Tenses+in+Urdu

[²~Š:£Zk , à·

1™

äâ i

(TENSES)

[²~Š:£Zk , à· X ÷ë¶Ã~zŠg QgzZ Subject ~‹ZÃáZzä™x » :Subject-1 X ÷ëwB~zŠg QgzZ Object ~‹ZÃqk Qƒ;g YHx »6,qT :Object-2 Xì qâÅZ :} X ÷ë÷~zŠg QgzZ Verb ~‹ZÃx »k Qƒ;gƒx »Ž

:Verb-3

Xì Verb ÷ Write rgzZì Object wB Letter âgzZì subject ¶ÃAslam ÅZ~¿kZ X ÷Dƒ&6, gî~Š ã Cäâ i E X Ç‘â{z :}Future ( w÷ ) ÑZzäWX 3X åqâ{z :} Past ( èâ ÷) Zƒ Zg¦ / X 2 Xì qâ{z :} Present ( wq ÿL ›¢) {ŠŽñX 1é Present Indefinite Tense (Simple)

Xì @* W{)z ÷CÔƒD ÷D ÔVƒ@* Ôì CÔì @*~y WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :㶠K~zŠg Q X ÷D Îxg ëŠVerbQ÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ ‰ Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z Subject+Ist form of verb

X ÷D™†ŸZ » esc* sB‚ÆVerbƒ(Singular Noun) c* (He,She,It)Subject Zg ø¤ /Z þ:^â X* @YH7†ŸZ » esc* sB‚Æverb ÆPlural noun c* ,we,you,they, IgzZ I write a letter.X Vƒqâ~

X :}

He writes a letter.Xì qâ{z

She writes a letter.Xì —â

{z

Aslam writes a letter.Xì qâÅZ Aslam and Akram write a letter.X ÷˜âx™ ZgzZÅZ

Present Indefinite Tense (Negative) Subject+ do not / does not + Ist form of verb

X @* YH7†ŸZ » es c*s B‚ÆVerb~]gßÅäƒwEZ DoesXì @* ƒwEZ does not B‚Æ Singular Noun gzZ He,She,It X :^â X* @YHwEZ do not B‚ÆPlural noun c* ,we,you,they, IgzZ I do not write a letter.X Vƒq7â~

X :}

He does not write a letter.Xì q7â{z

She does not write a letter.Xì —7â

{z

Aslam does not write a letter.Xì q7âÅZ Aslam and Akram do not write a letter.

X ÷˜7âx™ ZgzZÅZ

Present Indefinite Tense(Interrogative) Do/Does+Subject+Ist form of verb+?

» es c*s B‚ÆVerb~]gßÅäƒwEZ DoesXì @* ƒwEZ Does ~qzÑÆ¿ B‚Æ Singular Name gzZ He,She,It X :^â ,we,you,they, IgzZX @ * YH7†ŸZ X* @YHwEZ ~qzÑÆ¿ do B‚ÆPlural noun c* Do I write a letter?

?Vƒqâ~H

Does he write a letter?

?ì qâ{zH

X :}

[²~Š:£Zk , à·

Does she write a letter?

?ì —â {zH

Does Aslam write a letter?

?ì qâÅZ H

Do Aslam and Akram write a letter?

2™

?÷˜âx™ ZgzZÅZ H

Past Indefinite Tense (Simple)

ì @* W{)zþ} Ô ~ ,³ZÔ¸D Ô‰CÔ ¶CÔ å@*~y WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :㶠K~zŠg Q X ÷D Îxg Ã~uzŠ Å VerbQ÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ ‰ Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z Subject+2nd form of verb I wrote a letter.X åqâ~

X :}

He wrote a letter.X åqâ{z

She wrote a letter.X ¶—â

{z

Aslam wrote a letter.X åqâÅZ Aslam and Akram wrote a letter.X¸˜âx™ ZgzZÅZ

Past Indefinite Tense (Negative) Subject+did not+Ist form of verb

Q Âì @* ƒwEZ did Z # ~ InterrogativegzZ Negative1ì CƒwEZxg Ã~uzŠ Â, z~Past Indefinite Tense:^â CƒwEZ~Past Indefinite Tense(Simple)sÜgzZsÜxg Ã~uzŠ~%Z¤ /‹Z ~g7OgŠ c* Xì CƒwEZxg ìŠVerb Xì @* ƒwEZ did¬Ðª q«Å VerbnÆ¿ (Negative)ÔXì I did not write a letter.X åq7â~

X :}

He did not write a letter.X åq7â{z

She did not write a letter.X ¶—7â Aslam did not write a letter.X åq7

{z

âÅZ

Aslam and Akram did not write a letter.X¸˜7âx™ ZgzZÅZ

Past Indefinite Tense (Interrogative) Did+Subject+Ist form of verb+?

X ÷˜~qzÑÆ¿Ã did~¿ (Interrogative)DZÎ Did I write a letter?

