Tema 8 Historia

 

Sbgd 8 Ld i`f `fst strrui uiin inùù cb ld f`i `innù cb tbgp gpss hn hnst stûr ûrnni bf l„ l„bbcu cuid idin inùù prngírnd. Ígknts c„bstucn cb pr`ibss`s n jbts hnstûrnis. L„dprbfbftdtab cb lbs ardfs btdpbs hnstûrnqubs cb ld hugdfntdt. ßs cb c`iugbfts? `rdls, bsirnts n rbstbs gdtbrndls. Nftbrvbfinù bcuidtnvd. 4.NFS[@CRIINÙ

L„bcuidinù îs bl gntoí gîs dcbqudt pbr cbsbfv`lupdr dl gíxng lbs idpdintdts cb lbs pbrs pb rs`f `fbs bs bf t`tb t`tbss lbs lbs sbvb sbvbss cn cngb gbfs fsn` n`fs fs n jbr-l jbr-lbs bs i`gp i`gpbt btbft bftss pbr pbr d ufd ufd s` s`in inbt btdt dt dvdfádcd. Îs pbr dnxû qub i`fsncbr` l„bcuidinù ufd bnfd nfcnspbfsdklb pbr d ld i`ftçfud gnll`rd cb ld s`inbtdt n s„hd dfdt dcdptdft d dqubstd d trdvîs cb lbs f`gkr`sbs llbns c„bcuidin c„bc uidinù ù jnfs l„ditudl Llbn @raífnid 8/;=49 cbl > cb Cbsbgkrb, pbr d ld Gnll`rd cb ld Tudlntdt Bcuidtnvd, qub c„drd bfcdvdft df`gbfdrî ld L@GIB. ]br c`fdr rbsp`std d lbs fbibssntdts cb ld s`inbtdt, idl uf g`cbl bcuidtnu kdsdt bf ld i`fstruiinù cb l„dprbfbftdtab, dprbfcrb d dprbfcrb. Dqubst g`cbl, i`g djnrgd ld L@GIB bstd ibftrdt bf vunt i`gpbtèfinbs. ]br dcqunrnr-lbs hbg cb trbkdlldr c„ufd gdfbrd nftbrcnsinplnfírnd t`tbs lbs írbbs dl v`ltdft c„uf pr`obitb cb trbkdll i`fouft, c„ufd lçfnd c„bsi`ld. Gîs i`firbtdgbft, dqubstd ufntdt cb l„írbd cb inèfinbs s`indls, trditd bl idfvn cbl tbgps dl lldra cb ld hnstûrnd. L„dlugfdt bstucndrí lbs cnjbrèfinbs bftrb ld vncd pdssdcd n l„ditudl pdrtnft cb lbs sbvbs bxpbrnèfinbs. Curdft g`lt cb tbgps s„hd dss`indt l„bstucn cb ld hnstûrnd i`g l„bstucn bxilusnu cb cdcbs n suiibss`s, pbrû l„bfsbfydgbft / dprbfbftdtab cb ld hnstûrnd vd gîs bfllí, l„`kobitnu qub bs pbrsbaubnx bs qub bls dlugfbs `ktnfaunf ufd ncbd abfbrdl qub bls snaun c„utnlntdt pbr d bftbfcrb l„èp`id. Tub sípnaubf sntudr-ld bf uf bspdn n uf tbgps, n qub bs p`snf bf ld snt sntudin udinù ù cb i`g bs vnvn vnvndd lld lldv`rs v`rs,, qun unfs fs pr` pr`klb lbgb gbss bxnst xnstnb nbff n pb pbrq rquè uè bs i`gp`rtdvbf c„ufd gdfbrd cbtbrgnfdcd.

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;. I@FYS[RIINÙ CB LD F@INÙ CB SBG]Y HNYSÛ[NI. Ld i`fstruiinù cb tbgps hnstûrni bf bcuidinù prngírnd hd c„bfj`idr-sb dgk bl rbldt cb lbs gdfbrbs cb vncd cbl pdssdt, dgk lbs gdfbrbs cb vncd ditudls qub p`cbf i`fènxbr bls f`strbs f`strbs dlugfbs dlugfbs.. Bls fbfs fbfs hdf cb vburb vburb ld hnstûrnd hnstûrnd i`g i`g qubli`g qubli`g lûani lûani qub tî ufd rdù. O`df D Kdriblù cbjnfbnx bl tbgps hnstûrni i`g “ld sbqüèfind `rcbfdcd c„bscbvbfngbfts, ufd sèrnb cb idfvns qub abfbrbf dltrbs idfvns‗ ]br t`t dnxû bl tbgps hnstûrni bs prbsbftdrí i`g uf tbgps qub tî uf nfnin i`firbt, uf cbsbfv`lupdgbft n uf jnfdl qub od i`fbnxbg. Bl tbgps hnstûrni îs cnjbrbft cbl tbgps jçsni n c„dltrbs i`fibpin`fs cbl tbgps, pbr bxbgplb? - Bl tbgps tbgps pbrs pbrs`fd `fdll (3 d : dfys) dfys) i`fs i`fsinè inèfin findd cbl qub qub pdssd pdssd idcd idcd cnd, cnd, lbs lbs ditnv ditnvntd ntdts ts qu`tncndfd -- Bl tb jçs`indl (c(cb b : >d >d 44 dfys dpr`x) dpr` x) Nftr`cui Nftr]`t `cuiinù inù cb uf ntdtsgbfts cb gbsurd gbtbgp`r f`rgdl f`rgdls. Bl tbgps tbgps tbgps gps jçsni s`sni indl(cb dfys dpr`x) dpr`x) i`fst i`fstrunr runrlbs bfrd`fd bfufntdts rd`fdgbfts tsurd bgp`rdls. dls. s. - Bl tbgps tbgps Hnstûr Hnstûrni ni (cb 44 d 4: dfys dfys dpr`x dpr`x)) I`fbnxb I`fbnxbff idusbs idusbs n i`fsbqü i`fsbqüèfi èfinbs nbs.. Îs uf tbgps bf qub tî uf nfnin i`firbt, i`firbt, uf cbsbfv`lup cbsbfv`lupdgbft dgbft n uf jnfdl qub bs i`fbnx i`fbnx prèvndgbft. I`g p`cbg cbcunr uf blbgbft j`fdgbftdl cbl tbgps hnstûrni îs bl idfvn. Jbrfdfc Krducbl jd ufd ildssnjnidinù cnstnfanft trbs g`gbfts? - Sbgp Sbgpss iurt iurt?? l„bs l„bscb cbvb vbfn fngb gbft ft - Sbgps Sbg gntoí ? idfvn idfvn blhnstûrni hnstû rni (i`fouf (i`cb fouftur turdd bi`fûg bi`fûgnid nid, , s`i s`indl ndl,, ncb`lû ncbqub `lûani anid d ` p`lçtnid p`lçtnid). Ybftps ld gntoí? i`foufturd, i`fouft idrditbrçstnqubs n i`fcnin`fs ncbftnjnqubf uf). g`gbft hnstûrni bf uf pbrç`cb pbrç`cb i`firbt. Bf dqubst ids nfcnqubf irns irnsns ns ` rbv`luinù. - Sbgp Sbgpss lld lldra ra?? pbr pbrgd gdfè fèfi find nd.. ]br t`t dáû d l„h`rd c„bfsbfydr hnstûrnd bf bls ibftrbs bsi`ldrs s„hd cb tbfnr bf i`gptb? - Tub pbrqu pbrquèè bls dlugfbs dlugfbs puaun puaunff bftbfcrb bftbfcrb bls bls jbts n pbrs`fd pbrs`fdtab tabss qub nftbrvb nftbrvbfbf fbf bf ld hnstûrnd f` s`f sujninbfts bls llnkrbs cb tbxt cb l„duld, fn ld i`fbnxbfád cbl gbstrbs s`krb bl tbgd, hbg c„dpr`jntdr t`ts bls rbiurs`s qub tbfng d l„dkdst, s`krb t`t bls cnantdls. (gusbus vnrtudls, dplnidin`fs, dplnidin`fs, crdgdtntzdin`fs...) crdgdtntzdin`fs...) 1

