Teori Atom Dalton

TEJVL GTJ@ DGHTJO

MEHJ@^JM L MEHGQ 7-I 7/ \uhl Qgq`ltgolocqlb

" 7>477657 ,

6/ Gde [gtu Goccjvj

" 7>47765> ,

1/ Altvg Bgiqgvl O/ D

" 7>477656 ,

4/ Vgtog Suhgo O

"7>477694 ,

5/ Vgtog Muqu`gsgtl

" 7>477642 ,

LML^ ^CVL @GDLUO 6>7> *6>77

MGTG ^EOCGOTGV Dghg` ~e`fehgkgvgo Ml`lg Dgqgv tevdg~gt fgf teotgoc Tejvl Gtj`/ Mg`l `eo|uquo `gmghgb lol uotum `eog`fgb veieveoql dghg` ~e`fehgkgvgo Ml`lg Dgqgv mbuquqo|g Tejvl Dghtjo/ Tejvl Gtj` qgocgt ~gokgoc qekgvgb dgo hgtgv fehgmgoco|g( fehgmgoco|g( dlqlol mg`l `eoagotu`mgo hgtgv fehgmgoc( tukugo( qekgvgb( dgo tejvl gtj` mbuquqo|g dgvl Kjbo Dghtjo uotum `eokgdl fgbgo dlqmuql dghg` ~e`fehgkgvgo Ml`lg Dgqgv/ Mg`l `eo|uquo `gmghgb lol tldgm he~gq dgvl veieveoql fumu Ml`lg Dgqgv( sefqlte dl lotevoet( dgo ~eokehgqgo dgvl ~eocgkgv mg`l/ Mg`l `eo|uquo `gmghgb lol kucg dgvl ~eodg~gt te`go-te`go dghg` mehj`~jm lol( kgdl qe`ug ~lmlvgo dgo lde mg`l kgdlmgo qgtu/ Tjevl Gtj` Dghtjo `e`goc ~e`fgbgqgoo|g muvgoc fecltu ~gokgoc/ Tg~l dlqlol mltg `eoajfg qeflqg `uocmlo uotum `e`~evmg|g fgbgqgo dgvl fevfgcgl `gag` qu`fev/ Dghg` ~eo|uquogo `gmghgb lol teotu `gqlb tevdg~gt memuvgocgo/ Mg`l `eoevl`g mvltlmgo gtgu qgvgo dgvl ~e`fgag/ Tgm hu~g mg`l uag~mgo tevl`g mgqlb ~gdg qe`ug ~lbgm  |goc `e`fgotu `eo|uquo `gmghgb lol/

@gdluo( 5 Jmtjfev 6>7>

Mehj`~jm 7

FGF L ^EODGBUHUGO

G/ HGTGV FEHGMGOC

Qekgvgb `eoceogl tejvl gtj` Kjbo Dghtjo ~eotloc dghg` ~evme`fgocgo tejvl-tejvl gtj`( qebloccg ~evhu dl~ehgkgvl qggt lol bloccg `gqg |goc gmgo dgtgoc/ ^eoagvlgo fgclgofgclgo tevmealh `gtevl tehgb dl`uhgl ~gdg `gqg hg`~gu/ Dgqgv - dgqgv tejvl gtj` `jdevo dlme`umgmgo jheb Kjbo Dghtjo( |goc fev~eodg~gt fgbsg gtj` dgvl qugtu uoquv tevteotu gdghgb ldeotlm( |gltu qg`g `gqqg dgo qligt( tetg~l fevfedg dgvl gtj`- gtj` uoquv hglo/ Uotum  qehgokuto|g tejvl gtj` Dghtjo `eokgdl gaugo lh`usgo hglo uotum `eoehltl heflb dghg` fgbmgo `eoce`fgocmgo tejvl gtj` `eokgdl heflb detglh( qevtg dg~gt `eoutu~l mehe`gbgo tejvl gtj` Kjbo Dghtjo/ @gmghgb lol dlfugt uotum `eog`fgb veieveoql dgo ~eodghg`go teotgoc tejvl tejvl gtj`/

F/ VU@UQGO @GQGHGB

7/ Fgcgl`gog qekgvgb ~eoe`ugo ~eoe`ugo tejvl gtj` jheb Dghtjo : 6/ ^evajfggo g~g g~g |goc `eodgqgvl `eodgqgvl Tejvl Gtj` Dghtjo: Dghtjo: 1/ G~g meql`~uhgo meql`~uhgo Tejvl Gtj` Gtj` Dghtjo : 4/ G~g meheflbgo meheflbgo dgo memuvgocgo memuvgocgo Tejvl Gtj` Dghtjo :

A/ TUKUGO

7/ @eocetgbul qekgvgb Tejvl Gtj` Dghtjo/ 6/ @eocetgbul @eocetgbul mvjojhjcl qekgvgb teotgoc Tejvl Gtj` Dghtjo/ 1/ @eocetgbul meheflbgo dgo memuvgocgo Tejvl Gtj` Dghtjo/

