Tema 4 Activo Realizable

 

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Sa`h D^7 Uahbdzheba 3.8. 3.8.8. 3.8 .8. 3.8.5. 3.8 .5. 3.8.;.. 3.8.; 3.5. 3.5.

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Candjdkdûj Khr Khrhkt hktarà aràstd stdkhs khs @ac @acdch dchss ca Kfj Kfjtrf trfbb Djtarj Djtarjf f Kf`pf Kf`pfjajtas jajtas cab Ua Uahbdz hbdzheba heba f Ed Edajas ajas ca Kh`ed Kh`edf f [d [dst sta` a`h h ca djva djvajt jthr hrdh dhkd kdûj ûj pard pardûc ûcdk dkh h 3.5.8. Hsdajtfs kfjthebas 3.5.8.8. @ätfcf YAY[ 3.5.8.5. @ätfcf QAY[ 3.5. 3.5.8. 8.;. ;. @ä @ätf tfcf cf cab cab prf prf`a `acd cdf fp pfj fjca carh rhcf cf 3.5. 3.5.8. 8.3. 3. @ä @ätf tfcf cf c cab ab p prf rf`a `acd cdf f sd sd`p `pba ba 3.5. 3.5.8. 8.1. 1. @ä @ätf tfcf cf c ca a bh ÷ ÷btbtd` d`h h nh nhkt ktur urh h 3.5. 3.5.8. 8.>. >. @ä @ätf tfcf cf ca as astd td`h `hkd kdûj ûj 3.5. 3.5.8. 8.=. =. @ä @ätf tfcf cf ca ddca cajt jtdndndk dkhk hkdû dûj j asp aspak akàn àndk dkh h [d [dst sta` a`h h ca dj djva vajt jthr hrdh dhkd kdûj ûj pa parp rpat atuh uh

3.3. 3.3. 3.1. 3.1. 3.>. 3.>.

3.;.8 kfjthebas 3.;.5. Hsdajtfs @ätfcf cab Yrf Yrf`acdf `acdf @ûvdb f @fvdeba @ä @ätf tfcf cf ca Djv jvaj ajth thrd rdf fH HEK EK Nh Nhbbthjt thjtas as aj djv djvajth ajthrd rdf f Hk Hktu tuhb hbdz dzhk hkdû dûj jc ca a ddjv jvaj ajth thrd rdfs fs

3.8. Candjdkdûj c caa Uahbdzheba f Edajas ca Kh` Kh`edf edf  Hktdvf rahbdzheba, kf`prajca bhs kuajths kuajths ranardchs  ranardchs h bfs edajas edajas y  y sarvdkdfs sarvdkdfs hku`ubhcfs  hku`ubhcfs ca prfpdachc ca bh a`prash a`prash,, kuyf castdjf ndjh ndjhbb as bh vajth vajth,, hsà kf`f bfs edajas castdjhcfs hb prfkasf prfkasf prfcuktdvf,  prfcuktdvf, bfs `hjunhkturhcfs, bfs rakursfs jhturhbas jhturhbas y  y bfs prfcuktfs prfcuktfs edfbûmdkfs,  edfbûmdkfs, y bhs axdstajkdhs ca sarvdkdfs, kuyf djmrasf hsfkdhcf jf sa cavajmh. [fj ab kfjgujtf ca edajas thjmdebas qua ab ajta pfsaa kfj bh djtajkdûj ca su kf`arkdhbdzhkdûj aj ab kursf ca su hktdvdchc. Djkbuya bfs edajas hcqudrdcfs phrh su ravajth kf`f bfs prfcukdcfs pfr ab prfpdf ajta, bfs qua sarèj vajcdcfs aj ab asthcf aj qua sa ajkuajtrhj y bfs qua sarèj trhjsnfr`hcfs aj ab prfkasf ca prfcukkdûj< bfs prfcuktfs tar`djhcfs aj asa prfkasf y bfs qua sa ajkuajtrhj aj athphs djtar`acdhs ca prfcukkdûj< hquabbfs qua sa ajkuajtrhj rhcdkhcfs aj cdnarajtas bfkhbdzhkdfjas (nherdkh, capfsdtf, caphrth`ajtf ca kf`arkdhbdzhkdûj, aj axpfsdkdûj, atk.) f aj trhjsdtf.

