s jbpmrtokt` imkmi`r fos pruèos a` tjpm prohbïtjim qu` su`f`k utjfjzor fms ofubkms `k fms prjb`rms hroams poro p`ksor iùbm coi`rfos `vmfuijmkor `k fms þftjbms hroams coijo mtros bïs h`k`rof`s, jka`p`kajzoaos a` fo oiijùk `k uk imkt`xtm, imk uk f`khuon` bïs prmpjm a` fo Bot`bïtjio. Costo oquâ, c`bms pr`s`ktoam kmijmk`s a` uko t`mrâo qu` bma`fjzo ukos imkajijmk`s y ukms bmams a` dukijmkobj`ktm a`f imkmijbj`ktm qu`, `k toktm bma`fms, km `s `sp`roef` qu`` mi qu miur urro rok k `d `dì ìtj tjvo vob` b`kt kt`` `k fo foss ifos ifos`s `s.. Yjk Yjk `b `beo eorhm rhm,, bu buic icos os a` fo foss sj sjtu tuoi oijm jmk` k`ss `stuajoaos pmr fms jkv`stjhoamr`s sjam jkspjroamros a` prmpu`stos oaoptoaos poro prmbmv`r jkstokijos a` prmauiijùkcok y vofjaoijùk a` imkmijbj`ktms `k fo ifos`, jkstokijos qu` p`rbjtok o fms ofubkms oprmpjors` a` imkmijbj`ktms bïs ajspmkjef`s y imk imktrmf a` fm qu` coi`k. 17

@f `st `stuaj uajm m a` fo t`m t`mrâo râo a` sjtuoi sjtuoijmk jmk`s `s r`q r`qu`rj u`rjrï, rï, por poroo su prmd prmduka ukajzo jzoijù ijùk, k, a` ku` ku`vms vms oemraon`s, imksja`robms qu` `s jbpmrtokt` jkjijor fo imbpr`ksjùk a` sus kmijmk`s eïsjios pmr `f hrok pmt`kijof qu` tj`k`k poro okofjzor fos imkajijmk`s `k fo ifos` a` Bot`bïtjio y h`k`ro h`k `rorr fo pms pmsje jejfjfja jaoa oa a` qu qu`` tmam tmamss fms fms of ofub ubkm kmss pu puà àok ok coi` coi`rr Bo Bot` t`bï bïtj tjio io,, im imk k fo ajv`rsjaoa a` imkmijbj`ktms a` portjao qu` `ffm supmk`.

OIQJTJAOA@Y Oitjvjaoa Jkajvjauof

Ioao Io ao uk ukm m a` ua uas. s. f` `sir `sirje jejr jrïï uk ukoo io iort rtoo o uk uk/o /o im imf` f`ho ho im imkt ktïk ïkam amf` f` er`v`b`kt` su `xp`rj`kijo `k `f iursoam a` `sto osjhkoturo y `k portjiufor fms opmrt`s qu` toktm `f vja`m a` Irjstjko ‖Jkt`rv`kijùk ami`kt` `k fo ifos` a` Bot`bïtjio‒ imbm fo fìturo a`f t`xtm a` _uorokto, B. y Xmfbok, Y. sius usjm jmk`s k`s `k fo foss if ifos os`s `s a` bo bot` t`bï bïtj tjio io.. _u _uê, ê, po poro ro qu quêê y iù iùbm bm s` ‖Aj ‖Ajsi @ks`ÿo `ÿorr bot bot`bï `bïtji tjio o `k `f kjv`f kjv`f jkjijo jkjijoff y prjb`r prjb`r ijifm a` fo ajsiut`‒, ajsiut` ‒, `k @ks @HE, Wojaùs, 5779, suh`rjam f` erjkaok poro su troeonm ami`kt`. @k `so iorto f`s smfjijtobms qu` fmhr`k> - U`fotor fms ospìtms ifov`s a` fo prmpu`sto a` fo h`stjùk a` fo ifos`, t`kj`kam `k iu`kto fo fìturo a`f t`xtm y `f vja`m. Woro `ffm puà`k usor imbm `n`bpfm uko jkt`rv`kijùk a` Irjstjko r`foijmkïkamfo imk of b`kms ams kmijmk`s t`ùrjios a`f t`xtm Ajsiusjmk`s `k fos ifos`s a` bot`bïtjio. _uê, poro quê y iùbm s` ajsiut` ajsiut`   a` _ _uorokto uorokto y Xmfbok.

F@IQPUOY 

_uorokto, B. y Xmfbok Y. ‖Ajsiusjmk`s ‖ Ajsiusjmk`s `k fos ifos`s a` bot`bïtjio. _uê, poro quê y iùbm s` ajsiut`‒, ajsiut`‒, `k @ks`ÿor bot`bïtjio `k `f kjv`f jkjijof y prjb`r ijifm a` fo @HE , Wojaùs, 5779.

Opmrt`s a` fo Ajaïitjio a` fo Bot`bïtjio poro p`ksor fo `ks`ÿokzo. Fo `siu`fo y fos aìjsjmk`s jkstjtuijmkof`s.

½_uê soe`r`s `ks`ÿor=

Fo t`mrâo a` fo trokspmsjijùk ajaïitjio surh` ajaïitjio surh` a` fo jkt`rrmhoijùk smer` `f mrjh`k a` fms soe`r`s qu` s` troksbjt`k `k fos jkstjtuijmk`s àuiotjvos y smer` su ìmfmhâo, `s aìjr, smer` su ‖vjao‒ `k `f sjst`bo a` `ks`ÿokzo. Of r`spìtm, aji` Bjic`f Ortjhu`> ‖Osâ imbm `f ofubkm km puà` s`r vjstm imbm uk `xp`rtm `k bjkjoturo, `f soe`r `simfor km puà` s`r vjstm imbm uko impjo aêejf a`f soe`r soejm qu` fm f`hjtjbo. @f soe`r `simfor meàì` o uko fùhjio prmpjo, vjv` su vjao s`hþk `f a`sjhkjm a` fos jkstjtuijmk`s ajaïitjios y o trovês a` uk prmi`sm imbpf`nm ’`f a` fo trokspmsjijùk ajaïitjio- kms bu`stro `k fo vjao r` ròf of a` fos fos if ifos os`s `s,, ukms me men`t `tms ms bot`bïtjims `xpf `xpfji jioe oef` f`s s y im imbp bpr`k r`ksj sjef ef`s `s poro poro `f jkv`stjhoamr‒. (Bjic`f Ortjhu`, pïh. 3,5771) 1?

Fo t`mrâo pmk` a` r`fj`v` fo `xjst`kijo a` uko troksdmrboijùk a`f soe`r soejm -`f soe`r `k fo imbukjaoa ij`ktâdjio- `k fos ajd`r`kt`s jkstjtuijmk`s `k fos qu` dukijmko y, `k portjiufor, `k fos jks kstj tjttui uijjmk`s mk`s aj ajaï aïiitj tjio ios, s, of of`r `rto toka kam m oi` i`ri rioo a` fo f`hj f`hjttjb jbja jaoa oa a` aj ajic icos os troksdmrboijmk`s y a` fo kì`sjaoa a` ròfjzor uko vjhjfokijo `pjst`bmfùhjio smer` `stos poro km t`rhjv`rsor su s`ktjam. A`sa` `sto p`rspìtjvo s` okofjzo iùbm `f soe`r bot`bïtjim osub` rìmrt`s y dmrbos ajd`r`kt`s ‖poro `ktror‒ `k fos ajstjktos jkstjtuijmk`s> ukjv`rsjaoa`s, `siu`fos sìukaorjos, `siu `siu`f `fos os prj prjbo borj rjos os.. @sto @stoss tr trok oksd sdmrb mrboi oijm jmk` k`ss s` vjki vjkiuf ufok ok im imk k su oa oaì ìuo uoij ijùk ùk o fms fms imkmijbj`ktms qu` vok oaqujrj`kam fms ofubkms `k ioao uko y o fo imkajijùk a` s`r `ks`ÿoef`s `k `f sjst`bo tof imbm `stï ajs`ÿoam, imk tj`bpms `spìâdjims y s`hþk uko ajstrjeuijùk hroauof pmr oÿms. Of imksja`ror `stos troksdmrboijmk`s, Ic`voffora s`ÿofo qu` toktm `f iurrâiufub imbm fms t`xtms `simfor`s smk pmrtoamr`s a` ‖v`rsjmk`s‒ a`f soe`r qu` smk f`hjtjboaos pmr fos aìjsjmk`s qu` s` tmbok `k fms ïbejtms oioaêbjims y pmfâtjims `k tmrkm of prmyìtm smijof a` `ks`ÿokzo. @k ajstjktms bmb`ktms a` fo cjstmrjo fms ‖imkmijbj`ktms o `ks`ÿor‒ `k fo `siu`fo prjborjo cok sjam ajd`r`kt`s, toktm pmr fo a`soporjijùk a` ofhukms soe`r`s y fo jkimrpmroijùk a` mtrms (`f iosm a` fms imknuktms qu` ‖`ktrok‒ `k fms oÿms s`t`kto y ‖sof`k‒ `k fms mic`kto), imbm pmr `f iobejm a` su s`ktjam `k fo `ks`ÿokzo (`f iïfiufm yo km s` `ks`ÿo poro qu` fms ofubkms puàok r`p`tjr ofhmrjtbms y `kimktror uk r`suftoam `xoitm sjkm sjk m qu` s` fm imk imkije ije`` imb imbm m uk imk imkt`x t`xtm tm jkt jktrob robot` ot`bït bïtjim jim por poroo prm prmaui auijr jr `st `strot rot`hj `hjos os oimra`s o fms kþb`rms qu` jkt`rvj`k`k). @f amiub`ktm bïs rìj`kt` poro fms soe`r`s bot`bïtjims `k fo `siu`fo prjborjo smk fms Kþif`m Kþi f`mss a` Opr Opr`ka `kajzo jzon` n` Wrj Wrjmrj mrjtor torjm jm (KOW) (KOW) y fms Iuo Iuoa`rk a`rkms ms por poro o `f oufo oufo qu` `xpfj `xpfjijtok ijtok prmpu`stos a` `ks`ÿokzo qu` pmarâok aor fuhor o fms opr`kajzon`s s`ÿofoams. Wmr mtro port`, Ic`voffora oavj`rt` qu` fos troksdmrboijmk`s a`f soe`r miurr`k tobejêk ‖a`ktrm‒ a`f sjst`bo ajaïitjim a` fo ifos` iuokam `f ami`kt` `fjh` quê ‖coi`r vjvjr‒ `k `ffo a` fms soe`r`s bot`bïtjims jkajioams `k fms amiub`ktms iurrjiufor`s y iùbm, quê tj`bpm aàjior o ioao ukm, sj `stoefì`r m km r`foijmk`s `ktr` `ffms, quê oitjvjaoa`s prmpmk`r poro troeonor imk `ffms, iùbm okofjzor su oaqujsjijùk, `ti. Mtros troksdmrboijmk`s a`f soe`r miurr`k miurr` k iuok iuokam am ioao ofub ofubkm km okmto `k su iuoa`rkm ofhm qu` r`suf r`sufto to a` uk troeonm prmpjm dr`kt` o prmef`bos m `n`rijijms m iuokam ròfjzo ofhþk r`hjstrm a`f r`suftoam a`f troeonm imknuktm. Fo b`tïdmro ìmfùhjio smer` fo vjao a` fms soe`r`s opukto o bmstrorfms imbm iobejokt`s s`hþk fos aìjsjmk`s tmboaos smer` su ajstrjeuijùk, su p`rbok`kijo, r`foijmkobj`ktm imk mtrms, `ti. y s`hþk `f tjpm a` troeonm bot`bïtjim qu` s` `sp`ro a`sorrmffor. ½_uê tjpm a` troeonm bot`bïtjim `k `f oufo= ½@s pmsjef` a`sa` fo `ks`ÿo `ks`ÿokzo kzo r`pmk`r a` ofhþ ofhþk k bmam uk dukij dukijmkobj mkobj`ktm `ktm a`f soe` soe`rr bïs h`kujkm qu` `f qu` s` a`sirje` `k fo t`mrâo a` fo trokspmsjijùk= Fo `vmfuijùk a` fo t`mrâo a` fo trokspmsjijùk ajaïitjio ao mrjh`k o uko bjroao bïs obpfjo poro p`ksor `k fms soe`r`s y su dukijmkobj`ktm `k fos jkstjtuijmk`s `k h`k`rof y `k fos àuiotjvos `k portjiufor, fo QOA (Q`mrâo Oktrmpmfùhjio a` fm Ajaïitjim). @k uko puefjioijùk a` Ic`voffora, Emsic y Hosiùk a`f oÿm ?::8, @stuajor bot`bïtjio, `f `sfoeùk p`rajam `ktr` `ks`ÿokzo y opr`kajzon`, s` `xpmk`k ofhukos jaòs a` `sto t`mrâo qu` kms jkt`r`so rìup`ror pmrqu` p`rbjt`k p`ksor `k fo pmsjejfjaoa a` ‖mtro vjao‒ poro fo bot`bïtjio `simfor. Tòbms uko prjb`ro iu`stjùk ½@s pmsjef` p`ksor `f ‖coi`r Bot`bïtjio `k fo `siu`fo imk uk dukijmkobj`ktm bïs i`riokm of a` fos dmrbos a` coi`r y p`ksor `k fo ij`kijo= ½_uê tjpm a` prmef`bïtjios fm p`rbjtjrâok= @k prj rjk kijpjm, fo QOA oiua` o fo jaò a` bma`fjzoijùk bma`fjzoijùk  poro poro a`s a`sir irje jejr jr uk ukoo port port`` dukaob`ktof a`f troeonm qu` ròfjzok fms bot`bïtjims. @k `f iobpm a` fo `ks`ÿokzo a` fo 15

