Tensión UNIDAD 2

 

Bpumtls `l @kslòg `l Lclilmtgs `l Balrg  

\MK@B@ 8.- @KQLÒG @L LCLILMPGQ B PLMQKGM KMPXG@\AAKÑM

Vgr sus abrbatlréstkabs jéskabs, rlsuctb iâs ljkaklmtl lc usg `lc balrg lm lclilmtgs sudltgs b tlmskñm, skm lihbrog, `lplm`l cb jgrib pul`l lm qul usbrsl lc lclilmtg lstâ agmlatb`g bc rlstglstb `l ljkaklmakb cb lstruaturb, absk tbihkëm aubcquklr`llclilmtg pbrb trbhbdbr hbdg lsjulrzg `l tlmskñm. Cb lclaakñm g slclaakñm `lc lclilmtg `lplm`l `l su uhkabakñm lm lc skstlib lstruaturbc y `l iëtg`g g jgrib `l agmlxkñm. Lc `kslòg `l lclilmtgs sgiltk`gs b tlmskñm ls, lm prkmakpkg skipckjkab`g pgr cb supgskakñm `l qul lc lsjulrzg, prg`uak`g lm cb slaakñm trbmsvlrsbc `lc lclilmtg ls umkjgril. Lstg ls balptbhcl lm hbstbmtls absgs, lxalptg `gm`l gaurrlm abihkgs hrusags lm cb iksib slaakñm trbmsvlrsbc `lc lclilmtg, `bm`g grkolm b agmalmtrbakgmls `l lsjulrzg pgr lmakib `l cg qul slréb lc vbcgr `l lsjulrzg mgribc umkjgril. Gtrb sktubakñm kipgrtbmtl ls cb pgskhkck`b` `l qul gaurrb um abihkg `l skomg lm cb abrob bpckab`b, `l tbc ibmlrb qul lc lclilmtg lm aulstkñm lstbréb sgiltk`g s julrzbs `l agiprlskñm umb sktubakñm iâs arétkab y lc lclilmtg `lhlrâ `kslòbrsl lmtgmals hbdg gtrbs agmsk`lrbakgmls Gtrg jbatgr qul pul`l bjlatbr cb abpbak`b` `lc balrg `l cgs lclilmtgs, ls cb lxkstlmakb `l cgs ccbib`gs lsjulrzgs rlsk`ubcls. Lstgs lsjulrzgs sl prg`ualm prkmakpbcilmtl aubm`g lc balrg `lc lclilmtg (lm cb jum`kakñm) mg sl lmjréb `l ibmlrb umkjgril, g tbihkëm `urbmtl lc `ghcb`g (lm jrég) `lc lclilmtg, bsé agig cgs ljlatgs tlrikmbcls prg`uak`gs pgr lc prgalsg `l sgc`b`urb. Cb ibomktu` y `kstrkhuakñm `l lstgs lsjulrzgs ls kmjculmakb`b pgr cb jgrib olgiëtrkab `l cb slaakñm trbmsvlrsbc. Cgs lsjulrzgs rlsk`ubcls mg bjlatbm lc vbcgr `lc lsjulrzg `l al`lmakb, plrg sk su céiktl prgpgrakgmbc. Bumqul cb abpbak`b` lstâtkab `lc lclilmtg sudltg b tlmskñm mg rlsuctb bjlatb`b, cb abpbak`b` `l um lclilmtg utkckzb`g agig agcuimb sé cg ls.

Pkpgs `l lclilmtgs utkckzb`gs b tlmskñm Absk aubcquklr lclilmtg pul`l slr usb`g pbrb trbhbdbr hbdg tlmskñm. Cb slclaakñm `lc lclilmtg `lplm`l `l cb uhkabakñm `lmtrg `lc skstlib lstruaturbc y `lc iëtg`g g jgrib `l agmlxkñm. Cgs lclilmtgs lm tlmskñm sl utkckzbm lm hg`lobs y lstruaturbs km`ustrkbcls agig pbrtl `l agmtrbvlmtlgs `l cbs vkobs y agcuimbs, agig lc tkrbmtl `l cb`rkcclrg qul byu`b bc ckmlbiklmtg `urbmtl lc igmtbdl y rlskstl cb agipgmlmtl `l cb abrob vlrtkabc. Prbmsiktkëm`gcb b cgs iklihrgs ngrkzgmtbcls `l rlskstlmakb b`laub`b bc iksig tklipg qul prgpgrakgmb lc sgpgrtl cbtlrbc b cgs cbroulrgs.

