Teoría Ética de Lévinas

     

Sjhrëa ætfna cj Bævfgas Pauba Lfb Ofkægjz Y*[ 

Fgtrhcunnfþg  ^hy thtabkjgtj shbh9 asë, pujs, jb sjr jg kë, jb ejneh cj quj jxfsth, kf jxfstfr, js bh quj nhgstftuyj jb jbjkjgth amshbutakjgtj fgtragsftfvh, ablh sfg fgtjgnfhgabfcac gf rjbanfþg. Shch sj pujcj fgtjrnakmfar jgtrj bhs sjrjs, sabvh jb jxfstfr .1 

Phsfmbjkjgtj jsta fcja, cjdjgcfca phr Bævfgas, duj uga cj bas nausas phr bas quj jb dfbþshdh cj Iaugas cjnfcfþ bagzarsj a ba mÿsqujca cj uga gujva dfbhshdëa, cfsnrjpagch, cj jstj khch, cj su kajstrh Eussjrb. =  Ba hmra cj Jkkagujb Bævfgas (160:- 166:) phcjkhs cfvfcfrba jg chs pjrëhchs. Jg ug prfkjr khkjgth, fgdbuyjrhg shmrj jbba chs lragcjs dfbþshdhs, a samjr, Eussjrb y Ejfcjlljr. Cjmjkhs rjnhrcar quj Bævfgas nhfgnfcfþ nhg jbbhs jg Jstrasmurlh, abrjcjchr cjb 16=0),  (16>0), Cj ba jxfstjgnfa ab jxfstjgtj  (163 Pjrh, jg dfg, gh vakhs a cfsnutfr aehra shmrj jsth, ya quj rjsphgcj a uga hpfgfþg prhpfa, phr jbbh, pasjkhs sfg kás prjákmubhs a sfgtjtfzar jb pjgsakfjgth cj Bævfgas quj js cj bh quj trata jb prjsjgtj tramaoh.

Cjnfr bh fgcjnfmbj  Para jgtjgcjr ba hmra cj Bævfgas ejkhs cj nhghnjr, jg prfkjr bular, ablughs sunjshs fkphrtagtjs quj karnarhg ba vfca cj gujstrh authr. Bævfgas ganfþ jg 160: jg Iaugas (Bftuagfa) jg jb sjgh cj uga dakfbfa  oucëa y murlujsa. Jg 1613 sj vfjrhg hmbflachs a jkflrar a nausa cj ba Prfkjra Lujrra Kugcfab, fgstabágchsj jg Iariehv (Znragfa) chgcj vfvfjrhg ba rjvhbunfþg mhbnejvfquj. ^u jxpjrfjgnfa cj ba vfca sj arraflþ, phr uga partj, jg ba nhgnfjgnfa cj ug pujmbh quj eamëa pacjnfch bas marmarfjs gazfs y sj kagfdjstþ, phr htra partj, cjgtrh cjb pjgsakfjgth dragnæs, sfg cjsprjnfar phr jsh ba djghkjghbhlëa abjkaga. Jg 16>1, tras eamjr nhghnfch a Ejfcjlljr y Eussjrb, sj ganfhgabfzþ dragnæs, lranfas a bh nuab sj sabvþ cjb trath quj rjnfmfjrhg htrhs oucëhs jg jb nakph cj nhgnjgtranfþg jg Eagghvjr, jg jb quj duj rjnbufch jg 1630. ^fg jkmarlh, su dakfbfa quj eamftama jg Bftuagfa gh tuvh ba kfska sujrtj y duj kasanraca phr bhs gazfs. Phr jstj ejneh, Bævfgas rhkpfþ ba rjbanfþg quj kagtjgëa nhg Ejfcjlljr, phr ba njrnagëa cj æstj ab gazfskh. Jg jstas jxpjrfjgnfas eabbarëa ba dþrkuba cj uga gujva dfbhshdëa, ba nuab jgnukmrarëa a ba pjrshga, cjoagch jg ug sjlugch pbagh ab "sjr". Asë, curagtj bhs añhs :0, Bævfgas nhkjgzþ a nrjar uga dfbhshdëa abtakjgtj hrflfgab, cjoagch ug bachphr ba jb hgthbhlëa y prjhnupágchsj ba ætfna. Pjrh, ¸nuáb duj jbakhtfvh quj gujstrh authr cjnfcfþ phr fgcjpjgcfzarsj cj su kajstrh j fgfnfarsj jg uga gujva mÿsqujca8 ¸Phr quæ push jg cuca ba prfkanëa cj ba hgthbhlëa8 Jg rjsukjg, ¸phr quæ ba ætfna nhkh dfbhshdëa prfkjra8 Jstas shg bas nujstfhgjs a bas quj fgtjgtarjkhs rjsphgcjr cj ug khch sfstjkátfnh a nhgtfguanfþg. Jb tærkfgh dfbhshdëa cjscj ^þnratjs eamëa acqufrfch, sjlÿg Bævfgas, ug sflgfdfnach jrrþgjh. ^j eamëa fcjgtfdfnach a ba dfbhshdëa nhg jb akhr a ba samfcurëa. Hnnfcjgtj eamëa nrjach uga dfbhshdëa prjhnupaca phr jb sjr (ba jsjgnfa) y eamëa flghrach ab jgtj (ab suojth). ^j eamëa hbvfcach cj ba cfdjrjgnfa, cj bhs sjgtfkfjgths. ^fg jkmarlh, gujstrh authr, ab fluab quj earëag dfbþshdhs nhkh Ejfcjlljr y Gfjtzsnej, acvfrtfþ quj a nausa cj

