TEORIA OSCILOSCOPIO

GUECFGUEG^CG

HOK_ ^ZCKEC^DF 4+

Ckpzg`ueecõk

:+

Pozhckgfgaèd

5+

^uopd ok iukecgkdhcokpg

0+

Egkpzgfo

?+

Pãekced `o ho`c`d

9+

Gecfgeg~cg @cacpdf

1+

Gecfgeg~cg @cacpdf y Gecfgeg~cg Dkdfõaceg

OF GUECFGUEG^CG 4+ Ckpzg`ueecõk ·Tuã o uk gecfgeg~cg7 Of gecfgeg~cg o jäcedhokpo uk `c~gcpcyg `o ycudfc}decõk azäiced tuo huopzd oôdfo ofãepzced ydzcdjfo ok of pcoh~g+ Of omo yozpcedf& d ~dzpcz `o dbgzd `okghckd`g S& zo~zookpd of ygfpdmo< hcokpzd tuo of omo bgzc}gkpdf& `okghckd`g R& zo~zookpd of pcoh~g+

·Tuã ~g`ohg bdeoz egk uk gecfgeg~cg7+ Jäcedhokpo opg= • • • • • •

@opozhckdz `czoepdhokpo of ~ozcg`g s of ygfpdmo `o ukd oôdf+ @opozhckdz ck`czoepdhokpo fd izoeuokecd `o ukd oôdf+ @opozhckdz tuo ~dzpo `o fd oôdf o @E s eudf DE+ Fgedfc}dz dyozèd ok uk eczeucpg+ Ho`cz fd ido okpzo `g oôdfo+ @opozhckdz tuo ~dzpo `o fd oôdf o zuc`g s eghg ydzcd opo ok of pcoh~g+

Fg gecfgeg~cg gk `o fg ckpzuhokpg hä yozäpcfo tuo orcpok s fg upcfc}dk `o`o pãekceg `o zo~dzdecõk `o pofoycgzo d hã`ceg+ _k gecfgeg~cg ~uo`o ho`cz uk azdk kýhozg `o iokõhokg& ~zgycpg `of pzdk`uepgz d`oeud`g "uk ofohokpg tuo egkycozpo ukd hdakcpu` ièced ok oôdf ofãepzced# ozä ed~d} `o `dzkg of ydfgz `o ukd ~zocõk& zcphg edz`cdeg& ~gpokecd `o gkc`g& kcyof `o ycjzdecgko ok uk egebo& ope+

·Tuã pc~g `o gecfgeg~cg orcpok7 Fg otuc~g ofoepzõkceg o `cyc`ok ok `g pc~g=  Dkdfõacegu s  @cacpdfou + Fg ~zchozg pzdjdmdk egk ydzcdjfo egkpckud hcokpzd tuo fg oauk`g fg bdeok egk ydzcdjfo `cezopd+ ^gz omoh~fg uk pged`ceg o uk otuc~g dkdfõaceg s uk Egh~dep @ce o uk otuc~g `cacpdf+ Fg Gecfgeg~cg pdhjcãk ~uo`ok oz dkdfõaceg õ `cacpdfo+ Fg ~zchozg pzdjdmdk `czoepdhokpo egk fd oôdf d~fced`d& opä ukd yo} dh~fciced`d `oyèd uk bd} `o ofoepzgko ok okpc`g yozpcedf ~zg~gzecgkdfhokpo d u ydfgz+ Ok egkpzdpo fg gecfgeg~cg `cacpdfo upcfc}dk ~zoycdhokpo uk egkyozgz dkdfõaceg(`cacpdf "D'@# ~dzd dfhdeokdz `cacpdfhokpo fd oôdf `o okpzd`d& zoegkpzusok`g ~gpozcgzhokpo opd ckigzhdecõk ok fd ~dkpdffd+

Dhjg pc~g pcokok u yokpdmd o ckegkyokcokpo+ Fg dkdfõaceg gk ~zoiozcjfo eudk`g o ~zcgzcpdzcg ycudfc}dz ydzcdecgko zä~c`d `o fd oôdf `o okpzd`d ok pcoh~g zodf+ Fg gecfgeg~cg `cacpdfo o upcfc}dk eudk`g o `ood ycudfc}dz s opu`cdz oyokpg kg zo~opcpcyg "~ceg `o pokcõk tuo o ~zg`ueok dfodpgzcd hokpo#+

·Tuã egkpzgfo ~goo uk gecfgeg~cg pè~ceg7 D ~zchozd ycpd uk gecfgeg~cg o ~dzoeo d ukd ~otuoôd pofoyccõk ~gzpäpcf& dfyg ukd zomcffd tuo geu~d fd ~dkpdffd s of hdsgz kýhozg `o egkpzgfo tuo ~goo+ Ok fd caucokpo icauzd o zo~zookpdk opg egkpzgfo `cpzcjuc`g ok eckeg oeecgko= -- Yozpcedf+ -- Bgzc}gkpdf+ -- @c~dzg+ -- Egkpzgf `o fd ycudfc}decõk -- Egkoepgzo+

·Eõhg iukecgkd uk gecfgeg~cg7 ^dzd okpok`oz of iukecgkdhcokpg `o fg egkpzgfo tuo ~goo uk gecfgeg~cg o koeodzcg `opokozo uk ~geg ok fg ~zgeog ckpozkg ffoyd`g d edjg ~gz opo d~dzdpg+ Oh~o}dzohg ~gz of pc~g dkdfõaceg sd tuo o of hä okecffg+

Gecfgeg~cg dkdfõaceg

Eudk`g o egkoepd fd gk`d d uk eczeucpg& fd oôdf dpzdycod opd ýfpchd s o `czcao d fd oeecõk yozpcedf+ @o~ok`cok`g `o `gk`o cpuohg of hdk`g `of dh~fciced`gz yozpcedf dpokudzohg fd oôdf õ fd dh~fcicedzohg+ Ok fd dfc`d `o opo jfgtuo sd o `c~gko `o fd uicecokpo oôdf ~dzd dpdedz fd ~fded `o `oiforcõk yozpcedfo "tuo kdpuzdfhokpo opäk ok  ~gcecõk bgzc}gkpdf# s tuo gk fd okedzad`d `o `oycdz of bd} `o ofoepzgko& tuo uzao `of eäpg`g o ch~depd ok fd ed~d ifugzoeokpo `of ckpozcgz `o fd ~dkpdffd& ok okpc`g yozpcedf+ Bdecd dzzcjd c fd pokcõk o ~gcpcyd egk zo~oepg df ~ukpg `o zoiozokecd "AK@# õ bdecd djdmg c o koadpcyd+ Fd oôdf pdhjcãk dpzdycod fd oeecõk `o `c~dzg ~dzd `o opd igzhd ckcecdz of jdzzc`g bgzc}gkpdf "opo o of okedzad`g `o hgyoz of bd} `o ofoepzgko `o`o fd ~dzpo c}tucoz`d `o fd ~dkpdffd d fd ~dzpo `ozoebd ok uk `opozhckd`g pcoh~g#+ Of pzd}d`g "zoegzzc`g `o

c}tucoz`d d `ozoebd# o egkcauo d~fcedk`g fd ~dzpo deok`okpo `o uk `cokpo `o cozzd d fd ~fded `o `oiforcõk bgzc}gkpdf "fd tuo opäk ok ~gcecõk yozpcedf#& s ~uo`o oz  zoaufdjfo ok pcoh~g depudk`g gjzo of hdk`g PCHO(JDUO+ Of zopzdd`g "zoegzzc`g `o `ozoebd d c}tucoz`d# o zodfc}d `o igzhd huebg hä zä~c`d egk fd ~dzpo `oeok`okpo `of hchg `cokpo `o cozzd+ @o opd igzhd fd deecõk eghjckd`d `of pzd}d`g bgzc}gkpdf s `o fd `oiforcõk yozpcedf pzd}d fd azäiced `o fd oôdf ok fd ~dkpdffd+ Fd oeecõk `o `c~dzg o koeodzcd ~dzd opdjcfc}dz  fd oôdfo zo~opcpcyd "o doauzd tuo of pzd}d`g eghcokeo ok of hchg ~ukpg `o fd oôdf zo~opcpcyd#+ Ok fd caucokpo icauzd ~uo`o gjozydzo fd hchd oôdf ok pzo dmupo `o `c~dzg `ciozokpo= ok of ~zchozg `c~dzd`d ok ifdkeg deok`okpo& ok of oauk`g ck `c~dzg s ok of pozeozg `c~dzd`d ok ifdkeg `oeok`okpo+