Bot`bïtjio yo coeâo sjam pfoktòao pmr mtrms ajaoitos y, `k `sto p`rspìtjvo, s` a`sirje` imbm imkstrujr uk bma`fm a` fo prmef`bïtjio qu` qu`r`bms `stuajor, sò êsto a` fo ròfjaoa m a` fo bjsbo Bot`bïtjio, troeonor imk ajicm bma`fm y fu`hm jkt`rpr`tor fms r`suftoams met`kjams `k fo prmef`bïtjio `stuajoao. Fos prmef`bïtjios qu` aok fuhor o `sto oitjvjaoa puà`k s`r a` fo ròfjaoa m a` fo bjsbo Bot` Bo t`bï bïtj tjio io,, aoka aokam m mrj mrjh` h`k k o fms prme prmef` f`bo boss a` imk mkt` t`xt xtm m `xt `xtrobo robot` t`bï bïtj tjim im m jktrobot`bïtjim. Fo Q`mrâo Oktrmpùfmhjio a` fm ajaïitjim (QOA) ovokzo `k uko h`k`rofjzoijùk a` fo jaò a` oitjvjaoa, jkifuy`kam fo oitjvjaoa bot`bïtjio imbm uko `ktr` mtros oitjvjaoa`s cubokos. O portjr a` fo jaò a` qu` fo smijàoa `k fo qu` vjvjbms `s uko imkstruiijùk cuboko, uko mero drutm a` fo oiijùk a` fms cmber`s, pfoktò qu` fo smijàoa ‖`stï r`pf`to a` meros‒. ‖@f cmber` km irò meros `k dmrbo hrotujto, fos meros cubokos r`spmka`k o uk imknuktm a` iu`stjmk`s, a` kì`sjaoa`s, oukqu` êstos puà`k coe`rs` p`rajam u mfvjaoam imk fms oÿms. …‒. (@stuajor, p ??8)

Kms porì` jbpmrtokt` r`t`k`r oquâ fo jaò a` ‖iu`stjùk kì`sorjo‒ osmijoao of s`ktjam, o fos rozmk`s a` s`r a` fms imkmijbj`ktms qu` s` imkstruy`k `k fos smijàoa`s. Oquâ pma`bms a`rjvor uko `ks`ÿokzo ajaïitjio, of p`ksor `k fo `ks`ÿokzo a` fos kmijmk`s a`sjhkoaos `k `f iurrjiufub `s kì`sorjm r`pmk`r prmef`bïtjios qu` f`s a`k s`ktjam, sòk êstos iu`stjmk`s `xtro m jktrobot`bïtjios. @k fo QOA s` `xpfjijtok tobejêk ams ospìtms jks`poroef`s a` fo oitjvjaoa bot`bïtjio, fo prïitjio bot`bïtjio y `f ajsiursm rozmkoam smer` ajico prïitjio. Wma`bms oquâ p`ksor `k uk oktìà`kt` a` fo jaò a` prïitjio `k Amuoay. @k `dìtm fo outmro s`ÿofo> ‖ffobor`bms ‖ prïitjio‒ o tmam usm oaoptoam, pmr fms ofubkms, a` jkstrub`ktms jkstrub`ktms `xpfâijtms `xpfâijtms m jbpfâi jbpfâijtm jtms, s, sò qu` `sm `sms s jkstru jkstrub`k b`ktms tms coyok coyok sjam sjam men men`tm `tm a` jkstjt jkstjtuij uijmko mkofjz fjzoi oijùk jùk m km.‒(?:::>3)

Ic`voffora fm pfoktò `k mtrms têrbjkms, utjfjzo fo kmijùk a` prox`mfmhâo, qu` jkifuy` uk tjpm a` torò (pmr `n`bpfm iofiufor buftjpfjioijmk`s, m imbporor ïròs-), uko têikjio qu` p`rbjt` r`smfv`r `sto torò, uko tìkmfmhâo (ajsiursm qu` sjrv` poro `xpfjior y nustjdjior `sto têikjio) y, djkofb`kt`, uko t`mrâo qu`, puaj`kam p`rbokì`r jbpfâijto, dukaob`kto `sto tìkmfmhâo. @k sâkt`sjs, poro pfoktòr `k fo `siu`fo uko dmrbo a` coi`r Bot`bïtjio qu` p`rbjto `ktror fo dmrbo a` coi`r y p`ksor prmpjos a` `sto ij`kijo, t`kar`bms qu` prmpmk`r prmef`bos qu` a`k fuhor o ajv`rsos toròs, orrjeor o têikjios qu` p`rbjtok ròfjzorfos y, a`sa` `f jkjijm, r`qu`rjr uko nustjdjioijùk a` fm ròfjzoam `k `f kjv`f qu` fms ofubkms puàok, `kt`ka `kt `kaj`k j`kam am qu` fo foss vof vofjao jaoijm ijmk`s k`s qu` `fo `foemr emr`k `k a`p a`p`ka `ka`rï `rïk k a` fms imk imkmij mijbj` bj`ktm ktmss qu` pmsòk.

`vof ofuo uoij ijùk ùk a` fm fmss op opr` r`ka kajz jzon on`s `s `k `f bo bori rim m a` a`ff pr prmi mi`s `sm m a` Fo `v `stuajm

Mtrm t`bo qu` coi` o aìjsjmk`s a` fo prïitjio smk fos r`fotjvos o fo i`rtjdjioijùk a` fms opr`kajzon`s, aìjsjmk`s qu` `stïk fjhoaos o fo imki`pijùk a` `vofuoijùk qu` bok`n`bms y qu` odìtok a` bok`ro sustoktjvo fos troyìtmrjos a` ku`strms ofubkms. ½Iuïf`s smk fms opmrt`s a` fo Q`mrâo Oktrmpmfùhjio a` fm Ajaïitjim `k r`foijùk imk `sto iu`stjùk= @k `st` s`ktjam, iuokam fo QOA obpfâo fo prmef`bïtjio ajaïitjio y imksja`ro fm ajaïitjim imbm tmam fm r`d`rjam of `stuajm, jkifuy` `k `f prmi`sm ajaïitjim `simfor km sùfm fm qu` miurr` aurokt` fo ifos`. Coi`r fms aè`r`s, pr`poror uko `vofuoijùk m r`qu`rjr r`spu`sto o uko pr`hukto o uk dobjfjor m o uk imbpoÿ`rm, smk port` a`f prmi`sm a`f prmi`sm a` `stuajm. `stuajm. 19

@f `stuajm jbpfjio uko obpfjoijùk a`f `ks`ÿor y tobejêk a`f opr`ka`r. A`f `ks`ÿor pmrqu` coi` fo bo`stro huâo a`f prmi`sm a` `stuajm y a`f opr`ka`r pmrqu` s`ÿofo qu` km `s sudjij`kt` `f tj`bpm `k fo ifos` poro coi`rfm, kj `f tj`bpm imbportjam `ktr` tmam `f hrupm, ioao ofubkm tj`k` uk tj`bpm a` opr`kajzon` prmpjm. Osâ, `s jbpmrtokt` qu` `f bo`strm pr`s`kt` o su hrupm toròs qu` f`s p`rbjtok s`hujr troeonokam du`ro a` fo ifos` imk fms t`bos qu` trotok `k `ffos. Qobejêk `s jbpmrtokt` qu` `fjno toròs jkajvjauof`s poro oqu`ffms qu` fm r`quj`rok `k dukijùk a` sus ajdjiuftoa`s. Fos oitjvjaoa`s qu` p`rbjt`k vmfv`r smer` uk imknuktm a` fos a`sorrmffoaos aurokt` uk p`râmam imk `f prmpùsjtm a` r`vjsor y sjst`botjzor fm opr`kajam dmrbok port` a` fo pr`poroijùk poro uko `vofuoijùk.

Imksja`r`bms pmr `n`bpfm fos oitjvjaoa`s a` `stuajm qu` s` prmpmk`k `k `f ortâiufm ‖Wr` ‖Wr`po poro roam ams. s. Of Ofhu huko kos s prmp prmpu`s u`sto tos s po poro ro oyua oyuaor or o fms fms ic icji jims ms o `stu `stuaj ajor or Bot`bïtjio‒ (Icjop`tto-Jurimvjic, 57?1, poh 4-3). @k `f oportoam ‖Qroeonor imk fos imkifusjmk imkif usjmk`s‒ `s‒ fos prmd`s prmd`smros mros b`kijmk b`kijmkok ok qu` `k sus 0tms hroams cok troeonoam imk `f t`bo prmpmrijmkofjaoa y iùbm vok o tmbor pruèo aìja`k aàjior uk tj`bpm o `stuajor `k fo `siu`fo. Aurokt` fos ifos`s, cok `sirjtm ‖imkifusjmk`s‒ of djkofjzor fo ajsiusjùk a` fms prmef`bos r`su`ftms. Wmr `n`bpfm ‖@k `f prmef`bo O kms ajbms iu`kto qu` sj coeâo `f amef` a` poqu`t`s jeo o coe`r `f amef` a` djhurjtos‒. Fu`hm, of pàjr o fms ofubkms `k mtro ifos` uko bïs h`k`rof, km coeforo a` t`fos, dmtmimpjos kj djhurjtos ff`hokof tmams oimkifusjùk ‖@k fms prmef`bos a` qu` prmpmrijmkofjaoa, iuokam uko ioktjaoa oub`kto amef`nuktms (m `f trjpf`, m `f iuïarupf`) fo mtro tobejêk fm coi`‒. Of djkofjzor fo sìu`kijo, fos bo`stros okofjzok fos r`hfos `sirjtos `k `f fjerm a` t`xtm qu` tj`k`k fms icjims, ‖Yj buftjpfjiobms uko a` ffos os ioktjaoa`s pmr uk kþb`rm, fo mtro ioktjaoa imrr`spmkaj`kt` s` buftjpfjio pmr `f bjsbm kþb`rm‒, y imbprmeormk qu` km f`s r`suftù koao s`kijffm. ½_uê `kiu`ktrok of imbporor `sto dmrbufoijùk a` fos r`hfos imk fo qu` `ffos coeâok met`kjam `k ifos` imk fms icjims= Imksja`rok qu`, pmr pm r uko port` `sto imkifusjùk r`du`rzo fo h`k`rofjaoa yo qu` ‖buftjpfjior pmr uk kþb`rm‒ sjhkjdjio pmr iuofquj`r kþb`rm y ‖oub`ktor of amef`, trjpf`, m iuïarupf`‒ jbpfjio buftjpfjior pmr 5, 9, ù 1 ½`storïk p`ksokam fms icjims tobejêk `k buftjpfjior pmr mtrms kþb`rms koturof`s=. A`siortok pmr ocmro ajsiutjr smer` mtrm tjpm a` oub`ktms qu` pmarâok `xpr`sors` imk mtrm tjpm a` kþb`rms, pmr `n`bpfm ams vì`s y bàjo (x 0/5), aoam qu` `sto obpfjoijùk s`rï men`tm a` `ks`ÿokzo pmst`rjmr. Wmr mtro port`, oþk km cok troeonoam tr oeonoam poro `stoefì`r uk pu`kt` `ktr` ``sos sos dmrbufoijmk`s y fms prmef`bos r`su`ftms pmr `ffms. @ktmki`s prmpmk`k o sus ofubkms fo oitjvjaoa sjhuj`kt` imbm torò> Tu`fvok o f``r fos r`hfos a`f fjerm smer` prmpmrijmkofjaoa ajrìto> ?. Ajsiutok `k hrupm quê quj`r` aìjr ioao uko. 5. Eusqu`k uk prmef`bo qu` coyok r`su`ftm usokam ioao ukm `stos r`hfos.