?åqâ~H

Did He write a letter?

?åqâ{zH

Did She write a letter?

?¶—â {zH

Did Aslam write a letter?

?åqâÅZ H

Did Aslam and Akram write a letter?

X :}

?¸˜âx™ ZgzZÅZ H

Future Indefinite Tense (Simple)

Xì @* W{)zÐÔ ÏÔ Ç~y WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :㶠K~zŠg Q X ÷D Îxg à « Å Verb Q÷D Î shall c*will Q÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ ‰ Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z Subject+will/shall+Ist form of verb

X ÷« ZwEZ » shall gzZ will Qƒ:™}Šgzi]!* /ZgzZXì @* ¤ ƒwEZ will B‚ƃ  ¹!*Shall B‚Æ We gzZ ( ðW ) I X :^â I shall write a letterX ÇVâ~

X :}

[²~Š:£Zk , à·

We shall write a letter.XÐKâë

3™

He will write a letter.X Ç‘â{z She will write a letter.X Ï‘â

{z

Aslam will write a letter.X Ç‘âÅZ Aslam and Akram will write a letter.XÐKâx™ ZgzZÅZ

Future Indefinite Tense (Negative) Subject+will not/shall not+Ist form of verb I shall not write a letter.X ÇV7 â~

X :}

We shall not write a letter.XÐK7 âë He will not write a letter.X Ç‘7 She will not write a letter.X Ï‘7

â{z â {z

Aslam will not write a letter.X Ç‘7 âÅZ Aslam and Akram will not write a letter.XÐK7

âx™ ZgzZÅZ

Future Indefinite Tense (Interrogative) shall/will+Subject+Ist form of verb +? Shall I write a letter?

?ÇV â~H

Shall we write a letter?

?ÐKâëH

Will he write a letter?

?Ç‘ â{zH

Will she write a letter?

?Ï‘ â {zH

Will Aslam write a letter?

?Ç‘âÅZ H

Will Aslam and Akram write a letter?

X :}

?Ð þ Kâx™ ZgzZÅZ H

Present Continuous Tense (Simple)

Xì @* W{)z ƒìgÔ÷ìgÔVƒ „g Ôì „gÔVƒ;gÔì ;g ~y WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :㶠K~zŠg Q ingQX ÷D Îxg Ã

« Å Verb Q÷D Î is/am/are Q÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ ‰ Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z X ÷D Î Subject+is/am/are+Ist form of verb+ing

Xì @* Y1„~]gßÅ ¦ åà You ~%Z¤ /‹ZXì @* ƒwEZ is B‚ÆuZz areB‚Ʀ amB‚Æ ( ðW ) I X :^â I am writing a letterX Vƒ;gÉâ~

X :}

You are writing a letter.XƒìgÉâ ? He is writing a letter.Xì ;gÉâ{z Aslam is writing a letter.Xì ;gÉâÅZ Aslam and Akram are writing a letter.X ÷ìgÉ

âx™ ZgzZÅZ

Present Continuous Tense (Negative) Subject+is not/am not /are not +Ist form of verb+ing I am not writing a letterX Vƒ;gÉ

7â~

You are not writing a letter.XƒìgÉ7 He is not writing a letter.Xì ;gÉ

â?

7â{z

X :}

[²~Š:£Zk , à·

Aslam is not writing a letter.Xì ;gÉ 7âÅZ Aslam and Akram are not writing a letter.X ÷ìgÉ

4™

7âx™ ZgzZÅZ

Present Continuous Tense (Interrogative) is/am/are+Subject+Ist form of verb+ing+? Am I writing a letter?

?Vƒ;gÉ â~H ?ƒìgÉâ?H

Are you writing a letter?

?ì ;gÉâ{zH

Is he writing a letter? Is Aslam writing a letter? Are Aslam and Akram writing a letter?

X :}

?ì ;gÉâÅZ H

?÷ìgÉâx™ ZgzZÅZ H

Past Continuous Tense (Simple)

Xì @* W{)z¸ìgÔ‰„gÔ ¶„gÔ å;g ~y WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :㶠K~zŠg Q ingQX ÷D Îxg Ã

« Å Verb Q÷D Î was/were Q÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ ‰ Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z X ÷D Î Subject+was/were+Ist form of verb+ing

~%Z¤ /‹ZX ÷D Î wereB‚Æthey,we,you,plural Nounsª¦gzZXì @* ƒwEZ was B‚Æ he,she,it,I,singular nounªuZz X :^â Xì * @Y1„~]gßÅ ¦ åà You

I was writing a letterXå;gÉâ~

X :}

You were writing a letter.X¸ìgÉâ ? He was writing a letter.Xå;gÉâ{z Aslam was writing a letter.Xå;gÉâÅZ Aslam and Akram were writing a letter.X¸ìgÉ

âx™ ZgzZÅZ

Past Continuous Tense (Negative) Subject+was not/were not+Ist form of verb+ing I was not writing a letterX å;gÉ7â~

X :}

You were not writing a letter.X¸ìgÉ7â ? He was not writing a letter.X å;g Aslam was not writing a letter.X å;g

É7â{z

É7âÅZ

Aslam and Akram were not writing a letter.X¸ìgÉ7âx™ ZgzZÅZ Past Continuous Tense (Interrogative) was/were+Subject+Ist form of verb+ing+?