Eghg egkefucõk ~dzd upcfc}dz `o igzhd egzzoepd uk gecfgeg~cg dkdfõaceg koeocpdhg zodfc}dz pzo dmupo jäceg= •

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Fd dpokudecõk õ dh~fcicedecõk tuo koeocpd fd oôdf+ _pcfc}dz of hdk`g DH^F+   ~dzd dmupdz fd dh~fcpu` `o fd oôdf dkpo `o tuo od d~fced`d d fd ~fded `o `oiforcõk yozpcedf+ Egkycoko tuo fd oôdf geu~o ukd ~dzpo ch~gzpdkpo `o fd  ~dkpdffd ck ffoadz d gjzo~ddz fg fèhcpo+ Fd jdo `o pcoh~g+ _pcfc}dz of hdk`g PCHOJDUO ~dzd dmupdz fg tuo zo~zookpd ok pcoh~g ukd `cyccõk ok bgzc}gkpdf `o fd ~dkpdffd+ ^dzd oôdfo zo~opcpcyd o egkyokcokpo tuo ok fd ~dkpdffd o ~uo`dk gjozydz d~zgrchd`dhokpo uk ~dz `o ecefg+ @c~dzg `o fd oôdf+ _pcfc}dz fg hdk`g PZCAAOZ FOYOF "kcyof `o `c~dzg# s PZCAAOZ UOFOEPGZ "pc~g `o `c~dzg# ~dzd opdjcfc}dz fg homgz ~gcjfo oôdfo zo~opcpcyd+

^gz u~uopg& pdhjcãk `ojok dmupdzo fg egkpzgfo tuo dioepdk d fd ycudfc}decõk= IGE_U "okigtuo#& CKPOKU+ "Ckpokc`d`# kuked oreocyd& S(^GU "~gcecõk yozpcedf `of bd}# s R(^GU "~gcecõk bgzc}gkpdf `of bd}#+

Gecfgeg~cg `cacpdfo Fg gecfgeg~cg `cacpdfo ~gook d`ohä `o fd oeecgko or~fced`d dkpozcgzhokpo uk cpohd d`cecgkdf `o ~zgeog `o `dpg tuo ~ozhcpo dfhdeokdz s ycudfc}dz fd oôdf+

Eudk`g o egkoepd fd gk`d `o uk gecfgeg~cg `cacpdf d uk eczeucpg& fd oeecõk yozpcedf dmupd fd dh~fcpu` `o fd oôdf `o fd hchd igzhd tuo fg bdecd of gecfgeg~cg dkdfõaceg+ Of egkyozgz dkdfõaceg(`cacpdf `of cpohd `o d`tuccecõk `o `dpg huopzod fd oôdf d ckpozydfg `o pcoh~g `opozhckd`g s egkycozpo fd oôdf `o ygfpdmo egkpckud ok ukd ozco `o ydfgzo `cacpdfo ffdhd`g houpzdu + Ok fd oeecõk bgzc}gkpdf ukd oôdf `o zofgm `opozhckd eudk`g of egkyozgz D'@ pghd ukd huopzd+ Fd yofgec`d` `o opo zofgm o `okghckd yofgec`d` `o huopzog s o hc`o ok huopzd ~gz oauk`g+

Fg ydfgzo `cacpdfo huopzod`g o dfhdeokdk ok ukd hohgzcd eghg ~ukpg `o oôdf+ Of kýhozg `o fg ~ukpg `o oôdf upcfc}d`g ~dzd zoegkpzucz fd oôdf ok ~dkpdffd o `okghckd zoacpzg+ Fd oeecõk `o `c~dzg `opozhckd of eghcok}g s of ickdf `o fg ~ukpg `o oôdf ok of zoacpzg+ Fd oeecõk `o ycudfc}decõk zoecjo opg ~ukpg `of zoacpzg& ukd yo} dfhdeokd`g ok fd hohgzcd& ~dzd ~zookpdz ok ~dkpdffd fd oôdf+ @o~ok`cok`g `o fd ed~dec`d`o `of gecfgeg~cg o ~uo`ok pokoz ~zgeog d`cecgkdfo gjzo fg ~ukpg huopzod`g& ckefug o ~uo`o `c~gkoz `o uk ~zo`c~dzg& ~dzd gjozydz   ~zgeog tuo pokadk fuadz dkpo `of `c~dzg+ Iuk`dhokpdfhokpo& uk gecfgeg~cg `cacpdf o hdkomd `o ukd igzhd chcfdz d ukg dkdfõaceg& ~dzd ~g`oz pghdz fd ho`c`d o koeocpd dmupdz of hdk`g DH^F& of hdk`g PCHOJDUO dè eghg fg hdk`g tuo ckpozycokok ok of `c~dzg+

Hãpg`g `o huopzog Uo pzdpd `o or~fcedz eghg o fd dzzoafdk fg gecfgeg~cg `cacpdfo ~dzd zoukcz fg   ~ukpg `o huopzog+ ^dzd oôdfo `o fokpd ydzcdecõk& fg gecfgeg~cg `cacpdfo ~uo`ok   ~ozioepdhokpo zoukcz hä ~ukpg `o fg koeodzcg ~dzd zoegkpzucz ~gpozcgzhokpo fd oôdf ok fd ~dkpdffd+ Kg gjpdkpo& ~dzd oôdfo zä~c`d "eõhg `o zä~c`d `o~ok`ozä `o fd härchd yofgec`d` `o huopzog `o kuopzg d~dzdpg# of gecfgeg~cg kg ~uo`o zoegaoz  huopzd uicecokpo s `ojo zoeuzzcz d ukd `o opd `g pãekced= •

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Ckpoz~gfdecõk& o `oecz& opchdz uk ~ukpg ckpozho`cg `o fd oôdf jdäk`go ok of  ~ukpg dkpozcgz s ~gpozcgz+ Huopzog ok pcoh~g otucydfokpo+ Uc fd oôdf o zo~opcpcyd o ~gcjfo huopzodz  `uzdkpo ukg eudkpg ecefg ok `ciozokpo ~dzpo `o fd oôdf ~dzd `o~uã zoegkpzucz fd oôdf egh~fopd+

Huopzog ok pcoh~g zodf egk Ckpoz~gfdecõk Of hãpg`g Updk`dz` `o huopzog ok fg gecfgeg~cg `cacpdfo o of huopzog ok pcoh~g zodf= of gecfgeg~cg zoýko fg uicecokpo ~ukpg eghg ~dzd zoegkpzucz fd oôdf+ ^dzd oôdfo kg zo~opcpcyd õ ~dzd fd ~dzpo pzdkcpgzcd `o ukd oôdf& o of ýkceg hãpg`g yäfc`g `o huopzog+ Fg gecfgeg~cg upcfc}dk fd ckpoz~gfdecõk ~dzd ~g`oz ycudfc}dz oôdfo tuo gk hä zä~c`d tuo u yofgec`d` `o huopzog+ Orcpok jäcedhokpo `g pc~g `o ckpoz~gfdecõk= Fckodf= Uch~fohokpo egkoepd fg ~ukpg huopzod`g egk fèkod+ Uokgc`df= Egkoepd fg ~ukpg huopzod`g egk euzyd oaýk uk ~zgeog hdpohäpceg& `o opd igzhd fg ~ukpg ckpozho`cg o edfeufdk ~dzd zoffokdz fg o~decg okpzo ~ukpg

zodfo `o huopzog+ _dk`g opo ~zgeog o ~gcjfo ycudfc}dz oôdfo egk azdk ~zoeccõk `c~gkcok`g `o zofdpcydhokpo ~geg ~ukpg `o huopzog+

Huopzog ok pcoh~g otucydfokpo Dfaukg gecfgeg~cg `cacpdfo upcfc}dk opo pc~g `o huopzog+ Uo pzdpd `o zoegkpzucz ukd oôdf zo~opcpcyd ed~puzdk`g ukd ~otuoôd ~dzpo `o fd oôdf ok ed`d ecefg+ Orcpok `g pc~g  jäceg= Huopzog oeuokecdf( Fg ~ukpg d~dzoeok `o c}tucoz`d d `ozoebd ok oeuokecd   ~dzd egkigzhdz fd oôdf+ Huopzog dfodpgzcg( Fg ~ukpg d~dzoeok dfodpgzcd hokpo ~dzd igzhdz fd oôdf

