Tema 63.GENÉTICA MENDELIANA

 

 

Xckgr`i F`ijieëg y Ecijieëg 6178 

JG ECBÀX@DG KCBHCJ@GBG. JG XCIVËG DVIKITÔK@DG

HC JG MCVCBD@G. JGT

KSXGD@IBCT. 

7.  JG ECBÀX@DG KCBHCJ@GBG…..4 7.7. JGT QV@KCVGT @HCGT TIFVC JG MCVCBD@G HC JIT DGVGDXCVCT…..4 7.6. JGT DIBXV@FSD@IBCT HC KCBHCJ…….8 7.4. JIT VCTSJXGHIT HC JIT C]QCV@KCBXIT HC KCBHCJ………..3 7.8. JIT XÀVK@BIT DIKSBCT CB ECBÀX@DG…….5 6.  JGT JCPCT HC KCBHCJ…………..= 4.  CJ KCBHCJ@TKI DIKQJCOI……..71 4.7. JG MCVCBD@G @BXCVKCH@G I DIHIK@BGBD@G…71 4.6. CJ GJCJ@TKI KßJX@QJC………….77 4.4. JIT ECBCT JCXGJCT……….77 4.8. JG @BXCVGDD@ÔB EÀB@DG………..76 4.3. JG MCVCBD@G DSGBX@XGX@^G, DIBX@BSG I QIJ@EÀB@DG……74 8.  JG XCIVËG DVIKITÔK@DG HC JG MCVCBD@G…….74 8.7. JIT DVIKITIKGT………..78 8.6. CJ J@EGK@CBXI P JG VCDIKF@BGD@ÔB………….73 3.  JG MCVCBD@G J@EGHG GJ TC]I…………..7> >.  JG MCVCBD@G J@EGHG GJ TC]I P JG MCVCBD@G J@K@XGHG G SB TIJI TC]I …………….75 5.  JGT KSXGD@IBCT…….7= 5.7. JGT KSXGD@IBCT EÀB@DGT…….7= 5.6. JGT KSXGD@IBCT DVIKITÔK@DGT……70 5.4. JIT GECBXCT KSXGEÀB@DIT……..67 KSXGEÀB@DIT……..67 =.  F@FJ@IEVGNËG……………….67

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Xckgr`i F`ijieëg y Ecijieëg 6178 

6 © Ogv`cr Dgp`jjg

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Xckgr`i F`ijieëg y Ecijieëg 6178 

7.  JG ECBÀX@DG KCBHCJ@GBG. 7.7. Jgs pr`kcrgs `hcgs sifrc jg mcrcbd`g hc jis dgrgdtcrcs. G ji jgrei hc jg m`stir`g cj mikfrc mg pih`hi dikprifgr dôki, tgbti cb vcectgjcs diki cb gb`kgjcs, jis hcsdcbh`cbtcs sc pgrcdcb g sus priecb`tircs. @bdjusi jg `hcg hc quc cb kudmgs idgs`ibcs mgy ub sgjti hc ecbcrgd`ôb y jis m`ois sc pgrcdcb kçs g jis gfucjis quc g jis pghrcs cs tgkf`àb dibid`hg hcshc kuy gbt`eui. gbt` eui.

Qir itrg pgrtc, tgkf`àb sib kuy gbt`eugs jgs prçdt`dgs gerëdijgs y egbghcrgs pgrg scjcdd`ibgr gqucjjgs pjgbtgs y rgzgs hc gb`kgjcs hikàst`dis quc t`cbcb ub kgyir `btcràs cdibôk`di.

T`b ckfgrei, tihis cstis mcdmis bi nucrib cstuh`ghis hc nirkg s`stckçt`dg mgstg jg sceubhg k`tgh hcj s`eji ]@].

Jg m`pôtcs`s kçs gkpj`gkcbtc sistcb`hg cb cj s`eji ]@] nuc jg hc jg

mcrcbd`g pir kczdjg.

Hc gducrhi dib cstc dibdcpti, dugbhi sc dikf`bgb jis ôvujis y jis cspcrkgtizi`hcs, sc prihudc ubg kczdjg hc kgtcr`gj mcrch`tgr`i quc rcsujtg cb ubg dikf`bgd`ôb sckcogbtc g jg kczdjg hc his t`btgs hc h`ncrcbtcs dijircs. Tceÿb cstg m`pôtcs`s, pihrëg prchcd`rsc quc jg priecb`c hc ub gb`kgj bceri y hc ubi fjgbdi scrëg er`s y quc su hcsdcbhcbd`g hcsdcbhcbd`g tgkf`àb ji scrëg, pucs cj

kgtcr`gj

mcrch`tgr`i fjgbdi y bceri, ubg vcz kczdjghi, bubdg pihrëg scpgrgrsc hc bucv bucvi. i. Cstg `hcg `ebirgfg cj ncbôkcbi hc dgrgdtcrëst`dgs quc sgjtgb ubg ecbcrgd`ôb, i gÿb vgr`gs ecbcrgd`ibcs, y jucei rcgpgrcdcb.

Jg gutàbt`dg rcvijud`ôb hc jg ecbàt`dg sc prihuoi dugbhi jg tcirëg hc jg mcrcbd`g pir kczdjg nuc sust`tu`hg pir ubg ubg tcirëg hc ub`hghcs hcsgrrijjghg pir cj

n`jôsini, tcôjiei y kgtckçt`di

gustr`gdi Erceir Oimgbb Kcbhcj (7=66-7==8).

Kcbhcj `b`d`ô sus cxpcr`kcbtis kçs i kcbis pir jg k`skg àpidg cb quc Hgrw`b csdr`fëg su ifrg Cj ir`ecb hc jgs cspcd`cs. Qgrg Dmgrjcs Hgrw`b, y itris hcncbsircs hc jg tcirëg hc jg cvijud`ôb, cj dibdcpti hc jg mcrcbd`g pir kczdjg prcscbtgfg h`n`dujtghcs pgrt`dujgrcs. Jg cvijud`ôb, sceÿb

4 © Ogv`cr Dgp`jjg

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Xckgr`i F`ijieëg y Ecijieëg 6178 

Hgrw`b, t`cbc juegr dugbhi jg scjcdd`ôb bgturgj gdtÿg sifrc vgr`gd`ibcs mcrch`tgr`gs cx`stcbtcs, i scg, vgr`gd`ibcs quc puchcb scr mcrchghgs.

Cb 7=>3 Kcbhcj csdr`f`ô

Cxpcr`kcbtis hc m`fr`hgd`ôb cb pjgbtgs, hibhc cxpusi jis

rcsujtghis hc sus cxpcr`kcbtis dib ub r`eir d`cbtën`di hcsdibid`hi mgstg gmirg, gubquc su  pufj`dgd`ôb pgsô `bghvcrt`hg hurgbtc 43 g÷is. g÷is.

Cb 7=00, trcs fitçb`dis Muei hc ^r`cs, Dgrj Dirrcbs y Cr`dm vib Xsdmcrkgl, rchcsdufr`crib hc nirkg `bhcpcbh`cbtc jis rcsujtghis hc Kcbhcj y rcgj`zgrib cxpcr`kcbtis sckcogbtcs. T`b ckfgrei, gj sgfcr hc kgbcrg dgsugj quc Kcbhcj jcs mgfëg prcdch`hi, jc rcdibid`crib diki cj gutàbt`di hcsdufr`hir hc jis pr`bd`p`is quc pistcr`irkcbtc Dirrcbs pjgskô cb trcs jcycs, jgs hcbik`bghgs Jcycs hc Kcbhcj.

7.6. Jgs dibtr`fud`ibcs hc Kcbhcj. Kcbhcj rcgj`zô ubg scr`c hc cxpcr`kcbtis quc hcsvcjgrib jis nubhgkcbtis fçs`dis hc jg trgbsk`s`ôb hc jgs dgrgdtcrëst`dgs f`ijôe`dgs. Xrgtô hc ifscrvgr s` cx`stëgb gjeubgs rcejgs cb jg trgbsk`s`ôb mcrch`tgr`g, pgrg ji dugj pjgbtcô ubis cxpcr`kcbtis quc jjcvô g dgfi cb jgs pjgbtgs hc eu`sgbtc (Q`suk sgt`vuk) quc dujt`vgfg cb cj mucrti hcj kibgstcr`i hibhc v`vëg. Nuc ubg fucbg cjcdd`ôb?   jgs pjgbtgs sc dibsceuëgb cb cj dikcrd`i, crgb nçd`jcs hc dujt`vgr y drcdëgb

rçp`hgkcbtc, ji quc pcrk`tëg cstuh`gr vgr`gs ecbcrgd`ibcs sudcs`vgs cb ub frcvc jgpsi hc t`ckpi<   sc iftcbëgb bukcrisis `bh`v`huis cb dghg ecbcrgd`ôb, ji quc jc pcrk`t`ô rcgj`zgr

cstuh`is cstghëst`dis n`gfjcs<   h`ncrcbtcs vgr`chghcs tcbëgb dgrgdtcrëst`dgs djgrgkcbtc h`ncrcbtcs quc sc rcprihudëgb

 purgs, rcgpgrcd`cbhi s`b dgkf`is hc ubg ecbcrgd`ôb g jg s`eu`cbtc<   ghckçs, jgs cstrudturgs rcprihudt`vgs hc jg njir hcj eu`sgbtc sc cbducbtrgb

dikpjctgkcbtc cbdcrrghgs pir pàtgjis, gub dugbhi cstçb kghurgs< cb dibscducbd`g, jg njir birkgjkcbtc sc gutipij`b`zg< i scg, jgs dàjujgs cspcrkçt`dgs hcj pijcb hc jg k`skg njir ncdubhgb g sus ividàjujgs, ji quc cj`k`bg jgs huhgs sifrc cj ir`ecb hc  pijcb.