Kbhsdndkhkdûj7 [am÷j bhs Jfr`hs @àjd`hs ca kfjthedbdchc, phrh ab `hjagf cab rahbdzheba f edajas ca kh`edf sa bhs kbhsdndkh ca bh sdmudajta `hjarh7  

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Yhrh a`prashs kf`arkdhbas7 kf`f `arkhcaràhs phrh bh ravajth. Yhrh Yhr h a`p a`pras rashs hs djc djcust ustrdh rdhbas bas77 prf prfcuk cuktfs tfs abh abhefr efrhcf hcfs, s, prfcuk prfcuktfs tfs aj kur kursf sf ca abh abhefr efrhkd hkdûj, ûj, `htardhs prd`hs, rapuastfs, hkkasfrdfs y `htardhbas vhrdfs. Yhrh a`prashs cab asthcf, kf`f prfcuktfs f sarvdkdfs h nhvfr ca bh pfebhkdûj, yh sah `acdhjta bh ravajth f kf`f prfcuktfs prfkashcfs phrh kfjsu`f ndjhb.

[am÷j bhs Jfr`hs Säkjdkf Kfjthebas7 [fjcaEdajas ca djtarkh`edf frcdjhrdf su vhbuhkdûj bhs jf`erhj kf`f djvajthrdf `arkhcaràhs y `htardhs prd`hs f ohedtuhb. Hb ranardrsa h Q

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Ab hutfr Yhbba Ohjsaj7 Kfjsdcarh bh axdstajkdh ca `arkhcaràhs kf`f7 `htardhs prd`hs, `arkhcaràhs sa`dnherdkhchs y ferhs aj agakukdûj (uj euqua aj uj hstdbbarf)< sa`d prfcuktfs (phrtas djcdvdcuhbas qua sa djkfrpfrhj h ftrfs edajas, kf`f bh ruach), prfcuktfs hkhehcfs, hrtàkubfs ca kf`arkdf y `htardhbas huxdbdhras. Yhtfj7 sa ran Yhtfj7 randar dara a hb rue ruerf rf kf` kf`f f djv djvajt ajthrd hrdfs. fs. Djv Djvajt ajthrd hrdfs fs ca ajt ajtas as kf`ark kf`arkdhb dhbas as a djcust djcustrdh rdhbas bas77 `arkhcaràhs f axdstajkdhs phrh su vajth, ca `htardhs prd`hs, ca prfcukkdûj aj kursf, ca prfcuktfs tar`djhcfs y ca hkkasfrdfs. [am÷j [am÷ j bh bhss Jfr`hs Kfjthebas Jhkdfjhbas a Djtarjhkdfjhbas7 Ab cdkth`aj ? candja edajas ca kh`edf kf`f hquabbfs tajdcfs phrh su vajth aj ab kursf frcdjhrdf ca bfs jamfkdfs, bfs qua astèj aj prfkasf ca prfcukkdûj f qua rasubthj kfjsu`dcfs aj asta f aj bh kf`arkdhbdzhkdûj ca bfs edajas f sarvdkdfs qua sa castdjhj h bh vajth djkbuyajcf bhs `htardhs prd`hs, prfcuktfs aj prfkasf, prfcuktfs tar`dj tar `djhcf hcfs, s, `ar `arkhc khcarà aràhs hs ca rav ravajt ajth, h, `ht `htard ardhba hbas, s, su`djd su`djdstr strfs fs y bfs eda edajas jas ca usf cas cashna hnakth kthcfs cfs (castdjhcfs h bh vajth) [am÷j bh Uasfbukdûj Säkjdkh ca Kfjthedbdchc 7 sfj hquabbfs edajas castdjhcfs h bh vajth aj ab kursf frcdjhrdf ca bh hktdvdchc cab ajta f qua sa ajkuajtrhj aj prfkasf ca prfcukkdûj f qua rasubthj kfjsu`dcfs aj asta, f sfj sarvdkdfs qua sa castdjhj h bh vajth, hsà kf`f bfs hjtdkdpfs h prfvaacfras pfr bhs kf`prhs ca astfs edajas. Yasa h qua bh jfr`h cdka qua sfj edajas ca kh`edf, su è`edtf sfbf hbkhjzh h bh axpfsdkdûj y jf trhjsnfr`h uj kräcdtf aj edajas ca kh`edf. Ab hutfr Edfjcd7 `ajkdfjh khrhktaràstdkhs qua chj bumhr h ujh kbhsdndkhkdûj7 bh hktdvdchc prdjkdphb ca bh a`prash< bh rabhkdûj edajas aj prfkasf prfcuktdvf, bh pfsdedbdchc ca rahbdzhkdûj ca bfs edajas, kuastdfjas hc`djdstrhtdvhs (ndjhjkdhkdûj f kräcdtfs ca hsdmjhkdûj ca kfstfs), kf`arkdhbas (vabfkdchc ca rfthkdûj f su frdmaj jhkdfjhb f d`pfrthcf). [am÷j Hrävhbf Hrävhbf bfs kbhsd kbhsdndkh ndkh aj rhzûj ca bh `htardh, bh axtajsdû axtajsdûj j ca su fegatf, su ndjhbdchc, ndjhbdchc, nfr`h, khbdchc, atk. Bhs Yrdjkdphbas phuths ca kbhsdndkhkdûj sfj7 h) [am÷j su athph ca prfcukkdûj7 @htardh Yrd`h, Yrfcuktfs aj prfkasf ca prfcukkdûj, y Yrfcuktfs tar`djhcfs. e) Yrfcuktfs bdstfs phrh kf`arkdhbdzhr , h shear7  

