Tema I-Introducción A La Minería de Datos

 

\@HG K2 Kmtrflunnkþm g eg hkm`règ l` lgtfs 7. Tgmfrghg c`m`rge l` eg hkm`règ l` lgtfs. `e pgmfrghg c`m`rge l` eg Hkm`règ l` Lgtfs, s` l`jkm`m efs nfmn`ptfs içsknfs, su r`egnkþm nfm `e prfn`sf l` l`snuirkhk`mtf l` kmjfrhgnkþm, sus gpekngnkfm`s, egs khpekngnkfm`s ëtkngs, gsè nfhf egs a`rrghk`mtgs l` sfjtwgr` l`sgrrfeeglgs pgrg eg gpekngnkþm l` `stg lksnkpekmg. Eg hkm`règ l` lgtfs nfmskst` `m l`snuirkr kmjfrhgnkþm qu` s` `mnu`mtrg fnuetg l`mtrf l` egs igs`s l` lgtfs l` hgm`rg kmt`ekc`mt` p`rf gutfhgtkzglg. Lgtg Hkmkmc, `m su prfn`sf l` gmçeksks y `xpefrgnkþm l` lgtfs utkekzg tënmkngs `stglèstkngs y hfl`efs hgt`hçtknfs pgrg `mnfmtrgr pgtrfm`s, r`egnkfm`s y t`ml`mnkgs nfm usf pr`lkntkvf. @e tërhkmf l` hkm`règ l` lgtfs `s umg `tgpg l`mtrf l` um prfn`sf hgyfr eeghglf `xtrgnnkþm l` nfmfnkhk`mtf `m igs`s l` lgtfs. Nfmskst` `m r`umkr egs v`mtgbgs l` vgrkgs çr`gs nfhf eg @stglèstkng, eg Kmt`ekc`mnkg Grtkjknkge, eg Nfhputgnkþm Crçjkng, egs Igs`s l` Lgtfs y `e Trfn`sghk`mtf Hgskvf, prkmnkpgeh`mt` usgmlf nfhf hgt`rkg prkhg egs igs`s l` lgtfs.

9. Fib`tkvfs l` eg hkm`règ l` lgtfs. Eg hkm`règ l` lgtfs `s um prfn`sf pgrg l`t`ntgr gutfhçtkngh`mt` kmjfrhgnkþm l` crgml`s nfmbumtfs l` lgtfs. ^u fib`tkvf `s `mnfmtrgr pgtrfm`s, t`ml`mnkgs f r`cegs qu` `xpekqu`m `e nfhpfrtghk`mtf l` efs lgtfs `m um nfmt`xtf `sp`nèjknf. Nfm ef h`mnkfmglf hçs grrkig pfl`hfs `mt`ml`r y l`t`rhkmgr ef l`hçs fib`tkvfs qu` tk`m` eg hkm`règ l` lgtfs yg qu` nfm `e a`naf l` iusngr pgtrfm`s f t`ml`mnkgs, sgi`hfs qu` l` gaè s` pu`l` l`t`rhkmgr f `mnfmtrgr ef l`s`glf y hçs qu` `stg `stç nfm`ntglg g umg igs` l` lgtfs eg nuge e` p`rhkt` lgr `e gnn`sf g ef qu` iusnghfs, nfm `e fib`tkvf l` tflf ef `stë r`egnkfmglf nfm ef qu` yg s`g iusnglf.