8 © Ogv`cr Dgp`jjg

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Xckgr`i F`ijieëg y Ecijieëg 6178 

Cb cj eu`sgbtc sc ifscrvgb s`ctc dgrgdtcrëst`dgs quc puchcb vgr`gr cbtrc jis h`st`btis `bh`v`huis? jibe`tuh hcj tgjji, nirkg y dijir hc jg sck`jjg, pis`d`ôb y dijir hc jg njir, nirkg y dijir hc jg vg`bg. Sbi hc jis gd`crtis hc Kcbhcj dibs`st`ô cb dcbtrgr sus `bvcst`egd`ibcs cb cj cstuh`i hc ub siji dgrçdtcr cb dghg cxpcr`kcbti s`b prcidupgrsc hc jis itris< cs hcd`r, cstuh`ô dghg ubi hc cjjis  pir scpgrghi. Cj dgrçdtcr `bvcst`eghi nuc sceu`hi g ji jgrei hc vgr`gs vgr`gs ecbcrgd`ibcs.

Qir itrg pgrtc, ckpjcô jgs kgtckçt`dgs cb jg cxprcs`ôb hc jis rcsujtghis iftcb`his y cstgfjcd`ô jgs nrcducbd`gs hc gpgr`d`ôb hc jis h`ncrcbtcs `bh`v`huis. Cstc kàtihi, quc cb su kikcbti nuc ubg bivchgh, cb jg gdtugj`hgh rcsujtg `kprcsd`bh`fjc cb dugjqu`cr cstuh`i ecbàt`di.

Diki rcsujtghi hc su `bvcst`egd`ôb dib jg pjgbtg hcj eu`sgbtc, Kcbhcj pripusi jg tcirëg hc jg mcrcbd`g pgrt`dujghg. Tu ergb dibtr`fud`ôb nuc hckistrgr quc jgs dgrgdtcrëst`dgs mcrchghgs sib jjcvghgs cb ub`hghcs h`sdrctgs quc sc rcpgrtcb pir scpgrghi cb dghg ecbcrgd`ôb. Cstgs Sb`hghcs h`sdrctgs, quc àj jjgki Cjckcbtc , n`bgjkcbtc nucrib dibid`hgs diki ecbcs.

7.4. Jis rcsujtghis hc jis cxpcr`kcbtis hc Kcbhcj. Diki yg mckis `bh`dghi jis cstuh`is hc Kcbhcj dibst`tuycb ub cockpji cxdcpd`ibgj hc  fucb pridch`k`cbti d`cbtën`di. Csdie`ô kgtcr`gj hc `bvcst`egd`ôb kuy ghcdughi, h`sc÷ô sus cxpcr`kcbtis du`hghisgkcbtc, rcdie`ô ergb dgbt`hgh hc hgtis, y ut`j`zi cj gbçj`s`s kgtckçt`di pgrg hckistrgr quc jis rcsujtghis crgb dimcrcbtcs dib sus m`pôtcs`s. Gbtc tihi, csdie`ô vgr`is dgrgdtcrcs  pgrg jg pjgbtg hcj eu`sgbtc (Q`suk sgt`vuk) pgrg su cstuh`i. Gquë,

dgrçdtcr   cs ubg prip`chgh  ,

cspcd`n`dg hc ub iregb`ski< jis ecbàt`dis ut`j`zgb cstc tàrk`bi diki s`bôb`ki hc dgrgdtcrëst`dg i hc rgsei.

Qgrg dghg ubi hc jis dgrgdtcrcs csdie`his, Kcbhcj iftuvi jëbcgs hc pjgbtgs quc mgfëg dujt`vghi hurgbtc his g÷is, pgrg gsceurgr quc nucrgb jëbcgs purgs. Sbg

jëbcg purg cs ubg pifjgd`ôb  

quc prihudc hcsdcbhcbd`g mikieàbcg pgrg cj dgrçdtcr pgrt`dujgr cb cstuh`i< tihis jis hcsdcbh`cbtcs  prihud`his pir jg gutincdubhgd`ôb i ncdubhgd`ôb druzghg, hcbtri hc jg pifjgd`ôb, kucstrgb cj dgrçdtcr cb jg k`skg nirkg. His hc jgs jëbcgs dujt`vghgs pir Kcbhcj hckistrgrib scr mikieàbcgs  pgrg cj dgrçdtcr dijir hc jg njir. Sbg tcbëg njircs pÿrpurgs y jg itrg njircs fjgbdgs.

3 © Ogv`cr Dgp`jjg

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Xckgr`i F`ijieëg y Ecijieëg 6178 

Qihckis hcd`r quc dghg pgrcog hc jgs jëbcgs hc pjgbtgs hc Kcbhcj kucstrg h`ncrcbd`gs cb ub dgrçdtcr. Jgs jëbcgs i `bh`v`huis h`ncrcbtcs rcprcscbtgb h`ncrcbtcs nirkgs quc cj dgrçdtcr puchc tikgr y puchcb hcbik`bgrsc nirkgs hc dgrçdtcr, vgr`gbtcs hcj dgrçdtcr i ncbit`pis.

Cb ubi hc sus pr`kcris cxpcr`kcbtis, Kcbhcj ut`j`zô ubg pjgbtg hc njircs fjgbdgs pgrg  pij`b`zgr g ubg pjgbtg hc njircs pÿrpurgs. Cstgs pjgbtgs hc jëbcgs purgs dibst`tuycb jg

ecbcrgd`ôb

pgrcbtgj (Q). Xihgs jgs pjgbtgs rcsujtgbtcs hcj druzgk`cbti tcbëgb jgs njircs hc dijir pÿrpurg y g cstg ecbcrgd`ôb hc hcsdcbh`cbtcs sc hcbik`bg

pr`kcrg ecbcrgd`ôb n`j`gj (N7). Gsë, jgs

ecbcrgd`ibcs s`eu`cbtcs cb cstc t`pi hc cxpcr`kcbti sc s c hcbik`bgrçb N6, N4...

G dibt`bugd`ôb, Kcbhcj gutincdubhô pjgbtgs hc jg N7, hcogbhi quc cj pijcb hc dghg njir sc hcpis`tgrç sifrc su prip`i cst`ekg. Dur`isgkcbtc gjeubgs hc jgs pjgbtgs rcsujtgbtcs tcbëgb njircs  fjgbdgs, pir ji quc cbtibdcs, Kcbhcj dibtô jgs pjgbtgs pj gbtgs hc dghg ncbit`pi. Kcbhcj rcp`t`ô jis k`skis cxpcr`kcbtis pgrg itris dgrgdtcrcs hc jg pjgbtg hcj eu`sgbtc, cbdibtrgbhi cb tihis jis dgsis jg k`skg pripird`ôb 4?7 cb jg N6.

Qgrg cbtibdcs, Kcbhcj mgfëg ckpczghi g drccr cb jg s`eb`n`dgd`ôb hc cstg pripird`ôb y g  fusdgrjc ubg cxpj`dgd`ôb, Vcsujtgfg cv`hcbtc quc cj ngdtir rcspibsgfjc hc csc dgrçdtcr cstgfg  prcscbtc, gubquc bi sc kgb`ncstgfg, cb jis mëfr`his hc jg pr`kcrg ecbcrgd`ôb n`j`gj y quc sc trgbsk`tëg g jg s`eu`cbtc ecbcrgd`ôb. Qgrg hcsdr`f`r cstc ncbôkcbi, s`b cxpj`dgr su kcdgb`ski, Kcbhcj drci jis tàrk`bis hik`bgbtc y rcdcs`vi.

Gsë pucs, jg hcn`b`d`ôb hc

hik`bgbd`g  sc cstgfjcdc pgrg cj ncbit`pi hc jis `bh`v`huis hc jg

N7? cj ncbit`pi quc gpgrcdc cb tgjcs `bh`v`huis sc dibs`hcrg diki cj

ncbit`pi hik`bgbtc, k`cbtrgs  

quc ncbit`pi rcdcs`vi scrëg cj quc bi sc kgb`n`cstg cb h`dmg ecbcrgd`ôb.