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Yrfcuktfs ca ravajth f prfcukkdûj prfpdh. Aba`aj Aba `ajtfs tfs utd utdbdz bdzhcf hcfss kf` kf`f f prf prfcuk cuktf tf ndjhb ndjhb f bfs cas castdj tdjhcf hcfss h djt djtamr amrhrs hrsa a aj ab prf prfkas kasf f prfcuktdvf cab `ds`f u ftrf ajta. Yrfcuktfs qua sa ushrhj kf`f rapuastf f hkkasfrdfs aj a`prashs ca sarvdkdfs. Ajvhsas phrh bh vajth ca bfs edajas. Yrfcuktfs aj prfkasf ca abhefrhkdûj.  Hktdvfs ndgfs castdhjhcfs phrh bh bh vajth.

3.8.8. Khrhktaràstdkhs cab U Uahbdzheba ahbdzheba Ca kfjnfr`dchc kfj bf asthebakdcf aj bhs jfr`hs kfjthebas ab Hktdvf Uahbdzheba f bhs "Axdstajkdhs", f bfs Djvajthrdfs Djvajthrdfs sfj  sfj hktdvfs qua ku`pbaj bhs sdmudajtas khrhktaràstdkhs7 [fj edajas thjmdebas. Astèj castdjhcfs h bh vajth aj nfr`h ohedtuhb. Yuacaj sar hcqudrdcfs phrh su pfstardfr vajth. Yuacaj sar prfcukdcfs aj bh a`prash (tar`djhcfs). Yuacaj ajkfjtrhrsa aj prfkasf ca prfcukkdûj.      

[a djkbuyaj bfs phmfs hjtdkdphcfs pfr kf`prhs ca bfs `ds`fs.

