Teoría General del Acto Jurídico.

June 19, 2019 | Author: Rodrigo Antonio Poblete Reyes | Category: Property, Possession (Law), Public Law, Private Law, Will And Testament

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Apuntes de clases de Derecho Civil del Profesor José Rivera Restrepo....

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El otro campo lo forma la responsabilidad extracontractual, y esta se presenta cuando una persona ejecuta un hecho culpable o doloso y causa un daño a un tercero, pero aquí no existe obligación preexistente , el agente realiza una actuación sin tener para ello el debido cuidado y por este actuar causa perjuicio a un tercero 2.1. Teoría de la responsabilidad responsabilidad extracontractual subjetiva Si en el ámbito contractual lo reprochable era el incumplimiento de la obligación, aquí lo reprochable es la culpa o el dolo que causa el perjuicio. Desde el primer cuarto del siglo XX, en esta materia la indemnización indemnización recae sobre el daño material e incluso el daño moral. De acuerdo a la evolución de la responsabilidad extracontractual, es indispensable que el agente haya actuado de un modo negligente o doloso, pero con los adelantos científicos se han multiplicado las posibilidades de que una persona sufra un daño sin haber ni dolo, ni culpa de parte del agente,

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SECCIÓN PRIMERA DEL DERECHO PRIVADO Y ESPECÍFICAMENTE, DEL DERECHO CIVIL

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I. Distinción entre el Derecho Público y el Derecho Privado La División entre el derecho Público y el Derecho Privado arranca de la célebre frase de Dionisio Ulpiano “dos puntos de vista hay para el estudio del Derecho”. Los romanos distinguían entre el Derecho privativo de los ciudadanos Romanos (Cives), al que se le llamaba Derecho Civil, y el Derecho aplicable a los extranjeros, que se llamaba Derecho de Gentes; la expresión Derecho civil se refiere al primero. En la Edad Media se estudió el Derecho Romano en las Universidades, particularmente el Derecho Privado Romano, por ello se confundió al Derecho Romano con el Derecho Privado Romano. En general el estudio del Derecho Público busca el interés de la comunidad; en cambio el Derecho Privado busca el interés de los particulares. Esta división solo se justifica para el estudio del Derecho. Los criterios que nos sirven para distinguirlos son: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Interés Subjetividad Irrenunciabilidad Origen de las normas

1. Criterio del interés Se dice que el Derecho Público busca regular el interés de la vida social; en cambio el Derecho Privado busca satisfacer el beneficio particular. La crítica que se le formula a este criterio es que ambos Derechos deben buscar el Bien Común. Rectificando ésta doctrina se dijo que el Derecho Público busca de un modo directo beneficiar a toda la sociedad; en cambio en el Derecho Privado se busca el Bien Común de forma indirecta.

2. Criterio subjetivo Desde este punto de vista habría que ver el o los sujetos que intervienen en la relación jurídica: si la relación es entre particulares estamos en presencia de normas de Derecho Privado, y cuando interviene el Estado estamos en presencia de una relación jurídica de Derecho Público. Sin embargo lo anterior no nos da seguridad porque el Estado el Estado puede actuar con una doble faceta: a) Actuar con imperio: Es decir, imponiéndole una cierta conducta a los particulares. Por ejemplo, la Ley del Impuesto a la Renta (DL. 824).

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3. Criterio de la irrenunciabilidad Las normas de Derecho Público son inderogables; en cambio las normas del Derecho Privado son dispositivas o sustituibles. Sin embargo, este criterio implica confundir normas de Derecho Público y normas de Derecho Privado pero de Orden Público Por ejemplo, Las normas del Derecho de Familia son de Orden Público pero pertenecen al Derecho Privado; por ejemplo no es posible celebrar matrimonios a plazo o a condición, en ellas existe un resguardo social, el que implica que estas normas no se puedan renunciar.

4. Criterio del origen de las normas Algunos dicen que dependerá de donde provienen las normas para saber si son de Derecho Público o de Derecho Privado. Si las normas tienen por fuente un ente público pertenecerían al Derecho Público, y si se originan en la voluntad de los particulares serían de Derecho Privado. Sin embargo ello es equivocado porque las leyes pueden regular intereses públicos o privados. Asimismo, en el caso de los contratos que en principio pertenecerían al Derecho Privado ellos reconocen existencia y validez gracias a las normas dictadas por el poder legislativo. En efecto, el Artículo 1445 inciso 1° del C.C. señala: Art. 1445. Para que una persona se obligue a otra por un acto o declaración de voluntad es necesario: 1° que sea legalmente capaz; 2º que consienta en dicho acto o declaración y su consentimiento no adolezca de vicio; 3º que recaiga sobre un objeto lícito; 4º que tenga una causa lícita.

Por su parte el artículo 1545 señala: Art. 1545. Todo contrato legalmente celebrado es una ley para los contratantes, y no puede ser invalidado sino por su consentimiento mutuo o por causas legales.

Es decir, no obstante que los contratos surgen de la voluntad de las partes, reconocen validez gracias a estas normas creadas por el Derecho Público Los criterios anteriores nos recuerdan que la distinción entre Derecho Público y Derecho Privado se justifica solamente por razones didácticas o de estudio.

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II. Del Derecho Privado El derecho privado regula relaciones en que sólo intervienen particulares o, si lo hace el Estado o alguno de los entes políticos menores, actúa como si fuera un sujeto particular.

Concepto de Derecho Privado Es aquella rama del Derecho interno de un Estado que regula las relaciones de los particulares entre sí., incluyendo a los entes públicos cuando estos actúan sin imperio. Evolución histórica del derecho privado

Antes el Derecho Privado y el Derecho Civil eran sinónimos, pero ocurrió que del Derecho Privado se fueron desprendiendo algunas ramas, como el Derecho Comercial o Mercantil, a propósito de la actividad de los comerciantes, ya que estos requerían de mayor rapidez en sus negocios jurídicos y el formalismo del derecho Privado atentaba contra esta flexibilidad. En la primera mitad del Siglo XX surge el Derecho del Trabajo y la Seguridad Social, que establece normas de protección para la parte más débil de la protección laboral: los trabajadores. Es decir, del Derecho Privado surgieron varias ramas o Derechos especiales, y el cúmulo de normas que quedó es lo que se denomina Derecho Civil. Derecho Privado

Derecho Civil Derecho Comercial Derecho Laboral Derecho Agrario

Por lo tanto, entre el Derecho Privado y el Derecho Civil existe una relación de género a especie.

