Teoria Economica de Hotelling en Los Recuros No Renovables
October 14, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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R@DUBX\DMNM ONTIX MB \N@ N@MXB\ ENLRC]NM MB LDB@LDN\ BLI@IODLN\ T ED@N@LDBXN\ LNXXBXN MB BLI@IODN
]B\D\ MB AXNMI
Ob`ldü`7 Mbsnrricci Vrimultdvi –N`îcdsds mb cn Mdspi`dhdcdmnm mb Naun b` bc Lrbldodb`ti Bli`üodli mb Hicdvdn7 pbrdimi >446 “ 86>=‟
Vistucn`tb
7 Xnenbc Ximrdai Vnljbli Npnzn Npnzn
Milb`tb ]utir
7 VjM. Ebr`n`mi R`tign Ljiqub Ljiqub
Milb`tb Xbcntir
7 O\l. Gbs÷s Cdopdns Lncn`ljn Lncn`ljn Cn Vnz “ Hicdvdn 86>5
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MBMDLN]IXDN Mbmdli bstb miluob`ti n Od qubrdmn Onmrb Bcbutbrdn Npnzn, n qudb` qudbri li` timi od lirnzü`, odc arnldns pir mnrob cn vdmn, b`sbþnrob qub u` tripdbzi `i bs ed` mb ncai, qub timi prihcbon pnsn y tdb`b siculdü`, odrnr sdb sdboprb oprb mb erb`tb pnrn sb sbaudr audr nmbcn`tb n luopcdr obtns y priobsns qub u` mïn `is trnznois N Od Vnmrb Ebr`n`mi Vnljbli, qudb` sici li` su prbsb`ldn ob mboistrü qub u`i vncb pir qudb` bs, sbr u`i odsoi tb jnlb mdebrb`tb y ÷`dli, bs cn bsb`ldn mb lnmn pbrsi`n cn qub tb mbtbrod`n nc ed`nc mbc mïn. N Ods jbron`is7 Onhbc, Uïltir y Ncbgn`mrn, lnmn u`i li` su eiron mb sbr, mb cis luncbs nprb`mi ncai lnmn mïn, pnrn sbr u`n obgir pbrsi`n. T mbldrcb qub `u`ln sb rd`mn` qub odb`trns bxdstn u` suspdri qub qu b mnr, sdboprb sb mbhbrî culjnr pir sbr Ebcdz E bcdz T pir ÷ctdoi, sb mdlb qub cns lisns pnsn` pir ncai, mbhi bstnr narnmbldmi nc mbstd`i pir pi`br b` od lnod`i n bsn pbrsi`n bspbldnc qub sda`dedln oulji pnrn oï. Li` su Edcisieïn pd`ti u` ou`mi mdstd`ti nc qub q ub li`ilï, pnrn sbr Ebcdz.
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RO\N - Bli`ioïn
NAXNMBLDODB@]I\
Narnmbzli n Mdis, qu qudb` db` auïn od lnod`i. N cn R`dvbrsdmnm R`dvbrsdmnm qu qub b ob pbr pbrodtdü odtdü rbncdzn rbncdznrob rob Lioi priebsdi`nc mitî`miob mb b`sbþn`zns. Nc Mr. R`tign pir su npiyi b` li`tbxti mb cn ]bsds R` lirmdnc narnmbldodb`ti nc Cdl. Gbs÷s Cdopdns Lncn`ljn, ^udb` npirti mb on`brn nob`n nc trnhngi mb d`vbstdanldü` Li` u`n lncdmnm juon`n y hrd`mn`mi sus li`ildodb`tis Mb on`brn priebsdi`nc n ci cnrai mb cn ]bsds. –@is vicvbrboi n vbr, tnc vbz jiy, onþn`n i nca÷` mdn. Vbri rblubrmn nca÷` mdn, pubmb sbr sbr onþn` onþn`n‟ n‟ Xnenbc X.Vnljbli Npnzn
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RO\N - Bli`ioïn
Ï@MDLB D@]XIMRLLDI@ .............................................................................................................................. : Vcn`tbnodb`ti mbc Vrihcbon ........................................................................................................... 4 Gustdedlnldü` mb cn d`vbstdanldü` .................................................................................................... >> Onrli ]bürdli .................................................................................................................................. >8 Obtimiciaïn ..................................................................................................................................... >2 n) ]dpi mb D`vbstdanldü` .......................................................................................................... >2 h) Eub`tb mb D`eironldü` ....................................................................................................... >2 l) Vrilbsnodb`ti mb cn D`eironldü` ..................................................................................... >5 Mbcdodtnldü` mbc ]bon .................................................................................................................... >5 n) Mbcdodtnldü` ]bopirnc ........................................................................................................ >5 h) Mbcdodtnldü` Bspnldnc ......................................................................................................... >5 Gustdedlnldü` mb Jdpütbsds........................................................................................................... >5 Vcn`tbnodb`ti mb Jdpütbsds ........................................................................................................... >1 Jdpütbsds Lb`trnc ......................................................................................................................... >1 Vcn`tbnodb`ti mb Ihgbtdvis........................................................................................................... >1 n) Ihgbtdvi Ab`brnc ................................................................................................................. >1 h) Ihgbtdvi Bspbldedli ............................................................................................................. >1 ......................................... ......... >: LNVD]RCI D Bc pnpbc mb cis Xblursis @nturncbs b` cn Bli`ioïn ................................
>.>. Nspblti tbürdli b`eilnmi nc Xblursi Jïmrdli ..................................................................... >4 ................ ................................... .................. >4 >.>.> B`eiqub Onlribli`üodli7 Lrbldodb`ti Bli`üodli .................................
>.>.>.> Bslubcn Kby`bsdn`n7 Mbon`mn Narbanmn ............................................................ >4 ...................... ........... 88 >.>.>.8. \doü` Kuz`bts7 Lrbldodb`ti Bli`üodli y Mbtbrdiri Nohdb`tnc ...........
>.>.8. B`eiqub Odlribli`üodli7 Xblursis @nturncbs .......................................................... 85 >.>.8.> Xblursis `i rb`ivnhcbs7 Jnricm Jitbccd`a ............................................................ 81 >.8. Nspblti @irontdvi b`eilnmi nc Xblursi Jïmrdli ............................................................. 84 >.8.> @ubvn Li`stdtuldü` Vicïtdln mbc Bstnmi ......................................................................... 84 >.8.8 Vripubstn –Vriyblti mb Cby Onrli NARN pnrn cn Udmn‟ ................................... .................. .......................... ......... .8.< Nab`mn Vntrdütdln nc 8682 ................................................................................................ ................. ................................ ............... >.8.=. Vcn` mb Mbsnrricci Bli`üodli \ildnc (86>5 “ 8686) ..................................
>.8.2. Ihgbtdvis mb Mbsnrricci mbc Odcb`di ............................................................................... >.8.5. Vriarnons y li`vb`dis pnrn Xblursi Jïmrdli ..................................
LNVD]RCI DD7 Lrbldodb`ti Bli`üodli y bc sbltir Narïlicn b` Hicdvdn .................................. =5 8.>. Vrimulti D`tbr`i Hruti ........................................................................................................... =1 8.>.>. Vrimulti D`tbr`i Hruti .................................................................................................... =1 ................. .................................... ....................... ..... =: 8.>.8. Lrbldodb`ti n`unc priobmdi mbc VDH pbr lîpdtn ................................... 8.>.. D`vbrsdü` b` Xblursis Jïmrdlis y \n`bnodb`ti Hîsdli ..............................
8.8.8. D`vbrsdü` b` \bltir Narïlicn .......................................................................................... 28 LNVD]RCI DDD7 Dopirtn`ldn mbc Xblursi Jïmrdli b` Hicdvdn ..................................................... 2< < Bc Xblursi Jïmrdli y su dopirtn`ldn ......................................................................................... 2= . Ldlci y Hncn`lb Jïmrdli .......................................................................................................... 25 17 ]bst mb Qjdtb ......................................................................................................... :2 Lunmri @¶>:7 Jdstiarnon y tbst mb `ironcdmnm GH ................................................................... :5
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D@]XIMRLLDI@ B` bc îohdti d`tbr`nldi`nc, cn bslnsbz mb naun muclb, ilupn bc prdobr cuanr b` cn cdstn mb cns nob`nzns qub nebltnrî` n cn juon`dmnm b` bc sdaci ZZD. Bc naun muclb sb jn li`vbrtdmi b` u` rblursi `nturnc lnmn vbz oîs bslnsi y vuc`brnhcb. Cis lnohdis lcdoîtdlis acihncbs bstî` lnusn`mi mbsjdbcis mb cns `dbvbs lirmdccbrn`ns y mb cis jdbcis picnrbs, nctbrn`mi cis ldlcis jdmricüadlis cilncbs y rbadi`ncbs. N `dvbc ou`mdnc, bstis lnohdis jn` ilnsdi`nmi u` mbsbqudcdhrdi b`trb cn sihrbnhu`mn`ldn y cn bslnsbz mbc rblursi jïmrdli. Bstn mrnoîtdln sdtunldü` jn sdmi bopbirnmn pir cn oncn nmod`dstrnldü` y cn abstdü` drrnldi`nc mbc jiohrb sihrb cis rblursis `nturncbs, d`lcudmn bc naun. B` Hicdvdn hngi bstns prbodsns mbhb n`ncdznr lüoi sb b`erb`tnrn bstn bslnsbz mbc rblursi jïmrdli, nsï lioi bc `ubvi hncn`lb qub prbsb`tn rbspblti nc lnohdi lcdoîtdli. Cn d`lirpirnldü` mb bstb enltir mb primulldü` b` cn onyirïn mb cns nltdvdmnmbs bli`üodlns bs prdoirmdnc, lioi mbtbrod`n`tb b` cn vdmn litdmdn`n mb cns pbrsi`ns. Cns picïtdlns qub nsuob bc aihdbr`i li` rbspblti nc Xblursi Jïmrdli bs eu`mnob`tnc, yn qub sb rbecbgn b` cis `dvbcbs mb d`vbrsdü` p÷hcdln y priarnons mb lihbrturn naun b` Hicdvdn, cn mbon`mn pir naun vn lrbldb`mi li`eirob nuob`tb cn pihcnldü`, cn primulldü` narïlicn y timn nltdvdmnm qub utdcdlb nc naun b` su mbsb`vicvdodb`ti. \b mbhb tionr b` lub`tn bc usi qub sb cb mn n bstb rblursi vdtnc, lnmn jnhdtn`tb bs rbspi`snhcb mb lioi nprivbljn bstb cïqudmi, rbecbgn`mi nsï cn li`ldb`ldn mb u` rblursi qub sb pb`snhn qub brn d`naitnhcb. Bstumdnr cn mdspi`dhdcdmnm mb naun y su bstrbljn rbcnldü` li` bc lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli li`stdtuyb u` vï`luci mbtbrod`n`tb pnrn bc mbsnrricci mb luncqudbr pnïs. Cns eub`tbs mb bstb rblursi mbhbrî sbr prdirdmnm pnrn su prbsbrvnldü` y on`bgi sustb`tnhcb. Vnrn pimbr nsï ciarnr u` lrbldodb`ti sildncob`tb sistb`dhcb, sb mbhb mdsbþnr u`n picïtdln b` envir mbc ludmnmi mbc rblursi jïmrdli qub sb ntrdhuyn lioi ihgbtdvi lb`trnc, cn obgirn b` cn lncdmnm mb vdmn mb cns pbrsi`ns. Bc prbsb`tb trnhngi mb d`vbstdanldü` jn sdmi bstrulturnmi b` luntri lnpïtucis, qub sb mbsnrriccn` mb on`brn li`sblutdvn pnrn qub pbrodtn` ncln`znr cis ihgbtdvis pcn`tbnmis. B` bc lnpïtuci D sb mbsnrriccn bc nspblti tbürdli li` bc b`eiqub mb cn bli`ioïn nohdb`tnc, pnrn prilbmbr nc onrli `irontdvi qub rbaucn nc rblursi jïmrdli b` Hicdvdn. B` bc lnpïtuci DD sb bstumdnrn bc liopirtnodb`ti mbc VDH `nldi`nc y narïlicn, lioi sus `dvbcbs mb d`vbrsdi`bs. B` bc lnpïtuci DDD sb nprbldn bc pnpbc mbc naun b` cn bli`ioïn, cn iebrtn y cn mbon`mn mbc rblursi jïmrdli, lioi cis bvb`tis lcdoîtdlis qub nebltn` n bstb. Bc lnpïtuci DU, li`tdb`b cn li`trnstnldü` mb cn jdpütbsds lb`trnc obmdn`tb cn pripubstn mb u` oimbci bli`ioätrdli qub nyumn dmb`tdedln dmb`tdedlnrr cn rbcnldü` b`trb cn mdspi`dhdcdmn mdspi`dhdcdmnm m mb naun y bc lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli.
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RO\N - Bli`ioïn
Vcn`tbnodb`ti mbc Vrihcbon Bc naun bs bsb`ldnc pnrn bc mbsnrricci mb cn vdmn y bc mbsb`vicvdodb`ti bli`üodli, nsï lioi cns nltdvdmnmbs bli`üodlns mbpb`mb` titncob`tb mb bstb prbldisi rblursi; bs u` bcbob`ti lcnvb pnrn anrn`tdznr cn d`tbardmnm mb cis blisdstbons, cis hdb`bs y sbrvdldis qub bstis prbstn`, nsï lioi pnrn bc luctdvi mb ncdob`tis, cn ab`brnldü` mb b`braïn y cn primulldü` mb timi tdpi mb hdb`bs y sbrvdldis. Bc lrbldodb`ti mb cn pihcnldü`, gu`ti n cn lrbldb`tb liopbtb`ldn pir naun muclb b`trb cn nardlucturn, cis usis d`mustrdncbs y urhn`is, lucod`n` b` prbsdi`bs sd` prblbmb`tbs sihrb cis rblursis jïmrdlis, jnldb`mi qub ouljis pnïsbs ccbaub` n b`erb`tnrsb n cn bslnsbz mb naun y n rbstrdlldi`bs b` su mbsnrricci bli`üodli; pir itrn pnrtb, cns prbsdi`bs juon`ns brisdi`n` cn lncdmnm mbc naun, qub sdaub mdsod`uyb`mi, ci lunc cdodtn n÷` oîs cn mdspi`dhdcdmnm mb naun muclb y nctbrn bc ldlci jdmricüadli acihnc (V@RON 8661) > Bc pnpbc eu`mnob`tnc mbc naun b` bc mbsnrricci bstî nopcdnob`tb rbli`ildmi, y cis tbons rbcnldi`nmis li` bc naun ilupn` u` cuanr dopirtn`tb b` cn nab`mn `nldi`nc b d`tbr`nldi`nc mbc mbsnrricci. Tn si` vnrdis cis nlubrmis d`tbr`nldi`ncbs qub bspbldedln` cis ihgbtdvis mb nhnstbldodb`ti mb naun y sn`bnodb`ti. N `dvbc ou`mdnc, cis oîs `itnhcbs si` cns obtns mb cis Ihgbtdvis mb Mbsnrricci mbc Odcb`di (IMO) b` u`n prdobrn d`stn`ldn, nltuncob`tb (IM\) b` li`lrbti cn obtn 1.L, qub nspdrn n rbmuldr n cn odtnm, pnrn 86>2, bc pirlb`tngb mb pbrsi`ns qub lnrblb mb nllbsi sistb`dhcb nc naun pitnhcb y sn`bnodb`ti hîsdli, y cis mis d`mdlnmirbs nsildnmis7 pirlb`tngb mb cn pihcnldü` li` nllbsi n eub`tbs obgirnmns mb nhnstbldodb`ti mb naun pitnhcb y pirlb`tngb mb cn pihcnldü` li` nllbsi n sbrvdldis mb sn`bnodb`ti obgirnmis8. Lrdsds ou`mdncbs y rblursis jïmrdlis Cis enltirbs mboiarîedlis y u` nuob`ti mbc li`suoi lioi li`sblub`ldn mb u`n onyir rb`tn pbr lîpdtn si` cis prd`ldpncbs rbspi`snhcbs mb cn prbsdü` bgbrldmn sihrb cis rblursis jïmrdlis. Cn rîpdmnob`tb, mbon`mn b`braätdln (pnrn lncbenlldü`, bcbltrdldmnmpubmb y trn`spirtb) bstî nuob`tn`mi bc nuob`ti mb cn primulldü`cuz, mb hdib`braïn tb`br u` arn` dopnlti b` cn lncdmnm y mdspi`dhdcdmnm mb naun. Cn nardlucturn bs, li` mdebrb`ldn, bc onyir li`suodmir mb naun muclb. Nprixdonmnob`tb bc 16% mb cns bxtrnlldi`bs mb naun muclb sb mbstd`n` n cn nardlucturn mb rbanmïi. Cn bslnsbz mb naun pimrïn cdodtnr cn primulldü` y bc nhnstbldodb`ti mb ncdob`tis, li` cn li`sdaudb`tb prbsdü` sihrb cis prbldis y u`n onyir mbpb`mb`ldn mb cis pnïsbs b` cns dopirtnldi`bs mb ncdob`tis.
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R@BV 8661 Acihnc B`vdri`ob`tnc Iutciik (ABI=) [b` cï`bn 8442, p. 446
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
Bc naun bs u`n `blbsdmnm prdonrdn luyn mdspi`dhdcdmnm y lncdmnm bstî` b` rbcnldü` mdrbltn li` cn sncum mb cn pihcnldü`. Bc naun bs tnohdä` u` hdb` bli`üodli qub tdb`b u` vncir y u` listi pnrn su oivdcdznldü`, trntnodb`ti y bvnlunldü`. Obln`dsois mb pbrblunldü` ed`n`ldbrn b`trb cns mdebrb`tbs pihcnldi`bs urhn`ns pubmb` nroi`dznr bc vncir bli`üodli mbc naun li` su vncir sildnc (Gnugny, >44=). B` Hicdvdn, cis rblursis jïmrdlis li`stdtuyb` u` bcbob`ti erîadc, y bsti sb mbhb b` pnrtb n qub bstb rblursi bs bslnsi b` lnsd cn odtnm mbc tbrrdtirdi. R`n odrnmn rîpdmn n pbrdümdlis `nldi`ncbs b` luncqudbr pbrïimi mbc nþi `is oubstrn qub bstb pnïs bstî nzitnmi pir sbquïns, arn`dzis, d`u`mnldi`bs y itrns on`debstnldi`bs lcdoîtdlns, qub b` ouljis lnsis si` doprbmbldhcbs y nmboîs narnvnmis pir eb`üob`is lioi Bc @dþi. Bc jblji qub cn bli`ioïn rurnc mbpb`mb mbc rblursi jïmrdli jnlb `blbsnrdn cn npcdlnldü` mb bstrntbadns mb on`bgi tn`ti n `dvbc cilnc lioi n `dvbc `nldi`nc. B` bstb oiob`ti, cis prihcbons n`tbrdirob`tb ob`ldi`nmis bstî` narnvî`misb lioi li`sblub`ldn mb u`n mbedldb`tb abstdü` mbc naun, rbsuctn`mi b` cn mbarnmnldü` mb cns tdbrrns y cn mbsbrtdedlnldü`. Bc ÷ctdoi lb`si mbc D@B (86>8) jn oistrnmi qub odcbs mb pbrsi`ns sdaub` sd` nllbsi n naun pitnhcb y/i `i tdb`b` sbrvdldis sn`dtnrdis nmblunmis. Bxdstb` timnvïn sbrdns mbedldb`ldns b` cn mdstrdhuldü`, bc usi y bc on`bgi rnldi`nc mb naun pnrn rdbai y li`suoi mb naun pitnhcb, cn lncdmnm mbc naun bstî mdsod`uyb`mi mbhdmi n cn li`tnod`nldü`, u` dopnlti juon`i qub süci rbldb`tbob`tb sb bstî bstumdn`mi b` mbtnccb y qub sba÷` bxpbrtis b` ncau`is lnsis pubmb sda`dedlnr u`n "hiohn mb tdbopi". Xbncdznmi bc mdna`istdli cn prihcboîtdln lb`trnc bs7 –Cn bslnsbz mb naun, ilnsdi`nmn pir u` onyir li`suoi pir pnrtb mb cns enodcdns, nsï tnohdä` su utdcdznldü` lioi enltir primultdvi b` cn nltdvdmnm narïlicn y bc dopnlti qub ab`brn bc lnohdi lcdoîtdli li` narnvnldü` b` sbqudn b d`u`mnldi`bs b` bc tbrrdtirdi Hicdvdn`i‟. Gustdedlnldü` mb cn d`vbstdanldü` Bs dopirtn`tb bstumdnr n cis rblursis jïmrdlis b` timis sus bstnmis, d`lcudmns cns nauns supbredldncbs y suhtbrrî`bns, lioi bc ldlci qub luopcb, pirqub bstis si` rblursis ed`dtis, vuc`brnhcbs, bstrntäadlis qub ccban` n sbr bslnsis b` ncau`ns rbadi`bs. Lioi cn ldb`ldn bli`üodln bstn b`lnran mb bstumdnr cn nsda`nldü` bedldb`tb mb cis rblursis bslnsis n`tb o÷ctdpcbs `blbsdmnmbs, bstn sb luopcb pnrn cns mdebrb`tbs mdob`sdi`bs mbc naun7 Mbsmb bc pu`ti mb vdstn bli`üodli>
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
Li`eirob u`n pihcnldü` mbtbrod`nmn vn lrbldb`mi mboiarîedlnob`tb, bstn mbon`mn u` `÷obri onyir mb rblursis pnrn su li`suoi, b`trb bccis bc naun, bstb rblursi bs vdtnc pnrn bc mbsnrricci hdicüadli mb cns pbrsi`ns, lioi tnohdä` cn ab`brnldü` mb hdb`bstnr pnrn cns nltdvdmnmbs qub rbncdzn`; lioi nsbi y cdopdbzn mb ncdob`tis. \b rbliodb`mn u` li`suoi priobmdi mdnrdn mb b`trb 8% n 445). –Cn Vnrnmign mbc naun y cis mdnon`tbs‟ bs lcnri bgbopci mb bcci. Bc pnrnmdaon `bilcîsdli pistbrdir `i cb prbstü mbonsdnmn ntb`ldü` n cis rblursis `nturncbs. Vnrn bccis tn` süci cis rblursis bslnsis sbrïn` suslbptdhcbs mb trntnodb`ti bli`üodli, pir tn`ti sb qubmnhn` eubrn mbc n`îcdsds cis rblursis `nturncbs. Jnstn cn mälnmn mb >456, cns d`vbstdanldi`bs b` tir`i nc nohdb`tb sbauïn` mis lnod`is qub npb`ns tb`ïn` rbcnldü` mdrbltn b`trb bccis. Cns d`vbstdanldi`bs nlbrln mb cis bebltis `ildvis pnrn bc d`mdvdmui (sncum p÷hcdln, nhnstbldodb`ti mb nauns, btl.) jn` mnmi cn dopirtn`ldn mb cis rblursis `nturncbs b` cn nltdvdmnm bli`üodln, qubmn pntb`tb arnldns nc mbsnrricci mb cn bli`ioïn nohdb`tnc lioi suh-mdsldpcd`n mb`tri mb cn ldb`ldn bli`üodln. Cn onyirïn mb cis nutirbs lid`ldmb` b` sbþncnr cn mälnmn mb >416 lioi pu`ti mb pnrtdmn n cn jirn mb jnhcnr mb cn bli`ioïn mb cis rblursis `nturncbs i bli`ioïn nohdb`tnc.2 = Xnois Airistdzn, G.C. (8662 )7 Obmdi `nturnc y pb`snodb`ti bli`üod bli`üodli7 li7 jdstirdn mb u` rbb`lub`tri 2 \d` bohnrai, timis cis trnhngis li`suctnmis, sd hdb` bstnhcblb` bc suradodb`ti mb cn bli`ioïn mb cis rblursis `nturncbs b` cn mälnmn mb cis sbtb`tn, lid`ldmb` b` rbli`ilbr qub cns prdobrns li`trdhuldi`bs dopirtn`tbs n cn bli`ioïn nohdb`tnc prilbmb` mb cis bli`iodstns lcîsdlis. Vbri pnrn sbr rdaurisis, `i pimbois ihvdnr cns hnsbs b` cns qub sb nsdb`tn bc pb`snodb`ti edsdilrîtdli, y n `ubstri b`tb`mbr, sb mbhbrïn rboi`tnr bc irdab` mb cn bli`ioïn nohdb`tnc n cn edsdilrnldn edsdilrnldn mbc sdaci ZUDDD. ^ubs`ny yn sistb`ïn qub cn rdqubzn mb u`n `nldü` `i
>8
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
B` cn ccnonmn bli`ioïn mbc hdb`bstnr, sb nhirmn bc tbon mb cn nsda`nldü` bedldb`tb mb rblursis, b` prd`ldpdi nlbptn`mi mbtbrod`nmis lrdtbrdis ätdlis, eu`mnob`tncob`tb mbsmb tbirïns utdcdtnrdstns y utdcdzn`mi cn eu`ldü` mb hdb`bstnr sildnc pnrn mbtbrod`nr, hngi u`n üptdln mb Vnrbti, cn nsda`nldü` üptdon mb rblursis b` u`n bli`ioïn. Dopirtn`tbs trnhngis sihrb n`îcdsds mb bxtbr`ncdmnmbs y enccis mb obrlnmi pimbois b`li`trnrcis b` Onrsjncc (>:46) y pistbrdirob`tb b` Vdaiu (>486) li` su n`îcdsds mb cn li`tnod`nldü` lioi bxtbr`ncdmnm. Jitbccd`a57 Vuhcdlü u` trnhngi mi`mb bstnhcblb u` prd`ldpdi hîsdli pnrn cn bxpcitnldü` mb rblursis `i rb`ivnhcbs n trnväs mb u` üptdoi mb bxtrnlldü`. Vnrn bstb nutir u` rblursi `nturnc bs ncai oîs qub u` rbanci mb cn @nturncbzn sugbti n u`is usis pnrn luopcdr u`is ihgbtdvis, pubsti qub bxdstb u`n nctn d`tbrmbpb`mb`ldn sildnc y u`is li`mdldi`n`tbs `nturncbs qub `i sb mbhb` da`irnr. Bc lnohdi mb pnrnmdaon murn`tb bc pbrdimi mb b`trbaubrrns li` cn nmipldü` mb cn bli`ioïn Kby`bsdn`n privilü qub bc lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli vicvdbsb n eironr pnrtb mb cns nab`mns picïtdlns y bli`üodlns ierbldb`mi `ubvnob`tb pbrspbltdvns mb lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli dcdodtnmi. Bc d`lrbob`ti mb cn li`tnod`nldü` b` cis nþis sbsb`tn privilnmi pir bstb dopucsi ab`brncdznmi mbc mbsnrricci, envirbldü cn npnrdldü` mb dmbiciaïns nohdb`tncdstns, ncau`ns mb bccns d`lcusi li`trnrdns nc lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli, qub jdldbri` rbtionr n ncau`is bli`iodstns cn dmbn bli`üodln lb`trnc7 cn bslnsbz mb rblursis b` rbcnldü` li` sus pisdhcbs usis. Vbnrlb y ]ur`br, (>446), nedron` qub –b`trb >:16 y >416 cn
onyir pnrtb mb cis bli`iodstns, li` `itnhcbs bxlbpldi`bs, pnrblïn lrbbr qub bc lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli sb pimïn on`tb`br d`mbed`dmnob`tb. Mb nlubrmi n cis nvn`lbs Kuz`bts, sb pusi ä`ensds b` bc tbon mb lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli y mbarnmnldü` nohdb`tnc, mn`mi n li`ilbr qub cns bli`ioïns b` mbsnrricci rbncdznr u` usi onyir mb sus rblursis `nturncbs. N obmdnmis mbc sdaci ZZ n cn jirn mb npcdlnr u` oimbci mb abstdü` mb cis rblursis `nturncbs hngi u` b`eiqub mbsnrriccnmi. Linsb (>456) pripusi cis mbrbljis mb pripdbmnm n cis rblursis `nturncbs pnrn sbr utdcdznmi lioi hnsb n cn jirn mb siculdi`nr bc prihcbon mb cis `dvbcbs mb li`tnod`nldü` mbsmb u` pu`ti mb vdstn `i d`tbrvb`ldi`dstn.
li`sdstb b` nluoucnr md`bri, sd`i b` cn nhu`mn`ldn mb ontbrdns prdons qub sdrvn` n cis pripüsdtis mbc jiohrb i, b` itrn eiron, qub bc nuob`ti mb cn rdqubzn mb u`n liou`dmnm sb eu`mn b` bc bxlbsi mb primultis narïlicns y od`brncbs qub sb ihtb`an` pir b`ldon mbc listi ab`brnc mb primulldü`. B` pncnhrns mb Mupi`t mb @boiurs –Cn edsdilrnldn bs bc irmb` `nturnc nc qub bs prbldsi li`eironrsb pnrn nsbaurnr cn ebcdldmnm licbltdvn‟. 5
R@DUBX\DMNM LNXCI\ DDD MB ONMXDM, Bli`ioïn mb cis rblursis `nturncbs
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RO\N - Bli`ioïn
Cn `i bxdstb`ldn mb suod`dstris sbauris mb naun muclb rbpbrlutb, `i süci b` cn rbstrdlldü` mbc `÷obri mb nltdvdmnmbs enltdhcbs, sd`i tnohdä` b` bc bopbirnodb`ti mb cn lncdmnm mb cis hdb`bs y sbrvdldis iebrtnmis. Vir tn`ti, sd sb prbtb`mb ncln`znr u` mbsnrricci sistb`dhcb sb prbldsnrî` mb picïtdlns d`tbcdab`tbs qub `i sici nsbaurb` bc suod`dstri mb bstb rblursi sd`i qub tnohdä` cn mdstrdhuyn` mb eiron bqudtntdvn pnrn sntdsenlbr cns `blbsdmnmbs mb cis li`suodmirbs b` cis mdstd`tis sbltirbs. Mbsmb jnlb tdbopi cis iran`dsois d`tbr`nldi`ncbs bstî` ncbrtn`mi sihrb cn sdtunldü` mb cis rblursis jïmrdlis b` bc ou`mi y luyns prbvdsdi`bs `i si` `nmn jncnaóbþns. Nsï, b` u` d`eirob mbc Hn`li Ou`mdnc (>448) sb nmvbrtïn qub – cn d`suedldb`ldn mb naun muclb prihnhcbob`tb sbn u`i mb cis prd`ldpncbs enltirbs qub linrtb` bc mbsnrricci bli`üodli b` cis mblb`dis vb`dmbris‟. B` cn odson cï`bn cns @nldi`bs R`dmns ( >441) rbncdznri` u`n bvncunldü` d`tbarnc mb cis rblursis ou`mdncbs mb naun muclb ncnron`mi sihrb cis bebltis pbr`dldisis mb su bslnsbz y li`tnod`nldü` sihrb bc mbsnrricci bli`üodli, juon`i y obmdinohdb`tnc. Lioi li`lcusdü`, cn bslnsbz mb naun pir lnusns eïsdlns, pubmb vbrsb narnvnmn lioi, li`sblub`ldn mb u`n oncn abstdü` mbrriljnmirn mb naun, lioi ilurrb b` ouljns rbadi`bs. –Nsï pubs cis tbrrdtirdis `i süci sb lnrnltbrdzn pir su bslnsbz `nturnc sd`i qub bs bc pripdi liopirtnodb`ti b` bc usi y abstdü` mbc naun bc qub narnvn mdljn bslnsbz qub cn li`vdbrtb b` u`n bslnsbz bli`üodln i sildncob`tb privilnmn‟ (Naudcbrn , >448). Mbspuäs mb ldtnr n nutirbs mbc pb`snodb`ti bli`üodli qub nhirmn` n cis rblursis `nturncbs b` bspblïedli bc naun, mbsmb b`eiqubs mdstd`tis7 sb tionrn b` lub`tn pnrn cn d`vbstdanldü` mbc tbon n \doü` Kuz`bts, qub nhirmn u`n rbcnldü` b`trb bc lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli mb u` pnïs li` cn mbarnmnldü` mb rblursis `nturncbs; cubai sb tionrn b` lub`tn n Jnricm Jitbccd`a, li` su trnhngi mb bxpcitnldü` y usi üptdoi mb cis rblursis `i rb`ivnhcbs y pir uctdoi pnrn b`tb`mbr cn d`tbrvb`ldü` mbc Bstnmi b` cn bli`ioïn y su cnhir b` lustimdnr n cis rblursis `nturncbs, sb sistb`mrî bc npirtb mb G.O. Kby`bs.