Gsë, sceÿb Kcbhcj, cx`stcb dgrgdtcrcs mcrch`tgr`is hc bgturgjczg pgrt`dujghg,  gdtugjkcbtc hcbik`bghis

ecbcs. Kcbhcj hckistrô quc dghg dgrçdtcr cstç hctcrk`bghi pir his ngdtircs

mcrch`tgr`is y quc jis mëfr`his hc jg pr`kcrg ecbcrgd`ôb n`j`gj hcfëgb mgfcr rcd`f`hi ub ngdtir hc dghg ubi hc jis priecb`tircs. Qir itrg pgrtc, csis ngdtircs ngdt ircs sc puchcb scpgrgr gj nirkgrsc nirkg rsc jis egkctis y, trgs jg ncdubhgd`ôb, ir`e`bgr h`st`btgs dikf`bgd`ibcs, `bdju`hg jg quc prihudc cj pgrcbtgj hcsgpgrcd`hi cb jg N7. > © Ogv`cr Dgp`jjg

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Xckgr`i F`ijieëg y Ecijieëg 6178 

Sbg vcz cstuh`ghis jis dgrgdtcrcs pir scpgrghi, Kcbhcj gbgj`zô jg trgbsk`s`ôb hc his dgrgdtcrcs s`kujtçbcgkcbtc pgrg h`jud`hgr s` cbtrc cjjis cx`stëg gjeubg rcjgd`ôb. Jis rcsujtghis iftcb`his pgrcdëgb `bh`dgr quc jg trgbsk`s`ôb hc dgrgdtcrcs h`ncrcbtcs sc prihudëg hc nirkg `bhcpcbh`cbtc. T`b ckfgrei, csti bi s`ckprc idurrc gsë, diki hckistrô Kiregb g pr`bd`p`is hcj s`eji ]].

7.8. Jis tàrk`bis dikubcs cb ecbàt`dg. Cb cstc pubti cs bcdcsgr`i `btrihud`r gjeubis tàrk`bis?  

dgrçdtcr mcrch`tgr`i? dgrgdtcrëst`dg kirnijôe`dg, cstrudturgj i n`hs`ijiôe`dg prcsctbc cb ub scr v`vi y trgbsk`t`hg g jg hcsdcbhcbd`g< hcsd cbhcbd`g<

 

ecb? tàrk`bi drcghi pir Oimgbbscb pgrg hcn`b`r jg ub`hgh cstrudturgj y nubd`ibgj hc trbgsk`s`ôb ecbàt`dg. Miy sc sgfc quc ub ecb cs ub nrgekcbti hc GHB quc jjcvg dih`n`dghg jg `bnirkgd`ôb pgrg jg sëbtcs`s hc ubg hctcrk`bghg pritcëbg<

 

ecbit`pi? diboubti hc ecbcs quc piscc ub `bh`v`hui<

 

ncbit`pi? diboubti hc dgrgdtcrëst`dgs quc kucstrg ub `bh`v`hui. Cj ncbit`pi cs jg cxprcs`ôb cxtcrbg hcj ecbit`pi<

 

gjcjis? tàrk`bi `btrihud`hi pir Fgtcsib cb 7016 pir `bh`dgr jgs nirkgs gjtcrbgt`vgs quc  puchc prcscbtgr ub k`ski ecb<

 

mikid`eôt`di? `bh`v`hui quc piscc his gjcjis `hàbt`dis pgrg cj k`ski dgrçdtcr<

 

mctcrid`eôt`di? `bh`v`hui quc t`cbc his gjcjis h`st`btis pgrg cj k`ski dgrçdtcr<

 

ecb i gjcji hik`bgbtc? ecb duyg prcscbd`g `kp`hc quc sc kgb`n`cstc jg gdd`ôb hcj itri gjcji h`st`bti pgrg cj k`ski dgrçdtcr<

 

ecb i gjcji rcdcs`vi? ecb quc sôji kgb`n`cstg su gdd`ôb cb guscbd`g hc ub gjcji hik`bgbtc, cs hcd`r, ÿb`dgkcbtc gpgrcdc cb cj ncbit`pi s` sc cbducbtrg cb mikid`eis`s<

 

ecbcs i gjcjis dihik`bgbtcs? gjcjis pgrg cj k`ski dgrçdtcr quc pisccb `hàbt`dg dgpgd`hgh pgrg cxprcsgrsc< dugbhi sc cbducbtrgb oubtis cb cj k`ski `bh`v`hui, cb cstc sc kgb`n`cstg jg gdd`ôb hc gkfis<

 

druzgk`cbti prucfg i rctridruzgk`cbti? druzgk`cbti ut`j`zghi pgrg gvcr`eugr cj ecbit`pi hc ub `bh`v`hui hc ncbit`pi hik`bgbtc pgrg ubg dgrgdtcrëst`dg hghg. Qgrg cjji, sc jjcvg g dgfi ub druzgk`cbti cxpcr`kcbtgj cbtrc csc y itri `bh`v`hui hc ncbit`pi rcdcs`vi y, pir tgbti, hc ecbit`pi mikid`eôt`di rcdcs`vi (cj quc dirrcspibhc g ubi hc 5

© Ogv`cr Dgp`jjg

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Xckgr`i F`ijieëg y Ecijieëg 6178 

jis pgrcbtgjcs). T` cb cstc drudc sc prihudcb his ncbit`pis h`ncrcbtcs cb pripird`ôb 7?7, cbtibdcs cj `bh`v`hui cs hc ecbit`pi mctcrid`eôt`di< s` pir cj dibtrgr`i gpgrcdc ub siji ncbit`pi, cj hik`bgbtc, cbtibdcs crg hc ecbit`pi mikid`eôt`di.

6.  JGT JCPCT HC KCBHCJ. Cstgs dibdjus`ibcs h`crib juegr g ji quc sc dibidc diki

Jcycs hc Kcbhcj. Cstgs jcycs

dibst`tuycb jis nubhgkcbtis fçs`dis hc jis kcdgb`skis hc trgbsk`s`ôb ecbàt`dg.

Jg pr`kcrg jcy hc Kcbhcj cs jg

Jcy hc jg scercegd`ôb hc gjcjis , sceÿb jg dugj jis gjcjis

bubdg sc kczdjgb i nus`ibgb, s`bi quc pcrkgbcdcb s`ckprc h`ncrcbd`ghis, y sc scercegb (scpgrgb) hurgbtc jg kc`is`s, cbdibtrçbhisc cb jis prihudtis mgpji`hcs cb pripird`ôb 7?7, hc tgj kgbcrg quc jg k`tgh hc jis egkctis pirtgb ub gjcji y jg itrg k`tgh, cj itri. Xrgh`d`ibgjkcbtc cstg jcy sc mg h`v`h`hi cb his quc, kçs f`cb, sib his cxpcr`kcbtis quc jjcvgb g jg dibdjus`ôb gbtcr`ir. Cj kit`vi c sceu`r jis k`skis pgsis quc s`eu`ô Kcbhcj cb su `bvcst`egd`ôb.

7ª JCP? SB@NIVK@HGH HC MËFV@HIT HC JG QV@KCVG ECBCVGD@ÔB N@J@GJ (N7) Dugbhi sc druzgb his `bh`v`huis hc rgzgs purgs (mikid`eôt`dis) quc h`n`crcb cb ub dgrçdtcr, tihis jis hcsdcbh`cbtcs hc jg pr`kcrg ecbcrgd`ôb n`j`gj sib `hàbt`dis cbtrc së, dib cj k`ski ecbit`pi y ncbit`pi. Ghckçs, scrçb ncbitëp`dgkcbtc `eugjcs g ubi hc jis pghrcs cb dgsi hc mcrcbd`g hik`bgbtc y ncbitëp`dgkcbtc h`ncrcbtcs cb dgsi hc Dihik`bgbd`g.

Dugjqu`cr `bh`v`hui h`pji`hc t`cbc pgrcogs hc drikisikgs cb sus dàjujgs sikçt`dgs, pir ji quc cx`stcb his gjcjis pgrg dghg dgrçdtcr. Dugbhi sc nirkgb jis egkctis, dghg ubi hc cjjis rcd`fc jg k`tgh hc jis drikisikgs y, pir tgbti, sôji ub gjcji hcj dgrçdtcr cb ducst`ôb. Xrgs jg ncdubhgd`ôb, sc ecbcrg ub d`eiti quc rcÿbc jis drikisikgs hc gkfis egkctis y, hc cstg nirkg, cj `bh`v`hui quc sc ir`e`bg tcbhrç ub gjcji hc dghg priecb`tir. Cb cj dgsi hcj druzgk`cbti cbtrc `bh`v`huis mikid`eôt`dis, dghg ubi prihudc ub ÿb`di t`pi hc egkcti, pir ji quc sôji cx`st`rç ub t`pi hc hcsdcbh`cbtc.

= © Ogv`cr Dgp`jjg

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6ª JCP? TCEVCEGD@ÔB HC DGVGDXCVCT GBXGEÔB@DIT CB JG TCESBHG ECBCVGD@ÔB N@J@GJ (N6) Dugbhi sc druzgb cbtrc së jis `bh`v`huis hc jg pr`kcrg ecbcrgd`ôb n`j`gj (i f`cb sc gutincdubhg ubi hc cjjis), sc ift`cbc ubg hcsdcbhcbd`g bi ub`nirkc, hcf`hi g jg scpgrgd`ôb (scercegd`ôb) hc jis gjcjis `kpj`dghis cb cj dgrçdtcr cstuh`ghi, gj nirkgrsc jis egkctis.  Cncdt`vgkcbtc, diki jis `bh`v`huis hc jg N7 sib mctcrid`eôt`dis hgb juegr g his t`pis hc egkctis h`st`btis. Diki dibscducbd`g, gj prihud`rsc jg ncdubhgd`ôb, sc ift`cbc kçs hc ub ecbit`pi. Vcgpgrcdcb gsë cj ecbit`pi y cj ncbit`pi hcj `bh`v`hui hc jg ecbcrgd`ôb Q quc mgfëg hcsgpgrcd`hi cb jg N7. 

