Tema 4. Superficies Compuestas

 

 

@VXPG GKIDKF MF FP]AHDIDMAM MF ]AIVMFP @GK PIDMF S5.> ]FJA =

 

@ursg gkidkf mf Pidmf v5.> / ]fja =

]fja =. Pupfrcd Pupfrcd`dfs `dfs `gjpufstas `gjpufstas.. 

Dktrgmu```dðk Fk fstf `asg flfjpig vfrfjgs `ðjg rfaidzar ia hüsqufma mf uka supfrcd`df mf mfsidzajdfktg `gjpufsta, fk mgkmf sf pufmf `gjhdkar uka supfrcd`df `dr`uiar `gk gtras quf kg ig sgk. ]ajhdäk rfaidzarfjgs ai cdkai uk flfjpig mf uka hüsqufma autg-rfcdkama. ^ara trahalar partdrfjgs mf uk jgmfig prfvdg, fk `gk`rftg fi utdidzamg fk fi tfja 8. Fi puktg mf partdma fs fi mf uk taium `gk mgs tdpgs mf jatfrdaifs. Vkg, quf g`upa ia jaygrêa mfi vgiujfk mf kufstrg taium, y fi gtrg, fjhfhdmg fk uka `apa mähdi fstrf`ba y aiareama, pgr mfhalg mf ia `uai sf asdjdia quf fxdstf uk kdvfi mf jatfrdai djpfkftrahif tdpg rg`a, ya quf a`tuará `gjg kdvfi a partdr mfi `uai ia supfrcd`df mf mfsidzajdfktg kg prgerfsará. Amfjás, tfkfjgs prfsdgkfs mf aeua pgr `ausa mf ia prfsfk`da mf uk kdvfi crfátd`g, y uka `area ukdcgrjfjfktf mdstrdhudma fk ia partf supfrdgr, quf `gktrdhudrá a mdsjdkudr ia fstahdidmam mfi `gkluktg mf ia fstru`tura. Kufstra efgjftrêa mfi taium vardará rfspf`tg ai `asg mfi quf sf partf aktfrdgrjfktf. Ia `apa fstrf`ba sfrá ia hasf, ia partf dkcfrdgr mf kufstrg jgmfig.

·Quä fs uka Pupfrcd`df @gjpufsta7 Ig prdjfrg mf tgmg fs mflar `iarg quä sf fktdfkmf pgr uka supfrcd`df `gjpufsta. @gjg rf`grmajgs, `uakmg fk igs prdjfrgs flfjpigs hus`áhajgs uka supfrcd`df `dr`uiar, bahêa uka rfstrd``dðk `iara. Ia supfrcd`df pgmêa fstar fk `uaiqudfr zgka mfi taium, mfktrg mf ias idjdta`dgkfs prgpdas, pfrg fk kdkeük `asg pgmêa saidr mf igs iêjdtfs mfi taium, kd pgr igs iatfraifs kd pgr ahalg. Pd cufsf ästa ia sdtua`dðk, Pidmf kg ia `gktfjpiarêa y sdjpifjfktf kg gpfrarêa fi jgmfig. Fk fi `asg quf abgra kgs g`upa, vajgs a supfrar par`daijfktf fsta rfstrd``dðk. Ia efkfra`dðk mf ia supfrcd`df tfkmrá fk `ufkta quf bay uka `apa 1

 

@ursg gkidkf mf Pidmf v5.> / ]fja =

dkcfrdgr mf ju`ba rfsdstfk`da pgr mfhalg mf kufstrgs jatfrdaifs, a partdr mf ia `uai kg prgsfeudrá fi mfsarrgiig mf ia supfrcd`df mf rgtura. ·Quä va a pasar7 ^ufs quf ia supfrcd`df tgjará uka cgrja `gjpufsta. Fk ia zgka `gk pg`a rfsdstfk`da, `gk jatfrdaifs tdpg sufig, aparf`frá fsf `gktgrkg `dr`uiar. T `uakmg `bgquf `gk ia `apa hasf mf erak rfsdstfk`da, ia efgjftrêa mf ia supfrcd`df sf amaptará a ia efgjftrêa mf fsta `apa, y kg sfrá `dr`uiar. ^gr ig taktg, ia supfrcd`df mf mfsidzajdfktg sf `gjpgkmrá mf mgs partfs hdfk mdcfrfk`damas. Vka partf `dr`uiar (aukquf sfa fk mgs ig`aidza`dgkfs mdstdktas) y uka partf kg `dr`uiar.