:+ Pozhckgfgaèd Pãzhckg upcfc}d`g df ho`cz Orcpo uk pãzhckg aokozdf ~dzd `oezcjcz uk ~dpzõk tuo o zo~cpo ok of pcoh~g= Gk`d+ Orcpok gk`d `o gkc`g& gk`d geoäkced& gk`d eozojzdfo s ~gz u~uopg& gk`d `o pokcõk+ _k gecfgeg~cg hc`o opd ýfpchd+ _k ecefg o fd hèkchd ~dzpo `o fd gk`d tuo o zo~cpo ok of pcoh~g+ _kd igzhd `o gk`d o fd zo~zookpdecõk azäiced `o ukd gk`d+ _kd igzhd `o gk`d `o pokcõk coh~zo o ~zookpdzä egk of pcoh~g ok of omo bgzc}gkpdf "R# s fd dh~fcpu` ok of omo yozpcedf "S#+ Fd igzhd `o gk`d kg ~zg~gzecgkd ukd ydfcgd ckigzhdecõk gjzo fd oôdf+ Ok eudftucoz  hghokpg ~g`ohg ycudfc}dz fd dfpuzd tuo dfedk}d s& ~gz fg pdkpg& djoz c of ygfpdmo bd edhjcd`g ok of pcoh~g "c gjozydhg& ~gz omoh~fg& ukd fèkod bgzc}gkpdf ~g`zohg egkefucz tuo ok oo ckpozydfg `o pcoh~g fd oôdf o egkpdkpo#+ Egk fd ~ok`cokpo `o fd fèkod `cdagkdfo& pdkpg ok ifdkeg `o ujc`d eghg ok ifdkeg `o jdmd`d& ~g`zohg egkgeoz fd yofgec`d` ok of ~dg `o uk kcyof d gpzg& ~uo`ok gjozydzo pdhjcãk edhjcg zo~okpckg `o fd oôdf "äkaufg hus dau`g# aokozdfhokpo `ojc`g d ~zgeog pzdkcpgzcg+

Pc~g `o gk`d Uo ~uo`ok efdcicedz fd gk`d ok fg eudpzg pc~g caucokpo= • • • •

Gk`d okgc`dfo Gk`d eud`zd`d s zoepdkaufdzo Gk`d pzcdkaufdzo s ok `cokpo `o cozzd+ ^ufg s ifdkeg õ oedfgko+

Gk`d okgc`dfo Ugk fd gk`d iuk`dhokpdfo s og ~gz ydzcd zd}gko= ^gook ukd ~zg~co`d`o hdpohäpced hus ckpozodkpo "~gz omoh~fg egk eghjckdecgko `o oôdfo okgc`dfo `o `ciozokpo dh~fcpu` s izoeuokecd o ~uo`o zoegkpzucz eudftucoz igzhd `o gk`d#& fd oôdf tuo o gjpcoko `o fd pghd `o egzzcokpo `o eudftucoz edd pcokok opd igzhd& fd oôdfo `o pop ~zg`uec`d ~gz fg eczeucpg gecfd`gzo `o uk aokozd`gz `o oôdf gk pdhjcãk okgc`dfo& fd hdsgzèd `o fd iuokpo `o ~gpokecd ok DE "egzzcokpo dfpozkd# ~zg`ueok oôdfo okgc`dfo+

Fd oôdf Uokgc`df dhgzpcaud`d o uk edg o~oecdf `o opo pc~g `o gk`d s o ~zg`ueok ok iokõhokg `o gecfdecõk& ~ozg tuo kg o hdkpcokok ok of pcoh~g+

Gk`d eud`zd`d s zoepdkaufdzo Fd gk`d eud`zd`d gk jäcedhokpo gk`d tuo ~ddk `o uk opd`g d gpzg `o pokcõk& d ckpozydfg zoaufdzo& ok uk pcoh~g hus zo`uec`g+ Ugk upcfc}d`d uudfhokpo ~dzd ~zgjdz  dh~fciced`gzo "opg o `ojc`g d tuo opo pc~g `o oôdfo egkpcokok ok c hchd pg`d fd izoeuokecd#+ Fd pofoyccõk& fd zd`cg s fg gz`okd`gzo upcfc}dk huebg opo pc~g `o oôdfo& iuk`dhokpdfhokpo eghg zofgmo s poh~gzc}d`gzo+ Fd gk`d zoepdkaufdzo o `ciozokecdk `o fd eud`zd`d ok kg pokoz caudfo fg ckpozydfg ok fg tuo fd pokcõk ~ozhdkoeo d kcyof dfpg s jdmg+ Ugk ~dzpceufdzhokpo ch~gzpdkpo  ~dzd dkdfc}dz eczeucpg `cacpdfo+

Gk`d pzcdkaufdzo s ok `cokpo `o cozzd Uo ~zg`ueok ok eczeucpg `coôd`g ~dzd egkpzgfdz ygfpdmo fckodfhokpo& eghg ~uo`ok oz& ~gz omoh~fg& of jdzzc`g bgzc}gkpdf `o uk gecfgeg~cg dkdfõaceg õ of jdzzc`g pdkpg bgzc}gkpdf eghg yozpcedf `o ukd pofoyccõk+ Fd pzdkcecgko okpzo of kcyof hèkchg s härchg `o fd oôdf edhjcdk d uk zcphg egkpdkpo+ Opd pzdkcecgko o `okghckdk zdh~du+ Fd gk`d ok `cokpo `o cozzd o uk edg o~oecdf `o oôdf pzcdkaufdz egk ukd zdh~d `oeok`okpo `o huebd hä ~ok`cokpo tuo fd zdh~d deok`okpo+

^ufg s ifdkeg õ Oedfgko Uoôdfo& eghg fg ifdkeg s fg ~ufg& tuo gfg o ~zookpdk ukd gfd yo}& o `okghckdk oôdfo pzdkucpgzcdu+ _k ifdkeg õ oedfõk ck`ced uk edhjcg zo~okpckg ok of ygfpdmo& ~gz  omoh~fg eudk`g o egkoepd uk ckpozzu~pgz `o dfchokpdecõk+ Of ~ufg ck`cedzèd& ok opo hchg omoh~fg& tuo o bd egkoepd`g of ckpozzu~pgz s ok uk `opozhckd`g pcoh~g o bd `oegkoepd`g+ Aokozdfhokpo of ~ufg zo~zookpd uk jcp `o ckigzhdecõk dpzdyodk`g uk eczeucpg `o uk gz`okd`gz `cacpdf õ pdhjcãk uk ~otuoôg `oioepg ok uk eczeucpg "~gz  omoh~fg uk idfg egkpdepg hghokpäkog#+ O eghýk okegkpzdz oôdfo `o opo pc~g ok gz`okd`gzo& otuc~g `o zdsg R s `o eghukcedecgko+

Ho`c`d ok fd igzhd `o gk`d Fd ho`c`d hä egzzcokpo ~dzd `oezcjcz ukd igzhd `o gk`d gk=

^ozcg`g s Izoeuokecd Uc ukd oôdf o zo~cpo ok of pcoh~g& ~goo ukd izoeuokecd "i#+ Fd izoeuokecd o hc`o ok Bozp} "B}# s o caudf df kýhozg `o yoeo tuo fd oôdf o zo~cpo ok uk oauk`g& o `oecz& 4B} otucydfo d 4 ecefg ~gz oauk`g+ _kd oôdf zo~opcpcyd pdhjcãk ~goo gpzg ~dzähopzg= Of ^ozcg`g& `oickcãk`go eghg of pcoh~g tuo pdz`d fd oôdf ok egh~fopdz uk ecefg+ ^ozcg`g s izoeuokecd gk zoeè~zgeg of ukg `of gpzg+

Ygfpdmo Ygfpdmo o fd `ciozokecd `o ~gpokecdf ofãepzceg okpzo `g ~ukpg `o uk eczeucpg+   Kgzhdfhokpo ukg `o og ~ukpg uofo oz hdd "AK@& >y#& ~ozg kg coh~zo& ~gz  omoh~fg o ~uo`o ho`cz of ygfpdmo ~ceg d ~ceg `o ukd oôdf "Y ~~# eghg fd `ciozokecd okpzo of ydfgz härchg s hèkchg `o opd+ Fd ~dfdjzd dh~fcp`  cakciced aokozdfhokpo fd `ciozokecd okpzo of ydfgz härchg `o ukd oôdf s hdd+

Ido Fd ido o ~uo`o or~fcedz huebg homgz c egkc`ozdhg fd igzhd `o gk`d okgc`df+ Fd gk`d Uokgc`df o ~uo`o orpzdoz `o fd eczeufdecõk `o uk ~ukpg gjzo uk eèzeufg `o 59>½+ _k ecefg `o fd oôdf okgc`df djdzed fg 59>½+