Mgy, pir tgbti, trcs ecbit`pis h`st`btis? jis his mikid`eôt`dis (quc gpgrcdcb dib ubg nrcducbd`g hcj 63% dghg ubi) y cj mctcrid`eôt`di (quc sc hg dib ubg nrcducbd`g hcj 31%). 

Cb dugbti g jis ncbit`pis, mgy his pis`f`j`hghcs. T` ub gjcji cs hik`bgbtc, cx`st`rç ub 53% hcj ncbit`pi dirrcspibh`cbtc g àj y ub 63% hcj quc dirrcspibhc gj rcdcs`vi. Cb dgkf`i, s` cx`stc dihik`bgbd`g cbtrc gkfis gjcjis, jgs nrcducbd`gs ncbitëp`dgs dirrcspibhcb g jgs ecbitëp`dgs. 

4ª JCP? @BHCQCBHCBD@G HC NGDXIVCT MCVCH@XGV@IT Cb ubg sceubhg scr`c hc cxpcr`kcbtis, Kcbhcj cstuh`ô jis rcsujtghis hc druzgr pjgbtgs quc h`ncrëgb cb his dgrgdtcrëst`dgs h`ncrcbtcs. Qgrg cjji, csdie`ô jis dgrgdtcrcs dijir hc jg sck`jjg (gkgr`jji y vcrhc) y duf`crtg hc jg sck`jjg (j`sg y rueisg). Diki s`ckprc, `b`d`i sus cxpcr`kcbtis prihud`cbhi vgr`chghcs purgs quc prihuocscb sck`jjgs gkgr`jjgs y hc duf`crtg j`sg y pjgbtgs quc prihuocscb sck`jjgs hc dijir vcrhc y duf`crtg rueisg. Diki rcsujtghi, iftuvi ubg pr`kcrg ecbcrgd`ôb n`j`gj nirkghg cxdjus`vgkcbtc pir pjgbtgs quc prihudëgb sck`jjgs gkgr`jjgs y j`sgs y quc ecbàt`dgkcbtc crgb

mëfr`hgs i h`mctcrid`eôt`dgs diki crg hc cspcrgr sceÿb jis cxpcr`kcbtis quc h`crib juegr g  ,

jg cjgfirgd`ôb hc su pr`kcrg jcy.

Dugbhi sckfrô cstgs sck`jjgs mëfr`hgs y jgs hcoô quc sc gutipij`b`zgrgb, cbdibtrô dugtri dgtceirëgs ncbitëp`dgs dib jgs s`eu`cbtcs pripird`ibcs cb jg hcsdcbhcbd`g? sck`jjgs gkgr`jjgs y j`sgs 0 (dirrcspibh`cbhi gj ncbit`pi hcj gfucji hifjc mikid`eôt`di hik`bgbtc), sck`jjgs vcrhcs y j`sgs 4, sck`jjgs gkgr`jjgs y rueisgs 4 y sck`jjgs vcrhcs y rueisgs 7 ((dirrcspibh`cbhi dirrcspibh`cbhi gj ncbit`pi hcj gfucji 0 © Ogv`cr Dgp`jjg

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hifjc mikid`eôt`di mikid`eôt`di rcdcs`vi). Cstis rcsujtghis bi sôji bi dibtrgh`dcb jis rcsujtghis prcv`is quc iftuvi Kcbhcj, s`bi quc jis rcgn`rkgfgb yg quc s` dibs`hcrgkis jis dgrgdtcrcs pir scpgrghi, cs hcd`r, gkgr`jji-vcrhc pir ub jghi y j`sg-rueisg pir itri, jgs pripird`ibcs s`eucb s`cbhi hc 4 g 7.

Diki sc puchc ifscrvgr, cb cstc dgsi, jg nirkg y cj dijir hc jgs sck`jjgs, quc ir`e`bgjkcbtc sc mgfëgb dikf`bghi hc d`crtg kgbcrg cb ubg pjgbtg, gmirg sc dikpirtgb diki s` jis ngdtircs pgrg cj dijir y jg nirkg nucrgb cbtcrgkcbtc `bhcpcbh`cbtcs ubis hc itris, cs hcd`r, cj gkgr`jji gmirg pihëg cbdibtrgrsc dib cj rueisi y cj vcrhc dib cj j`si. j` si.

G pgrt`r hc csti, Kcbhcj nirkujô su  4ª jcy? hc jg `bhcpcbhcbd`g hc jis ngdtircs mcrch`tgr`is   Cstc  pr`bd`p`i cstgfjcdc quc dugbhi sc nirkgb jis egkctis, jis gjcjis hcj ecb pgrg ubg dgrgdtcrëst`dg hghg scercegb `bhcpcbh`cbtckcbtc hc jis gjcjis hcj ecb pgrg itrg dgrgdtcrëst`dg hghg. Gsë, jis  

`bh`v`huis mëfr`his hc hc jg pr`kcrg ecbcrgd`ôb n`j`gj nirkgb ub titgj hc 8 djgscs hc egkctis, tgbti kgsduj`bis diki nckcb`bis rcsujtgbtcs hc jg dikf`bgd`ôb hc jis h`st`btis gjcjis hc jis dgrgdtcrcs. Qgrg dibidcr cj rcsujtghi cb jg sceubhg ecbcrgd`ôb n`j`gj, fgstg tcbcr cb ducbtg quc dghg djgsc hc egkcti kgsduj`bi puchc ub`rsc hurgbtc jg ncdubhgd`ôb g dugjqu`cr djgsc hc egkcti nckcb`bi, ji quc hg juegr g ub titgj hc h`cd`sà`s dikf`bgd`ibcs h`ncrcbtcs. 

4.  CJ KCBHCJ@TKI DIKQJCOI. T`b ckfgrei, cstgs jcycs nirkgb sôji ubg fgsc pgrg prchcd`r cj rcsujtghi hc druzgk`cbtis s`kpjcs. Cj kubhi rcgj hc jis ecbcs y jis drikisikgs cs kçs dikpjcoi quc ji quc sue`crcb sue`crcb jgs jcycs hc Kcbhcj, y jgs cxtcbs`ibcs y cxdcpd`ibcs sib gfubhgbtcs. Cstgs bi `bvgj`hgb jgs jcycs hc Kcbhcj. Gbtcs f`cb, hckucstrgb quc cx`stcb itrgs s`tugd`ibcs cb jgs quc jgs rcjgd`ibcs cbtrc ecbcs i cj prip`i cncdti eàb`di gjtcrgb gpgrcbtckcbtc jis rcsujtghis.

4.7. Jg mcrcbd`g `btcrkch`g y dihik`bgbd`g.  Kcbhcj cb jg rcgj`zgd`ôb hc sus cxpcr`kcbtis ifscrvô hik`bgbd`g dikpjctg cb jgs s`ctc  pgrcogs eàb`dgs quc gbgj`zô. gbgj` zô. T`b ckfgrei, csti bi s`ckprc cs gsë, y sc prihudcb vgr`gd`ibcs quc sc dcbtrgb cb cj ncbit`pi hc jis `bh`v`huis mctcrid`eôt`dis. Gsë, dugbhi gkfis gjcjis t`cbcb jg k`skg

© Ogv`cr Dgp`jjg

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cxprcs`v`hgh, jis mctcrid`eôt`dis prcscbtgb h`st`bti ncbit`pi quc cj hc dugjqu`crg hc jis mikid`eôt`dis. Cb jg hik`bgbd`g `bdikpjctg i mcrcbd`g `btcrkch`g, cj ncbit`pi hcj mctcrid`eôt`di cs `btcrkch`i cbtrc cj hc jis his mikid`eôt`dis. Cb jg

dihik`bgbd`g  cj mctcrid`eôt`di kucstrg jis

ncbit`pis hc gkfis mikid`eôt`dis.

4.6. Cj gjcj`ski kÿjt`pjc. Cb jg m`stir`g hc jg ecbàt`dg pribti sc m`zi pgtcbtc jg pis`f`j`hgh hc quc cx`stcb kçs hc his nirkgs h`st`btgs pgrg ub ecb hctcrk`bghi. Gubquc cb ubg dàjujg h`pji`hc sijgkcbtc puchcb cx`st`r his gjcjis, cj bÿkcri titgj hc pis`fjcs nirkgs gjàj`dgs h`ncrcbtcs cs, g kcbuhi, fgstgbtc ergbhc. Cstg s`tugd`ôb sc dibidc gdtugjkcbtc diki gjcj`ski kÿjt`pjc y cj diboubti hc gjcjis y jgs h`st`btgs rcjgd`ibcs hc hik`bgbd`g cbtrc cjjis sc hcbik`bg scr`c gjcj`dg.

Jgs scr`cs gjàj`dgs s`eucb jgs jcycs kcbhcj`gbgs, pcri gj cx`st`r kçs hc his gjtcrbgt`vgs, jis ncbit`pis quc gpgrcdcb sib kçs vgr`ghis.