2. Partes del Derecho Privado: 1. Ramas especiales: Estas se aplican con preferencia a las normas del Derecho Civil. 2. Derecho civil: Artículos 4 y 13 del C.C. Art. 4º. Las disposiciones contenidas en los Códigos de Comercio, de Minería, del Ejército y Armada, y demás especiales, se aplicarán con preferencia a las de este Código. Art. 13. Las disposiciones de una ley, relativas a cosas o negocios particulares, particulares, prevalecerán sobre las disposiciones generales de la misma ley, cuando entre las unas y las otras hubiere oposición.

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III. Del Derecho Civil El contenido del derecho civil moderno lo integran las normas sobre las instituciones fundamentales del derecho privado que se refieren a todas las personas, sin distinción de su condición social, profesión, etc. Estas instituciones son la personalidad, la familia y el patrimonio.

1. Concepto El Derecho Civil es aquella parte del derecho privado que regula las relaciones de los particulares entre si, principalmente en lo que atinge o se refiere a las personas, a la familia y al patrimonio, con las características de ser un derecho general, común, sustantivo y dispositivo.

2. Características 2.1. General Es general, porque rige las relaciones jurídicas ordinarias y más generales del ser humano en cuanto tal, con prescindencia de cualquiera otra circunstancia (nacionalidad, profesión), pues quedó una gran masa de normas que se aplican a todas las personas, a pesar de la desmembración del derecho civil en otras ramas. 2.2. Común La importancia de Derecho Civil deriva principalmente de la generalidad de su aplicación; sus normas llegan a suplir los derechos especiales, mediata o inmediatamente, cuando éstos carecen de preceptos adecuados sobre un asunto o materia propios de su competencia. Esto significa que cuando nos encontramos frente a una relación jurídica que tenga un carácter particular y que no se encuentra regulada en su todo por las ramas especiales del Derecho Privado, se aplica el Derecho Civil por cuento éste es un Derecho que reemplaza o suple a otras ramas del Derecho Privado. Articulo 4º. Art. 4º. Las disposiciones contenidas en los Códigos de Comercio, de Minería, del Ejército y Armada, y demás especiales, se aplicarán con preferencia a las de este Código.

2.3. Dispositivo Bajo esta denominación se quiere indicar que en principio las normas del C.C. operan en silencio de los particulares, sin embargo, estos pueden reemplazar, disponer o establecer una solución distinta a lo dispuesto en la ley.

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2.4. Sustantivo Él autor inglés Jeremy Bentham fue el primero en plantear la distinción. a) Derecho sustantivo o material: Es aquel que determina las facultades o poderes de las personas. Por ejemplo, el Artículo 582 del C.C., que consagra el derecho de propiedad o dominio. Art. 582. El dominio (que se llama también propiedad) es el derecho real en una cosa corporal, para gozar y disponer de ella arbitrariamente; no siendo contra la ley o contra derecho ajeno. La propiedad separada del goce goce de la cosa, se llama mera o nuda propiedad.

b) Derecho adjetivo o instrumental: Es aquel que regula la manera de hacer valer esos poderes o facultades ante el órgano jurisdiccional, se le llama instrumental ya que es la herramienta de hacer valer el derecho sustantivo. Ejemplo de ello son las normas del juicio ordinario que se encuentran en los artículos 253 y ss. del CPC. Esta distinción de Bentham ha sido fuertemente criticada, porque carece de base científica. Con respecto al Civil, las otras ramas del Derecho Privado constituyen normas especiales porque, en su ámbito respectivo, derogan las reglas civilistas o las modifican. Pero cuando el Derecho especial carece de regulación propia sobre una materia o situación, mantiene su imperio general el Derecho Civil. Así, por ejemplo, el Código especial llamado Comercial o Mercantil dispone que cuando sus preceptos no resuelvan especialmente un caso se aplique el Código Civil (C. de Comercio, artículo 2º). En síntesis, como anota un autor, el Derecho Civil no es sino el Derecho Privado despojado de las reglas que pertenecen a los denominados Derechos Privados especiales o de excepción.

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SECCIÓN SEGUNDA DEL DERECHO CIVIL CHILENO Y EL CÓDIGO CIVIL

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I. Derecho Civil y Código Civil La ley más trascendente y amplia del Derecho Civil es el Código Civil, que fue la culminación de un largo proceso de codificación. El 14 de Diciembre de 1855 se dictó la ley que promulgó el Código Civil, el cual entró en vigencia el 1º de Enero de 1857. El Código Civil se compone de las siguientes partes: a) El Mensaje; b) Título Preliminar;

c) 4 Libros; d) Título Final.

Estructura general del Código Civil Chileno

Siguiendo una antigua costumbre, que remonta a los cuerpos legales romanos, los códigos modernos se dividen en libros, y éstos en títulos. Cada título se ocupa de una materia especial: el matrimonio, la tradición, asignaciones testamentarias, la compraventa, etc. Los títulos del Código se dividen comúnmente en párrafos, estos se dividen en artículos, los que generalmente se dividen en incisos, después de cada punto a parte se pasa a un nuevo inciso; en ciertos casos los artículos están divididos en números.