Eudk`g o egh~dzdk `g oôdfo okgc`dfo `o fd hchd izoeuokecd ~uo`o geuzzcz tuo dhjd kg opãk ok ido& g od& tuo kg egckec`dk ok of pcoh~g fg ~dg ~gz ~ukpg otucydfokpo `o dhjd oôdfo+ Ok opo edg o `ceo tuo dhjd oôdfo opäk `oidd`d+

+

·Tuã ~dzähopzg ckifusok ok fd edfc`d` `o uk gecfgeg~cg7 Fg pãzhckg `oickc`g ok opd oeecõk kg ~ozhcpczäk egh~dzdz `ciozokpo hg`ofg `o gecfgeg~cg `c~gkcjfo ok of hozed`g+

Dkebg `o Jdk`d O~oeciced of zdkag `o izoeuokecd ok fd tuo of gecfgeg~cg ~uo`o ho`cz egk ~zoeccõk+ ^gz egkyokcg of dkebg `o jdk`d o edfeufd `o`o >B} "egkpckud# bdpd fd izoeuokecd d fd eudf ukd oôdf `o pc~g okgc`df o ycudfc}d d uk 1>+1/ `of ydfgz d~fced`g d fd okpzd`d "fg tuo egzzo~gk`o d ukd dpokudecõk `o 5`J#+

Pcoh~g `o ujc`d O gpzg `o fg ~dzähopzg tuo kg `dzä& mukpg egk of dkpozcgz& fd härchd izoeuokecd `o upcfc}decõk `of gecfgeg~cg+ O uk ~dzähopzg hus ch~gzpdkpo c o `ood ho`cz egk icdjcfc`d` ~ufg s ifdkeg "zoegz`dz tuo opo pc~g `o oôdfo ~gook pzdkcecgko okpzo kcyofo `o pokcõk hus zä~c`d#+ _k gecfgeg~cg kg ~uo`o ycudfc}dz ~ufg egk pcoh~g `o ujc`d hä zä~c`g tuo of usg ~zg~cg+

Uokcjcfc`d` yozpcedf Ck`ced fd idecfc`d` `of gecfgeg~cg ~dzd dh~fcicedz oôdfo `ãjcfo+ Uo uofo   ~zg~gzecgkdz ok hY ~gz `cyccõk yozpcedf& kgzhdfhokpo o `of gz`ok `o ? hY'`cy "ffoadk`g bdpd : hY'`cy#+

Yofgec`d` ^dzd gecfgeg~cg dkdfõaceg opd o~oecicedecõk ck`ced fd yofgec`d` härchd `of jdzzc`g bgzc}gkpdf& fg tuo kg ~ozhcpczä gjozydz ueog hä zä~c`g+ Uuofo oz `of gz`ok `o kdkgoauk`g ~gz `cyccõk bgzc}gkpdf+

Ordepcpu` ok fd adkdkecd Ck`ced fd ~zoeccõk egk fd eudf of cpohd yozpcedf `of gecfgeg~cg dh~fciced õ dpokýd fd oôdf+ Uo ~zg~gzecgkd kgzhdfhokpo ok ~gzeokpdmo härchg `o ozzgz+

Ordepcpu` `o fd jdo `o pcoh~g Ck`ced fd ~zoeccõk ok fd jdo `o pcoh~g `of cpohd bgzc}gkpdf `of gecfgeg~cg ~dzd ycudfc}dz of pcoh~g+ Pdhjcãk o uofo `dz ok ~gzeokpdmo `o ozzgz härchg+

Yofgec`d` `o huopzog Ok fg gecfgeg~cg `cacpdfo ck`ced eudkpd huopzd ~gz oauk`g o ed~d} `o pghdz of cpohd `o d`tuccecõk `o `dpg "o~oeèicedhokpo of egkyozgz D'@#+ Ok fg gecfgeg~cg `o edfc`d` o ffoad d yofgec`d`o `o huopzog `o Hoadhuopzd'a+ _kd yofgec`d` `o huopzog azdk`o o ch~gzpdkpo ~dzd ~g`oz ycudfc}dz ~otuoôg ~ozcg`g `o pcoh~g+ Ok of gpzg orpzohg `o fd oedfd& pdhjcãk o koeocpd yofgec`d`o `o huopzog   jdmd ~dzd ~g`oz gjozydz oôdfo `o ydzcdecõk fokpd+ Aokozdfhokpo fd yofgec`d` `o huopzog edhjcd df depudz gjzo of hdk`g PCHOJDUO ~dzd hdkpokoz egkpdkpo of kýhozg `o ~ukpg tuo o dfhdeokdzdk ~dzd zo~zookpdz fd igzhd `o gk`d+

Zogfuecõk yozpcedf Uo hc`o ok jcp s o uk ~dzähopzg tuo kg `d fd zogfuecõk `of egkyozgz D'@ `of gecfgeg~cg `cacpdf+ Kg ck`ced egk tuo ~zoeccõk o egkycozpok fd oôdfo `o okpzd`d ok ydfgzo `cacpdfo dfhdeokd`g ok fd hohgzcd+ Pãekced `o eäfeufg ~uo`ok duhokpdz fd zogfuecõk oioepcyd `of gecfgeg~cg+

Fgkacpu` `of zoacpzg Ck`ced eudkpg ~ukpg o hohgzc}dk ok uk zoacpzg ~dzd fd zoegkpzueecõk `o fd igzhd `o gk`d+ Dfaukg gecfgeg~cg ~ozhcpok ydzcdz& `okpzg `o ecozpg fèhcpo& opo ~dzähopzg+ Fd härchd fgkacpu` `of zoacpzg `o~ok`o `of pdhdôg `o fd hohgzcd `o tuo `c~gkad of gecfgeg~cg+ _kd fgkacpu` `of zoacpzg azdk`o ~ozhcpo zodfc}dz }ggh gjzo `opdffo ok fd igzhd `o gk`d `o igzhd hus zä~c`d "fg `dpg sd bdk c`g dfhdeokd`g#& ck ohjdzag opd yokpdmd o d egpd `o egkuhcz hä pcoh~g ok huopzodz fd oôdf egh~fopd+

5+ ^uopd ok iukecgkdhcokpg ^gkoz d pcozzd _kd juokd egkorcõk d pcozzd o hus ch~gzpdkpo ~dzd zodfc}dz ho`c`d egk uk gecfgeg~cg+

Egfgedz d pcozzd of Gecfgeg~cg ^gz oauzc`d` o gjfcadpgzcg egfgedz d pcozzd of gecfgeg~cg+ Uc o ~zg`ueo uk egkpdepg okpzo uk dfpg ygfpdmo s fd edzedd `o uk gecfgeg~cg kg ~uopg d pcozzd& eudftucoz ~dzpo `o fd edzedd& ckefuc`g fg hdk`g& ~uo`o ~zg`uecz uk ~ofcazgg bgel+ Hcokpzd tuo uk gecfgeg~cg jcok egfged`g d pcozzd& fd egzzcokpo& tuo ok of dkpozcgz edg kg dpzdyodzèd& o `oyèd d fd egkorcõk `o pcozzd+ ^dzd egkoepdz d pcozzd uk gecfgeg~cg o koeocpd ukcz of ebdc `of gecfgeg~cg egk of   ~ukpg `o zoiozokecd koupzg `o pokcõk "eghýkhokpo ffdhd`g pcozzd#+ Opg o egkcauo oh~fodk`g edjfo `o dfchokpdecõk egk pzo egk`uepgzo "`g ~dzd fd dfchokpdecõk s ukg  ~dzd fd pghd `o pcozzd#+ Of gecfgeg~cg koeocpd& ~gz gpzd ~dzpo& egh~dzpcz fd hchd hdd egk pg`g fg eczeucpg  jdmg ~zuojd d fg tuo o egkoepd+ Dfaukg gecfgeg~cg ~uo`ok iukecgkdz d `ciokpo pokcgko `o zo` s o hus ch~gzpdkpo doauzdzo tuo opd dmupd`g d fd hchd `o fd tuo `c~gkohg ok fd pghd `o pokcõk+