Pupfrcd`df `gjpufsta.

Jgmfig Fjpfzajgs. Ig prdjfrg fs `arear fi jgmfig prfvdg mfsmf fi quf partdrá fi a`tuai. Fs fi utdidzamg, `gjg sf ba md`bg, para uk `asg aktfrdgr. Ahrdjgs Gpfk fk Cdif, y ig hus`ajgs? fs fi mfi tfja 8. Kgta< sd sf rf`ufrma, fk fstf tfja sf jgmdcd`ð ia `area fxtfrka, pgr ig quf vajgs a partdr mf ias `gkmd`dgkfs dkd`daifs fk ias quf md`ba `area fstaha ai hgrmf mfi taium. Hgrrajgs ia `area y `rfajgs gtra mf deuaifs `ara`tfrêstd`as, y fk ias `ggrmfkamas grdedkaifs (5>, =>) (2>, =>).

Hüsqufma mf supfrcd`df Abgra mfhfjgs pgkfr `gjg tdpg mf supfrcd`df a hus`ar ia `dr`uiar. Fstg sf ba`f mfsmf ia vfktaka< Purca`f Gptdgks, fk ia pfstaña Purca`fs.

8

 

@ursg gkidkf mf Pidmf v5.> / ]fja =

T tajhdäk aquê jar`ajgs ia `asdiia mf Pupfrcd`dfs @gjpufstas (@gjpgsdtf Purca`fs).

Pupfrcd`dfs `gjpufstas fk vfktaka Purca`f Gptdgks.

Majgs a go para `frrar ia vfktaka Purca`f Gptdgks.

Mfcdkdr fi hgrmf fxtfrkg Abgra kgs `fktrarfjgs fk rfmfcdkdr ia efgjftrêa mf kufstrg taium, fs mf`dr, mf rfmdhular fi `gktgrkg fxtfrkg, pgrquf `gjg bfjgs md`bg ia hasf mf ia `apa fstrf`ba ”quf ia bfjgs asdjdiamg a uka `apa mf erak rfsdstfk`da g `gjg hasf rg`gsa”, sfrá fi kufvg iêjdtf dkcfrdgr mf kufstrg mdhulg. Hgrrarfjgs, pgr taktg, tgmg ig quf fstä pgr mfhalg mf fsf kdvfi. Ia cgrja mf ba`fr fstg fs ia sdeudfktf. Pdtuajgs fi `ursgr mfi ratðk fk fi iêjdtf dkcfrdgr mf ia `apa fstrf`ba, sghrf ia iêkfa. Hgtðk mfrf`bg (sf kgs jar`a j ar`a fk trazg mds`gktdkug ia iêkfa), y if majgs a Mfiftf Hgukmary. 0

 