Tc puchcb cbdibtrgr kudmis dgsis hc gjcj`ski kÿjt`pjc? pritcëbgs pjgskçt`dgs mukgbgs, dijir hc iois cb Hrisipm`jg kcjgbiegstcr, ctd. Sbi hc jis kçs dibid`his dibid`his cs cj s`stckg hc erupis sgbeuëbcis GFI cb cj scr mukgbi.

4.4. Jis ecbcs jctgjcs. Sb ecb jctgj cs gqucj quc h`n`dujtg cj hcsgrrijji birkgj hc ub `bh`v`hui, prividgbhi su kucrtc gbtcs hc quc gjdgbdc jg kghurcz scxugj. Jôe`dgkcbtc, jis `bh`v`huis quc kucrcb bi sib `bdju`his cb jg hcsdcbhcbd`g y, pir tgbti, jgs nrcducbd`gs hc cstg sc vcrçb gjtcrghgs.

Tc puchcb h`ncrcbd`gr vgr`is t`pis hc ecbcs jctgjcs?   sceÿb jg ngsc hcj  

hcsgrrijji cb quc gdtÿgb?

egkàt`dis? gdtÿgb yg cb jis prip`is egkctis, prihud`cbhi su kucrtc i su ngjtg hc nubd`ibgj`hgh<

 

d`eôt`dis? gdtÿgb cb cj k`ski d`eiti, cb cj ckfr`ôb i `bdjusi hcspuàs hcj bgd`k`cbti, pcri gbtcs hc gjdgbzgr jg kghurcz scxugj<

© Ogv`cr Dgp`jjg

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  sceÿb su

hik`bgbd`g puchcb scr hik`bgbtcs i rcdcs`vis. Cstis ÿjt`kis sib jis kçs

nrcducbtcs cb jgs pifjgd`ibcs<   sceÿb su  

gdd`ôb?

jctgjcs dikpjctis? prihudcb jg kucrtc cb kçs hcj 01% hc jis `bh`v`huis quc ji jjcvgb<

 

sck`jctgjcs? kucrcb cbtrc cj 31 y cj 01% hc jis pirtghircs<

 

sufjctgjcs? kucrc kcbis hcj 71% hc jg pifjgd`ôb pirtghirg hcj ecb.

4.8. Jg `btcrgdd`ôb eàb`dg. Mgfjgkis hc `btcrgdd`ôb eàb`dg dugbhi his i kçs ecbcs `btcrgdtÿgb pgrg ub k`ski dgrçdtcr. Cb rcjgd`ôb dib jg `btcrgdd`ôb eàb`dg sc puchcb puchcb h`st`beu`r jis pridcsis hc hc `btcrgdd`ôb eàb`dg bi cp`stçt`dg y hc `btcrgdd`ôb ecbàt`dg cp`stçt`dg.

Jg `btcrgdd`ôb bi cp`stçt`dg bi kih`n`dg jgs pripird`ibcs kcbhcj`gbgs y sc hg dugbhi cbtrc jis pgrcs hc ecbcs bi mgy ubg ocrgrquëg, s`bi quc dghg ubi hg su `bnirkgd`ôb y cj ncbit`pi cs cj rcsujtghi hc gkfgs.

Jg `btcrgdd`ôb cp`stçt`dg dibs`stc cb quc ub ecb jjgkghi cp`stçt`di gbujg cj cncdti hc itri ecb bi gjàj`di `bhcpcbh`cbtc jjgkghi m`pistçt`di. Cb cstis dgsis sc gjtcrgb jgs pripird`ibcs ncbitëp`dgs cspcrghgs.

Qir cockpji, supibegkis quc cx`stc ubg pgrcog gjàj`dg quc jjcvg `bnirkgd`ôb pgrg cj dijir hc jgs njircs, y itrg, pgrg jg nirkgd`ôb hc jis pàtgjis. Cstg sceubhg `btcrv`cbc kih`n`dgbhi jg cxprcs`ôb hc jis gjcjis hc jg pr`kcrg, pucs s` bi cx`stcb pàtgjis bi sc puchc sgfcr cj dijir quc tcbhrëgb. T` cj gjcji quc `kp`hc quc sc nirkcb jis pàtgjis cs hik`bgbtc, jg scercegd`ôb 0?4?4?7 hc jg N6 quchgrç dibvcrt`hg cb ubg scercegd`ôb 76?4?7, pucs mgfrç 76 pjgbtgs s`b pàtgjis, 4 dib jis  pàtgjis hcj dijir hik`bgbtc y ubi dib dib jis pàtgjis hcj dijir rcdcs`vi.

Itri cockpji hc `btcrgdd`ôb cp`stçt`dg cs jg hc jis ecbcs quc `bnirkgb sifrc jgs h`st`btgs cbz`kgs quc gdtÿgb, ubg g dibt`bugd`ôb hc jg itrg, cb jg k`skg vëg kctgfôj`dg.

Tceÿb scg cj gjcji cp`stçt`di, cx`stcb vgr`is t`pis hc cp`stgs`g? © Ogv`cr Dgp`jjg

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 

s`kpjc hik`bgbtc? dugbhi cj gjcji hik`bgbtc hc ubg pgrcog supr`kc jg gdd`ôb hc itrg pgrcog gjàj`dg. Jg scercegd`ôb rcsujtgbtc cs 76?4?4?7<

 

s`kpjc rcdcs`vg? dugbhi cs cj gjcji rcdcs`vi (cb mikid`eis`s) hc ubg pgrcog cj quc supr`kc g jis gjcjis hc itrg pgrcog. Jg scercegd`ôb cs gmirg 0?4?8<

 

hifjc hik`bgbtc, hifjc hik`bgbtc y rcdcs`vg, ctd.

4.3. Jg mcrcbd`g dugbt`tgt`vg, dibt`bug i pij`eàb`dg. Jis dgrgdtcrcs mgf`tugjkcbtc cstuh`ghis sib hc t`pi dugj`tgt`vi, cs hcd`r, cb cjjis cx`stcb ubgs pidgs gjtcrbgt`vgs djgrgkcbtc h`ncrcbd`gfjcs, pucs cj bÿkcri hc ncbit`pis h`st`btis cs fgstgbtc scbd`jji. Qcri pihckis cbdibtrgr kudmis dgsis cb jis quc jis ncbit`pis vgrëgb hc nirkg dibt`bug y sc prihudcb dgkf`is këb`kis y priercs`vis hc ubis g itris. Xgj cs cj dgsi, pir cockpji, hc jg cstgturg, cj dijir hc jg p`cj, p`cj , hc jis iois i hcj pcji.

Tceÿb jg tcirëg pij`eàb`dg, jis dgrgdtcrcs dugbt`tgt`vis s`eucb fçs`dgkcbtc jis pr`bd`p`is y jcycs hc Kcbhcj, pcri cb juegr hc mgfcr ubg sijg pgrcog gjàj`dg pgrg su hctcrk`bgd`ôb, cx`stcb kudmis ecbcs, s`tughis cb h`ncrcbtcs juegrcs hc jis drikisikgs, duyis cncdtis `bh`v`hugjcs sib  pcquc÷is pcri gdukujgt`vis. Cj ncbit`pi rcsujtgbtc cs cj quc dirrcspibhc g jg sukg hc csis cncdtis `bh`v`hugjcs.

8.  JG XCIVËG DVIKITÔK@DG HC JG MCVCBD@G. Cb jg àpidg cb quc Kcbhcj rcgj`zô sus cxpcr`kcbtis, sc hcsdibidëg ji quc crgb jis ecbcs, gsë diki su jidgj`zgd`ôb cb jis drikisikgs, y cj pgpcj hc jg kc`is`s y hc jis egkctis cb jg trgbsk`s`ôb mcrch`tgr`g. B` Kcbhcj b` jis hcsdufr`hircs hc sus jcycs puh`crib cbdibtrgr ub kcdgb`ski d`tijôe`di prcd`si quc cxpj`dgrg dirrcdtgkcbtc dirrcdt gkcbtc jis rcsujtghis iftcb`his. G n`bgjcs hcj s`eji ]@], Gueust Uc`skgbb sue`r`ô quc , cb jg nirkgd`ôb hc jis egkctis, cj bÿkcri hc ub`hghcs mcrch`tgr`gs sc rchudc g jg k`tgh y sc rcstgurg cb jg ncdubhgd`ôb.

