Teori Keluarga

 

^hshgchg Fbg`ehl Thgph hthu Obmuf Fbf`m`e` Hghe  tuchs fhth eum`hl tbir`-tbir` ebmuhrch

D`susug imbl ; Hyu Eurg`h

82>>>8804?>>8:

Disbg ^bgchfpu ; Giv` Xig`tht`g, Z.^s`., F.H.

AHERMTHZ ^Z@EIMIC@ RG@QB_Z@THZ D@^IGBCI_I ZBFH_HGC ?>?>

 

OHO 8 ^HZHGCHG FBG@EHL THG^H HTHR OBMRF FBF@M@E@ HGHE 

^brehw ^br ehw`gh `ghg g hthu hthu pbrg`e pbrg`ehlh hlhg g fbruph fbruphehg ehg `ehthg `ehthg mhl`r mhl`r oht`g oht`g hgthrh hgthrh mhe`-m mhe`-mhe` he` dbgchg dbgchg  pbrbfpuhg sbohch` suhf` `str` dbgchg tukuhg fbfobgtue ebmuhrch (rufhl thgcch) yhgc ohlhc`h dhg ebehm (Fhgkirhgc & Hd`tyh, ?>82). ^hdh fhsyhrheht @gdigbs`h, chfohrhg `dbhm sbouhl ebmuhrch hdhmhl hyhl, `ou, dhg hghe, sbmh`g `tu phdh hdht oudhyh t`fur ebshtuhg lhrfig` mhe`-mhe` dhg pbrbfpuhg fbruphehg lhm yhgc fbgdhshr ohc` pbfbgulhg sp`r`tuhm dhg fbfpbrthlhgehg spbs`bsgyh (^hphm`h & Abmdfhg, ?>84). Eblhd`rhg sbirhgc hghe fbruphehg dhfohhg ohc` t`hp  phshgchg suhf` `str`. Eblhd`rhg hghe fbf`m`e` fhegh hthu hrt` tbrsbgd`r` ohc` phshgchg suhf` `st `str`. r`. Obobrh Obobrhph ph hgcchph hgcchphg g fbgcht fbgchtheh hehg g ohlwh ohlwh sbirhg sbirhgc c mhe`-m mhe`-mhe` he` fbgclhs fbgclhs`me `mehg hg hghe hghe ugtue  ugtue  fbfouet`ehg ebkhgthghggyh, sbdhgcehg sbirhgc whg`th dhpht fbfouet`ehg euhm`ths eb`ouhggyh db dbgch gchg g fbmh fbmhl` l`re rehg hg sh shtu tu ht hthu hu du duhh hg hghe he (D (Dbw` bw`,, ?>84) ?>84).. Diois Diois,, Fhst Fhst`g `g,, dh dhg g Fiir Fiirbb (? (?>8 >8?) ?) fbgcbfuehehg a`misia` fbgcbfuehehg a`misia` hghe ohlwh ebobrhdhhg hghe fbgugkueehg fbgugkueehg ebt`dhehohd`hg ebt`dhehohd`hg fhgus`h fhgus`h d` dug`h, hghe hehg fbfpbrmuhs kht` d`r` irhgc tuh, hghe fbgchohd`ehg ghfh ebmuhrch, ebmhl`rhg hghe hgh e fbgugk fbgugkueeh ueehg g abf`g` abf`g`ths ths dhg fhseum fhseum`g` `g`ths ths sbsbir sbsbirhgc, hgc, hghe hghe dhpht dhpht fbgkhd fbgkhd`` pbgybm pbgybmhfh hfhtt  obrthlhggyh pbrehw`ghg yhgc sudhl obrhdh d` hfohgc eblhgjurhg, hghe sbohch` pbgdhfp`gc shmh shmhl l shtu shtu irhg irhgc c tuh tuh o`mh o`mh yh yhgc gc mh mh`g `ggy gyhh su sudh dhl l fbg` fbg`gcc gcchm hm,, hghe hghe hehg hehg fbfo fbfobgd bgdug ugc c hr hrus us ebt`dhephst`hg ghs`o d` lhr` tuh, dhg hghe obraugcs` ugtue fbgbfhg` dhg fbfobr` rhsh hfhg. Mhthr obmhehgc oudhyh dhg rbm`c`us`ths phdh fhsyhrheht @gdigbs`h, fbgurut Fibmibe  (?>8? (? >8?)) hghe hghe fbf` fbf`m` m`e` e` ob obob obrh rhph ph augc augcs` s`.. ^brth ^brthfh fh,, hgh hghe e sb sboh ohch ch`` s` s`fo foim im eb ebsu suour ourhg hg dh dhg g eb ebob obrl rlhs hs`m `mhg. hg. Ebdu Ebduh, h, hg hghe he sb sbohc ohch` h` pb pbmh mhgk gkut ut ebtur ebturug ughg hg.. Ebt` Ebt`ch ch,, hg hghe he sb sboh ohch ch`` tb tbfh fhg g dh dhg g  pbgcl`our dhmhf ebmuhrch. Ebbfpht, hghe fbruphehg hgucbrhl dhg hfhght Tulhg yhgc t`dhe   oimbl d`s`h-s`hehg. Ebm`fh, hghe yhgc shmbl hehg fbgdihehg dhg fbgimigc irhgc tuhgyh d` dug`h dhg hel`rht. Zbdhgcehg fbgurut hsufs` fhsyhrheht, sbfhe`g ohgyhe fbf`m`e` hghe fheh sbfhe`g ohgyhe pumh rbzbe` yhgc d`dhpht phshgchg suhf` `str`. Fbgurut Hgtig`i, D`fhp`m`s, & Zummhgi (?>83) fbgkhd` sbirhgc `ou hdhmhl pbgjhph`hg sbirhgc whg`th. Zbirhgc whg`th obmuf dhpht d`ehthehg sbohch` whg`th sbutulgyh o`mh obmuf fbf`m`e` hghe hthu ebturughg.  Ghfug phdh ebl`duphg gyhth, t`dhe sbfuh phshgchg suhf` `str` fbf`m`e` ebturughg. Rfobrs Rfo brsig, ig, ^udriv ^udrivseh seh,, _bjzbe _bjzbe (?>8>) (?>8>) fbgyht fbgyhtheh hehg g ohlwh ohlwh t`dhe t`dhe sbfuh sbfuh pbrg`e pbrg`ehlhg hlhg dhpht dhpht fbf`m`e` hghe fbse`pug ebduhgyh fbf`m`e` eh`thg yhgc brht. Eigd`s` obmuf fbf`m`e` hghe hthu ?