Lcbhgrb`g pgr I. lm A. BAO

Vâokmb 2

 

Bpumtls `l @kslòg `l Lclilmtgs `l Balrg  

Cgs lclilmtgs qul sl pul`lm utkckzbr lm tlmskñm sgm4Pll, pcbab, KX, AL, y GA

Cgs lclilmtgs iâs utkckzb`gs sudltgs b tlmskñm, sgm lc abhcl, cb hbrrb y cb pcbab, usb`g agig tkrbmtl lm pulmtl, brib`urbs y orôbs, lta. Cgs âmoucgs y Pll lm brib`urbs y tgrrls. Gtrbs bpckabakgmls pul`lm slr agmtrbvlmtlgs, tgrrl `l trbmsikskñm, pulmtls susplm`k`gs, pcuib pbrb agmstruaakñm, lta.

8 2 Ârlb mltb ljlatkvb

Ârlbs `l cbs slaakgmls trbmsvlrsbcls Olmlrbck`b`ls Lc ârlb tgtbc `l um iklihrg (Bt), ls lc ârlb agipcltb `l su slaakñm trbmsvlrsbc, y cbs ârlbs mltbs (Bm), y mltb ljlatkvb ( Bl), sgm cbs qul sl ghtklmlm bc nbalr cbs `l`uaakgmls qul sl lsplakjkabm iâs b`lcbmtl. Lc ârlb tgtbc (Bt) ls koubc b cb suib `l cgs prg`uatgs `lc orulsg pgr lc bmang `l tg`gs cgs lclilmtgs qul agipgmlm cb slaakñm, il`k`gs lm um pcbmg plrplm`kaucbr bc ldl `lc iklihrg.

Ârlb mltb `l iklihrgs lm tlmskñm (Bm)  Lc ârlb mltb `l um iklihrg lm tlmskñm, Bm, sl ghtklml suibm`g cgs prg`uatgs `lc orulsg `l ab`b umb `l cbs pbrtls qul cg agipgmlm pgr su bmang mltg, qul sl `ltlrikmb agig skoul4

Lcbhgrb`g pgr I. lm A. BAO

Vâokmb 8

 

Bpumtls `l @kslòg `l Lclilmtgs `l Balrg  

b) Lm lc aâcaucg `lc ârlb mltb `l hbrrbs lm ttlmskñm lmskñm g lm agrtbmtl, lc bmang `l cgs boudlrgs pbrb rlibanls g tgrmkccgs sl tgib 2/2:’ ñ (2.< ii) ibygr qul qul lc `kâiltrg mgikmbc `lc boudlrg, il`k`g mgribcilmtl b cb `krlaakñm `l cgs lsjulrzgs. h) Aubm`g nby vbrkgs boudlrgs lm umb mgribc bc ldl `l cb pklzb, pklzb, lc bmang mltg `l ab`b pbrtl `l cb slaakñm sl ghtklml rlstbm`g bc bmang tgtbc cb suib `l cgs bmangs `l cgs boudlrgs. a) Aubm`g cgs boudlrgs l lstâm stâm `kspulstgs lm umb cémlb `kbogmbc rlsplatg bc ldl `l cb pklz pklzb b g lm zkozbo, sl `lhlm lstu`kbr tg`bs cbs trbylatgrkbs pgskhcls pbrb `ltlrikmbr b auâc `l lccbs cl agrrlspgm`l lc bmang mltg ilmgr, qul ls lc qul sl utkckzb pbrb abcaucbr lc ârlb mltb. Lc bmang mltg `l ab`b umb `l cbs pbrtls qul jgribm cb slaakñm, agrrlspgm`klmtl b ab`b trbylatgrkb, sl ghtklml rlstbm`g `lc bmang tgtbc cb suib `l cgs bmangs `l tg`gs cgs boudlrgs qul sl lmaulmtrbm sghrl cb trbylatgrkb lsagok`b, y suibm`g pbrb ab`b lspbakg lmtrl boudlrgs cb abmtk`b` s¸/0o, `gm`l s ls cb slpbrbakñm cgmoktu`kmbc almtrg b almtrg lmtrl cgs `gs boudlrgs agmsk`lrb`gs (pbsg) y o  cb slpbrbakñm trbmsvlrsbc almtrg b almtrg lmtrl lccgs (orbikc).

o o

s Lc bmang tgtbc `l âmoucgs sl tgib koubc b cb suib `l cgs bmangs `l cbs `gs bcbs ilmgs lc orulsg. Cb `kstbmakb trbmsvlrsbc lmtrl boudlrgs sktub`gs lm bcbs gpulstbs ls koubc b cb suib `l cgs `gs orbikcls, il`k`gs `ls`l cgs hgr`ls lxtlrkgrls `lc âmoucg, ilmgs lc orulsg `l ëstl.  Bc `ltlrikmbr lc ârlb mltb b trbvës `l sg sgc`b`urb c`b`urb `l tbpñm g `l rbmurb mg `lhl tlmlrsl lm aulmtb lc iltbc `l bpgrtbakñm.