1. Mensaje del Código Civil Cuando el presidente Don Manuel Montt y su Ministro de Justicia Sr. Ovalle enviaron el proyecto de Código Civil al Congreso Nacional, lo acompañaron de un Mensaje que fue redactado por Andrés Bello López, principal redactor del Código Civil. En el Mensaje se establecen las ideas económicas, sociales y políticas que motivaron la dictación del Código Civil. Además se indican las principales modificaciones realizadas a la legislación española, y se

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2. Título Preliminar El título preliminar comienza en el artículo 1º y termina en el artículo 53. Está dividido en 6 párrafos, que se refieren fundamentalmente a los siguientes aspectos: I. DE LA LEY. Las fuentes del Derecho: Ley, costumbre jurídica y lo que ocurre con la jurisprudencia. II. PROMULGACIÓN DE LA LEY. Desarrolla aspectos importantes para toda la legislación, como por ejemplo; la ficción del conocimiento de la ley, consagrada en el artículo 8, según el cual “ Nadie podrá alegar ignorancia de la ley después que ésta haya entrado en vigencia”. III. EFECTOS DE LA LEY. Contiene principios de Derecho Internacional Privado. IV. INTERPRETACIÓN DE LA LEY . Establece el sistema de interpretación reglado, basado en la escuela de la exégesis. V. DE LA DEFINICIÓN DE VARIAS PALABRAS DE USO FRECUENTE EN LA LEY. Consigna nociones y definiciones que se refieren igualmente a todas las ramas del Derecho. Se las ha colocado en este Código por ser el más general y porque fue el primero que se dictó entre nosotros. VI. DE LA DEROGACIÓN DE LA LEY. Todo lo que se dice en el título preliminar es de aplicación general o común a todo nuestro Derecho, porque esa fue la decisión de los redactores, y porque la doctrina y la jurisprudencia le han reconocido eficacia para todo el ordenamiento jurídico al ser el primer cuerpo legal republicano.

3. Los cuatro libros I. DE LAS PERSONAS

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3. Regula también a la familia. El Código en ésta parte no pudo desprenderse de las ideas de su época, y estableció el matrimonio indisoluble y monogámico. La familia base era la legítima, constituida por los cónyuges e hijos concebidos dentro del matrimonio de sus padres. En la actualidad leyes recientes vinieron a establecer la igualdad entre todos los hijos, sean estos matrimoniales o extramatrimoniales. 4. Regula también lo referente a las tutelas y curatelas de un modo pormenorizado.

II. DE LOS BIENES, SU DOMINIO, POSESIÓN, USO Y GOCE. Estructura. Parte en el artículo 565 y termina en el 950, contando de 14 títulos. Contenido

1. Ocupase de las varias clases de bienes. Aquí el Código es bastante prolijo, incluso a propósito de la ocupación incorpora ideas bucólicas. 2. Del dominio o propiedad. La consagra de manera concordante con las ideas de la época, es decir, establece una propiedad individualista. El dominio o propiedad es el mayor poder que puede tener una persona sobre una cosa del mundo externo, pero desde luego no es posible ejercerlo de forma indiscriminada, por ello en la definición de propiedad Bello nos advierte dos limitaciones: la ley y el derecho ajeno. Artículo 582. Art. 582. El dominio (que se llama también propiedad) es el derecho real en una cosa corporal, para gozar y disponer de ella arbitrariamente; no siendo contra la ley o contra derecho ajeno. La propiedad separada del goce de la cosa, se llama mera o nuda propiedad.

3. De los diversos modos de adquirir ésta. 4. De la posesión de los bienes. Esta es una antesala de la propiedad, ya que constituye

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Art. 732. El dominio puede ser limitado de varios modos: 1º Por haber de pasar a otra persona en virtud de una condición; 2º Por el gravamen de un usufructo, uso o habitación, a que una persona tenga derecho en las cosas que pertenecen a otra; y 3º Por las servidumbres.

6. La reivindicación, y; 7. De las acciones posesorias.

III.D III. DE LA SUCESIÓN POR CAUSA DE MUERTE Y DE LAS DONACIONES ENTRE VIVOS. Estructura.

Comienza en el artículo 951 y termina en el artículo 1436, contando de 13

títulos. Contenido

1. Regula la sucesión por causa de muerte, que es la transmisión de los derechos y obligaciones transmisibles de una persona cuando fallece. Al respecto el Código contempla dos formas de suceder: En virtud de un testamento, que se llama sucesión testamentaria, o en virtud de la ley, la sucesión intestada o abintestato.

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Si una persona tiene descendientes, cónyuge o ascendientes, se les debe otorgar aquella cuota de la herencia que indica la ley; solamente se puede disponer libremente de la cuota que señala la ley: lo anterior se conoce con el nombre de asignaciones forzosas, que son aquellas que el testador está obligado a hacer y en caso de no hacerlas, su voluntad es suplida por la ley. Arts. 1167 y 1182. Art. 1167. Asignaciones forzosas son las que el testador es obligado a hacer, y que se suplen cuando no las ha hecho, aun con perjuicio de sus disposiciones testamentarias expresas. Asignaciones forzosas son: 1. Los alimentos que se deben por ley a ciertas personas; 2. Las legítimas; 3. La cuarta de mejoras en la sucesión de los descendientes, de los ascendientes y del cónyuge. Art. 1182. Son legitimarios: 1. Los hijos, personalmente o representados por su descendencia; 2. Los ascendientes, y 3. El cónyuge c ónyuge sobreviviente. No serán legitimarios los ascendientes del causante

2. Finalmente, trata de las donaciones entre vivos. Técnicamente nada tiene que ver con la sucesión por causa de muerte. Sin embargo, existe un espacio común entre ellas: en ambas la adquisición es a

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2. Trata de las otras fuentes de las obligaciones y los efectos y extinción de las mismas; 3. Regula en particular a ciertos contratos específicos: El contrato de promesa de celebrar un contrato, la compraventa, la permutación o cambio, el arrendamiento, la sociedad, el mandato, el censo, la anticresis, el comodato, el depósito, el mutuo, la fianza, la prenda y la hipoteca. 4. Trata acerca de los cuasicontratos, en particular el pago de lo no debido, la agencia oficiosa y la comunión. 5. Finalmente el título 42, trata de la prescripción. Esta posee dos facetas: a) La prescripción adquisitiva o usucapión. Es un modo de adquirir el dominio u otro derecho real. b) La prescripción extintiva, liberatoria o prescripción de acciones. Es un medio para extinguir las obligaciones. Aunque ambas son de naturaleza distinta, el Código las reguló conjuntamente, entre otras razones, porque tienen un sentido de clausura a nuestro ordenamiento jurídico (por eso están al final), y además comparten reglas de aplicación común. Art. 2492.

