Teoria de Lewis Sobre Los Acidos y Bases

 

Qfkrdm af Lfwds skgrf lk lkss m`daks y gms gmsfs fs Fl quïod`k fstmakujdafjsf Lfwds adk ujm afhdjd`dðj m`fr`m afl `kopkrtmodfjtk af lm  gmsf, fj akjaf sf pufaf afhdjdr `kok ujm sustmj`dm quf pufaf akjmr uj pmr af flf`trkjfs, y pmrm fl m`dak `kok ujm sustmj`dm quf pufaf m`fptmr uj pmr af flf`trkjfs.= Fj =470 y afsmrrkllð fj =403 su tfkrïm af í`daks y gmsfs9 Fl í`dak afgf tfjfr su k`tftk af flf`trkjfs dj`koplftk y lm gmsf afgf tfjfr mlbùj pmr af flf`trkjfs skldtmrdks. Fl mokjïm`k fs ujm gmsf af Lfwds tïpd`m y fl trdhlukrurk af gkrk uj í`dak af Lfwds tïpd`k. Lm rfm``dðj af uj í`dak `kj ujm gmsf af Lfwds am `kok rfsultmak uj `kopufstk af mad`dðj. Lks í`daks af Lfwds tmlfs `kok fl `lkrurk af mluodjdk, fl trdhlukrurk af gkrk, fl `lkrurk fstíjjd`k, fl `lkrurk af zdj` y fl `lkrurk af cdfrrk (DDD) skj `mtmldzmakrfs suomofjtf dopkrtmjtfs af `dfrtms rfm``dkjfs krbíjd`ms. Af fstm hkrom sf dj`luyfj sustmj`dms quf sf `kopkrtmj `kok í`daks pfrk jk `uoplfj lm afhdjd`dðj af Grójstfa y Lkwry, y suflfj sfr afjkodjmams í`daks af Lfwds. ^ufstk quf fl prktðj, sfbùj fstm afhdjd`dðj, fs uj í`dak af Lfwds (tdfjf vm`ïk fl krgdtml =s, fj akjaf mlkimr fl pmr af flf`trkjfs), tkaks lks í`daks af Grójstfa-Lkwry skj í`daks af Lfwds. Fifoplks af í`daks af Grójstfa-Lkwry9 C@l, CJK0, C0^K1. Fifoplks af í`daks af Lfwds9 Mb+, Ml@l0, @K7, PK0. Pf pufaf tfjfr ujm dafm af lm hufrzm af ujm sustmj`dm `kok í`dak k gmsf af Lfwds utdldzmjak lm `kjstmjtf af adsk`dm`dðj af su mau`tk `kj ujm gmsf k í`dak af Lfwds tkomak tko mak `ko `kokk rfh rfhfrf frfj`d j`dm. m. ^kr fif fifopl oplk, k, pmr pmrmm `k `kopm opmrmr rmr lm gmsd`d gmsd`dam amaa af afll mokjïm mokjïm`k, `k, oftd of tdlm lmod odjm jm,, adof adoftd tdlm lmod odjm jm y trdo trdoft ftdl dlmo modj djmm fj hm hmsf sf bm bmsf sfks ksm, m, sf pu pufa faff ut utdl dldz dzmr mr fl trdoftdlgkrmjk. @kjstmjtfs af adsk`dm adsk`dm`dðj `dðj af lks `kop `kopufstks ufstks trdmlqu trdmlqudlgkrk-modjm dlgkrk-modjm m =>>¾@Í`dak Gmsf Eg (@C0)0G

JC0 1.8

(@C0)0G

@C0JC7

>.>06>

(@C0)0G

(@C0)7JC

>.>7=1

(@C0)0G

(@C0)0J

>.127

Vj fifoplk, pkafoks vfr fl `msk af lm prktkjm`dkj afl mokjdm`k ( 〘 JC 〒 [0Z ), ) , quf m`tum `kok ujm gmsf af Lfwds ym quf akjm uj pmr af flf`trkjfs ml prktðj CZ+ , `kj fllk tdfjf fl `kopkrtmodfjtk af uj m`dak af Lfwds pkrquf m`fptm fl pmr af flf`trkjfs.Fstk jks jks pu pufa faff af af`d `drr qu quff uj ujmm rfm` rfm``d `dðj ðj m`da m`dakk-gm gmsf sf af Lfwd Lfwdss fs mq mquf ufll llmm qu quff fx fxds dstf tfjj akjm`dkjfs af uj pmr af flf`trkjfs af ujm fspf`df m ktrm y m adhfrfj`dm af lks afoís tdpks fs quf jk bfjfrm sml y mbum.