BXLBQ MLPBQ Cb prlslmakb `l boudlrgs lm um iklihrg sudltg b tlmskñm kmarlilmtb cgs lsjulrzgs, bum sk lc boudlrg lstâ gaupb`g pgr um tgrmkccg, (aubm`g sl usbm tgrmkccgs `l bctb rlskstlmakb pul`l nbhlr um `lsbaulr`g rlsplatg b lstgs, hbdg aklrtb akraumstbmakb) sl tklml ilmgs ârlb `l balrg sghrl cb qul pul`l `kstrkhukrsl cb abrob y nbhrâ agmalmtrbakñm `l lsjulrzgs b cg cbrog `lc hgr`l `lc boudlrg. Lc tërikmg ârlb mltb `l cb slaakñm trbmsvlrsbc g skipclilmtl ârlb mltb, sl rljklrl bc ârlb hrutb `l cb slaakñm trbmsvlrsbc ilmgs cb `l cbs rbmurbs, iulsabs y boudlrgs. Bc agmsk`lrbr lc ârlb `l ëstgs pgr cg olmlrbc ls mlalsbrkg rlstbr um ârlb um pgag ibygr qul cb mgikmbc `lc boudlrg.

Lcbhgrb`g pgr I. lm A. BAO

Vâokmb 1

   

Bpumtls `l @kslòg `l Lclilmtgs `l Balrg  

Vgr ldlipcg, lm cb jbhrkabakñm `l lstruaturbs `l balrg pbrb agmlatbrsl agm tgrmkccgs, cgs boudlrgs sl nbalm agm um `kâiltrg 2/2:’ ñ(2.< ñ(2.< ii) ibygr   qul lc agrrlspgm`klmtl bc tgrmkccg g rlibanl. B`liâs, sl agmsk`lrb qul lc pumzgmb`g `lc boudlrg `bòb g bôm `lstruyl 2/2:’ ñ(2. ’ x >’, c b pcbab lstb agmlatb`b lm sus lxtrligs agm `gs ckmlbs `l tgrmkccgs `l ½’. 

pcbab `l >’ x ³’  

pcbab `l >’ x 1/>’  

8

 BXLB 4 1 V\CO. V\ 9CO. (>)(1/>) ‑ 8(1/0 BXLB + 2/>)(1/>) @L CG CGQ Q 9PGXMK PGXMKCCG 8.10CCG puco4 6. 6.:< :< V\CO Ârlb mltb

BXLB MLPB 9 8.1< V\O8. BXLBQ MLPBQ LJLAPKZBQ Cbs lsplakjkabakgmls CXJ@(H1) lstkpucbm qul lc ârlb mltb ljlatkvb, Bl `l `kang iklihrg sl `ltlrikml iuctkpckabm`g su ârlb mltb (sk lstb sgc`b`g) pgr um jbatgr `l rl`uaakñm At, lstl tgib lm aulmtb `l ibmlrb slmakccb cb `kstrkhuakñm mg umkjgril `lc lsjulrzg. Bo9 ârlb `l cb slaakñm trbmsvlrsbc `lc lclilmtg. Bm9 ârlb `l cb slaakñm trbmsvlrsbc `lc lclilmtg. Bm9 Bo ilmgs lc ârlb `l cgs grkjkakgs (ârlb `l cgs grkjkakgs9 `kâiltrg `l cgs grkjkakgs pgr lc lsplsgr `l cb slaakñm). Bl 9 Ârlb mltb ljlatkvb9 AP Bo Lcbhgrb`g pgr I. lm A. BAO

Vâokmb 0

 

Bpumtls `l @kslòg `l Lclilmtgs `l Balrg  

Bl9 Bo iuctkpckab`g pgr um agljkaklmtl `l rl`uaakñm pgr tlmskñm at.  B ilmgs qul pul`b dustkjkabrsl um agljkaklmtl ibygr il`kbmtl lmsbygs u gtrgs arktlrkgs rlagmgak`gs, `lhlrâm lipclbrsl lm cgs aâcaucgs cgs skouklmtls vbcgrls `l At4 BKQA 2.20.8.8. 2. Vbrb plrjkcls KX g KL agm bmangs `l pbtém mg ilmgrls `l 8/ 8/1 1 `lc plrbctl, y Pls agrtb`bs `l lstgs plrjkcls, skliprl qul cb agmlxkñm slb b cgs pbtkmls y qul mg tlmobm b ilmgs `l 1 At 9 6.;6  sudltb`grls pgr cémlb lm cb `krlaakñm `lc lsjulrzg. 8. Vbrb plrjkcls KX g KL qul mg auipcbm cbs agm`kakgmls `lc pârrbjg bmtlrkgr, Pls agrtb`bs `l cgs iksigs, y aubcquklr gtrg plrjkc, kmacuylm`g cbs slaakgmls brib`bs, skliprl qul cb agmlxkñm mg At 9 6.>. ; Pgm

BALXG LM PLMQ

Jt9 6.