^gkozo d pcozzd ukg hchg Uc o pzdjdmd ok eczeucpg ckpoazd`g "CE#& o~oecdfhokpo `of pc~g EHGU& o koeodzcg egfgedzo d pcozzd ukg hchg+ Opg o `ojc`g d tuo ecozpd ~dzpo `o opg eczeucpg ckpoazd`g gk ueo~pcjfo `o opzg~odzo egk fd pokcõk opäpced tuo dfhdeokd kuopzg  ~zg~cg euoz~g+ ^dzd zogfyoz opo ~zgjfohd o ~uo`o oh~fodz ukd egzzod egk`uepgzd tuo o egkoepdzä `ojc`dhokpo d pcozzd& `oedzadk`g fd ofoepzcec`d` opäpced tuo ~god u euoz~g+

Dmupo ckcecdf `o fg egkpzgfo @o~uã `o egkoepdz of gecfgeg~cg d fd pghd `o zo` s `o dfchokpdzfg ~ufdk`g ok of ckpozzu~pgz `o okeok`c`g=

O koeodzcg idhcfcdzc}dzo egk of ~dkof izgkpdf `of gecfgeg~cg+ Pg`g fg gecfgeg~cg `c~gkok `o pzo oeecgko jäced tuo ffdhdzohg= Yozpcedf &  Bgzc}gkpdf & s  @cu~dzg+ @o~ok`cok`g `of pc~g `o gecfgeg~cg oh~fod`g ok ~dzpceufdz& ~g`ohg `c~gkoz `o gpzd oeecgko+ Orcpok ukg egkoepgzo JKE& `gk`o o egfgedk fd gk`d `o ho`c`d+

Fd hdsgzèd `o fg gecfgeg~cg depudfo `c~gkok `o `g edkdfo opctuopd`g kgzhdfhokpo eghg C s CC "õ D s J#+ Of `c~gkoz `o `g edkdfo kg ~ozhcpo egh~dzdz  oôdfo `o igzhd hus eõhg`d+ Dfaukg gecfgeg~cg dydk}d`g ~gook uk ckpozzu~pgz opctuopd`g eghg D_PGUOP õ ^ZOUOP tuo dmupdk fg egkpzgfo ok uk gfg ~dg ~dzd dmupdz ~ozioepdhokpo fd oôdf d fd ~dkpdffd+ Uc of gecfgeg~cg kg ~goo opd edzdepozèpced& o ch~gzpdkpo dmupdz fg `ciozokpo egkpzgfo `of d~dzdpg d u ~gcecõk opäk`dz dkpo `o ~zgeo`oz d ho`cz+

Opg gk fg ~dg hä zoeghok`djfo= •

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Dmupdz of gecfgeg~cg ~dzd ycudfc}dz of edkdf C+ "df hchg pcoh~g o egfgedzä eghg edkdf `o `c~dzg of C#+

Dmupdz d ukd ~gcecõk ckpozho`cd fd oedfd ygfpcg'`cyccõk `of edkdf C "~gz  omoh~fg 4y'eh#+

Egfgedz ok ~gcecõk edfcjzd`d of hdk`g ydzcdjfo `o ygfpcg'`cyccõk "~gpokecõhopzg eokpzdf#+

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@odepcydz eudftucoz pc~g `o hufpc~fced`gzo yozpcedfo+ Egfgedz of egkhupd`gz `o okpzd`d ~dzd of edkdf C ok deg~fdhcokpg @E+

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Egfgedz of hg`g `o `c~dzg ok dupghäpceg+

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Egfgedz of `c~dzg zopdz`d`g d hèkchg õ d `odepcyd`g+ Ucpudz of egkpzgf `o ckpokc`d` df hèkchg tuo ~ozhcpd d~zoecdz of pzd}g ok fd  ~dkpdffd& s dmupdz of pzd}g `o igeu ~dzd ukd ycudfc}decõk fg hä kèpc`d ~gcjfo "aokozdfhokpo fg hdk`g tuo`dzdk egk fd oôdfc}decõk eozedkd d fd ~gcecõk yozpcedf#+

Ugk`d `o ho`c`d O hus ch~gzpdkpo upcfc}dz fd gk`d `coôd`d ~dzd pzdjdmdz o~oeèicedhokpo egk of gecfgeg~cg+ _kd gk`d kg o uk edjfo egk ukd ~ck}d& ckg tuo o uk egkoepgz  o~oeèicedhokpo `coôd`g ~dzd oycpdz zuc`g tuo ~uo`dk ~ozpuzjdz fd ho`c`d+ D`ohä& fd gk`d o egkpzusok ~dzd tuo pokadk uk oioepg hèkchg gjzo of eczeucpg `o ho`c`d+ Opd ideufpd` `o fd gk`d zoecjo of kghjzo `o oioepg `o edzad& ~dzd hckchc}dzfd o upcfc}d uk dpokud`gz ~dcyg& aokozdfhokpo `o 4>R+

Opo pc~g `o gk`d o ~zg~gzecgkd aokozdfhokpo egk of gecfgeg~cg s o ukd oreofokpo gk`d `o upcfc}decõk aokozdf+ ^dzd gpzg pc~g `o ho`c`d o upcfc}dk gk`d o~oecdfo& eghg ~uo`ok oz fd gk`d `o egzzcokpo õ fd depcyd+

Ugk`d ~dcyd Fd hdsgzèd `o fd gk`d ~dcyd opäk hdzed`d egk uk idepgz `o dpokudecõk& kgzhdfhokpo 4>R õ 4>>R+ ^gz egkyokcg fg idepgzo `o dpokudecõk d~dzoeok egk of cakg R `opzä `of idepgz `o `cyccõk+ Ok egkpzdpo fg idepgzo `o dh~fcicedecõk d~dzoeok egk of cakg R `ofdkpo "R4> õ R4>>#+ Fd gk`d hä upcfc}d`d ~gcjfohokpo od fd 4>R& zo`uecok`g fd dh~fcpu` `o fd oôdf ok uk idepgz `o 4>+ Uu upcfc}decõk o orpcok`o d ~dzpcz `o izoeuokecd u~ozcgzo d ? lB} s egk kcyofo `o oôdf u~ozcgzo d 4> hY+ Fd gk`d 4R o chcfdz d fd dkpozcgz ~ozg ckpzg`ueo hä edzad ok of eczeucpg `o ~zuojd& ~ozg ~uo`o ho`cz oôdfo egk hokgz kcyof+

^gz eghg`c`d` `o ug o bdk ckpzg`uec`g gk`d o~oecdfo egk uk egkhupd`gz tuo   ~ozhcpo ukd upcfc}decõk 4R õ 4>R+ Eudk`g o upcfceok opo pc~g `o gk`d bds tuo doauzdzo `o fd ~gcecõk `o opo egkhupd`gz dkpo `o zodfc}dz ukd ho`c`d+

Egh~okdecõk `o fd gk`d Dkpo `o upcfc}dz ukd gk`d dpokud`gzd 4>R o koeodzcg zodfc}dz uk dmupo ok izoeuokecd  ~dzd of gecfgeg~cg ok ~dzpceufdz gjzo of tuo o ydsd d pzdjdmdz+ Opo dmupo o `okghckd egh~okdecõk `o fd gk`d s egkpd `o fg caucokpo ~dg+ • •

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Egkoepdz fd gk`d d fd okpzd`d `of edkdf C+ Egkoepdz fd ~ukpd `o fd gk`d df ~ukpg `o oôdf `o egh~okdecõk "Fd hdsgzèd `o fg gecfgeg~cg `c~gkok `o ukd pghd ~dzd dmupdz fd gk`d& ok edg egkpzdzcg ozä koeodzcg upcfc}dz uk aokozd`gz `o gk`d eud`zd`d#+

Egkoepdz fd ~ck}d `o egeg`zcfg `o fd gk`d d hdd+ Gjozydz fd oôdf eud`zd`d `o zoiozokecd ok fd ~dkpdffd+ Egk of `opgzkcffd`gz `o dmupo& depudz gjzo of egk`okd`gz `o dmupo bdpd gjozydz ukd oôdf eud`zd`d ~ozioepd+

Ugk`d depcyd ^zg~gzecgkdk ukd dh~fcicedecõk dkpo `o d~fcedz fd oôdf d fd okpzd`d `of gecfgeg~cg+ ^uo`ok oz koeodzcd ok eczeucpg egk ukd edzadjcfc`d` `o dfc`d hus jdmd+ Opo pc~g `o gk`d koeocpdk ~dzd g~ozdz ukd iuokpo `o dfchokpdecõk+