 

- Îs ngprbs ngprbsinf infcnk cnklb lb jbr d l„dlugf l„dlugfbb pdrtçin pdrtçinp p cbl sbu dp dprbf rbfbft bftdta dtabb pbr d abfbrdr abfbrdr ufd gdo`r ditntuc n prbcnsp`sninù. ]br dnxû d l„duld s„hd cb rbldin`fdr bl prbsbft dgk bl pdssdt hnstûrni n s„hd c„bfsbfydr d pbfsdr f` f`gîs d gbg`rntzdr. (bs p`cbf jbr cbkdts, arups cb cnsiussnù, arups c„bxpbrts...) - C`fdt C`fdt qub qub f` f`gîs f`gîs dgk rbldt rbldtss n bxplnid bxplnidin` in`fs fs cb jbts jbts n cdcbs cdcbs puftud puftudls ls f` bs p`t p`t bfssbfyd bf bfydrr d l„l„ddlugf lugfbb d trbkd rbkdllllddr dgk nfc nfcbpb bpbfcè fcèfind find,, fn d j` j`gb gbft ftddr uf bfrd`fdgbft irbdc`r. Hbg c„dfdr gîs bfllí cb t`t dáû, ibridr bnxb puft qub bls g`tnvn. ]br t`t dáû, bl gbstrb d l„h`rd c„bfsbfydr d cb c`gnfdr lbs qudtrb qudlntdts cbl tbgps hnstûrni? 4. Îs nfcnss`l nfcnss`luklb? uklb? l„bspd l„bspdnn n bl tbgps tbgps sbgprb sbgprb vdf vdf oufts ;. Nrrbvbrsnkl Nrrbvbrsnklb? b? f` bs p`t p`t rbiùrrbr rbiùrrbr idp idp d bfcdrrbrb bfcdrrbrb lûanidgb lûanidgbft. ft. 9. [bldtnu? [bldtnu? cbpèf cb l„`ksbrvdc l„`ksbrvdc`r `r n cb ld rbjbrèfind i`firbt i`firbtdd cb l„`ksbrvdinù l„`ksbrvdinù.. 3. Gultnplnin Gultnplnintdt tdt ? od qub p`ssbbn p`ssbbnxx cnjbrbfts cnjbrbfts pufts pufts cb vnstd. vnstd. Sdgkî hd cb i`fènxbr bl pdssdt n bls pr`klbgbs ditudls n d ld vbadcd sbr uf pr`jbss`r i`gpbtbft idpdá c„nff`vdr, sbr irbdtnu n utnlntzdr lbs SNI cb gdfbrd qub bls dlugfbs snaunf idpdá`s c„uknidr bl g`gbft, pbrç`cbs dgk jbts i`firbts. 9. ÍGKNSY C„BYSRCN CBLY ][@IBYY@Y N JBSY HNYSÛ[NIY.

L„bstucn cbls pr`ibss`s hnstûrnis bs p`cbf bstucndr cbs cb c`s ígknts cnjbrbfts? bl cb ld hnstûrnd i`g d inèfind n bl cb ld hnstûrnd i`g d inèfind s`indl. Ld jufinù prnfinpdl cb ld hnstûrnd îs ld rbibrid cb lbs idusbs n f` ld oustnjnidinù. Îs fbibssdrn i`gprbfcrb bl pdssdt pbr p`cbr bftbfcrb bl prbsbft. Bftbfbft fbft ld hns hnstû tûrn rndd i`g i`g d inèf inèfin indd  n i`fs i`fsnc ncbr brdf dftt dqub dqubst stdd i`g i`g “ufd “ufd cnsp cnsp`s `sni ninù nù `rcbfdcd cb i`fbnxbgbfts i`gpr`vdts... îs d cnr Ld hnstûrnd îs nftbrprbtdr kdsdft-sb bf lbs j`fts cb i`fbnxbgbft, s„diibptd i`g d cnsinplnfd inbftçjnid pbrquè i`gplbnx bls sbaübfts rbqunsnts? - Sî uf `ko `kobi bitb tb c„ c„bs bstu tucn cn ufn ufnvb vbrs rsdl dl.. - Sî uf gèt` gèt`cb cb c„bs c„bstu tucn cn h`g` h`g`ab abfn. fn. - Bs kdsd kdsd bf bf prnf prnfinp inpns ns dii diibpt bptdts dts pbr t`ts. t`ts. 1

 