 

ebturughg tbrsbout dhpht fbfbgchrul` ebl`duphg pbrg`ehlhg phshgchg suhf` `str`. ^hshgchg phshgchg tbrsbout ebohgyhehg tbrd`hcgis`s fhgdum dhg hthu fbgchmhf` `gabrt`m`ths (t`dhe suour). Fbgurutt survb` Fbguru survb` Zis`hm Zis`hm Beigif` Beigif` Ghs`ighm Ghs`ighm dhg OEEOG ?>82, dhr` ebsbmu ebsbmurulhg rulhg dhth pipumhs` pipumhs` d` @gdigb @gd igbs`h s`h,, kufmhl kufmhl phshgc phshgchg hg us`h us`h suour suour sbobsh sbobshrr 40 40 kuth kuth phshgc phshgchg. hg. Zbmh`g Zbmh`g `tu, `tu, 8>-88% 8>-88%  phshgchg us`h suour fbgchmhf` `gabrt`m`ths. T`gceht `gabrt`m`ths whg`th obrobdh-obdh tbrchgtugc dhr` ebmifpie us`h. Ebmifpie yhgc phm`gc suour hdhmhl phdh us`h ?>-?0 thlug dbgchg t`gceht 0>% suour, hthu lhgyh 8>% phshgchg yhgc t`dhe suour. Zbtbmhl `tu, phdh us`h :>-:4 thlug hgceh ebt`dhesuour ebt`d hesuourhg hg hghe fbgkhd` fbgkhd` 84%, us`h :2-:0 thlug fbg`gceht mhc` fbgkhd` ?>%, dhg us`h 4>44 thlug fbgkhd` ?2% (Ohdhg Ebpbgduduehg dhg Ebmuhrch Obrbgjhgh Ghs`ighm, ?>880) fbgbfuehg ohlwh d`ghf`eh ps`eimic`s yhgc tbrkhd` phdh obobrhph phshgchg suhf` `str` yhgc obmuf fbf`m`e` hghe d`t`gkhu obrdhshrehg hspbe bfis`, pbgybsuh`g d`r` dhg fit`vhs`. D`m`lht dhr` hspbe bfis`, phshgchg suhf` `str` jbgdbrugc fbgchmhf` pbruohlhg d`m`lht dhr` hwhm pbrg`ehlhg, phshgchg suhf` `str` fbrhsh t`dhe fbf`m`e` hghe obmuf fbgkhd` obohg  p`e`rhg ohc` , ghfug sb`r`gc obrkhmhggyh whetu lhm tbrsbout fbfouht phshgchg fbrhsh jbfhs dhg elhwht`r dbgchg t`dhe lhd`rgyh ebturughg. ^hdh hspbe pbgybsuh`hg d`r`, phshgchg suhf` `str` d`lhdhpehg phdh obrohch` thgthgchg dhmhf fbgkhm`g pimh `gtbrhes` d` m`gceugchg sbe`thrgyh. Obrdhshrehg hspbe fit`vhs` tbrdhphtphshgchg suhf` `str` yhgc fbgdhphtehg dueugchg dhg shrhg dhr` ebmuhrch fhupug tbthgcch, hehg hdh pumh yhgc lhgyh shm`gc fbgdueugc hgthr phshgchg suhf` `str`. Lhs`m pbgbm`t`hg fbgugkuehg ohlwh ahetir yhgc fbgybohoehg ebmuhrch eigtbfpirbr  t`dhe fbf`m`e` hghe d`ehrbghehg eigd`s` hmhf`hl sbrth p`m`lhg ugtue fbgugdh dhg jl`mdarbb. Mbo`l mhgkut, ebsbgkhgchg hgthrh eigstrues` oudhyh fhsyhrheht dbgchg rbhm`ths, fbg`foumehg fhshmhl yhgc d`he`ohtehg imbl st`cfh dhg ebebrhshg vbrohm yhgc d`tbr`fh ebmuhrch eigtbfpirbr  thgph hghe (Hryhg`, ?>?>). Rphyh yhgc d`mheuehg phshgchg suhf` `str` dhmhf fbgchths` fhshmhl ps`eimic`s yh`tu dbgchg fbmheu fbm heuehg ehg ebc`hth ebc`hthg-eb g-ebc`h c`hthg thg yhgc yhgc pis`t pis`t`a `a sbpbrt sbpbrt`` fbgc`e fbgc`eut` ut` ebc`ht ebc`hthg hg ebhchf ebhchfhhg. hhg. Fbmhmu Fbmhmu``  pbgkhohrhg tbrsbout, fhehmhl `g` fbgjioh fbgcchm` fbgcbgh` d`ghf`eh sbrth rbeifbgdhs` ohc`  phshgchg suhf` ‚ `str` yhgc obmuf hthu t`dhe fbf`m`e` hghe.

:

 

OHO ? E_@Z@Z ^B_FHZHMHLHG ?.8. Ztud` Ehsus

Obr`eut shmhl shtu jigtil ehsus yhgc lhd`r phdh phshgchg suhf` `str` thgph eblhd`rhg hghe.

@g`s`hmgyh hdhmhl GA. GA tbmhl 2 thlug fbg`ehl dbgchg sbirhgc mhe-mhe` obr`g`s`hm IT. GA dhg IT tbmhl fbgkhm`g luougchg (obrphjhrhg) obrshfh GA sbmhfh : thlug sbobmuf  pbrg`ehlhg ohlehg tbmhl obrbgjhgh ugtue sbcbrh fbf`m`e` hghe sbtbmhl fbg`ehl, dhg fbgy`hpehg ghfh-ghfh ugtue hghegyh. Ghfug sbmhfh pbrg`ehlhggyh, GA dhg IT obmuf d`ehrug`h` sbirhgc hghe l`gcch t`ch thlug us`h pbrg`ehlhggyh. D`hwhm pbrg`ehlhg, GA dhg IT fbrhsh tbghgc-tbghgc shkh. Ghfug, 8 thlug phsjh pbrg`ehlhg, fhshmhl fumh` dhthgc.  GA sbr`gc fbghgc`s ehrbgh pbrthgyhhg-pbrthgyhhg pbrthgyhhg-pbrthgyhhg tbthgcch fbgcbgh` eblhd`rhg hghe dhmhf rufhl thgcchgyh. GA fbrhsh obmuf fbgkhd` pbrbfpuhg yhgc sbutulgyh dhg t`dhe  khrhgc fbf`gth IT ugtue fbg`ehl mhc`. T`ch thlug fhsh pbrg`ehlhggyh, `ou fbrtuh GA  obrushlh ugtue fbgjhr`ehg simus` dbgchg fbgclhd`rehg dueug eb rufhl GA dhg IT IT,, dbgchg lhrhphg pbrfhshmhlhg tbrsbout dhpht tbrhths`. Ghfug, eblhd`rhg dueug tbrsbout,  kustru fbgclhd`rehg fhshmhl ohru. GA fbrhsh ohgyhe fbrbpitehg ebmuhrchgyh dhg fbrhsh fbrtuhgyh fbgyudutehggyh. Zbmh`g `tu, fugjum ohgyhe st`cfh dhr` fhsyhrheht tbgthgc eutuehg phdh GA. L`gcch e`g` GA tbmhl fbgjioh obrehm`-ehm` ugtue fbmheuehg  pbrjiohhg ougul d`r`.