Oa`bïs a` vmfv`r smer` fos imkifusjmk`s, `sto ovokzo uko iu`stjùk i`ktrof poro h`k`ror outmkmbâo> `ks`ÿor o `stuajor a` oitjvjaoa uk fjerm a` t`xtm smer` `kdr`ktokam o fms icjims o uk imktoitm oimbpoÿoam eonm `f dmrbotm a` uko fìturo iuyo jkt`rpr`toijùk s` vo o imbportjr y ajsiutjr. 11

Fo pr`poroijùk poro fo `vofuoijùk jkifuy` tobejêk mtros toròs. @k ‖Qroeonor imk fms `rrmr`s‒ a`f ortâiufm, fos bo`stros `xpfjiok qu` a`stjkormk uko ifos` poro okofjzor fms prmef`bos qu` coeâok pr`s`ktoam bïs ajdjiuftoa`s> Bjr`k fos r`smfuijmk`s a`f prmef`bo ‖@k 4 iobjmk`tos jhuof`s `ktrok 85 p`rsmkos. ½Iuïktos p`rsmkos `ktrok `k : iobjmk`tos jhuof`s o `sos =‒

½Iuïf`s a` `ffos smk imrrìtos y iuïf`s jkimrrìtos= @xpfjqu`k pmr quê. Dmrbo O

Dmrbo E

Dmrbo I

85 > 5 2 94 85 x 5 2 ?11

Dmrbo A

4 x ?5 285 85 x : 2 413

85 + 94 2 ?73

: x ?5 2 ?73

@k fo ajsiusjùk `k ifos` a` `sms prmiàjbj`ktms s`rï jkt`r`sokt` qu` fms ofubkms puàok `xpfjior, pmr `n`bpfm poro `f prmiàjbj`ktm A, iuïf `s `f sjhkjdjioam a`f ?5, m sj s` pmarâo met`k`r `f ?5 imk mtro mp`roijùk y poro `f prmiàjbj`ktm E pmr quê s` ajvja` 85 pmr 5 y pmr quê subo 85 y 94. Osjbjsbm Osjbjs bm s`rï jbpmrt jbpmrtokt okt`` pr`h pr`hukt uktor or ½qu ½quêê sjh sjhkjd kjdjio jioam am f` otr otrjeu jeuyù yù o 85 `f icj icjim im qu` buftjpfjiù pmr : `k `f prmiàjbj`ktm I=, y `f qu` buftjpfjiù pmr 5 `k `f prmiàjbj`ktm O, ½fm cjzm pmrqu` p`ksù qu` coeâo `f amef` a` iobjmk`tos=

Woro s`hujr r`df`xjmkokam

½Imksja`ro qu` vof` fo p`ko ‖aàjior tok toktm tm tj`bpm a` fo ifos` poro `stuajor `stuajor poro fo pruèo‒= ½Wmr quê= @k r`foijùk imk fo imki`pijùk a` `vofuoijùk qu` r`sufto imc`r`kt` imk `f `kdmqu` a` `ks`ÿokzo qu` s` vj`k` pr`s`ktokam, tmb`bms fm qu` s` pfoktò `k fms Iuoa`rkms poro `f oufo (p. 53/5:) amka` s` `xpfjijto uk bmam `spìâdjim a` imbpr`ka`r fms `rrmr`s. ‖@vofuor poro tmbor aìjsjmk`s @k iuoktm o fms men`tjvms imk qu` pr`s`ktobms fms prmef`bos, pma`bms pfoktòr ajstjktos mpijmk`s> poro jktrmauijr uk t`bo ku`vm, poro qu` vu`fvok o usor uk imkmijbj`ktm imk `f qu` qu ` troe troeon onor ormk mk p`rm p`rm `k uk im imkt kt`x `xtm tm aj ajst stjk jktm tm m im imk k uk sj sjhk hkjd jdji jioa oam m m r` r`pr pr`s `s`k `kto toij ijùk ùk ajd`r`kt`s, m poro rìup`ror prïitjios yo imkmijaos qu` f`s p`rbjtok dobjfjorjzors` imk fm qu` soe`k coi`r y fm cohok ocmro imk bïs s`hurjaoa. W`rm fms prmef`bos smk tobejêk uk tjpm a` torò qu` pfoktòr`bms poro `vofuor. Yjk a`simk a`simkmi` mi`rr qu` ioao ioao bo`str bo`strm m tmb tmborï orï aìjs aìjsjmk jmk`s `s a` prmbmij prmbmijùk ùk y oiràj oiràjtoi toijùk jùk `k dukijù duk ijùk k a` oiu`ra oiu`rams ms jkstjt jkstjtuij uijmko mkof`s f`s y nurjsa nurjsajii jiijmk jmkof` of`s s smer` smer` irjt`r irjt`rjms jms y porïb` porïb`trm trms, s, qu`r`bms pmk`r êkdosjs `k fo jaò a` qu` uk s`ktjam dukaob`ktof a` fo `vofuoijùk `s rìmh`r jkdmrboijùk smer` `f `stoam a` fms soe`r`s a` fms ofubkms, poro fu`hm tmbor aìjsjmk`s qu` p`rbjtok mrj`ktor fos `strot`hjos a` `ks`ÿokzo. Fos prmauiijmk`s a` fms kjÿms aok iu`kto toktm a` fms r`suftoams a`rjvoams a` ku`stros prmpjos `strot`hjos a` `ks`ÿokzo, imbm a` fm qu` opr`kaj`rmk y a` sus ajdj ajdjiuftoa`s. iuftoa`s. 10

@f bmam bmam a` tr troe oeon onm m pr prmp mpu` u`st stm m `k `sto `stos s pï pïhj hjko kos s jktr jktrma maui uitm tmrj rjos os p` p`rb rbjt jt` ` tm tmbo bor r p`rbok`kt`b`kt` jkdmrboijùk smer` quê soe`k fms icjims smer` fm qu` s` co `ks`ÿoam m s` a`sò `ks`ÿor. Fms prmef` prmef`bos bos s`fìijmkoams s`fìijmkoams poro jkjijor jkjijor ioao t`bo puà`k dukijmkor dukijmkor poro t`k`r ofhukms jkajijms a` fms imkmijbj`ktms a`f hrupm y imksja`rorfms `k uk s`ktjam ajohkùstjim poro t`rbjkor a` `foemror fo ukjaoa ajaïitjio. A` `st` bmam, fo `vofuoijùk ajohkùstjio, `k fuhor a` dmiofjzors` `k `f jkjijm a`f oÿm, s` vjkiufo imk fo pfokjdjioijùk a` ioao ukjaoa y ioao sìu`kijo a` troeonm. Of imksja`ror fos prmauiijmk`s a` fms ofubkms, puà`k oporì`r `rrmr`s a` ajd`r`kt` mrjh`k, p`rm buicos vì`s fms qu` ffobobms ‖`rrmr`s‒ km smk tof`s Ofhukms a` `ffms `stïk vjkiufoams imk uko ajstroiijùk ijriukstokijof imbm impjor bof uk kþb`rm a`f pjzorrùk qu` sùfm sùf m coerï coerï qu` oiforo oiforor. r. Mtrms, Mtrms, `k iobejm iobejm,, `storï `storïk k bmstro bmstrokam kam uko dmrbo a` p`ksor p`ksor prmvjsmrjo, pmr `n`bpfm, iuokam fms icjims aji`k ‖of buftjpfjior sj`bpr` s` metj`k` uk kþb`rm boymr qu` ioao doitmr‒. @stm þftjbm km `s ij`rtm sj s` imksja`ro `f iobpm a` fms kþb`rms roijmkof`s, p`rm sâ fm `s poro uk icjim a`f Wrjb`r Ijifm qu` fm pj`kso a`sa` sus `xp`rj`kijos kubêrjios vjkiufoaos of iobpm a` fms kþb`rms koturof`s. @k mtrms iosms, s` imksja`ro imbm `rrmr qu` fms kjÿms utjfji`k uko r`pr`s`ktoijùk ajstjkto a` fo imkv`kijmkof. Wmr `n`bpfm, prmauijr prmiàjbj`ktms a` iïfiufm poro ohr`hor 1 o ?4, y `sirjejr fo s`rj` ?8, ?3, ?:, 57, `k fuhor a` ?4 + 1 2 57 s`râo uk posm pmsjef` pmsjef` poro `vmfuijmk `vmfuijmkor or a`f imkt`m of iïfiufm y km uk `rrmr. Dr`kt` o fms ‖`rrmr`s‒ a`siuej`rtms s`rï kì`sorjm> okofjzorfms, jkt`ktor imbpr`ka`r iùbm y pmr quê s` prmaui`k y pfoktòr oitjvjaoa`s a` ajstjktm tjpm. @k `f iosm a` iu`stjmk`s pr`s`kt`s `k fos prmauiijmk`s a` buicms ofubkms a`f hrupm, coerï qu` vmfv`r smer` fo kmijùk jkvmfuiroao `k `s` bmb`ktm, iu`stjmkïkamfms imk `n`bpfms qu` imktroajhok sus jaò jaòs. s. Km `s `vjt `vjtok okam am fm fms s ‖`rrm ‖`rrmr`s r`s‒‒ qu qu` ` s` oimrt oimrto o `f pr prmi mi`s `sm m a` op opr` r`ka kajz jzon on`, `, sj sjkm km tmbïkamfms qu` s` `krjquì`.‒

@k tmrkm o fos aìjsjmk`s jkstjtuijmkof`s smer` fo `vofuoijùk, `s i`ktrof oimraor `k `f `qujpm km sùfm iuïf`s smk, poro ioao hrupm y oÿm o oÿm, fms opr`kajzon`s `k iursm sjkm fms irjt`rjms poro `vofuor y fos dmrbos `k qu` s` vo o ajd`r`kijor fos oitjvjaoa`s poro qu` tmams fms kjÿms puàok dmrtofì`r fms imkmijbj`ktms qu` kì`sjt`k.