>=
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
Obtimiciaïn Oätimi1, timn d`vbstdanldü` ldb`tïedln li`stn mb trbs bcbob`tis bsb`ldncbs7 bc sugbti, bc ihgbti y bc oätimi. Bc sugbti mb li`ildodb`ti bs bc d`vbstdanmir qub nhirmn u`n d`tbrrian`tb i bxjirtn n u`n bxpcdlnldü`; bc ihgbti bs ci qub sb mbsbn li`ilbr y bc oätimi bs bc lnod`i n rblirrbr pnrn mbvbcnr bc d`tbrrian`tb. Vnrn bcci, bc prbsb`tb trnhngi mb d`vbstdanldü` utdcdznrn bc oätimi mbmultdvi qub pnrtdrî mb ci ab`brnc n ci pnrtdlucnr, n`ncdzn` n`ncdzn`mi mi prdobri b` ab`brnc nc lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli obmdn`tb bc VDH pbr lîpdtn, pnrn cubai b`tb`mbr u` lnsi pnrtdlucnr qub bs cn primulldü` narïlicn obmdmn pir bc VDH narïlicn, sb vn n rbncdznr u`n rbcnldü` mbc usi mb cis rblursis `nturncbs (naun) rbspblti nc lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli mbsmb cn pbrspbltdvn onlribli`üodln. Bc tdpi mb d`vbstdanldü` bs mb tdpi lun`tdtntdvi yn qub tdb`b lioi ihgbti mboistrnr cns jdpütbsds obmdn`tb u`n pbrspbltdvn bstnmïstdln y ihgbtdvn mb cns vnrdnhcbs. n) ]dpi mb D`vbstdanldü` Cn d`vbstdanldü` rbncdznmn bs mb tdpi mbslrdptdvi y lirrbcnldi`nc, pir lun`ti sb rblicbltü, n`ncdzü y vd`lucü mntis lun`tdtntdvis b dopcdln`mi mbsmb bc pcn`tbnodb`ti mbc prihcbon u` oimbci mb rbarbsdü` cd`bnc pnrn lioprihnr i rbljnznr cn jdpütbsds. Mbslrdptdvi7 pir bc usi mb cn sbrdb mb mntis, mbslrdhdb`mi bc liopirtno liopirtnodb`ti db`ti mb cns vnrdnhcbs b` bc pbrdimi mb bstumdi, obmdn`tb cn bcnhirnldü` mb lunmris y arîedlis.
Lirrbcnldi`n Lirrbcnldi`nc7c7 li` cn mbslrdpldü` sb beblt÷n u` n`îcdsds rbcnldi`nc mb cns vnrdnhcbs mb li`suoi, d`vbrsdü` y lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli li` cn mdspi`dhdcdmnm mb naun, ihtb`db`mi u`n sbrdb mb mntis pnrn cis nþis >446 n 86>=. D`tbrprbtn`mi cis libedldb`tbs ihtb`dmis b` cn lirrbcnldü`.
h) Eub`tb mb D`eironldü` Cn prbsb`tb d`vbstdanldü` bstî eu`mnob`tnmn b` eub`tbs mb d`eironldü` sblu`mnrdn, mb d`stdtuldi`bs tn`ti bstntncbs lioi prdvnmns li` bc ed` mb li`trnstnr, prilbsnr y vbrdedlnr cn d`eironldü` privb`db`tb mb cns sdaudb`tbs eub`tbs7 D`stdtuti @nldi`nc mb bstnmïstdln (D@B), \brvdldi @nldi`nc mb Obtbiriciaïn b Jdmriciaïn (\B@NOJD), Od`dstbrdi mb Obmdi Nohdb`tb y Naun (OONyN), Od`dstbrdi mb Bli`ioïn y Ed`n`zns Vuhcdlns (OBEV), Od`dstbrdi mb Vcn`dedlnldü` mbc Mbsnrricci (OVM), R`dmnm mb N`îcdsds mb Vicïtdlns \ildncbs y Bli`üodlns (RMNVB), Eu`mnldü` Odcb`di y Hn`li D`tbrnobrdln`i mb Mbsnrricci (HDM).
1 Jbr`î`mbz \nopdbrd Xihbrti, Ebr`î`mbz Liccnmi Lnrcis y Hnptdstn Culdi Vdcnr, –Obtimiciaïn mb cn D`vbstdanldü`‟, =tn. Bmdldü`, Ol Arnw “ Jdcc, Oäxdli, 8665.
>2
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
l) Vrilbsnodb`ti mb cn D`eironldü` Vrbvdn nluoucnldü` mb cn d`eironldü`, pnrn cubai pbrdimdznrcn b` cis mis pbrdimis mb bstumdi mbcdodtnmis b` u` prd`ldpdi –>446 -8662 bc Oimbci mb Bli`ioïn @bicdhbrnc‟ y –8665 86>446 “ 8666, pnrn cubai mnr cuanr edron pnrn bc luopcdodb`ti mb obtns mbc odcb`di pnrn bc nþi 86>2. Mbcdodtnldü` mbc ]bon n) Mbcdodtnldü` ]bopirnc >446 “ 86>= ( 82 nþis) h) Mbcdodtnldü` Bspnldnc Mbcdodtnldü` Abiarîedln Bstnmi Vcurd`nldi`nc mb Hicdvdn Mbcdodtnldü` mbc \bltir Bli`üodli \bltir Vrdonrdi7 –Xblursis Jïmrdlis‟ \bltir Vrdonrdi7 – Narïlicn Narïlicn‟ Mbcdodtnldü` mb B`eiqub. B`eiqub7 Onlribli`üodli Îohdti Bli`üodli7 Bli`ioïn Nohdb`tnc Gustdedlnldü` mb Jdpütbsds B`tb`mbr bc lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli, pir bc tdpi mb nltdvdmnm bli`üodln bs dopirtn`tb yn bc sbltir narïlicn utdcdzn nc rblursi jïmrdli mb`tri mb su liohd`nldü` mb enltirbs primultdvis, lioi u` d`suoi, mbpb`mdb`mi mb cn mdspi`dhdcdmnm mb naun bstb sbltir nprivbljn su usi pnrn bc rdbai mb cis luctdvis. ^ubmn b`tb`mdmi qub bc lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli pbr lîpdtn rbprbsb`tn u` onyir d`arbsi pir pbrsi`n, li` bstb sb ab`brn u` onyir mbon`mn mbc rblursi jïmrdli, ci qub dopcdln bstn sdtunldü` u`n mdsod`uldü` b` cn mdspi`dhdcdmnm mb naun b` cis ÷ctdois nþis, cn tb`mb`ldn bs mblrbldb`tb npnrb`tbob`tb, sb mbhbrïn dopcbob`tnr nlldi`bs qub prbsbrvb` bc rblursi jïmrdli y `i rbecbgb` u` dopnlti n cns euturns ab`brnldi`bs pir u` mäedldt jïmrdli.
>5
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
Bc d`lrbob`ti mboiarîedli bs u` mbtbrod`n`tb nc oiob`ti mb bstdonr cn mbon`mn, bs mbldr n`tb onyir `÷obri mb jnhdtn`tbs, sb rbqudbrb u` onyir suod`dstri mbc cïqudmi bcbob`ti, sb bspbrnrïn u`n `itnhcb lihbrturn b` cns zi`ns urhn`ns y rurncbs mbc pnïs. Vcn`tbnodb`ti mb Jdpütbsds Jdpütbsds Lb`trnc Cn utdcdznldü` mb naun pnrn bc li`suoi mb cns enodcdns y lioi enltir primultdvi b` cn nltdvdmnm bli`üodln, jn d`ldmdmi mb on`brn pisdtdvn b` bc lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli mbc sbltir narïlicn, nebltn`mi mb on`brn `bantdvn b` su mdspi`dhdcdmnm. Vcn`tbnodb`ti mb Ihgbtdvis n) Ihgbtdvi Ab`brnc N`ncdznr cn mdspi`dhdcdm mdspi`dhdcdmnm nm mb naun b` Hicdvdn pnrn bstnhcblb bstnhcblbrr cn d`ldmb`ldn qub tdb`b b` bc VDH pbr lîpdtn y lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli mbc sbltir narïlicn, mboistrn`mi cn dopirtn`ldn mbc rblursi jïmrdli b` bc li`suoi pnrn cn pihcnldü` nsï lioi d`suoi b` cns nltdvdmnmbs primultdvns mb bstb sbltir. h) Ihgbtdvi Bspbldedli Bvncunr bc luopcdodb`t luopcdodb`ti i mb cns obtns mb cis ihgbtdvis mbc odcb`di pnrn bc nllbsi n naun pitnhcb y sbrvdldis hîsdlis b` Hicdvdn pnrn 86>=.
Li`ilbr qub picïtdlns y nlldi`bs nmiptn bc aihdbr`i pnrn suod`dstr suod`dstrnr nr bc nllbsi nc rblursi jïmrdli b` cns nltdvdmnmbs primultdvns narïlicns y mb cn pihcnldü`.
N`ncdznr bc liopirtnod liopirtnodb`ti b`ti mbc VDH pbr lîpdtn `nldi`nc y VDH narïlicn pnrn b`tb`mbr su rbcnldü` li` cn mdspi`dhdcdmnm mb naun.
N`ncdznr bc liopirtnod liopirtnodb`ti b`ti mb cn d`vbrsdü` p÷hcdln mbc sbltir narïlicn b jïmrdli b` rbcnldü` n cn mdspi`dhdcdmnm mb naun.
Mbslrdhdr cns eub`tbs mb privdsdü`, su mdspi`dhdcdmnm y usis mbc naun.
Bstumdnr qub bvb`tis bxtbr`is ab`brn` u`n mdsod`uldü` b` cn mdspi`dhdcdmnm mb rblursi jïmrdli pnrn Hicdvdn.
>1
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
LNVD]RCI D Onrli ]bürdli y @irontdvi7 Bc pnpbc mb cis Xblursis @nturncbs b` cn Bli`ioïn Bli`ioïn
>:
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
>.>. Nspblti tbürdli b`eilnmi nc Xblursi Jïmrdli Cn prbsb`ldn mbc rblursi jïmrdli b` cn bli`ioïn bs eu`mnob`tnc, nu`qub bc sustb`ti tbürdli `blbsnrdi jnlb lb`trnr`is b` cn bli`ioïn nohdb`tnc y pnrn b`tb`mbr bc lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli mbhbois nhirmnr mbsmb u` b`eiqub Kby`bsdn`i yn qub cn d`tbrvb`ldü` mbc Bstnmi obmdn`tb cn d`vbrsdü` p÷hcdln sb jnlb dopucsir mb cn bli`ioïn, hngi cn cnhir qub mbsbopbþn b` cn eu`ldü` mb mbon`mn narbanmn. Li` bstn cüadln pimbois mbed`dr qub bc Bstnmi bs b`lnranmi mb mitnr cis sbrvdldis mb naun pitnhcb lioi mb rdbai b` Hicdvdn. >.>.> B`eiqub Onlribli`üodli7 O nlribli`üodli7 Lrbldodb`ti Bli`üodli Mbsmb bstn pbrspbltdvn sb trntn mb bstumdnr cn rbcnldü` b`trb cn mdspi`dhdcdmnm mb naun y bc lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli mb u` tbrrdtirdi. B` prdobr cuanr, mbhbrïnois mbed`dr cn lnusncdmnm mb cn rbcnldü` n`tbrdir. Vnrn bcci, utdcdzn`mi u`n bxtb`sdü` mb cn bli`ioïn mbc obmdinohdb`tb b` su n`îcdsds sihrb bc mbsnrricci bli`üodli, pimrïnois pcn`tbnr`is sd bs bc lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli rbspi`snhcb mb cn bslnsbz y mbtbrdiri mbc naun i bs cn mbarnmnldü` mbc naun cn rbspi`snhcb mb u` ob`ir lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli b` ncau`is cuanrbs mbc pcn`btn. Cn rbspubstn tbürdln npirtnmn bs sdopcb7 b` cns prdobrns ensbs mbc mbsnrricci sb tdb`mb n vncirnr oîs bc lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli qub cn lncdmnm nohdb`tnc, pbri n obmdmn qub bc tbrrdtirdi lrblb y lub`tn li` onyirbs rblursis, cn prbilupnldü` pir bc b`tir`i bs onyir (Edbcm, 866.>.>.> Bslubcn Kby`bsdn`n7 Mbon`mn Narbanmn Gij` Ony`nrm Kby`bs, eu`mnmir mb cn tbirïn kby`bsdn`n, bs lncdedlnmi lioi u`i mb cis tbürdlis oîs d`ecuyb`tbs mb cn bli`ioïn mbc sdaci ZZ y li`sdmbrnmi pir cn onlribli`ioïn oimbr`n, lioi bc bli`iodstn rbspi`snhcb mb lnohdnr bc b`eiqub mb cn bli`ioïn. : Kby`bs jnlb ä`ensds b` cn mbon`mn lioi lnusn prd`ldpnc mbc d`arbsi. Cns picïtdlns, d`tbrvb`ldi`dstns y cn prioildü` mbc Mbsnrricci Bli`üodli. Bc mbsnrricci mb cn picïtdln bli`üodln kby`bsdn`n mbspuäs mb >484 (nþi mb lrdsds ou`mdnc) eiroucü b`trb sus pistucnmis oîs dopirtn`tbs cn `blbsdmnm mb rbaucnldü` mbc npnrnti bli`üodli. Bc li`lbpti mb rbaucnldü` bli`üodln surab mb cns mdebrb`tbs prubhns bopïrdlns qub cn sildbmnm lnpdtncdstn qub ierblïn cn mälnmn mb cis 44:, p. =28.
>4
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
Bc n`îcdsds mb cns ecultunldi`bs bli`üodlns mbstnln cn b`irob vnrdbmnm mb lnusns y li`sblub`ldns pisdhcbs n`tbs mb mbeb`mbr u`n sicn tbirïn; Kby`bs lb`trü sus pripubstns b` cis sjilks mb cn bli`ioïn irdad`nmis b` cis mbspcnznodb`tis mb cn d`vbrsdü` i su ncbgnodb`ti, pbri njirn sb li`ilb qub cn bli`ioïn bs vuc`brnhcb n ouljis itris tdpis mb sjilks, pbri sus pripubstns mb Kby`bs ci sncvnri` mbc licnpsi n cn bli`ioïn mb cis BB.RR. Bc d`tbrvb`ldi`dsoi `nlb pnrn liopb`snr cis mbsbqudcdhrdis b` bc lrbldodb`ti mb cn sildbmnm lnpdtncdstn, b` cn obmdmn qub bstns mbeironldi`bs sb li`vdbrtn` b` liyu`turncbs, bc d`tbrvb`ldi`dsoi sb jnlb ob`is `blbsnrdi b d`lcusi pimïn rbsuctnr pbrgumdldnc nc `i ierblbr oivdodb`tis md`îodlis erb`tb n cis lnohdis liyu`turncbs (sb mbhb sbþncnr qub bc d`tbrvb`ldi`dsoi lioi prilbsi hurilrîtdli bs bxtrbonmnob`tb `irontdvi y rïadmi). Cn npcdlnldü` mb u` oimbci d`tbrvb`ldi`dstn, b` bli`ioïns mi`mb cis lnohdis eubri` pir cn eironldü` mb tb`mb`ldns d`ecnldi`nrdns. Vnrn dopucsnr u` lrbldodb`ti oîs nlbcbrnmi b` li`lirmn`ldn li` cns rbliob`mnldi`bs mb Kby`bs, bc Oimbci mb d`mustrdncdznldü` d`viculrn nc Bstnmi, itiraî`micb u` `ubvi ric lioi nab`tb boprbsnrdnc. Nc li`trnrdi mb cns tbirïns n`tbrdirob` n`tbrdirob`tb tb mbsnrriccn mbsnrriccnmns, mns, cn Kby`bsdn` Kby`bsdn`n n `i pnrtdü mb prd`ldpdis eu`mnob`tncbs, eu`mnob`tncb s, sd`i qub sb hnsü b` cn rbncdmnm pnrn bcbadr supubstis, pir bstn rnzü` su n`îcdsds onlribli`üodli bstnhn irdb`tnmi jnldn cn picïtdln, li`trdhuyb`mi b` arn` pnrtb n cn picïtdln edslnc oimbr`n rbcnldi`nmn nc usi mb dopubstis y ansti auhbr`nob`tnc pnrn d`ecub`ldnr b` cis prbldis, bc bopcbi y cn rb`tn li` bc ed` mb liopcbob`tnr bc obln`dsoi mb obrlnmi mbc sbltir prdvnmi. Cn Mbon`mn Narbanmn Bc oimbci kby`bsdn`i pnrtb mb li`sdmbrnr cn rb`tn `nldi`nc lioi mbpb`mdb`tb mb cn mbon`mn narbanmn, b` li`sblub`ldn, cn rb`tn pnsn n mbpb`mbr mb cis liopi`b`tbs mb mdljn mbon`mn, n snhbr7 bc li`suoi y cn d`vbrsdü`. Bc prdobr liopi`b`tb bstî mbtbrod`nmi pir cn pripb`sdü` onrad`nc nc li`suoi, odb`trns qub bc sbau`mi bstî d`ecub`ldnmi d`ecub`ldn mi pir cn pripb`sdü` n d`vbrtdr, bc ouctdpcdlnmir mb cn D`vbrsdü`, cn rbcnldü` b`trb cn bedldb`ldn onrad`nc mbc lnpdtnc4 y bc tdpi mb d`tbräs. B` bc n`îcdsds mb Kby`bs, bc bopcbi titnc mbpb`mb mb cn mbon`mn narbanmn, y bc pnri surab lioi rbsuctnmi mb u`n enctn mb mbon`mn narbanmn. Cn mb mbon`mn on`mn bebltdvn sb on`dedbstn b` bc ansti mb cn rb`tn. Lun`mi bc bopcbi nuob`tn, nuob`tn cn rb`tn. \ba÷` bc prd`ldpdi eu`mnob`tnc, lun`mi cn rb`tn rbnc nuob`tn, nuob`tnrî tnohdä` bc li`suoi pbri b` ob`ir pripirldü` qub cn rb`tn, pir tn`ti, `i pubmb jnhbr nuob`ti b` bc
4 Bc ecugi bspbrnmi mb u`n `ubvn d`vbrsdü` sb mb`iod`n bedldb`ldn onrad`nc mbc lnpdtnc
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bopcbi, n ob`is qub jnyn nuob`ti b` cn d`vbrsdü`. Bsti sda`dedln qub cn d`vbrsdü` tdb`b qub nuob`tnr jnstn luhrdr cn mdebrb`ldn b`trb rb`tn y li`suoi. Cn D`vbrsdü` Cn mbon`mn bebltdvn pnrn cn d`vbrsdü` bs oîs liopcbtn b d`bstnhcb qub cn mbon`mn bebltdvn pnrn bc li`suoi. Cis Kby`bsdn`is b` su n`îcdsds nedron` qub bc bstïouci pnrn cn d`vbrsdü` bstî mbtbrod`nmi pir cns bstdonldi`bs mb cis boprbsnrdis nlbrln mb cn culrntdvdmnm culrntdvdm nm mb cn d`vbrsdü`. Cn li`td`udmnm mb cn d`vbrsdü` mbpb`mbrî mb qub bc tdpi mb rb`mdodb`ti rb`mdodb`t i bspbrnmi supbrb nc tdpi mb d`tbräs. Cn primulldü` y bc bopcbi sici ncln`znrî` u` bqudcdhrd bqudcdhrdi i b` bc pu`ti b` qub cn rb`tn bxlbmn nc li`suoi b` cn lun`tïn bebltdvn bebltdvn mb cn d`vbrsdü`, pir tn`ti, bc bopcbi `i pimrî nuob`tnr n ob`is qub nuob`tb cn d`vbrsdü`. Bstb prd`ldpdi sb hnsn b` bc supubsti mb qub cn pripb`sdü` nc li`suoi i eu`ldü` mb li`suoi, pbron`blb d`nctbrnmn. Bc Oimbci Kby`bsdn`i \dopcb Bc oimbci Kby`bsdn`i \dopcb husln n`ncdznr cn on`brn lüoi sb mbtbrod`n cn primulldü` `nldi`nc rbnc y lüoi lnohdn n `dvbcbs mb primulldü` ob`irbs nc `dvbc mb pcb`i bopcbi. \b ihtdb`b` mis rbsuctnmis dopirtn`tbs nc li`lb`trnr bc n`îcdsds bli`üodli b` pbrïimis b` cis luncbs bxdstb` u` ncti `dvbc mb mbsbopcbi mb trnhngi y u` li`sdmbrnhcb bx bxlbsi lbsi mb >6 lnpnldmnm d`stncnmn, bstis rbsuctnmis si`7 \b li`sdaub d`lrbob`tnr cn primulldü` `nldi`nc b` nopcdis rn`ais sd` jnlbr qub bc `dvbc mb prbldis nuob`tb; cis d`lrbob`tis b` cis anstis titncbs ÷`dlnob`tb ccbvn` n d`lrbob`tis b` cn primulldü` yn qub lnmn edron bstî trnhngn`mi pir mbhngi mb cn lnpnldmnm d`stncnmn oîxdon. Cn liopbtb`ldn b`trb edrons, lnmn u`n mb cns luncbs trnhngn n `dvbcbs ob`irbs nc mb lnpnldmnm pcb`n, dopisdhdcdtn bc lrbldodb`ti mb cis prbldis.
Ci n`tbrdir ccbvü n Kby`bs n b`eilnrsb b` cis anstis n narbanmis arbanmis b` hdb`bs y sbrvdldis lioi bc prd`ldpnc oitir mb u`n bli`ioïn. N obmdmn qub vnrïn` cis anstis titncbs, cn primulldü` `nldi`nc vnrdnrî b` cn odson mdrblldü`.
Mbhdmi n qub bc n`îcdsds Kby`bsdn`i sb rbedbrb nc lirti pcnzi, cn primulldü` sb pubmb lnohdnr vnrdn`mi sb`ldccnob`tb cn ln`tdmnm mb trnhngi bopcbnmn. Vir lun`ti bc d`arbs d`arbsi i `nldi`nc bs daunc nc oi`ti mb cn primulldü` `nldi`nc, nsï pir mbed`dldü` bc d`arbsi y cn primulldü` `nldi`nc si` dauncbs.
>6 Odccbr Xiabr Cbriy, Vucsd`bccd Xihbrt Q., Oi`bmn y Hn`ln‟, Ol Arnw Jdcc, >445. V.
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
Cis `dvbcbs mb primulldü` bstî` mdrbltnob`tb rbcnldi`nmis li` bc `dvbc mb mbsbopcbi, pir b`mb, bxdstb u`n rbcnldü` eu`ldi`nc n lirti pcnzi b`trb bc `dvbc mb bopcbi y bc d`arbsi `nldi`nc rbnc, pir tn`ti, cn tbirïn sihrb cn mbtbrod`nldü` mbc `dvbc mb primulldü` `nldi`nc b` bqudcdhrdi bs nsï odsoi u`n tbirïn sihrb cn mbtbrod`nldü` mbc `dvbc mb bopcbi b` bqudcdhrdi y vdlbvbrsn. Bc npirtb qub rbncdzn Kby`bs pnrn bc trnhngi mb d`vbstdanldü` bs bc sdaudb`tb7 Vimbr bxpcdlnr bc liopirtnod liopirtnodb`ti b`ti mbc lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli n pnrtdr mb u`n eu`ldü` mb mbon`mn narbanmn, liopubstn pir bc Li`suoi mb Enodcdns b D`vbrsdü` V÷hcdln, qub sbrvdrî` pnrn bc pcn`tbnodb`ti mb lüoi bstn bxpcdlnmn cn bli`ioïn Hicdvdn pir tdpi mb Ansti. Cn d`tbrvb`ldü` mbc Bstnmi b` cn bli`ioïn obmdn`tb cn D`vbrsdü` Vuhcdln b` Xblursi Jïmrdlis y bc \bltir Narïlicn, pnrn obgirnr cn lncdmnm mb vdmn mb cn pihcnldü` y nllbsi n naun pnrn nltdvdmnmbs primultdvns lioi bc rdbai.