@ursg gkidkf mf Pidmf v5.> / ]fja =

Sajgs ai hgrmf dkcfrdgr dzqudfrmg mfi jgmfig, if majgs a hgtðk mfrf`bg mfi ratðk, y a Mfiftf Sfrtfx. Autgjátd`ajfktf fi värtd`f mf fsf hgrmf, fsa fsqudka, sf jufvf ai värtd`f dzqudfrmg mfi iêjdtf dkcfrdgr mf ia `apa mfieama. Fi prgeraja ai qudtar uk värtd`f va ai dkjfmdatg, y ästf fs fsf värtd`f quf qufma jás arrdha, pufstg quf, `gjg pgmfjgs vfr fk ia paktaiia, abê fxdstf uka jar`a quf sf mfcdkdð dkd`daijfktf ai trazar fi `gktgrkg fxtfrkg mfi taium. ]ajhdäk pgmfjgs jgvfr fi värtd`f mdrf`tajfktf sdtuákmgig mf jakfra jakuai fk fi puktg quf mfsffjgs. Ias gp`dgkfs gcrf`dmas ias vfjgs ai mar ai hgtðk mfrf`bg. Vka vfz bf`bg fstg `gk fi värtd`f mf ia partf dzqudfrma ba`fjgs ig prgpdg `gk fi mf ia mfrf`ba, y vfjgs quf, mf deuai jakfra, fi värtd`f va mdrf`tajfktf ai puktg supfrdgr. Mf fsta jakfra, ya bfjgs `gkvfrtdmg fi hgrmf dkcfrdgr mf ia `apa fstrf`ba fk fi iêjdtf dkcfrdgr mfi jgmfig, j gmfig, mfi `gktgrkg fxtfrkg. Kgta< @uakmg sf fmdta uk `gktgrkg mfi jgmfig, Pidmf dktfkta prfsfrvar ias asdeka`dgkfs mfi jatfrdai fxdstfktf. Fk fstf `asg ia asdeka`dðk mfi jatfrdai mf ia `apa mähdi sf prfsfrvð. Pd ias asdeka`dgkfs mf jatfrdai sgk qudtamas (rfsftfamas) mfspuäs mf ia fmd`dðk mfi `gktgrkg, bay quf rf`grmar quf sf pufmf ba`fr `id` fk hgtðk mfrf`bg mfktrg mf uka rfedðk mf jatfrdai y utdidzar fi atalg mf Assdek Jatfrdai para rfasdekar ias prgpdfmamfs mfsfamas. Sgivfjgs ai jgmfig. @gk fstf kufvg `gktgrkg fxtfrkg sfksdhifjfktf rf`grtamg trahalarfjgs a partdr mf abgra. ]gmavêa kg bfjgs euarmamg fi ar`bdvg `gk gtrg kgjhrf, para kg jgmdcd`ar fi grdedkai mfi tfja aktfrdgr, y prg`fmfr a `gktdkua`dðk `gk su `ái`uig. Sajgs fktgk`fs a Pavf As y ig euarmajgs fk ia `arpfta mfi tfja = `grrfspgkmdfktf, `gk fi kgjhrf< Pupfrcd`dfs `gjpufstas.

=

 

@ursg gkidkf mf Pidmf v5.> / ]fja =

^frcdi rf`grtamg mfi jgmfig.

@gjputf f Dktfrprft Majgs a @gjputf y sf iifvak a `ahg igs `ái`uigs. Ahrdjgs ia vfktaka mf Dktfrprft y vfjgs igs rfsuitamgs.

Sfktaka mf rfsuitamgs (Dktfrprft).

^gr mfcf`tg sf jufstra ia supfrcd`df jêkdja eighai para fi akáidsds pgr Hdsbgp.

6

 

@ursg gkidkf mf Pidmf v5.> / ]fja =

Fi ca`tgr mf sfeurdmam fs halg (>.5>5). T ia supfrcd`df jêkdja eighai fs, `gjg bahêajgs mdsfñamg, uka supfrcd`df `gjpufsta, `gk mgs trajgs `dr`uiarfs a ajhgs iamgs y ukg idkfai, quf fs fi quf dktfrsf`ta `gk ig quf bfjgs asdjdiamg a uka hasf rg`gsa. Ai deuai quf fk fi `asg gptdjdzamg rfaidzamg aktfrdgrjfktf, fi ca`tgr mf sfeurdmam asg`damg a fsta supfrcd`df fs dkcfrdgr ai quf aparf`f ai rfaidzar uka hüsqufma mf supfrcd`df `dr`uiar. ]dpg mf Pupfrcd`df

Ca`tgr mf Pfeurdmam Jêkdjg Eighai

@dr`uiar

>.545

Kg @dr`uiar

>.5>=*

Kg @dr`uiar (gptdjdzama)

>.335*

@gjpufsta

>.5>5

CP Jêkdjg Eighai (Hdsbgp sdjpidcd`amg) para mdcfrfktfs tdpgs mf supfrcd`dfs mf mfsidzajdfktg y ghtfkdmg tras apid`ar `ajhdgs fk igs ákeuigs mf prgyf``dðk mf ia hüsqufma mf supfrcd`df (*Matg pgidiêkfa mf hüsqufma mf supfrcd`df). 

^gmfjgs vfr ias rfhakamas mf ias quf fstá `gjpufsta kufstra supfrcd`df. A``fmfjgs a fsta gp`dðk fk Pbgw Pid`fs mf ia harra mf bfrrajdfktas. Fs pgsdhif vfr uka rfhakama fk partd`uiar `gk su mdaeraja mf cufrzas asg`damg, y uka rfia`dðk mf sus `ara`tfrêstd`as fk fi d`gkg mf ai iamg, `gk Qufry Pid`f Mata. Fk ia vfktaka quf aparf`f kgs jakma sfif``dgkar uka rfhakama. Kgs pgkfjgs fk`dja mf ia quf qufrajgs y `id`ajgs.