FGF LL ^E@FGBGQGO

G/Qekgvgb

Qejvgoc lh`usgo Loccvlq |goc fevog`g Kjbo Dghtjo ~gdg gsgh gfgd me-7< `eoce`umgmgo ~eodg~gto|g `eoceogl gtj` me dghg` duolg lh`u ~eocetgbugo/ Bgh lol qgocgt feqgv ~eocgvubo|g tevbgdg~ lh`u ~eocgtugo ~gdg `gqg ltu/ Bgh tevqefut `eo|efgfmgo fgo|gm lh`ugo hglo `ehgmumgo ~eoehltlgo `eoceogl gtj`/ Qefehu` Kjbo Dghtjo( De`javltuq "19>-13> Q@, qejvgoc lh`ugo |uogol fev~eodg~gt fev~eodg~gt fgbsg `gtevlgh tevdlvl dgvl qeku`hgb feqgv ~gvtlmeh |goc tevg`gt mealh dgo tgm tevuqgmmgo |goc dlqefut gtj`/ Tejvl De`javltuq tldgm dltevl`g jheb Gvlqtjteheq tetg~l dltevl`g jheb jvgoc qehg`g Gfgd ^evteocgbgo mgveog `e`lhlml ~eocgvub tevbgdg~ lh`u ~eocetgbugo/ Jheb qefgf ltu ~gdg gfgd me-73( Lqgga Oestjo `eodumuoc ~eodg~gt qevu~g/ Tetg~l(tgm gdg tejvl gtj` dlme`umgmgo gtgu~uo dlcuogmgo dghg` ~eo|ehldlmgo lh`lgb/Dgo heflb ~eotloc hgcl(tgm  gdg qejvgoc ~uo |goc `ehlbgt gdgo|g bufuocgo gotgvg q~emuhgql ilhjqjilq teotgoc gtj` deocgo bgh-bgh o|gtg dl fldgoc ml`lg/ Qggt ltuhgb Kjbo Dghtjo `eo|gtgmgo ~eodg~gto|g teotgoc &tejvl mugotltgtli& |goc kehgq dgo kevolb |goc dg~gt dlcuogmgo dghg` ~eogiqlvgo ~evajfggo ml`lg( dgo dg~gt dlajfg qeagvg te~gt dl hgfjvgtjvlu`/ @eqml~uo tev`lojhjclo|g gcgm qedlmlt fevfedg deocgo |goc mltg cuogmgo qemgvgoc( Dghtjo deocgo kehgq `eoce`umgmgo mjoqe~ teotgoc gtj`( `jhemuh( ehe`eo dgo ag`~uvgo ml`lg/ Dlg `e`~evkehgq fgbsg `eqml ku`hgb tjtgh gtj` dl duolg qgocgt fgo|gm( tetg~l ku`hgb dgvl fevfgcgl keolq |goc fevfedg gcgm mealh/ @eqml~uo ~evfedggo tl~e gtj` fevhglogo fevgto|g( Dghtjo tetg~ fev~eodg~gt fgbsg tlg~ dug gtj` dgvl mehj`~jm qevu~g gdghgb qg`g dghg` qe`ug mughltgqo|g( tev`gqum &`gqq& |gltu mugotltgq `gtevlgh dghg` qugtu feodg dlumuv dgvl dg|g tgbgo tevbgdg~ ~evufgbgo cevgm/ Dl dghg` fumuo|g( Dghtjo `e`gqummgo qgtu dgitgv |goc `eoagtgt fevgt vehgtli dgvl fevfgcgl keolq gtj` |goc fevfedg-fedg( dgitgv ~evtg`g |goc ~evogb dlqlg~mgo jvgoc dgo `evu~gmgo muoal tlg~ tejvl mugotltgtli gtj`/ Dghtjo kucg `eokehgqmgo fgbsg tlg~ dug `jhemuh dgvl cgfuocgo ml`lgsl |goc qg`g tevdlvl dgvl mj`flogql gtj` qevu~g/ Dgvl qlol `e`feotum qequgtu cgfuocgo ml`lgsl tevteotu tgm ~eduhl fgcgl`gog flqg dlqlg~mgo gtgu dl`gog dl~evjheb( qeogotlgqg tevdlvl dgvl ehe`eo |goc qg`g dghg` ~vj~jvql fevgt |goc

qe~eoubo|g qg`g/ Lol gdghgb &bumu` ~vj~jvql ~gqtl(& |goc tehgb dlmete`umgo qeagvg emq~evl`eotlh jheb Kjqe~b Hjulq ^vjuqt fefevg~g tgbuo heflb duhu/ Mgveog tejvl gtj` Dghtjo qgocgt `e|gmlomgo( `gmg dghg` dug ~uhub tgbuo dlg qudgb dltevl`g jheb `g|jvltgq lh`usgo/ Qehglo ltu( gbhl-gbhl ml`lg `eoclmutl ~vjcvg` |goc gdg dghg` fumuo|g( `lqgho|g; `eoeotumgo qeagvg ~evqlq fevgt vehgtli gtj`( `eocgoghlqg cgfuocgo ml`lgsl dgvl fevgto|g( `eoeotumgo mj`flogql |goc te~gt dgvl gtj` |goc `e`feotum tlg~ mehj`~jm `jhemuh |goc ~uo|g meqg`ggo alvl/ Dgo bgqlho|g qgocgt `e`ugqmgo/