Bftbfbft ld hnstûrnd i`g d inèfind s`indl, s`indl, ld hnstûrnd îs ufd cb lbs cnsinplnfbs cb lbs inèfinbs s`indls, n bs cnjbrèfind cb ld rbstd cb cnsinplnfbs pbr ld i`ftnfud vnfiuldinù cb ld hnstûrnd dgk bl pdssdt cb l„îssbr hugí n i`gpdrtbnx dgk lbs dftbrn`rs l„bstucn cb lbs idusbs cbls pr`klbgbs qub djbitbf dl f`strb gùf n d ld vncd cb l„h`gb bf ld s`inbtdt. Lbs dltr Lbs dltrbs bs inèf inèfin inbs bs s`in s`indl dlss sùf sùf ld s`in s`in`l `l`a `and nd,, l„l„df dftr tr`p `p`l `l`a `and nd,, psni psni`l `l`a `and nd...... qub qub sùf sùf ngp`rtdfts sup`rts pbr dls hnst`rndc`rs. Dnxç bf uf nftbridfvn ld s`in`l`and dprèf cb ld hnstûrnd t`t bl rbjbrbft dls idfvns s`indls, n ld hnstûrnd t`t bl rbjbrbft d lbs bstruiturbs s`indls. 9.4 Ynstbgd s`indl L„bstucn cbls jbts hnstûrnis snafnjnid qub idl dfdlntzdr qudlsbv`l snstbgd s`indl, bs d cnr, bl g`cb g` cb cb vncd vncd cb pbrs pbrs`f `fbs bs qub qub kísn kísnid idgb gbft ft tb tbfn fnbf bf bl blss gdtb gdtbnx` nx`ss pr`k pr`klb lbgb gbss qub qub f`sdlt f`s dltrbs rbs?? bs rbldin rbldin`fd `fdvd vd dgk dltrbs dltrbs pbrs` pbrs`fbs fbs,, trbkdl trbkdlldv ldvbf bf n tr`kdv tr`kdvbf bf nftbar nftbardts dts bf  obrdrqunbs s`indls n p`lçtnqubs qub bstnguldvbf ` kl`qubodvd bl cbsbfv`lupdgbft hugí ` s`indl. Bs cbcubnx qub t`ts bls jbts hnstûrnis `i`rrbauts bf ufd s`inbtdt bs p`cbf darupdr dl v`ltdft v`ltd ft cb trbs bstruiturbs bstruiturbs s`indls? s`indls? l„bstruitu l„bstruiturd rd s`in`bi`f s`in`bi`fûgni ûgnid, d, l„bstruitu l„bstruiturd rd ourçcniourçcnip`lçtnid n ld ncb`lûanid. - L„bstruitu L„bstruiturd rd s`in`bi s`in`bi`fûgn `fûgnid id bs cnvncbnx cnvncbnx bf l„bstucn l„bstucn cb l„bi`fûgni l„bi`fûgni n bl s`ind s`indl.l. L„bstucn bi`fûgni, bstd j`rgdt pbr bl i`fouft cb gntodfs hugdfs n gdtbrndls n cb rbldin`fs s`indls bfidgnfdcbs d pr`cunr n rbpdrtnr kbfs n sbrvbns. Bf blld idl cnstnfanr bl gbcn fdturdl, `f bs cbsbfv`lupd ld s`inbtdt, ld p`kldinù, bls gntodfs cb pr`cuiinù n bl idríitbr cb pr`cuiinù, od qub bs p`t `rnbftdr idp d l„darniulturd, ld rdgdcbrnd... Bf idfvn, l„bstucn s`indl, s„bstucnd ld s`inbtdt, bftbfbft-ld i`g uf i`fouft hugí hu gí bstd bstdkl klbb `rad `radfn fntz tzdt dt pbr pbr jdgç jdgçlnlnbs bs,, pbrû pbrû susi susibp bptn tnkl klbb d dltr dltrbs bs tn tnpu puss c„`rad c„` radfntz fntzdin din`fs `fs (pdrrû (pdrrûqun qunbs, bs, snfcni snfcnidts dts...) ...) qub i`gpdr i`gpdrtbn tbnxbf xbf uf tbrrnt tbrrnt`rn `rn,, ufbs nfstntuin`fs nfstntuin`fs n ufd iulturd. C„dltrd C„dltrd kdfcd, ld s`inbtdt s`inbtdt sbgprb sbgprb bstdklbnx bstdklbnx uf `rcrb s`indl, bf bl què bxnstbnxbf cnjbrbfts bstdgbfts (ildssbs c`gnfdts, n c„dltrbs cb c`gnfdcbs). `

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- L„bstruit L„bstruiturd urd ourçcni-p ourçcni-p`lçtn `lçtnid? id? jd rbjbrèfind rbjbrèfind dls dls nfcnvncus nfcnvncus n nfstnt nfstntuin`f uin`fss qub pdrtnin pdrtninpbf pbf bf ld j`rguldin j`rguldinù ù cb cbinsn cbinsn`fs `fs,, n h`gbs h`gbs qub rbaulbf rbaulbf bl jufin` jufin`fdg fdgbft bft c„ufd c„ufd s`inbtdt. - Jnfdlgbft, Jnfdlgbft, l„bstru l„bstruiturd iturd ncb`lûani ncb`lûanid, d, qub bs tr`kd tr`kd i`fstnt i`fstntuàcd uàcd pbr pbr ld ncb`l ncb`l`and `and n tdgk pbls gntodfs cb cnjusnù n i`ftr`l. Ld ncb`l`and? bs ld rbprbsbftdinù qub ld s`inbtdt tî cb sn gdtbnxd, cbls sbus `

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vdl`rs, cbls sbus jnfs, n bstí nfspnrdcd pbls nftbrbss`s abfbrdlgbft cb ld ildssb c`gnfdft. Bls gntodfs cb cnjusnù ncb`lûanid sùf bls nfstrugbfts dgk bls qudls bs s`indlntzd ld ncb`l`and, bl qub bs cbf`gnfd iulturd. Bls gntodfs cb i`ftr`l, jnfdlgbft, s`f lbs nfstntuin`fs bstdklbrtbs pbr d pbrsbaunr n pbfdlntzdr lbs cbsvndin`fs cb idríitbr ncb`lûani. Rf bxbgplb cb gntoí cb i`ftr`l qub j`u g`lt p`puldr d Bspdfyd brd ld Nfqunsninù bspdfy`ld.

F`gî F` gîss ld i`fj i`fjlu luèf èfin indd cbls cbls trbs trbs p`cb p`cbrs rs (bi` (bi`fû fûgn gni, i, p`lç p`lçtn tnii n ncb` ncb`lû lûan ani) i) idp idp d ld i`fsbrvdinù cbl cbsnaudl rbpdrtngbft bftbfcrb ld trdgd cb qudlsbv`l s`inbtdt. cb ld rnqubsd s`indl, bfs c`fdrí ld ildu pbr 3 L„D][BFBFSDSAB CB LBY A[DFY BSD]BY HNYSÛ[NTRBY CB LD HRGDFNSDS.  Dl CBI[BS 4=8/;=43, cb 3 cb ouln`l, cbl I`fsbll, pbl qudl bstdklbnx bl iurrçiulug n cbsplbad l„`rcbfdinù abfbrdl cb l„Bcuidinù ]rngírnd d ld I`gufntdt Zdlbfindfd. Îs cnu

qub, d pdrt qub, pdrtnr nr cb l„írbd l„írbd cb lbs lbs in inèf èfin inbs bs s`in s`indl dls, s, ld hnstû hnstûrn rndd pbrg pbrgbt bt i`gprb i`gprbfc fcrb rb ld cngbfsnù tbgp`rdl n idusdl cbls jbfûgbfs hnstûrnis, i`fstrunr bxplnidin`fs qub tnfaunf bf i`gptb bls g`tnus cb lbs pbrs`fbs, i`gpdrdr lbs j`rgbs cb vncd cb s`inbtdts bf cnjbrbfts ll`is n èp`qubs, bls sbus idfvns n i`ftnfuàtdts, ld sbud cnvbrsntdt, lbs rbldin`fs bftrb cnjbrbfts arups n bls cbsdjndgbfts qub vdf hdvbr c„djr`ftdr.  L„dprbfbftdtab hnstûrni tdgkî j`gbftd bl aust pbr nfcdadr s`krb bl pdssdt, pldftbodrsb prbauftbs n trditdr cb rbsp`fcrb-lbs usdft cb gdfbrd irçtnid ufd vdrnbtdt cb j`fts pbr d sblbiin`fdr ld nfj`rgdinù rbllbvdft n nftbrrbldin`fdr-ld pbr d i`gprbfcrb bls jbts n pr`i pr `ibs bss` s`ss hnst hnstûr ûrni niss il ildu du.. Dn Dnxç xç gdtb gdtbnx nx,, ld hnst hnstûr ûrnd nd pr`g pr`g`u `u ld sb sbfs fsnk nknlnlnt ntzd zdin inù ù idp idp dl pdtrng`fn hnstûrni, ld cnvbrsntdt iulturdl n s`krb bls tbgbs s`indls. Bls L„bstucn cb lbs ardfs btdpbs hnstûrnqubs qubcd cnvncncd bf c`s ardfs arups? ld hnstûrnd n ld prbhnstûrnd, bl g`gbft qub lbs sbpdrd îs l„dpdrninù cb l„bsirnpturd. 1

 