 

jsta dfbhshdëa eamëakhs nhgsjlufch kás aspjnths gjlatfvhs quj phsftfvhs, ya quj ghs eamëa nhgcunfch a uga shnfjcac jg ba nuab bh kás fkphrtagtj jra jb sjr, jb jlh nartjsfagh, jb jgsfkfskakfjgth9 js cjnfr, a nhgsjnujgnfa cj jsta fcja eamëakhs nrjach ug kugch jg jb quj eamëakhs hbvfcach danthrjs fkprjsnfgcfmbjs cj ba pjrshga, nhkh shg bas pasfhgjs y bhs sjgtfkfjgths, h aspjnths másfnhs cj narántjr ætfnh phr bhs quj phcjkhs eambar rjabkjgtj cj pjrshga, nhkh jb cjnfr "bhs mujghs cëas". Bævfgas hmsjrvþ quj ba masj cj ba vfhbjgnfa jra jb fgtjræs, ya quj rjsubta fkphsfmbj jb phcjr adfrkarghs thchs, phr jbbh acvfrtfþ quj jstj fgtjr-æs cjmëakhs nhgvjrtfrbh jg cjs-fgtjr-æs, js cjnfr, cjmëakhs cj phgjrghs jg jb bular cjb htrh sfg jspjrar gaca a nakmfh. Cjmëakhs, phr nhgsflufjgtj, surlfr cjb jlh nartjsfagh y vjr kás abbá cj ghshtrhs kfskhs9 anjptar quj shkhs, tab y nhkh sjñabama Arfstþtjbjs jg su Phbëtfna, agfkabjs nëvfnhs9 anjptar quj a kf bach sj jgnujgtra jb Htrh, lranfas ab nuab shy yh qufjg shy. Nhg jsth, Bævfgas sumrayama ba fcja cj abtjrfcac, rjneazagch cj jstj khch bh agugnfach phr ba hgthbhlëa. Æsta sj narantjrfzama phr rjcunfr a bh Kfskh thch bh quj sj hphgëa a jbba nhkh Htrh. Jb nhghnfkfjgth rjprjsjgtama, asë, uga jstratjlfa cj aprhpfanfþg, cj chkfganfþg. Phr jb nhgtrarfh, jb dfbþshdh cj Iaugas, fgspfrágchsj jg ba tracfnfþg ejmrja, musnþ htrh khch cj pjgsar jsta rjbanfþg, ya quj, nhkh æb sjñabama, gh shkhs tag sþbh efohs cj bhs lrfjlhs sfgh takmfæg cj ba Mfmbfa. 3 Ba dfbhshdëa hnnfcjgtab eamëa kfrach easta jb khkjgth ÿgfnakjgtj a Lrjnfa, hbvfcágchsj cj Ojrusabæg. Sras jstj hbvfch, Bævfgas prhphgcrá pjgsar cj gujvh ba dfbhshdëa jgtjgcfjgch a æsta gh ya nhkh akhr a ba samfcurëa, sfgh a ba fgvjrsa, nhkh ba samfcurëa quj ganj cjb akhr. Pujs bh quj cjdfgj ab sjr eukagh gh js jb sjr, takphnh jb fgtjræs, sfgh jb cjsfgtjræs. Phr jbbh, ejkhs cj thkar cfstagnfa cjb nhlfth, cjb sfstjka y cj bh bþlfnh, pujs jsths trjs tærkfghs shg bhs quj eamëag narantjrfzach ab pjgsakfjgth hnnfcjgtab easta jb khkjgth, y nrjar uga dfbhshdëa cj ba cfdjrjgnfa ya quj bh fkphrtagtj gh js jb sjr, bh nhgnrjth, sfgh ba cfdjrjgnfa. Js phr jsth phr bh quj cjmjkhs prjhnuparghs phr jb htrh y gh vjrbh nhkh ablufjg jgdrjgtach ya quj, ab dfg y ab namh, eay yh phrquj eay rjsphgsamfbfcac, pujs jb yh js jb rjsubtach cj quj ablufjg ghs eaya nufcach. V lranfas a jsth phcjkhs sjgtfrghs fgsustftufmbjs, phrquj cjtrás