3

 

@ursg gkidkf mf Pidmf v5.> / ]fja =

Mdaeraja mf cufrzas mf uka rfhakama mf ia supfrcd`df jêkdja eighai.

Abgra vfjgs ias cufrzas quf jaktdfkfk fi fqudidhrdg fk fsta partf mf ia supfrcd`df, y fk ia vfktaka mdvfrsgs parájftrgs mf ia jdsja. Qudtajgs fsta vdsdðk `gk ias rfhakamas makmg mf kufvg fk fi d`gkg mf Pbgw Pid`fs. Sfajgs abgra tgmas ias supfrcd`dfs jêkdjas efkframas fk ia jgmfidza`dðk. Sajgs a Mata y a Jdkdjuj Purca`fs (pgmfjgs ba`fr ig jdsjg `gjg sdfjprf mdrf`tajfktf fk fi d`gkg `grrfspgkmdfktf mf ia harra mf bfrrajdfktas).

Jdkdjuj Purca`fs. 5

 

@ursg gkidkf mf Pidmf v5.> / ]fja =

Ghsfrvajgs quf ia dkjfksa jaygrêa mf ias supfrcd`dfs jêkdjas pgsffk uka tfkmfk`da `iarajfktf dkfstahif, mamg igs `gktgrkgs mf `gigrfs quf aparf`fk rfprfsfktamgs fk fi taium, hásd`ajfktf karaklas y rgldzgs. ^gmfjgs cditrar fstgs rfsuitamgs para vfr `ðjg mf dkfstahifs sgk rfaijfktf. Pdfjprf sfrá jflgr uka pfr`fp`dðk kujärd`a quf `rgjátd`a. ^gr flfjpig, mflajgs vdsdhifs tak sgig aqufiias supfrcd`dfs `gk ca`tgr mf sfeurdmam fktrf >.5 y 1.0. G ias quf fsták mfsmf fsf vaigr mf 1.0 a 8, quf sfrêak supfrcd`dfs ya fstahifs.

Pupfrcd`dfs jêkdjas `gk CP : 1.0 - 8.

Fktrf fstas üitdjas sgk ya uka jdkgrêa ias fxdstfktfs. Fs mf`dr, mama fsta `gkcdeura`dðk fs mdcê`di quf fi taium sfa fstahif, y sf mfhfrêak prgpgkfr jfmdmas `grrf`tgras g rfmfcdkdr su mdsfñg. ^gmfjgs `gjprghar `ðjg fk igs jätgmgs mf `ái`uig sfif``dgkamgs fi `fktrg mf mfsidzajdfktg mf ia supfrcd`df jêkdja `ai`uiama sf sdtüa fk fi hgrmf mfrf`bg mf ia `uamrê`uia. Fi prdjfr `fktrg sf jaktdfkf vdsdhif pufstg quf sf bdzg uka Qufry mf jakfra autgjátd`a `uakmg vdjgs ias rfhakamas. Hdfk, pufs fstg mf quf fi `fktrg mf mfsidzajdfktg fstä pfeamg ai hgrmf kgs mfhf amvfrtdr mf aieg, y fs quf ai fstar tak `fr`a mfi jdsjg mfhfjgs pfksar 2

 

@ursg gkidkf mf Pidmf v5.> / ]fja =

quf pgsdhifjfktf kg fstfjgs aktf ias pfgrfs `gkmd`dgkfs mf fstahdidmam. Pd fstf `fktrg fstuvdfsf jás `fktramg, tfkmrêajgs uka pfrspf`tdva jás rfaidsta mf ia sdtua`dðk, pufs vfrêajgs ias tfkmfk`das mf fstahdidmam rfciflamas fk igs `gktgrkgs mf ia `uamrê`uia. ^frg aquê fi `asg fs fi gpufstg, kg sahfjgs sd fk rfaidmam jás a ia mfrf`ba mf ia `uamrê`uia aparf`frêak `gktgrkgs mf vaigrfs jás halgs. Mfhdmg a fiig bay quf tgjar fstgs rfsuitamgs `gk `autfia y prghar gtras `gkcdeura`dgkfs mf ia `uamrê`uia, `ajhdákmgia mf uhd`a`dðk g aujfktakmg su tajañg. Sajgs a prghar fstg, a vfr sd fk`gktrajgs uk `fktrg mf mfsidzajdfktg jás `fktramg fk ia `uamrê`uia.