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II. Juicio Valorativo del Código Civil Chileno Un análisis acerca del merito del Código Civil impone el señalar cuales son los aspectos positivos y los defectos del mismo.

a) Méritos del Código Civil 1. El Código Civil es una obra técnicamente perfecta. El método del Código Civil es ejemplar; las materias se encuentran distribuidas con gran criterio lógico. Por lo que atañe al lenguaje es, en general, de gran pureza y claridad. 2. Es un cuerpo legislativo que tiene sentido de la realidad, pues consagra en sus normas parte importante de la idiosincrasia chilena de 1855. 3. No obstante lo anterior, contiene mecanismos que le permiten al Código Civil seguir disciplinando a esa sociedad cuando evolucione. Por ello el profesor Fernando Fueyo Laneri plantea que el Código Civil puede crecer junto con el desarrollo de la sociedad chilena, de tal forma que vaya incorporando los avances científicos y la nueva realidad política y social. La crítica es a las generaciones posteriores, que no han sabido ajustar el Código a las nuevas circunstancias. 4. El Código Civil es ecléctico, ya que Andrés Bello, su redactor, tomó lo mejor de las diversas fuentes disponibles en la época, tuvo hasta las últimas obras francesas en el

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b) Defectos del Código Civil Los autores nacionales y extranjeros han alabado el lenguaje del Código Civil, en efecto, Pedro Lira Urquieta decía que entre la prosa difusa de las siete partidas y el frio rigor del Código Civil alemán, el Código Civil chileno se sitúa en una adecuada medianía. Así mismo Standhal todos los días por las mañana leía una parte del Código Civil francés; se dice que si hubiese conocido el Código Civil chileno, lo habría alabado con mayor justicia que el francés, dedicando gran parte de su día a leerlo. Sin embargo, el Código Civil Chileno presenta algunos defectos: 1. El Código Civil es excesivamente individualista. Se inspiró principalmente en el código civil francés de 1804, el que en el plano jurídico recogió los principios de la gran revolución. Sin embargo, y no obstante que estos principios eran la libertad, igualdad y fraternidad, se puso mayor énfasis en el primero, dejando poco espacio a la fraternidad. El Código alemán de 1900 contiene mayor solidaridad. 2. Se critica la concepción absoluta e individualista de la propiedad pues no se incorpora en su concepto la noción de función social de la propiedad. Sin embargo, se debe tener presente: 2.1. No es posible pedirle a un cuerpo normativo que sobrepase el umbral histórico de su época. Estas ideas no estaban afincadas en ningún país del mundo, solo a final

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4. Se hace presente que legisló en forma inadecuada sobre ciertas materias: 4.1. El contrato de trabajo. Solo lo trata como una forma de arrendamiento de servicios. Además el trato que le da al trabajador es inadecuado, pues establece la relación patrón-criado doméstico. Sin embargo, el panorama mundial solo vino a cambiar después de la II Guerra Mundial. 4.2. Despreció la propiedad mobiliaria. Ello pues todos los mecanismos de protección se establecieron a favor de los bienes inmuebles. Lo anterior se explica porque la sociedad de la época era agraria, se decía que lo valioso era lo inmueble, y vil la propiedad mueble. 4.3. Se estima demasiado tímida la regulación de la investigación de la paternidad . Sin embargo los científicos no permitían avances en esta materia, y además existía el

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III. Modificaciones del Código Civil Un cuerpo de leyes no puede regir a una entidad cambiante como es la sociedad de manera inmóvil. Bello admitió que la aplicación del Código Civil generaría defectos, es por ello que estableció el artículo 5, el cual contiene un mecanismo de corrección que no ha sido utilizado correctamente.

1. Título preliminar Leyes que se han dictado: 1.1. Se diferencia claramente entre dos etapas del proceso formador de la ley.

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2.3. El peculio profesional o patrimonio reservado de la mujer casada en sociedad conyugal. Los primeros atisbos de importancia para darle a la mujer atributos jurídicos se establecieron en el DL 325 de 1924, en éste se le permitió a la mujer ser testigo; además, la mujer casada que ejerciera una industria, profesión u oficio separado del de su marido, ámbito en que estaba facultada para administrar libremente lo que ganase con su empleo. Se le conoce como patrimonio reservado de la mujer casada en sociedad conyugal, bienes reservados de la mujer , peculio profesional o patrimonio del 150. Esta es la conquista más grande que ha logrado la mujer, pues lo que el marido obtiene producto de su trabajo ingresa a la sociedad conyugal (si compra un bien raíz, el marido para venderlo, necesita la autorización de la mujer), en cambio la situación contraria es distinta, una mujer puede vender lo que ha comprado con su patrimonio reservado sin autorización del marido ni de la justicia, ya que los bienes

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3. LIBRO II. DE LOS BIENES, SU DOMINIO, POSESIÓN, USO Y GOCE. 3.1. Legislación especial sobre ciertos tipos de propiedades. Ha habido legislación especial respecto de ciertos tipos de propiedades, por ejemplo: sobre la propiedad intelectual, propiedad minera, propiedad indígena, etc. 3.2. Introducción de la función social de la propiedad . En la Constitución Política de 1925 se incorporó la idea de la función social de la propiedad o dominio, en casos de expropiación por motivos de utilidad pública, lo que se mantiene en el artículo 19 nº 24 de la Constitución Política actual.

4. LIBRO III. DE LA SUCESIÓN POR CAUSA DE MUERTE Y DE LAS DONACIONES ENTRE VIVOS.

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5.1. Autonomía contractual respecto a las relaciones laborales. Comienza a tener restricciones, concretamente el contrato de trabajo, estaba regulado como un contrato de arrendamiento de criados domésticos, posteriormente surge una legislación especial en materia laboral (Código del Trabajo de 1931). 5.2. Equilibrio entre arrendador y arrendatario. Inspirado en el principio de la autonomía contractual, cualquiera de las partes podía ponerle término al contrato; además en el arrendamiento de cosa, el precio que se podía establecer, era la cantidad que las partes estimaban. 