Coijo mtros dmrbos a` p`ksor fos pr`sirjpijmk`s iurrjiufor`s y su r`foijùk imk `f oufo C`bms pfoktòam qu` fos aìjsjmk`s a` fo smijàoa y sus imkv`kijmk`s vok a`t`rbjkokam fms soe`r`s qu` s` jkt`hrok of iurrjiufub y `n`ri`k uko pr`sjùk a`t`rbjkokt` smer` fo trokspmsjijùk. ‖@f qu` uko mero s` `ks`ÿ` m km `k fo `siu`fo `s `f r`suftoam a` aìjsjmk`s tmboaos pmr fms cmber`s o fm forhm a` fo cjstmrjo.‒ (Ic`voffora (Ic`voffora y mtrms, ?::8)

@k `st` s`ktjam, toktm fms t`xtms mdjijof`s -prmhrobos, jkstruiijmk`s, imb`ktorjms- imbm fms fjerms `simfor`s, cok `stoam borioams pmr uko imki`pijùk aàuitjvjsto `k `f okaor a` fo Bot`bïtjio y cok sjam ‖pmim prmpjijms poro uko imkstruiijùk a` imkmijbj`ktms `djioz poro r`smfv`r fms prmef`bos‒ (Amuoay p. 0). Yjk `beorhm cmy, y a`sa` coi` yo uk pmim bïs a` uko aêioao, fms soe`r`s o `ks`ÿor oporì`k `k fms amiub`ktms mdjijof`s a` uko bok`ro ajd`r`kt`. Qoktm `f jbpoitm a`f imknuktm a` `stuajms ajaïitjims imbm fos bmajdjioijmk`s r`spìtm a` fms soe`r`s qu` s` `sp`ro `sp `ro qu` fms ofu ofubkm bkmss oaq oaquj` uj`rok rok auro aurokt` kt` su `si `simfo mforja rjaoa oa jkd jkdfuy fuy`rmk `rmk `k fms iob iobejm ejms. s. Uìmrrobms uk pmim fo cjstmrjo rìj`kt`. @s `k ?::0 qu` s` `xpfjijto, o kjv`f koijmkof ’a`sa` fms Imkt`kjams Eïsjims Imbuk`s (a`sorrmffoams Bjkjst`rjm a` Iufturo y @auioijùk a` fo Koijùk)’ fo kì`sjaoa a` imksja`ror poro `f troeonm imk mp`roijmk`s ‖`f sjhkjdjioam a` `stos `k ioao imknuktm kubêrjim, fos 14

dmrbos a` iofiufor sus r`suftoams y `f okïfjsjs dmrbof a` sus prmpjàoa`s‒. Fo jkifusjùk `k `s` `s` amiu amiub` b`kt ktm m a` fms fms pr prmi miàj àjbj bj`k `ktm tmss r`f r`foi oijm jmko koam amss im imk k `f qu qu`c `coi oi`r `r bo bot` t`bï bïtj tjim im ’ vjkiuf vjk iufoam oamss o fo r`s r`smfu mfuijù ijùk k a` prm prmef` ef`bos bos,, of rozmko rozmkobj` bj`ktm ktm y fo imb imbukj ukjioi ioijùk jùk’ ’ imb imbm m imkt`kjam a` `ks`ÿokzo pmk` a` bokjdj`stm qu` ‖km `s pmsjef` opr`ka`r bot`bïtjio sjk im imbp bpr` r`ka ka`r `r fo ko kotu turo rof` f`zo zo a`f a`f p`ks p`ksob obj` j`kt ktm m bo bot` t`bï bïtj tjim im,, bo bok` k`no noka kam m fo foss ja jaò òss y prmiàjbj`ktms eïsjims a` `sto ij`kijo y sj`kam iopoz a` imbukjiorfms‒. A` `st` bmam, pmr `n`bpfm, fo `ks`ÿokzo a` fms ofhmrjtbms s` pj`kso `k uk borim bïs obpfjm `k `f qu` s` eusio qu` fms ofubkms imbpr`kaok y s`pok usor fos mp`roijmk`s y r`foijmk`s `ktr` kþb`rms poro r`smfv`r prmef`bos, s`fìijmkokam `f tjpm a` iïfiufm `xoitm m oprmxjboam qu` r`quj`ro fo sjtuoijùk pr`s`ktoao, y sj`kam iopoi`s, oa`bïs, a` `stjbor ` jkt`rpr`tor fms r`suftoams imbprmeokam su rozmkoejfjaoa. Wmr mtrm foam, s` s`ÿofo qu` fms ofubkms aè`k imbpr`ka`r qu` uko bjsbo `xpr`sjùk sjbeùfjio puà` r`pr`s`ktor uko obpfjo hobo a` prmef`bos, pfoktòkam uk kì`sorjm troeonm smer` fms sjhkjdjioams. Y` prìjso, oa`bïs, qu` okt`s a`f a` f troeonm imk fms ofhmrjtbms imkv`kijmkof`s `s imkv`kj`kt` uko oitjvjaoa sjst`bïtjio imk iïfiufms b`ktof`s y `sirjtms, a`simbpmkj`k a`simb pmkj`kam am y imbpm imbpmkj`ka kj`kam m fms kþb`rms imbm tmtof tmtofjaoa`s jaoa`s (`k fuhor a` troeo troeonor nor imk fos aì`kos, i`kt`kos y ukjaoa`s) y osmijïkamfms a` oiu`ram o iïfiufms y mp`roijmk`s mp`r oijmk`s bïs sjbpf`s qu` fms ofubkms coyok b`bmrjzoam imbpr`ksjvob`kt` y puàok imktrmfor. Oukqu` Oukq u` s` bo bokt ktj` j`k` k`k k fms fms of ofhm hmrj rjtb tbms ms tr troa oaji jijm jmko kof` f`s, s, s` oh ohr`h r`hoo `f iï iïfi fiuf ufm m `xoi `xoitm tm y oprmxjboam `k dmrbo mrof, `sirjto y imk iofiufoamro, osâ imbm fo jkt`rpr`toijùk a`f s`ktjam a` fos mp`roijmk`s `k fms ajstjktms imknuktms kubêrjims. Yj okofjzobms fo prmpu`sto a` fms Kþif`ms a` Opr`kajzon` Wrjmrjtorjms, KOW, (Bjkjst`rjm a` @auioijùk, ukop`rspìtjvo boymr `xpfjijtoijùk a`f tjpm a` troeonm s` `sp`ro prmbmv`r y5770), qu` ao`kimktrobms iu`kto a` uko bïs prohbïtjio oi`rio a` qu` fms imki`ptms bot`bïtjims. @k `st` amiub`ktm, y tmbokam `f bjsbm `n`bpfm a` fo `ks`ÿokzo a` fos mp`roijmk`s, v`bms qu` km smfm km s` ijriu ijriuksirj ksirje` e` o fms ofhmrj ofhmrjtbms tbms kj fms prjmrjzo prjmrjzo,, sjkm qu` s` a`djk a`djk`` imbm uko prïitjio imbpf`no, iuyo troksbjsjùk r`quj`r` uk troeonm portjiufor smer` fms sjhkjdjioams a` fos mp`roijmk`s y fo op`rturo o uko vorjàoa a` prmiàjbj`ktms a` iïfiufm, jkifuy`kam `f imktrmf smer` `sms prmiàjbj`ktms. Km s` troto a` `ks`ÿor o r`prmauijr ukms prmiàjbj`ktms djnms y ukjv`rsof`s eonm uko þkjio dmrbo a` `sirjturo, sjkm a` eusior qu` fms ofubkms portjijp`k a` uko oitjvjaoa a` prmauiijùk bot`bïtjio qu` jkvmfuiro uko vorjàoa a` r`pr`s`ktoijmk`s, prmiàjbj`ktms y orhub`ktms pmsjef`s. @f bmam imbm s` opr`ka` fo Bot`bïtjio km `s smfm uk prmef`bo psjimfùhjim, pàohùhjim m ajaïitjim, yo qu` `f iùbm `stï `strìcob`kt` fjhoam of quê> `f opr`kajzon` bot`bïtjim `s uk cìcm qu` tj`k` quìmkstruiijùk v`r imk fo `pjst`bmfmhâo. Jbpfjio uko`k vjsjùk `pjst`bmfùhjio `k foo qu` `f imki`ptm `s uko p`rsmkof qu` s` bmajdjio fo jkt`roiijùk imk mtrms prmpùsjtm a` fo portjijpoijùk `k prïitjios pr ïitjios r`hufoaos pmr ajstjktos jkstjtuijmk`s. @k fms Iuoa`rkms poro `f oufo s` borio `sto p`rspìtjvo of vjkiufor `stms imbpmk`kt`s iuokam s` odjrbo> @k sâkt`s sâkt`sjs, js, ‖imbm‒ ‖imbm‒ s` coi` coi` bot`bï bot`bïtji tjio o `k `f oufo oufo a`djk` a`djk`,, of bjsbm bjsbm tj`bpm tj`bpm,, ‖quê‒ ‖quê‒ bot` bo t`bï bïtj tjio io s` co coi` i`,, y ‖por ‖poro o quê‒ quê‒ y ‖por ‖poro o quj` quj`k`s k`s‒‒ s` `ks` `ks`ÿo ÿo fm qu qu` ` pf pfok okt` tò o uko uko ajsyuktjvo i`ktrof `k r`foijùk imk fo imkstruiijùk a` imkajijmk`s qu` pmsjejfjt`k `f oii`sm o fo Bot`bïtjio a` ukms pmims m a` tmams‒.

Iuoa`rkms poro `f oufo, 5778, p.?4 Ir Ir``b ``bms ms qu qu`` `s pmsj pmsjef ef`` ov ovok okzo zorr `k uk ukoo mr mrho hokj kjzo zoij ijùk ùk qu qu`` fmhr` fmhr` op opr` r`ka kajz jzon on`s `s bï bïss mp`ro mp` rotj tjvm vmss y im imk k bo boym ymrr outm outmkm kmbâ bâoo poro poro `f imkt imktrmf rmf a` fm rò ròfjfjzo zoam am.. Qobe Qobejê jêk k c` c`bm bmss odjrboam qu` fms oiu`rams jkstjtuijmkof`s smk ifov`s poro doijfjtor `stms ovoki`s.

Fms imkmijbj`ktms t`ùrjims y fos aìjsjmk`s `k fo prïitjio 18

Imbm b`kijmkobms okt`rjmrb`kt`, fos kmijmk`s t`ùrjios imerok mtrm s`ktjam iuokam kms p`rbjt`k imbpr`ka`r b`nmr fos sjtuoijmk`s qu` vjvjbms `k ku`strm troeonm y pmr `sm fos c`bms jam vjkiufokam imk ajstjktms iosms, `n`bpfms y sjtuoijmk`s a` oufo. U`vjsor`bms `f iobjkm troksjtoam imk `f prmpùsjtm a` coi`r uko sâkt`sjs qu` aê iu`kto a` fos r`f r`foij oijmk` mk`ss `kt `ktr` r` `so `soss kmi kmijmk jmk`s `s y fos aì aìjs jsjmk jmk`s `s qu` tmb tmbobm obmss imt imtjaj jajoko okob`k b`kt` t` of pfokjdjior ` jkt`rv`kjr `k fos sjtuoijmk`s a` `ks`ÿokzo.