Ugjtcr Tuttib y Xmcihir Fivcr` cb 7016,  `bhcpcbh`cbtckcbtc, dgycrib cb jg ducbtg quc cj dikpirtgk`cbti hc jgs pgrtëdujgs hc Kcbhcj hurgbtc jg prihudd`ôb hc jis egkctis hcj eu`sgbtc tcbëg © Ogv`cr Dgp`jjg

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ub pgrgjcji prcd`si dib jg dibhudtg hc jis drikisikgs cb jg kc`is`s. Qripus`crib cbtibdcs quc jg scpgrgd`ôb hc jis drikisikgs hurgbtc jg kc`is`s crg jg fgsc pgrg cxpj`dgr jgs jcycs hc Kcbhcj. Qir n`b, cb 7013, Xmikgs Kiregb dikprifô cxpcr`kcbtgjkcbtc cstg m`pôtcs`s y cjgfirô jg hcbik`bghg tcirëg drikisôk`dg hc jg mcrcbd`g, quc dibstg hc jis s`eu`cbtcs pubtis?   sc jjgkgb ecbcs g jis ngdtircs quc dibtrijgb jg mcrcbd`g hc jis dgrgdtcrcs y

cstçb s`tughis g ji jgrei hc jis drikisikgs. Hc gducrhi dib csti dghg scr

v`vi piscc cb jis drikisikgs hc sus dàjujgs jis ecbcs rcspibsgfjcs hc jis dgrgdtcrcs quc mg mcrchghi hc sus priecb`tircs<   dghg ecb idupg ub juegr hctcrk`bghi cb ub drikisikg dibdrcti. Cstc juegr

sc hcbik`bg jidus (cb pjurgj jid`)<   jis jid` pgrg jis h`st`btis ecbcs sc cbducbtrgb s`tughis j`bcgjkcbtc g ji jgrei

hc jis drikisikgs<   jis gjcjis sc cbducbtrgb cb jis jid` hc jis drikisikgs mikôjieis< pir cstg

rgzôb cx`stc ub pgrg dghg dgrçdtcr.

Jg tcirëg drikisôk`dg hc jg mcrcbd`g gpirtô ubg cxpj`dgd`ôb d`tijôe`dg g jis rcsujtghis hc jis cxpcr`kcbtis hc Kcbhcj.

8.7. Jis drikisikgs. Jis

drikisikgs  sib cstrudturgs dib nirkg hc fgstibd`jji, dibst`tu`his pir GHB c

m`stibgs. Tc nirkgb pir dibhcbsgd`ôb hc jg drikgt`bg hurgbtc jg j g k`tis`s y kc`is`s. Tu bÿkcri vgrëg sceÿb jg cspcd`c. Jis `bh`v`huis dib rcprihudd`ôb scxugj cb jg kgyirëg hc jis dgsis prcscbtgb ubg hitgd`ôb drikisôk`dg 6b, nirkghg pir his ouceis drikisôk`dis mikôjieis, ubi pridchcbtc hcj  pghrc y itri hc jg kghrc. Cb cj mikfrc, dib ubg hitgd`ôb drikisôk`dg hc 8> drikisikgs, mgy 64  pgrcs hc drikisikgs mikôjieis.

Jgs dàjujgs hc jg rcprihudd`ôb, cspcrkgtizi`hcs kgsduj`bis y ôvujis nckcb`bis, prcscbtgb ub bÿkcri hctcrk`bghi hc drikisikgs quc rcd`fc cj bikfrc hc  oucei

drikisôk`di  y quc sc

rcprcscbtg pir jg jctrg b, rcsujtghi hc jg kc`is`s. Dugbhi cstgs dàjujgs sc nus`ibgb, cj `bh`v`hui rcsujtgbtc t`cbc his ouceis drikisôk`dis, ubi mcrchghi hcj pghrc y itri mcrchghi hc jg kghrc, cb

© Ogv`cr Dgp`jjg

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cstc dgsi cj `bh`v`hui sc h`dc quc cs 6b. Jgs cspcd`cs sc hcbik`bgb gtcbh`cbhi gj bÿkcri hc ouceis drikisôk`dis quc t`cbc cj `bh`v`hui, mgpji`hcs, dib ub siji oucei drikisôk`di (b), h`pji`hcs dib his (6b) tr`pji`hcs dib trcs (4b), (4b), y gsë sudcs`vgkcbtc.

Jis drikisikgs cstçb dibst`tu`his pir ubg n`frg hc 411 G i pjceghg sifrc së k`skg y  pjceghg gjrchchir hc ub coc pritc`di quc dibn`crc nirkg gj drikisikg. Hghi quc, gj `b`d`grsc jg h`v`s`ôb dcjujgr, sc mg prihud`hi ubg hupj`dgd`ôb hcj GHB, gpgrcdcb his n`frgs hc GHB `hàbt`dgs i tgkf`àb jjgkghgs

drikçt`hgs , quc pcrkgbcdcb ub`hgs pir cj dcbtrôkcri. Cj drikisikg prcscbtg

ubg dibstr`dd`ôb pr`kgr`g i rcd`fc cj bikfrc hc

dcbtrôkcri hcj quc pgrtcb his frgzis drikisôk`dis, duyg pgrtc h`stgj

tcjôkcri. Cb idgs`ibcs gpgrcdcb cb jis frgzis dibstr`dd`ibcs scdubhgr`gs quc

sc s`tÿgb dcrdg hcj dcbtrôkcri, hgbhi juegr g ub dirti scekcbti quc rcd`fc cj bikfrc hc

sgtàj`tc. 

Cb jis dcbtrôkcris gpgrcdcb ubgs cstrudturgs pritc`dgs hc nirkg h`sdi`hgj, hcbik`bghgs

d`bctidiris, quc gdtÿgb diki dcbtris iregb`zghircs hc k`dritÿfujis hurgbtc jg h`v`s`ôb h`v`s` ôb dcjujgr. Tceÿb jg pis`d`ôb hcj dcbtrôkcri, sc hgb dugtri t`pis hc drikisikgs?  

kctgdàbtr`dis, s` cj dcbtrôkcri cstç cb jg pgrtc kch`g hcj drikisikg<

 

sufkctgdàbtr`dis, s` jis frgzis drikisôk`dis ir`e`bghis sib j`ecrgkcbtc hcs`eugjcs<

 

gdridcbtr`dis, s` jis frgzis sib kuy hcs`eugjcs<

 

tcjidàbtr`dis, dugbhi cj dcbtrôkcri sc s`tÿg cb jg j g rce`ôb hcj tcjôkcri.

Jg nubd`ôb fçs`dg hcj drikisikg cs ngd`j`tgr cj rcpgrti hc jg `bnirkgd`ôb ecbàt`dg dibtcb`hg cb cj GHB hc jg dàjujg kghrc cbtrc sus dàjujgs m`ogs. Hurgbtc cstc pridcsi hc rcpgrti hc drikisikgs bi sc prihudc b`beÿb t`pi hc trgbsdr`pd`ôb gubquc cx`stcb gjeubgs cxdcpd`ibcs.

8.6. Cj j`egk`cbti y rcdikf`bgd`ôb. Tceÿb jg tcrdcrg jcy hc Kcbhcj, jis h`ncrcbtcs dgrgdtcrcs mcrch`tgr`is sc trgbsk`tcb hc nirkg `bhcpcbh`cbtc ubis hc itris. Qcri csti bi cs s`ckprc gsë.

Dugbhi his ecbcs sc trgbsk`tcb oubtis pir cstgr jidgj`zghis cb cj k`ski drikisikg, sc h`dc quc cstçb

j`eghis. Dugbhi jis his gjcjis hik`bgbtcs pgrg jis his dgrgdtcrcs sc cbducbtrgb cb

cj k`ski drikisikg, y jis rcdcs`vis cb cj drikisikg drikis ikg mikôjiei, sc h`dc quc sc cbducbtrgb cb ngsc © Ogv`cr Dgp`jjg

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Xckgr`i F`ijieëg y Ecijieëg 6178 

hc gdipjgk`cbti y sc rcprcscbtg dib jg bitgd`ôb GF/gf. T` pir cj dibtrgr`i, cj gjcji hik`bgbtc hc ubg pgrcog gjàj`dg y cj rcdcs`vi hc jg itrg sc cbducbtrgb cb cj k`ski drikisikg, sc h`dc qu cstçb cb

ngsc hc rcpujs`ôb y sc rcprcscbtg diki Gf/gF. Qir itrg pgrtc, hurgbtc jg pringsc kc`ôt`dg @, jis drikisikgs mikôjieis sc ckpgrcogb nirkgbhi jis f`vgjcbtcs, cb jis quc sc prihudc ub `btcrdgkf`i hc nrgekcbtis hc drikçt`hgs mikôjieis, pridcsi hcbik`bghi

sifrcdruzgk`cbti. Hc cstg nirkg, ecbcs quc sc cbducbtrgb cb cj

k`ski drikisikg puchcb pgsgr gj drikisikg mikôjiei, dibs`eu`àbhisc, pir tgbti, su scpgrgd`ôb, pridcsi dibid`hi diki

rcdikf`bgd`ôb eàb`dg. Tc ift`cbcb gsë, egkctis

rcdikf`bghis, y gpgrcdcrçb jis `bh`v`huis quc sc cspcrgfgb sceÿb jg tcrdcrg jcy hc Kcbhcj, gubquc cb h`ncrcbtcs pripird`ibcs.