Se estableció una legislación especial, la cual tenía por objeto proteger los derechos del arrendatario, disponiendo perentoriamente el monto de la renta, pasando a constituir un máximo legal que no podía exceder al 11% del avalúo fiscal respectivo (dividido en los meses del año). Si contrariando la norma de la

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5.4. Surgimiento de nuevos contratos de sociedades. El Código Civil contempla únicamente la llamada sociedad colectiva, pero posteriormente se dicta el Código de Comercio y nacen las sociedades anónimas. Luego una ley especial crea las sociedades encomanditas.

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IV. Proyectos de Reforma del Código Civil Se encuentran “durmiendo el sueño de los justos” actualmente en el Congreso Nacional: 1. Contratos de adhesión. Uno de los fenómenos propios de la masificación de la

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V. Idea de la Codificación e Historia del Código Civil Chileno A medida que se van dictando normas en un país, llega un momento en que éstas son muy numerosas, y puede ocurrir que existan contradicciones entre ellas; entonces, parece necesario hacer una recopilación o codificación, dos sistemas completamente distintos.

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HISTORIA DE LA DICTACIÓN DEL CÓDIGO CIVIL CHILENO Desde BERNARDO O’HIGGINS en adelante, los gobernantes tuvieron la la preocupación de dictar un Código Civil, que respondiera al nuevo régimen político del país.

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IV. El proyecto inédito de 1853, después de la primera revisión de la citada comisión Entregado el proyecto en 1853, se nombra una Comisión Revisora del Código Civil, ésta trabaja sin levantar actas, donde cada uno de sus miembros iba anotando al margen las modificaciones acordadas.

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4. Leyes sobre guardas Hay personas que por su poca edad, o por otras razones de orden físico o intelectual, no pueden desempeñarse por sí solos en la vida del derecho. A estas personas para tutelar sus derechos se les designa un guardador, éstos pueden ser tutores o curadores, la diferencia entre ellos radica en la persona del pupilo, en efecto, si el pupilo es impúber se le da un tutor, si es púber se le otorga un curador. Artículo 341 del Código Civil.

4.1. Normas del Artículo 9 de la Ley de Efecto Retroactivo de las Leyes 1) La guarda constituida de conformidad con la ley vigente se respeta, aún cuando la nueva ley exigiere otras condiciones. 2) En lo que refiere a las funciones, remuneraciones, incapacidades o excusas supervivientes se sujeta a la nueva ley. 3) En lo relativo a las penas, por un descuido o torcida administración, se estará a la ley más benevolente, es decir, a la que aplica una pena menos rigurosa. Excepción: Las faltas se sancionarán conforme a la ley vigente en el momento en que se cometió.

5. Leyes sobre posesión La posesión es la tenencia de una cosa determinada con ánimo de señor o dueño, sea que el dueño o el que se da por tal tenga la cosa por sí mismo, o por otra persona que la tenga en lugar y a nombre de él. Artículo 700 inciso 1° del Código Civil. No obstante que el asunto es discutido, la tendencia mayoritaria es considerar a la posesión como un hecho, y siendo tal no podemos hablar de un derecho adquirido.

5.1. Normas del Artículo 13 de la Ley de Efecto Retroactivo de las Leyes. La ley nos dice que respecto de la pérdida, recuperación y conservación de la posesión adquirida bajo el amparo de una ley, se aplica la ley nueva, es decir, todo el fenómeno fáctico de la posesión queda regulado por la nueva ley.

6. Leyes sobre derechos reales Los derechos que tienen un contenido económico (derechos patrimoniales), se dividen en

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a) Derecho real: Es aquel que tenemos sobre una cosa sin respecto a determinada persona. Artículo 577 del Código Civil. Es decir, ejerciendo sobre la cosa un poder directo e inmediato. b) Derechos personales o créditos: Son los que sólo pueden reclamarse de ciertas personas, que, por un hecho suyo o la sola disposición de la ley, han contraído una obligación correlativa. Artículo 578 del Código Civil. Por otro lado, si no se tiene un poder directo sobre la cosa, entrará en relación con otra persona que si tenga el poder directo sobre esa cosa; por ejemplo, si no se tiene un automóvil, una persona celebra un contrato de transporte, así a través o por medio de otro sujeto logra la ventaja.

6.1. Normas del Artículo 12 de la Ley de Efecto Retroactivo de las Leyes 1) El derecho real adquirido bajo el imperio de una ley de conformidad con ella, se respeta. 2) En cuanto a los goces, las cargas y en cuanto a la extinción, se aplica la ley nueva.

6.2. Precisiones sobre los derechos reales y personales ¿Error tipográfico?

El profesor LUÍS CLARO SOLAR, pretendiendo resolver esta situación, dice que hay un error, ya que la ley quiso decir extensión en vez de extinción; sin embargo, no existe error tipográfico, y la ley a través de los efectos ataca el derecho. Respeto constitucional por la propiedad

Las Constituciones de 1833, 1925 y 1980, establecen como una garantía constitucional el respeto al dominio, de manera que si existiera una ley que privara a una persona del dominio, ésta sería inconstitucional, al igual que se respetan las facultades esenciales de esos derechos de dominio. Propiedad sobre derechos incorporales

Esto del dominio se extiende también a los otros derechos reales, que en nuestro sistema, contrario al sistema romano, permite que sobre las cosas incorporales haya una especie de propiedad, de manera que si tenemos el derecho real de usufructo, el titular tiene un derecho de propiedad sobre su derecho de usufructo, y si se le privara de ese derecho, se le

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7. Leyes sobre Usufructo, Fideicomiso, Uso y Habitación Sucesivos Con cierta libertad, es decir, sin el adecuado rigor científico, podemos decir que el usufructo, fideicomiso, uso y habitación importan una limitación del derecho de dominio. Al legislador no le gusta que existan estos derechos en forma sucesiva, el legislador no desea situaciones como la siguiente: que Pedro sea usufructuario de una propiedad y si fallece, estos derechos pasen a sus herederos, porque en todos estos casos el propietario no estaría gozando de la cosa que le pertenece. Si esa persona es titular pero no los puede ejercer, se desalienta el progreso de los bienes, (mejoras y conservación) y el tráfico jurídico se ve seriamente perjudicado.