>.>.>.8. \doü` Kuz`bts7 Lrbldodb`ti Bli`üodli y Mbtbrdiri Nohdb`tnc Nohdb`tnc \doü` Kuz`bts (>46>->4:2), Vrbodi @ihbc mb bli`ioïn, eiroucü u`n tbirïn pnrn bxpcdlnr cn bviculdü` mb cn mdstrdhuldü` mbc d`arbsi b` cis pnïsbs n trnväs mb su prilbsi mb mbsnrricci. \u nrauob`ti brn qub nc d`dldi mbc prilbsi mb mbsnrricci cns bli`ioïns prbsb`tn` u`n mdstrdhuldü` mbc d`arbsi hnstn`tb bqudtntdvn (rbecbgnmn b` libedldb`tbs mb Ad`d hngis), sd` bohnrai, li`eirob bc priarbsi sb nlbcbrn bstn rbcnldü` bqudmnm/d`arbsi liodb`zn n mbtbrdirnrsb (y bc ï`mdlb mb mbsdauncmnm mb Ad`d liodb`zn n suhdr) jnstn ncln`znr u` `dvbc oîxdoi. N pnrtdr mb tnc pu`ti, bc `dvbc mb bqudmnm liodb`zn n obgirnr li`eirob nuob`tn bc d`arbsi. Cn rbcnldü` bqudmnm/d`arbsi jn sdmi bxtrnpicnmn nc lnopi nohdb`tnc n pnrtdr mb bstumdis bcnhirnmis d`dldncob`tb pir \jnejdk y Hn`myipnmjyny (>448) y bc Hn`li Ou`mdnc (>448). Cis bstumdis ldtnmis, b`li`trnri` qub ncau`ns bodsdi`bs mb li`tnod`n`tbs (üxdmis mb `dtrüab`i, üxdmis mb nzuerb, pnrtïlucns suspb`mdmns y pcioi) prbsb`tnhn` u` liopirtnodb`ti pnrn mdebrb`tbs `dvbcbs mb d`arbsi sdodcnr nc mb u`n R d`vbrtdmn. Cn R Nohdb`tnc Mb Kuz`bts Eub Vn`nyitiu (>44442; \urd y Ljnpon` >44:; Bkd`s, 8666).
88
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
Arnedli @¶>7 Lurvn Nohdb`tnc mb Kuz`bts
Eub`tb7 Xiln y Vnmdccn, 866<
Cn jdpütbsds mb cn bxdstb`ldn mb cn LKN jn ccbvnmi n pb`snr qub bc pripdi lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli bs pir sï odsoi cn siculdü` mb cis prihcbons nohdb`tncbs yn qub cn obgirn mbc obmdi nohdb`tb sbrî u`n li`sblub`ldn lnsd d`bvdtnhcb mbc lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli. Bstb jblji tdb`b u` dopnlti dopirtn`tb sihrb cns `baildnldi`bs d`tbr`nldi`ncbs, b` bspbldnc sihrb cns mb cdhrb liobrldi. Bc beblti liopisdldü` Ihsbrvn`mi bc pntrü` mb lrbldodb`ti mb cns bli`ioïns qub nltuncob`tb sb li`ilb` lioi mbsnrriccnmns (Bstnmis R`dmis, Xbd`i R`dmi, Ncbon`dn, Ern`ldn, btl.) sb vb, qub nc d`dldi, bc sbltir narïlicn tuvi u` pbsi ouy ncti mb`tri mb cn lrbnldü` mbc primulti. Li`eirob cis pnïsbs sb oivdbri` jnldn u` onyir mbsnrricci, bc sbltir narïlicn jn dmi lbmdb`mi su bspnldi prbmiod`n`tb nc d`mustrdnc. Vir bc li`trnrdi, bc sbltir sbrvdldis tdb`b u` pbsi rbcntdvnob`tb hngi b` cns bli`ioïns lun`mi ästns si` mb hngi mbsnrricci. N obmdmn qub bc `dvbc mb d`mustrdncdznldü` sb nlbcbrn bc sbltir sbrvdldis vn nmqudrdb`mi onyir rbcbvn`ldn mb`tri mb cn bstrulturn primultdvn mb cis pnïsbs. R`n vbz ncln`znmi u` ncti `dvbc mb d`mustrdncdznldü`, cis pnïsbs mbsnrriccnmis tdb`mb` n irdb`tnr sus bli`ioïns jnldn cis sbrvdldis, li` cn li`sblub`tb mdsod`uldü` mbc pbsi mbc sbltir d`mustrdnc b` cn eironldü` mbc primulti, pnsn`mi n nmqudrdr cis hdb`bs on`uenlturnmis qub li`suob` mbsmb cis pnïsbs b` vïns mb mbsnrricci i mb rbldb`tb d`mustrdncdznldü`. Bstn sdtunldü` dopcdln qub bc mbspcnznodb`ti qub jnlb bc sbltir sbrvdldis nc d`mustrdnc b` cns bli`ioïns mbsnrriccnmns bs –sd`ü`doi‟ mb u`n ob`ir bodsdü` mb
li`tnod`n`tbs, pubsti qub cns nltdvdmnmbs pir bxlbcb`ldn d`tb`sdvns b` li`suoi mb b`braïn y bodsdi`bs tüxdlns si` cns d`mustrdncbs (Xitjon`, >44:). Bc beblti liopisdldü` i rbnlioimi mb cis sbltirbs b` cn eironldü` mbc primulti d`tbr`i hruti (VDH), jn sdmi ihsbrvnmi b` bli`ioïns li` u` ncti `dvbc mb mbsnrricci y bs sbaudmi pir u`n rbmulldü` b` cns bodsdi`bs mb li`tnod`n`tbs d`mustrdncbs y mbc li`suoi mb
8<
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
b`braïn pnrn tncbs ed`bs, ci qub ccbvn n ncau`is n supi`br cn vncdmbz mb cn jdpütbsds mb cn LKN (Xitjon`, >44:). Bc beblti mbspcnznodb`ti Bc prilbsi mb acihncdznldü` d`tbrnlldi`n li` bc nuob`ti mbc ecugi d`tbr`nldi`nc mb obrln`lïns y sb hnsn b` bc d`lrbob`ti mb cn mdvdsdü` d`tbr`nldi`nc mbc trnhngi. Bstn tb`mb`ldn jn pbrodtdmi qub cis pnïsbs b` vïns mb mbsnrricci nuob`tb` sus bxpirtnldi`bs mb hdb`bs on`uenlturnmis jnldn cis mbsnrriccnmis, odb`trns qub ästis ÷ctdois sb bspbldncdzn` b` cn primulldü` y bxpirtnldü` mb sbrvdldis y li`ildodb`ti. Bc jblji mb qub cis pnïsbs mbc @irtb tdb`mn` n dopirtnr hdb`bs on`uenlturnmis mbsmb bc \ur jn ab`brnmi b` cis prdobris u`n rbmulldü` b` cns bodsdi`bs mb ncau`is li`tnod`n`tbs. (Adtcd y Jbr`î`mbz, 8668) Bc priarbsi tbl`icüadli Bstb beblti pubmb rbmuldr cn prbsdü` sihrb bc nohdb`tb n trnväs mb mdebrb`tbs eirons. prdobr cuanr u` nuob`ti b` cn b bedldb`ldn edldb`ldn mb cis prilbsis primultdvis li`muldrïn n rbmuldr cn ln`tdmnm mb d`suois rbqubrdmn pnrn primuldr cn odson i d`lcusi onyir ln`tdmnm mb hdb`bs. b` sbau`mi cuanr, bc priarbsi tbl`icüadli pubmb nuob`tnr cn lnpnldmnm mb sustdtuldü` mb cis rblursis nctnob`tb li`tnod`n`tbs i mbarnmn`tbs mbc obmdi pir itris oîs nodanhcbs b` tbrlbr cuanr cn trn`sebrb`ldn tbl`icüadln rbncdznmn pir cis pnïsbs b` vïns mb mbsnrricci, ilnsdi`n qub njirn sus pntri`bs mb lrbldodb`ti ab`brb` ob`irbs dopnltis nohdb`tncbs `bantdvis qub n`tbs, b d`lcusi ob`irbs qub cis qub rbadstrnri` cis pnïsbs mbsnrriccnmis b` sus btnpns d`dldncbs mb d`mustrdncdznldü` (Adtcd y Jbr`î`mbz, 8668)
\uod`dstri mb naun pitnhcb y sbrvdldis sn`dtnrdis Cn bviculdü` qub sdaub` bstns vnrdnhcbs nohdb`tncbs bs cn mb u`n eu`ldü` bxpi`b`ldnc `bantdvn (tb`br b` lub`tn qub pnrn qub cn arîedln sbn mb bstb tdpi b` bc bgb mb irmb`nmns cn vnrdnhcb jn mb sbr lnrb`ldn mb naun pitnhcb i mb sbrvdldis sn`dtnrdis) mb oimi qub n obmdmn qub nuob`tn bc `dvbc mb rb`tn pbr lîpdtn, bopdbzn` n mdsod`udr cn lnrb`ldn mb naun pitnhcb y mb nsdstb`ldn sn`dtnrdn. (@buonybr >444). Bstn rbcnldü` d`mdln qub cis pnïsbs li` u`n rb`tn pbr lîpdtn ouy hngn prbsb`tn` u`n sdtunldü` ouy prbilupn`tb b` ci rbebrb`tb n bstis prihcbons, sd` bohnrai, n obmdmn qub bc `dvbc mb rb`tn liodb`zn n nuob`tnr, cns mbedldb`ldns bxpubstns liodb`zn` n siculdi`nrsb, mb tnc eiron qub jn mbsnpnrbldmi b` cis pnïsbs mb mbsnrricci obmdi y ncti. (Nzqubtn, 8668).
8=
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
Cn Xbcnldü` B`trb Cn LKN T Cns Vicïtdlns Obmdi Nohdb`tncbs Cn onyirïn mb cis bstumdis sbþncn` cn dopirtn`ldn mb cns picïtdlns obmdinohdb`tncbs b` jnlbr pisdhcb cn li`bxdü` b`trb lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli y mbtbrdiri mbc obmdi nohdb`tb. @i jny bvdmb`ldn mb qub bstn li`bxdü` surgn mb oimi b`müab`i mbsmb bc prilbsi mb lrbldodb`ti, pbri bs hnstn`tb `blbsnrdn u`n nmblunmn picïtdln obmdi nohdb`tnc qub jnan liopntdhcb bc lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli li` bc mbsnrricci sistb`dhcb (Bkd`s, >441). Bstns picïtdlns si` bspbldncob`tb `blbsnrdns nc tb`br b` lub`tn qub cis bstumdis qub sistdb`b` cn LKN ab`brncob`tb b`lub`trn` pu`tis mb d`ecbxdü` qub sb mn` n `dvbcbs mb d`arbsi ouy ncbgnmis mb cis nltuncbs `dvbcbs bxdstb`tbs b` cis pnïsbs mbsnrriccnmis. Bsti d`mdln qub ouljis mb cis oîs nctis `dvbcbs mb mbarnmnldü` obmdi nohdb`tnc sb ncln`znrî` n ob`is qub sb sdan` picïtdlns obmdi nohdb`tncbs nohdldisns. Cdodtnldü` Mb Cis Bstumdis Xbncdznmis Cn d`tbrbsn`tb li`lcusdü` mbc pripdi bstumdi mb \jnedk y Hn`myipnmjyny (>448) eub qub cn li`eri`tnldü` mb mdebrb`tbs d`mdlnmirbs mb prbsdü` i mbarnmnldü` nohdb`tnc li` cn rb`tn pbr lîpdtn ccbvnhn, mbpb`mdb`mi mb cis lnsis, n lurvns mblrbldb`tbs, b` eiron mb R d`vbrtdmn i lrbldb`tbs. Cn jdpütbsds mb cn LKN `i sbrïn ab`brncdznhcb n cn rbcnldü` acihnc b`trb bli`ioïn y obmdi nohdb`tb. Nmboîs, bs dopirtn`tb mbstnlnr qub cn mbarnmnldü` nohdb`tnc `i süci sb bxpcdln pir cis ecugis nltuncbs mb bodsdi`bs i cns li`lb`trnldi`bs mb li`tnod`n`tbs, sd`i qub mbpb`mb mb cn jdstirdn mb cns prbsdi`bs nohdb`tncbs qub nebltn` n cn sdtunldü` mb cis blisdstbons y qub n vblbs liopirtn` lnohdis drrbvbrsdhcbs (Nrriw, >442). Mdebrb`tbs bstumdis oubstrn` liopirtnodb`tis ouy vnrdnmis, d`lcusi b`trb bc odsoi arupi mb li`tnod`n`tbs. Mb Hruy` n`m Jbd`tz (>444) ntrdhuyb` cns mdebrb`ldns nc usi mb d`mdlnmirbs mb bodsdü` i li`lb`trnldü`; mdebrb`tbs oätimis mb bstdonldü` bopcbnmis; mdebrb`tbs li`gu`tis mb pnïsbs d`lcudmis b` bc bstumdi; mdebrb`tbs oätimis bopcbnmis pnrn bqudpnrnr cn rb`tn pbr lîpdtn li` cns lirrbspi`mdb`tbs u`dmnmbs oi`btnrdns; y bc usi mb mdebrb`tbs vnrdnhcbs nmboîs mbc d`arbsi. Ab`brncob`tb, cn jdpütbsds mb cn LKN bs mbhdcdtnmn lun`mi sb d`trimulb` oîs vnrdnhcbs nmboîs mb cn rb`tn. Mb nlubrmi li` ncau`is nutirbs, bsti suadbrb qub b` ncau`is lnsis cn LKN pimrïn suradr sb`ldccnob`tb mbhdmi n cn iodsdü` mb vnrdnhcbs rbcbvn`tbs b` cn bstdonldü`. B` cns bstdonldi`bs sb iodtb` vnrdnhcbs lirrbcnldi`nmns li` bc VDH y bstns vnrdnhcbs `i si` liou`bs b` timis cis pnïsbs. Vir ci tn`ti, cns vnrdnhcbs iodtdmns pubmb` tb`br lioi rbsuctnmi u`n bstdonldü` pnrldnc mb cn LKN b` pnïsbs `i bcbadmis mb oimi ncbntirdi (\tbr` n`m Liooi`, 866>).
82
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
Cn cdodtnldü` mb bstis bstumdis bs ihvdn, `i `is mdlb` `nmn sihrb bc bstnmi rbnc mbc nohdb`tb, i sihrb bc beblti qub tncbs bodsdi`bs bstî` ilnsdi`n`mi sihrb bc obmdi n pbsnr mb qub bstä` mblrbldb`mi. B` bstb lnsi sbrïn oîs ÷tdc li`ilbr cns li`lb`trnldi`bs mb mdljis bcbob`tis b` su rbspbltdvi obmdi y li`eri`tnrcns li` cns li`lb`trnldi`bs rbliob`mnmns pir iran`dsois d`tbr`nldi`ncbs qub vbcn` pir bc bstnmi mbc nohdb`tb. (Adtcd y Jbr`î`mbz, 8668). Cn onyir pnrtb mb cn pihcnldü` mbc ou`mi vdvb timnvïn b` cn pnrtb lrbldb`tb mb cn LKN, pir ci qub cn mbarnmnldü` mbc obmdi li`td`unrî pir hnstn`tb tdbopi sd bspbrnois jnstn qub bc obln`dsoi mbc d`arbsi ipbrb pnrn tionr obmdmns oîs sdstboîtdlns y liirmd`nmns n `dvbc ou`mdnc. Vir tn`ti, pubmb qub bc prbldi qub tb`anois qub pnanr b` tärod`is blicüadlis pir bspbrnr n qub bc lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli siculdi`b `ubstris prihcbons nohdb`tncbs sbn mbonsdnmi ncti. Bs d`lrbïhcb bc jblji mb qub bc lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli, pir sï odsoi, sbn lnpnz mb siculdi`nr cis prihcbons nohdb`tncbs yn qub cn bvdmb`ldn oubstrn qub bs oulji oîs prihnhcb qub cis bopbirb. Bc npirtb qub rbncdzn Kuz`bts pnrn bc trnhngi mb d`vbstdanldü` bs bc sdaudb`tb7 Bs pisdhcb b`tb`mbr qub u`n bli`ioïn b` mb mbsnrricci snrricci mbarnmn mb on`brn oîs mdrbltn cis rblursis `nturncbs pnrn ncln`znr u` lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli, yn qub su primulldü` sb b`lub`trn b` bc sbltir prdonrdi (narïlicn), nsdodsoi pnrn pimbr pnsnr nc sbltir sblu`mnrdi (d`mustrdnc) mbhbrî li`tbopcnr u` onyir `÷obri mb d`suois ihtb`dmis mb cn `nturncbzn.
Bxpcdlnr nlldi`bs mb picïtdlns nohdb`tncbs pnrn prbsbrvnr cis rblursis `nturncbs (rblursi jïmrdli), yn qub bstis si` utdcdznmis hngi cn cüadln mb qub si` d`naitnhcbs, y b` timi lnsi `i bs nsï, bc naun ntrnvdbsn u`n sdtunldü` mb bslnsbz pnrn suod`dstrnrsb n cn pihcnldü`.
>.>.8. B`eiqub Odlribli`üodli7 Xblursis @nturncbs B` bstb `dvbc, sb li`sdmbrn nc naun lioi rblursi `nturnc pnrldncob`tb npripdnhcb y bc n`îcdsds sb irdb`tn jnldn u`n nmblunmn abstdü`. N`ncdzn, pir tn`ti, cns pisdhdcdmnmbs mb cis obrlnmis mbc naun y mb cis obln`dsois mb eironldü` mb prbldis, nsï lioi sus mdebrb`tbs bcnstdldmnmbs sba÷` cis usis. Vnrn cn odlribli`ioïn, cn utdcdznldü` bedldb`tb mbc naun dopcdln cn rblupbrnldü` mb timis sus listbs nsildnmis, pripubstn yn pcn`tbnmn pir cn Mdrbltdvn Onrli>> mb cn RB. Bc mdcbon b`trb u` b`eiqub qub bs rbcntdvnob`tb sb`ldcci b` bc lnsi mb qub cis rblursis jïmrdlis sbn` nhu`mn`tbs, yn qub bc d`tbräs mb cis nab`tbs pir bc obrlnmi sbrî cdodtnmi. >>
Mdrbltdvn Onrli mbc Naun 8666/56/LB, mi`mb sb mbstnln su d`tbräs pir cis pritblldü` obmdinohdb`tn obmdinohdb`tnc,c, cn `blbsnrdn pnrtdldpnldü p nrtdldpnldü` ` mb timis cis nab`tbs dopcdlnmis, cn li`vb`db`ldn mb rbpbrlutdr timis cis listbs mb cn abstdü` mbc naun n cis usunrdis ed`ncbs y cn `blbsdmnm mb onyir trn`spnrb`ldn y mdeusdü` mb d`eironldü` bstnmïstdln bstnmïstdln rbebrdmn n cn abstdü` mbc naun.
85
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
Vir bc li`trnrdi, b` cis lnsis mb onyir bslnsbz rbcntdvn, cn bcblldü` sb vubcvb oîs liopcbgn y bopdbzn` n suradr cis prdobris li`ecdltis. Vir bcci, pnrn ncau`is nutirbs –bc
bqudcdhrdi b`trb pcn`dedlnldü` y obrlnmi qub anrn`tdlb cn bedldb`ldn bli`üodln y, nc odsoi tdbopi, cn bqudmnm d`tbrtbrrdtirdnc b d`tbrab`brnldi`nc bs oîs u` nrtb mb picïtdln qub u`n ldb`ldn mb cn bli`ioïn‟ (Ei`tbcn, 8666). Jitbccd`a >.>.8.> Xblursis `i rb`ivnhcbs7 Jnricm Jitbccd`a N ci cnrai mb cn jdstirdn, cns ldvdcdznldi`bs ldvdcdznldi`bs jn` ihtb`dmi hb`bedldis hb`bedldis mb cis rblursis `nturnc `nturncbs bs pnrn cn ncdob`tnldü`, cn li`strulldü`, lioi eub`tbs mb b`braïn i d`lcusi lioi mbpüsdtis mb mbsbljis. Nsï, bc lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli sb jn npiynmi b` bc usi mb cis rblursis `nturncbs. \d` bohnrai, bc n`îcdsds nlnmäodli mb bstis nspbltis `i bs tn` ci`abvi, pubs sd hdb` liob`zü li` u`is prdobris trnhngis b` bc sdaci ZDZ, bs n pnrtdr mbc bstumdi sbod`nc mb Jitbccd`a b` cis nþis trbd`tn lun`mi sb pripi`b cn rbacn mb bxtrnlldü` üptdon, li`ildmn lioi cn blunldü` eu`mnob`tnc mb cn bli`ioïn mb cis rblursis `nturncbs naitnhcbs i rbacn mb Jitbccd`a. Cn mdedluctnm ontboîtdln mb su trnhngi pnrn cn äpiln rbsuctü b` u` icvdmi nlnmäodli mbc tbon. @i ihstn`tb, b` >428 sb puhcdln u`n ihrn qub rbtion bc d`tbräs b` cn bli`ioïn mb cis rblursis `nturncbs7 Li`sbrvnldü` mb cis rblursis7 bli`ioïn y picïtdln, mb \. U. LdrdnlyQn`trup. N pnrtdr mb bsn mälnmn sb mbsnrriccn` cis oimbcis sihrb cn pbsln mb oimi `itnhcb li` bc oimbci \ljnbebr-Airmi`, sb rbtion` cis trnhngis mb Enuston`` rbspblti n cis hisqubs y, b` cn mälnmn mb >4:6, Licd` Lcnrk mbed`b cn blunldü` eu`mnob`tnc mb cn bli`ioïn mb cis rblursis `nturncbs rb`ivnhcbs, li` ci qub ab`brncdzn mb on`brn eironc bc trnhngi mb Jitbccd`a. Nltuncob`tb cn bli`ioï bli`ioïn n mb cis rblursis `nturncbs bopcbn cis li`lbpti li`lbptiss `bilcîsdli `bilcîsdliss mb iptdodznldü` b` bc tdbopi, bs mbldr, cn tbirïn mbc li`tric üptdoi, lioi cn tbirïn mb gubais. Xblursis `i rb`ivnhcbs7 Cn rbacn mb Jitbccd`a Li` hnsb b` bc odsoi oimbci, cn mdebrb`ldn eu`mnob`tnc li` cis rblursis `i rb`ivnhcbs bs qub cn tnsn mb lrbldodb`ti mb bstis bs daunc qub lbri7 Arnedli @¶87 Xbacn mb Jitbccd`a
Eub`tb7 Cn tbirïn bli`üodln sihrb bc prbldi mb cis rblursis `i rb`ivnhcbs
81
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
Cn tnsn mb bxtrnlldü` sdboprb bs onyir qub cn mb rb`ivnldü` y, pir ci tn`ti, n u`n tnsn li`stn`tb mb bxtrnlldü`, bc rblursi sb pbrmbrî tnrmb i tboprn`i. Nquï vncmrïn pcn`tbnr cn sdaudb`tb prbau`tn7 ¹jny u` pbrdimi oîs tnrmb i u`i oîs tboprn`i qub sbn üptdoi i sistb`dhcb9 B` itrns pncnhrns, sd mb luncqudbr on`brn sb naitnrî bc rblursi, ¹jny u` lrdtbrdi pnrn bstnhcblbr u`n tnsn üptdon mb bxtrnlldü`9 Cn rbspubstn bs sï y sb li`ilb lioi cn rbacn mb Jitbccd`a7 cn tnsn üptdon mb bxtrnlldü` mb u` rblursi `nturnc `i rb`ivnhcb bs nqubccn b` cn lunc cn tnsn mb nuob`ti mbc prbldi mbc rblursi bs daunc qub cn tnsn mb mbslub`ti mb cn sildbmnm. Vnrn bxpcdlnr mb itrn on`brn bstb li`lbpti jny qub rbebrdrsb n cn lurvn d`vbrsn mb cn mbon`mn, b` cn qub cn ln`tdmnm mbon`mnmn mbtbrod`n bc prbldi mb u` hdb`. Bstn ln`tdmnm sb rbedbrb n cn bxtrnlldü` mbc rblursi qub vn mdsod`uyb`mi cn mdspi`dhdcdmnm titnc y, nc odsoi tdbopi, nc vicvbrsb lnmn vbz oîs bslnsi, su prbldi nuob`tn. Bsti sulbmb n trnväs mbc tdbopi pirqub cn bxtrnlldü` mb u` rblursi `nturnc `i rb`ivnhcb qub sb li`sdmbrn vncdisi, pir ci ab`brnc `i sb mbtdb`b sd`i jnstn su naitnodb`ti. Odb`trns murn bstb prilbsi, bc vncir mbc md`bri qub rbprbsb`tn bc ynldodb`ti mdsod`uyb y, b` li`sblub`ldn, cns bxpbltntdvns sihrb bc euturi lnohdn`. Lioi yn sb ob`ldi`ü, cn sildbmnm ci bxprbsn pir obmdi mb cn tnsn mb mbslub`ti y cn rbacn mb Jitbccd`a mdlb qub cn tnsn mb lnohdi mbc prbldi mb bstb rblursi n ci cnrai mbc tdbopi mbhb dauncnr cn prbebrb`ldn tbopirnc mb cn sildbmnm. Itrn npirtnldü` dopirtn`tb n cn bli`ioïn mb cis rblursis `nturncbs bs bc prd`ldpdi mb Jitbccd`a (>4) sihrb cn nsda`nldü` d`tbrtbopirnc mb cis rblursis `i rb`ivnhcbs; Jitbccd`a sistdb`b qub bc rblursi `nturnc `i rb`ivnhcb pubmb sbr nprivbljnmi b` eiron sustb`tnhcb sd cn tnsn mb lrbldodb`ti mbc prbldi mbc rblursi bs daunc qub cn tnsn mb mbslub`ti (Vbnrlb y ]ur`br, >446). Vnrn bvdtnr su naitnodb`ti, bc aihdbr`i sncvnaunrmn, li`tricn y nmod`dstrn cis rblursis `nturncbs, y b` ouljis lnsis `blbsdtnrî rbstrd`adr bc nllbsi b` nrns mbc hdb` lio÷`. Bc Bstnmi pubmb li`lbmbr i pbrodtdr bc usi n u` d`mdvdmui i u` arupi, ci qub pubmb li`sdmbrnrsb prdvntdznldü`; sd` bohnrai, ci qub sb prdvntdzn bs bc usi, `i bc rblursi. Mb luncqudbr on`brn, pnrn (Listn`zn, 8666), cdodtnr bc n`îcdsds mbc räadob` mb pripdbmnm mb rblursis `nturncbs nc b`eiqub p÷hcdli-prdvnmi bs d`lirrblti y mbhbrïn jnhcnrsb mb rbaïob`bs mb pripdbmnm d`mdvdmunc, lio÷` i licbltdvn. Bc npirtb qub rbncdzn Jitbccd`a pnrn bc trnhngi mb d`vbstdanldü` bs bc sdaudb`tb7 B`tb`mbr bc nprivbljnodb`ti mb rblursis `i rb`ivnhcbs mb on`brn sustb`tnhcb n`tb sdtunldü` mb bslnsbz i naitnodb`ti mbc rblursi.