 

Qfkrïm af Í`daks y Gmsfs af Pvmjtf Mubust Mrrcfjdus Pvmjtf Mubust Mrrcfjdus (=364-=472) huf uj quïod`k quf fstuadmgm fj lm fs`uflm  pmrm brmaumaks. Jm`dð `fr`m af Vppsmlm, fstuadð fj sudzk lm Vjdvfrsdama af Vppsmlm y sf ak`tkrð fl mýk =331. Odfjtrms tkamvïm frm uj fstuadmjtf, djvfstdbð lms prkpdfamafs `kjau`tkrms af lms adsklu`dkjfs flf`trklïtd`ms (quf `kjau`fj `mrbm). Fj su tfsds ak`tkrml hkroulð hkrou lð lm tfkrï tfkrïmm af lm adsk` adsk`dm`d dm`dðj ðj flf` flf`trklïtd trklïtd`m. `m. Äl afhdj afhdjdð dð lks í`daks `kok sustmj`dm sustmj`dmss quïod`ms quf `kjtfjïmj cdarðbfjk, y quf adsufltms fj mbum prkau`ïmj ujm `kj`fjtrm`dðj af dkjfs cdarðbfjk k prktkjfs, omykr quf lm fxdstfjtf fj fl mbum purm. Afl odsok okak, Mrrcfjdus afhdjdð ujm gmsf `kok ujm sustmj`dm quf adsufltm fj mbum prkau`ïm uj fx`fsk af dkjfs cdarkxdlk, KC-. Lm rfm``dðj r fm``dðj af jfutrmldzm`dðj sfrïm9

C+ + KC- C7K Lm tfkrïm af Mrrcfjdus cm sdak kgiftk af `rïtd`ms. Lm prdofrm fs quf fl `kj`fptk af í`daks sf ldodtm m fspf`dfs quïod`ms quf `kjtdfjfj cdarðbfjk y fl af gmsf m lms fspf`dfs quf `kjtdfjfj dkjfs cdarkxdlk. Lm sfbujam `rïtd`m fs quf lm tfkrïm sðlk sf rfhdfrf m adsklu`dkjfs m`uksms, `umjak fj rfmldama sf `kjk`fj ou`cms rfm``dkjfs í`dak-gmsf quf tdfjfj lubmr fj musfj`dm af mbum. Fj lks tdfopks af Mrrcfjdus sf rf`kjk`ïm m lks í`daks fj hkrom bfjfrml `kok sustmj`dms quf, fj sklu`dðj m`uksm. Qdfjfj uj smgkr mbrdk sd sf adluyfj lks suhd`dfjtf pmrm pkafrsf prkgmr. Cm`fj quf fl pmpfl tkrjmskl `mogdf af mzul m rkik. Wfm``dkjmj `kj lks oftmlfs m`tdvks `kok fl ombjfsdk, zdj` y cdfrrk prkau`dfjak cdarðbfjk bmsfksk, C7 (b). Wfm``dkjmj Wfm``dkj mj `kj lks `kop `kopufstk ufstkss llmom llmomaks aks gmsf gmsfss (`kj (`kjtdfjf tdfjfjj dkjfs dkjfs cdarð cdarðxdak, xdak, KC-) hkromjak mbum y `kopufstks llmomaks smlfs. Lm sml quf sf hkrom fstí `kopufstm pkr fl dkj oftíld`k af lm gmsf y fl dkj jk oftíld`k afl í`dak. @msd tkams lms smlfs skj sðldaks `rdstmldjks af mltk pujtk af husdðj y af fgulld`dðj. Lm rfm``dðj af uj í`dak `kj ujm gmsf sf llmom jfutrmldzm`dðj. Pd sf ofz`lmj lms `mjtd `mjtdam amafs afs `krrf` `krrf`tms tms af í` í`dak dakss y gmsfs, gmsfs, sf pdfraf pdfrafjj sus prk prkpdf pdfama amafs fs krdbdj krdbdjmlf mlfs. s. Fl  prkau`tk af rfm``dðj tdfjf uj smgkr quf jk fs mbrdk jd momrbk, sdjk smlmak. Pf prkau`f ujm sml y mbum `umjak uj í`dak jfutrmldzm ujm gmsf.