7.1. Normas del Artículo 15 de la Ley de Efecto Retroactivo de las Leyes 1) Si bajo el imperio de una ley antigua, se permitiera la sucesión de estos derechos sucesivamente, y bajo el imperio de esa ley hubiera fallecido el primer usufructuario; estos pasan al segundo. 2) Si la nueva ley prohíbe los usufructos sucesivos, se respeta al segundo usufructuario, pero caducan los derechos de todos los demás eventuales usufructuarios.

8. Leyes sobre derechos sujetos a condición Los actos jurídicos pueden estar sujetos a modalidades, en virtud de una estipulación de las partes, y, dentro de éstas una de las más frecuentes la constituye la condición, que consiste en un hecho futuro e incierto del cual depende el nacimiento o la extinción de un derecho.

8.1. Normas del Artículo 14 de la Ley de Efecto Retroactivo de las Leyes Supongamos que una persona es titular de un derecho y que éste está sometido a una condición, pero durante la vigencia de este derecho condicional, se dicta una nueva ley que establece que si durante un determinado tiempo la condición no se cumple, se entenderá fallida. Las reglas son: 1) El titular del derecho condicional continúa gozando de él, por todo el tiempo que corresponde según la ley antigua. 2) Pero si de acuerdo con la ley nueva, esa condición se estimara fallida, si no se cumple dentro de un plazo y éste es más breve que el que tenía el titular de acuerdo con la legislación primitiva, a ese derecho condicional se le aplicará la nueva ley.

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Supongamos que se dicta una nueva ley que establece que ninguna condición puede tener una duración de más de 10 años, transcurren 9 años, por tanto la persona sigue gozando de ese derecho. Perderá su derecho cuando transcurran 10 años, porque la ley nueva estableció un límite.

9. Leyes sobre restitución in integrum Era muy frecuente en los derechos antiguos, (romano), que para proteger a ciertas personas, generalmente incapaces, se establecía que los actos que ellos realizaban y que le fueran perjudiciales, adolecieran de nulidad y como consecuencia de esta ineficacia, había que devolverle al incapaz todo aquello que este hubiese prestado. Si se celebra un acto jurídico con una persona favorecida por esto, durante la vigencia de una ley que contempla esta institución, se presenta el problema cuando se dicta una ley nueva que no la contempla.

9.1. Norma del Artículo 11 de la Ley de Efecto Retroactivo de las Leyes Dicha persona no transmite ni puede invocar el beneficio de la in integrum restitutio. Si la nueva ley no la contempla, se extingue.

10. Leyes sobre sucesión por causa de muerte Fallecida una persona, su patrimonio pasa a sus sucesores, ya que el derecho busca la continuación de las relaciones jurídicas. Caótico sería que si falleciera una persona, se extinguieran todos sus derechos y expiraran todas sus obligaciones, pues los acreedores tendrían que soportar la consecuencia negativa del fallecimiento, lo cual significaría inseguridad jurídica. El legislador busca la continuidad patrimonial en la parte activa (derechos y bienes), y en la parte pasiva (obligaciones). Esta transición de los derechos y obligaciones a sus sucesores es lo que se denomina sucesión por causa de muerte. Al ser un modo de adquirir el dominio, siguiendo al sistema romano; todo modo necesita de un título que le sirva como antecedente, en este caso el título puede ser el testamento, si la sucesión es testamentaria o puede ser la ley, si la sucesión es intestada. Por tanto, podemos distinguir: 1) Sucesión testamentaria. Cuando el título corresponde a un testamento. 2) Sucesión intestada o abintestato. El título corresponde a la sola disposición de la ley.

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10.1. Regla general de la sucesión por causa de muerte La sucesión se regla por la sucesión vigente al momento de la apertura de la sucesión, cual es el momento en que fallece el causante, y en su último domicilio. Artículo 955 del Código Civil. Art. 955. La sucesión en los bienes de una persona se abre al momento de su muerte en su último domicilio; salvos los casos expresamente exceptuados. La sucesión se regla por la ley del domicilio en que se abre; salvas las excepciones legales. Delación de las asignaciones

Como consecuencia de la apertura de la sucesión, casi simultáneamente, se produce otro fenómeno, en que la ley les ofrece la herencia o el legado al sucesor, y éste resolverá si acepta o repudia la asignación. Este fenómeno se llama delación de las asignaciones, ésta es “el actual llamamiento de la ley a aceptarla o repudiarla”. Art. 956. La delación de una asignación es el actual llamamiento de la ley a aceptarla o repudiarla. La herencia o legado se defiere al heredero o legatario en el momento de fallecer la persona de cuya sucesión se trata, si el heredero o legatario no es llamado condicionalmente; o en el momento de cumplirse la condición, si el llamamiento es condicional. Salvo si la condición es de no hacer algo que dependa de la sola voluntad del asignatario, pues en este caso la asignación se defiere en el momento de la muerte del testador, dándose por el asignatario caución suficiente de restituir la cosa asignada con sus accesiones y frutos, en caso de contravenirse c ontravenirse a la condición. Lo cual, sin embargo, no tendrá lugar cuando el testador hubiere dispuesto que mientras penda la condición de no hacer algo, pertenezca a otro asignatario la cosa asignada.

Por consiguiente desde un orden temporal hay tres acontecimientos casi simultáneos: I. Muerte, de orden natural; II. De orden judicial, la apertura de la sucesión; III. El fenómeno de la delación.