?å;gÉâ~H

Was I writing a letter? Were you writing a letter?

?¸ìgÉâ?H

Wa she writing a letter? Was Aslam writing a letter? Were Aslam and Akram writing a letter?

X :}

?å;gÉâ{zH ?å;gÉâÅZ H

?¸ìgÉ âx™ ZgzZÅZ H

Future Continuous Tense (Simple)

Xì @* W{)zÐVƒìgÔ ÏVƒ„gÔ Ïƒ„g Ô ÇVƒ;gÔ Çƒ;g ~y WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :㶠K~zŠg Q

[²~Š:£Zk , à·

will be/shall be

Q÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ ‰ Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z

5™

X ÷D Î ingQX ÷D Îxg à « Å Verb Q÷D Î Subject+will be/shall be+Ist form of verb+ing

ï Š™« ZwEZ » shall gzZ will Qƒ:™}Šgzi]!* /ZgzZXì * ¤ @YHwEZ willB‚ƃ  ¹!* gzZXì @* ƒwEZ shall B‚Æ wegzZ ( ðW ) I X :^â X÷ I shall be writing a letterX ÇVƒ;gÉâ~

X :}

You will be writing a letter.XÐVƒìgÉâ ? He will be writing a letter.X ǃ;gÉâ{z Aslam will be writing a letter.X ǃ;gÉâÅZ Aslam and Akram will be writing a letter.XÐVƒìgÉ

âx™ ZgzZÅZ

Future Continuous Tense (Negative) Subject+will not be/shall not be+Ist form of verb+ing I shall not be writing a letterX ÇVƒ; gÉ7 â~

X :}

You will not be writing a letter.XÐVƒìgÉ7â ? He will not be writing a letter.X ǃ;g Aslam will not be writing a letter.X ǃ;g

É7â{z

É7âÅZ

Aslam and Akram will not be writing a letter.XÐVƒìgÉ7âx™ ZgzZÅZ Future Continuous Tense (Interrogative) will/shall+Subject+ be+Ist form of verb+ing Shall I be writing a letter? Will you be writing a letter?

?ÇVƒ;gÉâ~H

?ÐVƒìgÉâ?H

Will he be writing a letter? Will Aslam be writing a letter? Will Aslam and Akram be writing a letter?

X :}

?ǃ;gÉâ{zH ?ǃ;gÉâÅZ H

?ÐVƒìgÉâx™ ZgzZÅZ H

Present Perfect Tense( Simple)

Xì @* W{)z ì} Ô÷} Ôì ~Ôì c* Ô÷` Ôì _ÔVƒ[Ôì [~y WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :㶠K~zŠg Q X ÷D Îxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb Q÷D Î has/have Q÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ ‰ Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z Subject+has/have+3rd form of verb

ÆyougzZ ( ðW ) IXì @* ƒwEZ haveB‚ÆThey, we,you,I,plural nouns ª ¦gzZ hasB‚Æhe,she,it,singular noun ª uZz X :^â Xì @* ƒwEZ have ÌB‚ I have written a letterX Vƒ[Éâ~ You have written a letter.Xƒ` He has written a letter.X Aslam has written a letter.X Aslam and Akram have written a letter.X ÷`

X :}

Éâ?

ì [â { z

ì [âÅZ

Éâx™ ZgzZÅZ

Present Perfect Tense( Negative) Subject+has not /have not +3rd form of verb I have not written a letterX Vƒ[É7 â~

X :}

[²~Š:£Zk , à·

Éâ?

You have not written a letter.Xƒ` 7 He has not written a letter.X

6™

ì [É 7â{z

Aslam has not written a letter.X

ì [ É7âÅZ

Aslam and Akram have not written a letter.X ÷`

É7âx™ ZgzZÅZ

Present Perfect Tense( Interrogative) has/have+Subject+3rd form of verb+?

?Vƒ[Éâ~H

Have I written a letter?

Have you written a letter?

?ƒ` Éâ?H

Has he written a letter?

? ì [Éâ{zH

Has Aslam written a letter? Have Aslam and Akram written a letter?