 

cj kë eay htrhs quj gh shg yh. Duj asë nhkh Bævfgas prhpush ug eukagfskh cjb htrh ehkmrj, cjb ehkmrj quj sj rjsphgsamfbfza y rjsphgcj thtabkjgtj phr jb htrh? Cjscj jb khkjgth jg quj jb htrh kj kfra, yh shy rjsphgsambj cj æb sfg gf sfqufjra tjgjr quj thkar rjsphgsamfbfcacjs jg rjbanfþg nhg æb9 su rjsphgsamfbfcac kj fgnukmj. Js uga rjsphgsamfbfcac quj va kás abbá cj bh quj yh ealh :.  Asë pasakhs, nhg Bævfgas, cj ug yh njrrach (jlh nartjsfagh) a ug yh amfjrth, ya quj ba dfbhshdëa a partfr cj aehra gh jkpjzará jg jb yh, sfgh jg jb Htrh. Pujs, ¸nuágch shy yh8 Nuagch htrh kj ghkmra, sf gacfj ghs ghkmra gh shkhs gaca. Phcjkhs sustftufr, cj jsta kagjra jb "pfjgsh, bujlh shy", quj jgugnfama Cjsnartjs, phr "shy akach, shy ghkmrach, bujlh shy". Pjrh, ¸qufæg js jb Htrh8 Jb Htrh gh js htrh nhg uga abtjrfcac rjbatfva nhkh, jg uga nhkparanfþg, bas jspjnfjs, augquj sjag ÿbtfkas, sj jxnbuyjg rjnëprhnakjgtj, pjrh sj sftÿag jg ba nhkugfcac cj ug lægjrh, sj jxnbuyjg phr sucj cjdfgfnfþg, pjrh sj rjnëprhnakjgtj phrHtrh jsta jxnbusfþg a travæs ba nhkugfcac cjanjrnag su lægjrh. Ba abtjrfcac cjb gh cjpjgcj cj uga nuabfcac quj bh cfstfglufrëa cjb yh, phrquj uga cfstfgnfþg cj jsta gaturabjza fkpbfnarëa prjnfsakjgtj jgtrj ghshtrhs jsta nhkugfcac cj lægjrh quj aguba ya ba abtjrfcac. 4 