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 Hca`ès ca sar prfcuktfs qua tdajaj khrhktaràstdkhs khrhktaràstdkhs hcdkdfjhbas kf`f sar7 sar7 h) [fj pfsaàcfs phrh sar vajcdcfs aj ab kursf jfr`hb ca bhs fparhkdfjas ca bh a`prash. e) Edajas aj prfkasf ca prfcukkdûj prfcukkdûj kfj  kfj `drhs h ujh vajth nuturh. k) Yuacaj asthr aj nfr`h ca `htardhbas f su`djdstrfs, phrh sar kfjsu`dcfs aj ab prfkasf ca prfcukkdûj, f aj bh prasthkdûj ca sarvdkdf sarvdkdf..  Hsd`ds`f, bh Jfr`htdvh Kfjtheba saøhbh qua cajtrf ca bfs djvajthrdfs (edajas ca kh`edf) sa djkbuyaj, ftrfs, bfsy prfcuktfs f aj kursf nherdkhkdûj `hjtajdcfs pfr bh ajtdchc, hsà kf`f ajtra bfs `htardhbas su`djdstrfstar`djhcfs phrh sar ushcfs aj ab ca prfkasf prfcuktdvf. Ca ftrf bhcf saøhbh qua bhs phrtdchs qua ra÷jhj bh candjdkdûj cab aba`ajtf (hktdvf rahbdzheba) caeaj rakfjfkarsa sd as prfeheba qua majaraj hbm÷j eajandkdf akfjû`dkf y tajmhj uj kfstf y/f vhbfr qua puach `acdrsa kfjndheba`ajta. Aspakàndkh`ajta, aj ab @hrkf Kfjkaptuhb saøhbh qua bfs anaktfs ca bhs trhjshkk trhjshkkdfj dfjas as sa rakfjf rakfjfkaj kaj "ku "kuhjc hjcf f fku fkurra rraj j (y jf kuhjcf kuhjcf sa kfe kferh rh f phmh phmh aj ana anaktd ktdvf vf f aqudvh aqu dvhbaj bajta ta ca ana anaktd ktdvf) vf),, sa djskr djskrdea deaj j aj bfs ramdstrfs  kfjthebas y sa prasajthj aj bfs asthcfs ndjhjkdarfs ca bfs pardfcfs h bfs kuhbas kfrraspfjcaj".  Kf`f kfjsakuajkdh ca bf hjtas axpuastf as drrabavhjta phrh ab ramdstrf kfjtheba bh a`dsdûj cab kf`prfehjta qua ku`pba ujh nujkdûj nujkdûj trdeuthrdh  trdeuthrdh (nhkturh) `ès qua ndjhjkdarh f kf`arkdhb.