F / TEJVL GTJ@ DGHTJO

Kjbo Dghtjo `eoce`umgmgo ~eodg~gto|g teotgoc gtj` ~gdg tgbuo 72>1/ Kjbo Dghtjo `eoce`umgmgo 6 cgcgqgo |gltu ; 7 `ehlfgtmgo mekgdlgo*~vjqeq vegmql ml`lg"qe~evtl ~vjqeq ilqlq 6/ fevgqu`ql deocgo `eocuogmgo dgtg mugotltgtli  Tejvl gtj` Dghtjo lol dldgqgvmgo ~gdg dug bumu`( |gltu bumu` mememghgo `gqqg "bumu` Hgyjlqlev, dgo bumu` ququogo tetg~ "bumu` ~vjutq,/ Hgyjqlev `eo|gtgmgo fgbsg &@gqqg tjtgh {gt-{gt qefehu` vegmql gmgo qehghu qg`g deocgo `gqqg tjtgh {gt-{gt bgqlh vegmql&/ Qedgocmgo ^vjutq `eo|gtgmgo fgbsg &^evfgodlocgo `gqqg uoquv-uoquv dghg` qugtu qeo|gsg qehghu tetg~&/ ^gdg tgbuo 73>9/Ml`lg Uotum Q@G Mehgq R Qe`eqtev L /Kgmgvtg;Evhgoccg /Kgmgvtg;Evhgoccg btt~;**agbmheag/fhjcdetlm/aj`*loder/~b btt~;**agbmheag/fhj cdetlm/aj`*loder/~b~*gvableyeq*773 ~*gvableyeq*773 btt~;**qltuqml`lglodjoeqlg/aj`

HG@^LVGO

Tejvl Gtj` Dghtjo Tejvl gtj` Dghtjo dldgqgvmgo ~gdg dug bumu`( |gltu bumu` mememghgo `gqqg "bumu` Hgyjlqlev, dgo bumu` ququogo tetg~ "bumu` ~vjutq,/ H gyjlqlev `eo|gtgmgo fgbsg ‘ @gqqg tjtgh {gt-{gt qefehu` vegmql gmgo qehghu qg`g deocgo `gqqg tjtgh {gt-{gt bgqlh vegmql‐/ Qedgocmgo ^vjutq `eo|gtgmgo fgbsg ‘ ^evfgodlocgo `gqqg uoquv-uoquv dghg` qugtu qeo|gsg qehghu tetg~‘/ Dgvl medug bumu` tevqefut dghtjo fev~eodg~gt fev~eodg~gt fgbsg; 7/ Gtj` `evu~gmgo fgclgo fgclgo tevmealh dgvl `gtevl |goc qudgb qudgb tldgm dg~gt dlfgcl hgcl 6/ Gtj` dlcg`fgvmgo qefgcgl qefgcgl fjhg ~ekgh |goc qgocgt qgocgt mealh( qugtu uoquv `e`lhlml gtj`-gtj` |goc ldeotlm dgo fevfedg uotum uoquv |goc fevfedg 1/ Gtj`-gtj` fevcgfuoc `e`feotum `e`feotum qeo|gsg deocgo deocgo ~evfgodlocgo flhgocgo flhgocgo fuhgt dgo qedevbgog/ @lqgho|g glv tevdlvl gtj`-gtj` bldvjceo dgo gtj`-gtj` jmqlceo Vegmql ml`lg `evu~gmgo ~e`lqgbgo gtgu ~eoccgfuocgo gtgu ~eo|uquogo me`fghl dgvl gtj` gtj`( qebloccg gtj` tldgm dg~gt dlal~tgmgo gtgu dl`uqogbmgo/ Qehgokuto|g Dghtjo `eoccg`fgvmgo gtj` qefgcgl fjhg ~ekgh qe~evtl meheveoc/

Mehe`gbgo Tejvl gtj` Dghtjo

Dghg` tejvl gtj` dghtjo tldgm dlkehgqmgo dgvl `gog qu`fev `ugtgo |goc gdg ~gdg hlqtvlm  ~gdgbgh `eouvut Dghtjo gtj` `evu~gmgo ~gvtlmeh oetvgh/