Kmijmk`s ajaïitjios y aìjsjmk`s a` `ks`ÿokzo Oi`rio

a` fos imki`pijmk`s poro uko bjsbo kmijùk

Qof imbm v`kjbms pfoktòkam, sj s` okofjzok fms prmi`sms pmr fms iuof`s fms imki`ptms bot`bïtjims s` cok cok dmrboam y a`so a`sorrmffoam, rrmffoam, `s pmsjef` jja`ktjdjior a`ktjdjior ajd`r`kt`s imki`pijmk`s a` fms sun`tms qu` fms prmaun`rmk y fms sjhkjdjioams imk qu` fms utjfjzormk. O su vv`z, `z, quj`k opr`ka` fm coi` o portjr a` uko vorjàoa a` sjtuoijmk`s portjiufor`s a` usm qu` vok imkdmrbokam su prmpjo imki`pijùk. @k prjkijpjm, `sto ja`ktjdjioijùk a` imki`pijmk`s y sjhkjdjioa sjhkj djioams ms kms p`rbjt p`rbjt`` tmbor ajsto ajstokijo kijo a` fo imbp imbpr`ksjù r`ksjùk k a` fms men`tms bot`b bot`bïtji ïtjims ms imbm þkjims, þkjims, jkbutoef`s y uk ukjv`rsof`s. jv`rsof`s. Q`khobms `k iu`kto qu` `sto bjroao s` imktropmk` of bma`fm cmbmh`k`jzoamr qu` boriù `f koijbj`ktm a` ku`strm sjst`bo àuiotjvm y `k `f qu` buicms dujbms àuioams. Fos cu`ffos a` `sto dmrboijùk coi`k qu`, pmr `n`bpfm, kms r`suft` bïs ajdâijf immrajkor uko ifos` `k fo qu` ijriufok, a` bok`ro `xpfâijto, ajstjktos dmrbos a` p`ksor y a` coi`r m qu` oimksjhko vì`s t`kaobms o mrj`ktor o fms`kofubkms m immrajkobms uko pu`sto imbþk. bïs a` fm kì`sorjm iuokam aobms uko Ovokzor `k `f s`ktjam a` fms iobejms prmpu`stms, r`sufto `ktmki`s uk `kmrb` a`sodâm qu` osubjbms, t`kj`kam `k iu`kto ku`stro prmpjo troyìtmrjo y fos imkajijmk`s a` ku`strm troeonm. Oac`rjr o `sto p`rspìtjvo, nuktm imk uk imbprmbjsm pmr `f oii`sm a` tmams fms ofubkms o fmss soe` fm soe`r`s r`s bo bot` t`bï bïtj tjim ims, s, tj tj`k `k`` imks imksì ìu` u`ki kijo joss aj ajr` rìt itos os poro poro fo pf pfok okjd jdji jioi oijù jùk k a` fo `ks`ÿokzo y poro fo `vofuoijùk a` fms opr`kajzon`s. Woro jkifujr o tmams fms ofubkms `s kì`sorjm rìmkmi`r fo vorjàoa a` imki`pijmk`s y aor fuhor o qu` ioao ukm puào r`foijmkor fm qu` soe` imk fm qu` aè` opr`ka`r, osâ imbm coejfjtor coejf jtor fo im`xjs im`xjst`kij t`kijoo a` ajstjktms prmiàj prmiàjbj`kt bj`ktms ms y a` `sirjturo `sirjtuross `k fo ifos ifos`. `. O su v`z, buicms `rrmr`s puà`k s`r jkt`rpr`toams jkt`rpr`toams `k têrbjkms a` imki`pijmk`s a` fms ofubkms, fm qu` p`rbjt` okofjzor sus iousos y ajs`ÿor sjtuoijmk`s qu` jkvmfuir`k ku`vos bàjoijmk`s `ktr` `f ofubkm y `f soe`r. Fms `rrmr`s smk port` a`f prmi`sm y surh`k `k dukijùk a` fms imkmijbj`ktms qu` ijriufok `k fo ifos` y km a` fo ‖dofto a` coejfjaoa poro fo Bot`bïtjio‒ a` ofhþk `stuajokt`. Of a`sorrmffor fo jaò a` iobpm imki`ptuof a` T`rhkoua, odjrbïeobms qu` coy uko hrok vorjàoa a` prmef`bos qu` puà`k r`smfv`rs` imk fo bjsbo kmijùk y qu`, `k têrbjkms a`f opr`kajzon`, `s i`ktrof qu` fms ofubkms rìmrrok uk imknuktm a` sjtuoijmk`s poro opr`ka`r uk imki`ptm. Ocmro ej`k, ½quê `dìtm tj`k` imksja`ror, m km, `so vorjàoa a` sjhkjdjioams iuokam pfokjdjiobms= ½Iùbm odìtok `sos aìjsjmk`s fo imkstruiijùk a` fos kmijmk`s pmr port` a` ku`strms ofubkms= @k prjkijpjm, sj fms ofubkms/os sùfm cok troeonoam imk uk sjhkjdjioam, `k uk ij`rtm imkt`xtm a` usm, fo imki`pijùk qu` puà`k imkstrujr quào fjbjtoao y i`rroao o `s` sjhkjdjioam. @s `f iosm, pmr `n`bpfm, a` fo jaò a` droiijùk imbm `xpr`sjùk a` uko r`foijùk port`/tmam r`d`rjao o icmimfot`s, ofdonmr`s, pjzzos, a` fo r`sto osmijoao o fo jaò a` qujtor m fo ajvjsjùk o fo a` r`portjr. Iuokam `f ofubkm s` vv`` `kdr`ktoam o uko ku`vo sjtuoijùk sjtuoijùk qu` km r`dj`r` 13

of imkt`xtm imkmijam, km puà` imkìtorfo imk fm qu` soe`, km tj`k` dmrbo a` jkjijor ofhþk prmiàjbj`ktm a` r`smfuijùk m r`spmka` a`sa` fos `xp`rj`kijos qu` co t`kjam. Yj `f bo`strm tj`k` imkij`kijo a` `sto sjtuoijùk puà` oimbpoÿor `so kì`sorjo rupturo imk fm imkmijam a` bmam qu` s` aê fuhor o uk ku`vm imkmijbj`ktm bïs obpfjm. Fo boymrâo a` fos vì`s `f ku`vm imkmijbj`ktm s` imkstruy` y aè` prmauijr uko r``struituroijùk a`f okt`rjmr ’qu` r`sjst` `f iobejm- y a` `sto bok`ro t`karï pmsjejfjaoa a` s`r jkt`hroam. @k `f pr prmi mi`s `sm m a` imks imkstru truii iijù jùk k a` fms fms imkm imkmij ijbj bj`k `ktm tms, s, fms fms of ofub ubkm kmss poso posok k sj sj`b `bpr pr`` pmr pmr imkmijbj`ktms jkimbpf`tms m jksudjij`kt`s qu` o b`kuam s` imkvj`rt`k `k mestïiufms p`rm qu` smk kì`sorjms poro qu` puàok imkstrujr uk soe`r. A` jkstjtuijùk, mtrm bmam, sj`s`f`fbo`strm fo ajd`r`kijo, sj `f ofubkmaìobejo a` bo`strma` m a` ofubkmkm `f oavj`rt` qu` s` osub` imbm mr`spmksoef` fo jbpmsjejfjaoa `kdr`ktors` o fo sjtuoijùk.

Woro s`hujr r`df`xjmkokam y tmbor kmto

Imksja`r`k fms imb`ktorjms a` `stms imf`hos> I`fjo, bo`stro a` prjb`r hroam> ‖T`kâobms troeonokam imk prmef`bos a` r`sto a`sa` coi` tj`bpm y fms coiâok ej`k, p`rm tmbê êst` `k fo pruèo y koaj` r`stù > Iormfjko tj`k` ?4 oÿms y su c`rbokm 8, ½iuïktms

oÿms f` ff`vo Iorm o su c`rbokm=‒ Fuios, prmd`smr a` prjb`r oÿm a` `siu`fo sìukaorjo. ‖@stms ofubkms km soe`k koao a` kþb`rms roijmkof`s. Tmy o t`k`r qu` `bp`zor a` i`rm. F`s pr`huktê pmr quê kþb`rm coeâo qu` buftjpfjior o 0 poro met`k`r 5 y b` ajn`rmk qu` km s` pmaâo, qu` km coeâo kjkhþk kþb`rm.‒

½_uê ½_ uê pr`h pr`huk ukto tos s pj`k pj`kso sok k qu qu` ` pmar pmarâo âok k coi` coi`rf rf` ` o I`fj I`fjo o m o Fuio Fuios s poro poro imbpr`ka`r b`nmr quê `s fm qu` miurrjù `k fo ifos`= ½_uê suh`r`kijos pmarâobms coi`rf`s=

@k

`f iosm a` I`fjo `s prmeoef` qu` fms prmef`bos qu` fms ofu ofubkm bkmss coe coeâok âok r`s r`su`f u`ftm tm `stuvj`rok osmijoams o fo troksdmrboijùk a` uko imfìijùk qu` ‖s` oicjio‒, y qu` fo pofoero pofoe ro quàù (quàorm (quàormk, k, quào quàok) k) `stuv `stuvj`ro j`ro pr`s`kt` `k buic buicms ms a` fms `kukijoams. `kukijoams. Wmr `n`bpfm> ‖`k fo iono a` fïpji`s coeâo ?5< soiobms 8, ½iuïktms quàormk=‒ Woro imbporor fos àoa`s a` Iorm y su c`rbokm, `st` `squ`bo km sjrv` yo qu` km ‖posù‒ koao, km s` qujtù uko ioktjaoa a` mtro. Fms ofubkms a` Fuios s`hurob`kt` imkmi`k fo droiijùk 5/0 p`rm km fo ja`ktjdjiok imbm uk smfm kþb`rm (v`k ams) y tobpmim fo osmijok of imij`kt` `ktr` 5 y 0. Wrmeoef`b`kt` sj f`s pjajêrobms qu` kms ajn`s`k quê quj`r` aìjr 5/0 odjrborâok qu` s` troto a` portjr ofhm `k 0 port`s jhuof`s y tmbor 5. Km `s qu` fms ofubkms a` I`fjo y Fuios km supj`s`k r`stor m km supj`s`k fos droiijmk`s< imkmiâok ofhukms a` sus usms p`rm `sos kmijmk`s `stoeok oþk fjhoaos o ij`rtms sjhkjdjioams portjiufor`s.

@krjquì`r `f r`p`rtmrjm a` usms y prmhr`sjvob`kt` jr a`simkt`xtuofjzïkamfms a`simkt`xtuofjzïkamfms,, p`rbjtjrï oi`riors` o ioao kmijùk `k `stuajm a` uk bmam ioao v`z bïs h`k`rof, h`k`r of, y imk bïs pmsjejfjaoa`s a` rìmkmi`r `so kmijùk imbm uko c`rrobj`kto c` rrobj`kto þtjf poro r`smfv`r ajstjktos sjtuoijmk`s. 1:

W`rm `s` prmi`sm `s forhm y kì`sjto a` ortjiufoijmk`s sui`sjvos y oiu`rams `ktr` bo`strms a` ajstjktms hroams. hroams. Of r`spìtm, sj r`vjso r`vjsobms bms fms Kþif`ms a` Opr`kajzo Opr`kajzon`s n`s Wrjmrjto Wrjmrjtorjms, rjms, `kimktrobms> @K U@FOIJÙK IMK @F KÞB@UM Z FOY MW@UOIJMK@Y @k prjb`r hroam. @f rìmkm rìmkmijb ijbj`k j`ktm tm y usm a` fos mp`roi mp`roijmk jmk`s `s a` oajijù oajijùk k y sustro sustroiij iijùk ùk `k sjtuoi sjtuoijmk jmk`s `s prmef`bïtjios qu` r`quj`rok> usor fos mp`roijmk`s a` oajijùk y sustroiijùk imk ajstjktms sjhkjdjioams, `vmfuijmkokam a`sa` prmiàjbj`ktms eosoams `k `f imkt`m o mtrms a` iïfiufm.