8:
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
>.8. Nspblti @irontdvi b`eilnmi nc Xblursi Jïmrdli Jïmrdli Cn aubrrn mbc naun y su cbanmi Cn jdstirdn mb cn Aubrrn mbc Naun sb lnrnltbrdzü pir tb`br u`n `nrrntdvn ouy sb`ldccn y pimbrisn7 B` >441 bc Hn`li Ou`mdnc li`mdldi`n n Hicdvdn u` lrämdti pnrn cn nopcdnldü` mb sus sdstbons mb naun b` sus prd`ldpncbs ldumnmbs, d`lcudmn Liljnhnohn, n lnohdi mb prdvntdznrcis. B` \bptdbohrb mb >444 bc aihdbr`i, sd` li`suctnr n cn pihcnldü`, b`trban bc naun mb Liljnhnohn n u` li`sirldi cdmbrnmi pir cn lirpirnldü` Hbljtbc, u` adan`tb mb d`ab`dbrïn li` sbmb b` Lncdeir`dn, qub nc pili tdbopi bcbvü cns tnrdens mb naun li`sdmbrnhcbob`tb mbsntn`mi u`n rbhbcdü` pipucnr sd` prblbmb`tbs. B` Nhrdc mbc 8666, mbspuäs mb qub bc aihdbr`i mbc bx mdltnmir Juai Hn`zbr \unrbz dopusdbrn u` bstnmi mb sdtdi, mbgn`mi b` cns lnccbs n u` givb` oubrti (Uïltir Juai Mnzn) y n mblb`ns mb jbrdmis, Hbljtbc tuvi qub nhn`mi`nr Hicdvdn. Islnr Icdvbrn, bc pirtnviz mb cn Liirmd`nmirn mb mbeb`sn mbc Naun y mb cn Udmn, cn lincdldü` mb iran`dznldi`bs qub cdmbrü cn rbhbcdü` mb Nhrdc mb 8666, nedron qub pnrn cn ab`tb bstn culjn sda`dedlü prd`ldpncob`tb –Cn rblupbrnldü` mb su naun lioi u` rblursi eu`mnob`tnc,
pbri tnohdä` cn rblupbrnldü` mb su mda`dmnm, mb su li`edn`zn, y mb su lnpnldmnm mb iran`dznrsb y mbldmdr sihrb su pripdi euturi‟. Bebltdvnob`tb, mbspuäs mb bstn culjn, Hicdvdn vdvdü u`n icn mb rbsdstb`ldns pipucnrbs b` li`trn mb cns picïtdlns `bicdhbrncbs dopcbob`tnmns b` bc pnïs mbsmb cn mälnmn mb cis :6 y pir cn rblupbrnldü` mb sus rblursis `nturncbs mbc miod`di mb cns boprbsns trn`s`nldi`ncbs, nmboîs mb cn d`stnurnldü` mb u`n nsnohcbn li`stdtuyb`tb qub mdsbþb u` `ubvi oimbci mb pnïs y mb mboilrnldn. N `dvbc d`tbr`nldi`nc cn Aubrrn mbc Naun tnohdä` mbgü u` cbanmi ouy dopirtn`tb, dopirtn`tb, b` prdobr cuanr pirqub eub u` rbebrb`tb pnrn bc oivdodb`ti n`tdacihncdznldü` mb bsb b`ti`lbs, y pirqub tnohdä` li`trdhuyü n mbsb`onslnrnr cn bstrntbadn lirpirntdvn acihnc mb prdvntdznldü` mbc naun. Mb bsn eiron d`spdrü n itris oivdodb`tis n ci cnrai mbc ou`mi qub mbeb`mïn` bc naun lioi u` hdb` lio÷` y `i lioi u`n obrln`lïn li` cn qub sb pimïn culrnr. >.8.> @ubvn Li`stdtuldü` Vicïtdln mbc Bstnmi Bstn li`lbpldü` ab`brnc sihrb bc naun eub rbliadmn pistbrdirob`tb pir cn `ubvn Li`stdtuldü` Vicïtdln Hicdvdn`n, qub li`snarn nc naun lioi u` mbrblji eu`mnob`tncïsdoi pnrn cn vdmn, mbcban`mi nc bstnmi cn tnrbn mb privbbrcn.
84
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
Lunmri @¶>7 Lnpïtucis y nrtïlucis mb cn LVB Lnpïtucis mb Nrtïlucis Li`stdtuldü` Vicïtdln mbc Bstnmi Mbrbljis Eu`mnob`tncbs Nrt.>5 y 86 Mdstrdhuldü` mb Nrt. 84:, Liopbtb`ldns Iran`dznldü` Bli`üodln Nrt. >), mn`mi d`dldi nc prilbsi mb mbsoi`tngb mbc lici`dncdsoi y mbc `bicdhbrncdsoi y n cn li`strulldü` mb u`n `ubvn sildbmnm sihrb cn hnsb mb u` Bstnmi Vcurd`nldi`nc y Liou`dtnrdi. Bsti sb rbncdzü n pnrtdr mb cn dopcbob`tnldü` mb u` prilbsi hnsnmi b` luntri bstrntbadns7 cn sildi-liou`dtnrdn (Hicdvdn Mda`n), cn mbc pimbr sildnc (Hicdvdn Mboilrîtdln), cn bstrntbadn bli`üodln primultdvn (Hicdvdn Vrimultdvn) y cn mbc rbcnldi`nodb`ti d`tbr`nldi`nc sihbrn`i (Hicdvdn \ihbrn`n). Bc VMB\ (86>5 - 8686), mn li`td`udmnm n cns picïtdlns y bstrntbadns d`dldnmns bc nþi 8665, li`sicdmn cis nvn`lbs ciarnmis li` bc prilbsi mb lnohdi y cis priybltn jnldn Obtns nohdldisns b` cn onrljn jnldn bc Udvdr Hdb`, tion`mi b` lub`tn qub Hicdvdn vdvb nltuncob`tb b` u` `ubvi li`tbxti sildnc, bli`üodli y picïtdli, primulti mb cns arn`mbs trn`seironldi`bs qub yn jn` ilurrdmi b` bc pnïs b` bstis ÷ctdois nþis. Vnrn b`tb`mbr cis Xbsuctnmis prd`ldpncbs mbc prilbsi mb lnohdi y cns nltuncbs li`mdldi`bs mbc pnïs, b` bstn sblldü` sb bvnc÷n` mb on`brn ab`brnc cis ciaris ncln`znmis pir bc V@M, odsois qub jn` sb`tnmi cns hnsbs pnrn bc bstnhcbldodb`ti mb cn Nab`mn Vntrdütdln 8682 y bc nltunc Vcn` mb Mbsnrricci.
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
Arnedli @¶. Bc 42% mb cn pihcnldü` urhn`n lub`tn li` sbrvdldis mb naun pitnhcb. 8. Bc :6% mb cn pihcnldü` rurnc lub`tn li` sbrvdldis mb naun sbaurn. 5 - 8686
B` cis ÷ctdois nþis sb jn ciarnmi u` d`lrbob`ti sda`dedlntdvi b` bc nllbsi nc naun pitnhcb y n cis sbrvdldis mb sn`bnodb`ti hîsdli. Vbsb n bcci timnvïn rbstn oulji pir jnlbr y cis arn`mbs mbsneïis sb b`lub`trn` b` cn privdsdü` mb bstis sbrvdldis n cns pihcnldi`bs rurncbs mdspbrsns, b` bc on`tb`dodb`ti mb cis sbrvdldis b` ipbrnldü` y b` cn privdsdü` mb naun mb lncdmnm. Jnldn bc nþi 8686 sb li`td`unrî` li` cis prilbsis pnrn pbrodtdr qub timns cns hicdvdn`ns y hicdvdn`is pubmn` nllbmbr n cis sbrvdldis hîsdlis. Vnrn bc luopcdodb`ti mb cis Xbsuctnmis sb dopcbob`tnrî` cns sdaudb`tbs Nlldi`bs7 Nopcdnr mb on`brn li`lurrb`tb cis sbrvdldis mb naun pitnhcb b` bc îrbn u urhn`n rhn`n y rurnc, li` pnrtdldpnldü`, tbl`iciaïn nmblunmn y lirrbspi`snhdcdmnm mb cn liou`dmnm b` su usi y on`tb`dodb`ti. Mbsnrriccnr bstrntbadns li`lurrb`tbs pnrn cn abstdü` nohdb`tnc y li`tric m mb b lncdmnm mbc naun pnrn li`suoi juon`i (urhn`i y rurnc), n trnväs mb cn dopcbob`tnldü` mbc Vriarnon mb Li`tric mb Lncdmnm mb Naun b` cns Boprbsns V÷hcdlns mb \brvdldi mb Naun (BV\Ns). (BV\Ns).
66 46 ) % ( b g n t ` b l r i V
42
48
:6
:6 16 56 26 =6 6 6
55
86>=
8686 urhn`i
Xurnc
Eub`tb7 Od`dstbrdi mb Obmdi Nohdb`tb y Naun “ UNV\
D`lrbob`tnr cn lihbrturn mb sbrvdldis mb ncln`tnrd ncln`tnrdccnmi ccnmi y sn`bnodb`ti b` bc îrbn urhn`n li` b`eiqub mb rb÷si (luctdvi rbstrd`admi y/i b`braïn) y lirrbspi`snhdcdmnm mb cn pihcnldü` b` bc usi y on`tb`dodb`ti nmblunmi mbc sdstbon. Nopcdnr cn lihbrturn mb ncln`tnrd ncln`tnrdccnmi ccnmi y sn`bnodb`ti b` bc îrbn rurnc li` pnrtdldpnldü` y tbl`iciaïn npripdnmn y pbrtd`b`ldn n cn lucturn mb cns liou`dmnmbs. Arnedli @¶27 \brvdldi mb Ncln`tnrdccnmi y \n`bnodb`ti \brvdldi mb Ncln`tnrdccnmi y \n`bnodb`ti (b` pirlb`tngb) :6 16 ) 56 ( % b 26 g n t =6 ` b l r 6 6
16 5<
56 =8
86>=
8686 urhn`i
Xurnc
Eub`tb7 Od`dstbrdi mb Obmdi Nohdb`tb y Naun “ UNV\
Xbjnhdcdtnr y obgirnr cns pcn`tns mb trntnodb`ti mb nauns rbsdmuncbs li` b`eiqub mb rb÷si (luctdvi rbstrd`admi y/i b`braïn b`braïn). ).
2-8682 y sb tdb`b prbvdsti
ncln`znr u`n Obtn mb > odccü` mb jbltîrbns rbanmns. Bsti dopcdln qub b` bstb pbrïimi sb mbhbrî nvn`znr mb eiron sda`dedlntdvn b` bc d`lrbob`ti mb cn supbredldb rbanmn mb tnc oimi qub sb pubmn ncln`znr bstn Obtn nc nþi 8682, tion`mi b` lub`tn qub nltuncob`tb bc pnïs lub`tn li` y 86>8 bxpcdlnmi pir cn dopcbob`tnldü` mbc Vriarnon Od Naun D, qub bc nþi 86>8 li`lcuyü 266 mb 584 priybltis li` u`n d`vbrsdü` mb Hs84= odcci`bs b` >46 ou`dldpdis mbc pnïs. Vbsb n bstis dopirtn`tbs nvn`lbs, n÷` bxdstb u` bcbvnmi pirlb`tngb mb pihcnldü` sd` lihbrturn mb naun pitnhcb b` zi`ns rurncbs y b` zi`ns pbrdurhn`ns mb ncau`ns ldumnmbs.
66
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:=,8
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8=
86 6 >448
866>
Rrhn`i
8665 Xurnc
86>= @nldi`nc
86>2 OMO
Eub`tb7 Od`dstbrdi mb Obmdi Nohdb`tb y Naun
Virlb`tngb mb Vihcnldü` li` nllbsi n \brvdldis \ brvdldis mb \n`bnodb`ti Hîsdli Bc nllbsi n sn`bnodb`ti hîsdli b` zi`ns urhn`ns y rurncbs jn` obgirnmi sus `dvbcbs mb lihbrturn b` cis ÷ctdois >4 nþis; sd` bohnrai, bstis nvn`lbs `i eubri` suedldb`tbs pnrn lbrrnr cn hrbljn rbspblti n cn obtn edgnmn jnstn bc 86>2. Vnrn bc 86>8, bc =4,:% mb pbrsi`ns tb`ïn nllbsi n sn`bnodb`ti hîsdli, ci qub d`mdln qub n÷` bxdstb u`n mdebrb`ldn mb >=,8 pu`tis pirlb`tuncbs pnrn ncln`znr cn OMO mb 5=,6% edgnmn pnrn bc nþi 86>2 (Arîedli 1). Cn hrbljn b`trb pihcnldi`bs urhn`ns y rurncbs prîltdlnob`tb sb jn on`tb`dmi mbhdmi n qub bc nvn`lb b` zi`ns rurncbs jn sdmi oîs cb`ti. B` bc îrbn urhn`n, nprixdonmnob`tb 5 mb >6 pbrsi`ns tdb`b` nllbsi n sn`bnodb`ti hîsdli, odb`trns qub b` bc îrbn rurnc = mb lnmn >6 pbrsi`ns tdb`b` nllbsi n bstb sbrvdldi. Vir itri cnmi, cn bxpn`sdü` li`stn`tb mb cis `ubvis nsb`tnodb`tis b` zi`ns pbrdurhn`ns li`lb`trn` cns hngns lihbrturns mb sn`bnodb`ti b` îrbn urhn`n. Vir cns lnrnltbrïstdlns pripdns mbc îrbn rurnc, bs prdoirmdnc nuob`tnr cis bseubrzis b` dopcbob`tnr bstrntbadns pnrn d`lrbob`tnr cn lihbrturn li` tbl`iciaïns npripdnmns mb sn`bnodb`ti b` bstns zi`ns. Vir itri cnmi, bc rîpdmi lrbldodb`ti pihcnldi`nc qub sb jn nlb`tunmi prd`ldpncob`tb b` cns îrbns pbrdurhn`ns mb cns ldumnmbs obtripicdtn`ns, mbhdmi n cn odarnldü` tn`ti mb cns îrbns rurncbs lioi mb itris mbpnrtnob`tis, bxdab tnohdä` prdirdznr bstrntbadns mb bxpn`sdü` mb lihbrturns pnrn hb`bedldnr n zi`ns mb nsb`tnodb`tis pbrdurhn`is b` cis qub sb li`struyb` vdvdb`mns sd` prdirdznr cis sbrvdldis mb naun pitnhcb y mb ncln`tnrdccnmi sn`dtnrdi.
26 =6 448
866> Rrhn`i
8665 Xurnc
86>= @nldi`nc
86>2 OMO
Eub`tb7 Od`dstbrdi mb Obmdi Nohdb`tb y Naun
B` bc pbrïimi 8665 - 86>= eubri` sda`dedlntdvis cis nvn`lbs b` lun`ti n lihbrturn b` bc sbltir naun, ncln`tnrdccnmi y sn`bnodb`ti hîsdli, prdirdzî`misb cn ntb`ldü` n cns rbadi`bs li` onyir lnrb`ldn mb sbrvdldis. Bc nþi 86>=, bc :> pu`tis pirlb`tuncbs rbspblti nc nþi 866>. B` bc odsoi nþi bc 25,=,4 pu`tis pirlb`tuncbs rbspblti nc nþi 866>. Cis ciaris b` bc d`lrbob`ti mb cn lihbrturn mb naun y sn`bnodb`ti jn` sdmi pisdhcbs li` cn npcdlnldü` mb mdvbrsis priarnons eilncdznm eilncdznmis, is, pnrtdlucnrob`tb b` bc îrbn rurnc. B`trb cis oîs dopirtn`tbs mbstnln` cis priarnons7 OD NARN D, DD y DDD; bc Vriarnon mb Naun y Ncln`tnrdccnmi Ncln`tnrdccnm i Vbrdurhn`i Ensb D y DD; y bc Vriarnon mb Npiyi n cns Îrbns Vbrdurhn`n Vbrdurhn`nss (VNNV DD).
=6
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
>.8.5. Vriarnons y li`vb`dis pnrn Xblursi Jïmrdli XBLRX\I\ JDMXDLI\. Vcn` @nldi`nc mb Lub`lns - Vriybltis ODL/ADXJ Bc Vcn` @nldi`nc mb Lub`lns (V@L) sb li`stdtuyb b` u` d`struob`ti qub prioubvb ncdn`zns bstrntäadlns pnrn cn dopcbob`tnldü` mb mdebrb`tbs oimncdmnmbs mb ADXJ y ODL b` lub`lns mb Hicdvdn y ]rn`seri`tbrdzns. Cns `ubvns oimncdmnmbs mb ADXJ y ODL sb mbsnrriccnrî` sihrb cn hnsb mb cis prd`ldpdis mb abstdü` sildnc, pnrtdldpnldü` cilnc mb nrtdlucnldü` y li`lbrtnldü` mb mdebrb`tbs usis mbc naun y iran`dznldü` mb usunrdis nltirbs mb u`n lub`ln i suh lub`ln. Ihgbtdvi Ab`brnc
Obgirnr cn lncdmnm mb vdmn mb cns liou`dmnmbs y pihcnmirbs n trnväs mbc On`bgi D`tbarnc mb Lub`lns b` Hicdvdn y cn Abstdü` D`tbarnmn mb cis Xblursis Jïmrdlis, hngi oimncdmnmbs mb pnrtdldpnldü` y nutiabstdü`, lioi sustb`ti mbc mbsnrricci juon`i y nohdb`tnc sistb`dhcb mbc "vdvdr hdb`", mbsmb cn
pbrspbltdvn mb cns lucturns y sdstbons mb vdmn cilncbs. Vriybltis mb d`vbrsdü` Bc V@L npiyn cn ab`brnldü` b dopcbob`tnldü` dopcbob`tnldü` mb priybltis mb mb ADXJ y ODL d`vbrsdü` mb d`dldntdvns d`dldntd vns cilncbs liou`dtnrdns, sbcblldi`nmns pnrn bc mbsnrricci mb oimncdmnmbs mb ADXJ y ODL, b` bstb prilbsi sb mbsnrriccnrî` lnpnldmnmbs, li`ildodb`tis, nlubrmis sildncbs, eirtncbldb`mi oimncdmnmbs mb iran`dznldü`, obln`dsois mb li`lbrtnldü`, li`multns d`tbrlucturncbs, ciarn`mi u`n onyir liirmd`nldü` d`tbrd`stdtuldi`nc, pnrtdldpnldü`, oi`dtirbi y pcn`bs bstrntäadlis mb abstdü` y on`bgi mb cn lub`ln n obmdn`i i cnrai pcnzi Ed`n`ldnodb`ti
Bc V@L lub`tn li` ed`n`ldnodb`ti cilnc y bxtbr`i. Bc ed`n`ldnodb`ti cilnc li`tbopcn cn nsda`nldü` mb rblursis ]A@, npirtbs mb aihdbr`is ou`dldpncbs y mbpnrtnob`tncbs y npirtb mdrblti mb cis hb`bedldnrdis. Bc ed`n`ldnodb`ti bxtbr`i privdb`b mbc Nlubrmi mb Ed`n`ldnodb`ti Li`gu`ti (NEL) nlirmnmi li` cn liipbrnldü` mbc Xbd`i mb cis Vnïsbs Hngis, Xbd`i mb Md`nonrln, \udzn, Xbd`i mb \ubldn y Ncbon`dn y bc npirtb nmdldi`nc mbed`dmi pir bc Bstnmi Vcurd`nldi`nc mb Hicdvdn, privb`db`tb mbc "Npiyi Vrbsupubstnrdi \bltirdnc nc V@L" mb cn R`dü` Buripbn, qub li`stdtuyb` u`n "Ln`nstn mb Ei`mis7 Hnskbt Eu`md`a".
B`tdmnmbs Bgblutirns
Od`dstbrdi mb Obmdi Nohdb`tb y Naun - Udlbod`dstbrdi mb Xblursis Jïmrdlis y Xdbai, AN Mbpnrtnob`tncbs, AN Ou`dldpncbs, BONARN, EV\, On`liou`dmnmbs mb ou`dldpdis.
=>
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
\DXDL-XDBAI. \uhpriarnon \uhpriarnon mb D`vbrsdi`bs b` Xdbai D`tbr Liou`nc Mdrdadmi n priybltis obmdn`is mb rdbai b` Liljnhnohn, Ljuqudsnln, ]nrdgn y \n`tn Lruz. Bs u` priarnon mb Liipbrnldü` b`trb Hicdvdn y Ncbon`dn, ln`ncdznmi n trnväs mbc Hn`li Ncboî` mb Mbsnrricci (KQ) y bgblutnmi n trnväs mb cns prbeblturns mbpnrtnob`tncbs. B` cn prdobrn ensb sb bstî` bgblutn`mi < priybltis y b` cn sbau`mn 2 priybltis mb rdbai, pir u` vncir acihnc mb 86 odcci`bs mb buris. Bgbluldü`
Bc Hn`li Ncboî` mb Mbsnrricci sb rbspi`snhdcdzn mb cis ei`mis mb d`vbrsdü` y mbc li`tric mb lncdmnm b` cn bgbluldü` mb cis priybltis. Cn Liipbrnldü` ]äl`dln Ncbon`n mnrî nliopnþnodb`ti n cn li`vbrsdü` primultdvn mbc naun, lun`mi cis sdstbons mb rdbai b`trb` b` ipbrnldü`. Bc UOX rbncdzn bc sbaudodb`ti n cns nlldi`bs.
Ed`n`ldnodb`ti y Npirtbs
Bc ed`n`ldnodb`ti privdb`b mbc Od`dstbrdi Ncboî` mb Liipbrnldü` Bli`üodln y Mbsnrricc Mbsnrricci i (5:%) y cns Vrbeblturns mb Ljuqudsnln, Liljnhnohn y \n`tn Lruz, cns Nclncmïns y cis pripdis hb`bedldnrdis (>.2::.>1: ₣ mb luyi oi`ti 4.>66.666 ₣ bs lied`n`ldnmi pir bc Xbd`i mb Häcadln y bc sncmi 8.=::.>1: ₣ lirrbspi`mb n cn li`trnpnrtb mbc Aihdbr`i mbc Bstnmi Vcurd`nldi`nc mb Hicdvdn y cis sildis mbc priarnon. Ihgbtdvi
acihnc
mbc Li`trdhudr n ciarnr cn sihbrn`ïn ncdob`tnrdn y rbmulldü` mb cn
=<
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
VNXL VNXL
pihrbzn b` cns suhlub`lns mb d`tbrvb`ldü`, ab`brn`mi npnrntis primultdvis nutisistb`dhcbs mbstd`nmis n d`lrbob`tnr bc d`arbsi mb cis primultirbs naripblunrdis y anrn`tdznr cn primulldü` mb ncdob`tis.
VXINX-LNE7 Vriarnon Naun y Xdbai pnrn Hicdvdn Li`trdhudr n anrn`tdznr cn sihbrn`ïn ncdob`tnrdn mbc pnïs y cn rbmulldü` mb cn pihrbzn, n trnväs mbc d`lrbob`ti mb cn primulldü` cn primultdvdmnm narïlicn y mb cn dopcbob`tnldü` mb cns bstrntbadns mbed`dmns b` bc Vcn` @nldi`nc mb Mbsnrricci mb Xdbai. Bstb priarnon ed`n`ldn bstumdis y mdsbþis mb cis priybltis mb rdbai, listis mdrbltis nsildnmis li` cn li`strulldü` mb ihrns ldvdcbs pnrn sdstbons mb rdbai, listis d`mdrbltis nsildnmis li` cn abrb`ldn y nmod`dstrnldü` mb cis priybltis mb rdbai d`lcuyb`mi cn supbrvdsdü` mb ihrns, listis mb nsdstb`ldn täl`dln y mbsnrricci liou`dtnrdi. OD XDBAI Bc ihgbtdvi acihnc mbc Vriarnon bs nuob`tnr bc d`arbsi naripblunrdi mb cis jianrbs rurncbs hb`bedldnmis mb u`n on`brn sustb`tnhcb n trnväs mb u` d`lrbob`ti b` cn supbredldb narïlicn hngi rdbai y mb u` obgirnodb`ti mb cn bedldb`ldn b` bc usi y mdstrdhuldü` mbc naun pnrn ed`bs naripblunrdis. Cns nltdvdmnmbs prbvdstns li`trdhudrî` n d`lrbob`tnr cn lnpnldmnm mb nmnptnldü` nc lnohdi lcdoîtdli b` cns zi`ns rurncbs. Vnrn ncln`znr su ihgbtdvi y b` li`sdstb`ldn li` cis mbsneïis dmb`tdedlnmis, bc Vriarnon ed`n`ldnrî ihrns y nmqudsdldü` mb hdb`bs y sbrvdldis, bstrulturnmi b` mis liopi`b`tbs. Liopi`b`tb >7 D`vbrsdi`bs pnrn bc Mbsnrricci mb Xdbai Liou`dtnrdi li` B`eiqub mb Lub`ln; Liopi`b`tb 87 Mbsnrricci mb Bstrntbadns y Obln`dsois pnrn cn Abstdü` mb Xdbai li` B`eiqub mb Lub`ln Lnrnltbrïstdlns Bc priarnon pripubsti, eiron` pnrtb mb u` li`gu`ti mb nlldi`bs bstrntäadlns mbstd`nmns n obgirnr cn liopbtdtdvdmnm, d`lcusdvdmnm sildnc y sistb`dhdcdmnm nohdb`tnc mbc sbltir naripblunrdi mbc pnïs b` bc cnrai pcnzi, n trnväs mb cn obgirn mb cn lncdmnm mb su d`ernbstrulturn rurnc y sbrvdldis naripblunrdis, d`lirpirn`mi `ubvns jbltîrbns mb rdbai n cn nltdvdmnm naripblunrdn mbc pnïs, n ed` tnohdä` mb obgirnr cn primultdvdmnm mbc sbltir y pir b`mb, cis d`arbsis mb cns enodcdns e nodcdns rurncbs hicdvdn`ns Liopi`b`tbs mbc Vriarnon
Liopi`b`tb >. D`vbrsdi`bs pnrn bc Mbsnrricci mb Xdbai Liou`dtnrdi li` B`eiqub mb Lub`ln Bstb liopi`b`tb lioprb`mb cis bstumdis mb prbd`vbrsdü`, li`strulldü`, rbjnhdcdtnldü` y obgirn, nsï lioi cn supbrvdsdü` mb sdstbons mb rdbai liou`dtnrdi b` sdbtb mbpnrtnob`tis mbc pnïs. Bc liopi`b`tb lioprb`mb nmboîs cn li`trntnldü` mb sbrvdldis mb
==
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
nsdstb`ldn täl`dln d`tbarnc li` b`eiqub mb aä`bri, qub d`lcuyb` cn bcnhirnldü` mb oümucis mb lnpnldtnldü` n cis rban`tbs. Liopi`b`tb 8. Mbsnrricci mb bstrntbadns y obln`dsois pnrn cn Abstdü` mb Xdbai li` B`eiqub mb Lub`ln Bstb liopi`b`tb npiynrn cn Bstrntbadn mb Nrtdlucnldü` D`tbrsbltirdnc b`trb Xdbai y Bgbluldü`
Lub`ln. Cns li`trntnldi`bs mb mdsbþis, bgbluldü` y supbrvdsdü` mb cns ihrns nsildnmns n cis sdstbons mb rdbai b` bc liopi`b`tb D`vbrsdi`bs pnrn bc Mbsnrricci mb Xdbai liou`dtnrdi li` B`eiqub mb Lub`ln qub bstnrî` n lnrai mbc EV\. Cns Aihbr`nldi`bs Mbpnrtnob`tncbs sbrî` rbspi`snhcbs mb sbcblldi`nr y prbsb`tnr cis priybltis mb rdbai luyis mdsbþis sbrî` liopcbtnmis y cdldtnmis pir bc EV\.
Oîs D`vbrsdü` pnrn bc Naun –ODNARN‟ Bc Vriarnon –ODNARN‟ bstrntäadli pnrn bc pnïs, sb b`eiln b`7 n ) Npiynr cns bstrntbadns mbc
Aihdbr`i li` rbcnldü` n cn rbmulldü` mb cn pihrbzn y bc ciari mb cn sihbrn`ïn ncdob`tnrdn mbc pnïs, n trnväs mbc d`lrbob`ti mb cn lnpnldmnm primultdvn mb pbqubþis y obmdn`is primultirbs narïlicns; h) nsï lioi b` li`trdhudr n obgirnr cns li`mdldi`bs mb vdmn y sncum mb cn pihcnldü` n trnväs mbc d`lrbob`ti mbc nllbsi y mb cn lncdmnm b` cn privdsdü` mbc sbrvdldi mb naun pitnhcb y sn`bnodb`ti b` bc tbrrdtirdi `nldi`nc. Ihgbtdvis mbc Vriarnon Bc Vriarnon ODNARN sb lnrnltbrdzn pir ntb`mbr prd`ldpncob`tb pbqubþns liou`dmnmbs li` `blbsdmnmbs hîsdlns b` naun pnrn li`suoi juon`i y rdbai; hngi bstb bsqubon sb jn` mbsnrriccnmi vnrdis obln`dsois mb d`vbrsdü`, `irontdvn cbanc y täl`dln pnrn cn dopcbob`tnldü` mb priarnons d`tb`sdvis b` naun pitnhcb, sn`bnodb`ti y rdbai, mbstd`nmi n ciarnr u` d`lrbob`ti nlbcbrnmi b` cn lihbrturn mb cis sbrvdldis. N su vbz, bc Vriarnon ODNARN li`trdhuyb n d`lrbob`tnr nprixdonmn nprixdonmnob`tb ob`tb b` =8.666 Jn cn supbredldb narïlicn; npiyn`mi mb bstn eiron cn bstrntbadn mb sihbrn`ïn ncdob`tnrdn. Lnhb mbstnlnr qub li` bstb tdpi mb d`dldntdvns, Hicdvdn mbsb bc nþi 86>8, yn jn sihrbpnsnmi cn obtn mb nllbsi n naun pitnhcb qub bs li`sdmbrnmn u` mbrblji u`dvbrsnc pir cn I@R, rbspi`mdb`mi n cis Ihgbtdvis mb Mbsnrricci mbc Odcb`di (IMO).