?.?. Er`s`s ^brfhshmhlhg yhgc d`hmhf` ^hshgchg Zuhf` @str` thgph Eblhd`rhg Hghe  8. ^brfhshmhlhg ^brfhshmhlhg Ebsblhthg Ebsblhthg Fbgthm

^brfhshmhlhg ^brfhs hmhlhg ebsblhthg fbgthm d`mhpirehg fbgkhd` fhshmhl uthfh yhgc sbr`gc fugjum  phdh phshgchg suhf` `str` thgph eblhd`rhg hghe. Obrdhshrehg lhs`m iosbrvhs`, whwhgjhrh, dhg dieufbgths` yhgc d`mheuehg imbl fbgy`fpumehg ohlwh pbrfhshmhlhg yhgc d` hmhf` imbl imb l phshgc phshgchg hg suhf` suhf` `st `str` r` thgph thgph eblhd`r eblhd`rhg hg hghe hghe d`hgth d`hgthrhg rhgyh yh fbgchm fbgchmhf` hf` chgccuh chgccuhg g ebjbfhshg dhg strbss dbgchg d`thgdh` dbgchg dbgyut khgtugc fbgkhd` mbo`l jbpht, sbd`l, fhrhl, theut obrtbfu irhgc , suhshgh lht` t`dhe fbgbgtu, pimh t`dur obruohl, furugc dhg t`dhe obrsbfhgcht, dbprbs` dbgchg cbkhmh theut, whs-whs, sum`t t`dur, pimh fhehg obruohl, fbrhsh obrshmhl, fhmu dhg o`gcugc, pbgd`hf, tbrs`gccugchg hthu bfis`ighm, `r`/jbfouru 4

 

dbgchg irhgc mh`g yhgc fbf`m`e` hghe, fbgcl`gdhr` ebrhfh`hg, fbrhsh t`dhe pbrjhyh d`r`. ?. Mhfh ^brg`ehlh ^brg`ehlhg g Fbfpbgchrul` Fbfpbgchrul` Ebpuhshg Ebpuhshg ^brg`ehlhg ^brg`ehlhg

Lhs`m Lhs `m pbgbm` pbgbm`t`h t`hg g fbgugk fbgugkuehg uehg ohlwh ohlwh ebt`dh ebt`dhelh elhd`r d`rhg hg hghe hghe fbfpbg fbfpbgchr chrul` ul` ebpuhsh ebpuhshg g  pbrg`ehlhg yhgc d`hmhf` sbohc`hg obshr suokbe, yh`tu obruph pbrhshhg sbd`l, ebsbp`hg, ebt`dhegyhfhghg dhg ebkbgulhg dhmhf pbrg`ehlhg. Zbmh`g ebt`dhelhd`rhg hghe, ahetir  mh`g yhgc fbfpbgchrul` ebpuhshg pbrg`ehlhg suokbe hdhmhl luougchg dbgchg phshgchg, ebt`dhesbsuh`hg lhrhphg dhg obmuf tbrjhph`gyh tukuhg pbrg`ehlhg (Fhrd`yhg & Eusthgt`, ?>81). Zbmh`g `tu, lhstut` (?>83) fbgyboutehg ohlwh hdhgyh luougchg gbcht`a yhgc shgcht shg cht s`cg`a s`cg`a`eh `ehg g hgthrh hgthrh ebpuhsh ebpuhshg g pbrehw` pbrehw`ghg ghg phshgch phshgchg g yhgc yhgc obmuf obmuf fbf`m` fbf`m`e` e` hghe  hghe  dbgchg mhfh pbrehw`ghg yhgc obrhrt` sbfhe`g mhfh us`h hthu mhfh pbrehw`ghg fheh sbfhe`g rbgdhl ebpuhshg pbrehw`ghg phdh phshgchg yhgc t`dhe fbf`m`e` hghe, dbf`e`hg  pumh sbohm`egyh sbfhe`g sbobgthr us`h hthu mhfh pbrehw`ghg fheh sbfhe`g t`gcc` ebpuhshg pbrehw`ghg phdh phshgchg yhgc t`dhe fbf`m`e` hghe. (@gvimugthry ugthry Jl`mdmbss) Jl`mdmbss) dbgchg :. ^hshgchg ^hshgchg yhgc yhgc obmuf fbf`m`e fbf`m`e`` hghe thgph sbgchk sbgchkh h (@gvim phshgchg yhgc obmuf fbf`m`e` hghe dbgchg sbgchkh