>. Gpekngnkfm`s l` eg hkm`règ l` lgtfs. Gecumgs l` egs gpekngnkfm`s l` eg hkm`règ l` lgtfs sfm egs skcuk`mt`s2 Hgro`tkmc2 Eg hkm`règ l` lgtfs s` utkekzg pgrg `xpefrgr igs`s l` lgtfs nglg v`z hgyfr`s y h`bfrgr eg s`ch`mtgnkþm l`e h`rnglf. Gmgekzgmlf egs r`egnkfm`s `mtr` pgrçh`trfs nfhf `lgl l` efs nek`mt`s, cëm`rf, custfs, `tn., `s pfskie` glkvkmgr su nfhpfrtghk`mtf pgrg lkrkckr nghpg÷gs p`rsfmgekzglgs l` jkl`ekzgnkþm f ngptgnkþm. @e lgtg hkmkmc `m hgro`tkmc pr`lkn` tghikëm quë usugrkfs pu`l`m lgrs` l` igbg l` um s`rvknkf, quë e`s kmt`r`sg s`còm sus iòsqu`lgs f quë l`i` kmneukr umg ekstg l` nfrr`f pgrg efcrgr umg tgsg l` r`spu`stg hgyfr. Nfh`rnkf hkmfrkstg2 Efs sup`rh`rnglfs, pfr `b`hpef, `hpe`gm efs pgtrfm`s l`

nfhprg nfmbumtg pgrg kl`mtkjkngr gsfnkgnkfm`s l` prfluntfs y l`nklkr nþhf sktugrefs `m efs lkj`r`mt`s pgskeefs y `stgmt`règs l` efs ekm`ge`s. @e lgtg hkmkmc l`t`ntg

 

gl`hçs quë fj`rtgs sfm egs hçs vgefrglgs pfr efs nek`mt`s f kmnr`h`mtg eg v`mtg `m eg nfeg l` ngbg. Igmng2 Efs igmnfs r`nurr`m g eg hkm`règ l` lgtfs pgrg `mt`ml`r h`bfr efs rk`scfs l`e h`rnglf. @s agiktuge qu` s` gpekqu` g eg ngekjkngnkþm nr`lktknkg (rgtkmc) y g skst`hgs kmt`ekc`mt`s gmtkjrgul` pgrg gmgekzgr trgmsgnnkfm`s, hfvkhk`mtfs l` tgrb`tgs, pgtrfm`s l` nfhprg y lgtfs jkmgmnk`rfs l` efs nek`mt`s. @e lgtg hkmkmc

tghikëm p`rhkt` g eg igmng nfmfn`r hçs sfir` mu`strgs pr`j`r`mnkgs f açiktfs `m kmt`rm`t pgrg fptkhkzgr `e r`tfrmf l` sus nghpg÷gs l` hgro`tkmc, `stulkgr `e r`mlkhk`mtf l` efs ngmge`s l` v`mtg f c`stkfmgr egs fiekcgnkfm`s l` nuhpekhk`mtf l` egs r`cuegnkfm`s. H`lknkmg2 Eg hkm`règ l` lgtfs jgvfr`n` lkgcmþstknfs hçs pr`nksfs. Ge nfmtgr nfm tflg eg kmjfrhgnkþm l`e pgnk`mt` akstfrkge, `xgh`m jèsknf y pgtrfm`s l` t`rgpkgs gmt`rkfr`s s` pu`l`m pr`snrkikr trgtghk`mtfs hçs `j`ntkvfs. \ghikëm pfskikektg umg c`stkþm hçs `jkngz, `jknk`mt` y `nfmþhkng l` efs r`nursfs sgmktgrkfs ge kl`mtkjkngr rk`scfs, pr`l`nkr `mj`rh`lgl`s `m nk`rtfs s`ch`mtfs l` eg pfiegnkþm f prfmfstkngr eg lurgnkþm l`e kmcr`sf afspktgegrkf. L`t`ntgr jrgul`s ` krr`cuegrklgl`s y `str`nagr vèmnuefs nfm efs pgnk`mt`s ge gafmlgr `m `e nfmfnkhk`mtf l` sus m`n`sklgl`s sfm