X :}

? ì [É âÅZ H

?÷` Éâx™ ZgzZÅZ H

Past Perfect Tense( Simple)

Xì @* W{)z¸} Ô ¶~Ô åc* Ô¸` Ô ¶_Ô å[~y WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :㶠K~zŠg Q Æ~ m, ôZ TensetX ÷D Îxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb Q÷D Î had Q÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ ‰ Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z Zƒ~ˆx »ŽgzZì @* YH~Past Perfect TenseÀF, »k Q Zƒ¬x »Ž~]gß+Z ( å[%!%¬ÐäWÆËZ e )X :}Xì @* ƒwEZÌ~VÓ“ % »{kZ=Z Z%¬!%~¿áZz6, zZXì * @YH~ Past Indefinite TenseÀF, »k Q {kZ c* W~ˆËZ egzZÐ,™ Past Perfect Tense ~ÀF, The patient had died before the doctor came.XÐ,™~Past Indefinite Tense

ÀF, »

Subject+had+3rd form of verb I had written a letterXå[Éâ~ You had written a letter.X¸` He had written a letter.X

X :}

Éâ?

å [É â { z

Aslam had written a letter.X

å[É âÅZ

Aslam and Akram had written a letter.X¸`

Éâx™ ZgzZÅZ

X :BVÅVÓ“ %¼[Z The bell had rung when I reached the school.X ¶_ #pÂàwj~Z # The patient had died before the doctor came.X å[%!%¬ÐäWÆËZ e He had gone out before finished his work.X Š H`C Ù !* ¬Ðä™ »x »{z

Xì @* ƒwEZ Tense„q -ZsÜ~X÷DƒwEZ Ì¿“ %,Z¼~Tense kZ He had never seen the lion before.X 嬊7L¬èäkZX :} I had already finished my work.X å1™ »x »„¬ä~

Past Perfect Tense( Negative) Subject+had not+3rd form of verb

I had not written a letterX å[7 Éâ~ You had not written a letter.X¸ `7 He had not written a letter.X Aslam had not written a letter.X

Éâ?

å[É7 â{z

å[É7 âÅZ

X :}

[²~Š:£Zk , à·

Aslam and Akram had not written a letter.X¸`

É7 âx™ ZgzZÅZ

7™

Past Perfect Tense( Interrogative) had+Subject+3rd form of verb+? Had I written a letter ?

?å[Éâ~H

?¸ ` Éâ?H

Had you written a letter?

Had he written a lette? Had Aslam written a letter? Had Aslam and Akram written a letter?

X :}

?å[Éâ{zH

? å[ÉâÅZ H

?¸` Éâx™ ZgzZÅZ H

Future Perfect Tense( Simple)

Xì @* W{)zÐVƒ` Ô ÏVƒ_Ô Ïƒ_Ô ÇVƒ[Ô Çƒ[~y WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :㶠K~zŠg Q X ÷D Îxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb Q÷D Îwill have/shall have Q÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ ‰ Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z Subject+will have/shall have+3rd form of verb

Xì @* YHwEZ will haveB‚ƃ  ¹!* gzZXì @* ƒwEZ shall haveB‚Æ wegzZ ( ðW ) I X :^â I shall have written a letterX ÇVƒ[Éâ~ You will have written a letter.XЃ` He will have written a letter.X

X :}

Éâ?

ǃ[Éâ{z

Aslam will have written a letter.X

ǃ[ÉâÅZ

Aslam and Akram will have written a letter.XÐVƒ`

Éâx™ ZgzZÅZ

Future Perfect Tense( Negative) Subject+will not have/shall not have+3rd form of verb I shall not have written a letterX ÇVƒ[É7 You will not have written a letter.XЃ` He will not have written a letter.X

â~

X :}

É7â?

ǃ[É7â{z

Aslam will not have written a letter.X

ǃ[É7âÅZ

Aslam and Akram will not have written a letter.XÐVƒ`

É7âx™ ZgzZÅZ

Future Perfect Tense( Interrogative) will/shall+Subject+ have+3rd form of verb+? Shall I have written a letter?

?ÇVƒ[Éâ~H

Will you have written a letter?

?Ѓ` Éâ?H

Will he have written a letter? Will Aslam have written a letter? Will Aslam and Akram have written a letter?

? ǃ[Éâ{zH

? ǃ[ÉâÅZ H

?ÐVƒ` Éâx™ ZgzZÅZ H

X :}

8™

[²~Š:£Zk , à· ( ~g Yd $Œ Û èâ ÷) PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

»

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

]{zì @* W{)z÷„g CÔì „gCÔì ;g @* ÔVƒ„g CÔ÷ìg D ÔVƒ;g @* ~y WÆ¿ÆzŠg QT:yT

ª‰ Ü zx ¬¤ /ZgzZX ÷D™wEZ » since~¿Âƒ™f » Point of Time ª‰ Ü zm{~¿¤ /ZXì * @YHÌ™f »‰ Ü z~ Tense kZ :^âXì @* ƒ zŠÔVß ‚zŠgzZXì @* ƒwEZ sinceB‚Ɖ Ü zÔx ÷ á ðÔVß ‚ÔVâŠÆ‹ x ÓXì @* ƒwEZ for ~]gß+Z ƒwEZ » ( ƒYƒ:x¥Ž ) Period of time X ÷D™ wEZ for B‚ÆV[ R Subject+has been/Have been+Ist form of verb+ing

:i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z

Xì @* ƒwEZ have been B‚Æ Plural Noun gzZ has been B‚ÆHe,She,It, singular noun He has been playng hockey for two hours.Xì ;göÅ ;ÐV[ RzŠ {z:} He has been playng hockey for two days.Xì ;göÅ ;ÐV⊊zŠ {z You have been singing a song since 8'clock.