 @gvimugthry jl`mdmbss sbohch` jl`mdmbss sbohch` suhtu eb`gc`ghg ugtue fbf`m`e` hghe (tlb psyjl`j ti di si). Zudut phgdhgc ps`eimic` sis`hm fbgdba`g`s`ehg `gvimugthry jl`mdmbss ouehg dhr` eigd`s`  o`imic`s (abrt`m hthu `gabrt`m), fbmh`gehg eb`gc`ghg ps`eimic`s ugtue ug tue fbf`m`e` hghe tbthp` t`dhe fhfpu fbgdhphtehggyh (Rmahl, ?>84). ^bgyboho `gvimugthry jl`mdmbss obrhshm dhr` fhshmhl ebsuourhg, pbrg`ehlhg yhgc tbrmhmu hwhm fhupug pbgugdhhg ugtue obrebmuhrch,  pbgugdhhg eblhf`mhg, ebchchmhg fbgchgdugc thgph sboho yhgc d`ebthlu`, ebs`ouehg whg`th-whg`th yhgc obebrkh d` muhr rufhl. Lhpshr` (?>82) fbgjioh fbgcchm` fbgcbgh` ebl`duphg whg`th yhgc thgph sbgchkh obmuf fbf`m`e` hghe. ^bgbm`t`hggyh fbgbfuehg ohlwh whg`th yhgc obmuf fbf`m`e` hghe thgph d`sbgchkh (`gvimugthry jl`mdmbss) fbgbfu` obrohch` pbrfhshmhlhg hthu er`s`s yhgc mbo`l  ohgyhe d`ohgd`gcehg whg`th yhgc obmuf fbf`m`e` hghe dbgchg sbgchkh. Dhfp Dh fphe he dhr` dhr` `gvimu `gvimugthry gthry jl`mdmbss jl`mdmbss   hdhmhl hdhmhl t`foum t`foumgyh gyh pbrhsh pbrhshhg hg ohlwh ohlwh d`r`gy d`r`gyhh t` t`dhe  dhe   obrlhrch, fbmbfhlehg eblhgchthg dhg ehs`l shyhgc d` hgthrh suhf` dhg `str`, fbrhsh  ohlwh pbrg`ehlhg dhg ebl`duphggyh fbgkhd` t`dhe obrhrt`, fbg`gcehtehg d`strbss phdh whg`th, whg`t h, fbrhsh fbrhsh putus hsh, dhg ebl`mhgchg ebl`mhgchg lhrhphg, hehg tbthp` tbthp` obobrhph obobrhph phshgchg phshgchg dhpht 2

 

 obrhdhpths` sbjhrh oh`e dbgchg eigd`s` `gvimugthry jl`mdmbss. Zbmh`g `tu, eigd`s` `gvimugthry jl`mdmbss  jl`mdmbss  dhpht fbgybohoehg strbs phdh t`hp phshgchg suhf` `str`. Rmahl (?>84) fbgyhthehg ohlwh phshgchg suhf` `str` yhgc fbgclhdhp` eigd`s` `gvimugthry jl`mdmbss hehg fbgchmhf` tbehghg ebt`eh us`h pbrg`ehlhg fbgjhph` t`ch thlug, sbdhgcehg Jhmmhg (?>84) fbgkbmhsehg ohlwh whg`th yhgc t`dhe fbf`m`e` hghe sbmhfh m`fh thlug  pbrthfh dhmhf ebl`duphg pbrg`ehlhggyh fbf`m`e` t`gceht ebsbkhltbrhhg yhgc rbgdhl dhg  obrp`e`r ohlwh l`dupgyh eurhgc fbghr`e, eisigc, dhg eurhgc obrfhegh d`ohgd`gcehg dbgchg dbgc hg whg`th whg`th yhgc yhgc tbmhl tbmhl fbf`m` fbf`m`e` e` hghe. hghe. Ebohgyh Ebohgyhehg ehg whg`th whg`th `gvimu `gvimugth gthry ry jl`mdm jl`mdmbss bss dbgchg hdhgyh eigd`s` rbpridues` o`imic`s yhgc ourue fbgchmhf` tbehghg-tbehghg phdh ebl`duphg pbrg`ehlhg dhg ebmuhrchgyh (Rmahl, dee., ?>84). Tbehghg kuch fugjum ebt`eh  phshgchg yhgc obmuf fbf`m`e` hghe lhrus fbgclhdhp` pbrthgyhhg-pbrthgyhhg hthu  pbrf`gthhg-pbrf`gthhg ugtue fbf`m`e` ohy` imbl ebmuhrch, ebrhoht, dhg tbfhg.

1

 

OHO : _BEIFBGDHZ@ HZBZFBG DHG @GTB_QBGZ@

:.8.. :.8

_beif _beifbgd bgdhs hs`` Hsbs Hsbsfb fbg g

Hdhpug obobrhph rbeifbgdhs` hsbsfbg yhgc dhpht d`mheuehg phdh eigd`s` tbrsbout yh`tu dbgchg fbmheuehg hsbsfbg phdh eigd`s` hthu hdh t`dhegyh ahetir rbs`ei dhg ahetir   pritbet`a hdhmhl sbohch` obr`eut ; 8. Ahetir Ahetir phdh d`r` `gd`v`du `gd`v`du (suhf`/ (suhf`/`st `str`) r`).. Ph`tu Ph`tu dbgchg fbm`lht fbm`lht sbkhul sbkhul fhgh fhgh `gd`v` `gd`v`du du fbgbr`fh eigd`s`gyh, uphyh eip`gc yhgc d`mheuehg `gd`v`du dhg hdh t`dhegyh s`ehp  pis`t`a tbrlhdhp fhshmhl yhgc d`hmhf` ?. Eigd`s` Eigd`s` phshgchg. phshgchg. Hdhpug Hdhpug obobrhph obobrhph lhm yhgc d`chm` d`chm` yh`tu yh`tu fbgcbgh` fbgcbgh` us`h pbrg`eh pbrg`ehlhg, lhg,  phgdhgchg phshgchg fbgcbgh` hghe, ebs`hphg phshgchg dhmhf fbf`m`e` hghe, dhg  pimh `gtbrhes` phshgchg. :. Ebtbrsbd`hhg  suppirt systbf.  systbf.  Tb Tbrf rfhs hsue ue d` d`dh dhmh mhfg fgyh yh fbgc fbgcbg bgh` h` hd hdhh t` t`dh dheg egyh yh dueugch due ugchg g dhr` dhr` irhgct irhgctuh, uh, ebmuhr ebmuhrch, ch, dhg m`gceug m`gceugchg chg sbe`t sbe`thr hr phdh phshgch phshgchg g thgph thgph eblhd`rhg hghe. Hdhpug Hdh pug pbmhes pbmheshgh hghhg hg hsbsfb hsbsfbg g dhpht dhpht d`mheu d`mheuehg ehg dbgchg dbgchg whwhgj whwhgjhrh hrh phdh phshgc phshgchg, hg, iosbrv ios brvhs` hs` fhupug fhupug dhth dhth thfohlh thfohlhg g mh`ggyh mh`ggyh obruph obruph tbs ps`eim ps`eimic` ic` fbgcbg fbgcbgh` h` chfohr chfohrhg hg ebsbkhltbrhhg ps`eimic`s `gd`v`du. :.?.. :.?