Ugk`d `o egzzcokpo ^gcjcfcpdk fd ho`c`d `czoepd `o fd egzzcokpo ok uk eczeucpg+ Fd bds ~dzd ho`c`d `o egzzcokpo dfpozkd s egkpckud+ ^gook ukd ~ck}d tuo djdzed of edjfo d pzdyã `of eudf o `ood ho`cz fd egzzcokpo+ Df kg cpudzo ok ozco egk of eczeucpg edudk hus ~ged ckpoziozokecd ok ãf+

0+ Egkpzgfo Ucpohd `o ycudfc}decõk+ Uo pzdpd `o uk ~gpokecõhopzg tuo dmupd of jzcffg `o fd oôdf ok fd ~dkpdffd+ Opo hdk`g depýd gjzo fd zomcffd hä eozedkd df eäpg`g `of EZP "A4#& egkpzgfdk`g of kýhozg `o ofoepzgko ohcpc`g ~gz opo+ Ok uk gecfgeg~cg dkdfõaceg c o duhokpd fd yofgec`d` `o jdzzc`g o koeodzcg duhokpdz of kcyof `o ckpokc`d`+ ^gz gpzd ~dzpo& c o `oegkoepd of jdzzc`g bgzc}gkpdf o koeodzcg zo`uecz fd ckpokc`d` `of bd} df hèkchg "~dzd oycpdz tuo of jghjdz`og egkeokpzd`g `o ofoepzgko gjzo fd ~dzpo ckpozcgz `o fd ~dkpdffd `opozcgzo fd ed~d ifugzoeokpo tuo fd zoeujzo#+

 Okigtuo=

Uo pzdpd `o uk ~gpokecõhopzg tuo dmupd fd kcpc`o} `of bd} gjzo fd ~dkpdffd+ Opo hdk`g depýd gjzo fd zomcffd ckpozho`cd `of EZP "A: s A0# egkpzgfdk`g fd ickuzd `of bd} `o ofoepzgko+ Uo zopgedzä `cebg hdk`g ~dzd ukd ycudfc}decõk fg hä ~zoecd ~gcjfo+ Fg gecfgeg~cg `cacpdfo kg koeocpdk opo egkpzgf+

 Zgpdecõk `of bd}=

Zocpokecd dmupdjfo depudk`g gjzo ukd jgjckd s tuo kg ~ozhcpo dfckodz of bd} egk of omo bgzc}gkpdf `o fd ~dkpdffd+ Edh~g hdakãpceg ckpokg eozedkg df gecfgeg~cg   ~uo`ok dioepdz d fd gzcokpdecõk `of bd}+ Fd ~gcecõk `of gecfgeg~cg egk zo~oepg df edh~g hdakãpceg pozzopzo pdhjcãk ~uo`o dioepdz+ Fg gecfgeg~cg `cacpdfo kg koeocpdk `o opo egkpzgf+ Uo dmupdzä `cebd zocpokecd& egk of hdk`g `o deg~fdhcokpg `o fd oôdf `o okpzd`d ok ~gcecõk AK@& bdpd egkoaucz tuo of bd} opã ~ozioepdhokpo bgzc}gkpdf+

Jgpgko `o Egkpzgf+

DFH+'ZOE+ Huopzd of hoký dfhdeokdz'zoeu~ozdz ~dzd fg ~dzähopzg s igzhd `o gk`d+ HO@C@DU+ Huopzd of hoký `o ho`cecgko dupghäpced+ D@T_CUCECGK+ Huopzd of hoký `o d`tuccecõk+ ^DKPDFFD+ Huopzd of hoký `o pc~g `o ~zookpdecõk+ E_ZUGZOU+ Huopzd of hoký `of euzgz+ Fg egkpzgfo ^GUCECGK YOZPCEDF dmupdk fd ~gcecõk df pcoh~g tuo o huopzd of hoký `of euzgz+

_PCFC@D@OU+ Huopzd of hoký `o ucfc`d`o+ D_PGEGKICA_ZDZ+ Opdjfoeo dupghäpcedhokpo fg egkpzgfo `of ckpzuhokpg ~dz  gjpokoz ukd ~zookpdecõk upcfc}djfo `o fd oôdf `o okpzd`d+ CH^ZOUCGK+ Ckcecd fd depcyc`d`o `o ch~zocõk+ DEPCYDZ'^DZDZ+ Ckcecd s `opcoko fd d`tuccecõk `o fd igzhd `o gk`d+

Egkpzgfo Yozpcedfo EB4 s E_ZUGZ 4 ^GUCPCGK+ Dmupd yozpcedfhokpo fd  ~zookpdecõk `of edkdf 4 g egfged of euzgz 4+ EB: s E_ZUGZ : ^GUCPCGK+ Dmupd yozpcedfhokpo fd  ~zookpdecõk `of edkdf : g egfged of euzgz :+ HOK_ HDPOH+ Huopzd of hoký `o g~ozdecgko hdpohäpced `o fd igzhd `o gk`d= EB4 s EB: HOK_+ Huopzd fd ofoeecgko `of hoký `o okpzd`d `of edkdf s depcyd s `odepcyd fd ~zookpdecõk `of edkdf+ YGF'@CY "EB4 s EB:# Uofoeecgkd fg idepgzo `o oedfd edfcjzd`g+

Egkpzgfo Bgzc}gkpdfo

^GUCPCGK+ Dmupd fd ~gcecõk bgzc}gkpdf `o pg`g fg edkdfo+ BGZC]GKPDF HOK_+ Huopzd of hoký bgzc}gkpdf+ UOE'@CY+ Uofoeecgkd of idepgz bgzc}gkpdf pcho'`cy "idepgz `o oedfd# ~dzd fd  jdo `o pcoh~g ~zckec~df s ~dzd `oickcz yokpdkd+

Egkpzgfo `o `c~dzg   KCYOF s PCOH^G ZOPOKECGK+ Opo egkpzgf pcoko uk `gjfo ick tuo o `oicko ok of cpohd `of hoký bgzc}gkpdf= Eghg egkpzgf `o kcyof `o `c~dzg& opdjfoeo of kcyof `o dh~fcpu` tuo `ojo ezu}dz fd oôdf ~dzd ~zgygedz ukd d`tuccecõk+ Eghg egkpzgf `o fèhcpo& opdjfoeo of pcoh~g tuo `ojo pzdkeuzzcz  dkpo `o ~g`oz deo~pdz gpzg oyokpg `o `c~dzg+ HOK_ @O @CU^DZG+ Huopzd of hoký `o `c~dzg+  KCYOF @CU^DZG ?>/+ Of kcyof `o `c~dzg o opdjfoeo d uk ?> / of kcyof `o fd oôdf+ IGZ]DZ @CU^DZG+ Ckcecd ukd d`tuccecõk ck`o~ok`cokpohokpo `o c bds g kg ukd oôdf `o `c~dzg d`oeud`d+ YOZ UOÔDF @CU^DZG+ Huopzd fd igzhd `o gk`d `o `c~dzg ok fuadz `o fd igzhd `o gk`d `of edkdf hcokpzd o hdkpcoko ~ufd`g of jgpõk

Egkoepgzo

EGH^OKUDZ UGK@D+ Udfc`d s egkorcõk d pcozzd `of ygfpdmo `o fd egh~okdecõk `o fd gk`d+ _pcfceo opo hdk`g ~dzd bdeoz tuo fd gk`d egckec`d ofãepzcedhokpo egk of eczeucpg `o okpzd`d+ EB4 s EB:+Egkoepgzo `o okpzd`d ~dzd fd ~zookpdecõk `o fd igzhd `o gk`d+ @CU^DZG ORP+ Egkoepgz `o okpzd`d ~dzd ukd iuokpo orpozkd `o `c~dzg+ _pcfceo of hoký @CU^DZG ~dzd ofoeecgkdz opd iuokpo+

?+ Pãekced `o ho`c`d Ckpzg`ueecõk Fd `g ho`c`d hä jäced tuo o ~uo`ok zodfc}dz egk uk gecfgeg~cg gk of ygfpdmo s of pcoh~g& df oz ho`c`d `czoepd+ Dfaukg gecfgeg~cg `cacpdfo ~gook uk gipqdzo ckpozkg tuo ~ozhcpo zodfc}dz fd ho`c`d `o igzhd dupghäpced+ Uck ohjdzag& c d~zok`ohg d zodfc}dz ho`c`d `o igzhd hdkudf& opdzohg pdhjcãk ed~decpd`g ~dzd ebotuodz fd ho`c`d dupghäpced tuo zodfc}d uk gecfgeg~cg `cacpdf+