=2
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
LNVD]RCI DD7 Lrbldodb`ti Bli`üodli y bc sbltir Narïlicn b` Hicdvdn
=5
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
8.>. Vrimulti D`tbr`i Hruti 8.>.>. Vrimulti D`tbr`i Hruti Arnedli @¶:7 VDH rbnc y tnsn
VDH rbnc pir tdpi mb Ansti y tnsn mb lrbldodb`ti (Odcci`bs mb Hicdvdn`is mb >446) =2.666.666 =6.666.666 s 6.666.666 c c d O 2.666.666 6 -2.666.666
:,66 1,66 5,66 2,66 =,66 ,66 6 > 8 < = 2 5 1 : 4 6 > 8 < = 2 5 1 : 4 6 > 8 > > > ( 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 = > > > > > > > > > > 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 > 6 8
Ansti mb Aihdbr`i
Li`suoi mb Jianrbs
D`vbrsdi`
6,66
Bxpirtnldi`bs @btns
Bcnhirnldü` pripdn Eub`tb7 D`stdtuti @nldi`nc mb Bstnmïstdln (D@B) (V)7 Vrbcdod`nr
B` bc pbrdimi n`tbrdir nc 8665, >446 “8662 bc Vnïs rbadstrü u` lrbldodb`ti priobmdi mbc VDH rbnc mb =(p). Bstn b`tb`mdmi qub bstb pbrdimi mb bstumdi >446-8662, Hicdvdn sb on`tuvi b` u` bstnmi mbsnlbcbrnldü` mb su lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli pir tbons mb picïtdln li` u` b`eiqub @bicdhbrnc y cubai n bstb lnohdi n u` räadob` mb D`tbrvb`ldü` mbc Bstnmi. B` bc nþi >444, Hicdvdn b`erb`ti cn tnsn oîs hngn b` cn jdstirdn mb lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli 6.=< mb 5,: % cn oîs nctn b` cns ÷ctdon mälnmn, sb pubmb ihsbrvnr qub lcnrnob`tb bc dopucsir mb cn bli`ioïn eub y sdaub sdb`mi bc li`suoi mb jianrbs.
=1
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
8.>.8. Lrbldodb`ti n`unc priobmdi mbc VDH pbr lîpdtn Arnedli @¶47 VDH pbr lîpdtn y tnsn
VDH pbrlnpdtn y tnsn mb lrbldodb`ti (odcbs mb Micnrbs) 5 666
86 ) % >2 ( b g t >6 n `
2 16 6 > 8 < = 2 5 1 : 4 6 > 8 < = 2 5 1 : 4 6 > 8 < ) p 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 > > > > ( 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 = > > > > > > > > > > 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 > 6 8
Bcnhirnldü` pripdn Eub`tb7 D`stdtuti @nldi`nc mb Bstnmïstdln (D@B) (V)7 Vrbcdod`nr
Bc liopirtnodb`ti mbc VDH pbr lîpdtn bs lrbldb`tb, sd rbncdznois u` n`îcdsds mb lun`ti lrbldü, b` bc nþi>446 sb nprbldn u` d`arbsi pir pbrsi`n mb 1= sb lunmrupcdli bstb d`arbsi n >5 Mücnrbs pir pbrsi`n; bs mbldr cn lnpnldmnm qub tdb`b cis jnhdtn`tbs mb nmqudrdr hdb`bs y sbrvdldis bs onyir, bstb d`lrbob`ti vn mb nlubrmi nc lrbldodb`ti mbc VDH b` Hicdvdn.
=:
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
8.>.67 \bltir Nardlucturn y tnsn mb lrbldodb`ti
\bltir Nardlicn y tnsn mb lrbldodb`ti (b` odcbs mb Hs.) 82.666.666
2,6 >6,6 2,6 6,6 -2,6 ->6,6
s 86.666.666 i ` n d v d c >2.666.666 i H b m >6.666.666 s b c d O 2.666.666
6
) % ( b g n t ` b l r i V
6 > 8 < = 2 5 1 : 4 6 > 8 < = 2 5 1 : 4 6 > 8 < = 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 > > > > > 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 > > > > > > > > > > 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Bcnhirnldü` pripdn Eub`tb7 D`stdtuti @nldi`nc mb Bstnmïstdln (D@B)
Mb nlubrmi n cn arnedli @¶>6, bc mbsb`vicvdodb`ti mbc sbltir Narïlicn, eub mb on`brn priarbsdvn, nu`qub su tnsn mb lrbldodb`ti `i sb liopirtü mb on`brn li`stn`tb. Cn tb`mb`ldn lrbldb`tb mb bstb sbltir sb vb nebltnmi pir bc dopnlti qub ab`brn cis bvb`tis lcdoîtdlis nebltn`mi mb on`brn mdrbltn n cn primulldü` narïlicn, pbri n pbsnr mb bcci sb on`tdb`b bc sbltir li` rbsdcb`ldn nc lnohdi lcdoîtdli. Lnhb ob`ldi`nr qub bstb sbltir, sb b`lnran mb cn primulldü` mb ncdob`tis bc naun bs vdtnc pnrn bc mbsb`vicvdodb`ti mb cns nltdvdmnmbs qub rbncdzn. 8.8 D`vbrsdi`bs V÷hcdlns 8.8.>. D`vbrsdü` b` Xblursis Jïmrdlis y \n`bnodb`ti Hîsdli Cn pnrtdldpnldü` mbc Bstnmi b` cn bli`ioïn bs eu`mnob`tnc, li` cn d`vbrsdü` yn qub bstn prbsb`tn bc lnrîltbr mb su d`tbrvb`ldü` pnrn ab`brnr hdb`bstnr b` cn pihcnldü`, pnrn pimbr n`ncdznr cn d`vbrsdü` b` rblursi jïmrdlis y sn`bnodb`ti hîsdli, prdobri `is b`eilnois b` cis sbltirbs qub bstî` rbprbsb`tnmis b` cn bli`ioïn hicdvdn`n.
=4
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
Lunmri @¶57 Cn D`vbrsdü` V÷hcdln pir \bltirbs BZ]XNL]DUI\ BZ]XNL]DUI\ Od`brïn Jdmrilnrhuris NVITI N CN VXIMRLLDÜ@ VXIMRLLDÜ@ Naripblunrdi D`mustrdn y ]urdsoi Ouctdsbltirdnc D@EXNB\]XRL]RXN D@EXNB\]XRL]RXN ]rn`spirtbs B`braïn Liou`dlnldi`bs
\ILDNCB\ \ILDNCB\ \ncum Bmulnldü` y Lucturn \n`bnodb`ti Hîsdli Rrhn`dsoi y Udvdb`mn I]XI\ I]XI\ Liobrldi y ed`n`zns Gustdldn y Vicdlïn Mbeb`sn @nldi`nc Nmod`dstrnldü` Ab`brnc Xblursis @nturncbs y Obmdi Nohdb`tb
Xblursis Jïmrdlis Bcnhirnldü` Vripdn Eub`tb7 D`stdtuti @nldi`nc mb Bstnmïstdln “ RMNVB
Vnrn cn abstdü` 86>=b`cnbcd`vbrsdü` p÷hcdln titnc ncln`zi =.261.>>5,< Odcbsncmbruhri Mücnrbs, li` u` pirlb`tngb mb ) Arnedli @¶>>7 Cn D`vbrsdü` V÷hcdln pir \bltirbs
D`vbrsdi` D`vbrs di` puhcdln pir sbltirbs (pirlb`tngb) BZ]XNL]DUI\ =%
>1%
>6% NVITI N CN VXIMRLLDÜ@
87 Cn D`vbrsdü` V÷hcdln b` Xblursis Jïmrdlis y \n`bnodb`ti Hîsdli
D`vbrsdi` Vuhcdln b` \bltir Jdmrdli y \n`bnodb`ti Hnsdli (Odcbs mb $us) =66.666
>86
66 :6
s 26.666 b c d O>66.666
56 ) % =6 ( b 86 6 -86
g n ` t b l r i V
-=6
26.666
-56 -:6
6 6 4 4 >
> 8 4 4 4 4 > >
< 4 4 >
= 4 4 >
2 5 4 4 4 4 > >
1 4 4 >
: 4 4 >
4 4 4 >
6 > 6 6 6 6 8 8
8 6 6 8
< 6 6 8
= 2 6 6 6 6 8 8
5 6 6 8
1 6 6 8
: 6 6 8
4 6 6 > 6 6 8 8
> > 6 8
8 > 6 8
< = > > 6 6 8 8
Bcnhirnldü` Vripdn Eub`tb7 D`stdtuti @nldi`nc mb Bstnmïstdln “ RMNVB
Bc liopirtnodb`ti mb cn d`vbrsdü` p÷hcdln eub d`lrbob`tî`misb pir bc lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli qub prbsb`tn cn bli`ioïn Hicdvdn, sb mbhb prdirdznr cn d`vbrsdü` b` naun, yn qub cn pihcnldü` b` sï, y cn onyirïn mb cns nltdvdmnmbs sb mbsnrriccn` b` hnsb n bstb rblursi qub bs bc naun.
2>
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
8.8.8. D`vbrsdü` b` \bltir Narïlicn Arnedli @¶>=6,66 >86,66 >66,66 :6,66 56,66 =6,66 86,66 6,66 -86,66 -=6,66
266.666,6 =26.666,6 s =66.666,6 i ` 66.666,6 26.666,6 6,6
) % ( b g n t ` b l r i V
6 > 8 < = 2 5 1 : 4 6 > 8 < = 2 5 1 : 4 6 > 8 < = 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 > > > > > 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 > > > > > > > > > > 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Cn d`vbrsdü` p÷hcdln b` bc sbltir narïlicn sb eub d`lrbob`tn`mi mb .= pir lnusn mbc lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli qub prbsb`tn cn bli`ioïn Hicdvdn, sb mbhb prdirdznr cn d`vbrsdü` b` bc sbltir pnrn luopcdr li` bc ihgbtdvi mb sbaurdmnm ncdob`tnrdn, mitnr mb sdstbons mb rdbai pnrn suod`dstrnr naun n cis luctdvis. Cn tnsn mbc sbltir b` priobmdi bs mbc >=%.
28
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
LNVD]RCI DDD7 Dopirtn`ldn mbc Xblursi Jïmrdli b` Hicdvdn
2<
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
%ldlci b` nauns supbredldncbs y rïis). Cn mdspisdldü` mb bstb rblursi `nturnc mbpb`mb jdmricüadli qub sb (cnais mn b` cn `nturncbzn.
Arnedli @¶>=7 Mdstrdhuldü` mbc Naun b` cn ]dbrrn
Eub`tb7 Vriarnon mb @nldi`bs R`dmns (V@RM)
Bc prilbsi mb rb`ivnldü` mbc naun b` cis ÷ctdois tdbopis, tripdbzn li` bc lnohdi lcdoîtdli>8
Bc ldlci jdmricüadli mbc naun sb rbedbrb n luntri btnpns llioi ioi sbr7 nconlb`nodb`ti nconlb`nodb`ti,, bvnpirnldü`, prbldpdtnldü prbldpdtnldü` ` y bslirrb`tïn. bslirrb`tïn. Bc naun sb nconlb`n b` ilän`is y cnais, b` rïis y nrriyis, y b` bc subci. Cn bvnpirnldü` qub rbncdzn` cns pcn`tns, trn`seiron bc naun b` vnpir mb naun. Cn prbldpdtnldü` tdb`b cuanr lun`mi bc vnpir mb naun prbsb`tb b` cn ntoisebrn sb li`mb`sn y lnb n cn tdbrrn b` eiron mb ccuvdn, `dbvb i arn`dzi. Bc naun mb bslirrb`tïn bs cn qub ecuyb b` rïis y hngi cn supbredldb mb cn tdbrrn (naun suhtbrrî`bn). ><
Bc lnohdi lcdoîtdli bs cn vnrdnldü` mbc lcdon b` bc tdbopi, mbhdmi n lnusns `nturncbs, n ci qub sb suon cn d`ecub`ldn mbc mbtbrdiri
nohdb`tnc pirmbc cn bxpcitnldü` cis rblursis `nturncbs y cn li`tnod`nldü` ndrb y tdbrrn. Bc lnohdi lcdoîtdli nebltn n cn lnusnmi rb`ivnldü` naun, yn qubdrrnldi`nc mbhdmi ncmbnuob`ti mb cns tbopbrnturns, cis acnldncbs mbc qubsubci, li`stdtuyb` bc npirtb mb naun pnrn bc li`suoi juon`i, sb b`lub`trn` b` prilbsi mb mdsod`uldü` li`stn`tb.
2=
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
u` "hdb` bli`üodli", i lioi u` "enltir mb primulldü`", tärod`is nohis qub mbstnln` süci u`n mb cns mdebrb`tbs mdob`sdi`bs mb bstb rblursi `nturnc, li`lrbtnob`tb cn qub bstî oîs mdrbltnob`tb rbcnldi`nmn li` cns nltdvdmnmbs primultdvns y li` su lnpnldmnm pnrn ab`brnr u` vncir oi`btnrdi, dmb`tdedln`mi nsï ci oi`btnrdi li` ci bli`üodli. \dtunmn b` cn u`n pisdldü` b`trb cis pnïsbs li` onyir mb naun ou`mi, Hicdvdn tdb`b arn`86 mdspi`dhdcdmnm mb naun muclb.mdspi`dhdcdmnm Nsdodsoi, Hicdvdn bs, b` b`bcNoärdln Cntd`n, u`i mb cis pnïsbs mb onyir iebrtn mb naun muclb pir jnhdtn`tb, nprixdonmnob`tb 26,666 o.64:.2:> ko8 y ncai oîs mb >6 odcci`bs mb jnhdtn`tbs. ]db`b 5,4>: ko mb eri`tbrns d`tbr`nldi`ncbs li` ld`li pnïsbs cdoïtriebs7 bc cïodtb eri`tbrdzi li` Hrnsdc bs mb ko; li` Nrab`td`n bs mb 11< ko; li` Ljdcb bs mb :26 ko, y li` Vbr÷ bs mb >,> ko. Mb bccis, = Bstb `ubvi liopirtnodb`ti d`usunc b` bc ldlci jdmricüadli mbc naun tdb`b u` arn` `dvbc mb d`lbrtdmuohrb rbspblti mb cis bslb`nrdis mb murnldü`, cns äpilns lun`mi pimrïn` bspbrnrsb, cis titncbs n`uncbs, su d`tb`sdmnm y cn ona`dtum b dopnlti b` cis mdebrb`tbs blisdstbons. Cn onyir vnrdnhdcdmnm lcdoîtdln b d`lbrtdmuohrb nebltn` cis pntri`bs trnmdldi`ncbs qub sb jn` vb`dmi utdcdzn`mi sihrb timi pir pnrtb mbsda`dedln` pbqubþis nardluctirbs lnopbsd`ns. Onyir vnrdnhdcdmnm b d`lbrtdmuohrb u` onyir rdbsaiyb`liou`dmnmbs cn nltdvdmnm naripblunrdn qub yn `i tdb`b bc rbebrb`tb tb`mb`ldnc jdstürdli mbc lcdon. Xbtrilbsi mb acnldnrbs. \b prbvä u`n ob`ir mdspi`dhdcdmnm mbc rblursi jïmrdli erb`tb nc rbtrilbsi mb acnldnrbs. \b lnclucn qub pnrn cis nþis 86>2 ü 8686, timis cis acnldnrbs pir mbhngi mb cis 2.666 o.s.`.o. jnhrî` mbsnpnrbldmi, sd bs qub sb on`tdb`b cn tb`mb`ldn lcdoîtdln nltunc. Ihsbrvbois qub cn suhrbadü` n`md`n li`lb`trn bc 42% mb cis acnldnrbs tripdlncbs mbc ou`mi. Ouljis rïis qub privdb`b` mb cis acnldnrbs nhnstblb` n cns prd`ldpncbs ldumnmbs mb bstn suhrbadü` y cns zi`ns narïlicns nebltn`mi cn mdspi`dhdcdmnm pnrn li`suoi, rdbai, d`mustrdn, ab`brnldü` mb b`braïn, b`trb itris usis.>2 \d` bohnrai, bc eb`üob`i mb mbsacnldnldü`, b` ab`brnc, prbsb`tn bslb`nrdis mb onyirbs lnumncbs b` cis rïis, b` rbcnldü` nc rbadstri jdstürdli, odb`trns sb vn rbmuldb`mi cn lnpn acnldnr, b` u` bvb`ti qub pimrïn ccbvnr nþis jnstn vbr rbmulldi`bs b` cis lnumncbs, mb oimi pbron`b`tb.
>=
Hntbs 866:7 2 ¹Bc ed` mb cns luohrbs `bvnmns9 Acnldnrbs y Lnohdi Lcdoîtdli Lcdoît dli b` cn Liou`dmnm N`md`n. \blrbtnrïn Ab`brnc mb cn LN@. 8661.
21
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
Mbrrbtdodb Mbrrbtdodb`ti `ti mb cis acnldnrbs7 enctn mb naun pitnhcb, pärmdmn mb cis hiebmncbs. Lnohdis b` bc räadob` mb prbldp prbldpdtnldi`bs7 dtnldi`bs7 ccuvdns oî oîss d`tb` d`tb`sns, sns, nt ntrnsi rnsi mb mbcc d`dldi mb cn äpiln mb ccuvdns, ccuvdn b` vbz mb `dbvb b` nctn oi`tnþn. Onyir bvnpitrn`spdr bvnpitrn`spdrnldü`. nldü`.
Naun supbredldnc B` bc tbrrdtirdi mb Hicdvdn, cns nauns supbredldncbs sb bslurrb` n trnväs mb u` liopcbgi sdstbon mb rïis, cnais, cnau`ns, juobmncbs y itris lubrpis mb naun. Cis rblursis jïmrdlis supbredldncbs mb u`n mbtbrod`nmn rbadü` privdb`b` mb cn prbldpdtnldü` pcuvdnc b` su lub`ln mb ncdob`tnldü` y mb cis on`n`tdncbs (mbslnran mb naun suhtbrrî`bn). Oi`tbs mb Iln (8662) mbslrdhdü mbtnccnmnob`tb cns lub`lns mb nauns supbredldncbs mb Hicdvdn, d`lcuyb`mi cis lnumncbs mb ncau`is rïis. Naun suhtbrrî`bns Cns nauns suhtbrrî`bns `i sdboprb si` tionmns b` lub`tn b` cis pcn`bs mb on`bgi mb lub`lns, ci lunc bs bxtrnþi y `nmn prîltdli lun`mi sb li`ilb qub bc onyir pirlb`tngb mbc nhnstbldodb`ti mb naun pitnhcb y naun mb rdbai b` cns zi`ns rurncbs y urhn`ns privdb`b mb nluïebris suhtbrrî`bis. Cn mdspi`dhdcdmnm mb nauns suhtbrrî`bns mbpb`mb mb vnrdis enltirbs, lioi pubmb sbr cn `nturncbzn mb cns rilns pir mi`mb ecuyb` cis nluïebris, bs mbldr, bc tdpi mb riln, yn sbn` ästns sbmdob`tnrdns i rilns ïa`bns beusdvns nctnob`tb ernlturnmns. ]nohdä` mbpb`mb mb cns li`mdldi`bs jdmrimd`îodlns y cns li`mdldi`bs mb lnran y rblnran. Cn lncdmnm mb cns nauns suhtbrrî`bns tdb`b u`n rbcnldü` mdrbltn li` cis vic÷ob`bs mb prbldpdtnldi`bs mb ccuvdn, nsï lioi li` bc tdpi y cn liopisdldü` mb cns rilns mi`mb sb ncign i nluoucn bc naun mb ccuvdn i mb mbsjdbcis cubai mb pbrlicnr jnldn bccns. Hncn`lb Jïmrdli Cn bvncunldü` mb cis rblursis jïmrdlis mb u`n lub`ln rbqudbrb mb u`n bstdonldü` lirrbltn mbc hncn`lb jdmricüadli, bs mbldr, lioprb`mbr bc ldlci b` sus mdebrb`tbs ensbs, cn eiron b` qub bc naun qub sb rbldhb pir prbldpdtnldü` sb rbpnrtb lioi pnrtb mbc prilbsi mb bvnpitrn`spdrnldü`, bslirrb`tïn b d`edctrnldü`. B` ab`brnc, sb pubmb nedronr qub mbc naun qub lnb b` u` mbtbrod`nmi sdtdi (prbldpdtnldü` ? V), u`n pnrtb vubcvb n cn ntoüsebrn, yn sbn pir bvnpirnldü` mdrbltn i pir trn`spdrnldü` mb cn vbabtnldü` (bvnpitrn`spdrnldü` ? B]X); itrn pnrtb bslurrb pir cn supbredldb (bslirrb`tïn supbredldnc ? B\) li`ecuyb`mi n trnväs mb cn rbm mb mrb`ngb jnstn ncln`znr cis lnulbs prd`ldpncbs y ed`ncob`tb bc onr, y bc rbsti sb d`edctrn b` bc tbrrb`i y sb d`lirpirn nc sdstbon mb nauns suhtbrrî`bns i nluïebri (d`edctrnldü` ? D). Bstns ona`dtumbs mbhb` luopcdr li` cn blunldü` mbc hncn`lb jdmricüadli7 V “ B]X ? B\ + D
2:
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
57 Jdmriabiarnedln mb Hicdvdn
Eub`tb7 Bxtrnïmi mb Hncn`lb Jïmrdli \upbredldnc mb Hicdvdn
\b mdstd`aub` ab`brncob`tb 1 privd`ldns edsdiarîedlns, qub pubmb` suhmdvdmdrsb b` suhu`dmnmbs (Lunmri 1). Cns u`dmnmbs edsdiarîedlns trnmdldi`ncbs mb Hicdvdn si` cn Lirmdccbrn Illdmb`tnc (i viclî`dln), cn Lirmdccbrn Lb`trnc-Irdb`tnc, bc Nctdpcn`i, bc \uhn`md`i, cns Ccn`urns, bc Bslumi Hrnsdcbþi, y cns \brrn`ïns ljdqudtn`ns. Bc onpn mb cns privd`ldns edsdiarîedlns rbsuob mb on`brn ab`brncdznmn cns lnrnltbrïstdlns mb rbcdbvb y cn `nturncbzn abicüadln mbc tbrrdtirdi. Unrdis nutirbs utdcdznri` bc li`lbpti mbc li`tric gbrîrqudli pnrn bxpcdlnr qub cns lnrnltbrïstdlns jdmricüadlns bstî` li`mdldi`nmns pir cn edsdiarneïn y nmboîs pir cis enltirbs lcdoîtdlis (Qnssi` y Hnrrbrb, >444; @nvnrri y Oncmi`nmi, 8668). Bc rbcdbvb ab`brnc (li`gu`tis edsdiarîedlis edsdiarîedlis lioi lirmdccbrns, ccn`urns, btl.), cis li`gu`tis abicüadlis, y bc lcdon, si` cis qub b` tärod`is ab`brncbs li`mdldi`n` cn bstrulturn mb cis nohdb`tbs nluîtdlis. Hicdvdn bs u`i mb cis pnïsbs li` onyirbs rbsbrvns mb naun muclb mbc li`td`b`tb (=2,666 o.886 :
Eub`tb7 Hncn`lb Jïmrdli \upbredldnc mb Hicdvdn Hicdvdn
66 oo mb ccuvdn nc nþi. Arn` pnrtb mbc Nctdpcn`i bs sbli li` u`n prbldpdtnldü` b`trb >66 y 448). Bc Nctdpcn`i bstî lnrnltbrdznmi pir cn ilurrb`ldn mb arn`dznmns y mb sbquïns cilncbs, qub si` eu`ldü` mb u`n vnrdbmnm mb li`mdldi`bs ntoiseärdlns, pir ci qub si` ouy pili prbmbldhcbs. N nctdtumbs mb =:66 os`o i supbrdirbs, sb prbsb`tn` `ironcob`tb oîs mb 86 mïns mb arn`dzi pir nþi. Nc sur mbc cnai ]dtdlnln, cis mïns li` arn`dzi bstî` pir mbhngi mb >6 mïns pir nþi. Cis ccn`is b` lnohdi bstî` sugbtis n bxlbsi mb ccuvdns, rbsuctn`mi b` d`u`mnldi`bs. Bstns tnohdä` pubmb` nebltnr n cis cnais y cis lursis mb naun b` bc Nctdpcn`i, lioi lioi bc rïi Mbsnaunmb Mbsnaunmbri ri y bc cnai ]dtdlnln.
5>
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
Arnedli @¶>17 Vrbldpdtnldü` N`unc b` Hicdvdn
Vrbldpdtnldi` Vcuvdnc b` Hicdvdn (odcdobtris) >446 - 86>= >8.666,6 >6.666,6
s i :.666,6 r t b o 5.666,6 d c d =.666,6 O
8.666,6 6,6 6 > 8 < = 2 5 1 : 4 6 > 8 < = 2 5 1 : 4 6 > 8 < = 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 > > > > > 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 > > > > > > > > > > 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Bcnhirnldü` pripdn Eub`tb7 RMNVB - \B@NOJD
1B` titnc priobmdi n`unc mb 8.8>4,4 o21,5 o= oistrnri` bc pdli oîs bcbvnmi liopnrnmi li` cis mntis jdstürdlis. Itri nspblti n li`sdmbrnr bs bc pu`tis irdab` mb sb pubmbcisihsbrvnr qubncbrtn, b` cnsy bstnldi`bs uhdlnmns b` mdstd`tis mbc cis pnïslnumncbs, bstî` supbrn`mi cïodtbs mb qub bstb rbhnsb sb vb rbecbgnmi b` cns bstnldi`bs jdmrioätrdlns pistbrdirbs, ci lunc `is mn u` d`mdldi sihrb euturis priybltis qub mbhbrî` sbr prdirdznmis rbebrdmis nc li`tric y on`bgi d`tbarnc mb lub`lns n ed` mb npcdlnr obmdmns mb prbvb`ldü` y odtdanldü` mb rdbsais.
>5
Lirrbspi`mb n d`eironldü` prbcdod`nr mbc nþi 86>8 mbc OONyN, y pnrn bebltis mb su n`îcdsds li`sdmbrn u` nþi jdmricüadli qub lioprb`mb bc pbrdimi b`trb sbptdbohrb n naisti mbc nþi qub ci prilbmb. >1 Ecugi li`td`ui mb naun qub ldrlucn n trnväs mb u`n lub`ln b` u` pbrdimi bspblïedli. Bstb ecugi ec ugi nuob`tn b` pbrdimis mb onyir d`tb`sdmnm mb ccuvdn.