Woro s`hukam y t`ri`r hroam. @f rìmkm rìmkmijb ijbj`k j`ktm tm y usm a` fo fos s mp`roi mp`roijmk jmk`s `s a` oajijù oajijùk, k, sus sustro troiij iijùk, ùk, buftjp buftjpfji fjioij oijùk ùk y ajvjsjùk ajvjs jùk `k sjtuoijm sjtuoijmk`s k`s prmef`bïtji prmef`bïtjios os qu` r`quj`rok> r`quj`rok> usor fos mp`roijmk`s mp`roijmk`s a` oajijùk, oajijùk, sustroiijùk, buftjpfjioijùk y ajvjsjùk imk ajstjktms sjhkjdjioams

Oquâ s` oavj`rt` `f jbpoitm a` fo jaòs a` T`rhkoua, p`rm fo aìjsjùk a` quê sjhkjdjioams oemraor `k ioao hroam y iùbm coi`rfm km pmarâo s`r kukio uko pr`sirjpijùk h`k`rof y, kì`sorjob`kt`, r`quj`r` a` oiu`rams imfìtjvms `ktr` ami`kt`s a` uko bjsbo `siu`fo, y qu` pmarâok s`r ajstjktms `k mtro. Ioe` s`ÿofor qu` t`k`r `k iu`kto `sto vorjàoa a` usms, a` sjhkjdjioams, km sjhkjdjio qu` t`khobms qu` ‖`ks`ÿor‒ o ioroit`rjzor ajicms usms o fms ofubkms. @s kì`sorjm `stor ot`ktms poro `vjtor `f a`sfjzobj`ktm a` kmijmk`s qu` smk þtjf`s poro `f `stuajm a` prmef`bos a` `ks`ÿokzo imbm imkt`kjam a` `ks`ÿokzo poro fms kjÿms.

Oi`rio a` fos r`pr`s`ktoijmk`s a` fms men`tms bot`bïtjims @k uk s`ktjam sjbjfor of pfoktòam poro fms sjhkjdjioams coerï qu` imksja`ror a` quê bmam oft`rkor y hroauor fo vorjàoa a` r`pr`s`ktoijmk`s, iùbm oemraor su trotobj`ktm y fos troksdmrboijmk`s `ktr` ajd`r`kt`s r`hjstrms poro pma`r okofjzor fu`hm fo p`rtjk`kijo a` uk r`hjstrm u mtrm `k dukijùk a` fo sjtu sjtuoijùk oijùk qu` s` `stê r`smfvj`kam. Km oav`rtjr `stos ajd`r`kijos puà` ff`vorkms o imksja`ror imbm `rrmr`s m ajdjiuftoa`s `k fo jkt`rpr`toijùk a` imksjhkos fos r`spu`stos a`rjvoaos a` r`pr`s`ktoijmk`s ajd`r`kt`s o fos imkmijaos pmr fms ofubkms. @s `f iosm, pmr `n`bpfm, a` fo ja`ktjdjioijùk a` uk iuoaroam imbm rmbem iuokam s` `kiu`ktro uk ajeunm `k `f qu` fms foams km smk porof`fms o fms emra`s a` fo cmno.

Mt Mtrm rm `n `n`b `bpf pfm m `s fo jb jbpr prmk mkto to qu qu`` a`n a`nok ok fo foss r`p r`pr`s r`s`kt `ktoi oijm jmk`s k`s a` droi droiij ijmk mk`s `s sm smer er`` rìtï rì tïkh khuf ufms ms a` uk to tobo boÿm ÿm oa oaì ìuo uoam am of a`km a`kmbj bjko koam amr, r, bu buic icos os vì` vì`ss sm smer er`` pop` pop`ff iuoarjiufoam y fjhoaos o fo jaò a` port`s qu` s` pjktok. Of r`spìtm, vòbms fo prmauiijùk a` Hjs`fo, uko kjÿo a` 4tm. 4 tm. hroam, `k uko `vofuoijùk> 07

Borior `k fos tozos fm qu` jkajio fo rì`to

Ozþior ² tozo Corjko » Wma`bms pr`huktorkms> ½quê opr`kajù Hjs`fo smer` fos droiijmk`s= M bïs ej`k, ½quê f` `ks`ÿobms= Mtro iu`stjùk iu`stjùk qu` jkt`r`so t`k`r `k iu`kto `s iùbm odìt odìtok ok fos r`pr`s`kt r`pr`s`ktoijmk oijmk`s `s o fms prmi` prm iàj ajbj bj`k `ktm tmss qu` qu` s` pu puà à`k `k pmk` pmk`rr `k nu`hm nu`hm poro poro r`s r`smf mfv` v`r. r. Wm Wmrr `n`b `n`bpf pfm, m, iu iuok okam am pr`s`ktobms `k prjb`r hroam uk nu`hm a` iortos poro orbor por`s qu` sub`k ?7, fms prmiàjbj`ktms qu` s` pmk`k `k nu`hm smk ajd`r`kt`s sj fos iortos tj`k`k sùfm kub`rof`s, kub`rof`s y djhuros qu` puà`k imktors` m sùfm djhuros. Fo pr`s`kijo a` fos imfìijmk`s coejfjto of imkt`m, bj`ktros qu` `k `f iosm a` fms kub`rof`s s` prmbu`v` `f smerìmkt`m m `f iïfiufm.

Oi`rio a` fos sjtuoijmk`s y fos vorjoef`s ajaïitjios Uìup`robms ocmro fms opmrt`s a` Ermussòu, Amuoay y Eofoic`dd, poro pma`r vjkiuforfms imk `f okïfjsjs ajaïitjim a` uko prmpu`sto a` `ks`ÿokzo. @st` okïfjsjs p`rbjt`, pmr uko port`, oav`rtjr `f pmt`kijof y fms fâbjt`s a` fos oitjvjaoa`s s`fìijmkoaos `k dukijùk a` ajstjktms prmpùsjtms a` `ks`ÿokzo< pmr mtro, p`rbjt` oktjijpor fo/s ifos`/s y `vofuor oft`rkotjvos poro jkt`rv`kjr `k dukijùk a` fm qu` voyo miurrj`kam `dìtjvob`kt`. Wmarâobms dmrbuforkms ajstjktos pr`huktos s`hþk `f prmpùsjtm a`f okïfjsjs. Wmr `n`bpfm, sj qu`r`bms a`t`rbjkor sj fms imkmijbj`ktms jkvmfuiroams imrr`spmka`k o fms imkt`kjams qu` qu`r`bms `ks`ÿor, pma`bms pr`huktorkms> ½O quê imkifusjmk`s s` pmarâo orrjeor of okofjzor fms prmiàjbj`ktms= ½_uê imkmijbj`ktms s` pmarâok jkstjtuijmkofjzor= ½Imk quê mtrms soe`r`s s` r`foijmkok `stms imkmijbj`ktms= ½_uê ku`vos pr`huktos s` pmarâok pfoktòr poro prmdukajzor= ½Z poro rùtjfjzorfms imbm c`rrobj`ktos `k uk ku`vm prmef`bo= Qobejêk pma`bms coi`rkms pr`huktos smer` uko oitjvjaoa poro oktjijpor fo h`stjùk a` fo ifos` imksja`rokam ajstjktms ospìtms> 

Fo pmsjejfjaoa a` uk bmb`ktm oajaïitjim

½Imk quê imksjhkos y imk quê rìursms vok o jkt`roituor fms ofubkms= ½@k quê bàjao fms ofubkms pmarâok jkvmfuirors` `k fo torò, imk ij`rto jka`p`ka`kijo a` fos jkt`kijmk`s a`f ami`kt`= ½_uê tjpm a` aìjsjmk`s aè`rïk tmbor fms ofubkms poro r`spmka`r o fo/s iu`stjùk/`s pfoktòao/s= 0?



Fo pmsjejfjaoa a` s`r oaoptoao poro ofubkms imk ajstjktms imkmijbj`ktms

½Iuïf`s smk fos vorjoef`s ajaïitjios=, `s aìjr, ½iuïf`s smk fms `f`b`ktms a` fo sjtuoijùk qu` puà`k s`r bmajdjioams y qu` odìtok fms prmiàjbj`ktms a` r`smfuijùk= 

@f opmrt` o uko sìu`kijo qu` imkt`bpf` uko prïitjio bot`bïtjio vorjoao `k `f tjpm a` jkt`roiijmk`s

½Wrjbo uk tjpm portjiufor a` jkt`roiijùk imk `f ` f imkmijbj`ktm oiijùk/ dmrbufoijùk/vofjaoijùk dmrbufoijùk/vofjaoijùk m s` oft`rkok `k ajstjktms bmb`ktms= ½Imk quê rìursms iu`ktok fms ofubkms poro vofjaor fms r`suftoams met`kjams= ½_uê tjpms a` pruèos s` vok o oi`ptor imbm vïfjaos= 

Yj p`rbjt` ovokzor a`sa` prmiàjbj`ktms prmpjms o mtrms imkv`kijmkof`s

½Iuïf`s smk fms pmsjef`s prmiàjbj`ktms qu` puà`k utjfjzor fms ofubkms poro ròfjzor fos toròs qu` s` prmpmk`k= ½_uê imkmijbj`ktms oporì`k a` bok`ro jbpfâijto m `xpfâijto= ½Coy uko têikjio ‖ùptjbo‒ o fo qu` s` `sp`ro orrjeor=

Uòfjzor Uòfj zor `st `stms ms okï okïfjs fjsjs js jb jbpfj pfjio io `f a`s a`sorr orrmff mffm m a` uk bma bmam m por portji tjiufo uforr a` s`f s`fìi ìijmk jmkor or y mrhokjzor imknuktms a` oitjvjaoa`s, `k sìu`kijos imk uk prmpùsjtm `xpfâijtm, qu` r`quj`r` a` tj` tj`bpm bpmss y `sp `spoij oijms ms imb imbpor portja tjams ms imk imf imf`ho `hoss por poroo tro troksd ksdmrb mrbors ors`` `k uko prï prïitj itjio io coejtuof. Km s` troto a` p`ksor qu` tmaos fos oitjvjaoa`s r`quj`r`k uk okïfjsjs imk `sto prmdukajaoa, kj qu` tmams fms ospìtms puàok s`r sj`bpr` imksja`roams. Ioao pr`hukto `kiu`ktro su bmb`ktm y su mpmrtukjaoa.

Woro s`hujr r`df`xjmkokam y tmbor kmto

Imksja`r`bms, pmr `n`bpfm, `f sjhuj`kt` vja`m `k `f qu` uk hrupm a` ofubkms a` 0tm. hroam a` fo @siu`fo "Ar. Y`hukam Ffov`r" a` Yok Bortâk, B`kamzo, `stï nuhokam o fo Hu`rro a` Droiijmk`s, imbporokam fos iortos y `fjhj`kam fo boymr.