Fd ~dkpdffd Ok fd caucokpo icauzd tuo zo~zookpd fd ~dkpdffd `o uk gecfgeg~cg+ @ojozäk orcpcz ukd hdzed ok fd ~dkpdffd tuo fd `cyc`ok pdkpg ok yozpcedf eghg ok bgzc}gkpdf& igzhdk fg tuo o `okghckd zopèeufd õ zomcffd+ Fd o~dzdecõk okpzo `g fèkod egkoeupcyd `o fd zomcffd egkpcpuso fg tuo o `okghckd ukd `cyccõk+ Kgzhdfhokpo fd zomcffd ~goo 4> `cyccgko bgzc}gkpdfo ~gz 2 yozpcedfo `of hchg pdhdôg "eozedkg df eh#& fg tuo igzhd ukd  ~dkpdffd hä dkebd tuo dfpd+ Ok fd fèkod eokpzdfo& pdkpg ok bgzc}gkpdf eghg ok yozpcedf& ed`d `cyccõk õ eud`zg ~goo ukd hdzed tuo fd `cyc`ok ok ? ~dzpo caudfo "upcfc}d`d eghg yozohg hä pdz`o ~dzd dickdz fd ho`c`d#

Dfaukg gecfgeg~cg ~gook hdzed bgzc}gkpdfo `o >/& 4>/& 3>/ s 4>>/ ~dzd idecfcpdz fd ho`c`d `o pcoh~g `o ujc`d s jdmd`d ok fg ifdkeg "o hc`o okpzo of 4>/ s of 3>/ `o fd dh~fcpu` `o ~ceg d ~ceg#+ Dfaukg gecfgeg~cg pdhjcãk ycudfc}dk ok u  ~dkpdffd eudkpg ygfpcg zo~zookpd ed`d `cyccõk yozpcedf s eudkpg oauk`g zo~zookpd ed`d `cyccõk bgzc}gkpdf+

Ho`c`d `o ygfpdmo Aokozdfhokpo eudk`g bdjfdhg `o ygfpdmo tuozohg zodfhokpo or~zodz fd `ciozokecd `o   ~gpokecdf ofãepzceg& or~zod`g ok ygfpcg& okpzo `g ~ukpg `o uk eczeucpg+ ^ozg kgzhdfhokpo ukg `o fg ~ukpg opd egkoepd`g d hdd "> ygfpcg# s okpgkeo ch~fcicedhg bdjfdk`g `of ygfpdmo ok of ~ukpg D "eudk`g ok zodfc`d` o fd `ciozokecd `o  ~gpokecdf okpzo of ~ukpg D s AK@#+ Fg ygfpdmo ~uo`ok pdhjcãk ho`czo `o ~ceg d ~ceg "okpzo of ydfgz härchg s hèkchg `o fd oôdf#+ O hus ch~gzpdkpo tuo o~oecictuohg df zodfc}dz ukd ho`c`d tuo pc~g `o ygfpdmo opdhg hc`cok`g+ Of gecfgeg~cg o uk `c~gcpcyg ~dzd ho`cz of ygfpdmo `o igzhd `czoepd+ Gpzg ho`c`d o ~uo`ok zodfc}dz d ~dzpcz `o opd ~gz ch~fo eäfeufg "~gz omoh~fg& fd `o fd ckpokc`d` õ fd ~gpokecd#+ Fg eäfeufg ~dzd oôdfo ED ~uo`ok oz egh~fced`g& ~ozg coh~zo of  ~zchoz ~dg ~dzd ho`cz gpzd hdakcpu`o o oh~o}dz ~gz of ygfpdmo+

Ok fd icauzd dkpozcgz o bd oôdfd`g of ydfgz `o ~ceg Y ~& of ydfgz `o ~ceg d ~ceg Y ~~& kgzhdfhokpo of `gjfo `o Y ~ s of ydfgz oiced} Y oi  õ Y ZHU "zggp(hodk(tudzo& o `oecz fd zdè} `o fd ho`cd `o fg ydfgzo ckpdkpäkog ofoyd`g df eud`zd`g# upcfc}d`d ~dzd edfeufdz  fd ~gpokecd `o fd oôdf ED+ Zodfc}dz fd ho`c`d `o ygfpdmo egk uk gecfgeg~cg o iäecf& ch~fohokpo o pzdpd `o egkpdz of kýhozg `o `cyccgko yozpcedfo tuo geu~d fd oôdf ok fd ~dkpdffd+ Dmupdk`g fd oôdf egk of hdk`g `o ~gcecgkdhcokpg bgzc}gkpdf ~g`ohg upcfc}dz fd uj`cyccgko `o fd zomcffd ~dzd zodfc}dz ukd ho`c`d hä ~zoecd+ "Zoegz`dz tuo ukd uj`cyccõk otucydfo aokozdfhokpo d 4'? `o fg tuo zo~zookpo ukd `cyccõk egh~fopd#+ O ch~gzpdkpo tuo fd oôdf geu~o of härchg o~decg `o fd ~dkpdffd ~dzd zodfc}dz ho`c`d icdjfo& ~dzd offg depudzohg gjzo of egkhupd`gz `of dh~fciced`gz yozpcedf+

Dfaukg gecfgeg~cg ~gook ok fd ~dkpdffd uk euzgz tuo ~ozhcpo pghdz fd ho`c`d `o pokcõk ck egkpdz of kýhozg `o `cyccgko tuo geu~d fd oôdf+ Jäcedhokpo of euzgz gk `g fèkod bgzc}gkpdfo ~dzd fd ho`c`d `o ygfpdmo s `g fèkod yozpcedfo ~dzd fd ho`c`d `o pcoh~g tuo ~g`ohg `o~fd}dz ck`cyc`udfhokpo ~gz fd ~dkpdffd+ Fd ho`c`d o ycudfc}d `o igzhd dupghäpced ok fd ~dkpdffd `of gecfgeg~cg+

Ho`c`d `o pcoh~g s izoeuokecd ^dzd zodfc}dz ho`c`d `o pcoh~g o upcfc}d fd oedfd bgzc}gkpdf `of gecfgeg~cg+ Opg ckefuso fd ho`c`d `o ~ozcg`g& dkebuzd `o ch~ufg s pcoh~g `o ujc`d s jdmd`d `o ch~ufg+ Fd izoeuokecd o ukd ho`c`d ck`czoepd s o zodfc}d edfeufdk`g fd ckyozd `of  ~ozcg`g+ Df caudf tuo geuzzèd egk fg ygfpdmo& fd ho`c`d `o pcoh~g ozä hä ~zoecd c of pcoh~g gjmopg `o ho`c`d geu~d fd hdsgz ~dzpo `o fd ~dkpdffd& ~dzd offg depudzohg gjzo of egkhupd`gz `o fd jdo `o pcoh~g+ Uc eokpzdhg fd oôdf upcfc}dk`g of hdk`g `o   ~gcecgkdhcokpg yozpcedf ~g`ohg upcfc}dz fd uj`cyccgko ~dzd zodfc}dz ukd ho`c`d hä ~zoecd+

Ho`c`d `o pcoh~g `o ujc`d s jdmd`d ok fg ifdkeg Ok huebd d~fcedecgko o ch~gzpdkpo egkgeoz fg `opdffo `o uk ~ufg& ok ~dzpceufdz fg pcoh~g `o ujc`d õ jdmd`d `o opg+ Fd ho`c`d opäk`dz ok uk ~ufg gk u dkebuzd s fg pcoh~g `o ujc`d s jdmd`d+ Of pcoh~g `o ujc`d `o uk ~ufg o fd pzdkcecõk `of kcyof jdmg df kcyof dfpg `o ygfpdmo+ ^gz  egkyokcg& o hc`o of pcoh~g okpzo of hghokpg tuo of ~ufg dfedk}d of 4>/ `o fd pokcõk pgpdf bdpd tuo ffoad df 3>/+ Opg ofchckd fd czzoaufdzc`d`o ok fd jgz`o `of ch~ufg+ Opg or~fced fd hdzed tuo o gjozydk ok dfaukg gecfgeg~cg "dfaukd yoeo ch~fohokpo ukd fèkod ~ukpod`d#+ Fd ho`c`d ok fg ~ufg zotucozo uk ickg dmupo ok fg hdk`g `o `c~dzg+ ^dzd egkyozpczo ok uk or~ozpg ok fd ed~puzd `o ~ufg o ch~gzpdkpo egkgeoz of ug `o fg hdk`g `o `c~dzg tuo ~god kuopzg gecfgeg~cg+ _kd yo} ed~puzd`g of ~ufg& of   ~zgeog `o ho`c`d o of caucokpo= o dmupd depudk`g gjzo of egkhupd`gz `of dh~fciced`gz yozpcedf s of s of hdk`g ydzcdjfo dgecd`g bdpd tuo fd dh~fcpu` ~ceg d ~ceg `of ~ufg egckec`d egk fd fèkod ~ukpod`d "õ fd oôdfd`d eghg >/ s 4>>/#+ Uo hc`o of ckpozydfg `o pcoh~g tuo orcpo okpzo tuo of ch~ufg egzpd d fd fèkod oôdfd`d eghg 4>/ s of 3>/& dmupdk`g of egkhupd`gz `o fd jdo `o pcoh~g ~dzd tuo `cebg pcoh~g geu~o of härchg `o fd ~dkpdffd `of gecfgeg~cg+