_beif _beifbgd bgdhs hs`` @g @gtb tbrvb rvbgs` gs`

8.

Zbma Zbma Lb Lbmp mp @gtb @gtbrv rvbg bgt` t`ig ig

Zbma lbmp `gtbrvbgt`ig d`mheuehg `gtbrvbgt`ig d`mheuehg dbgchg uphyh-uphyh ugtue fbgcbfohgcehg pbrhshhg  pis`t`a phdh d`r` sbgd`r`. Ebyhe`ghg dhmhf d`r` dhg s`ehp pis`t`a ohlwh ohl wh suhtu shht dhpht fbf`m`e` ebturughg d`g`mh` dhpht fbg`gcehtehg ebsblhthg fbgthm phshgchg suhf` `str` thgph eblhd`rhg hghe (Z‐hdhl, ?>8?>) fbgyhfph`ehg ohlwh bgchoh`ehg dhg obrs`ehp fhsh oidil tbrlhdhp ugcehphg tbthgcch fbruphehg simus` babet`a dhmhf fbgchths` pbrfhshmhlhg yhgc d`tbr`fh ebmuhrch eigtbfpirbr thgph hghe d` @gdigbs`h. Obgtue st`cfh fhgdum d`hmhf` imbl phshgchg suhf` `str` thgph hghe, fugjum dhr` m`gceugchg sis`hm d`s`ehp` dbgchg o`hsh shkh dhg d hg t`dhe pbdum` hths st`cfh tbrsbout. Rphyh yhgc d`mheuehg ugtue fbgchths` ebsbp`hg hdhmhl dbgchg fbgchkhe obrfh`g hghe  irhg irhgc c mh`g mh`g.. Zp`r` Zp`r`tu tuhm hm`t `ths hs,, rh rhsh sh pbrjh pbrjhyh yh dhg pb pbg` g`mh mh`h `hg g pi pis` s`t` t`aa tb tbrl rlhd hdhp hp ph phsh shgc gchg hg 3

 

fbfpbgc fbf pbgchru hrul` l` ebmuhr ebmuhrch ch dhmhf dhmhf fbgclhd fbgclhdhp` hp` thgthg thgthgchgh chghe`o e`oht ht ebt`dh ebt`dhelh elhd`r d`rhg hg hghe  ehgdugc. Ebt`eh ebmuhrch d`lhdhpehg dbgchg s`tuhs` yhgc t`dhe dhpht d`uohl, d`fhgh fhshmhl ebt`dhelhd`rhg hghe sum`t hthu sudhl t`dhe dhpht d`uohl, fbrbeh fbgbr`fh,  phsrhl dhg shohr dbgchg tbthp aieus phdh fhsh dbphg. Lhs`m pbgbm`t`hg pbgbm`t`hg (Dbw`, ?>84) fbgbfuehg ohlwh phshgchg phshgchg suhf` `str` `str` thgph hghe yhgc dhphtt fbfhegh dhph fbfhegh`` thed`r thed`r yhgc lhrus lhrus d`tbr` d`tbr`fh fh dbgchg dbgchg phsrhl phsrhl,, `el `elmhs mhs,, obrsyue obrsyueur ur dhg fbgkhmhg` fbgkh mhg` l`dup hph hdhgyh dhpht fbgclhd`reh fbgclhd`rehg g ebsbkhrtbr ebsbkhrtbrhhg hhg ps`eimic`s ps`eimic`s phshgchg. Mbo`l mhgkut, Dbw` (?>?>) fbgcbfuehehg ohlwh phshgchg suhf` `str` dbgchg mhfh  pbrg`ehlhg 1-8> thlug fbgy`ehp` thgph hghe dbgchg fbgdhthgc` ebpighehg, sbdhgcehg  phshgchg suhf` `str` dbgchg dbg chg mhfh pbrg`ehlhg mbo`l dhr` 4> thlug fbgy`ehp` thgph hghe  dbgchg pbrghl fbrhwht dhg fbgchsul ebpighehg. ^brm rmu u hdhg hdhgyh yh dueug dueugchg chg dh dhg g  suppirt systbf yhgc oh`e ugtue fbgj`pthehg ebthlhghg ?. ^b dhmhf ebmuhrch Lhs`m pbgbm` Lhs`m pbgbm`t`h t`hg g fbgugk fbgugkuee ueehg hg ohlwh ohlwh ahetir ahetir-ah -aheti etirr yhgc fbfpbg fbfpbgchr chrul` ul` rbs`m` rbs`m`bgs bgs`` ebmuhrch phdh phshgchg dbwhsh fhdyh yhgc t`dhe fbf`m`e` hghe ehgdugc hdhmhl ahetir  rbs`ei dhg ahetir pritbet`a. Rphyh yhgc dhpht d`mheuehg m`gceugchg sbe`thr yh`tu dbgchg fbgc fb gcbf bfoh ohgce gcehg hg ah ahet etir ir dbgch dbgchg g fbgc fbgclhd lhd`r `reh ehg g eb ebmb mbeh ehth thg g hgthr hgthr hgcci hgccith th ebmuh ebmuhrc rch, h, eifug` eif ug`ehs ehs`` dhmhf dhmhf ebmuhr ebmuhrch, ch, dhg dueugch dueugchg g sis`hm sis`hm.. Ebmbeht Ebmbehthg hg hgthr hgthr hgccith hgccith ebmuhr ebmuhrch ch dhpht fbgchths` thgthgchg eifug`ehs` dhg bkbehg dhr` irhgc mh`g. Ebsbphehthg ugtue  fbgclbgt`ehg fbgclb gt`ehg pbgciohthg, pbgciohthg, obrlht`-lht obrlht`-lht`` dhmhf fbgchtur ebuhgchg ebuhgchg l`gcch shfh-shfh  obebrkh dhpht fbgchths` fhshmhl ebuhgchg ebmuhrch. Mbo`l mhgkut, (Zh‐hdhl, ?>88 >882). Zbmh Zbmh`g `g `tu, `tu, tuku tukuhg hg dh dhr` r` `gtb `gtbrv rvbg bgs` s` ps ps`e `eis isis is`h `hmm sb sbjh jhrh rh hd hdhm hmhl hl ugtu ugtue e fbfp fbfpbr broh oh`e `e`` ht hthu hu fbgufoulehg fbguf oulehg ebobraugcs` ebobraugcs`hg hg ps`eimic`s ps`eimic`s dhg sis`hm sis`hm ebmifpie ebmifpie shshrhggyh shshrhggyh (oh`e `tu `gd`v`du, `gd`v`du, hthupug ebmifpie) (Lhgurhwhg, ?>8>). ^bmht`lhg tbrd`r` dhr` t`ch sbs` yh`tu sbs`  sbma-lbmp criup,  sbs` ahf`my suppirt , dhg sbs` phrtgbrsl`p. sbs` phrtgbrsl`p. @gtbrvbgs` yhgc d`mheuehg tbrd`r` dhr` t`ch sbs` yh`tu sbs`  sbma-lbmp criup, sbs` sbs` ahf`my  ahf`my suppirt, sbs` suppirt, sbs` gbw ahf`my suppirt. 8. ^hdh sbs` sbma-lbmp sbs` sbma-lbmp criup d`mheuehg criup d`mheuehg sbmhfh 8 fbg`t, pbsbrth d`chougcehg dbgchg pbsbrth mh`ggyh dhmhf sbouhl ruhgchg ugtue fbmheuehg : ebc`hthg yhgc tbmhl d`rhgjhgc, sbs` `g`  obrtukuhg ugtue fbgclhd`rehg ebshdhrhg phdh sbt`hp `gd`v`du ohlwh pbgchmhfhg sbrth  pbrhshhg gbcht`a yhgc d`f`m`e` kuch d`f`m`e` imbl rbehggyh sbrth fbfohgce`tehg pbrhshhg ugtue ohgce`t dhg shm`gc fbgsuppirt shtu shfh mh`g. ?. ^hdh sbs` ahf`my sbs`  ahf`my suppirt d`mheuehg sbmhfh 8?> fbg`t yh`tu dbgchg fbgclhd`rehg irhgctuh hthu hgccith ebmuhrch phrt`s`phg pbgbm`t`hg. Zbs` `g` obrtukuhg ugtue fbfobr`ehg sbfhgcht sbrth fbfit`vhs` phrt`s`phg ugtue obrs`ehp mbo`l pis`t`a fbmhmu` duh ebc`hthg. Zbmh`g `tu, sbs` `g` dhpht fbfobr`ehg fit`vhs` ohc` irhgctuh hthupug ebmuhrch ugtue sbghgt`hsh fbfobr`ehg fit`vhs` fit`v hs` phdh phrt`s`phg phrt`s`phg.. Shmsl Shmsl (?>81) fbgyhthehg fbgyhthehg ohlwh  suppirt yhgc d`obr`ehg ebmuhrch dhpht fbgkhd` sufobr dhyh ugtue fbg`gcehtehg rbs`m`bgs` phdh hgccith ebmuhrch mh`ggyh. Zbmh`g Zbm h`g `tu, `tu, Shmsl Shmsl (?>81) (?>81) fbgkbm fbgkbmhse hsehg hg ohlwh ohlwh ebrhgc ebrhgceh eh ebrkh ebrkh rbs`m` rbs`m`bgs bgs`` ebmuhr ebmuhrch ch dhpht dhpht fbgcl fb gclhd hd`r `reh ehg g eb ebeuh euhth thg g sh shht ht d` ohwhl ohwhl tb tbeh ehgh ghg, g, dh dhmh mhf f fbgh fbghgc gcchp chp`` eb ebsu sum` m`th thg g yhgc yhgc  obrebphgkhgchg.  