Xƒìg Ç ** ÇÐWJW?

â ~ I have been building this house since 1970.X Vƒ;g ¯yktÐ1970 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Negative) Subject+has not been/Have not been+Ist form of verb+ing He has not been playng hockey for two hours.Xì ;gö7 Å ;ÐV[ RzŠ {z:} He has not been playng hockey for two days.Xì ; gö7Å ; ÐV⊊zŠ {z

Xƒìg Ç7** ÇÐWJ W?

You have not been singing a song since 8'clock.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Interrogtive) Has/Have+Subject+ been+Ist form of verb+ing+? Has he been playng hockey for two hours?

?ì ;göÅ ;ÐV[ RzŠ {zH :}

Has he been playng hockey for two days?

?ì ;göÅ ;ÐV⊊zŠ {zH

Have you have been singing a song since 8'clock?

?ƒìgÇ ** ÇÐWJW?H

Has Zahid been remaining absent fron school for two days? ?ì ;g

( ~g Yêèâ ÷

¢q)ÐwjÐyŠzŠ @Zi H

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Simple)

@* ƒ™f »‰ Ü zÌ~ Tense kZXì @* ƒ» Past Perfect Continuous Tense ]{zñW{)z¸ìg D Ô ¶„g CÔ å;g @* ~y WÆ¿zŠg QT:yT Xì @* ƒwEZ for B‚ÆPeriod of Time gzZ sinceB‚ÆPiont of Time Xì Subject+had been+Ist form of verb+ing

:i§»ä™ÀF,

I had been reading this book for two months.X å;g| 7 , [ ÂtÐ{â zŠ~:} He had been sleeping since morning.X å;g @ * ÎÐð{z You had been playing hockey for two hours.X¸ìgöÅ ;ÐV[ RzŠ ? We had been reading this lesson since Sunday.X¸ìg| 7 ,$tÐg Z ÂZë

[²~Š:£Zk , à·

9™

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Negative) Subject+had not been+Ist form of verb+ing

I had not been reading this book for two months.X å;g| 7 , 7 [ ÂtÐ{â zŠ~:} He had not been sleeping since morning.X å;g @ * Î7Ðð{z You had not been playing hockey for two hours.X¸ìgö7Å ;ÐV[ RzŠ ? We had not been reading this lesson since Sunday.X¸ìg| 7 ,7

$tÐg Z ÂZë

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Interrogative) Had +Subject+ been+Ist form of verb+ing+?

X å;g| 7, [ ÂtÐ{â zŠ~H :}

Had I been reading this book for two months? Had He been sleeping since morning?

X å;g @* ÎÐð{zH

Had You been playing hockey for two hours?

X¸ìgöÅ ;ÐV[ RzŠ ?H

Had We been reading this lesson since Sunday?

X¸ìg| 7,$tÐg Z ÂZëH

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Simple)

@* ƒ» PAST

E ( ~g YwÿL ›¢)

PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE]{ zì @ * W{)zÏVƒ„g CÔÐVƒìg D Ô ÇVƒ;g @* Ô Ïƒ„gCX ǃ;g @* ~y WÆ¿ÆzŠg QT:yT

Xì @* ƒwEZwEZ for B‚ÆPeriod of Time gzZ sinceB‚ÆPoint of Time Ì~kZXì @* ƒ™f »‰ Ü zÌ~TensekZXì X ÷D™wEZ will have been B‚ƹ!* gzZ shall have beenB‚Æwe gzZ ( ðW ) I Subject+will have been/shall have been+Ist form of verb+ing:i§»ä¯~‹Z I shall have been reading this news for two months.X ÇVƒ;g k7 , ¸tÐ{â zŠ~:} You will have been playing since noon.XÐVƒìg ÈÐPzŠ\ W The farmer will have been ploughing the fields since morning.X ǃ;g @ * `I~VX RÐðy‚ FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Negative) Subject+will not have been/shall not have been+Ist form of verb+ing I shall not have been reading this news for two months.X ÇVƒ;g k7 ,7 ¸tÐ{â zŠ~:} You will not have been playing since noon.XÐVƒìg È7ÐPzŠ\ W The farmer will have not been ploughing the fields since morning.X ǃ; g @ * `7I~VX RÐðy‚

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Interrogative) Will/Shall+Subject+ have been+Ist form of verb+ing+?

Shall I have been reading this news for two months?

?ÇVƒ;g k7, ¸tÐ{â zŠ~H :}

Will You have been playing since noon?

?ÐVƒìg ÈÐPzŠ\WH

Will The farmer have been ploughing the fields since morning?