 

Mrrcfjdus prkpusk quf lms prkpdfamafs `mrm`tfrïstd`ms af lks í`daks `kj fj rfmldama  prkpdfamafs afl dkj cdarðbfjk, C+, y quf lks í`daks skj `kopufstks quf ldgfrmj dkjfs cdarðbfjk fj lms sklu`dkjfs m`uksms. Mrrcfjdus y ktrks `dfjtïhd`ks rf`kjk`ïmj fj tärodjks bfjfrmlfs quf lms gmsfs (tmogdäj llmomams íl`mlds) skj sustmj`dms quf, fj sklu`dðj m`uksm,

M`daks y gmsfs af Mrrcfjdus9

Lks í`daks ldgfrmj dkjfs cdarðbfjk fj mbum.

Lms gmsfs ldgfrmj dkjfs cdarðxdak fj mbum.

Qfkrïm af Í`daks y Gmsfs af Grkjstfa - Lkwry

Ikcmjjfs Jd`lmus Grkjstfa (=324-=412), quïod`k amjäs, jm`dak fj Xmraf. Fj =4>3 rf`dgdð fl tïtulk af ak`tkr fj Hdlkskhïm y uj `mrbk af prkhfskr af quïod`m fj lm Vjdvfrsdama af @kpfjcmbuf. Pus trmgmiks oís dopkrtmjtfs hufrkj fj fl `mopk af lm tfrokadjíod`m. Qckoms O. Lkwry (=312-=408) huf uj quïod`k grdtíjd`k quf, iujtk m Ikcm Ikcmjj jjfs fs Gr Grkj kjst stfa fa,, mjuj mjuj`d `dðð uj ujmm tfkr tfkrïm ïm rfvk rfvklu lu`d `dkj kjmr mrdm dm `k `kok ok rf rfsu sult ltma makk af lk lkss fxpfrdofjtks `kj í`daks y gmsfs fj sklu`dðj, quf afsmhdmgm lm afhdjd`dðj `lísd`m af í`daks y gmsfs jk rflm`dkjmaks ml `rfmr uj jufvk `kj`fptk fl af pmrfs í`dak-gmsf `kjiubmaks. Lms afhdjd`dkjfs af Mrrcfjdus af lks í`daks y gmsfs skj ouy ùtdlfs fj fl `msk af lms sklu`dkjfs m`uksms, pfrk ym pmrm lm aä`mam af =47> lks quïod`ks fstmgmj trmgmimjak adstdjtks mbum. Pf `kopufstks quf m`tumgmj `kok gmsfs`kj pfrkadsklvfjtfs jk cmgïm KC fj susafl hðroulms. Pffj`kjtrmrkj jf`fsdtmgm ujm jufvm tfkrïm.

Lms afhdjd`dkjfs af Grkjstfa - Lkrwy skj, Vj í`dak af Grkjstfa - Lkwry fs uj akjmakr af prktkjfs, pufs akjm uj dkj cdarðbfjk, C+ Vjm gmsf Grkjstfa - Lkrwy fs uj rf`fptkr af prktkjfs, pufs m`fptm uj dkj cdarðbfjk, CMùj sf `kjtfoplm lm prfsfj`dm af cdarðbfjk fj fl í`dak, pfrk ym jk sf jf`fsdtm uj ofadk m`uksk9 fl mokjïm`k lïqudak, quf m`tùm `kok ujm gmsf fj ujm adsklu`dðj m`uksm,

 

sf `kopkrtm `kok uj í`dak fj musfj`dm af mbum `fadfjak uj prktðj m ujm gmsf y amjak lubmr ml mjdðj (dkj jfbmtdvk) modam9  JC0 + gmsf JC7- + gmsf + C+ Fl `kj`fptk af í`dak y gmsf af Grójstfa y Lkwry myuam m fjtfjafr pkr quä uj í`dak hufrtf afsplmzm m ktrk aägdl af sus `kopufstks (ml dbuml quf su`faf fjtrf ujm gmsf hufrtf y ktrm aägdl). Lms rfm``dkjfs í`dak-gmsf sf `kjtfoplmj `kok ujm `kopftd`dðj pkr lks  prktkjfs. Fj hkrom af f`um`dðj quïod`m, lm sdbudfjtf rfm``dðj af M`dak (=) `kj Gmsf (7)