Ld ][BHNYSÛ[ND ][BHNYSÛ[ND ld  ld p`cbg cnvncnr bf trbs btdpbs? - Bl pdlb`l pdlb`lçtn çtni? i? îs ld gîs dftnad dftnad,, n bs idr idrdi ditbr tbrntz ntzdd pbr l„ÿs c„bnf c„bnfbs bs cb pbcrd pbcrd tdlldc tdlldcd, d, n ufd “bi`f`gnd‗ “bi`f`gnd‗ kdsdcd bf ld idád n ld rbi`l±lbiinù. rbi`l±lbiinù. Brbf fûgdcbs, fûgdcbs, lbs tdsqubs bs jbnbf pbr s`krbvnurb. - Bl fb`lçtn fb`lçtni? i? s„utnln s„utnlntzd tzdvbf vbf jbrrdgb jbrrdgbftb ftbss cb pbcrd p`lnc p`lncdd (îs d cnr, cnr, ln c`fdvb c`fdvbff ld j`rgd j`rgd qub fbibssntdvbf pbr d idcd ÿs). Îs l„èp`id cb ld irbdinù cb l„darniulturd i`g dvun ld i`fbnxbg., dnxç i`g tdgkî ld rdgdcbrnd. ]br tdft bs i`gbfibf d i`fvbrtnr bf sbcbftdrns. Sdgkî i`gbfibf d cnvncnr-sb n bspbindlntzdr-sb lbs tdsqubs dpdrbnxbft l„drtbsdfnd (dljdrbrs, tbnxnc`rs...). Bs pdssd pbr tdft c„ufd bi`f`gnd cbprbcdc`rd d ufd cb pr`cuitnvd. - N l„bcdt l„bcdt cbls cbls gbtdlls gbtdlls?? bstí bstí idrditb idrditbrnt rntzdc zdcdd pbl cbsbfv cbsbfv`lu `lupdg pdgbft bft cb ld gbtdl gbtdl±lÿr ±lÿrand and,, ld fbibssntdt cb gdtbrndls prngdrns, vd bstnguldr l„bxpl`rdinù cbl gùf n l„nftbridfvn cb gdtbrndls n ncbbs dgk dltrbs p`klbs, n bl v`lbr i`gufnidr-sb dgk dqubsts p`klbs, jd qub pr`gptb dpdrbaun ufd bsirnpturd (g`lt rucngbftírnd dl prnfinpn) n pbr tdft l„dpdrninù cb ld hnstûrnd. Dgk l„bsi`ld dgk bls f`strbs dlugfbs sb„ls hd cb prbsbftdr dqubstbs btdpbs cb gdfbrd qub bls dlugfbs `ktnfaunf ufd ncbd abfbrdl cb idcdsiuf, qub bls pbrgbtn rbjlbxn`fdr s`krb bl qub p`ssbàbf bls f`strbs dvdftpdssdts bf dqubllbs èp`qubs, n qunfd brd ld sbvd gdfbrd cb vnurb. Ld HNYSÛ[ND bstd cnvncncd bf bcdts ` btdpbs, n nfil`u t`t uf pr`iîs hnstûrni d pdrtnr cb l„dpdrninù cb l„bsirnpturd . ld sukcnvnsnù qub prbsbftdrî d i`ftnfudinù f` îs ufnvbrsdl, c`fis f`gîs bfal`kd ld pdrt gîs bur`pbd cbl gùf, qub îs ld gîs pr`pbrd d f`sdltrbs. BSD]B Y

][BHNYSÛ[ND

Nfnin Jn

Dpdrninù cb l„bsirnpturd

B. DFSNAD Dpdrninù cb l„bsirnpturd Idnaucd cb l„ngpbrn [`gd

B. GNSODFD Idnaucd cb [`gd Idnaucd cb Knzdfin

B.G@CB[FD

I@FSBG]@[ÍFND

Id Idna nauc ucdd cb cb Kn Knzd zdfi finn

[b [bv` v`lu luin inù ù jrdf jrdfib ibsd sd

Nfnin rbv`luinù. jrdfibsd

ditudlntdt

- in Bcvnln dlntz ttzdi ddin` ftn ftn`fs nafs d? bgîs s svd ngp` cbp`rt sbrtdf fv` fv `ts? lupd up r js`p` nfsp`tí dtígn l gnd, sbd, alb Banp Znptb ntb,b, fal faArèi kdnd,, dla[`gd ufb ufgd.. bs.... cbt`tb lbss invn gî ng dfts ? dGbs` Gb Ba Arl`èind [` t`tbs 1

 

dqubstbs invnlntzdin`fs bs p`cbf prbsbftdr d l„duld n uknidr-lbs bf uf bspdn n uf tbgps n trbkdlldr dgk blls dspbitbs i`g? Bf Gbs`p`tígnd? bl snstbgd sbxdabsngdl, bl snstbgd cbingdl, bl f`gkrb ² (pn), l„dpdrninù cb ld prngbrd llbn. Bf Banptb? p`cbg prbsbftdr bls jdrd`fs (Ilb`pdtrd, Sutdfedg`f), bl tnpus c„bsirnpturd obr`alçjnid, ld ngp`rtífind cbl rnu Fnl pbr dl irbnxbgbft c„dqubst `

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tnpus cb invnlntzdinù jluvndl. Bf Xnfd? d pdrtnr cb ld gurdlld xnfd, bl tnpus cb cnfdstnbs qub jbnbf sbrvnr, bti. Bf Çfcnd, bl Nfcunsgb, n bl Sdo Gdhdl. Bf [`gd? pdrldr-l`s cb cb ld ngp`rtífind cb l„ngpbrn [`gd bf ld f`strd prûpnd hnstûrnd (bls p`klbs qub bfs bfv`ltbf, bls dvbfá`s urkdfs qub bs vdf nftr`cunr, lbs cnjbrbfts `krbs drquntbitûfnqubs (qub p`cbg tr`kdr g`lt pr`p f`strd, bf Ydauft, Sdrrda`fd...) Bf Arèind? bls cbus, l„drt arbi, l„drquntbiturd, lbs cnjbrbfts aubrrbs (ld aubrrd cb tr`yd...)

Gîs bfllí cb sntudr-l`s n uknidr-l`s bl qub bs prbtbfcrí bf l„duld sbrí qub dcqunrbnxnf ufbs f`in`fs kísnqubs cb idcdsiufd. - L„bcdt gntodfd?  bs cbsbfv`lupd cbs cbl sbalb Z dl XNZ n XZ. Bf l„duld sb„ls prbsbftdrí dls dlugfbs bl jbucdlnsgb, dgk ld sbvd `radfntzdinù s`indl, p`lçtnid n bi`fûgnid. Bs pdrldrí cb ld nfjluèfind cb lbs rblnan`fs bf dqubsts sbalbs (s`krb t`t cb ld nslígnid n ld irnstndfd). Bls idvdllbrs, bls idstblls gbcnbvdls, bl tnpus cb jbstbs qub bs jbnbf, bti. - L„bcdt g`cbrfd?  i`gbfád bf l„drrnkdcd d Dgèrnid jnfs ld rbv`luinù jrdfibsd. Bf dqubst pbrç`cb dlaufs cbls dspbitbs gîs ngp`rtdfts d l„h`rd cb trbkdlldr bf l„duld sùf? sù f? ld nfcbp nfcbpbf bfcè cèfi find nd cbls BBRR dnxç dnxç i`g ld aubr aubrrd rd cb ld nfcbpb nfcbpbfc fcèf èfin indd bspdfy`ld. D gîs dpdrbnx bl idpntdlnsgb. Bf dqubstd dqubstd èp`id lbs f`vbs gdfbrbs gdfbrbs cb pbfsd pbfsdgbf gbft,t, tdls tdls i`g bl rbfdnxbgbft , gnto gn todf dfád ádft ft bl qudl qudl bs p`cb p`cbff pr prbs bsbf bftd tdrr pbrs pbrs`f `fdl dlnt ntdt dtss i`g? i`g? Gnau Gnaubl bl Dfab Dfabll Kubfdrr`tn Kubfd rr`tn,, Lb`fdrc` Lb`fdrc` Cd Znfin, Znfin, bf bl kdrr`i bs p`t trbkdlldr dgk Kbrfnfn, bl pdldu cb Zbrsdllbs, n ld nl±lustrdinù   `f dpdrbn dpdrbnxbf xbf ardfs ardfs pbfsdc pbfsdc`rs `rs i`g? i`g? Cbsidr Cbsidrtbs tbs,, [`ussbdu,... - L„bcdt i`ftbgp`rífnd i`ftbgp` rífnd?? s„nfnind dgk ld rbv`luinù jrdfibsd qub gdrid ld jn cb l„èp`id g`cbrfd, jnfs dls f`strbs cnbs... c„dqubstd bcdt idl dssbfydldr? 1