10.2. Normas de los Artículos 18, 19 y 20 de la Ley de Efecto Retroactivo de las Leyes 10.2.1. Sucesión intestada La sucesión intestada se rige por la ley vigente al momento de la apertura. Estamos frente a la sucesión intestada cuando el título es la ley, que opera normalmente a falta de testamento. La Ley de Efecto Retroactivo de las Leyes no lo establece así, guarda silencio al respecto,

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Situación especial de la sucesión intestada La sucesión intestada se regula por la ley vigente en el momento de la apertura. Art. 984. Se sucede abintestato, ya por derecho personal, ya por derecho de representación. La representación es una ficción legal en que se supone que una persona tiene el lugar y por consiguiente el grado de parentesco y los derechos hereditarios que tendría su padre o madre, si éste o ésta no quisiese o no pudiese suceder. Se puede representar a un padre o madre que, si hubiese querido o podido suceder, habría sucedido por derecho de representación.

Se puede suceder intestadamente: 1. Por derecho personal: Cuando el heredero recibe la herencia de un modo directo, atendido el vínculo que él personalmente tenía con su padre. 2. Por derecho de representación. Cuando el heredero en virtud de una ficción legal ocupa el lugar que tenía su padre o madre, en los casos en que estos no han podido o querido suceder. Por ejemplo; Si muere don Pedro y tiene un hijo, Juan, el cual incurre en una serie de barbaridades en su conducta y este comportamiento hace que don Pedro lo desherede; el legislador otorga la representación. La representación opera en la sucesión intestada y el derecho de representación se regula por la ley vigente al momento de la apertura.

10.2.1. Sucesión testamentaria La sucesión testamentaria es aquella que existe cuando los asignatarios son llamados por un testamento, en los testamentos, se distinguen tres aspectos: I. Disposiciones testamentarias; II. Solemnidades;

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10.2.1.2. Solemnidades o requisitos externos del testamento Por ejemplo, si se otorga un testamento solemne abierto, ante notario y tres testigos, si se dicta una ley que establece la exigencia de 4 testigos, ¿será válido el testamento?, no se le puede pedir a las personas que se sometan a requisitos futuros. Las solemnidades se rigen por la ley vigente al momento del otorgamiento del testamento.

10.2.1.3. Requisitos internos del testamento Este acto jurídico unilateral necesita requisitos internos o de fondo, que son: I. La capacidad del testador y; II. La voluntad libre y espontánea. La ley sobre efecto retroactivo de las leyes no da solución, por lo que al respecto hay tres opiniones doctrinarias:

a) José Clemente Fabres Sostiene que los requisitos internos del testamento se rigen por la ley vigente al momento de la apertura de la sucesión; es decir, al momento de la muerte del causante.

Argumentos 1. El testamento es por definición un acto jurídico esencialmente revocable (el testador mientras viva puede revocar el testamento). Al ser un proyecto, si está vivo el testador, una ley nueva perfectamente puede reducir a la ineficacia de un testamento que antes era eficaz, porque se está afectando a un proyecto futuro. 2. Las disposiciones testamentarias son la consecuencia de un testamento que ha nacido porque el testador era una persona capaz y cuando lo otorgó su voluntad era libre y espontánea, por tanto si las disposiciones de este están regidas por la ley vigente al

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2. La legislación chilena no se pone en el caso de que haya un conflicto de leyes sobre capacidad y voluntad del testador, pero si se coloca en el caso de que exista un conflicto con respecto a la capacidad del autor del testamento. Por ejemplo; si una persona al otorgar un testamento es incapaz pero cuando se abre la sucesión es capaz, o como otra posibilidad, una persona al otorgarlo es capaz, y cuando fallece es incapaz, o v. g., una persona en su sano juicio otorga un testamento, pero muere siendo demente. El artículo 1005 del Código Civil establece quienes son incapaces para testar, y el artículo 1006 señala que el testamento otorgado durante la existencia de cualquiera de las causas de inhabilidad expresadas en el artículo precedente es nulo, aunque posteriormente deje de existir la causa, y por el contrario, el testamento válido no deja de serlo por el hecho de sobrevenir después alguna de estas causas de inhabilidad. Frente a estas hipótesis de conflicto el legislador debe atender al momento en que se otorga el testamento, por lo que si la ley ordena que la orientación es a la celebración del acto respecto a la capacidad para ser autor de un testamento, a lo mismo debe atenderse en materia de otros requisitos internos. El Código para resolver un problema de capacidad está por la ley vigente al momento de otorgarse y por lo tanto los problemas entre leyes leyes que versen sobres capacidad y voluntad se están por la ley vigente al momento de otorgarse el testamento.

c) Luís Claro Solar Señala que la capacidad y la voluntad del testador deben existir tanto en el instante en que se otorga el testamento, como en el momento de la apertura

Argumentos 1. Ello porque de lo contrario, nos encontraríamos con un acto que nace viciado y la legislación futura no puede subsanarle.

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Fórmula de la representación en la sucesión testamentaria Pudiésemos estar en una sucesión testamentaria: Se instituye de heredero a un sujeto, si éste no puede o no quiere suceder, serán sus herederos lo que sucedan, aplicando el derecho de representación. Esta cláusula se rige por la ley vigente al momento de otorgarse el testamento. No es en estricto sensu una representación, pero se recurre a la fórmula de la representación, ya que estos herederos “son testamentarios”, por eso se aplica la ley vigente al momento de otorgarse, ya que él quiere que lo sucedan sus hijos (del heredero que no pudo o no quiso).

11. Leyes sobre partición Producido el fallecimiento de una persona que tiene varios herederos, se forma una comunidad de bienes, el legislador quiere que éstas se liquiden; esto ocurre mediante la partición, que es el acto por el cual se adjudica el dominio de los bienes, es la transformación de la propiedad común en propiedad individual, adjudicando a cada heredero bienes en proporción a su cuota.

11.1. Norma del Artículo 21 de la Ley de Efecto Retroactivo de las Leyes La partición se regula por la ley vigente al momento de la delación, es decir se aplica la ley vigente al tiempo de la apertura de la sucesión.

12. Leyes sobre prueba Según el tratadista francés BAUDRY-LACANTINERI, la prueba consiste en el establecimiento por los medios legales acerca de la verdad de un hecho, que sirve de fundamento a un derecho que se reclama en juicio. El acreditar un hecho es un aspecto extraordinariamente importante, ya que si ante una

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13. Leyes sobre substanciación y ritualidad de los juicios Se dice que las leyes procesales rigen in actum, atendido este efecto, todo conflicto sobre la materia queda sometido a la ley nueva, ya que se aplica de inmediato la ley vigente al momento en que se desarrolle el juicio.