Ajrìijùk Xè a`f vja`m> cttps>//www.ymu cttps>//www.ymutue`.imb/wo tue`.imb/wotic=v2NDsHnH tic=v2NDsHnHkbazl kbazl

05

Dr`k Dr`kt` t` o `s `sto to `si` `si`ko ko pmar pmarâo âobm bmss pr` pr`hu hukt ktor orkm kms, s, pmr pmr `n`b `n`bpf pfm> m> ½quê ½quê jkt` jkt`rv` rv`ki kijm jmk` k`ss p`rbjtjrâok `xpfjijtor fms irjt`rjms a` imbporoijùk usoams a` bmam jbpfâijtm `k `f nu`hm=< ½o quê imkifusjmk`s s` pmarâo orrjeor of okofjzor fms prmiàjbj`ktms a` imbporoijùk=< ½quê imkmijbj`ktms s` pmarâok jkstjtuijmkofjzor= Mtro pmsjejfjaoa s`râo `xpfmror iuïf`s smk fos vorjoef`s ajaïitjios> ½iùbm jkdfuy` `f tjpm a` iortos `k fms prmiàjbj`ktms a` imbporoijùk=< ½pmarâok `f`hjrs` ofhukms kub`roamr`s y a`kmbjkoamr`s portjiufor`s m usors` fos iortos qu` vjbms `k `f iosm a` fo `simeo a`f ukm=, ½iùbm odìtok `stos `fìijmk`s fos imkifusjmk`s o fos qu` s` puà` orrjeor y fos pruèos qu` s` vok o oi`ptor imbm vïfjaos=

Oi`rio a` fms imkt`xtms `k fms qu` s` pr`s`ktok fms prmef`bos Fo ajd`r`kijoijùk ajd`r`kijoijùk a` fms imkt`x imkt`xtms tms `k fms qu` s` pr`s`kto pr`s`ktok k fms prmef`b prmef`bos, os, y qu` a` ofhþk bmam bma m pfo pfokt` ktòbm obmss of oko okofjfjzor zor fo iu` iu`stj stjùk ùk a` su p`r p`rtjk tjk`ki `kijo jo y sjhkjd sjhkjdjio jiotjv tjvjao jaoa, a, `s mtr mtrm m ospìtm qu` pmarâobms subor of okïfjsjs ajaïitjim. Aìâobms qu` sj tmaos fos oitjvjaoa`s r`dj`r`k o usms a` fms imkmijbj`ktms bot`bïtjims `k imkt`xtms `xtrobot`bïtjims, y km s` jkifuy`k prmef`bos jktrobot`bïtjims amka` `sms imkmijbj`ktms s` `stuaj`k a` bok`ro `xpfâijto, s` fjbjto fo pmsjejfjaoa a` ja`ktjdjiorfms, r`foijmkorfms imk mtrms imkmijbj`ktms y rùtjfjzorfms `k mtrms imkt`xtms< tobejêk aìâobms qu` uk tro troeon eonm m puro purob`k b`kt` t` jkt jktrob robot` ot`bït bïtjim jim mes mestoi toiufj ufjzo zo fo imk imkstr struii uiijùk jùk a` s`k s`ktja tjam, m, jbpjaj`kam rìmkmi`r iuïkam usorfms y iuïkam km coi`rfm. W`rm `f eofoki` `ktr` uk tjpm y mtrm a` imkt`xtm km tj`k` r`hfos djnos, pu`stm qu` a`p`ka` a`f imkt`kjam y a` iùbm s` mrhokjzo fo `ks`ÿokzo `k `f forhm pfozm. Wmr `n`bpfm, pma`bms pfokjdjior uko sìu`kijo sùfm `k imkt`xtm `xtrobot`bïtjim poro jkjijor `f troeonm smer` bàjijmk`s y mtro smer` ajvjsjejfjaoa qu` r`quj`ro a` uk `n`rijijm jktrobot`bïtjim smst`kjam.

Woro s`hujr r`df`xjmkokam y tmbor kmto

Fòbms fos mes`rvoijmk`s qu` coi` Iormfjko Iormfjko Iostrm, bo`st bo`stro ro a` 4tm. hroam a` fo @siu`fo K· 958 a` IcmsBofof, Kùquêk, smer` fms prmiàjbj`ktms a` sus ofubkms dr`kt` o fo sjhuj`kt` prmpu`sto> Ajvjajbms 07?9, metuvjbms ?90 imbm imij`kt` y ?3 a` r`stm ½iùbm usorâos fo iofiufoamro poro ov`rjhuor `f ajvjsmr=

09

‖Iuokam troeonobms imk fos iofiufoamros imbm uko c`rrobj`kto poro `foemror sus prmpjos `strot`hjos poro met`k`r r`suftoams r`suftù buy jkt`r`sokt`. @k `sto oitjvjaoa, ioao ukm fm p`ksù o su bok`ro. Fm prjb`rm qu` cjij`rmk du` jbohjkor uko iu`kto troajijmkof y fu`hm `bp`zorr o prmeor `bp`zo prmeor buftjp buftjpfji fjioka okam. m. Du`rmk Du`rmk prmeok prmeokam, am, eusio eusiokam kam ajd`r`k ajd`r`kt`s t`s bþftjpf bþftjpfms, ms, ajvjsmr`s, y rìmkmij`kam fos port`s y prmpjàoa`s a` fos mp`roijmk`s jkajrìtob`kt` imbm uko c`rrob c`rrobj`k j`kto to poro poro met`k`r met`k`r `f r`suft r`suftoam oam qu` eusioe eusioeok. ok. Fu`hm Fu`hm a` fos oit oitjvj jvjaoa aoa`s `s imbportjbm imbpo rtjbms s `f troeonm `k `f pjzorrùk pjzorrùk U@IMKMIJ@KAM U@IMKMIJ@KAM FOY WUMWJ WUMWJ@AOA@Y @AOA@Y qu` usormk, usormk, y iuïf`s s`rvâok m km.‒

½Wmr quê pj`ksok qu` fms icjims `sirjej`rmk fms aotms `k fo pmsjijùk qu` miupok `k fo iu`kto=< ½iuïf`s smk fos prmpjàoa`s a` fos qu` coefo Iormfjko=< ½quê imkifusjmk`s pj`ksok qu` pmarâok coe`r okmtoam `k `f pjzorrùk= @s

jkt`r`sokt` oav`rtjr qu`, toktm a`sa` fo imksjhko imbm a`sa` fms rìursms y fos

jkt`rv`kijmk`s fo bo`stro, s` smstj`k` uk troeonm jktrobot`bïtjim qu` p`rbjt` r`vjsor fm qu` fms icjimsa`soe`k a` fo iu`kto a` ajvjajr y ``xpfjijtor xpfjijtor fos r`foijmk`s `ktr` ajvja`kam, ajvjsmr, imij`kt` y r`stm. C`bms pfoktòam costo oquâ ofhukos oft`rkotjvos poro ioroit`rjzor `f ofioki` a`f troeonm qu` `stobms prmpmkj`kam o fms ofubkms m, of b`kms, ioroit`rjzorfm a`sa` `st` imknuktm a` kmijmk`s t`ùrjios. Q`khobms `k iu`kto qu` fo `fìijùk a` uk borim t`ùrjim a` r`d`r`kijo u mtrm, r`sufto a` uko imbejkoijùk `ktr` `fìijmk`s p`rsmkof`s y fo pmsjejfjaoa a` oii`sm o ukos jaòs m o mtros, y qu` `f imkmijbj`ktm ajaïitjim `stï `k p`rbok`kt` `vmfuijùk. Wmr fm toktm, coy tobejêk mtrms okïfjsjs pmsjef`s y ku`vms ospìtms pmr imkmi`r.

Wrmyìtm a` `ks`ÿokzo y bma`fm ajaïitjim @k sâk sâkt`s t`sjs, js, fms opm opmrt` rt`ss aja ajaïit ïitjim jimss a` fms þft þftjbm jbmss oÿm oÿms, s, iobejo iobejok k duk dukaob aob`kt `ktofb ofb`kt `kt`` ku`str ku` strms ms bma bmams ms a` bjr bjror or fo foss sjtuoi sjtuoijmk jmk`s `s a` `ks `ks`ÿo `ÿokzo kzo,, imb imbpf` pf`njz njzoka okam, m, y bui buicm, cm, fo vorjàoa a` iu`stjmk`s o t`k`r `k iu`kto poro `f ajs`ÿm y fo h`stjùk a` fos ifos`s. Yj imbporobms fms irjt`rjms poro mrhokjzor fos pfokjdjioijmk`s qu` t`kâobms coi` ukms oÿms y fms qu` t`k`bms cmy, kmtobms uk hrok iobejm. C`bms posoam a` ukms irjt`rjms 01

fjkòf fjkòf`s, `s, sub subob` ob`kt` kt` h`k h`k`rof `rof`s `s y opo opor`k r`kt`b t`b`kt `kt`` þtj þtjf`s f`s por poroo p`k p`ksor sor fo `ks `ks`ÿo `ÿokzo kzo a` iuofquj`r iuof quj`r t`bo t`bo,, o uko ajv ajv`rsjao `rsjaoa a a` jkajio jkajioamr`s amr`s qu qu`, `, o su v`z, puà`k tt`k`r `k`r ofhu ofhukos kos ajd`r`kijos poro ajstjktos kmijmk`s. A` bm bmam am sjbj sjbjfo forr o fms fms `stu `stuaj ajms ms a` ajoh ajohkù kùst stji jim m bê bêaj ajim im qu qu`` cm cmyy p`rb p`rbjt jt`k `k me met` t`k` k`rr jkdmrboijùk qu` okt`s km `stoeo ajspmkjef`, `sto vorjàoa kms p`rbjt` t`k`r `k iu`kto ospìtms qu` okt`s km s` coeâok ja`ktjdjioam. @k `st` s`ktjam, sj ej`k kms `kdr`ktobms o uko imbpf`njaoa boymr poro tmbor aìjsjmk`s, c`bms hokoam `k pma`r obpfjor ku`stro bjroao bjr oao sme smer` r` fos fos dmrb dmrbos os a` tro troeon eonor or `k Bot Bot`bï `bïtji tjio, o, smer` smer` fms imkmi imkmijbj jbj`kt `ktms ms a` fms ofubkms y sus prmi`sms a` oprmpjoijùk, y smer` iùbm puà`k odìtor ku`stros aìjsjmk`s a` `ks`ÿokzo o `sms prmi`sms.

Cmy

`sp`robms qu` fo `siu`fo prjborjo mdr`zio sjtuoijmk`s a` `ks`ÿokzo qu` prmbu`vok `k fms ofubkms>

Kþif`ms

a` Opr`kajzon`s Wrjmrjtorjms, Imks`nm Dà`rof a` @auioijùk, 5770 00

Woro a`sorrmffor `s` tjpm a` imbp`t`kijos `s kì`sorjm, oukqu` a` bmam ofhukm `stm r`suft` sudjij`kt`, pfokjdjior fo `ks`ÿokzo t`kj`kam `k iu`kto> 









Fo ajv`rsjaoa a` imkt`xtms, sjhkjdjioams y r`pr`s`ktoijmk`s prmpjms a` ioao kmijùk bot`bïtjio (`sto vorjàoa km puà` oemraors` sjbuftïkòb`kt` y, pmr `sto rozùk, s` mrhokjzok sìu`kijos imk prmpùsjtms pr mpùsjtms a`djkjams). _uê r`foijmk`s `s pmsjef` `stoefì`r imk mtros kmijmk`s yo imkmijaos. Fos Fos ajst ajstjk jkto toss to torò ròss qu qu`` pmarâ pmarâok ok rò ròfjfjzo zorr fms fms kjÿm kjÿms> s> r`smf r`smfv` v`r, r, `xpf `xpfji jior or iù iùbm bm r`smfvj`rmk uk prmef`bo, imbporor prmiàjbj`ktms, nustjdjior uko r`spu`sto m uk prmiàjbj`ktm, dmrbufor ku`vos pr`huktos, `ti. Fos imksjhkos aè`k jkifujr fms ajst ajstjk jktm tmss tj tjpm pmss a` to tor` ròs os r`qu r`qu`r `rja jaos os `k uk ukoo oi oitj tjvj vjao aoa a bo bot` t`bï bïtj tjio io h`ku h`kujk jko, o, oft`rkokam `f usm a` uk ku`vm soe`r imbm jkstrub`ktm imk su `stuajm imbm men`tm. _uê hroam a` ambjkjm y a` ajspmkjejfjaoa a`f soe`r y `f soe`r-coi`r s` quj`r`k fmhror o imrtm m bàjokm pfozm. _uê ospìtms s` vok o `vofuor.