58
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
Arnedli @¶>:7 @dvbc mb Lnumnc N`unc b` Hicdvdn
@dvbc mb Lnumnc b` Hicdvdn (B` obtri l÷hdli) >466-86>=
=6666 6666 2666 6
6 > 8 < = 2 5 1 : 4 6 > 8 < = 2 5 1 : 4 6 > 8 < = 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 > > > > > 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 > > > > > > > > > > 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Bcnhirnldü` pripdn Eub`tb7 RMNVB - \B@NOJD
47 Vihcnldü` N`unc b` Hicdvdn
Vihcnldi` mb Hicdvdn Odcci`bs mb jnhdtn`bs (>446 -86>=) Vihcnldi` >6.862.151
>8.666.666 >6.666.666 :.666.666 5.666.666 =.666.666 8.666.666 6 6 4 4 >
> 4 4 >
8 4 4 >
< 4 4 >
= 4 4 >
2 4 4 >
5 4 4 >
1 4 4 >
: 4 4 >
4 4 4 >
6 6 6 8
> 6 6 8
8 6 6 8
< 6 6 8
= 6 6 8
2 6 6 8
5 6 6 8
1 6 6 8
: 6 6 8
4 6 6 8
6 > 6 8
> > 6 8
8 > 6 8
) p ( < > 6 8
) p ( = > 6 8
Bcnhirnldü` pripdn Eub`tb7 D@B (p)7 priybltnmi
: Bc tärod`i li`suoi sb utdcdzn nquï b`
jdmriciaïn y b` cns bstnmïstdlns mbc naun
bc sb`tdmi mb cns lub`tns `nldi`ncbs; pnrn u`n bxpcdlnldü` b xpcdlnldü` mb su sda`dedlnmi b`
55
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
Lun`mi cn mbon`mn mb naun bxlbmb cn ln`tdmnm mdspi`dhcb murn`tb u` tdbopi mbtbrod`nmi i lun`mi su usi sb vb rbstrd`admi pir su hngn lncdmnm, bstnois erb`tb n ci qub sb mb`iod`n bsträs jïmrdli. Bc bsträs jïmrdli priviln u` mbtbrdiri mb cis rblursis mb naun muclb b` tärod`is mb ln`tdmnm (nluïebris sihrbbxpcitnmis, rïis sblis, btl.) y mb lncdmnm (butriedznldü`, li`tnod`nldü` mb cn ontbrdn iraî`dln, d`trusdü` sncd`n, btl.) >4. \ba÷` ENI, bc usi mbc naun d`lrbob`tnmi oîs mbc li`bxdstb rbcnldü` nc ï`mdlb lrbldodb`ti mb cn pihcnldü` b` jn bc ÷ctdoi sdaci, y,b` n pbsnr mbmihcb qub `i bslnsbz mb mb naun n `dvbc acihnc lioi tnc, bxdstb` rbadi`bs qub tdb`b` bslnsbz lrü`dln mb bstb rblursi. Vnrn bc 8682, >.:66 odcci`bs mb pbrsi`ns vdvdrî` b` pnïsbs i rbadi`bs li` bslnsbz nhsicutn mb naun, y mis tbrldis mb cn pihcnldü` ou`mdnc pimrïn` ccbanr n li`mdldi`bs mb bsträs. 86 Erblub`tbob`tb sb jnlb u`n mdstd`ldü` b`trb cis usis li`su`tdvis y cis usis `i li`su`tdvis mb naun. B` bc lunmri :, sb oubstrn` cis usis oîs dopirtn`tbs b` Hicdvdn. Lunmri @¶:7 Rsi mb Naun b` Hicdvdn Rsis li`su`tdvis y `i li`su`tdvis mbc naun b` Hicdvdn Hicdvdn Rsis li`su`tdvis Rsi mioästdli
Rsis `i li`su`tdvis Rsi jdmribcältrdli Naun pnrn rdbai Rsi rblrbntdvi y bliturdsoi Rsi d`mustrdnc Vbsln Rsi od`bri @nvbanldü` Rsi pbtricbri Rsi obmdinohdb`tnc Eub`tb7 Od`dstbrdi mb Obmdi Nohdb`tb y Naun
Naun pnrn rdbai Bc VXI@NX (8666) d`vb`tnrdnri` cis sdstbons mb rdbai b` cns zi`ns îrdmns y sbod-îrdmns mb cis mbpnrtnob`tis mb Cn Vnz, Iruri, Vitisï, Liljnhnohn, Ljuqudsnln, ]nrdgn y \n`tn Lruz. Bstns zi`ns sb lnrnltbrdzn` pir cns hngns prbldpdtnldi`bs ecuvdncbs y u`n primulldü` narïlicn irdb`tnmn prd`ldpncob`tb n cis primultis hîsdlis. \b jn ciarnmi d`vb`tnrdnr 2.=24 sdstbons mb rdbai b` eu`ldi`nodb`ti, mbc lunc 2.64 mb usi pblunrdi (hiebmncbs). B` cn prdobrn lntbairïn sb mdstd`audbri` sdstbons mb rdbai enodcdnrbs (3 8 jn), odlri (8->6 jn), pbqubþis (>6->66 jn), obmdn`is (>66-266 jn) y arn`mbs (0 266 jn). B` cis 1 mbpnrtnob`tis mi`mb sb rbncdzü bc >4
V@RON, Acisnrdi7 jttp7//www.ardm.u`bp.lj/primult/puhcdlntdi`/miw`cinm/erbsjYbuYacissnry.pme ENI, @nturnc Xbsiurlbs n`m B`vdri`ob`t Mbpnrtob`t7 jttp7//www.eni.ira/`r/wntbr/dssubs/slnrldty.jtoc
86
51
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
cbvn`tnodb`ti mb d`eironldü`, bc d`vb`tnrdi jn rbadstrnmi =.18= sdstbons mb rdbai, 8>1.412 usunrdis y u` îrbn rbanmn mb 885.25= jn. Rsi mioästdli \b jn ihsbrvnmi u` `itnhcb d`lrbob`ti b` cn lihbrturn mb sbrvdldis mb naun pitnhcb b`trb >446 y 8666, sd` bohnrai `i sb jn mdstrdhudmi bqudtntdvnob`tb ihsbrvî`misb mdebrb`ldns prd`ldpncob`tb b`trb bc sbltir urhn`i y rurnc, nmboîs mb mdebrb`ldns b`trb cis mbpnrtnob`tis. \b pubmb nprbldnr qub bc onyir li`suoi b` cns zi`ns urhn`ns bs mioästdli. \ici ld`li mb cns `ubvb ldumnmbs lnpdtncbs mb mbpnrtnob`ti lub`tn` li` sbrvdldi pbron`b`tb cns 8= jirns. Cn ldumnm mb Liljnhnohn b`erb`tn cis onyirbs prihcbons mb nhnstbldodb`ti mb naun pitnhcb, sbaudmn mb cns ldumnmbs mb Vitisï, \ulrb y Lihdgn. B` bc lunmri :, sb tdb`b` mntis mb cns boprbsns mb sbrvdldi mb naun pitnhcb mb cns lnpdtncbs mb mbpnrtnob`ti, cis lnumncbs mb iebrtn y tdpis mb eub`tb mb nhnstbldodb`ti. B` cn onyirïn mb cns ldumnmbs mbc pnïs, sb mdspi`b` mb eub`tbs supbredldncbs y suhtbrrî`bns. B` vnrdns ldumnmbs cis nluïebris suhtbrrî`bis bstî` sdb`mi sihrb-utdcdznmis (d.b. Iruri). Ncau`ns ldumnmbs ldumnmbs (d.b. Vitisï Vitisï,, Liljnhnohn Liljnhnohn)) b`erb`tn` sbrdis pri prihcbons hcbons mb nhnst nhnstbldodb`ti bldodb`ti mb naun pitnhcb. B` Liljnhnohn, sb prbvä qub bc priyblti OD\DLR@D nhnstblbrî cn mbon`mn mb naun pitnhcb y mb rdbai mbsmb bc nþi 866=. B` bc îrbn rurnc sb tdb`b` ouljns mdedluctnmbs mb nhnstbldodb`ti mb naun pitnhcb lioi si` cn mdspbrsdü` mb cn pihcnldü`, piln lnpnldmnm ou`dldpnc pnrn ab`brnr y ln`ncdznr priybltis, y pili d`tbräs pnrn cn d`vbrsdü` pir pnrtb mbc sbltir prdvnmi. B` bc îrbn rurnc, nmboîs mb tb`br hngis pirlb`tngbs mb lihbrturn, b` cn onyirïn mb cis lnsis bc nhnstbldodb`ti bs n trnväs mb eub`tbs p÷hcdlns y `i mb li`bxdi`bs miodldcdnrdns lioi ilurrb onyirob`tb b` bc îrbn urhn`n. Cn hngn lihbrturn b` bc nhnstbldodb`ti mb naun pitnhcb n cn pihcnldü` jn privilnmi qub cns prd`ldpncbs b`ebrobmnmbs y cn nctn oirtncdmnm d`en`tdc bstä` rbcnldi`nmns li` cn hngn lncdmnm mbc naun (oncnrdn, mdnrrbns, edbhrb tdeidmbn, btl.). Lunmri @¶47 ]dpi mb Eub`tb y Lnumnc iebrtnmi mb cns boprbsns mb naun pitnhcbs mb cns lnpdtncbs mb mbpnrtnob`ti Ldumnm Boprbsn Eub`tb ^ (c/s) Cn Vnz / Bc Boprbsn V÷hcdli \ildnc Ncti mb Naun y \n`bnodb`ti (BV\N\) \NARNVNL (liipbrntdvn) \n`tn Lruz 4 liipbrntdvns
: eub`tbs supbredldncbs7 ]u`d, Li`mirdrd, Juny`n Vitisï, Odccu`d, B`trb 86>> Ljiqubynpu, D`lnljnln, Ngn` y =282 Kjitn, JnopnturdHngi. (Boprbsn QnrnQnrn, Lju`anrn, y =6= Jdbrhnhub`n`d.
Nluïebris suhtbrrî` suhtbrrî`bis bis
Nluïebris ssuhtbrrî`b uhtbrrî`bis is
Eub`tbs supbredldncbs7 sdstbon Lngnonrln qub lioprb`mb cis rïis BCNVN\ (Boprbsn Lngnonrln, \nedrdy Vu`dccn. \ulrb Eub`tbs supbredldncbs7 sdstbon ou`dldpnc) Xnvbci qub lioprb`mb cis rïis Xnvbci, Vbrns Onyu, Gncnqubrd, Ourdcci y Edslucli. Eub`tbs supbredldncbs7 rïis \brvdldi Cilnc mb \bpucturns y Junyþn Virti. Iruri suhtbrrî`bns7 Ljnccn Nlubmultiss Nlubmulti y Eub`tbs Ljnccn Vnopdtn y Ncln`tnrdccnmi Ncln`tnrdccnm i \BCN Vnopn, Nbripubrti.. Nbripubrti (Boprbsn ou`dldpnc) NNVI\ (Boprbsn Eub`tbs supbredldncbs7 cnau`ns Vitisï ou`dldpnc) KjnrdKjnrd. ]rd`dmnm LIN]XD (Liipbrntdvn) Eub`tbs suhtbrrî`bns Eub`tbs supbredldncbs7 rïis Xd`lü` Cn Udltirdn, Aunmncqudvdr, \n` ]nrdgn LI\NC] (Liipbrntdvn) Gnld`ti. Eub`tbs suhtbrrî`bns Lihdgn Boprbsn ou`dldpnc Eub`tb supbredldnc supbredldnc77 nrriyi Hnjïn Eub`tb7 Onttis y Lrbspi 8666, Nltuncdznmi (OONyN)
=58 :8
>: 21= 814 8=
Rsi d`mustrdnc, od`bri y pbtricbri Cn onyir pnrtb mb cns d`mustrdns b` Hicdvdn bstî uhdlnmn mb`tri mb cns ldumnmbs y b` cn onyirïn mb cis lnsis utdcdzn` bc naun pitnhcb mb cis sdstbons mb mdstrdhuldü`. Bc pnrqub d`mustrdnc mb \n`tn Lruz bs cn ÷`dln zi`n d`mustrdnc b` Hicdvdn qub lub`tn li` sbrvdldis hîsdlis y qub sb b`lub`trn cbgis mb cns zi`ns rbsdmb`ldncbs. Cn mbon`mn mb naun pnrn li`suoi on`uenlturbri vnrïn sba÷` cn d`mustrdn. Cns onyirbs d`mustrdns li`suodmirns mb naun b` Cn Vnz pbrtb`blb` nc rnoi mb cis tbxtdcbs, lurtdbohrbs, primulldü` mb cbvnmurn y lbrvbzn. B` Liljnhnohn, cis usunrdis oîs dopirtn`tbs si` cns lurtdbohrbs, eîhrdlns mb mbtbrab`tbs y nlbdtbs y eîhrdlns mb pnpbc. \ba÷` bc bstumdi, bc li`suoi mb naun b` cn d`mustrdn od`brn, uhdlnmn onyirob`tb b` bc îrbn rurnc, bs mb nprixdonmnob`tb .2 odcci`bs mb o< mb naun pir nþi (> o445) y Xiljn (>444) d`mdlnri` qub cn od`n Jun`u`d - D`ab`di \n`tn Bcb`n utdcdzn ncrbmbmir mb 8=6 cdtris mb naun pir sbau`mi mbrdvnmis mbc rïi Jun`u`d, mb cis luncbs 55% bs rbldlcnmi. Cns nltdvdmnmbs jdmrilnrhurïebrns tnohdä` mbon`mn` bc usi mb naun, prd`ldpncob`tb mb eub`tbs supbredldncbs. Bstb rbqubrdodb`ti vnrïn sustn`ldncob`tb mb nlubrmi nc tdpi y ona`dtum mbc priyblti, `i bxdstdb`mi n cn ebljn u`n rbebrb`ldn miluob`tnmn mbc vicuob` mb naun utdcdznmi pnrn lnmn nltdvdmnm (OMB-UBJ, 866>). ]rn`spirtb ecuvdnc Cis rïis nonzü`dlis si` dopirtn`tbs pnrn bc trn`spirtb mb lnran. \b bstî mn`mi ouljn dopirtn`ldn nc trn`spirtb ï`tbr oimnc, qub bs bc trn`spirtb liohd`nmi b`trb cn lnrrbtbrn y cis rïis. Bsti sd` mumn trn`seironrî cis pubrtis nltuncbs b` picis mb lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli mi`mb sb li`lb`trnrî` boprbsns mb lnran, d`stdtuldi`bs mb li`tric `nvnc, d`stdtuldi`bs mb mbsnrricci ldb`tïedli, lion`mn`ldns `nvncbs y pbqubþis liobrldn`tbs (Xiljn >444). Cis pubrtis oîs dopirtn`tbs b` cn Nonzi`ïn hicdvdn`n si` Vubrti Udccnrribc (rïi Dljdci), ]rd`dmnm y Aunynrnonrï` (rïi Onoirä), qub gu`tis rbprbsb`tn` bc bgb Dljdci- Onoirä. Bc Vriarnon mb obgirnodb`ti mb cn d`ernbstrulturn b` bc bgb Dljdci-Onoirä eub mbsnrriccnmi pir bc \brvdldi mb Obgirnodb`ti mb cn @nvbanldü` (\BOB@N). Itris bgbs mb `nvbanldü` dopirtn`tbs si` cn jdmrivïn Ln`nc ]nob`ai-Vnrnauny-Vnrn`î, bc bgb Dtä`bz-Onmbdrn, y bc sdstbon Hb`d-Onmrb mb Mdis. Bstns mis ÷ctdons vïns mb `nvbanldü` tdb`b` ncau`ns cdodtnldi`bs pnrn cn `nvbanldü` mb bohnrlnldi`bs arn`mbs. Cn onyirïn mb cns rutns `nvncbs tdb`b dopirtn`ldn `nldi`nc, pbri nmboîs eiron` pnrtb mb lirrbmirbs hdi-ilbî`dlis. Bs bc lnsi pnrn bc bgb Dljdci-Onoirä qub b` su li`lbpldü` eironrïn pnrtb mbc lirrbmir hdi-ilbî`dli Vnlïedli-Ntcî`tdli. Vubrti Naudrrb, b` cn rutn mb cn jdmrivïn Vnrnauny-Vnrn`î, lub`tn li` u` pubrti qub rbldhb lnran tn`ti `nldi`nc lioi d`tbr`nldi`nc. Cn jdmrivïn sb li`stdtuyb b` cn oîs dopirtn`tb mb cns vïns qub privbb nllbsi nc ilän`i Ntcî`tdli. Bc sdstbon jdmriarîedli Vnrnauny-Vnrn`î tdb`b u`n bxtb`sdü` mb < ==8 ko mbsmb sus lnhblbrns b` bc Bstnmi mb Onti Arissi jnstn bc mbctn mb cis rïis Vnrn`î. Cn supbredldb mbc îrbn mb d`ecub`ldn mdrbltn mb cn Jdmrivïn bs mb nprixdonmnob`tb >.126.666 ko8, li` u`n pihcnldü` qub sihrbpnsn cis >1.666.666 jnhdtn`tbs. N Hicdvdn cb lirrbspi`mb 444).
16
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
]rn`spirtb cnlustrb Hicdvdn nmboîs mbc trn`spirtb ecuvdnc lub`tn li` u` dopirtn`tb trn`spirtb cnlustrb b` bc cnai ]dtdlnln. Bohnrlnldi`bs trn`spirtn` lnran y pnsngbris. Hicdvdn mdspi`b mb trbs pubrtis dopirtn`tbs b` bc cnai7 Aunqud (li`bltnmi n cn ldumnm mb Cn Vnz obmdn`tb ebrrilnrrdc y lnrrbtbrn), Ljnqunyn (lnran mb od`brncbs) y Lrdcci` ]iurs (turdsoi). Rsi jdmri-bcältrdli Bc pitb`ldnc jdmri-bcältrdli bstî pili bxpcitnmi b` Hicdvdn. Bsti ilurrb pirqub cis listis mb su mbsnrricci pir ci ob`is n lirti pcnzi si` supbrdirbs n cis listis mb ab`brnldü` li` hnsb b` bc ans `nturnc. Cn bxdstb`ldn mb rbsbrvns arn`mbs mb ans `nturnc b` tbrrdtirdi `nldi`nc jnlb pili prihnhcb cn bxpn`sdü` rîpdmn mb cn ab`brnldü` jdmri-bcältrdln. B` Hicdvdn, cns zi`ns li` onyir pitb`ldnc jdmrib`braätdli sb b`lub`trn` b` cns cnmbrns mbc bstb mb cn Lirmdccbrn mb cis N`mbs, pir cns li`mdldi`bs jdmricüadlns y tipiarîedlns qub prbsb`tn`, luhrdb`mi u`n bxtb`sdü` nprixdonmn nc >=% mb cn supbredldb titnc mbc pnïs. Lioi rbsuctnmi mb cis trnhngis mb d`vb`tnrdnldü` mb priybltis jdmribcältrdlis pir pnrtb mb B@MB (>44 nprivbljnodb`tis, li` u`n lnpnldmnm titnc d`stncnhcb mb >>.666 OQ, sdtunmis b` timi bc tbrrdtirdi `nldi`nc. Mb nlubrmi n bstb d`vb`tnrdi, B@MB (>442, sb pubmb` ihsbrvnr cns bspbldbs nluîtdlns qub bstî` b` pbcdari mb bxtd`ldü` b` Hicdvdn. Vnrn li`sbrvnr pihcnldi`bs vdnhcbs mb bstns bspbldbs, sb jn lrbnmi bc \dstbon mb Îrbns Vritbadmns mb Hicdvdn.
1>
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
6% (pnrn bc nrsä`dli) y 26% (pnrn bc lihrb). VVI (>445) nedron` qub lnsd timis cis rïis b` cis ncrbmbmirbs mbc cnai Viipü (tnohdä` ästis qub `i rbldhb` li`tnod`nldü`) tdb`b` `dvbcbs `nturncbs mb obtncbs onyirbs n cis vncirbs li`sdmbrnmis cïodtbs b` bc ou`mi. Ncau`is mb cis obtncbs, prd`ldpncob`tb bc n`tdoi`di y bc nrsä`dli, ncln`zn` nctis `dvbcbs mb li`lb`trnldü` mb ei`mi. 12% mbc npirtb mb Vh nc cnai bs mb irdab` `nturnc. Nsdodsoi, :2% mbc nrsä`dli trn`spirtnmi pir bc naun supbredldnc nc cnai Viipü tdb`b irdab` `nturnc, mbc d`tbopbrdsoi mb vucln`dtns b` cns lub`lns licbltirns mb cis rïis Onurd, Oîrqubz y \bvnruyi (VVI, >445). Cis odsois nutirbs d`mdln` qub cn –li`tnod`nldü` `nturnc‟ mb nrsä`dli pubmb sbr u` prihcbon onyir y u` rdbsai pnrn cn sncum juon`n. \b nsuob qub cns nctns li`lb`trnldi`bs `nturncbs mb nrsä`dli lrbn` u`n eubrtb prbsdü` sihrb bc blisdstbon nluîtdli. Ouljns naunsbc supbredldncbs si` nptns pnrn i prbsb`tn` rdbsais sncd`dznldü`. Vir bgbopci, naun mbc rïi `i Mbsnaunmbri tdb`brdbai u`n li`multdvdmnm mb >.4 mb os/lo, cn lunc sda`dedln qub prbsb`tn rdbsais pnrn ldbrtis luctdvis y mdsod`uldü` mb cn primultdvdmnm mb itris (WI@D\DA >44:). Cns nauns mbc rïi Onurd y mbc cnai ]dtdlnln prbsb`tn` ncti rdbsai mb sncd`dmnm y hngi rdbsai mb nclncd`dznldü`. Bc odsoi eb`üob`i eub rbpirtnmi pnrn cns nauns supbredldncbs b` cn lirmdccbrn illdmb`tnc (viclî`dln) qub ab`brncob`tb `i pubmb` sbr usnmns pnrn rdbai i pnrn li`suoi juon`i mbhdmi n sus ncti arnmi mb od`brncdznldü` (nctns li`lb`trnldi`bs mb sücdmis mdsubctis) (WI@D\DA, 8666). Nsdodsoi, vnrdis rïis b` cn lub`ln mbc Vcntn tdb`b` u`n sncd`dmnm nctn n ouy nctn y nctn nclncd`dmnm ci lunc cis jnlb `i nptis pnrn usis li`su`tdvis. ONAMX-VXI@NX (8666) n`ncdznri` oubstrns cns nauns utdcdznmns b` cis sdstbons mb rdbai b` Hicdvdn. Ab`brncob`tb, cn sncd`dmnm y/i mb simdldmnm eiron` prihcbons sbrdis b` arn`
18
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
pnrtb mbc pnïs. \b pubmb ihsbrvnr qub bc mbpnrtnob`ti mb Vitisï rbpirtn cn onyir îrbn rbanmn li` rdbsai mb sncd`dznldü`. \b pubmb supi`br qub cn onyirïn mb cns nauns oubstrbnmns `i rbldhdü li`tnod`nldü` mb eub`tbs n`trüpdlns, b`ti`lbs cis mntis prbsb`tnmis rbecbgnrïn` bc `dvbc mb li`tnod`nldü` –`nturnc‟. ]nohdä`, sb mbhb d`mdlnr qub
cns nauns oubstrbnmns privdb`b` mb mdebrb`tbs eub`tbs (pizis, on`n`tdncbs, rïis, ntngnmis). ntngnmis). , sb mbhb` n cis `dvbcbs mb lihbrturn qub sb jnlb li` cis sdstbons mb lnþbrïns y ncln`tnrdccnmi pnrn bc hb`bedldi mb cn pihcnldü`. Arnedli @¶8>7 Li`suoi mb Naun Vitnhcb pir tdpi mb \brvdldi
Li`suoi mb Naun Vitnhcb pir tdpi mb sbrvdldi (odcbs mb obtris luhdlis) >446 - 86>= >:6.666,6
s i >56.666,6 l d h >=6.666,6 ÷ L >86.666,6 s i r t >66.666,6 b :6.666,6 O b 56.666,6 m s b =6.666,6 c d 86.666,6 O
6,6 6 > 4 4 4 4 > >
8 < = 2 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 > > > > >
Mioästdli
1 : 4 6 > 4 4 4 6 6 4 4 4 6 6 > > > 8 8
Liobrldnc
8 < = 2 5 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 8
D`mustrdnc
: 4 6 > 8 6 6 > > > 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 8
< = > > 6 6 8 8
Iedldnc
Eub`tb7 RMNVB Miobstdli7 lnsns, mbpnrtnob`tis, li`gu`tis jnhdtnldi`ncbs, pbqubþis liobrldis, tnccbrbs mb nrtbsn`ïn pbqubþis, tbrrb`is. Liobrldnc7 jitbcbs, pb`sdi`bs, tdb`mns arn`mbs, supbrobrlnmis, lcï`dlns, iedld`ns mb priebsdi`ncbs, hn`lis, bstnldi`bs mb sbrvdldi, rbstnurn`tbs, lneäs, hnrbs, lcuhbs sildncbs, tbntris ld`bons, jispdtncbs y lcï`dlns prdvnmns, bslubcns, cilncbs liobrldncbs. D`mustrdnc7 enhrdlns, cnvn`mbrïns, bstnldi`bs mb sbrvdldi li` cnvnmi mb nutis, cnhirntirdis enronläutdlis, lb`trncbs mb b`braïn, ontnmbris, jubrtns Iedldnc7 bmdedldis mb bstnmi, licbadis bstntncbs, lunrtbcbs, pcnzns, pnrqubs, jispdtncbs, nsdcis, u`dvbrsdmnmbs, lbob`tbrdis, jdmrntn`tbs.
1<
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
6) ob`ldi`n` lioi bebltis prd`ldpncbs mbc lnohdi lcdoîtdli b` cn rbadü` mb Noärdln Cntd`n y bc Lnrdhb bc nuob`ti mb cn tbopbrnturn, d`lrbob`ti mb cn prbldpdtnldü` d`tb`sn y bvb`tis lcdoîtdlis bxtrbois, pärmdmn bli`üodln, pärmdmn mb vdmns juon`ns pir mbsnstrbs, rbtrilbsi mb cis acnldnrbs y li` bcci u`n bslnsbz lnmn vbz oîs d`od`b`tb mb naun pitnhcb y pnrn rdbai, pärmdmns b` cn nardlucturn y b` cn hdimdvbrsdmnm, y mbarnmnldü` mb cis subcis. B` ab`brnc, cis bstumdis sihrb nltuncbs y pitb`ldncbs bslb`nrdis mbc lnohdi lcdoîtdli b` Hicdvdn tdb`b` rbsuctnmis vnrdnmis pir cn piln li`sdstb`ldn y enctn mb d`eironldü` hîsdln lioi mntis obtbiricüadlis y bstumdis bspblïedlis mb subcis, hdimdvbrsdmnm, primultdvdmnm, btl. Nmboîs, cisabiarîedlns dopnltis vnrïn` b`trb onlrirbadi`bs y n `dvbc pir sildibli`üodlis cn arn` vnrdbmnm b` li`mdldi`bs y mb prbldpdtnldü`, pbri tnohdä` pir cilnc enltirbs lioi cn pnrlbcnldü` mb cn tdbrrn, nllbsi n d`ernbstrulturn primultdvn y pntri`bs iran`dzntdvis (Vdbpb`stilk & Oncmi`nmi, 86>6). B` bc sdaudb`tb rblunmri sb rbsuob` cis mntis mb mdebrb`tbs bstumdis sihrb bc lcdon nltunc y euturi mb Hicdvdn.