tghikëm v`mtgbgs l` `hpe`gr `e lgtg hkmkmc `m h`lknkmg. \`e`vkskþm y rglkf2 Agy ngl`mgs qu` gpekngm eg hkm`règ l` lgtfs `m tk`hpf r`ge g sus r`ckstrfs l` gulk`mnkg `m t`e`vkskþm fmekm` (KT\Z) y rglkf. @stfs skst`hgs r`ngigm y gmgekzgm sfir` eg hgrnag kmjfrhgnkþm gmþmkhg l` egs vksugekzgnkfm`s, egs r`trgmshkskfm`s y eg prfcrghgnkþm prfcrghg nkþm l` efs ngmge`s. Crgnkgs ge lgtg hkmk hkmkmc mc s` pu`l`m `hktkr r`nfh`mlgnkfm`s p`rsfmgekzglgs g efs rglkfy`mt`s y t`e`sp`ntglfr`s, nfmfn`r `m lkr`ntf sus kmt`r`s`s y su gntkvklgl, y `mt`ml`r h`bfr su nfmluntg. Egs ngl`mgs fitk`m`m, gl`hçs, nfmfnkhk`mtf huy vgekfsf pgrg sus gmumnkgmt`s, qu` gprfv`nagm `stfs lgtfs pgrg ee`cgr nfm hçs pr`nkskþm g sus nek`mt`s pft`mnkge`s.

jfrhgs lkstkmtgs. YgpklHkm`r2

  G trgvës l` um CPK.   @m eèm`g l` nfhgmlfs.   @m igtna (eft`s).

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S`og2

  L`sl` eg eèm`g l` nfhgmlfs.   L`sl` umg l` efs kmt`rjgn`s l` usugrkf.

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  Nr`gmlf um prfcrghg Bgvg.

 

  @m nfmneuskþm2

Egs a`rrghk`mtgs nfh`rnkge`s l` lgtg hkmkmc f hkm`règ l` lgtfs qu` `xkst`m gntugeh`mt` `m `e h`rnglf sfm vgrkglgs y `xn`e`mt`s. `xn`e`mt`s . Egs agy frk`mtglgs ge `stulkf l`e w`i f ge gmçeksks l` lfnuh`mtfs f l` nek`mt`s l` sup`rh`rnglf, hk`mtrgs qu` ftrgs sfm yl` c`m`rge. ^u nfrr`ntg `e`nnkþm eg m`n`sklgl l` eg `hpr`sg l`usf efs hçs fib`tkvfs g nfrtf y egrcf pegzf qu`l`p`ml` pr`t`mlgl` gengmzgr. Mf `xkst` umg a`rrghk`mtg umkv`rsge pgrg agn`r jr`mt` nfm ëxktf g nugequk`r prfy`ntf l` hkm`règ l` lgtfs. Hunags l` `stgs a`rrghk`mtgs pu`l`m s`r usglgs `m `e prfy`ntf, p`rf agy qu` t`m`r `m nu`mtg egs ngrgnt`rèstkngs qu` ëstgs pfs`gm, gl`hçs l` efs r`nursfs tënmknfs, ngpgnktgnkþm l`e p`rsfmge y jgnkeklgl l` usgr. Akstþrkngh`mt`, egs a`rrghk`mtgs l` hkm`règ l` lgtfs pr`lkn`m juturgs t`ml`mnkgs y nfhpfrtghk`mtfs, p`rhktk`mlf `m efs m`cfnkfs eg tfhg l` l`nkskfm`s. Egs a`rrghk`mtgs fjr`n`m umg sfeunkþm ngsk g h`lklg pgrg umg crgm ngmtklgl l` prfy`ntfs qu` t`mcgm `stgs ngrgnt`rèstkngs f skhpe`h`mt` qu` s` `mngrcu`m l` tfhgr l`nkskfm`s. Pmg l` egs nugeklgl`s hçs l`stgngie`s `m egs a`rrghk`mtgs `snfcklgs `s su s`mnkee`z, tgmtf `m su gpr`mlkzgb` nfhf `m su gpekngnkþm, r`lunk`mlf gsè efs nfstfs l` khpegmtgnkþm `m um `qukpf l` l`sgrrfeef, ef nuge ag ee`vglf agnkg um kmt`rës nr`nk`mt` `m egs a`rrghk`mtgs l` sfjtwgr` ekir`.