Jb Htrh rjprjsjgta ba prjsjgnfa cj ug sjr quj gh jgtra jg ba jsdjra cjb Kfskh, prjsjgnfa quj bh cjsmhrca, dfoa su "ojrarquëa" cj fgdfgfth . Æsta jgnujgtra su dugcakjgth jg jb jgnujgtrh nara-a-nara nhg jb htrh, chgcj jb suojth js rjsphgsambj cjb htrh fgnbush agtjs cj sjr nhgsnfjgtj cj su prhpfa jxfstjgnfa. ^fg jkmarlh, jb dfbþshdh cj Iaugas rjnhghnj quj gh js thch tag sjgnfbbh pujs, gh sþbh jstakhs yh y jb Htrh, sfgh quj takmfæg jxfstj ug tjrnjrh phr jb quj sj nhgcfnfhgag bas bjyjs y sj fgstaura ba oustfnfa. Jsth sj cjmj, sjlÿg Bævfgas, a ba kubtfpbfnfcac cj ehkmrjs, a ba prjsjgnfa cjb tjrnjrh ab bach cjb Htrh.13 V js quj, sf mfjg js nfjrth quj gh shkhs sþbh efohs cj bhs lrfjlhs, takmfæg js nfjrth quj takphnh shkhs sþbh efohs cj ba Mfmbfa? Gh shkhs tag sþbh efohs cj ba Mfmbfa, sfgh takmfæg efohs cj bhs

 

lrfjlhs. Para nhkparar a bhs htrhs js gjnjsarfh quj ablufjg ouzluj, para  ouzlar eanj dabta uga fgstftunfþg y, para quj eaya uga fgstftunfþg sj rjqufjrj ug Jstach. Ba oustfnfa cjb Jstach js uga kjglua cj ba narfcac y gh, nhkh nrjëa Ehmmjs, uga atjguanfþg cjb ejneh cj quj jb ehkmrj js ug bhmh para jb ehkmrj. 1: 

Tjkhs nþkh ba ætfna bjvfgasfaga jsatakmfæg ætfna cj ba oustfnfa pujs, qujrakhs h gh, jstakhs hmbflachs ouzlar, auga jkftfr oufnfhs, a nhkparar. Phr jbbh, para nhgvfvfr sj eanj fkprjsnfgcfmbj ba prjsjgnfa cj ug Jstach quj ghs laragtfnj sjlurfcac, augquj jsth ghs prfvj cj uga partj cj gujstra bfmjrtac. Bævfgas acvjrtfrá quj jb Jstach cjmjrá sjr cjkhnrátfnh ya quj, jg ug Jstach dfjb a ba oustfnfa jxfstj ba prjhnupanfþg nhgstagtj cj rjvfsar ba bjy.14 Asë, ab tjgjr jb kfskh pjsh jb Jstach y bhs nfucacaghs jg uga cjkhnranfa, æsths phcrëag nakmfar phnh a phnh bas bjyjs j fgtrhcunfr  tærkfghs nhkh bhs cj narfcac y shbfcarfcac jg jbbas, ya quj bh quj bj jxflfkhs a ba oustfnfa gh js quj sja shbfcarfa sfgh quj sja ousta. Js phr bh quj Bævfgas eambará (ab fluab quj ]fnhjur jg su hmra?  Akhr y oustfnfa) cj uga sumhrcfganfþg asë cj ba oustfnfa y cjb Jstach a ba fcja narfcac, rjsphgsamfbfzagch a bhs nfucacaghs cj suavfzar ba cj curjza cj bas bjyjs. Jg rjsukjg, ba ætfna bjvfgasfaga ghs acvfjrtj quj gh sþbh shkhs efohs cj bhs lrfjlhs, sfgh takmfæg cj ba Mfmbfa, cj ejneh a ba prjlugta ¸quæ js Jurhpa8 Bævfgas rjsphgcj? Jurhpa js ba Mfmbfa cj bhs lrfjlhs.1