Ho`c`d `of `oido okpzo oôdfo Fd oeecõk bgzc}gkpdf `of gecfgeg~cg ~goo uk egkpzgf opctuopd`g eghg R(S& tuo kg yd d ckpzg`uecz ok ukd `o fd pãekced `o ho`c`d `o `oido "fd ýkced tuo ~g`ohg upcfc}dz eudk`g gfg `c~gkohg `o uk edkdf yozpcedf ok kuopzg gecfgeg~cg#+ Of ~ozcg`g `o ukd oôdf o egzzo~gk`o egk ukd ido `o 59>½+ Of `oido ck`ced of äkaufg `o dpzdg õ d`ofdkpg tuo ~goo ukd oôdf egk zo~oepg d gpzd "pghd`d eghg zoiozokecd# c  ~gook dhjd of hchg ~ozcg`g+ Sd tuo of gecfgeg~cg gfg ~uo`o ho`cz `czoepdhokpo fg pcoh~g& fd ho`c`d `of `oido ozä ck`czoepd+ _kg `o fg hãpg`g ~dzd ho`cz of `oido o upcfc}dz of hg`g R(S+ Opg ch~fced ckpzg`uecz ukd oôdf ~gz of edkdf yozpcedf "aokozdfhokpo of C# s fd gpzd ~gz of edkdf bgzc}gkpdf "of CC#+ "Opo hãpg`g gfg iukecgkd `o igzhd egzzoepd c dhjd oôdfo gk okgc`dfo#+ Fd igzhd `o gk`d zoufpdkpo ok ~dkpdffd o `okghckd icauzd `o Fcdmgu "`ojc`g df ièceg izdkeã `okghckd`g Mufo Dkpgcko Fcdmgu#+ Uo ~uo`o `o`uecz fd ido okpzo fd `g oôdfo& dè eghg u zofdecõk `o izoeuokecd gjozydk`g fd caucokpo icauzd

9+ Gecfgeg~cg @cacpdfo Fg gecfgeg~cg `cacpdfo df caudf tuo fg gecfgeg~cg dkäfgag& gk ckpzuhokpg tuo   ~ozhcpok ycudfc}dz s ho`cz ukd oôdf ofãepzced& egk fd `ciozokecd tuo upcfc}dk fd `cacpdfc}decõk `o fd oôdf `o okpzd`d+ Fd `cacpdfc}decõk egkcpo ok dcakdz uk eõ`cag   jckdzcg d huopzd tuo o pghdk `o fd oôdf `o okpzd`d dkäfgad+ Opg eõ`cag o gz`okdk s dfhdeokdk oeuokecdf hokpo `o hg`g tuo ~uo`d zo~zg`uecz fd oôdf `o okpzd`d ok eudftucoz hghokpg+ ^dzd zodfc}dz fd `cacpdfc}decõk o koeocpd uk eczeucpg tuo gjpokad fd huopzd s uk egkyozgz dkäfgag(`cacpdf "D@E#< ~dzd u dfhdeokdhcokpg o koeodzcd ukd hohgzcd+ @o~uã tuo fg `dpg opäk dfhdeokd`g& o ~uo`ok bdeoz  `ciozokpo pc~g `o eäfeufg zodfc}d`g ~gz of hchg gecfgeg~cg g dcpc`g ~gz  egh~upd`gz+ Of egkpzgf `o `c~dzg& fd `oiforcõk bgzc}gkpdf& fd ckezgkc}decõk& ope+& o zodfc}d egk  jfgtuo o~oecdfc}d`g+

Of jfgtuo deg~fd`gz `o oôdf okpzoad ukd oôdf dkäfgad d`oeud`d ~dzd of eczeucpg `o huopzog+ D`ohä ~dzd fd ckezgkc}decõk o eghukced egk of eczeucpg `o `c~dzg+ Of eczeucpg `o huopzog s hdkpokchcokpg pghd ukd huopzd `of ygfpdmo `o okpzd`d eudk`g of egh~dzd`gz fo okyèd uk ~ufg+ Fd huopzd fd dfhdeokd ok uk egk`okd`gz egk jdmd   ~oz`c`d+ Opo ygfpdmo `ojo oz egkpdkpo `uzdkpo of pcoh~g tuo koeocpo of D@E `o pdf hdkozd tuo fd egkyozcõk od egzzoepd+ ^dzd zodfc}dz opg o euokpd egk juiioz tuo gk

`c~gcpcyg depcyg tuo ~zookpdk hus dfpd ch~o`dkecd `o okpzd`d& adkdkecd ukcpdzcd s hus jdmd ch~o`dkecd `o dfc`d+ @o opd hdkozd kg edzadk df eczeucpg deg~fd`gz `o oôdf s zo`ueok of pcoh~g `o pzdkiozokecd `of ygfpdmo df egk`okd`gz+

Hãpg`g `o Huopzog _kd oôdf ~uo`o huopzodzo `o `g igzhd `ciozokpo= ok pcoh~g zodf g ok pcoh~g otucydfokpo+ Of huopzog ok pcoh~g zodf egkcpo ok pghdz huopzd egkoeupcyd `o ukd oôdf `uzdkpo uk gfg jdzzc`g& hcokpzd tuo of huopzog ok pcoh~g otucydfokpo pghd huopzd ~ozg ok `ciozokpo jdzzc`g+ Of huopzog ok pcoh~g otucydfokpo õfg o d~fced d oôdfo ~ozcõ`ced s fd huopzd ~uo`ok pghdzo oeuokecdf s gz`okd`dhokpo ukd ~gz  ed`d ~ozcg`g+ Orcpo pdhjcãk of huopzog otucydfokpo dfodpgzcg+ Ok opo of ckpdkpo ok tuo o pghd fd huopzd kg fg `opozhckd of egh~dzd`gz ckg uk zofgm ckpozkg ck`o~ok`cokpo+ @o opd hdkozd o pghdk huopzd dfodpgzcd `o fd oôdf `uzdkpo `ciozokpo ~ozcg`g s o dfhdeokdk ok ~gcecgko `o hohgzcd tuo egzzo~gk`dk d fd huopzd tuo o opäk pghdk`g+ Ok egkefucõk fg gecfgeg~cg egk huopzog ok pcoh~g otucydfokpo ~uo`ok ycudfc}dz igzhd `o gk`d `o huebd hdsgz izoeuokecd tuo fd izoeuokecd `o huopzog+ Eudk`g fd izoeuokecd `o huopzog o egh~dzdjfo egk fd izoeuokecd `o fd oôdf `o okpzd`d& fd ycudfc}decõk ok fd ~dkpdffd d~dzoeo eghg ukg ~ukpg `c~ozg+ Opo ozzgz  o ffdhd`g ~ozeo~ecõk edhjcd`d s aokozd ho`cecgko ozzõkod `o fd izoeuokecd `o ukd oôdf+ Fd gfuecõk ~dzd offg o upcfc}dz uk otuohd `o ckpoz~gfdecõk + Ckpoz~gfdz o d`cecgkdz ~ukpg okpzo fd huopzd dfhdeokd`d ok hohgzcd+ Ok zouhok& of dkebg `o jdk`d zodf `o uk gecfgeg~cg `cacpdf `o~ok`o `o huebg idepgzo eghg fd izoeuokecd `o huopzog& of cpohd ckpoz~gfd`gz& fd igzhd `o gk`d s of pc~g `o huopzog okpzo gpzd+ ^gz opd zd}õk o hus ýpcf egkgeoz fd izoeuokecd `o huopzog `o uk gecfgeg~cg `cacpdf ~dzd `opozhckdz c opä ok ed~dec`d` g kg `o hgpzdz  ic`o`cakdhokpo ukd oôdf ok ~dzpceufdz+