Jgmfig Sgivfjgs a ia vfktaka Jgmfifr, y vajgs a Purca`fs, Fmdt, y Ptrft`b. Pf kgs a`tdva ia gp`dðk mf dktrgmu``dðk mf `ggrmfkamas fk ia `asdiia mf `gjakmgs, y mfhfjgs jftfr uk par mf `ggrmfkamas para igs värtd`fs mfi iatfrai mf ia `uamrê`uia quf sf kgs qufmaha pfqufña. ^frg, ·`ðjg sahfjgs igs värtd`fs prf`dsgs mf ia `uamrê`uia7 ^ufs igs vajgs a pgmfr ghtfkfr yfkmg a Sdfw, Pbgw @ggrmdkatfs, y sfif``dgkakmg fk fstf `asg Pfar`b Erdms.

Jgstrar `ggrmfkamas mf igs värtd`fs mf ia `uamrê`uia. 4

 

@ursg gkidkf mf Pidmf v5.> / ]fja =

Sfjgs quf bay gtras gp`dgkfs mgkmf pgmfjgs vfr mdstdktas `ggrmfkamas mf kufstrg jgmfig, pfrg fk fsta g`asdðk sðig qufrfjgs sahfr fstf matg. Asê quf majgs a @igsf para `frrar ia vfktaka Pbgw @ggrmdkatfs. Pahdfkmg fstg, pgr flfjpig, ajpidajgs fi hgrmf mfrf`bg para ias `ggrmfkamas R, y mflajgs ias T `gjg fsták. Ta pgmfjgs dr a Ptrft`b `gjg mdldjgs aktfs f dktrgmu`dr, fsta vfz sê, ias `ggrmfkamas fk ia `asdiia mf ia iêkfa mf `gjakmgs. ^rdjfrg vfjgs quf fk ia `asdiia mf `gjakmgs sf kgs pdmf quf sfif``dgkfjgs fi värtd`f a jgvfr. Sajgs pgr flfjpig ai värtd`f supfrdgr mfi iamg mfrf`bg. Kgs pgkfjgs fk`dja mf äi `gk fi puktfrg mfi ratðk, quf sf jufstra abgra `gjg uk `uamramg, y `id`ajgs. Igs iamgs `fr`akgs a fstf värtd`f sf bak pufstg fk iêkfa mds`gktdkua, sfñai quf fsf värtd`f sf ba sfif``dgkamg. If majgs a Dktrg para sfeudr. Abgra kgs pdmfk mf`dr mfsmf quä puktg qufrfjgs jgvfrig. Fsf puktg fs, ghvdajfktf, fk fi quf fstá. Fi puktfrg mfi ratðk sf ba trakscgrjamg fk uk `êr`uig. Abgra pgmfjgs sfñaiar fi värtd`f. Aukquf tajhdäk pgmfjgs dktrgmu`dr ias `ggrmfkamas ya quf ias tfkfjgs vdsdhifs. Kgsgtrgs if majgs mdrf`tajfktf ai puktg. Sfjgs tajhdäk `ðjg, ai sfif``dgkar igs värtd`fs mf ia `uamrê`uia para jgvfrigs, aparf`fk mgs iêkfas iêkfas fk rglg mds`gktdkuas, paraifias paraifias a igs flfs R f T, para quf pgmajgs jgvfrkgs a traväs mf fiias. Pd jgvfjgs fi puktfrg ia `uamrê`uia sfeudrá ia trayf`tgrda tgjakmg `gjg hasf fsf puktg. Fs `gjg sd buhdäsfjgs aearramg ia `uamrê`uia pgr fsf puktg y kgs ia iifvajgs a mgkmf qufrajgs. ^ara sfr prf`dsgs vajgs a mf`drif ai prgeraja mðkmf qufrfjgs sdtuaria pgr `ggrmfkamas. Sajgs a `gjprghar `uakmg ig baeajgs quf, ai jftfr ya fi prdjfr värtd`f kufvg, fi sfeukmg ”fk fstf `asg fi dkcfrdgr”, sf mdhula autgjátd`ajfktf fk ia vfrtd`ai mfi prdjfrg, ig `uai fs iðed`g pufstg quf ia `uamrê`uia quf prftfkmfjgs mdhular pufmf tfkfr uka efgjftrêa vardahif, pfrg rfeuiar. 1>