Lunmri @¶>67 Dopnlti mbc Lnohdi Lcdoîtdli pir Xbadü` Xbadü` Bslb`nrdis mb lnohdis Dopnltis bspbrnmis Nctdpcn`i Onyir li`lb`trnldü` mb cn Onyir prbsb`ldn mb jbcnmns prbldpdtnldü` D`lrbob`ti mb cns Onyir erblub`ldn mb `blbsdmnmbs mb naun pnrn tirob`tns ob`ir `÷obri sd` rdbai pir cis cnrais pbrdimis mb mïns li`li` ccuvdn ccuvdn
1=
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
Onyir erblub`ldn mb arn`dzi Vrihcbons li` cn ab`brnldü` Xbmulldi`bs b` cis lnumncbs mb b`braïn mb cis rïis Xbtrilbsi mb cis acnldnrbs Mbstrulldü` mb luctdvis D`u`mnldi`bs b` äpiln mb ccuvdns Viln mdspi`dhdcdmnm mb ynaun pnrn li`suoi juon`i n`donc Viln rblnran b` cis 8> 88 nluïebri , hieb mncbs y itris sdodcnrbs Liopbtb`ldn pir bc usi mb naun Unccbs d`tbrn`md`is
Ljnli
Onyir li`lb`trnldü` mb cn prbldpdtnldü` Onyir erblub`ldn mb tirob`tns li` ob`ir `÷obri mb mïns li` ccuvdn Onyir erblub`ldn mb arn`dzi
Liopbtb`ldn pir bc usi mb naun Värmdmn mb cn hdimdvbrsdmnm D`lrbob`ti mb cns `blbsdmnmbs mb naun pnrn rdbai pir cis cnrais pbrdimis sd` ccuvdn Xdbsais d`lrbob`tnmis mb mbscnvbs, onznoirrns y itris rbcnldi`nmis Vrihcbons li` cn ab`brnldü` mb b`braïn Brisdü` y mbsbrtdedlnldü` mb subcis Xbmulldü` mbc `÷obri mb Liopbtb`ldn pir bc usi mb naun mïns li` ccuvdn Värmdmn mb cn hdimdvbrsdmnm D`lrbob`ti mb pbrdimis sd` Bvb`tis mb icns mb lncir ccuvdn murn`tb cn äpiln mb murn`tb bc vbrn`i luctdvi Brisdü` y mbsbrtdedlnldü` mb \bquïns rblurrb`tbs b d`tb`sns Hngis lnumncbs b` cis rïis
Ccn`is y Nonzi`dn
D`lrbob`ti b` cn ln`tdmnm mb ccuvdn rbldhdmn pir bvb`ti Onyir tnsn mb `uhisdmnm
subcis Onyir li`tnod`nldü` mb cns eub`tbs mb naun D`u`mnldi`bs erblub`tbs Värmdmn mb d`ernbstrulturn vdnc
8>
Bstrnti mb riln pbrobnhcb qub li`tdb`b naun. R` nluïebri sd` cdodtnldi`bs sb rblnran mdrbltnob`tb pir obmdi mbc naun mb ccuvdn, rïis y cnais. Cn vbcildmnm mb cn rblnran sb vb d`ecudmn pir cn pbrobnhdcdmnm mb cns rilns y subcis b` cns lnpns supbrdirbs. R` nluïebri cdodtnmi sb lnrnltbrdzn pir u` on`ti supbrdir dopbrobnhcb y, pir ci tn`ti, cns ccuvdns cilncbs `i nebltn` bc nluïebri (DVLL, 8668). 88
R` juobmnc mb ncturn i u`n prnmbrn `ntdvn pili bxtb`sn, li` pbron`b`tb juobmnm. Cis vbabtncbs i pcn`tns qub jnhdtn` bc hiebmnc rbldhb` bc `iohrb mb vbabtncbs v babtncbs jdmrieïtdlis. Cis hiebmncbs sb eiron` b` zi`ns uhdlnmns sihrb cis odcci`bs mb mücnrbs b` pärmdmns (1,>2% mbc VDH) (LBVNC, 8661) y ncrbmbmir mb u` 48% mb su lnpnldmnm mb ansti p÷hcdli (Ai`zncbs & Bslihnr, 86>6); liopriobtdü n 1 mb 4 mbpnrtnob`tis y neblti n 826.666 u`dmnmbs primultdvns, ci qub trngi lioi li`sblub`ldn bc rblrumbldodb`ti mbc suhbopcbi y mbsbopcbi, odarnldi`bs yd`suedldb`tbs, mbspcnznmis mbccilnopi n cis cn ldumnm. Cns obmdmns bstntncbs mb rbspubstn eubri` lioi oubstrn` ÷`dlis bstumdis bxdstb`tbs qub mbslrdhb` cn rbuhdlnldü` mb mno`dedlnmis mb cns d`u`mnldi`bs b` bc Vcn` ]rbs Odc (N`tbci, >4:2), nsï lioi cn nebltnldü` mbc tbgdmis sildnc b` bc `irtb mb Vitisï (Xdvbrn, >448 y >441). Bc @d`i >441/4: mbgi >% VDH mb cn tnsn mb lrbldodb`ti priybltnmn mb
11
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
2,16%8>7 Dopnlti bli`üodli y sildnc mb bpdsimdis Bc @dþi/Cn @dþn b` bc pnïs Bpdsimdis Bc Vihcnldü` Mnþis titncbs (odcci`bs mb mücnrbs) Dopnlti @dþi/@dþn nebltnmn Dopnlti Mnþis Vbrmdmn Bebltis b` sihrb bc (mno`dedlnmis bli`üodli Mdrbltis b` bc sbltir VDH (%) mdrbltis titnc ecugis bxtbr`i/n
Dopnlti sihrb bc ansti mb aihdbr`i (%)
>4:8 - >4:< >441 - >44:
>.566.666 >,5 861,4
=,4 6> 2 5,8
:.1=6
18,=
>:
=,2 >
. Vcn`tbnodb`ti mbc oimbci bli`ioätrdli. Li` bc ihgbti mb li`trnstnr bopïrdlnob`tb cn jdpütbsds mbc trnhngi mb d`vbstdanldü`, obmdr bc Vrimulti D`tbr`i Hruti pbr lîpdtn b` tärod`is mbc liopirtnodb`ti mb cn D`vbrsdü` Vuhcdlns Jïmrdln, Li`suoi mb Naun Vitnhcb y cn Mdspi`dhdcdmnm mb Naun, b` bc pbrdimi >446 “ 86>=; bc oimbci qub sbrî utdcdznmi b` bc prbsb`tb trnhngi mb d`vbstdanldü` bs bc qub sb mbslrdhb n li`td`unldü`7 MD\V?+DVJ +8DVN +
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
=.8. Bstdonldü` mbc oimbci b d`tbrprbtnldü` bli`üodln. Vnrn cn bstdonldü` mbc oimbci, sb utdcdzn bc oätimi OLI (Oï`dois Lunmrnmis Irmd`nrdis), b`tb`mdb`mi qub bstns mbhb` tb`br cns lnrnltbrïstdlns mb cn sda`dedln`ldn mb cns vnrdnhcbs, rudmi hcn`li, u` oimbci bli`ioätrdli jioislbmnstdli y li` mdstrdhuldü` `ironc. Cn bstdonldü` rbncdznmn obmdn`tb bc pnqubtb bli`ioätrdli Bvdbws 4.6, `is oubstrn b` su prd`ldpnc vb`tn`n cis sdaudb`tbs rbsuctnmis (vbr n`bxi)7 Lunmri @¶>>7 Xbsuctnmi mb B Bstdonldü` stdonldü` mbc Oimbci Unrdnhcb t-stntdstdl Vnrîobtri ( DVJ -6.46 -8.16 DVN -6.61 -6.18 LNV >.28 8.4= VVL -6.6= -6.>: V\N -6.8< -6.1> X87 6.,281 mb prihnhdcdmnm ob`ir nc vncir lrïtdli y bs sda`dedlntdvn nc 2% mb li`edn`zn. Cn vnrdnhcb VVL (VDH pbr lîpdtn) tdb`b u`n prihnhdcdmnm mb 6,6=2 onyir nc vncir lrïtdli, pir ci qub sb ci pubmi tionr lioi `i sda`dedlntdvn nc 2% mb li`edn`zn Cn vnrdnhcb V\N (Vrimulldü` mbc \bltir Narïlicn) tdb`b u`n prihnhdcdmnm mb 6,88), b` timis cis lnsis pnrn cns vnrdnhcbs bc libedldb`tb mb lirrbcnldü` sb b`lub`trn cbgn`is mb >, pbri b` bc lnsi mb vnrdnhcbs mdspi`dhdcdmnm mb naun sb b`lub`trn li` lirrbcnldü` sda`dedlntdvn nc 6.62
:8
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
Lunmri >87 Xbsuctnmi mb Libedldb`tbs mb Lirrbcnldü` MD\V
MD\V LNV DVN DVJ VVL V\N
LNV
DVN D VN DVJ VVL V\N 6.511:>55618: 6.55=8:1=61>4 6.2:8:5>2:22> 6.2>1 =664= 6.511:>55618: 6.42>:6=6< 6.4=45 11545 4:284 86282 > 5:861 2>24= 6.2:8:5>2:22> 6.48:5>>128>>1866% bc `dvbc mbc V\N mdsod`uyi b` 8=7 Vrubhn mb jdpütbsds ]bst mb Murhd` “ Qntsi` Jdpütbsds Ji7 ?6 @i bxdstb nuti lirrbcnldü`
Jn ≦6 Bxdstb nuti lirrbcnldü`
Bstnmïstdli ihsbrvnmi
Xbacn mb mbldsdü`
Xbsuctnmi D`tbrprbtnldü` >,2 3 MQ 38,2 \b nlbptn cn jdpütbsds `i bxdstb Bc bstnmïstdli `ucn y sb sispbljns mb bstî mb`tri mbc nuti lirrbcnldü` rbljnzn cn prdobr jdpütbsds MQ ? 8,6= 63MQ3>,=4 i d`tbrvnci, pir nctbr`ntdvn nc 8,5 3MQ3= li`sdaudb`tb `dvbc mb bxdstb bc oimbci `i sda`dedln`ldn sispbljns mb prbsb`tn nuti mbc 2% nuti lirrbcnldü` lirrbcnldü`
@itn.- Mb nlubrmi li` cn Mr. Gisben Onrtd` Ebr`î`mbz mb cn Enluctnm mb Ontboîtdlns mb cn R`dvbrsdmnm mb Ourldn b` su on`unc mb \V\\21 v. >>.2, bc bstnmïstdli MQ mbhb bstnr lioprb`mdmi l ioprb`mdmi b`trb bc rn`ai mb >,2 y 8,2 pnrn nlbptnr cn jdpütbsds `ucn
Vir itrn pnrtb, lioi sb ihsbrvn bc lirrbciarnon mb rbsdmuis cn prihnhdcdmnm b` cis >8 rbznais si` 06,>6, ci qub sda`dedln qub bc oimbci `i prbsb`tn nutilirrbcnldü` (bxdstb`ldn mb rudmi hcn`li).
:=
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
Lunmri @¶>27 Lirrbciarnon mb rbsdmuis rbsdmuis Mntb7 >6/5 ]dob7 >27>8 \nopcb7 >446 86>= D`lcumbm ihsbrvntdi`s7 8= ^-stntdstdl prihnhdcdtdbs nmgustbm eir 2 my`nodl rbarbssirs Nutilirrbcntdi` . *| . . *| . . *| . .**| . . |* . . |**. . *| . . | . . | . . *| . . |* . . *| .
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Vnrtdnc Lirrbcntdi` . *| . . *| . . *| . .**| . . | . . |* . . *| . . | . . |* . . *| . . | . .**| .
| | | | | | | | | | | |
> 8 < = 2 5 1 : 4 >6 >> >8
NL
VNL
-6.6:2 -6.>18 -6.>== -6.8 6.>45 6.8=< -6.>:> 6.6>< 6.66> -6.>:2 6.>58 -6.>44
-6.6:2 -6.>:> -6.>:= -6.5: -6.>:< 6.68= 6.>>> -6.>:> -6.668 -6.82=
^-\tnt 6.>45: >.6.526: = >6.6>241
Vrih. E(>2,:) Vrih. Ljd-\qunrb(>2) Vrih. Ljd-\qunrb(>2)
6.6855 6.>6 6.:>:1
]bst Bquntdi`7 Mbpb`mb`t Unrdnhcb7 XB\DMP8 Obtjim7 Cbnst \qunrbs Mntb7 >>/6>/>5 ]dob7 >>78> \nopcb7 >44> 86>= D`lcumbm ihsbrvntdi`s7 8= Unrdnhcb
Libeedldb`t
\tm. Brrir
t-\tntdstdl t-\tntdstdl
Vrih.
L MCIA(DVJ)P8 MCIA(DVJ)*MCIA(DVN) MCIA(DVJ)*MCIA(DV N)
6.662524 6.>>:=65 -6.>5=>
8.=2>552 6.=8665= -6.56>=6:
6.6=1< 6.4286=42 6.468< 6.>=14=2 -6.2=6=22 6.::81>= 6.558:6< 6.666> >>=.=116 =.6>:68 6.8>=:41 6.8>>12> 6.5>..685616 6.6
Obn` mbpb`mb`t vnr \.M. mbpb`mb`t vnr Nkndkb d`ei lrdtbrdi` \ljwnrz lrdtbrdi` Jn``n`-^ud`` lrdtbr. Murhd`-Qntsi` stnt
6.5= 6.1482 6.:>22 6.8> -:.865=>2 -1.=8>6=5 -1.44:621 8.8281:8
\d sb ihsbrvn cns prihnhdcdmnmbs mb cis rbsdmuis, bstns si` onyirbs qub 6,>6 pir bcci, sb nedron qub bc oimbci bs jioislbmnstdli, =.4. ]bst mb mb `ironcdmnm (Gnrqub Hbrn). R`i mb cis prihcbons oîs erblub`tbs nc trnhngnr li` vnrdnhcbs bs snhbr sd tdb`b mdstrdhuldü` @ironc. Vubs `i sb pubmb npcdlnr cis ]bst bstnmïstdlis sd cn pihcnldü` `i bs `ironc. Bxdstb` vnrdns prubhns pnrn mbtbrod`nr cn `ironcdmnm, b`trb bccns bstî`7 tbst mb Gnrqub Hbrn, prubhn mb `ironcdmnm (^un`tdcb “ ^un`tdcb) y bc mdnarnon mb lngn. GH Lunmri @¶>17 Jdstiarnon y tbst mb `ironcdmnm GH :
\brdbs7 Xbsdmuncs \nopcb >44> 86>=
1
Ihsbrvntdi`s 8= 5
2
=
<
Obn`
6.6622>4
Obmdn`
6.6>2>48=
Od`douo
-6.>84=::
\tm. Mbv.
6.61>>81
\kbw`bss
6.628566
Kurtisds
8.=:2485
Gnr nrqu qubb-H Hbr brn n
6.81 6. 812< 2
6 -6 .> 2
-6 .> 6
-6 .62
6 .6 6
6 .6 2
6 .> 6
6 .> 2
:5
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
Bc Lunmri @¶>1, sb mbmulb cis sdaudb`tbs nspbltis7 cn Kurtisds tdb`mb n < ci qub mn u`n pdstn mb qub bc brrir tdb`b u`n mdstrdhuldü` `ironc, bc libedldb`tb mb nsdobtrïn tdb`mb n 6, ci qub tnohdä` mn d`mdldis mb `ironcdmnm, njirn utdcdzn`mi bc bstnmïstdli mb GH bstb tdb`b u` vncir mb 6,81 ob`ir nc vncir lrdtdli mb 2,44 pir ci qub sb li`lcuyb li` u` :1% mb prihnhdcdmnm cn bxdstb`ldn mb `ironcdmnm b` cis rbsdmuis.
:1
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
LI@LCR\DI@B\
::
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
Li`lcusdü` Cn bslnsbz mb naun bs u` prihcbon mb lnrîltbr sildi-bli`üodli, lnmn vbz sb bstî narnvn`mi pir u`n oncn abstdü` b` bc usi, bxdstb u`n vd`lucnldü` bstrbljn li` cns nltdvdmnmbs primultdvns. Mb nlubrmi nc n`îcdsds cn mdspi`dhdcdmnm naun y lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli sb pubmb nprbldnr qub rbncdznmi bxdstb u`nsihrb rbcnldü` d`vbrsn b`trb mb bstns vnrdnhcbs, odb`trns jnyn u` d`lrbob`ti b` cns tnsns mb VDH pbr lîpdtn sb mdsod`udrî cn mdspi`dhdcdmnm mbc rblursi jïmrdli yn qub bstb sbrî mbon`mnmn b` onyir pripirldü`. Nsï tnohdä` ilurrb pnrn bc sbltir narïlicn, cn bslnsbz mb naun ab`brn u`n mdsod`uldü` b` su primulldü`, pi`db`mi b` rdbsai cn sbaurdmnm ncdob`tnrdn. Li`lcusdi`bs Bspblïedlns Vnrn cn abstdü` 86>= sb ihsbrvnr u` ncti arnmi mb luopcdodb`ti pnrn bc nllbsi n naun pitnhcb, b` lnohdi pnrn sn`bnodb`ti hîsdli bxdstb` timnvïn hrbljns qub mbhb` sbr luhdbrtns b` cns abstdi`bs vb`dmbrns, y nsï lnohdnr cn lncdmnm mb vdmn mb cns pbrsi`ns Mb`tri mb cns nlldi`bs qub rbncdzn bc aihdbr`i sb bstnhcblb` priarnons y li`vb`dis lioi ODNARN y ODXDBAI b`trb cis oîs rbprbsb`tntdvis pnrn hrd`mnr sdstbons mb naun pitnhcb pnrn cn pihcnldü` urhn`n lioi rurnc, nsï tnohdä` cis `dvbcbs mb d`vbrsdü` b` bc sbltir jïmrdli eubri` d`lrbob`tî`misb pnrn bc rdbai mb cis luctdvis. Bc d`lrbob`ti b` cis `dvbcbs mb VDH pbr lîpdtn mb Hicdvdn jn sdmi li`sdmbrnhcb b` cns ÷ctdons abstdi`bs pir u`n onyir mbon`mn d`tbr`n qub bs bxpcdln pir bc li`suoi mb enodcdns n`ncdzn`mi bc VDH pir tdpi mb ansti. Nsï tnohdä` sb nprbldn u` nuob`ti b` cn primulldü` narïlicn. Cns d`vbrsdi`bs b` bc sbltir jïmrdli, bstî` irdb`tnmns n mitnr mb naun pitnhcb n cns enodcdns obmdn`tb sdstbon mb mdstrdhuldü` nmod`dstrnmns pir cns BV\N\ li`tbopcnmns b` bc priarnon ODNARN; pir itrn pnrtb bc priarnon ODXDBAI, bstî mitn`mi mb sdstbon mb rdbai pnrn cn nltdvdmnm narïlicn. Cis `dvbcbs mb d`vbrsdi`bs sb b`lub`trn` lrbldb`mi. Cns eub`tbs mb nhnstbldodb`ti mb naun privdb`b` mb cns lub`lns, nauns supbredldncbs y suhtbrrî`bns; cis onyirbs mbon`mn`tbs mb naun si` bc sbltir narïlicn, d`mustrdnc y cns enodcdns cn mdspi`dhdcdmnm mb rblursis jïmrdlis, bstnrî b` eu`ldü` mbc usi qub sb mn y mb cis bvb`tis lcdoîtdlis qub ab`brn` bslnsbz mbc naun b` ouljns pnrtb mb Hicdvdn. Bs bvdmb`tb rbli`ilbr qub bc lnohdi lcdoîtdli bs u` enltir bxtbr`i b` cn mdspi`dhdcdmnm mb naun b` Hicdvdn bstb nebltn mb on`brn mdrbltn b` bc ldlci jïmrdli, nctbrn`mi cns bstnldi`bs mb ccuvdn pnrn mitnr`is mbc rblursi jïmrdli, nsï tnohdä` bc eb`üob`i `dþi y `dþn lnmn vbz si` oîs eubrtbs priviln`mi b` rbadi`bs mb `irbstb d`u`mnldi`bs lioi b` cn zi`n mbc ljnli sbqudns.
:4
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
Bc naun tdb`b u` vncir bstrntäadli pnrn bc euturi mb Hicdvdn y pir bcci timis mbhbois liopriobtbr`is li` cis rblursis jïmrdlis, bs u` d`struob`ti mb mbsnrricci mb cn Bli`ioïn.
Xbliob`mnldi`bs Cn pihcnldü` b` ab`brnc mbhb tb`br rbsdcb`ldn nc lnohdi lcdoîtdli, sbr oîs li`sdb`tb b` bc usi y mbrriljb mb naun qub rbncdzn n mdnrdi, u`n bmulnldü` dopnrtdmn b` cns bslubcns y u`dvbrsdmnmbs pimrî pncbnr mb ncau`n on`brn cn bslnsbz mb naun. Vir itrn pnrtb npistnr n cns nauns suhtbrrî`bns yn qub bstns tdb`b` u` ob`ir arnmi mb bvnpirnldü`, nconlb`nmns pnrn äpilns mb sbquïn i pili suod`dstri mb naun. ]nohdä` b`tb`mbr qub cn lisbljn mb naun `i mbhb mnrsb sici b` cn pihcnldü` rurnc, yn b` cns zi`ns urhn`ns sb lnrblb mb naun qub sb narnvnrn li` bc tdbopi.
46
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
HDHCDIAXNEDN N@MXNMB Oü`dln Oü`dln, CNXLI Vnhci –Lnohdi lcdoîtdli b` bc usi y abstdü` mbc naun7 cns rbspubstns mb cns pihcnldi`bs bxlcudmns b` Noärdln Cntd`n y bc Lnrdhb‟ Bmdtir Euturi
Cntd`inobrdln`i, 86>6 OIXB@I-MIM\I@, Hcn`ln –Nllbsi nc Naun y \brvdldis mb \n`bnodb`ti7 Dopnlti sihrb bc Lrbldodb`ti Bli`üodli‟ Hn`li Ou`mdnc, 866: MB\N-@NLDI@B\ R@DMN\ (D`tbarnldü` mbc Lnohdi Lcdoîtdli b` cis Vriarnon mb @nldi`bs R`dmns mb Mbsnrricci \istb`dhcb pnrn Noärdln Cntd`n y bc Lnrdhb) Lnohdi Lcdoîtdli, Naun y B`braïn b` Hicdvdn, 86>8 V@RM (Vriarnon mb @nldi`bs R`dmns pnrn bc Mbsnrricci) ]rns cns Jubccns mbc Lnohdi Lcdoîtdli. Bstnmi mbc Nrtb mbc Li`ildodb`ti sihrb Nmnptnldü` nc Lnohdi Lcdoîtdli, naun y \baurdmnm Ncdob`tnrdn, 86>> JIEEON@@, Cis dopnltis mbc Lnohdi Lcdoîtdli b` Hicdvdn, ADW, 86>8 XIMXDARBW Austnvi, UDCBCN Onrtd` Nab`mn \ildnc n`tb bc Lnohdi Lcdoîtdli pnrn cn mbeb`sn mbc naun, cis mbrbljis juon`is y cn `nturncbzn, Eu`mnldü` \icü` 86>6 EIXI LI@\RC]DUI LDB@]ÏEDLI T ]BL@ICÜADLI –Mdna`üstdli mbc naun b` cns noärdlns‟, Oäxdli 86>8 OD@D\]BXDI MB OBMDI NOHDB@]B T NARN –Vcn` sbltirdnc mb Mbsnrricci mb \n`bnodb`ti Hîsdli 86>>-86>2‟ ICOBMN VN\LRNC, Gisä Odaubc –Bc naun y su n`îcdsds mbsmb cn pbrspbltdvn bli`üodln7 u`n npcdlnldü` pnrn bc lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli ‟ R`dvbrsdmnm mb Lnstdccn-Cn On`ljn, 8665 OD@D\]BXDI MB VCN@DEDLNLDI@ MBC MB\NXXICCI –Vcn` mb Mbsnrricci Bli`üodli y \ildnc 86>5-8686‟, Mdldbohrb 86>2 NCLILBX Acirdn, Acirdn, Naun \uhtbrrî`b \uhtbrrî`bn n b` Hic Hicdvdn, dvdn, \bpt \bptdbohrb dbohrb 86> 86>6 6 LNOVN@D@D Islnr, Vicïtdlns sihrb naun y sn`bnodb`ti b` Hicdvdn, LBMDH, Gucdi 86>2 UN@ MNOOB, Vnuc Mdspi`dhdcdmnm, Rsi y Lncdmnm mb cis Xblursis Jïmrdlis b` Hicdvdn , Luohrb Ou`mdnc sihrb bc Mbsnrricci \istb`dhcb, Gijn``bshurai 8668 @NLDI@B\ R@DMN\ 8mi D`eirob sihrb bc mbsnrricci mb cis rblursis jïmrdlis b` bc Ou`mi, 8664 EIXI OR@MDNC MBC NARN, Miluob`ti hnsb pnrn bc DU Naun pnrn bc lrbldodb`ti y mbsnrricci 8662 R@DLBE, Bebltis mbc Lnohdi Lcdoîtdli b` cn Mdspi`dhdcdmnm mb Xblursis Jïmrdlis y sus rbpbrlusdi`bs b` cn sncum D`en`tdc 86>8 KICCNX, KC Naun, d`mustrdn y lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli, >45= ‟Bc Naun B` R` Ou`mi B` Li`stn`tb Lnohdi ‟ 8
4>
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
R@DUBX\DMNM LNXCI\ DDD MB ONMXDM, Bli`ioïn mb cis rblursis `nturncbs LIC^RB, Bcdi Nchbrti ]bsds – N`îcdsds N`îcdsds Mb Cn D`vb D`vbrsdü` rsdü` V÷hcd V÷hcdln ln B` Nau Naun n Vitnhc Vitnhcb bT \n`bnodb`ti Vnrn Bc Luopcdodb`ti Mb Cis Ihgbtdvis Mbc Mbsnrricci Mbc Odcb`di 8665 “ 86>>‟, RO\N Bli`ioïn, 86>< CNHN@MBDXN, Znvdbr, Lnrobci G. CBÜ@ –Bli`ioïn nohdb`tnc‟ VBNX\I@, 8661 NARDCBXN KCD@K, KCD@K, Ebmb Ebmbrdli, rdli, NCLÎ@ NCLÎ@]NXN ]NXN Udlb` Udlb`tt –Mb cn Bli`ioïn Nohdb`tnc n cn Bli`ioïn Blicüadln‟ LDV-Bli sildnc, >44= LRBUN\, Mnrds Gnvdbr –Cn Lurvn mb Kuz`bts Nohdb`tnc‟ Bstumdis mb bli`ioïn npcdlnmn, R`dvbrsdmnm mb Ivdbmi, 8665 N@ARCI N`ti`dn, N`ti`dn, AR ARBXXBXI BXXBXI Gb Gbs÷s s÷s –Xbcnldü` b`trb lrbldodb`ti bli`üodli y obmdi nohdb`tb7 cn u nohdb`tnc mb kuz`bts ‟ Xbvdstn Mbsnrricci Cilnc \istb`dhcb. Xbm Nlnmäodln Dhbrinobrdln`n Cilnc Acihnc Bli`ioïn y Mbsnrricci \istb`dhcb, 86>8 ,‟¹Ontrdoi`di ebcdz i mdvirldi n`u`ldnmi9‟ ER@MNLT], 86>> ENCLI@Ï, En`mbr ,‟
\BUDCCN, Onrtd`, ]IXXBAXI\N, ]brbsn –R` pn`irnon sihrb cn bli`ioïn mbc naun‟ R`dvbrsdmnm mb ncdln`tb Bspnþn, mbpnrtnob`ti mb n`îcdsds bli`üodli npcdlnmi, 86>6
48
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
N@BZI\
4<
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
N@BZI > VXIMRL]I D@]BX@I HXR]I VIX ]DVI MB AN\]I7 >446 - 8668 (B` Odcbs mb Hicdvdn`is mb >446) Xn o n s/Nþis
>446
>44>
>448
>44<
>44=
>442
>445
>441
>44:
>444
8666
866>
8668