Í`dak (=) + Gmsf (7) Í`dak (7) + Gmsf (=) sf prkau`f ml trmjshfrdr uj prktðj fl Í`dak (=) m lm Gmsf (7). Ml pfrafr fl prktðj, fl Í`dak (=) sf `kjvdfrtf fj su gmsf `kjiubmam, Gmsf (=). Ml bmjmr fl prktðj, lm Gmsf (7) sf `kjvdf `kj vdfrtf rtf fj su í` í`dak dak `kj `kjiub iubmak mak,, Í`d Í`dak ak (7) (7).. Lm f` f`um` um`dðj dðj afs`rd afs`rdtm tm `kjstd `kjstdtuy tuyff uj fqudldgrdk quf pufaf afsplmzmrsf m afrf`cm k dzqudfram. Lm rfm``dðj fhf`tdvm tfjarí lubmr fj lm adrf``dðj fj lm quf sf prkauz`m fl pmr í`dak-gmsf oís aägdl. ^kr fifoplk, C@l fs uj í`dak hufrtf fj mbum pkrquf trmjshdfrf hí`dlofjtf uj prktðj ml mbum hkromjak uj dkj cdarkjdk9 C@l + C7K C0K+ + @lFj fstf `msk fl fqudldgrdk sf afsplmzm cm`dm lm afrf`cm ml sfr lm gmsf `kjiubmam af C@l, @l-, ujm gmsf aägdl, y C0K+, fl í`dak `kjiubmak af C7K, uj í`dak aägdl. Ml `kjtrmrdk, fl hlukrurk af cdarðbfjk, CH, fs uj í`dak aägdl fj mbum y jk trmjshdfrf `kj hm`dldama uj prktðj ml mbum9 CH + C7K C0K+ + HFstf fqudldgrdk tdfjaf m afsplmzmrsf m lm dzqudfram pufs C7K fs ujm gmsf oís aägdl quf H- y CH fs uj í`dak oís aägdl (fj mbum) quf C0K+. Lm tfkrïm af Grójstfa y Lkwry tmogdäj fxpld`m quf fl mbum pufam okstrmr prkpdfamafs mjhðtfrms, fstk fs, quf pufaf rfm``dkjmr tmjtk `kj í`daks `kok `kj gmsfs. Af fstf okak, fl mbum m`tùm `kok gmsf fj  prfsfj`dm af uj í`dak oís hufrtf quf fllm (`ko (`kokk C@l) k, lk quf fs fs lk odsok, af uj í`dak `kj omykr tfjafj`dm m adsk`dmrsf quf fl mbum9 C@l + C7K C0K+ + @lFl mbum tmogdäj m`tùm `kok í`dak fj prfsfj`dm af ujm gmsf oís hufrtf quf fllm (`kok fl mokjïm`k)9  JC0 + C7K JC1+ JC1+ + KC-

 

Qfkrïm af Í`daks y Gmsfs af Bdlgfrt Jfwtkj Lfwds Bdlgfrt Jfwtkj Lfwds (=326- =418) huf uj quïod`k fstmakujdafjsf quf djvfjtð lm tfkrïm afl fjlm`f `kvmlfjtf. Jm`dð fj Rfyokutc, Omssm`cusftts, y fstuadð fj lms ujdvfrsdamafs af Jfgrmsem, Cmrvmra, Lfdpzdb y Bktdjbm. Fjsfýð quïod`m fj Cmrvmra afsaf =344 cmstm =4>> y afsaf =4>= cmstm =4>8, y fj fl Djstdtutk af Qf`jklkbïm af Omssm`cusftts Omssm`cus ftts afsaf =4>2 m =4=7. M pmrtdr af fsf mýk y cmstm su oufrtf huf prkhfskr af quïod`m hïsd`m fj lm Vjdvfrsdama af @mldhkrjdm fj Gfreflfy, y tmogdäj huf af`mjk af lm Fs`uflm af ]uïod`m.