13.1. Excepciones a la regla general del Artículo 24 de la Ley de Efecto Retroactivo de las Leyes 1) Plazos iniciados por la ley antigua, se rigen según ley antigua; 2) Las diligencias ya iniciadas, se regulan según la ley nueva.

14. Leyes sobre prescripción Uno de los aspectos más trascendentales en que juega el tiempo, es en la prescripción; ésta puede ser de dos clases o tipos: adquisitiva o usucapión y extintiva o liberatoria. En ambas el substrato fáctico es el transcurso del tiempo. a) Adquisitiva o usucapión: Modo de adquirir las cosas ajenas por haberse poseído durante cierto lapso de tiempo y concurriendo los demás requisitos legales. b) Extintiva o liberatoria: Modo de extinguir las acciones y derechos ajenos, por no haberse ejercido dichas acciones o derechos durante cierto lapso de tiempo y concurriendo los demás requisitos legales. La prescripción extintiva no hace expirar los derechos, sino que los priva de acción; vale decir, estos se transforman en obligación natural. Artículo 1470 del Código Civil

14.1. Normas sobre prescripción de los artículos 21 y 22 de la Ley de Efecto Retroactivo de las Leyes

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15. Sobre los contratos La supervivencia de la norma implica que no obstante su derogación, ella continúa rigiendo determinadas situaciones jurídicas. No obstante lo anterior, los actos o contratos pueden producir efectos regidos por la ley antigua más allá de su derogación. En todo contrato legalmente celebrado bajo el imperio de una ley, se entenderán incorporadas las normas legales coetáneas a su celebración, por lo tanto, regirán las consecuencias jurídicas de ese acto o contrato, aún cuando ocurran bajo una nueva ley, que aspectos del contrato quedan regulados por la ley vigente. a) Requisitos internos de ese acto o contrato, capacidad, voluntad, etc. b) Requisitos externos o formalidades.

15.1. Excepciones sobre los actos y contratos celebrados bajo el imperio de una ley antigua 1) La manera de hacer valer en juicio ese acto jurídico, se deberá someter a la ley nueva que rige la ritualidad del juicio. 2) Si se presentan leyes nuevas sobre penas relativas para el caso de infracción al acto

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SECCIÓN QUINTA DE LOS PRINCIPIOS QUE RIGEN EL DERECHO CIVIL

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Principios Básicos sobre los que se funda el Derecho Civil

a) b) c) d)

Autonomía de la voluntad Responsabilidad Buena fe La no aceptación del enriquecimiento sin causa

a) Autonomía de la Voluntad

Este principio surge en el siglo XIX, y se dice que es una proyección jurídica de las ideas libertarias de los enciclopedistas franceses, ello se prolongó a todos los ámbitos de la vida. El reconocimiento de la autonomía de la voluntad, principio según el cual los particulares, respetando las normas de orden público y buenas costumbres, pueden celebrar libremente los actos jurídicos y determinar, con arreglo a su voluntad, el contenido y efecto de los mismos. 1) Concepto

Consiste en la facultad que tienen las personas para celebrar los actos o contratos que estimen convenientes, determinar su contenido, consecuencias consecuencias del mismo y para estipular su término. 2) Puntos principales de la autonomía de la voluntad

En honor a la verdad, cabría señalar que sus puntos principales son:

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Los actos innominados o atípicos que no atentan contra la ley, el orden público y las buenas costumbres, producen los efectos queridos por las partes; rigiéndose en lo no previsto por ellas por las reglas generales a que se sujetan los actos y declaraciones de voluntad. Han surgido así en la vida jurídica j urídica contratos no tipificados por la ley, como es, por ejemplo, aquel a través del cual se "transfiere" a un futbolista profesional de un club a otro. Sin embargo, esos actos sólo serán válidos, sino atentan contra las leyes1, la moral, las buenas costumbres y el orden público. 2.3. Autonomía para determinar el contenido interno y los efectos del acto jurídico Celebrado un acto jurídico, incluso los típicos o regulados, las partes pueden darle una estructura jurídica diferente, y ello porque la gran masa de las normas jurídicas que integran al Derecho Privado son supletorias, por tanto, el contenido interno del acto queda entregado a la iniciativa, voluntad e inteligencia de los particulares. También pueden incorporar elementos accidentales , subordinando el nacimiento del acto jurídico o sus efectos vía condición suspensiva, o su término (vía estipulación de plazo o condición resolutoria). 3) Limitaciones de la autonomía de la voluntad

En virtud de la autonomía de la voluntad, los particulares podrían valerse de los actos jurídicos

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4) Fenómenos que atentan contra la autonomía de la voluntad

a) En los contratos dirigidos , si bien en principio se respeta la autonomía de la voluntad, en orden a que los privados pueden libremente celebrar o no dichos contratos, su contenido se encuentra regulado por el poder público, por ejemplo, en el contrato de trabajo, la ley establece un sueldo mínimo, jornadas máximas de trabajo, vacaciones, fuero maternal, etc., y estas normas establecidas por la ley son cláusulas irrenunciables. b) Otro fenómeno que atenta contra este principio, es el contrato de adhesión, en que una de las partes preestablece el contenido del contrato y la otra se limita a aceptarlas, accediendo o no, en él no existe discusión sobre sus cláusulas. b) La Responsabilidad Responsabilidad Díez Picazo define la responsabilidad como la sujeción de una persona que vulnera un deber de conducta impuesto en interés de otro sujeto a la obligación de reparar el daño producido .

La vida es responsabilidad, abarcando todo el ámbito del derecho, que no es excluyente del Derecho Civil. Es necesario que el sujeto que debe soportar dicha responsabilidad, haya tenido una conducta reprochable, ello en materia civil abarca dos grandes campos, la responsabilidad contractual y la extracontractual o aquiliana . 1) Responsabilidad Responsabilidad contractual contractual

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Teoría General del Acto Jurídico.

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