3.8.5. @acdchs ca Kfj Kfjtrfb trfb Djtarjf phr phrhh ab Uahbdzheba  Hb sar ab hktdvf `ès d`pfrthjta d`pfrthjta ca bh a`prash, as jakashrdf tajar ehsthjta kfjtrfb sfera ab `hjagf ca bfs edajas ca kh`edf f rahbdzheba, pfr bf qua sa sumdara hb `ajfs hpbdkhr bfs sdmudajtas kfjtrfbas phrh ab kfrraktf `hjagf ca asta hktdvf7 8. Fesarv Fesarvhr hr bh tf`h nàs nàsdkh dkh ca djvaj djvajthrdf thrdfss hb ;8/85/x ;8/85/xxx (nakoh ca kda kdarra rra kfjth kfjtheba) eba) y rahbd rahbdzhr zhr rakua rakuajtfs jtfs sabakt sab aktdvf dvfss pard pardûcd ûcdkh` kh`ajt ajta, a, h ndj ca var vardnd dndkhr khr bh axh axhktd ktdtuc tuc ca bfs kfj kfjtaf tafss ana anaktu ktuhcf hcfss pfr ab parsfjhb h khrmf aj bh ajtdchc. 5. Fetajar kkfjndr` fjndr`hkdûj hkdûj ask askrdth rdth ca bhs axd axdstajk stajkdhs dhs aj pfcar ca tark tarkarfs arfs (kdr (kdrkubhr kubhrdzhkd dzhkdûj). ûj). ;. Anakt Anaktuhr uhr pruae pruaehs hs ca vhbu vhbuhkdûj hkdûj y hk hktuhbd tuhbdzhkdûj zhkdûj hb kkdarra darra cab a agarkd garkdkdf kdf hjhbd hjhbdzhcf. zhcf. 3. Av Avhb hbuh uhrr bh rfth rfthkd kdûj ûj ca st stfk fkls ls ph phrh rh ca cata tar` r`dj djhr hr y av avdtdthr hr bh bhss pf pfsd sdeb ebas as casv casvhb hbfrd frdzh zhkd kdfj fjas as pfr  pfr  fesfbaskajkdh f catardfrf cab edaj. 1. Anakt Anaktuhr uhr ab hrquaf ca bbh h cfku`aj cfku`ajthkdû thkdûj j sfera hcq hcqudsdk udsdkdfjas, dfjas, ra rakapkd kapkdûj, ûj, casp casphkof hkof y ajtra ajtramh mh ca edajas y vhbfras. >. ^ardnd ^ardndkhr khr bh hc hcakuhk akuhkdûj dûj ca bfs krdt krdtardfs ardfs ca vhbuh vhbuhkdûj kdûj hpb hpbdkhcfs dkhcfs.. =. ^ardnd ^ardndkhr khr bhs kf kftdzhk tdzhkdfjas dfjas utd utdbdzhc bdzhchs hs phrh bh vhb vhbuhkdû uhkdûj j cab hktdv hktdvf f rahbdz rahbdzheba. heba. ?. Astheb Asthebakar akar bhs cdna cdnarajkd rajkdhs hs ajtra bfs ram ramdstrf dstrfss kfjthe kfjthebas bas y bfs rasub rasubthcfs thcfs cab rak rakuajtf uajtf.. 4. Uahbd Uahbdzhr zhr ujh pruaeh mbfeh mbfehbb ca vhb vhbuhkdû uhkdûj j y axd axdstajk stajkdhs dhs cab ruerf. 89. Ast Astheb hebaka akarr bhs hcq hcquds udsdkd dkdfjas fjas `ès d`pfr d`pfrthj thjtas tas cab høf y var vardnd dndkhr khr bfs prfkas prfkasfs fs f trè trè`dt `dtas as ca kfjtrhthkdûj y su anaktf kfjtheba. 88. Feta Fetajar jar djnfr djnfr`hk `hkdûj dûj ca bh jht jhturh urhbaz bazh h y ab `ft `ftdvf dvf ca bhs ehghs fkurr fkurrdch dchss phr phrh h hjh hjhbdz bdzhr hr su raparkusdûj kfjtheba. 85. Ftrhs `acdchs qua ab kfjthcfr f ajkhrmhcf cab saktfr saktfr kfjsdcara jakas jakashrdhs. hrdhs. Bfs djvajt djvajthrd hrdfs fs sfj ab hphrhtf kdrkubhtfrdf kdrkubhtfrdf   ca ujh a` a`pr pras ash h ca kf`arkdhbdzhkdûj kf`arkdhbdzhkdûj.. Bhs kf`phøàhs axdtfshs tdajaj mrhj kudchcf ca prftamar sus djvajthrdfs. Bfs aba`ajtfs ca uj euaj kfjtrfb djtarjf sfera bfs djvajthrdfs caeaj djkbudr hca`ès7 h) Kfjta Kfjtaf f nàsdkf ca bfs djv djvajthrd ajthrdfs fs pfr bf `ajfs ujh vaz hb hø høf, f, jf d`pfrt d`pfrthjcf hjcf ab sdsta sdsta`h `h h utdbdz utdbdzhr. hr. e) @hjtaj @hjtajd`daj d`dajtf tf an andkdaj dkdajta ta ca kf`p kf`prhs, rhs, rrakapk akapkdûj dûj y prfkacd`dajtfs prfkacd`dajtfs ca  ca a`ehrqua. k) Hb`hk Hb`hkajh`da ajh`dajtf jtf cab djv djvajthrd ajthrdf f phrh prft prftamarbf amarbf kf kfjtrh jtrh ab rfe rfef, f, chøf û caskf`pf caskf`pfsdkd sdkdûj. ûj.