 

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Ld rbv`luinù kurabsd, cbstdidft d Fdp`lbù n [`kbspnbrrb. Dqubstd rbv`luinù gdrid l„nfnin cb ld cbg`iríind d bur`pd. Ld rbv`luinù nfcustrndl, dgk l„dpdrninù cbl jbrr`idrrnl, qub vd snafnjnidr t`td ufd rbv`luinù pbr dls trdfsp`rts n l„bxpdfsnù cbl i`gbrá. Bl gùf `krbr, dgk lbs gnll`rbs cb lbs i`fcnin`fs cb trbkdll (dpdrbnxbf bls snfcnidts, ld pr`arbssnvd cbsdpdrninù cbl trbkdll cbsnaudl dgk i`fcnin`fs nfjrdhugdfbs. Ld rbv`luinù s`vnètnid, `f dpdrbnxbf pbrs`fdtabs ngp`rtdfts i`g Gdrx n Bfabls n ld p`lçtnid qub bls di`gpdfyd (bl i`gufnsgb), d Lbfnf Lbs aubrrbs gufcndls, bxplnidft lbs idusbs n lbs i`fsbqüèfinbs c„dqubstbs cubs aubrrbs qub hdf gdridt dqubstd btdpd hnstûrnid. (tdgkî dpr`jntdr pbr prbsbftdr ld aubrrd invnl bspdfy`ld n t`t bl qub vd sup`sdr dls f`strbs p`klbs n dl f`strb pdçs) Ld aubrrd jrbcd, qub snafnjnid dqubst tnpus cb aubrrd, qub vd curdr ufs 9= n pni` c„dfys, sbfsb qub gdn drrnkdrbf d kdtdlldr. Aubrrbs i`ftrd bl tbrr`rnsgb, sùf lbs qub pbr cbsardind p`cbf vburb idcd cnd dls gntodfs cb i`gufnidinù, lbs aubrrbs i`ftrd bl jdfdtnsgb n ld llnkbrtdt c„bxprbssnù (Djadfnstdf, Nrdf, ynhdcnsgb...)

Sdgkî p`cbg `ksbrvdr qub lbs btdpbs hnstûrnqubs i`g vbnbg d ld tduld tbfbf uf puft cb pdrtncd n uf puft jnfdl, f` `kstdft, îs g`lt cnjçinl cnr dgk bxditntuc qudf i`gbfinf n didknf... c`fis bs s`ldpdvbf ufs bscbvbfngbfts dgk dltrbs.

2. RSNLN RSNLNS_DIN S_DINÙ Ù CB C@IRGBFSY? C@IRGBFSY? @[DLY, BYI[NSY BYI[NSY N [BYSBY GDSB[NDLY GDSB[NDLY.. S`ts dqubsts jbts hnstûrnis sùf nrrbvbrsnklbs pbrû i`ftrdstdklbs. Ld vbrdintdt l„hdurbg cb ibridr bf lbs j`fts. Lbs j`fts sùf bl rbsultdt cbl pds cb l„h`gb pbl tbgps n doucbf d ld rbi`fstruiinù cbl pdssdt cbl qudl vd j`rgd pdrt. Lbs j`fts sùf lbs qub bfs c`fdrdf ildrbcdt d t`t dllû qub hdf cb i`fènxbr.

Bf prngbr ll`i idl cnjbrbfind cnjbrbfindrr bftrb ufd j`ft n uf c`iugbft . Rfd j`ft, îs l„`rnabf c„ufd nfj`rgdinù, bspbindlgbft bspbindlgbft pbr d ld nfvbstnadinù qub p`t sbr, pbrn`cçstnis, pbrn`cçstnis, hnst`aríjnis, ` ufd  pr`cuiinù lntbrírnd. C„dltrd kdfcd bl c` c`iu iugb gbft ft îs bl sup` sup`rt rt c„ c„uf ufd d j`ft  j`ft , p`cbf sbr

c`iugbfts bsirnts, s`f`rs.... tdgkî p`cbf sbr c`iugbfts pÿklnis ` prnvdts. Lbs j`fts, j`fts, sba`fs bl sbu `rnabf u `rcrb cb pr`ibcèfind p`cbf sbr? 1

 

- ]rngírnbs ? dgk gdt gdtbrn brndl dl cb prngbr prngbrdd gí, qub f` s„hd gdfnpul gdfnpuldt. dt. Y„hd cb tbfnr prbsbft qub bf bcdts dftnaubs f`gîs bs p`cnd rbjlbitnr bl pbfsdgbft cb lbs ildssbs c`gnfdfts, ld ildssb c`gnfdcd f` bs p`cnd bxprbssdr (f` sdknbf cb llbtrbs bftr bf trbb c„dl c„dltr trbs bs g`tn g`tnus us).). Dl Dlau aufs fs bxbg bxbgpl plbs bs cb j` j`ft ftss prng prngír írnb nbs? s? idrt idrtbs bs,, cndr cndrns ns pbrs`fdls.. uf tbstng`fn. - Ybiufcdrnbs ? sùf tbxt`s tbxt`s kdsdts kdsdts bf lbs lbs j`fts j`fts prngírn prngírnbs bs qub qub ngplnqubf ngplnqubf dfílns dfílnsns ns , sç sçft ftbs bsns ns,, dvdl dvdlud udin in`f `fs. s..... dqub dqubst stbs bs j`ft j`ftss sùf sùf gî gîss vndk vndklb lbss pbrû pbrû p`cb p`cbff bs bstd tdrr gdfnpuldcbs... - Sbrinírnbs ? îs ufd sblbiinù n i`gpnldinù cb j`fts j`fts 4ª n ;ª pbr pbr bxbgplb? knkln`ardjnbs, drtnilbs... D gîs sba`fs ld sbvd tnp`l`and p`cbf sbr? - J`fts bsirntbs? bsirntbs? bls c`iugbfts c`iugbfts bsirnts sùf dqublls qub vdf sbr bldk`rdts bldk`rdts sbfsb uf pr`pûsnt hnstûrni cnrbitb t`t n qub îs ld j`ft gîs hdkntudl. Sdl i`g cnubf Gdrn` Idrrbt Idr rbtbr` br` n Gdrad Gdradrnt rntdd Lngùf Lngùf bf bls qudcbrfs qudcbrfs pbcdaû pbcdaûani anis, s, “bls tbxt`s sùf uf blbgbft j`fdgbftdl bf l„dprbfbftdtab n bfsbfydfád cb ld hnstûrnd. C„ufd kdfcd,  ardf pdrt cbl trbkdll cb l„hnst`rndc`r l„hnst`rndc`r bs kdsd bf c`iugbfts bsirnts n c„dltrd kdfcd, bls bstucndft rbkbf ld gdo`r pdrt cbls i`ftnfauts hnstûrnis d trdvîs cb tbxt`s ‗.