?ǃ;g @* `I~VX RÐðy‚ H

10™

[²~Š:£Zk , à· ACTIVE VOICE / PASSIVE VOICE PERSONS OF PRONOUNS Cases

First Person

Second Person

Third Person

q ª

1

¢q

$¸ T

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

Subjective

I

We

You

You

He/She/It

They

Case

~

ë

?

?

(q -Z ) {z

( {Š c* i ) {z

Objective

Me

Us

You

You

Him/Her/It

Them

Case

=

…

»

»

ÐQ

7Q

Possessive

My

Our

Your

Your

His/Her/Its

Their

Case

Mine

Ours

Yours

Yours

»k Q

Theirs

Z÷

Zg ø

Zg v

Zg v

qZÃ ª

q à B ª

G4 Ó$ q ö-G» ª

»yQ

X Vƒ@* ™s ™{(Y®~ } Xì * @YHŠpx »~ Active Voice Xì @* YHs ™Ðí{(Y® }Xì * @Yc* Z™x »~ Passive Voice Objectà Subject gzZ÷D Î by ˆÆäÎxg Ã~ŠÅ verb™ Îis/am/areQì * @Yc* ¯Subject » Object

¬Ðƒ  X :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z X ÷ï Š ¯

I clean the blackboard.X Vƒ@ * ™s ™{(Y®~X :} The blackboard is cleaned by me.Xì * @YHs ™Ðí{(Y® Present Indefinite Tense (Simple) Passive Voice

™ Îby ˆÆäÎxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb ™ Î is/am/are

s

verb

Qì * @Yc* ¯Subject à Object ¬Ðƒ  X :i§»ä¯

object

X ÷ïŠ ¯Object à Subject X Vƒ@* ™s ™{ (®~X :} Voice)

subject

verb

object

I clean the blackboard.

( Active

Xì * @YHs ™Ðí{(® The blackboard is cleaned by me.

~ŠÅ verb ™ Î

Present Indefinite Tense (Negative) object not™ Îis/am/areQì @ * Yc* ¯Subject S verb

(Passive Voice)

» Object ¬Ðƒ  X :i§»ä™ÀF, ~‹Z

X ÷ï Š ¯Subjectà Object gzZ÷D Î by ˆÆäÎxg à X Vƒ@* ™s ™{ (®~X :} I clean the blackboard.

( Active Voice)

Xì * @YH7s ™Ðí{(®

[²~Š:£Zk , à·

The blackboard is cleaned by me. sub

11™

(Passive Voice) object

Present Idefinite Tense (Interrogative) Passive Voice

à Subject ™ Îby ˆÆäÎxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb Qì * @Yc* ¯ Subject à ObjectQ÷D Î is/am/areObject ¬Ðƒ  X :i§»ä¯ X ÷ï Š ¯Object I polish the shoes.

X Vƒ@* ™×0* DŽ~X :}

Are the shoes polished by me

?÷D YG×0* ÐíDŽ H

Are the shoes not polished by me?

?D YG 7×0* ÐíDŽ H

Past Indefinite Tense (Simple) Passive Voice

X ÷ïŠ ¯Object à Subject ™ Îby ˆÆäÎxgÃ~ŠÅ Verb ™ Î was/were

Qì * @Yc* ¯Subject à Object ¬Ðƒ  X :i§»ä¯

Past Indefinite Tense (Negative) Passive Voice

¯Object à Subject ™ Îby ˆÆäÎxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb ™ Î was not/ were not Qì * @Yc* ¯Subject à Object ¬Ðƒ  X :i§»ä¯ X ÷ï Š Past Indefinite Tense (Interrogative) Passive Voice

¯Object à Subject ™ Îby ˆÆäÎxgÃ~ŠÅ Verb Q ÷ïŠ ¯ subjectà objectQ÷D Î was/were ¬Ðƒ  X :i§»ä¯ X ÷ï Š

Future Indefinite Tense (Simple) Passive Voice

¯Object à Subject ™ Îby ˆÆäÎxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb ™ Î will be/shall be

Qì * @Yc* ¯Subject à Object ¬Ðƒ  X :i§»ä¯ X ÷ï Š

Future Indefinite Tense (Negative) Passive Voice

à Subject ™ Îby ˆÆäÎxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb ™ Îwill not be/shall not be Qì * @Yc* ¯Subject à Object ¬Ðƒ  X :i§»ä¯ X ÷ï Š ¯Object Future Indefinite Tense (Interrogative) Passive Voice Subject

™ Îby ˆÆäÎxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb Q ÷D Î beQ÷ïŠ ¯ subjectà objectQ÷D Î will/shall ¬Ðƒ  X :i§»ä¯ X ÷D Î?~y WgzZX ÷ï Š ¯Object Ã