 

@ursg gkidkf mf Pidmf v5.> / ]fja =

Kgs sdtuajgs mf kufvg fk ia zgka mf iêkfa mf `gjakmg y jftfjgs ias `ggrmfkamas. Pdjpifjfktf ias ajpidajgs uk pg`g fk fi flf mf ias R (basta 36), mflakmg ias T `gjg fsták. Mf fsta jakfra ya bfjgs ajpidamg su supfrcd`df.

Jgmfig `gk `uamrê`uia mf `fktrgs mf mfsidzajdfktg jgmdcd`ama.

Vk atalg para ba`fr fstg fs sdtuarkgs fk uk värtd`f y mar ai hgtðk mfrf`bg. T ba`fjgs fi prg`fsg mfs`rdtg. ]ajhdäk fs pgsdhif jgvfr ia `uamrê`uia fktfra y mfspiazaria ba`da uk iamg. Fstg sf ba`f fk fi jdsjg jfkü mf Purca`fs, fk Fmdt, y Jgvf. Pfif``dgkajgs uk hgrmf mf ia `uamrê`uia, if majgs a Dktrg, y vgivfjgs a pdk`bar fi hgrmf (fi `ursgr sf kgs ba `gkvfrtdmg fk uk aspa), y pgmfjgs vfr `ðjg ia `uamrê`uia fktfra sf jufvf sdeudfkmg kufstrg `ursgr. Fk fi sdtdg quf qufrajgs mflaria if vgivfjgs a mar `id`, y ya qufma cdlama. Gtra gp`dðk quf kgs ma Pidmf fs `gig`ar gtra `uamrê`uia kufva. Vka g vardas, pufs sf pufmf aerfear jás mf uka. Amfjás sf supfrpgkfk fktrf sê sd igs mgjdkdgs sgk `gdk`dmfktfs. Mf kufvg vajgs a Purca`fs y a Amm Erdm. ^gmfjgs dktrgmu`dr ias `ggrmfkamas mfsmf ia iêkfa mf `gjakmgs g ba`frig mf jakfra jakuai. Fstf tdpg mf gp`dgkfs sdfjprf fsták prfsfktfs. 11

 

@ursg gkidkf mf Pidmf v5.> / ]fja =

Mdhulajgs uka jaiia a jgmg mf flfjpig, y vfjgs `ðjg pgmfjgs supfrpgkfria sdk prghifja a ia ya fxdstfktf. @id`ajgs y qufma cdlama, pfrg `gjg kg ia kf`fsdtajgs abgra ia hgrrajgs. Hgtðk mfrf`bg y Mfiftf. Fi ghlftdvg mf ba`fr fstg fra ajpidar ias pgsdhdidmamfs mf efkfra`dðk mf supfrcd`dfs `rêtd`as para kufstrg taium, pufstg quf vfêajgs quf fi `fktrg mf mfsidzajdfktg mf ia supfrcd`df `rêtd`a `ai`uiama qufmaha fk uk fxtrfjg mf ia `uamrê`uia, ig quf djpid`aha quf fra ca`tdhif quf buhdfsf gtras supfrcd`dfs fk pfgrfs `gkmd`dgkfs pfrg quf kg frak jgstramas pgr fi prgeraja ai qufmar cufra mf ia `uamrê`uia. ^ara fiig sf ajpiêa ia `uamrê`uia g sf jufvf, g sf efkfra gtra. ^frg kg fs ia ükd`a gp`dðk quf tfkfjgs. @gjg sahfjgs, fi dk`rfjfktg mf ramdg quf aparf`f fk Purca`f Gptdgks dkmd`a fi küjfrg mf dktfrvaigs fktrf fi ramdg jêkdjg y jáxdjg para `ama `êr`uig fk `ama puktg mf `uamrê`uia.

Dk`rfjfktg mf ramdg.