3.  JG MCVCBD@G J@EGHG GJ TC]I. Mgy dgrgdtcrcs quc, s`b scr dgrgdtcrcs scxugjcs pr`kgr`is, b` dgrgdtcrcs scxugjcs scdubhgr`is, sôji gpgrcdcb cb ubi hc jis his scxis i, s` gpgrcdcb cb jis his, cb ubi hc cjjis cs kudmi kçs nrcducbtc. G cstis dgrgdtcrcs sc jcs hcbik`bg dgrgdtcrcs j`eghis gj scxi. Cb jis iregb`skis duyi scxi cstç hctcrk`bghi pir drikisikgs scxugjcs hc t`pi ] c P, jg cxpj`dgd`ôb hc cstg d`rdubstgbd`g cstr`fg cb quc cj drikisikg ] y cj drikisikg P sib kuy h`ncrcbtcs. Cb cjjis sc h`st`beucb ub scekcbti mikôjiei dib ecbcs `hàbt`dis y ub scekcbti h`ncrcbd`gj, dib ecbcs h`st`btis. Cb jg cspcd`c mukgbg, pir cockpji, jis dgrgdtcrcs quc v`cbcb hcn`b`his pir cj scekcbti h`ncrcbd`gj hcj drikisikg ] sc jjgkg dgrgdtcrcs

e`bçbhr`dis, y jis quc hcpcbhcb hcj scekcbti

h`ncrcbd`gj hcj drikisikg P sc jjgkgb dgrgdtcrcs

mijçbhr`dis. Cj scekcbti mikôjiei cs cj quc

 pcrk`tc cj gpgrcgk`cbti y pistcr`ir scercegd`ôb hc jis drikisikgs ] c P hurgbtc jg kc`is`s. Jis ecbcs hcj scekcbti mikôjiei t`cbcb ubg mcrcbd`g pgrd`gjkcbtc j`eghg gj scxi i

pscuhigutisôk`dg. Cb jis mikfrcs, diki sôji mgy ub drikisikg ] y ub drikisikg P, mgy mck`d`eis`s, cs hcd`r, siji cx`stc ub gjcji tgbti pgrg jis ecbcs hc jis dgrgdtcrcs e`bçbhr`dis diki jis mijçbhr`dis, jis dugjcs sc kgb`ncstgrçb s`ckprc, gubquc scg rcdcs`vi. Cb jgs kuocrcs, diki sib © Ogv`cr Dgp`jjg

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Xckgr`i F`ijieëg y Ecijieëg 6178 

]], jis gjcjis rcdcs`vis sôji sc puchcb kgb`ncstgr s` sc cbducbtrgb cb jis his drikisikgs ], cs hcd`r, s` mgy mikid`eis`s. Cb jg cspcd`c mukgbg, cb cj scekcbti h`ncrcbd`gj hcj drikisikg ] sc jidgj`zgb mgstg ub titgj hc 761 ecbcs cbtrc jis quc dgfc hcstgdgr jis ecbcs rcspibsgfjcs hc jg mckin`j`g y hcj hgjtib`ski. Jg

mckin`j`g cs ubg cbncrkchgh mcrch`tgr`g quc sc dgrgdtcr`zg pir jg bi digeujgd`ôb hc jg

sgberc. ^`cbc rce`hg pir trcs ecbcs, quc hctcrk`bgb trcs t`pis h`ncrcbtcs hc mckin`j`g y quc sc hcbik`bgb rcspcdt`vgkcbtc, mckin`j`g G, mckin`j`g F y mckin`j`g D. Cb cstis trcs dgsis jg cbncrkchgh sc kgb`n`cstg pir jg prcscbd`g hc ub gjcji rcdcs`vi.

Cj

hgjtib`ski cs jg `bdgpgd`hgh hc h`st`beu`r cj dijir vcrhc hcj rioi. Gj `eugj quc pgrg cj

dgsi hc jg mckin`j`g, cj hgjtib`ski v`cbc rce`hi pir trcs ecbcs e`bçbhr`dis rcdcs`vis, quc prividgb h`ncrcbtcs gjtcrgd`ibcs cb jg pcrdcpd`ôb hc jis dijircs. Gj `eugj quc cb cj dgsi hc jg mckin`j`g, cj hgjtib`ski sc kgb`n`cstg cb jgs kuocrcs dugbhi sib hc ecbit`pi mikid`eôt`di rcdcs`vi k`cbtrgs quc sc kgb`n`cstgb cb jis mikfrcs dugbhi àstis sib mck`d`eit`dis pgrg cj gjcji rcdcs`vi.

>.  JG MCVCBD@G @BNJSËHG QIV CJ TC]I P JG MCVCBD@G J@K@XGHG G SB TIJI TC]I. Cx`stcb dgrgdtcrcs quc s`eucb ubg mcrcbd`g

`bnju`hg pir cj scxi, cs hcd`r, su dgrçdtcr sc

kgb`n`cstg hcpcbh`cbhi hcj scxi hcj `bh`v`hui. Cstçb hctcrk`bghis pir ecbcs gutisôk`dis i f`cb  pir ecbcs hc jis scekcbtis mikôjieis hc jis mctcridrikisikgs. Sb cockpji dgrgdtcrëst`di, cs jg dgjv`d`c cb jis mukgbis. Cstc dgrçdtcr hcpcbhc hc ub ecb dib his gjcjis, cj D' quc prihudc jg cxprcs`ôb ncbitëp`dg dgjvi y cj gjcji D quc prihudcb cxprcs`ôb ncbitëp`dg birkgj. Qucs f`cb, jg rcjgd`ôb hc hik`bgbd`g cbtrc jis gjcjis cs h`ncrcbtc sceÿb cj scxi hcj `bh`v`hui, hc tgj kgbcrg quc, cj gjcji D' cs hik`bgbtc cb mikfrcs mikfrcs y rcdcs`vi cb kuocrcs, k`cbtrgs quc cj gjcji D cs rcdcs`vi cb mikfrcs y hik`bgbtc cb kuocrcs.

© Ogv`cr Dgp`jjg

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Ghckçs, cx`stcb ecbcs cb jis quc cstg `bnjucbd`g hcj scxi cs titgj, hc kgbcrg quc sôji sc kgb`n`cstg cb ubi hc jis his scxis. G cstis dgrgdtcrcs sc jcs hcbik`bg dgrgdtcrcs

j`k`tghis g ub

siji scxi.

5.  JGT KSXGD@IBCT. Nuc cb 7017, dugbhi Muei hc ^r`cs, qu`cb trgfgogbhi dib pjgbtgs cbdibtrô hc nirkg `bcspcrghg vgr`chghcs kuy rgrgs cb dugbti su gspcdti cxtcrbi y g jgs quc hcbik`bi nirkgs kutgbtcs, drcgbhi gsë cj dibdcpti hc

kutgd`ôb  pgrg rcncr`rsc g jis dgkf`is `bcspcrghis cb jg

`bnirkgd`ôb f`ijôe`dg. Cstis dgkf`is sc prihudcb pir crrircs cb jg rcpj`dgd`ôb y jg rcpgrgd`ôb hcj kcbsgoc ecbàt`di i pir crrircs cb jg rcpgrt`d`ôb hc jis drikisikgs hurgbtc jg h`v`s`ôb dcjujgr. Tib crrircs gj gzgr quc, ecbcrgjkcbtc, supibcb hcn`d`cbd`gs quc puchcb jjcegr g scr jctgjcs, gubquc pir ji ecbcrgj sib rcdcs`vgs y pcrkgbcdcb idujtgs. Qir itri jghi, jgs kutgd`ibcs dibst`tuycb jg nucbtc hc vgr`gf`j`hgh quc mg pcrk`t`hi jg cvijud`ôb hc jgs cspcd`cs kch`gbtc jg scjcdd`ôb bgturgj.

Jgs kutgd`ibcs quc sc prihudcb cb jgs dàjujgs sikçt`dgs, sgjvi quc jgs dibv`crtgb cb dàjujgs dgbdcrisgs, dgrcdcb hc `kpirtgbd`g, yg quc puchcb scr sust`tu`hgs pir itrgs dàjujgs, s`b ckfgrei, jgs quc sc prihudcb cb jgs dàjujgs rcprihudtirgs s` sib trgsdcbhcbtcs, yg quc tihgs jgs dàjujgs hcj bucvi iregb`ski tcbhrçb jg k`skg `bnirkgd`ôb quc cj d`eiti. Cx`stcb his t`pis hc kutgd`ibcs? jgs kutgd`ibcs eàb`dgs y jgs kutgd`ibcs drikisôk`dgs.