12™

[²~Š:£Zk , à·

Direct and Indirect Narration

X : ÷M h™7Ðb§zŠt ‚Æ¿}ŠËp ÖZ ñƒ†ÐìÆ¿q -Z Ëë

Narration

X N YñŠ™yÒb§ÏZÇ!* t ‚Æ ¿}ŠËp ÖZÆ1

X1

X ñ0* äW: t Û ~x|ÆkZāñYH7b§kZÆ™w$ +zŠg¹Z hð~p ÖZÆ1

X2

~Xà Sentences, ZX ÷ë Indirect Narration Ãj§}uzŠgzZ Direct Narration Ãj§¬

ƒŒ6, p ÖZ-ZÆ1Žz{zq -ZXì YYH„~ V”zŠÔƒŠŽñ 7Z gzZ÷ë Reported Speech ÐZì @* ÐìLZ¬ÐäZC Ù zŠp ÖZ-ZÆ¿á Zz%1Žì @* ƒ{zzZuzŠgzZXì @* Y3g~ ( " VerbÆ{kZgzZ÷ë Reporting SpeechÐ ZXì @ * ƒC Ù !* Æ Inverted Commas

" ) Inverted commas

tXì @* ƒŒ6, p ÖZ ñƒá1

Xì @* YÑZ e (,) CommaˆÆp ÖZ ~y WÆReporting speech‰ Ü z˜āOgŠ c* ]!* tX ÷ë Reporting Verb à X N Yƒµ Zµ Z{VâzŠā @* {°‡»%$ +~Indirect Speechà Direct speech Reported ‰ Ü zD™sp~Indirect Speechƒ~Future Tense shall c* will say ~ Tellà say ƒc* Š ( wB ) Object

c*Present Tense¤ /Z Reporting Verb

1

ðÈÆkZ¤ /ZpX ǃ: W, Z ðÃ6, TenseÆVerbÆSpeech } X ÷s$ +~shall tell c*will tellà say

Direct speech: He says, " I am going to the post office." (present Tense) Indirect speech: He says that he is going to the post office. Direct speech: They will say, " We have done our duty." (future Tense) Indirect speech: They will say that they have done their duty.

} X ÷ïŠw$ +~toldà said ƒ~Past Tense¤ /Z Reporting Verb Direct speech: He said to me, " I sing a song."

X2

(past Tense)

Indirect speech: He told me that he sang a song.

X ÷D Îthat (ÅyZ™ Uinverted commasÆReported Speech gzZ comma~y W» Reporting speech

X3

Æ ( ¶Ã) subject ÆReporting Verbà pronouns Æ( I, we, ) First person ÆReporting Speech

X4

} X ÷ï Šw$ +._ Direct speech: He says to me, " I am ill. Indirect Speech: He tells me that he is ill.

w$ +._Æ( wB) object ÆReporting Verbà pronoun Æ(you) second person ÆReported Speech X ÷ï Š

X5

[²~Š:£Zk , à·

pronounsÆ(he , she, it, they ) Third PersonÆReported speech

X6

13™

X Cƒ7~pðÃÅnË~ Drect speech: She will say, " You are at fault." Indirect speech: She sill say that you are at fault.

ªX ÷D™sp ~Past Tense à verbsx ÓÆReported speech ƒ~Past Tense¤ /Z Reporting Verb Present Perfect

X7

Ô~Past continuous à Present Continuous ~Past Indefinite à Present Indefinite

÷ï Šw$ +~Past perfect continuous à Present Perfect continuous present ~past continuous

gzZ~Past Perfect Ã

à present continuous Ô ~past perfect à Past Indefinite {z´ÆkZ

X ÷ïŠw$ +~past perfect continuous à present perfect continuousgzZ~past perfect à perfect ï Š w$ +~past perfect continuous à past continuous gzZ~past perfect à indefinite

past

{z´ ÆkZ

} X ~would à will c* shall gzZX ÷ Direct speech: He said tome," I sang a song today." Indirect speech: He told me that he had sung a song that day. custom

c*( ðC K¬) Universal Truth ðÃ~Reported speech pƒ~Past Tense ¤ /Z Reporting Verb

X8

} Xì Lg~„ Present Tense {zªX @* ƒ7W, Z ðÃ6,tense Æverb ÆReported speech Q ƒŠŽñ( ` Zzg) Direct speech: The teacher said, " God is one." Indirect speech: The teacher said that God is one.

hither next

Xì @* Yc* Š™ »ªsv .à well gzZ all right, No, Yes

X9

X :÷CƒV´psfzgq~p ÖZá Zzä™C Ù ª(gzZ‰ Ü z

X 10

Ô ~ then à nowÔ ~ thence à hence Ô ~those à these Ô ~ that à this Ô~there à here

Ô ~ next dayà tomorrow Ô ~ that day à today Ô ~before à ago Ô ~ so à thus Ô ~ thither Ã

previous à last night

gzZ~ previous dayà yesterda Ô~ that night à tonight Ô ~ following day à day X ÷ s$ +~ night