Ansti mb li`suoi ed`nc mb cn >.:>2 >.:>2.=> .=>22 >.: >.:15 15.65 .6522 >.4 >.4=2 =2. 8.>4< 4=.55 .55:: 8.= 8.=48 48.>: .>:== 8.2 8.2=< =5 >5.:> .:>88 8.1 8.161 61.81 .81:: nmod`dstrnldü` puhcdln Ansti mb Li`suoi Ed`nc mb cis >>.: >>.:54.: 54.::5 :5 >8 >8.85= .85=.8.166 .166.=88 .>88.1>8 .1>8 >< >< >=. >=.2.>2. >2.411 >5. >5. >5.128 >5.128.>= .>=88 >5.4 >5.45=.1 5=.151 51 >1.< >1.>.5 >>.56> >48. :4 :42 =1. ==8 -::. 55554 ->. 11552 Bxdstb`ldns Eironldü` Hrutn >.4.4 8.1:6 8.1:6.6: .6:== 65 65.>= .>=>> 2>.5< .5= .>=>> =.2 =.218 18.44 .44== =.2 =.26.=8 .=866 =.4 =.4>8 >8.1< .1:: 5.6 5.686 86.11 .1188 1.6> 6>.14 .1466 5.< 5.5.28 >5.28=.>>2 =.>>2 >1.88 >1.884.21: 4.21: >:.6< >:.6: 5.1>: 8>.1> 8>.1>5.58< 5.58< 8>.:6 8>.:64.=6.1> .1>4.= 4.=8.>= .>==.5 =.5=> => >8 >8.5= .5=>.4 >.428 28 >= >=.6> .6>2.2 2.22: 2:
1.< 1.6 .>644
:.< :.> >>.45 .45 >>.1= .1=8.8 8.84> 4> >8 >8.8= .8==.4 =.451 51 >< >2 >2.8= .8==.= =.=12 12
4.> 4.>41 41.82 .8255 >6 >6.65 .65=.4 =.4:= :=
81 8=.48:.6 8=.48:.658 58 85.6< 8:.28=.6 8:.28=.681 81 14< 112 :56 :2<
>44<
>44=
>442
>445
>441
:6= :>: :4: 455 >.6>> 54= 5== 5:: 161 158 11: :65 46< 41= 451 : 486 411 >.682 158 :52 441 >.611 >.>:6 =2= 262 2>1 :=< :>2 :=: 462 >.654 >.6 .62 2> >.6 .62 2= >.>< .> >.88 .88= >.4 :51 ::1 :1< 4.6=1 >.>82 >.8><
>44:
>444
8666
866>
8668
>.62: :.8:< 2>6 >.>11 >.=8 .=88 4>5 >..664 :28 4>6 >.65= >.>41 2 >.>6= >.85 .855 462 >.=>>
444 :>6 :42 >.62: >.>2< 2=6 >.>>< >.85 .856 :21 >.=28
4=4 111 :.6:2 268 >.>>4 >.86 .864 :86 >..6>2 >.>4 .>4= :85 >.=(p) (p)
Eub`tb7 D`stdtuti @nldi`nc mb Bstnmïstdln
Hicdvd n7 Vrimulti d`tbr`i hruti pbr lnpdtn n prbldis Hicdvdn7 prbldis mb obrlnmi, sba÷` mbpnrtnob`ti (B` mücnrbs nobrdln`is) 866<
866=
8662
HICDUDN DUDN LJR^RD\NL D\NLN N CN VNW LIL LI LJNHNO NHNOH HN IXRXI VI]I\Ï ]NXDG NXDGN N \N@]]N LX \N@ LXR RW
46: 1>5 :.< . >.> .>> >1
45: 15: :58 424 >.6 .66 66 2=: >.1 .15 52 >.> .>5 52
>.6.6=5 22< 8.= .=< .8 .8> >=
HB@D VN VN@M @MI I
1.6 .6= =2
1== 1=8 >.6 .6= => >.> .>= ==
Eub`tb7 D`stdtuti @nldi`nc mb Bstnmïstdln
8665
8661
866:
8664
86>6
86>>
86>8
86><
>.< ..6 .6> >2 >.8.8 >.82 22 >.= .=> >8 :46 .2 >.2>2
>.184 >..2 >.2> >> >.422 >..:=6
>.15 .154 >. >.2 >.2= => 8.6= .6=< >.=25 =.8 .8= =: >.: >.:.418 >.268 >.:.5 >.5: :< 8. >.165 =.5 .56 61 8.6 8.6.4< 8.4> .4>= 8.>
8.5 8.>= == 8.121 >.::1 1..1>4 >.> .>4 46 >.= .== == >.5 .54 4< >.2 .21 14 >.1 .1: :2 8.62 .621 8.>= .>=6 8.82 .821
>.:62 8.84 .84=
>.8 .88 8: 4>4 >.616 >.> .>8 82 >.8 .88 8> 14: >2 >.= .=6 6>
42
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
N@BZI <
Ldumnm
>446
>44>
VXBLDVD] NLD @ VCRUDNC VCRUDNC NLRORCNMN NLRORCNMN \BA @ LDRMNMB\ LDRMNMB\ LNVD]NCB\ LNVD]NCB\ (Obtris Luhdli) (>446 - 8668) >448 >44< >44= >442 >445 >441 >44: >444
8666
866>
8668
\ulrb 2.5> >.5>:, :,>6 >6 >.44 >.448, 8,66 66
244,> ==5,8 6 >. >.:5 :51, 1,56 56
24=,2 =1=,= .> .>114,6 ,666 >. >.4< 46 >6 >. >.2: 2:=, =,66 66
216,1 =81 =61,1 ,1 >..:5 >.:5=, =,>6 >6
146,= 56:,: 2>:,< =:4,2 =:5,4 =>5,1 >.6 >6
1:>,4 =14,< .26 >.26:, :,=6 =6 >.21 >.21=, =,:6 :6
125,= 58:,4 22>,< 2>:,1 ==6,= 555,4 >.2:= .2:=,2 ,266 >.=4 >.=4:, :,86 86 8..=8:, :,>6 >6 >.:> >.:>5, 5,66 66
]I]NCC ]I]N
1.54 1.548, 8,:6 :6
4.5< 4.5< 1.>.6 >.6:1,6 ,666 >.>4 >.>41, 1,=6 =6 >. >.56 56:, :,86 86
281,8 21:,< =45,= ==, =,66 66 >.48 >.486, 6,66 66
1:>,4 =24,8 .5= >.5=>, >,26 26 >.14 >.14:,= > =:,> >.25 >.25=, =,46 46 8.61 8.615, 5,26 26
58=,= 24=,5 .= >.=:=,56 ,56 >.58 >.582, 2,=6 =6 >.4: >.4:4, 4,56 56
12>,5 562,: 2>6.12 >.12:, :,56 56 >.42 >.425, 5,=6 =6
5:6 =1:,5 =>>,1 2=8 ,2 168,4 >642 642 >.:4 >.:41, 1,:6 :6 >.1: >.1:1, 1,46 46
51:,> 2:8,5 =:4,: 2 >.1>=, =,66 66 8.>2 8.>2=, =,:6 :6
28=,> 254,1 =48,5 =>5,< >1,26 ,26 >.1: >.1:5, 5,66 66 >.46 >.461, 1,66 66
:.>2 :.>2=, =,=6 =6
:.62 :.62=, =,86 86
:.25 :.25>, >,>6 >6
1. 1.1= 1=>, >,56 56
1.4: 1.4:1, 1,=6 =6
:.=1 :.=1:, :,44> >448 >44< >44= >442 >445 >441 >44: >444 >,41 8,=2 >,1= 8,=: ,1= 8,>1 >,>2 >,62 >,1 6,:> >,>
1. 1.:: ::4, 4,5< 5<
1. 1.82 82=, =,56 56
:. :.>2 >2=, =,52 52
:. :.6> 6>=, =,48 48 :. :.>4 >4:, :, >1,2= 2. 2.51 51:, :,52 52 >,,52 >4,52 8,51
58,54 1 8:,5,1: >=,8: :,4< >4,8= >2,:1 88,84 2. 2.:2 :24, 4,:6 :6 5. 5.,5< >,51 8,45 =,51 2,:> .=1 =15, 5,84 84 85:,=5
5. 5.>< >.=2 =21, 1,5< 5< >51,5
54,5< 86>,2=
58,2 >2=,52
58,:,:1
Hb Hb`d `d
2=,85
>,11
8,1=
>82,42
=>,68
>::,11
>=>,>2 25,82
,=2
>82,42
8668 8,1: 5=, >4,8:
8666 8,=2 =,>< 8 6,:2
>5,52
>5,6< >4,42 5< 5,85 8,>5
=5,5> >5 1> 1>64 64,2 ,2 >:,8< 2,8=
85,85 >=,2= 12 12=< =< >1,28 =,>1
52,=2
>5,=2
28, ,>:: =5>,55 85 85 8>:6 :6,> ,>:: 8
=2,:1 >25,1<
24,:1 85
8=,8<
5. 5. 6, 6,1< 1< 2. 2.51 514, 4,82 82 2. 2.45 45>, >,. >.=4 =41, 1,5< 5< >. >.2> 2>:, :,16 16 >. >.88 88:, :,.=: =:1, 1,4: 4: >. >.58 585, 5,4> 4> 821,11 82:,:: >41,84 >45,6= >41,>1 8=2,2= 885,6= 15,:1 8>>,:5
5>,:2 >11,61
: 8:4,::
5>,61 852, 888,4=
>6 >642 426, 6,6: 6: >8 >8:< :.8 8>.86.5,62 >5,62 8=.6 8=.66>,=2 6>,=2 8< 8< 88.416,6= 88.416,6= 8= 8= 82.: >,> 6,:2 6,:< 82:,51
>>4,8:
>25,82
>82,42
>::,11
>,11
>
>=>,>2
>> >>.2 .2=5 =5,: ,:22
:. :.6> 6>=, =,48 48
5. 5.:1 :14, 4,25 25
:. :.=> =>8, 8,26 26
:. :.:> :>2, 2,>1 >1
:.6< :.6,5< >,88 8,45 =,51
84,8= :.14 :.14>, >,51 51 >8,25 2,:>
>2,5 86,1< 1.25 1.25,28 1 88,84 5.5< 5.5< >< >4,5< 5,>2
>5,6< =5,5> >4,42 >5 5.64, 4,26 26 8>,85 >:,8< 8,>5 2,8=
=,82
8=,8<
>1,:1 88,1= 5. 5.2= 2=:, :,:1 :1 >=,1: 5,=2 51,:=
5
=>,68
2=,85
85,58
< 86>= (p) 8,25 =,>: :,:1
8=:,5<
85,85 >=,4< >=,2= 8>,52 12= 12=< >>42 >>422, 2,48 48 >1,28 >=,52 =,>1 2,>8
>5,=2
28,6,1 ,16,6 >6,6:: 5. 5.5= 5=8, 8,82 82 5.:4 5.:48, 8,5= 5= 2..=1 =15, 5,84 84 >. >.118 866 >. >.2> 2>:, :,16 16 >.88 >.88:, :,.224, 4,>< >< >.58 >.585, 5,4> 4> 8.51 841,5= ,:2 : 5>,61 2=,8: 26,8> ==,5: 8>>,:5 >11,61 8:4,:: 852,=>,>8 >58,=8
=888, 888,>> 251,>> 8>:6 8>:6,> ,>:: 82.154 82.154,>> ,>> 8>.211 8>.211,>: ,>: 8=.>46 8=.>46,1: ,1: 85.2:5 85.2:5,65 ,65 8:.821,2 8:.821,2== 5 5, >448 >44< >44= >442 >445 >441 >44: >444 8666 866>
5.8>< 1.666.=:8 1.86>.55.161 1 8665 4.825< 8661 4.=>5.861 866: 4.566.425 8664 4.1=>.6 4.::> >6.6>:.8 >6.681.82= 86>6.851.46: 86>=(p) >6.2>=. 44> >448 >44< >44= >442 >445 >441 >44: ]I] NC 5:66 555.< 5. 51.> 51.>1< 1< 1>.1 1>.16< 6< Liobrldnc Liobrldnc >>. >>.4< 4 > > >8. 8.86 865 5 > >8. 8.=8 =8> > >2.5 >2.512 12 >2.= >2.=2.24< 4< >2.= >2.=5< 5< D`mu `must strd rdn nc 6=.1 >6=.12< 2< :6.: :6.:=5 =5 >2.> >2.>5> 5> 8.:8< 2.48<
LJR^R LJR^RD\ D\N NLN 66 =.>26 8:> 82< 8=5 866 > 4< 5 51< => =>.22 .2255 =8.1 =8.15= 5= => =>.== .==11 .= .=:8 :8 84 2.6.1 >.158 >.1>5 >.:84 >.82 .8244 >>.: >>.:=6 =6 >8 >8. .== 4.84 4.84> > 4.:2 4.:2= = >6.< >6..4422 .14= 8.=4< >8.4= >8.4=44 >6.: >6.:>> >>
Li Liob obrl rlddnc D`mus trdnc I edl dnc I XRXI M io äs tdl i L io brl dnc D`mus trdnc I edl dnc VI ] I \Ï M io äs tdl i L io brl dnc D`mus trdnc I edl dnc ]NXDGN Mioästdli Liobrldnc D`mustrdnc Iedldnc \N \N@]N @]N LXRW Mioästdli Mioästdli Li Liob obrl rlddnc D`mus trdnc I edl dnc HB@D Mioästdli Liobrldnc D`mustrdnc Iedldnc
=.5>4 5>4 : >: 2.158 158 8.864 864 .14> >.2>< >.22 >.221 1 >. >5= >48 >56 >5< >== >=: >56 8:= .18< 2== = :. 4>= >. 666 884 14 86 8 6= 8>< >.:>8 >52 >=< >1 >18 >1 >11 >. >5 5< 8 >< >< 8 86 6 > >: :
>.=64 >21 22 8.:14 > >1 1: 84 84
>.8:6 >2: >8 88 86 86
>44 4 4: 4:.2. 1> 8.: 8.:4= 2. 2.2 215
>.= >.=8> >52 .>> > >> >5 > >5 5
8666 >6> >6>.4 .442 42 11.> 11.>28 28 >5.= >5.=:> :> 8.155 2.245
>.=61 >52 =>= =.8 8.55 565 >. > .: > >..6=1 >>< >=1 >>
>.58 ==< =. 5:> 8.:48 :81 825 165 >. > . >..>8: >>: 5: 5:
>.=42 >55 =11 =. : 1:5 8. 8 . 642 > >..2=< >18 88: > >2 28
>4.:4.:>6.:1 :155 >> >>=. =.5: 5:>> >>4. >>4.=8 =844 >888:. >8:.86 8622 >=>. >=>.81 8188 >=5. >=5.66 6611 >= >==. =.11 1122 4>11 Mioästd Mioästdli li :1.> :1.>64 64 46.2 46.265 65 4=.: 4=.:41 41 41.> 41.>52 52 >6>.8 >6>.84> 4> >666 >61.= 1.=46 46 >> >>>. >. >>2. 2.>< >> >>=. =.65 652 2 >8 >8>. >.51 512 2 Li Liob obrld rldnc nc >2 >2.8 .82.2= 2== = >2 >2.1 .1:2 :2 >5. >5.21 212 2 >5. 5.: :42 >1. 1.8 8:< >1 >1.< .1 >1.5 .51 18 >: >:.> .>1 14 >: >:.8 .88: 8: >4.>6 >4.>6< < D`mustrdnc 8.5=8 8.5:2 8.5>6 :<
2.121 =.156 8=< 5> 548 =2 =2..81 81>> 8 >8.> .>=6 =6 8.685 >4>
LJR^ RD\NLN Mio äs äs tdtdl i Lio brl dnc D`mustrdnc Iedl dnc CN VN VNW W Mi Mioä oäst stdl dli i Lio br brl dn dnc D`mustrdnc Iedl dnc LILJN LIL JNHN HNOHN OHN Mi Mioä oäst stdl dli i Lio br brl dn dnc D`mustrdnc
2.=64 =.422 >>.6 .6:6 :6 >.25> >58
1.:2: 5.226 2>..2= 2=22 =8 =8.8 .86> 6> =.5.5=4 5.> >5.>5: 5: >< >: =.5.546 5.> .>85 85 >< >1>
IIXeR dlX dnI c Mio äs äs tdtdl i Lio brl dnc D`mustrdnc Iedl dnc VI ] I I\ \Ï Mio äs äs tdtdl i Lio brl dnc D`mustrdnc Iedl dnc ]N NX XDGN Mio äs äs tdtdl i Lio brl dnc D`mustrdnc Iedl dnc \N@]N \N@]N LXRW LXRW
=.= 44 42 < =.8=2:55 =.2261> = =.:5< 85 < 2.2 62=>8 2.: 5.:: 4 >6.54 4.8:4 8.8>2 >.:12 8.>66 8.4>= =.=:: =.85: 2.5:= 1..516 >=5 >5: >5< 86: 8>..45< >. >.15= 55= >.662 >.85< >.8:1 >....=52 >.165 >.=4> 51 :6 4> :5 :8 >>2 >:4 >4= 6 6 > > > > > > > > >= 8> :> :> >8 >8.< .:6
5. 2.8.58> 8.445 >2.1 >2.1=5 =5 >8. 8.1 1== 8.812 >4=
1.652 2.: =1 =1.2 .2 5> >< >4<
1.222 5.8>5 >> =6 =6.6 .66 61 =.=6: >.246 8.:65 >5 >5.6 .655 55 >< > .>1 11 8.826 >:2
1.21< 5.81> =.84: >.2:5 8.1:: >2.: >2.:8.4 .4> >8 8.:<
1.548 5.=2 >2.4 .4>5 >5 >< >
86>=(p) >25. >25.:> :>44 >8 >84.5 .5=6 =6 =.5=5 :.266
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
N@BZI 1 D@UBX\D D@UBX\D @ V HCDLN VIX \BL]IXB\ (B` odcbs mb mücnrbs) (>446->442) >44> >4 >448 >44< >44= >442 >446 \BL]IXB\ Vri ria ar. Bgbl Bgbl.. Vri Vriar. Bgbl Bgbl.. Vri Vriar. Bg Bgbl bl.. Vr Vri iar. Bg Bgbl bl.. Vr Vri iar. Bg Bgbl bl.. Vr Vri iar. Bgbl bl.. Bx Bxtrn trnlt ltdvis dvis >5 >54. 4.:4 :4== >68. >68.5: 5:== >2 >22. 2.64 64:: >8>. >8>.25 258 >88. 8.84 8411 >8 >8>. >.>< >6 >6=. =.45 4555 4:.5 4:.51> 1> >6 >62. 2.41 4122 >6 >6:. :.8< 8= >.26= >.> >.>:6 :6 >= >=8.6 8.6== == >> >>1.5 1.5>: >: >> >>1. 1.>> >>> > >> >>5.4 5.4>1 >1 42.< 42.6 >68. 8.24 242 2 >6 >68.= 8.=6> 6> :1 :1.1< .1 > >6.6 >6.6>5 >5 1. 1.8.1 .1>: >: 1. 1.:8 :82 2 >6 >6> >.5 .5 8 8=. =.=8 =8< < >.2>> >4= >4=.=: .=:66 >> >>2.> 2.>4< 4< 8811. 11.5>< 5>< >11 >11.88 .88== 8>6.: 8>6.:8= 8= 8>1.6 8>1.688 88 8>4. 8>4.:8:.5 :.56< 6< 51 51.81 .81= = >: >:2.6 2.6 >>8.1 8.15= 5= >< > > >1 >16.6 6.6:> :> >2 >28. 8.:6 :6= = >1 >11.> 1.>82 82 >2 >246.< 6.1 >15. 5.56 56< < >5 >5>.8 >.84> 4> B` B`b bra raïïn ..:.4> 4>> > >2 >2.8 .85 5= >=. >=.1 16= < 6.48 48== :=.5 :=.555 55 >84. >84.:: ::>> :=.5 :=.541 41 >8>. >8>.=1 =166 >8 >84. 4.>< >2 >2.< . < >: > >> >.6 .62 2< < .>2 24 = =6 6.4 .44 45 8 88 8.= .=: :6 = =2 2.:85 8 8< >2 8 82 2.4 .4: :: Bmul Bmulnl nldü dü` ` y Luct Luctur urn n >. >.4 42= >: >:< < >5 >5.6 .644 44 >.4 .464 64 >>.> >>.>8: 8: 1. 1.5: 5:< < >8 >8.> .> 1. 1.12 12< < :. :.5= 5== = >2. 2.=8 =8: : 4> 4>.1 .12: 2: 2 2 =5 =5.5 .5=4 =4 >< >1 1 >=.8 >=.885 85 2 86.5 86.5=6 =6 12 12.= .=>> 2. 2. 1>:: =: =:6. 6.25 25:: 25 255. 5.6: 6::: 2>>11 2> 2>4. 4.1< 1) (>445-866>) >441 >4 >44: >444 8666 866> >445 Vri ria ar. Bg Bgbl bl.. Vr Vri iar. Bg Bgbl bl.. Vr Vri iar. Bg Bgbl bl.. Vr Vri iar. Bg Bgbl bl.. Vr Vri iar. Bgbl bl.. Vr Vri iar. Bgbl bl.. .64: 2:.=51 .=11 2.5>4 5.658 1.4>> 5.16: 2.188 8.456 2.14< 8.6:< 2.528 2.>5= >.=24 4 82.==5 26.666
6
24. 24.651 651 4>8.:=> :>. :>.284 284 >>=.:12 >>=.:12 4>. 4>.4=< 4=< >8.=2 >>>.=2>> Narip aripbl blun unrd rdi i D`mustrdn Ouc uctd tdsb sblti ltird rdnc nc D`ernb `ernbstru strultur lturn n
=6 =6.< .4 >4.2 .266 66 =6 =6.< ..5 .5> >6 5=.= 5=.=2> 2> 28 28.1 .1> >4 55.: 55.:85 85 2: 2:.4 .465 65 28 =.8:6 2.=22 22=: 56 6: 8: 8:.> .>:1 :1 86 86.> .>8 8= ==.4 ==.4:8 :8 155=5 5 >:5 >:566 665 5 >11 >11=1 =1: : 86= 86=6: 6:6 6 86< 86< >1>.16 >1>.1666 >4428.51 >28.5166 >5=.>== >5=.>== >56.6< >56.64>.81: >4>.81: >:>.1= >:>.1=:8.22= >:8.22= 868.>8 868.>855
B` B`b braï raïn Liou`dlnldi`bs Xb Xblu lurs rsi is Jïmrd rdli liss \ildncb \ild ncbss
>2.1 .16 68 < >.= .=4 4< > >: :.5 .56 6> 8 86 6.254 > >2 2.64 .648 > >< >> >.14 .148 5.:66 > >< >> >.=: .=:: > >2 2.21 .21> 42 852 15 1< 6 1: 5 >=1 >>5 >64 >65 :.6 .66 66 1.5 .52 2= >> >>.< .5 >5..146 :.:6 .:65 :.2: .2:> 2.26 .26< 2.::5 :.66 .665 :.:4 .:4< >8 >8.> .>6 6= 88 88:.: :.:81 81 8< 8> >>6 6 8: 8:2.= 2.=24 24 .=6 =66 6 84 842.= 2.=28 28
\n \ncu cum m
.>448 .< . > 4:.:1 4:.:16 6 :1 :1.: .:12 12 4> 4>.>: .>:= = 55 55.=: .=:6 6 1= 1=.= .=44 44 =4 =4.5 .5:= := 56 56.=: .=:1 1 == ==.: .:45 45 21 21.:= .:== = 22 22.: .:8= 8= 5.8 .844 44 =4 =4.24 .24: : 5= 5=.22 .22= = 5= 5=.< .6. 6.:< : 5>155 26 26=. =.5: 5:44 5> 5>8. 8.4< 44488 5 6
8..::22:: 8 6
>55 < 6
>..>>==:: > 6
=..55::55 = 6
8665 Vr Vria iar. r. Bgbl Bgbl..
8661 Vr Vri iar. Bg Bgbl bl..
1..884585 >25..>>6:45 > < >.61: 1. = >:..8:2265 > 1.561
Npiy piyi i n cn Vrimulldü` Vrimulldü` >8:.=>6 >8:.=>6 >6:.1< >6:.182.116 >82.116 :8..46: >6>.46: >82.55 >82.558=.:16 >8=.:16 8=4.5=: 8=4.5=:
>2>.=8= >2>.=8=
Nar arip ipbl blu unr nrddi D`mus trdn Ouc uctd tdsb sblt ltir irddnc D`e `ernb rnbstru strultu lturn rn
5: 5:.2 .226 26 2< 2 8> =4 =4.8 .86 68 2= 2=.> .>5= 5= 21.= 21.=2 24 54 54.5 .56 61 12. 2.44 446 6 5.:42 5586 4.4>8 2.68< :.5=4 =.==4 5.:4> 5.11: >>.1>: >> >>>. 8>>.1: 1:4 4 84 8451 51>6 >6 : :>> >>: : : =< == >=5: 5:
>< > > 25 25
:46 >46. > >1 1.85: > >1 1.:>5 8< 8: 6 >.< >>.:. >:.=6 =62 2 >2.= >2.=5< 5< >>. >>.68 68: : >6.2 >6.2=.=1 =1: : 1. 1.5 >5.1 .124 24 >2. >2.>< > 4> 8:>. 8:>. = = 82>. 82>.8< 8 > 856. 856.>6 >65 5 >:5. >:5.48 485 5 >::. >::..62 62< < >2 >21. 1.:> :>> > >4 >4 >: >:4. 4.1< 1 > 85 858. 8.1< 16 >6.481 81 81.< . .>51 51 =2 =28. 8.12 1266 >< >8.1 >8.165 65
>> >>6.2=8 >6 >61. 1.4> 4>= =
=1. 45 454 .> .>41 41
Npiyi piyi n cn Vri Vrimu mull lldü` dü`
8> 8>4. 4.45 4511
Narip aripbl blun unrd rdi i D`mus tr trdn Oucttdsb dsblt ltir irdn dncc
>8 >88. 8.15 151 1 56.5 56.5= =4
>1 >16. 6.18 1844
85 854. 4.=4 =466
>5 >54. 4.:1 :111
:>.5 :>.5=4. >=4.2< 22 >22 5=.582 .582
1>. 2< 2 8>2 2
81. :< :6 >6:. :.56 568 8
2:. 2 2> >2 2. 2.=5 =58 8
:4. < >6.==< 5=1. 5=1.25 258 8
54. 4 41 14 =: =:1. 1.56 56= =
>= >=>.=4> 18 18 >> >.628 >.628.5 .515 15
>6:.652 5= 5=2. 2.26 26> >
86 865.: 5.:5= 5= >5 >56. 6.=6 =666
85 856. 6.58 5855
82.=6 =6::
=8=. =8=.=6 =688
=5>. =5>.86. 6.:6 :68 8 >5. 12 12< 54.< 4.2 >2=. =.56 564 4 82. > >4 48 :6.: :6.:8 82
>< >:. 4 41 1> :6.6 .652 52
86 86=. =. >> >=6. 6.42 42> >
>11. >11.2: 2:5 5 54. : :< > >>5.6 .6>1 >1
8> 8>1. 1.82 824 4 >< >6 >6>. < .= .=88 88
82 82>. >.56 56< < >. < >6 => =>.= .=: :4
81 812. 2.=4 =4= = >>4.8= >>. :2 :24 5=.481 .481
D`ernbstru D`ern bstrultu lturn rn
21< 21.6 >.6= 424.1= 424.1=:: >.8>5. >.8>5.821 821 >.>22 >.>22.>> .>>.2=6. >.2=6.8>> 8>> >.268. >.268.24> 24> >.542. >.542.62 6255 >.52=. >.52=.8>< 8><
]rn ]rn`sp `spir irtb tbss B`b B`bra raïïn
=1:. =1:.2 >21 1 14.:8: .:8:
54=. 54=.8< 8= >=5.46 5.461 1
245 5 :8.184 .184
55=.5 55=.526 26 4>.1 >.1> >>1. 1.:: ::4 4
456 >:.5 >:.55 55
=5.5:> 5 .4>5
2.24< 8> 66 .>66
1:4 15.6 15.66 68
:2.=11 =2.6 .62< 2<
:8.545 51. 1.>4 >41 1
\i \ild ldnc ncbs bs
.6:=. =. >.>== ==.> .>.==1. 1.4> 4>55
\ncum Bmuln Bmulnldü ldü` ` y Luctturn urn \n`b \n`bnod nodb`ti b `ti Hîsdli Hîsdli Rrhn Rrhn`d `dsoi soi y Udvdb dvdb`m `mn n
51. : :< 8811.6 4>.6 >>6. >>6.84 842 2 >45. >45.4> 4>6 6
4>. . >2>. > > 14 14.= .=: :
24. 8= 8=6 > >>6 >6 4 5>8 >15. >15.4> 4>= = 1:.: 1:.:8< 8< >==. >==.. 8>>.:5 :54 4 >=>. >=>.12 125 5 8416. 6.=< = > >> >>4. 4.:: ::5 5 >4 >45. 5.>5 >5> >
:1 >1>. >.1> 1>4 4 84 84=. =.26 268 8
46. 4 4< 6 >6= = 82 82=.:>1
81.4:8
8:.148
8=.=
=
>61.42<
>46.>6>
45> 2.82> 6
.=28 6
=.=:8 155 6
>.68> 5.582 >2< 4.>1: =<
5.>:5 5.=12 >.=88
5.84< >=. 1.26..=
:. 88.115 1.:24 =.5><
8.824 >8.=.888
>8.:4> .:6< .>2.. >.2:. :.148 48.6 .65 51 :>.425 22.8 .864 64
>> >>4.542 >> >>8. 8. 2 2
>< >6: >6:.8 .812 12
>1.25= 46 46.5 .5: :1
>. >. 6. 6.>4 >44 4 8>=. =.== ==: : .81 >.81>.512 >.512 >..886 >..886 >.:2 >.:26.::2 6.::2 >.=.=.:65.5>1 >.:65.5>1 >.28>.>86 >.28>.>86 8.=8:..2=1 .2=1 >5
Eub`tb7 Udlbod`dstbrdi mb D`vbrsdü` V÷hcdln y Ed`n`ldnodb`ti Bxtbr`i.
>68
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
N`bxi : Onpn ab`brnc mb suslbptdhdcdmnm s uslbptdhdcdmnm n d`u`mnldü` li` pihcnldü` uhdlnmn
N`bxi 4 Onpn ab`brnc mb suslbptdhdcdmnm n sbqudns
>6<
RO\N - Bli`ioïn
N`bxi 47 Nrtïluci >5. D. ]imn pbrsi`n tdb`b mbrblji nc naun y n cn ncdob`tnldü`. Nsï tnohdä` pimbois ldtnr itris nrtïlucis mb cn Li`stdtuldü` Vicïtdln mbc Bstnmi qub rbspncmn` cn tboîtdln mbc rblursi jïmrdli y lioi nhirtn bc tbon mb hrd`mnr sbrvdldis mb naun pitnhcb pnrn cns enodcdns lioi u` nllbsi nc ncln`tnrdccnmi. Nrtïluci 86. D. ]imn pbrsi`n tdb`b mbrblji nc nllbsi u`dvbrsnc y bqudtntdvi n cis sbrvdldis hîsdlis mb naun pitnhcb, ncln`tnrdccnmi, bcbltrdldmnm, ans miodldcdnrdi, pistnc y tbcbliou`dlnldi`bs. DDD. Bc nllbsi nc naun y ncln`tnrdccnmi li`stdtuyb` mbrbljis juon`is, `i si` ihgbti mb li`lbsdü` `d prdvntdznldü` y bstî` sugbtis n räadob` mb cdlb`ldns y rbadstris, li`eirob n cby. Nrtïluci 84: D. \i` liopbtb`ldns prdvntdvns mbc `dvbc lb`trnc mbc Bstnmi7 DD. \i` liopbtb`ldns bxlcusdvns mbc `dvbc lb`trnc mbc Bstnmi7 =. Xblursis `nturncbs bstrntäadlis, qub lioprb`mb` od`brncbs, bspbltri bcbltriona`ätdli, rblursis ab`ätdlis y hdiab`ätdlis y cns eub`tbs mb naun. Nrtïluci .2818>4 -6.6=268< -6.85= -6.1>888=
6.6>=> 6.=144 6.66:< 6.:216:4 84.:>44< 8.6=1>>5
Obn` mbpb`mb`t vnr \.M. mbpb`mb`t vnr Nkndkb d`ei lrdtbrdi` \ljwnrz lrdtbrdi` Jn``n`-^ud`` lrdtbr.
6.6>25 6.6:4:
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