5.7. Jgs kutgd`ibcs eàb`dgs. Jgs kutgd`ibcs eàb`dgs i pubtugjcs sib gjtcrgd`ibcs hc jg scducbd`g hc budjcôt`his hc ub ecb. Tc h`st`beucb his t`pis pr`bd`pgjcs hc kutgd`ibcs eàb`dgs?  

kutgd`ibcs pir sust`tud`ôb hc pgrcs hc fgscs ? sib dgkf`is hc ub pgr hc fgscs  pir itri. T` sc sust`tuyc sust`tu yc ub pgr p`r`k`h`bg-pur`bg pir itri, sc hcbik`bg trgbs`d`ôb. T` sc sust`tuyc ub pgr p`r`k`h`bg-pur`bg pir ub pgr pur`bg-p`r`k`h`bg, sc hcbik`bg trgbsvcrs`ôb. Jgs trgbs`d`ibcs puchcb scr hcf`hgs g quc, hurgbtc jg rcpj`dgd`ôb, jgs  fgscs b`triecbghgs puchcb dgkf`gr jg pis`d`ôb hc sus çtikis, hgbhi juegr g jgs jjgkghgs nirkgs tgutikàr`dgs. Cstgs yg bi sc ckpgrcogb dib jgs fgscs b`triecbghgs

© Ogv`cr Dgp`jjg

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dikpjckcbtgr`gs, s`bi dib itrgs, hc kihi quc sc `btrihudc ub dgkf`i cb jg scducbd`g hc budjcôt`his. Jgs trgbsvcrs`ibcs bi pgrcdcb scr prihud`hgs pir cstgs dgusgs, s`bi pir jg gpgr`d`ôb hc mucdis hcf`his, pir cockpji, g jg nirkgd`ôb hc cbjgdcs cbtrc his p`r`k`h`bgs dibt`eugs cb jg mcfrg pgtrôb (hëkcris hc p`r`k`h`bg). Jis mucdis quc gpgrcdcb diki dibscducbd`g hc cstis cbjgdcs sib rcjjcbghis gj gzgr, pir ji quc puchcb gpgrcdcr tgbti trgbs`d`ibcs diki trgbsvcrs`ibcs. Jgs sust`tud`ibcs prividgb jg gjtcrgd`ôb hc ub ÿb`di tr`pjctc y, pir tgbti, bi gncdtgb gj irhcb hc jg jcdturg hc jis hckçs tr`pjctcs, kih`n`dgbhi pir tgbti ub siji gk`biçd`hi hc jg pritcëbg rcsujtgbtc, pir ji quc bi sucjcb scr pcrouh`d`gjcs<  

kutgd`ibcs pir dirr`k`cbti hcj irhcb hc jcdturg ? cstgs kutgd`ibcs sib hcf`hgs g jg `bscrd`ôb i pàrh`hg hc ubi i kçs pgrcs hc fgscs b`triecbghgs. Tc hcbik`bgb gh`d`ibcs i hcjcd`ibcs, rcspcdt`vgkcbtc. Diki cj kcbsgoc ecbàt`di sc trghudc hc tr`pjctc cb tr`pjctc, jgs hcjcd`ibcs y gh`d`ibcs, sgjvi quc sc dikpcbscb cbtrc së,  prihudcb ub dirr`k`cbti cb cj irhcb hc jcdturg, pir tgbti, puchcb gjtcrgr kudmis gk`biçd`his, s`cbhi sus dibscducbd`gs kuy ergvcs.

5.6. Jgs kutgd`ibcs drikisôk`dgs. Tib jgs kutgd`ibcs quc prividgb dgkf`is cb jg cstrudturg `btcrbg hc jis drikisikgs. Tc h`st`beucb jis s`eu`cbtcs t`pis?   kutgd`ibcs cb jg  

cstrudturg hc jis drikisikgs?

hcjcd`ôb? cs jg pàrh`hg hc ub nrgekcbti hc drikisikg. T` cj nrgekcbti dibt`cbc kudmis ecbcs, jg hcjcd`ôb puchc tcbcr dibscducbd`gs dibscducbd`gs pgtijôe`dgs i `bdjusi jctgjcs<

 

hupj`dgd`ôb? cs jg rcpct`d`ôb hc ub scekcbti hc drikisikg. Jg ràpj`dg  puchc mgjjgrsc mgjjgrs c cb cj k`ski drikisikg, mgfcrsc trgspucsti g ub drikisikg bi mikijiei, i `bdjusi mgfcrsc `bhcpcbh`zghi dib su prip`i dcbtrôkcri. Jgs hupj`dgd`ibcs pcrk`tcb gukcbtgr cj kgtcr`gj ecbàt`di y, ergd`gs g  pistcr`ircs kutgd`ibcs, puchcb hctcrk`bgr jg gpgr`d`ôb hc bucvis

ecbcs

hurgbtc cj pridcsi cvijut`vi<

© Ogv`cr Dgp`jjg

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 

`bvcrs`ôb? cs cj dgkf`i hc scbt`hi hc ub nrgekcbti cb cj drikisikg. T` cj scekcbti

`bvcrt`hi

`bdjuyc

cj

dcbtrôkcri,

sc

hcbik`bg

`bvcrs`ôb

pcr`dàbtr`dg y s`bi, `bvcrs`ôb pgrgdàbtr`dg<  

trgsjidgd`ôb? cs cj dgkf`i hc pis`d`ôb hc ub scekcbti hc ub drikisikg. Dugbhi sc prihudc pir `btcrdgkf`i hc scekcbtis cbtrc his drikisikgs bi mikôjieis, quc cs ji kçs nrcducbtc, sc hcbik`bg trgsjidgd`ôb rcdëpridg. Dugbhi siji mgy trgsjidgd`ôb hc ub scekcbti g itri hcj k`ski drikisikg i hc itris drikisikgs, s`b rcd`prid`hgh, sc hcbik`bgb trgbspis`d`ibcs<

  kutgd`ibcs cb cj  

bÿkcri hc drikisikgs?

nus`ôb dàbtr`dg? cs jg ub`ôb hc his drikisikgs bi mikôjieis dib jg pàrh`hg hcj dcbtrôkcri hc ubi hc cjjis<

 

n`s`ôb dàbtr`dg. Cs jg csd`s`ôb hc ub drikisikg cb his, dikpirtgbhi jg gpgr`d`ôb hc ub bucvi dcbtrôkcri<

 

gbcupji`h`g. Cs jg gjtcrgd`ôb cb cj bÿkcri birkgj hc cockpjgrcs hc ubi i kçs t`pis hc drikisikgs, hcf`hi g ubg scercegd`ôb crrôbcg hurgbtc jg kc`is`s. Quchcb scr buj`sik`gs, kibisik`gs, tr`sik`gs, tctrgsik`gs, ctd, dugbhi cb juegr hc his drikisikgs hc dghg pgr bi mgy b`beubi, i mgy ubi, trcs, dugtri y gsë rcspcdt`vgkcbtc,

 

cupji`h`g? cs jg gjtcrgd`ôb cb cj bÿkcri birkgj hc hitgd`ibcs drikisôk`dgs. @bdjuyc jg kibipji`h`g y jg pij`pji`h`g. Jg kibipji`h`g cs jg cx`stcbd`g hc ubg sijg hitgd`ôb drikisôk`dg, cs hcd`r, ub siji drikisikg hc dghg pgr. Jg  pij`pji`h`g cs jg cx`stcbd`g hc kçs hc his cockpjgrcs hc dghg t`pi hc driki sikg, h`dmi hc itri kihi, hc kçs hc his ouceis dikpjctis hc drikisikgs. Gsë jgs cspcd`cs puchcb scr tr`pji`hcs, tctrgpji`hcs, ctd.

© Ogv`cr Dgp`jjg

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Xckgr`i F`ijieëg y Ecijieëg 6178 

5.4. Jis gecbtcs kutgeà`dis. Jis gecbtcs kutgeàb`dis sib gqucjjis ngdtircs quc gukcbtgb scbs`fjckcbtc jg nrcducbd`g birkgj hc kutgd`ôb. Cbtrc cstis gecbtcs hcstgdgrckis? jgs rgh`gd`ibcs `ib`zgbtcs diki jis rgyis ] y jgs rgh`gd`ibcs η, ζ  y δ prip`gs hc jgs rcgdd`ibcs budjcgrcs, quc prividgb pcrh`hgs hc cjcdtribcs nirkçbhisc cbtrc jgs fgscs nirkgs tgutikàr`dgs.  Jgs rgh`gd`ibcs bi `ib`zgbtcs, diki jis rgyis ujtrgv`ijctg, prividgb jg gsdcbs`ôb hc cjcdtribcs g b`vcjcs hc kçs cbcreëg ngvircd`cbhi jg nirkgd`ôb hc cbjgdcs divgjcbtcs cbtrc his  p`r`k`h`bgs dibt`eugs. Gpgrtc tcbckis tgkf`àb ubg ergb vgr`chgh hc sustgbd`gs quëk`dgs kutgecbgs diki cj çd`hi b`trisi, quc hcsgk`bg g d`crtgs fgscs< jg m`hrix`jgk`bg, quc g÷ghc erupis m`hrix`ji< jis gecbtcs gjqu`jgbtcs, quc g÷ghcb erupis kct`ji, ct`ji, ctd. Xihis cstis gecbtcs ngvircdcb jg kih`n`dgd`ôb hc jgs fgscs b`triecbghgs y pir ji tgbti cj ckpgrcogk`cbti `bdirrcdti cbtrc jgs fgscs hcbtri hc jg kijàdujg hc GHB.

=.  F@FJ@IEVGNËG.   ‚@btrihudd`ôb gj gbçj`s`s ecbàt`di‛. H. Tuzul`, G. Er`nn`tms, O. K`jjcr y V. Jcwibt`b. Dugrtg

ch`d`ôb. Ch`. @btcrgkcr`dgbg. KdErgw-M`jj.   ‚F`ijieëg‛. M. Durt`s. Ch`. @btcrgkcr`dgbg. KdErgw-M`jj.   ‚F`ijieëg‛. G. O`kcbi, K. Fgjjcstcris, G. Qgrhi y J. Sechi. Ch`. Tgbt`jjgbg.   ‚Cjckcbtis hc F`ijieëg‛. O. Qjgbg. Ch` Tcrvcr-Ducstg.

© Ogv`cr Dgp`jjg

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