- J`fts `rdls? `rdls? tdft tbstng`fns od snaunf cnrbitbs ` nfcnrbitbs ` lbs trdcnin`fs `rdls (rbjrdfys, idfá`fs, cntbs...). dqubst tnpus cb j`ft, îs j`rád ngp`rtdft, c`fis sdkbg qub ld i`gufnidinù `rdl hd snaut ld gîs utnlntzdcd dl lldra cb ld hnstûrnd. Sdgkî sùf g`lt ngp`rtdfts bf ld rbi`fstruiinù cb ld hnstûrnd cbl pdssdt gîs rbibft. (ld hnstûrnd cbls f`strbs dvns n ívnbs... bti) sbgprb tbfnft bf i`gptb qub bf dqubsts ids`s, s`lbf sbr `pnfn`fs n rbi`rcs n pbr tdfts f` sùf adnrb `kobitnus. - J`f J`fts ts drqub` drqub`lûa lûanqu nqubs bs?? Rfd cb lbs inèfinbs duxnlndrs cb ld hnstûrnd îs l„drqub`l`and, qub bstucnd bftrb c„dltrbs, lbs rbstbs gdtbrndls, qub sbrvbnxbf pbr rbi`fstrunr ld hnstûrnd cb pbrç`cbs ` ll`is ` f` hn hd j`fts bsirntbs. Dqubstbs p`cbf sbr g`lt vdrndcbs (`krbs c„drt, bcnjnins drquntbitûfnis, bnfbs cb trbkdll (`f bs vbu l„ngpditb cb l„îssbr hugí s`krb bl gbcn), jûssnls, pbtodcbs... :. NFS NFSB[Z B[ZBFI BFINÙ NÙ BCRIDSN BCRIDSNZD ZD

]br t`t bl quèlddquç s„hdbf intdt, bs cbcubnx bl pufti`g cb brd pdrtncd l„h`rd c„bxplnidr i`gprbfcrb hnstûrnd prngírnd, îs jbrqub bftbfcrb ufd ds`inbtdt od pdssdcdn qudf bstdvd vnvd n bf bl sbu g`gbft hnstûrni. 1

 

Bls i`ftnfauts rbldin`fdts dgk l hnstûrnd bs cbsbfv`lupdrdf dl lldra cbls cnjbrbfts fnvblls c„B. ]rngírnd n pbrgbtrdf d l„dlugfb dgplndr ld sbvd idpdintdt pbr d rbs`lcrb bls sbus cuktbs n i`fènxbr gnll`r bl i`ftbxt iulturdl n hnstûrni bf bl què bs vnu. L„`rnbftdinù L„`rnbftdi nù rbspbitb rbspbitb dl tbgps bls hn jbrd drrnkdr drrnkdr d i`gprbfcrb i`gprbfcrb ld suiibss suiibssnù nù cbls bscbvbfngbfts dcqunrnft ld f`inù cb tbgps hnstûrni. ]br d qub bl fbf snaun idpdá cb sntudr-sb d sn gdtbnx n bls bscbvbfngbfts bf bl tbgps, bs fbibssdrn qub dcqunrbnxnf ld i`fsin i`fs inèf èfin indd cbl cbl sbu sbu tb tbgp gpss pbrs pbrs`f `fdl dl.. Ld rb rbpr prbs bsbf bftd tdin inù ù cbl cbl tb tbgp gpss bstd bstd g`lt g`lt rbld rbldin in`f `fdc dcdd dgk dgk ld rbpr rbprbs bsbf bftd tdin inù ù cb l„bs l„bspd pdn,n, pbr pbr dnxû dnxû bs i`fvb i`fvbfn fnbft bft utnl utnlnt ntzd zdrr tèifnqubs i`g? Ld lçfnd cb ld hnstûrnd, qudcrbs ir`f`lûanis n jrns`s cb ld hnstûrnd. Tub rbldin`fbf dgkcùs i`fibptbs. ]br c`gnfdr t`t dáû l„dlugfdt hd cb i`fènxbr n bftbfcrb i`fibptbs i`g “dkdfs, cbsprîs‗ ld suiibssnù lûanid bf bl tbgps, ld sngultdfbàtdt... i`fibptbs qub sùf cnjçinls c„bftbfcrb jnfs qub f` bs tî ufd ibrtd gdcurbsd (idp dls 1 /8 dfys). Bl trbkdll s`krb ld vncd jdgnlndr n bl sbu cbsbfv`lupdgbft bf bl tbgps îs ufd vnd vílncd pbr dl sbu bfsbfydgbft. Bs p`cbf trditdr blbanft uf g`gbft cb ld vncd cbl xnqubt n `radfntzdr bf vnfybtbs ufd sèrnb cb sntudin`fs cb ld vncd pbrs`fdl cbl xnqubt/d i`g rbprbsbftdft bl tbgps hnstûrni, bstdklnft ufntdts cb gbsurd, ir`f`l`and (idp dl tbribr n qudrt fnvbll). Sdgkî ‘hd cb i`fènxbr lbs ufntdts cb gbsurd tbgp`rdl (cnbs, fnts, sbtgdfbs, gbs`s...) n trbkdlldr dgk ditnvntdts bf qub bls fbfs puaunf bfrd`fdr bls jbts dgk t`ts dqubsts tbrgbs. Bls i`ftnfauts qub bs trbkdllbf c„hnstûrnd, qub dl [bndl Cbirbt 4;:/;=43, cb ;8 cb jbkrbr, pbl qub s„bstdklbnx bl iurrçiulug kísni cb l„Bcuidinù ]rngírnd ., l„bggdrid cnftrb cb l„írbd cb inèfinbs s`indls, n qub bl CBI[BS 4=8/;=43, cb 3 cb ouln`l, cbl I`fsbll, pbl

qudl bstdklbnx bl iurrçiulug n cbsplbad l„`rcbfdinù abfbrdl cb l„Bcuidinù ]rngírnd d ld I`gufntdt Zdlbfindfd, ibftrd bf bl kl`i 3 cbls i`ftnfauts? “Lbs bgprbgtbs cbl

tbgps‗, s„bstucnbf bls idfvns s`indls, n pbr d dnxû idl cbsbfr`tlldr ld i`gprbfsnù cb i`fibptbs i`g bl tbgps hnstûrni, lbs f`in`fs dss`indcbs d bstb i`g suiibssnù, curdinù n sngultdfbàtdt n ld sbud gbsurd, rbprbsbftdinù ir`f`lûanid bti. Bls idfvns bf bl tbgps, gdfnjbstdts bf bls jbts n pr`ibss`s hnstûrnis, i`fstntubnxbf l„bnx s`krb bl qudl s„drtniuld ld sbqüèfind cncíitnid qub hd cb pbrgbtrb d l„dlugfdt bldk`rdr bxplnidin`fs pr`arbssnvdgbft gîs i`gplbxbs n ufd nftbrprbtdinù pbrs`fdl cbl gùf. Rf dltrb dspbitb qub bs cbstdid bf bstb kl`i îs bl rbjbrnt d l„ÿs c„ufd vdrnbtdt cb j` j`ft ftss (t (tbx bxtt`s cb cnvb nvbrs` rs`s aèf èfbr brbs bs,, `krbs krbs c„ c„dr drtt, `kob `kobit itbs bs,, gdpb gdpbs) s) n ld sbud bud 1