0

 

^hdh sbs sbs``  phrtgbrsl`p d`mheu d`mheuehg ehg sbmhfh sbmhfh 8?> fbg`t fbg`t dbgchg dbgchg sbs` sbs` `gt `gtbrh brhes` es` hgthr hgthr phshgc phshgchg, hg, :. ^hdh fbfohgcug f`fp` dhg j`th-j`th obrshfh.

Thlhp @fpmbfbgths`

^bmheshghhg `gtbrvbgs` fbfoutulehg 8 irhgc trh`gbr, 2 ahs`m`thtir ugtue fbgdhfp`gc` sbt`hp ebmifp ebm ifpie ie dhg 2 iosbrv iosbrvbr. br. Hdhpug Hdhpug trh`gb trh`gbrr obrtuc obrtuchs hs fbfhgd fbfhgdu u khm khmhggy hggyhh pricrh pricrhf f `gt `gtbrv brvbgs bgs`, `, ahs`m`thtir obrtuchs ugtue fbfohgtu trh`gbr dhmhf fbgdhfp`gc` sbt`hp ebmifpie, dhg d hg 2 iosbrvbr   obrtuchs ugtue fbmheuehg prisbs iosbrvhs` sbmhfh pricrhf d`mheshghehg. _`gj`hg `fpmbfbgths`  phdh pricrhf `gtbrvbgs` d`chfohrehg phdh thobm ?. 

8>

 

Thobm ?. @fpmbfbgths` ^ricrhf @gtbrvbgs`

 Ghfh Zbs`

Ghfh Ebc`hthg

Dbser`ps` Ebc`hthg

^brmbgcehphg

Zbs` 8. Zbma-

Jif` Ji f`gc gc Iut Iut ^r ^riu iud d Ebc`hthg `g` d`hwhm` dbgchg

lbmp criup

(^bgcugcehphg)

 pbrebghmhg

dhr`

Shetu

yhgc d`outulehg ^bmheshghhg Oimh ebj`m 1> fbg`t

pbfhtbr`, Ebrths LQZ H4

 pbgkbmhshg s`gceht fbgcbgh` Hmht tum`s sbrhgce sbr hgceh`h h`hg g ebc`ht ebc`hthg hg yhgc yhgc hehg d`mhmu`, dhg pbrebghmhg pbrebghmhg  phrt`s`phg  chfbs

fbmhmu`  fbmhmu`  d`f d`fhgh

ohmm  sbt`hp

`gd`v`du yhgc fbgdhphtehg mbfphrhg oimh d`f`gth ugtue  fbgcbghmehg d`r`gyh. Zbtbmhl pbrebghmhg,  pbfhtbr` fbfobr`ehg or`ba  fhtbr` fht br` tbgthg tbgthgc c pbgt`g pbgt`gcgyh cgyh ugtue kukur phdh d`r` sbgd`r`. Zbtbmhl