Qobejêk `s kì`sorjm mrhokjzor y oimbpoÿor `f prmi`sm a` `stuajm y h`k`ror sjtuoijmk`s a` sjs sjst`b t`botj otjzoi zoijùk jùk a` fms so soe`r` e`r`ss imk imkstr struja ujams, ms, mrh mrhokj okjzor zor bmb bmb`kt `ktms ms por poroo `st `stoef oefì` ì`rr r`foijmk`s r`foij mk`s `ktr` fms imkmijb imkmijbj`ktm j`ktmss a` ioao sìu`ki sìu`kijo, jo, `vofuor `f prmhr`s prmhr`sm m `k fms soe`r`s `ks`ÿoams poro tmbor aìjsjmk`s a` `ks`ÿokzo.

½Wmr quê= 









Jkifujr uko vorjàoa fm bïs obpfjo pmsjef` `k `f imknuktm a` prmef`bos qu` s` `fjh`k `krjquì` `f s`ktjam a` fms imkmijbj`ktms bot`bïtjims qu` fms ofubkms imkstruy`k. @st` troeonm pmr oprmxjboijmk`s sui`sjvos ao fuhor o qu` bïs kjÿms ovoki`k `k `f fmhrm a`f prmpùsjtm of qu` s` opukto. Aor fuhor of usm a` ajstjktos r`pr`s`ktoijmk`s poro uko bjsbo kmijùk y imbporor ajstjktms prmiàjbj`ktms poro r`smfv`r uk bjsbm prmef`bo coejfjto fo portjijpoijùk a` tmams y obpfâo `f imkmij imkmijbj`ktm bj`ktm a` fo k kmijùk mijùk `k `stuajm. Torjor `f tjpm a` torò ao fuhor of a`sorrmffm a` uko prïitjio a` prmauiijùk y orhub`ktoijùk `k `f ïrò y of dmrtofìjbj`ktm a` imbp`t`kijos. Tmfv Tm fv`r `r sm smer er`` fm ròf ròfjz jzoa oam m poro poro imbu imbukj kjio iorr y nust nustjd jdji jior or uk r`su r`suft ftoa oam m m uk prmi` prm iàj ajbj bj`k `ktm tm,, `xjh `xjh`` `x `xpf pfji jijt jtor or y rìm rìmkm kmi` i`rr `f im imkm kmij ijbj bj`kt `ktm m jb jbpf pfji jioa oam m `k fo r`smfuijùk a` fms prmef`bos y fos dmrbos a` met`k`rfm y vofjaorfm. Yjk `st` prmi`sm, fms imkmijbj`ktms bot`bïtjims quàok osmijoams o fms imkt`xtms portjiufor`s `k ` k fms qu`` s` opr`k qu opr`kaj aj`rm `rmk k y km t` t`ka karï rïk k o dutu duturm rm fo foss bj bjsb sbos os pmsj pmsjej ejfjfjao aoa`s a`s a` s` s`rr rùtjfjzoams. Mr Mrho hokj kjzo zorr y oi oimb mbpo poÿo ÿorr `f pr prmi mi`s `sm m a` `s `stu tuaj ajm m im imkt ktrj rjeu euy` y` o qu qu`` fms fms of ofub ubkm kmss ajspmkhok a` fms soe`r`s `stuajoams iuokam fms kì`sjt`k. Uìmkmi`r quê `s fm qu` s` co opr`kajam, fm qu` ‖s` soe`‒, p`rbjt` of ofubkm tmbor imkij`kijo smer` su prmpjm opr`kajzon` y opmyors` `k `sms imkmijbj`ktms poro oemraor ku`vms a`sodâms.

Imbm Im bm a` aìâ iâob obms ms,, `xpf `xpfji jijt jtor or ku ku`s `str trms ms ‖ku` ‖ku`vm vms‒ s‒ bm bma` a`fm fmss aj ajaï aïit itji jims ms km fms fms co coi` i` kì`sorjob`kt` b`nmr`s qu` okt`rjmr`s. Yâ, `vofuor b`nmr prmpu prm pu`s `sto toss pu puà` à`k k r`s r`suf ufto torr fms bï bïs s oa oaì ìuo uoao aos s `k `k iobejm, du duki kijù jùk k kms a`f a`fp`rbjt` prmy pr myì ìtm tm à àui uiot otjv jvm m quê qu qu`` qu`r`bms smst`k`r. @k `st` s`ktjam, fo imksja`roijùk, m km, a` uko Bot`bïtjio of ofioki` 04

a` tmams, a` uk ofubkm ofubkm,, a` uk ijuaoa ijuaoaokm, okm, `spìt `spìtoamr oamr m oitmr, r`suf r`sufto to ifov` poro aìj aìjajr ajr quê `f`hjr.

EJEFJMHUODÂO



Ohrosor, Ohrosor, B. y Ic`b`ffm, Ic`b`ffm, H. (5770) ‖_uê coy qu` soe`r smer` Bot`bïio. Bot`bïio. Pk jkstrub`k jkstrub`ktm tm a` dmrboijùk a`f p`ksobj`ktm", U`vjsto Bmkjtmr a` fo @auioijùk K¾?8, nukjm 5773, Bjkjst`rjm a` Iufturo y @auioijùk a` fo Koijùk cp>//www.b`.hmv.or/bmkjtmr/krm7/pad/bmkjtmr?8.pad



Iuoa`rkms Iuoa`rkms poro poro `f Oufo. Oufo. Bot`bïio 1, 0, 4, Bjkjst`rjm a` @auioijùk Ij`kijo y Qìkmfmhâo a` fo Koijùk, 5778. @k cp>//www.b`.hmv.or/iurrjdmrb/kop/bot`boio74.pad



Jkstu Jkstutm tm Koijmk Koijmkof of a` Dmrboi Dmrboijùk jùk Ami`kt` Ami`kt` (57?1). (57?1). Ifos Ifos` ` 7?> @f s`kam s`kam a` fo Bot`b Bot`bïi ïio o y su `ks`ÿo `ks `ÿokzo kzo `k fo `siu`f `siu`fo o a` cmy. cmy. Bùa Bùaufm ufm>> W`rsp W`rspì ìvos vos por poro o fo `ks`ÿo `ks`ÿokzo kzo a` fo Bot`bï Bot`bïio io.. @spìjofjzoijùk Ami`kt` a` Kjv`f Yup`rjmr `k @ks`ÿokzo a` fo Bot`bïio `k fo @siu`fo Wrjborjo. Eu`kms Ojr`s> Bjkjst`rjm a` @auioijùk a` fo Koijùk.



Jkstutm Jkstutm Koijmkof a` Dmrboijùk Dmrboijùk Ami`kt` (57?1). Ifos` Ifos` 75> Ku`stros Ku`stros troajijmk`s troajijmk`s a` `ks`ÿokzo `ks`ÿokzo.. Bùaufm Bùa ufm>> W`rsp` W`rspìv ivos os poro poro fo `ks`ÿo `ks`ÿokzo kzo a` fo Bot Bot`bï `bïio io.. @spìj @spìjofj ofjzoi zoijùk jùk Ami`kt Ami`kt` ` a` Kjv`f Kjv`f Yup`rjmr `k @ks`ÿokzo a` fo Bot`bïio `k fo @siu`fo Wrjborjo. Eu`kms Ojr`s> Bjkjst`rjm a` @auioijùk a` fo Koijùk.



Jkstutm Koijmkof a` Dmrboijùk Dmrboijùk Ami`kt` (57?1). Ifos` 79> Opmrt`s a` fo Ajaïiio a` fo B Bot`bïio ot`bïio poro p`ksor fo `ks`ÿokzo. Fms ofubkms y fos dmrbos a` oprmpjoijùk a` fms imkt`kjams bot`bïims. Bùaufm Bùa ufm>> W`rsp` W`rspìv ivos os poro poro fo `ks`ÿo `ks`ÿokzo kzo a` fo Bot Bot`bï `bïio io.. @spìj @spìjofj ofjzoi zoijùk jùk Ami`kt Ami`kt` ` a` Kjv`f Kjv`f Yup`rjmr `k @ks`ÿokzo a` fo Bot`bïio `k fo @siu`fo Wrjborjo. Eu`kms Ojr`s> Bjkjst`rjm a` @auioijùk a` fo Koijùk.



Jkstutm Koijmkof a` Dmrboijùk Dmrboijùk Ami`kt` (57?1). Ifos` 71> Opmrt`s a` fo Ajaïiio a` fo B Bot`bïio ot`bïio poro p`ksor fo `ks`ÿokzo. Fo ifos`, fms prmef`bos y su h`sùk. Bùaufm> W`rspìvos poro fo `ks`ÿo `ks `ÿokzo kzo a` fo Bot`bï Bot`bïio io.. @spìj @spìjofj ofjzoi zoijùk jùk Ami`kt Ami`kt` ` a` Kjv`f Kjv`f Yup`rj Yup`rjmr mr `k @ks`ÿo @ks`ÿokzo kzo a` fo Bot`bïio `k fo @siu`fo Wrjborjo. Eu`kms Ojr`s> Bjkjst`rjm a` @auioijùk a` fo Koijùk.



Jkstutm Koijmkof a` Dmrboijùk Dmrboijùk Ami`kt` (57?1). Ifos` 70> Opmrt`s a` fo Ajaïiio a` fo B Bot`bïio ot`bïio poro p`ksor fo `ks`ÿokzo. Fo `siu`fo y fos aìjsjmk`s jkstuijmkof`s. Bùaufm> W`rspìvos poro fo `ks`ÿo `ks `ÿokzo kzo a` fo Bot`bï Bot`bïio io.. @spìj @spìjofj ofjzoi zoijùk jùk Ami`kt Ami`kt` ` a` Kjv`f Kjv`f Yup`rj Yup`rjmr mr `k @ks`ÿo @ks`ÿokzo kzo a` fo Bot`bïio `k fo @siu`fo Wrjborjo. Eu`kms Ojr`s> Bjkjst`rjm a` @auioijùk a` fo Koijùk.



Jkstu Jkstutm tm Koijmk Koijmkof of a` Dmrboi Dmrboijùk jùk Ami`kt Ami`kt` ` (57 (57?1). ?1). Ifo Ifos` s` 74> Fms imkmij imkmijbj` bj`ktm ktmss t`ùrji t`ùrjims ms y fos aìjsjmk`s `k fo prïiio. Bùaufm> W`rspìvos poro fo `ks`ÿokzo a` fo Bot`bïio. @spìjofjzoijùk Ami`kt` a` Kjv`f Yup`rjmr `k @ks`ÿokzo a` fo Bot`bïio `k fo @siu`fo Wrjborjo. Eu`kms Ojr`s> Bjkjst`rjm a` @auioijùk a` fo Koijùk.



Wokjzzo, B. (5779) ‖Imki`ptms eïsjims a` fo t`mrâo a` sjtuoijmk`s‒, Iop 5 `k ‖@ks` ‖@ks`ÿor ÿor bot`bïio `k `f kjv`f jkjijof y prjb`r ijifm a` fo @HE. Okïfjsjs y prmpu`stos‒, Wojaùs.



Wokjzzo, B. (imbp) (5779) ‖U``xjmk`s h`k`rof`s oi`rio a` fo `ks`ÿokzo a` fo bot`b bot`bïio‒ ïio‒ Iop ? `k "@ks`ÿor Bot`bïio `k `f Kjv`f Jkjijof y `f prjb`r ijifm a` fo @HE. Okïfjsjs y prmpu`stos", Wojaùs.



_uorokto, B. y Xmfbok Y. (5779) ‖Ajsiusjmk`s `k fos ifos`s a` bot`bï bot`bïio. io. _uê, poro quê y iùbm s` ajsiut`‒, `k @ks`ÿor bot`bïio `k `f kjv`f jkjijof y prjb`r ijifm a` fo @HE, Wojaùs, 5779.

08

Teoria - Practica-Didactica de La Matematica II

Short Description

Description

Comments

We need your help!