 

nftbrprbtdinù irçtnid pbr d dcqunrnr ufd ibrtd pbrspbitnvd hnstûrnid al`kdl n cb ld hnstûrnd c„Bspdfyd qub pbrgbtn uf rbi`fbnxbgbft cbls dspbitbs i`gufs n cb ld sbud cnvbrsntdt. ]br di`fsbaunr bl qub hbg bsgbftdt, i`g d c`ibfts hbg cb tbfnr bf i`gptb? - prbvns Tub idl j`gb ftdrr l„dprb l„d fbftdta dtab snafnjn snafnjnidt idtnu, nu, pdrtnft pdrtnft sbgprb sbgp rb cbls i`fbnxb i`fbiurn`sntdt nxbgbf gbfts ts cbj`gbftd l„dlugfdt, n snprbfbft p`cbf sbrb vnvbfindls, pdrtnft cbls tbgbs qub gîs bls pr`v`qun, cb gdfbrd qub bstnaunf rbibptnus, g`tnvdts pbr d l„dprbfbftdtab. - D l„h`rd l„h`rd cb jbr trbkdl trbkdlls ls s„hd s„hd cb tbfnr tbfnr ibrtd ibrtd llnkb llnkbrt rtdt dt,, bf qudft qudft dl tb tbgd gd c„bst c„bstuc ucnn d bsi`llnr, pbr bxbgplb bf bl ids ids cb trbkdlldr ld invnlntzdinù [`gdfd, [`gdfd, qub trnbf blls bl tbgd prnfinpdl c„nfvbstnadinù (drquntbiturd r`gdfd, `radfntzdinù s`indl, bcuidinù r`gdfd...), c`fdft `pin`fs tdgkî cb cnjbrbfts j`fts c„nfj`rgdinù, bti c„dqubstd gdfbrd bfs dssbaurbg qub l„dlugfdt pdrtninpn cb gdfbrd ditnvd. - Ardinb Ardinbss d ld cnvbrsnt cnvbrsntdt dt iulturd iulturdll cb lbs dulbs dulbs c„dvun c„dvun bf cnd, cnd, p`cbg p`cbg dpr`jnt dpr`jntdr dr pbr d bxpl`rdr n i`fènxbr cnjbrbfts iulturbs n i`fènxbr ld sbvd cnvbrsntdt. - D l„h` l„h`rd rd c„ c„dv dvdl dlud udrr dqub dqubst st puft puft cbl cbl iurr iurrçi çiul ulug ug hbg hbg cb tr trdi ditd tdrr cb rb rbjl jlbi bitn tnrr ld gdfbrd cb pbfsdr cbl f`strb dlugfdt pbr d bxplnidr ld hnstûrnd , i`g i`fstrubnxbf ld sbvd prûpnd `pnfnù s`krb uf jbt, drrnkbf d cbcuiin`fs lûanqubs tdls i`g bl pbrquè cbl pdnsdtab ditudl i`gpdrdt dgk bl pdssdt (rbi`fbnxbft c`fis bl pds cb l„h`gb n lbs g`cnjnidin`fs qub hd jbt dl lldra cbl tbgps). :.4 Lbs i`gpbtèfinbs ildu n ld hnstûrnd.

Bftbfbg pbr i`gpbtèfind i`g ld idpdintdt cb rbsp`fcrb d cbgdfcbs i`gplbxbs n cur d tbrgb tbrgb tdsqub tdsqubss dcbqud dcbqudcbs cbs.. Ld i`gpb i`gpbtèf tèfind ind sup`sd sup`sd ufd i`gkn i`gknfdi fdinù nù c„h c„hdkn dknlnt lntdts dts príi pr íitn tnqu qubs bs,, i`fb i`fbnx nxbg bgbf bfts ts,, g`tn g`tnvd vdin in`f `fs, s, vdl` vdl`rs rs èt ètni nis, s, ditn ditntu tucs cs,, bg`i bg`in` n`fs fs n dltr dltrbs bs i`gp`fbfts s`indls n cb i`gp`rtdgbft qub s„douftbf pbr di`fsbaunr ufd diinù bjnidá. Bs i`ftbgplbf pbr tdft i`g i`fbnxbgbfts bf ld príitnid, bs d cnr, uf i`fbnxbgbft dcqunrnt d trdvîs cb ld pdrtninpdinù ditnvd bf lbs príitnqubs s`indls n i`g d tdls bs p`cbf cbsbfv`lupdr tdft bf bl i`ftbxt bcuidtnu, j`rgdl d trdvîs cbl iurrçiulug , i`g bf bls i`ftbxt`s bcuidtnus f` j`rgdls n nfj`rgdls. Idc dcds dsiu iufd fd cb lb lbss írbb rbbs i` i`ft ftrn rnku kubn bnxb xbff dl cbsbf bsbfv` v`lu lup pdgb dgbft cb lb lbss cnjb njbrb rbft ftss i`gpbtèfinbs . 1

 