`tu,

pbsbrth

d`ob d`obr` r`eh ehg g sb sbmb mbfo fohr hr eb ebrt rths hs ugtue

fbmheuehg

 pbgcugcehphg d`r`. E`shl s` ^bkuhgc

D` fhgh pbsbrth fbfouht Ebrths LQZ H4

1> fbg`t

jh jhth thth thg g erigi erigimi mic` c`ss tb tbgt gthgc hgc Hmht Tum`s lh lhmm `gsp `gsp`r `rht ht`a `a yhgc yhgc pb pbrg rghl hl d`mh d`mhmu mu`g `gyh yh fbgk fbgkhd hd`` sb sbou ouhl hl jb jbr` r`th th

dh dhg g

fbgj fbgjbr br`t `the hehg hg

e`shlgyh

phdh

ebmifpiegyh fbgc fb gcch chgt gt`` jbr`th

suok suokbe be

tbrsbout

rbehg dbgchg dh dhmh mhf f sbohch`

sbirhgc ”pbkuhgc‖. 88

 

Tlb Tlbhtrb Tlbhtrb Hjt`ig Hjt`ig

Zbou ouhhl

sbs`

yhgc

mbo` o`l l -

Criup   Criup

dhmhf dhr` sbs` sbobmufgyh,

1> fbg`t

d`fhgh phrt`s`phg d`obr`ehg ruhgc

ugtue  

fbgcbesprbs`ehg  pbrhshhggyh

dhg

fbgcuthrhehg  pbrfhshlhggyh

phdh

hgcc cci ith

ebmifpi pie egyh.

Hgcith

mh`ggyh

fbgdbgchrehg  pbrfhshmhlhg

yhgc

d`hmhf`gyh,

dhg

fbf fb fobr` obr`eh ehg g ^hdh ^hdh

dueu dueugc gchg hg..

sb sbss`

eb ebmi mifp fpie ie

`g` `g`

ahs hs``m`t `tht htir  ir 

ob obrp rpbr brhg hg

dhmhf

he het` t`a  a  prisbs

 pbgdhfp`gchg. Zbs` ?. Ahf`my ?. Ahf`my Zuppirt 

Zf`mb hgd Lucb

Zbobmuf d`fumh`gyh sbs` `g`, fhs`gc fhs `gc-fh -fhs`g s`gc c fbmh fb mheu eueh ehg g

Aiti-aiti

1> fbg`t

ahs`m` ahs`m`tht thtir  ir  ebc`hthg

or`b or`ba` a`gc gc

ph phdh dh

irhgctuh hthu tbthgcch yhgc tbrm`oht dbgchg fbfobr`ehg aiti-a ait i-aiti iti sbrth sbrth jbr`th jbr`th yhgc d`shfph`ehg rbspigdbg phdh sbs` pbrthfh. Zbmh`g

`tu,

trh`gbr

dhg

 pbgbm`t` fbfobr`ehg hrhlhg ebphdh ebmuhrch hchr sbmhfh `gtbrvbgs` fbf fb fobr` obr`eh ehg g

dhpht s` s`eh ehp p

yhgc yhgc 8?

 

suppirt`a

dbgchg

fbfobr`ehg fbfob r`ehg sbgyufhg sbgyufhg dhg  pbmuehg. Zb Zbs` s` `g` `g` d`mh d`mheu euehg ehg db dbgch gchg g  pbfhphrhg pbgt`gcgyh s`ehp sh shm` m`gc gc

fbgd fbgdueu ueugc gc

hg hgth thrh rh

hg hghe he dh dhg g ebmuh ebmuhrc rch. h. Zbmh` Zbmh`g g `tu hdhgyh hdhgyh sbs` sbs` obro`g obro`gjhg jhgc c hg hgth thrh rh hg hghe he dh dhg g eb ebmu muhr hrch ch fbgcbgh`  _bjrbht`ig t`fb

lhrhphg

dhg

lhrhphg yhgc d`ebfuehehg Zbs Zbs` `g` `g` fbr fbruphe uphehg hg sb sbss` Hmht fbwhrgh` suhshgh

rberbhs`,

1> fbg`t

yh yh``tu Ebrths

dbgc dbgchg hg hdhg hdhgyh yh ebc` ebc`ht hthg hg fbgcchfohr  fbgcchfohr fbgcch fohr hgthr fhs`gcfhs`gcfhs`gc

ebmuhrch

dhg

 phrt`s`phg. Trh`gbr hgccith

fbgchrhlehg ebmuhrch

 phrt`s`phg

dhg ugtue 

fbgc fb gcch chfo fohr hreh ehg g

s` s`fo foim im--

s`foim yhgc pis`t`a. Hgc gcc cith

ebmuh uhrrch

yhgc

d`tb d`tbrm rm`o `oht ht

d`f` d`f`gt gthh

ug ugtu tue  e 

fbgcchfohrehg

sisie 

 phrt`s`phg dhg sbohm`egyh. Zbtbmhl prisbs fbgcchfohr, fhs`gc-fhs`gc fbgjbr`thehg hmhshggyh. Tr Trh` h`gb gbrr fbmh fbmheue euehg hg dbor`ba   ohlwh

s`ehp

shm`gc 8:

 

fbgdueugc

hehg

fbfohgc fbf ohgce`t e`tehg ehg d`hg d`hgth thrh rh Zbs` :. Gbw :. Gbw

Zf`mb hgd Lucb

sbfhgc sbfhgcht ht

fhs` fhs`gc gc-f -fhs hs`g `gc c

hgccith ebmuhrch ^hdh sbs` `g` d`hwhm` dbgchg -

 Ahf`my

sbs`

Zuppirt 

 phshgchg.

Fhs`gc-fhs`gc

 phshgchg

fbgdhthgc`,

 _bjrbht`ig T`fb

shm`gc

shph

hgthr  

tbrsbgyuf dhg fbfbmue. ^h ^hdh dh sb sbs` s` `g` `g` hd hdhm hmhl hl sb sbs` s` Hmht tum`s  obrohmhs

phgtug

1> fbg`t

1> fbg`t

pis`t`vb Ebrths LQZ

hgthrh hgt hrh pbgdhfp pbgdhfp`gc `gc dbgchg dbgchg  phrt`s`phg pbgbm`t`hg. Tr Trh` h`gb gbrr fbmh fbmheue euehg hg dbor`ba   ohlwh fbgdueugc

s`ehp

shm`gc hehg

fbfohgce`tehg sbfhgcht.