^gr ig taktg, sd dk`rfjfktajgs fsf vaigr mf 1> ”quf fs fi quf vdfkf pgr mfcf`tg” a 8>, juitdpid`arfjgs ias pgsdhdidmamfs mf hüsqufma mf kufstra supfrcd`df `rêtd`a. Asê pufs, prg`fmfjgs a rfaidzar fstg. Sajgs a Purca`fs y a Purca`f Gptdgks. Pf kgs ahrf ia vfktaka `grrfspgkmdfktf. @ajhdajgs fi dk`rfjfktg mf ramdg a uk vaigr mf 8>. If majgs a go ai cdkaidzar. 18

 

@ursg gkidkf mf Pidmf v5.> / ]fja =

Ig quf qufma pgr ba`fr fs `gjprghar `ðjg ias jgmdcd`a`dgkfs bf`bas bak acf`tamg a ia `apa`dmam mfi prgeraja para mftfrjdkar aieuka kufva supfrcd`df `gk ca`tgr mf sfeurdmam jás halg. @grrfjgs mf kufvg fi jgmfig. Euarmajgs, @gjputf y fspfrajgs ukgs sfeukmgs. Ahrdjgs ia vfktaka Dktfrprft y `gjprghajgs quf ba sdmg hufka dmfa ba`fr ias jgmdcd`a`dgkfs. j gmdcd`a`dgkfs.

Xfsuitamgs `gk ias jgmdcd`a`dgkfs apid`amas.

Abgra vfjgs `ðjg kufstrg `fktrg mf mfsidzajdfktg ya kg fstá fk fi hgrmf mf ia `uamrê`uia, sdkg quf fstá `fktramg, y airfmfmgr mf äi bay uka zgka mf `gktgrkg rglg quf `grrfspgkmf a igs vaigrfs jás halgs mf ca`tgr mf sfeurdmam. Asê pufs, jgmdcd`ar ia uhd`a`dðk mf ia `uamrê`uia y fi dk`rfjfktg mf ramdg kgs ba pfrjdtdmg ig`aidzar uka supfrcd`df mf ca`tgr mf sfeurdmam idefrajfktf dkcfrdgr a ia ghtfkdma dkd`daijfktf. ^gr taktg, ya pgmfjgs vfr quf igs ca`tgrfs mf sfeurdmam jás halgs quf pufmak sfr `ai`uiamgs pgr fi prgeraja fsták mfktrg mf kufstra `uamrê`uia y kg cufra, `gk ig quf kg kgs mflajgs sdk tgjar fk `gksdmfra`dðk pgtfk`daifs supfrcd`dfs `rêtd`as mf jás halg ca`tgr mf sfeurdmam. @gjprghajgs fstg jdsjg para gtrgs jätgmgs mf `ái`uig apartf mf Hdsbgp. 10

 

@ursg gkidkf mf Pidmf v5.> / ]fja =

Autg Xfcdkf Pfar`b Sajgs abgra a utdidzar ia gp`dðk mf Autg Xfcdkf Pfar`b, fk vfz mf ia Erdm Pfar`b fjpifama basta abgra. Apartf mf fstf jätgmg mf hüsqufma pgr jaiia, bay gtrgs jätgmgs mf hüsqufma mf supfrcd`dfs `dr`uiarfs. -

Jätgmg Pigpf Pfar`b< pfrjdtf mfcdkdr uka hüsqufma fspf`dcd`akmg árfas mfi taium, usakmg igs iêjdtfs mfi jdsjg.

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Jätgmg Autg Xf Xfcdkf cdkf Pfar` Pfar`b< b< fi árfa mf hüsqufma fk fi taium sf rfcdka autgjátd`ajfktf `uakmg ia hüsqufma prgerfsa.

Fstf jätgmg autg-rfcdkamg, ig`aidzará fk ju`bas g`asdgkfs uk ca`tgr mf sfeurdmam jêkdjg eighai jás halg quf `gk ia hüsqufma pgr jaiia. Jás aük, fstg sf igera kgrjaijfktf `gk uk küjfrg tgtai jás pfqufñg mf supfrcd`dfs mf mfsidzajdfktg efkframas y `ai`uiamas. Fktgk`fs vajgs a Purca`f Gptdgks y `ajhdajgs fi jätgmg mf hüsqufma mf Erdm Pfar`b a Autg Xfcdkf Pfar`b. Ias gp`dgkfs quf vdfkfk pgr mfcf`tg kgs vaifk para kufstrg `asg. Jar`ajgs ia `asdiia mf @gjpgsdtf Purca`fs y if majgs a go.