]br t`t dnxû ld hnstûrnd doucdrí d l„dcqunsninù cb lbs i`gpbtèfinbs ildu. I`gufnidinù lnfaüçstnid.? lnfaüçstnid.? L„dlug L„dlugfdt fdt bs i`gufn i`gufnid, id, i`f i`fvbr vbrsd sd n bsi`lt bsi`ltdd bls cnjbrbft cnjbrbftss pufts cb vnstd s`krb bl tbgd d trditdr rbldin`fdt dgk ld iulturd. Llbabnx bf cnjbrbfts j`rgdts (cbs cb duqubs n rbtdulbs, cnjbrbfts jrdagbfts c„`krbs lntbrírnbs cb l„èp`id trditdcd... ld qudl i`sd bfs pbrgbt cbsbfv`lupdr t`tbs dqubstbs cbstrbsbs llnadcbs d dqubstd i`gpbtèfind. I`gpbt I`gp btèf èfin indd gdtb gdtbgí gítn tnid id y i`gp i`gpbt btèf èfin inbs bs kísnq kísnqub ubss bf in inèf èfin indd y tbif tbif`l `l`a `and nd?? prngbrdgbft, gîs bfj`idcd d ld gdtbgítnid ld hnstûrnd bfs pldftbod bl pds cbl tbgps n i`g bs cnstrnkubnx (i`fibptbs cb sbalb, lustrbs... dnxç i`g bls f`gkrbs fbadtnus (dI n c.I) doucbf pbr tdft d rbj`rádr bls i`fibptbs tbgp`rdls. Bf qudft d ld pdrt tbif`lûanid, c`fis tdgkî bs nftbrbssdft vburb i`g hd bv`luin`fdt ld tbif`l`and jnfs dls f`strbs cnbs, n i`g ld inèfind n ld tbif`l`and hdf snaut uf g`t`r cb idfvn cb lbs s`inbtdts. I`gpbtèfind cnantdl? cnantdl? Bstd  Bstd dss`indcd dgk ld rbibrid c„nfj`rgdinù n ld sblbiinù irçtnid c„dq c„dqub ubst std. d. Bl g`f g`f cnan cnantd tdll bfs bfs pbrg pbrgbt bt vbur vburbb ld hnst hnstûr ûrnd nd dgk dgk cnjb cnjbrb rbft ftss su sup` p`rt rtss (rbirbdin`fs cnantdls, vçcb`s, ibridr ld gÿsnid c„dqublld èp`id, bti n bstí d l„dkdst cb t`ts). ]br bxbgplb? ld vncd bf bf uf idstbll gbcnbvdl. Bls j` j`rgdts rgdts cnantdls p`cbf p`cbf `jbrnr dls fbfs rbi`fstruiin`fs cb i`g sèrnb dqubst idstbll jd 2== dfys. Dprbfcrb d dprbfcrb? dprbfcrb? Ngplnid ld iurn`sntdt cb pldftbodr-sb prbauftbs, ncbftnjnidr n gnll`rdr ld cnvbrsntdt cb rbsp`stbs p`ssnklbs n lbs hdknlntdts pbr d `ktbfnr nfj`rgdinù n trdfsj`rgdr-ld bf i`fbnxbgbft pr`pn. I`gpbtèfinbs s`indls n içvnqubs. içvnqubs. Dqubstd i`gpbtèfind jd p`ssnklb i`gprbfcrb ld rbdlntdt s`indl bf ld qub bs vnu. N lbs cbgîs s`inbtdts. Doucd pbr tdft d què bs rbspbitnf n vdl`rbf p`sntnvdgbft dls cbgîs, d j`gbftdr bftrb c„dltrbs bl trbkdll trbkdll bf arup. Dpr`jntdft ld hnstûrnd tdgkî p`cbf vburb ld bv`luinù cbl qub dvun bf cnd tbfng dl f`strb bstdt, ld cbg`iríind d bftbfcrb-ld vdl`rdr l„bsj`rá qub hd sup`sdt pbr d ld hugdfntdt qub tnfaunf tnfau nf bf i`ftb bl v`t n l„dpr`vdin l„dpr`vdinù ù cb t`ts bls inutdcdfs inutdcdfs pbr cnrnanr cnrnanr uf pdçs, pdçs, uf p`klb, ufd idsd. Ybftnt cb nfnindtnvd n bspbrnt bgprbfbc`r? bgprbfbc`r? gntodfádft l„bstucn l„bstucn cb ld hnstûrnd bs trbkdlld trbkdlld bf arup, bs i``pbrd, i``pbrd, bs trbkdlld l„bgpdtn l„bgpdtnd, d, p`sdr-sb p`sdr-sb bf ll`i c„uf dltrd pbrs`fd pbrs`fd bf ufd cbtbrgnfdcd sntudinù n èp`id bf dqubst ids. I`fsinbfind y bxprbssn`fs iulturdls? iulturdls ? Jdinlntdt tdft ld i`gufnidinù i`g l„bxprbssnù (dgk cnjbrbfts sup`rts i`g bls qudcrbs, bsiulturbs, ld sngk`l`and... Doucbf d bfrnqunr n 1

 

i`gplbgbftbf ld i`fbnxbfád c„ufd cbtbrgnfdcd iulturd, èp`id (bf ld hnstûrnd, bs p`t trbkdlldr trbk dlldr bls cnjbrbfts cnjbrbfts g`gbfts drtçstnis qub bs vdf p`puldrntzdr p`puldrntzdr bf cbtbrgnfdt cbtbrgnfdt tbgps, i`g pbr bxbgplb bl g`cbrfnsgb, n trbkdlldr pbrs`fdtabs ngp`rtdfts i`g Austdv Elngt, Dft`fn Aducn...) I@FI FILR LRYN YNÙ Ù 1. I@

]br d i`fil `fil` `urb urb dssbfy sbfyddldr ldr qub ld hn hnsstûrn tûrndd vd gîs gîs bfll bfllíí c„ c„bf bfsb sbfy fydr dr cdc cdcbs, bs, bscbvbfngbf bscb vbfngbfts, ts, cnjbrbfts cnjbrbfts pbrs`fdtab pbrs`fdtabs, s, sbfsb idp rbldinù. rbldinù. L„`kobitnu L„`kobitnu îs qub bl f`strb dlugfdt bftbfaun n i`fbaun lbs cnjbrbfts iulturbs, l„bv`luinù qub hdf jbt, bls idfvns qub s„hdf pr`cuàt jnfs drrnkdr dl f`strb cnd. I`g cbnd Krbsnlldih “ld hnstûrnd f`gîs s„bsirnu pbls qub hdf vbfáut‗- ld hnstûrnd hd snaut bf g`lts ids`s ufd lluntd cb p`cbr, cb ildssbs c`gnfdts s`krb ildssbs c`gnfdcbs. ]br t`t dnxû idl jbr rbjlbxn`fdr dls dlugfbs s`krb què pdssdvd bf idcd èp`id, qunfbs brbf lbs inriugstífinbs pbr lbs qub bs vd pr`cunr ufd i`sd ` dltrd. [bsugnft, bls i`fbnxbgbfts hnstûrnis d l„bcuidinù prngírnd hd cb pbrgbtrb d l„dlugfdt uknidr ld sbvd prûpnd hnstûrnd bf bl tbgps s`indls, rbldin`fdr bl pdssdt dgk bl prbsbft, n bl jutur, jutur, n sntu sntudr dr-s -sbb cdvd cdvdft ft bls bls ardf ardfss pbrç pbrç`c `cbs bs cb hnst hnstûr ûrnd nd,, bspb bspbin indl dlgb gbft ft dgk dgk bl blss bscbvbfngbf bscb vbfngbfts ts cb ld sbvd inutdt, i`gufntdt n pdçs sbfsb `klncdr `klncdr dlaufs dlaufs bscbvbfngbf bscbvbfngbfts ts gufcndls, bf bspbindl bls cbls sbalbs XNX, XX n XXN. Dnxç i`g utnlntzdr t`td gbfd cb nfj` nfj`rg rgdi dinù nù,, j` j`ft ftss pbr pbr i`fs i`fstr trun unrr rbld rbldts ts n fdrr fdrrdi din` n`fs fs hnst hnstûr ûrnq nqub ubss s`kr s`krbb sn sntu tudi din` n`fs fs ` pr`k pr `klb lbgb gbss i`fi i`firb rbts ts.. Jnfd Jnfdlg lgbf bftt bldk bldk`r `rdr dr pr`o pr`obi bitb tbss rb rbld ldin in`f `fdt dtss dgk dgk ld cnjus cnjusnù nù n ld i`fsbrvdinù cbl pdtrng`fn l`idl. 8. KN KNKL KLN@ N@A[ A[DJ DJND ND -

Gntxb, Hnst`rnd y pbfsdgnbft` hnst`rni`. 4>>1 Bc. Idtbcrd Krducbl? Ld hnst`rnd y lds inèfinbs s`indlbs. Bc. Dlndfzd (4>13) www. Bgdanstbr.i`g www.h www.hnst` nst`rndc rndcncdi ncditnid tnid.i`g .i`g L@GIB  [bndl Cbirbt 4;:/;=43, cb ;8 cb jbkrbr, CBI[BS 4=8/;=43, cb 3 cb ouln`l 1