X :Ogwì»VÂ!* sfzgq‰ Ü zD™sp~ Indirect Narrations à ( iZ c*¬) Imperative Sentences

X 11

._ÆÎâÅVzLà Reporting Verb ÆVzL, Z

(Z)

forbade, commanded, ordered requested,advised

Xì @* Yc* Šw$ +~ proposed c* X ÷f e¯ infinitive verb ÐZ™ Î To ¬Ð verb Æ Imperative Sentences

( [)

( ~VzLÆ{)z Ã Ô iZ Ô ¬) Xì 4 not to ¬Ð verb~]gßÅ Negative Sentences

(`)

[²~Š:£Zk , à·

c*proposed à Reporting Verb ÂñYHwEZnÆæ ¾ c*m, ?Ë let ¤ /Z ( Š ) Â}Š pÆiZ let ¤ /ZpXì @* YHwEZ should ˆÆ Xì @* YHwEZ permit c*

(is, are, am, was, were, will. Helping verb sentences {z

allow

14™

kZgzZXì @* Yc* Šw$ +~ suggested

ˆÆkZ™w$ +~ Requested à Reporting Verb

ˎ ( 1)÷DƒÆnzŠ ( }LDZÎ) Interrogative sentences

X 11

( 2)Xì @* Yc* ŠB‚ÆNo c*yes[ ZŽ »yZgzZ÷DƒqzÑB‚Æshall, has,have,had may, might)

÷DƒqzÑB‚Æ How c*who, where, when, why, which, whom, whose, what ) ªÂá Zz wh ˎ Xì @* W]å~[ ZŽÆyZgzZ X ÷s$ +~ inquired c*asked à Reporting Verb ‰ Ü z s$ +~ Indirect à Interrogative Sentences, Z Reporting ÆyZ÷Dƒq zÑÐ helping verb

}L ŽX that „:gzZì @* Yc* Î To Â:~yZ¬ÐäZ h Z commas

7wEZ that ~kZXì @* Yc* Š ¯6Òª statement Ã}LgzZì @* Yc* Î whether c*if ˆÆ object Æ verb X D™ Ã}L™w$ +Ãi§DZÎX ÷ï Šg„ (ZÂÑZz wh ‰ Ü zs$ +~ Indirect ¹Z÷DƒqzÑÐÂáZz wh}LDZΎ X D™7wEZ that gzZ÷sp~( 6Ò) statement

sp~ indirect Ð direct ÃVzL, ZXì @* Y¹ Exclamatory Sentences 7Zƒg Ö Z »" _ .~g ¯~X}L, Z

X 12

X :ce´gwì»VÂ!* sfzgqnÆä™ w$ +~ Exclaimed joyfully c*Exclaimed with joy à Reporting Verb ÆkZ ƒg ÖZ »ÙpËÐ}L¤ /Z

(Z)

X ,Š Î that ˆÆkZX ,Š Exclaimed

c*Exclaimed with sorrow à Reporting VerbÆkZ ƒg Ö Z »" _ .ƧËÐ}L¤ /Z ( [) X ,Š Î that ˆÆkZX ,Šw$ +~ sorrowfully X K: Ã{)z Hurrah , Alas, Oh, Aha }p ÖZá Zzä™C Ù ª]ä c*Ô § Ô /_ . (`)

ä™sp~ Indirect Ð Direct ¹ZXì @* Y¹ Optative Sentences ¹Zƒg ÖZ »é Zp c*¬Š Ë~X}L, Z

X 13

X :ce ´gwì»VÂ!* sfzgqnÆ X , Š Î that ˆÆkZgzZ ,™sp~ wished c*Prayed à Reporting Verb

(Z)

X N Î respectfully ˆÆ Reporting Verb {”spƒŠŽñ Sir ¤ /Z~ Reporting speech

X 14

X ,Šw$ +~ bade farewell à Reported Speech ƒqzÑÐ Farewell ÂReporting speech ¤ /Z

X 15

Reporting ƒq zÑÐ Good day c* Good night c* Good evening

c*Good morning ¤ /Z Reported speechX 16

+~{)zbade good night c*bade good evening c*bade good morning à speech Å bade X ÷s$ Xì @* ƒwEZ Ì

wished

(

15™

[²~Š:£Zk , à·

PERSONS OF PRONOUNS

Cases

First Person

Second Person

Third Person

q ª

1

¢q

$¸ T

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

Subjective

I

We

You

You

He/She/It

They

Case

~

ë

?

?

(q -Z ) {z

( {Š c* i ){z

Objective

Me

Us

You

You

Him/Her/It

Them

Case

=

…

»

»

ÐQ

7Q

Possessive

My

Our

Your

Your

His/Her/Its

Their

Case

Mine

Ours

Yours

Yours

»k Q

Theirs

Z÷

Zg ø

Zg v

Zg v

qZÃ ª

qà B ª

G4»Ó$ q ö-G ª

[²~Š:£Zk , à·

»yQ