Teoretical Framework

 The Research Research Process Process Theoretical Framework Framework

The Need for a Theoretical Framework  ●

A conceptual model of how one theorizes or makes logical sense of the relationships among the several factors that have been identified as important to the problem

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Flows from the documentation of previous research in the problem.

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Integrating one's logical beliefs with published research, t aking into consideration the boundaries and constraints governing the situation

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Discusses the interrelationships among the variables that are deemed to be integral to the dynamics of the situation being investigated.

Observation Broad area of research interest identified Problem Definition Research problem delineated

Theoretical Framework Variables clearly identified and labeled

Generation of Hypotheses

Preliminary Data Gathering Interviewing Literature Survey

Scientific Research Design

Data Collection, Analysis, and Interpretation

Deduction Hypotheses substantiated? Research questions answered? No

Yes

Paper Writing

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Paper Presentation

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 The Research Process Theoretical Framework

Variables ●

Anything that can take on differing or varying values.

Types of Variables 1. The dependent variable 2. The independent variable 3. The moderating variable 4. The intervening Variable

Dependent ●

Primary interest to the researcher.

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Understand and describe the dependent variable or explain the variability\

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Researcher will be interested in quantifying and measuring the dependent variable, plus other variables that influence this variable.

Independent Variable ●

One that influences the dependent variable in either a positive or negative way

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Variance in the dependent variable is accounted for by the independ ent variable.

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Ex. Research studies indicate that successful new product development has an influence on stock market price of the company. Success of the new product is the independent variable, and stock market price is the dependent variable.

New Product Independent variable

Stock Market Price Dependent variable

Moderating Variable ●

A variable that has a strong contingent effect on the independent variable-dependent variable relationship.

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The presence of the third variable (MV) modifies the original relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

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Ex. It has been found that there is a relationship between the availability of Reference Manuals that manufacturing employees have access t o, and the product rejects.

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 The Research Process Theoretical Framework

Availability of Reference Manuals

# of Reject

Independent variable

Dependent variable

Interest & Inclination Moderating variable Intervening Variable ●

A variable that surfaces between the time the in dependent variable start operating to influence the dependent variable and the time their impact is felt on it.

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The intervening variable surfaces as a function of the independent variable(s) operating in any situation, and helps to conceptualize and explain the influence of the independent variable(s) on the dependent variable.

Time:

t 

t

1

Workforce diversity

2

Creative synergy

Independent variable

t 

3

Organizational Effectiveness Dependent variable

Intervening variable

Managerial Expertise

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 The Research Process Theoretical Framework

 Theoretical Framework ●

The foundation on which the entire research project is based

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The relationship between the literature survey and the theoretical framework is that the former provides a solid foundation for developing the latter.

Components of the Theoretical Framework  1. The variables considered relevant to the study should be clearly identified and labeled in the discussions 2. The discussions should state how two or more variables are related to one another. 3. In the nature and direction of the relationships can be theorized on the basis of the findings of previous research, then there should be an indication in the discussions as to whether the relationships would be positive or negative 4. There should be clear explanation of why we would expect these relationships to exist. 5. The schematic diagram of the theoretical framework should be given so that the reader can see and easily comprehend the theorized relationships.

Communication among cockpit members

Communication between ground control and cockpit Airsafety Violations Decentralization

Training of cockpit crew Dependent variable Independent variable  Drawing 1: Schematic diagram for the theoretical framework 

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 The Research Process Theoretical Framework

Communication among cockpit members

Communication between ground control and cockpit Airsafety Violations Decentralization

Training of cockpit crew

Nervousness and Diffidence

Independent variable

Intervening variable

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Dependent variable

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 The Research Process Theoretical Framework

Communication among cockpit members

Communication between ground control and cockpit

Airsafety Violations

Decentralization

Training

Independent variable

Moderating variable

Dependent variable

Hypotheses Development ●

After the identification of important variables in a situation and establishment of relationship among them through logical reasoning in the theoretical framework

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A hypothesis can be defined as a logically conjectured relationship betwee n two or more variables expressed in the form of a testable statement.

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Relationships are conjectured on the basis of the network of associations established in the theoretical framework formulated for the research study.

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 The Research Process Theoretical Framework ●

Ex. If the pilots are given adequate training to handle midair crowded situations, air-safety violations will be reduced.

Statements of Hypotheses: Formats ●

If-then statements 

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Ex. if employees are more healthy then they will take sick leaves less frequently

Directional and Nondirectional Hypotheses 

Ex. directional – The greater the stress experienced in the job, the lower the job satisfaction of employees.

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Ex. nondirectional –t here is a relationship between age and satisfaction

Null and Alternate Hypotheses 

null hypothesis –a proposition that states a definitive, exact relationship between two variables ■

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H0: μM = μW or H0: μM – μW = 0

Alternate ■

H0: μM > μW or H0: μM < μW

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