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@ursg gkidkf mf Pidmf v5.> / ]fja =

Hüsqufma pgr Autg Xfcdkf Pfar`b.

Fstf jätgmg mf hüsqufma gpfra rfcdkakmg prgerfsdvajfktf ia hüsqufma a ig iareg mf ia supfrcd`df mfi taium. Fstg sf ba`f mf cgrja autgjátd`a, mf a`ufrmg a igs parájftrgs dktrgmu`dmgs fk ia vfktaka mf Purca`f Gptdgks. Ia `uamrê`uia mf Erdm Pfar`b, `gjg fs iðed`g, mfsaparf`f, pufs kg vajgs a ba`fr uka hüsqufma mf fstf tdpg. ]ajpg`g sgk prf`dsgs ghlftgs mf hüsqufma. T kg bay kama jás quf ba`fr fk fstf `asg. Gpfrajgs fi akáidsds. Euarmajgs `ajhdgs, y majgs a @gjputf. Sfjgs igs rfsuitamgs fk Dktfrprft.

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@ursg gkidkf mf Pidmf v5.> / ]fja =

Xfsuitamgs `gk hüsqufma Autg Xfcdkf Pfar`b.

Igs rfsuitamgs dkmd`ak quf fi ca`tgr mf sfeurdmam mf ia supfrcd`df Jêkdja Eighai `gk fi jätgmg mf hüsqufma Autg Xfcdkf fs deuai a >.34= (Hdsbgp Pdjpidcd`amg). Fs mf`dr, sf ba ghtfkdmg uk ca`tgr mf sfeurdmam jás halg quf fi aktfrdgr, ig `uai djpid`a quf fsta hüsqufma rfcdkama kgs ba sfrvdmg para jflgrar kufstrg jgmfig. Sfajgs tgmas ias supfrcd`dfs `ai`uiamas para fsta hüsqufma (Aii Purca`fs).

Aii Purca`fs.

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@ursg gkidkf mf Pidmf v5.> / ]fja =

Sfjgs ias kgtahifs mdcfrfk`das fktrf ajhgs tdpgs mf hüsqufma. Ia quf sf ba bf`bg abgra fktrfea ukas supfrcd`dfs `gk uka mdstrdhu`dðk mdstdkta y, sghrf tgmg, ia kuhf mf `fktrgs a partdr mf ia quf sf trazak igs `êr`uigs quf mfcdkdrák fstas supfrcd`dfs, ba amqudrdmg uka cgrja drrfeuiar quf `gktrasta `gk ia grmfkama mf ia `uamrê`uia. ]fkfjgs mfsmf supfrcd`dfs hastaktf piakas, `gk igs `fktrgs mf efkfra`dðk juy fifvamgs rfspf`tg a ia supfrcd`df mfi taium (ba`fr zggj mf aiflajdfktg para vfrig), a gtras hastaktf prgcukmas. Asdjdsjg, vfjgs `ðjg sf bak mfsarrgiiamg supfrcd`dfs `gk ca`tgr mf sfeurdmam juy aitg. Ia `gk`iusdðk quf sf pufmf fxtrafr mf fstg fs quf fi prgeraja kgs pfrjdtf iifvar a `ahg uka hüsqufma rfcdkama fk `asg mf quf kg vfajgs `iarg quf ia hüsqufma quf bfjgs fcf`tuamg pgr igs jfmdgs fjpifamgs jás bahdtuaifs baya sdmg amf`uama. T tajhdäk, quf fs rf`gjfkmahif cajdidardzarsf `gk tgmas ias gp`dgkfs mf hüsqufma mf supfrcd`df quf gcrf`f fi prgeraja, pufs mf su hufk usg mfpfkmfrák fk erak jfmdma igs rfsuitamgs quf sf ghtfkeak. Fs rf`gjfkmahif kg qufmarsf `gk fi prdjfr rfsuitamg quf sf ghtfkea, y rfaidzar mdvfrsgs akáidsds vardakmg aspf`tgs mf igs jdsjgs basta asfeurarkgs quf bfjgs fk`gktramg ia supfrcd`df jêkdja eighai para fi jgmfig. @gk fstg `gk`iuyf fi prfsfktf tutgrdai.

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