84

 

 

Airf Iosbrvhs` Ghfh Iosbrvbr

;

Thgcchm

;

Ghfh _bspigdbg Ebc`hthg dhmhf Zbs`

Bfis Bf is`` yhgc yhgc d`thf d`thfph pheeh eehg g

Z` Z`eh ehp p yh yhgc gc d`tugk d`tugkuee ueehg hg

Zbs` 8. Ebc`hthg 8 Zbs` 8. Ebc`hthg ? Zbs` 8. Ebc`hthg : Zbs` ?. Ebc`hthg 8 Zbs` ?. Ebc`hthg ? Zbs` :. Ebc`hthg 8 Zbs` :. Ebc`hthg ?

Thgdh Thgchg Iosbrvbr

82

 

DHATH_ ^RZTHEH

Hgtig`i, K., D`fhp`m`s, F., Zummhgi, F. (?>83). Fhr`thm sht`sahjt`ig hfigc jiupmbs w`tl hgd w`tliut

jl`mdrbg.

 Kiurghm

ia

Ahf`my

^syjlimicy,

??(8),

48-2>.  48-2>. 

Di`;

8>.8:84>/_C.?.?.84088 Hrybg`. (?>?>). Eblhrfig`shg ebmuhrch thgph shgc ouhl lht` (stud` abgifbgimic` phshgchg suhf`-`str` dhmhf ebmuhrch eigtbfpirbr d` eith ohgdugc). Kurghm ohgdugc).  Kurghm Rg`vbrs`ths ^bgd`d`ehg  @gdigbs`h Ohdh Oh dhg g Ebpb Ebpbgd gdudu udueh ehg g dh dhg g Ebmu Ebmuhr hrch ch Obrb Obrbgjh gjhgh gh Ghs` Ghs`igh ighm. m. (? (?>8< >884) (?>84).. Eigstr Eigstrues ues`` sis`hm sis`hm ebmuhr ebmuhrch ch thgph thgph hghe (st (stud` ud` dbser` dbser`pt` pt`aa tbgthg tbgthgc c fhegh fhegh ebmuhrch thgph hghe dhg st`cfh yhgc d`hmhf` imbl phshgchg suhf` `str` thgph hghe d` surhohyh). Kurghm surhohyh).  Kurghm Rgh`r, :(8), 8-?> Bgcmhg Bgc mhgd, d, F. K., H. Z. Outmbr, Outmbr, & F. M Cigzhmb Cigzhmbzz (Bd.). (Bd.). (?>82). (?>82).  H arhfbwire air bstho`m`sl`gc  bv`dbgjb-ohsbd sthgdhrds. sthgdhrds. Shsl`gctig DJ; Ght`ighm Hjhdbf`bs ^rbss (RZ). Lhgurhwhg, A. (?>8>). ^s`eimic` (?>8>). ^s`eimic` Zis`hm Zuhtu ^bgchgthr . Ohgdugc; _bfhkh _isdhehryh. Lhpshr`, @.@. & Zbpt`hg`, Z._. (?>82).  (?>82).   Ebobrfheghhg l`dup phdh whg`th yhgc obmuf fbf`m`e` hghe thgph d`sbgchkh (`gvimugthry jl`mdmbss). Kurghm jl`mdmbss). Kurghm ^bgbm`t`hg dhg ^bgcueurhg ^s`eimic`, 4(?). Di`. 4(?).  Di`. lttps;//di`.irc/8>.?8>>0/K^^^.>4?.>3 Lhstut`, A. (?>83). Ebpuhshg pbrehw`ghg phdh phshgchg yhgc obmuf fbf`m`e` hghe d`t`gkhu dhr` mhfh pbrehw`ghg dhg kbg`s ebmhf`g. Kurghm ebmhf`g. Kurghm Rg`vbrs`ths Ehtim`e Zibc`khprhghth Zbfhrhgc  Fhr`hl, A. (?>80). D`ghf`eh ps`eimic`s phshgchg suhf` `str` yhgc obmuf fbf`m`e` hghe.  Kurghm   @gst`tut Hchfh @smhf Gbcbr` Obgceumu Fhgkirhgc, H.^., & Hd`tyh, @. (?>82). Tlb mhw ia mivb; lueuf sbputhr prhg`ehl, pbrg`ehlhg, dhg pbrjbrh`hg d` `gdigbs`h. Khehrth; Q`s`fbd`h Fhrd`y Fhr d`yhg, hg, _. & Eusthg Eusthgt`, t`, B._. B._. (?>81) (?>81).. Ebpuhs Ebpuhshg hg pbrg`e pbrg`ehlhg hlhg phdh phshgch phshgchg g yhgc yhgc obmuf obmuf fbf`m`e` ebturughg. Kurghm ebturughg. Kurghm Bfpht`, 2(:), 2284).  Fbgybmhf` pbrebfohgchg fhgus`h.  fhgus`h.  Khehrth; Zhmbfoh Lufhg`eh.

81

 

^bshgd ^bs hgdi, i, M. F. (?>88.8>83/Z>8441>8280 ^uaabr, B. Z., Hgghg, K., Z`f, H. M., Zhml`, J., & Obthgjiurt, T. Z. (?>83). Tlb `fphjt ia h ahf`my se`mms trh`g`gc `gtbrvbgt`ig hfigc Ourfbsb f`crhgt ahf`m`bs `g Tlh`mhgd; H rhgdif`zbd jigtrimmbd tr`hm. ^MIZ tr`hm. ^MIZ IGB, 8?(:), b>83?188. di`;8>.8:38/kiurghm.pigb.>83?188 b>83?188.  di`;8>.8:38/kiurghm.pigb.>83?188 Zh‐hdhl, G. (?>88>).  (?>8>).  ^hrbgtlid, jl`dmbssgbss, hgd wbmm-ob`gc; h m`ab jiursb pbrspbjt`vb pbrspbjt`vb..  Kiurghm ia Fhrr`hcb Ahf`my, 3?(:), 18?-1?0. Di`; 8>.8888/k.8348:3:3.?>8>.>>3?8.x Rmahl, Z.F., & Fumyhgh, I.^. (?>84). Chfohrhg suokbjt`vb wbmm-ob`gc phdh whg`th `gvimugthry jl`mdmbss. Jlhrhjtbr; Kurghm ^bgbm`t`hg ^s`eimic`, >?(:)

 

83