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c) Ya Yar` r`dtdtdr dr ab hkk hkkas asf f hb djva djvajt jthr hrdf df sfb sfbh` h`aj ajta ta hb parsfjhb parsfjhb   qua jf tdaja hkkasf h bfs ramdstrfs kfjthebas. a) @hjtaj @hjtajar ar ramdst ramdstrfs rfs ca djvajt djvajthrdfs hrdfs parp parpatufs atufs phr phrh h bhs `arkhj `arkhjkàhs kàhs ca hbt hbtf f kfstf ujdt ujdthrdf. hrdf. n) Kf` Kf`prh prhrr ab dj djvaj vajthr thrdf df aj khjt khjtdch dchcas cas a akfj kfjû`d û`dkhs khs.. m) @hjtaj @hjtajar ar sundk sundkdajta dajta djva djvajthrdf jthrdf cds cdspfjdeb pfjdeba a phrh pravajdr sdt sdtuhkdf uhkdfjas jas ca cändkdt cändkdt,, bf kuhb kfjcuka h pärcdchs aj vajths. o) Jf `hj `hjtaj tajar ar uj djv djvajt ajthrd hrdf f hb`h hb`hkaj kajhcf hcf ca` ca`hsd hsdhcf hcf tda`pf tda`pf,, avdthjcf kfj asf ab mhstf ca tajar  cdjarf rastrdjmdcf cdjarf  rastrdjmdcf aj hrtàkubfs djjakashrdfs.

3.8.;. Kf`pfjajtas cab Uahbdzheba f Edajas ca Kh`edf 8.8.8.3. Edajas ca Kh`edf f Uahbdzhebas 8.8.8.3.8. DJ^. C CA A @AU @AUKHCAUDH[ KHCAUDH[ 8.8.8.3.8.8. Yrfcuktf xx 8.8.8.3.8.5. Yrfcuktf yy 8.8.8.3.5. @AUKHCAUDH[ AJ SUHJ[DSF SUHJ[DSF 8.8.8.3.5.8. Yrfcuktf xx 8.8.8.3.5.5. Yrfcuktf yy 8.8.8.3.;. @HSAUDH[ YUD@H[ 8.8.8.3.;.8. Yrfcuktf xx 8.8.8.3.3. YUFCQKSF[ AJ YU YUFKA[F FKA[F 8.8.8.3.3.8. Yrfcuktf xx 8.8.8.3.1. YUFCQKSF[ SAU@DJHCF[ 8.8.8.3.1.8. Yrfcuktf xx 8.8.8.3.>. HJSDKDYF H YUF^AACFUA[ YUF^AACFUA[

8.8.8.3.>.8. Yrfvaacfr xx 8.8.8.3.=. HKSD^F[ NDGF[ NQAUH CA [AU^DKDF 8.8.8.3.=.8. @uaebas y utdbas aj casusf 8.8.8.3.=.5. ^aoàkubfs aj casusf 8.8.8.3.=.;. @hqudjhrdhs y aqudpfs aj casusf 8.8.8.3.?. FSUF[ HKSD^F[ HKSD^F[ UAHBDWHEBA[ UAHBDWHEBA[ 8.8.8.3.?.8. Casparcdkdfs phrh bh vajth

8.8.8.3.?.5. Ftrfs hktd hktdvfs vfs phrh bh vajth

[dsta`hs ca vhbuhkdûj ca djvajthrdfs Axdstaj cfs sdsta`hs ca djvajthrdfs7 Ab sdsta`h pardûcdkf y ab sdsta`h par`hjajta. Kuhjcf bh a`prash utdbdzh ab sdsta`h par`hjajta f ab pardûcdkf, caea rakurrdr h cdnarajtas `ätfcfs ca vhbuhkdûj ca djva djvajt jthr hrdf dfs, s, aj ajtr tra a bfs bfs qu qua a ta taja ja`f `fss ab @ä @ätf tfcf cf Ya Yaps ps,, @ä @ätf tfcf cf Qa Qaps ps,, @ä @ätf tfcf cf cab cab pr prf` f`ac acdf df pfjcarhcf, ÷btd`h nhkturh, atk. sdajcf astfs bfs `hs utdbdzhcfs y cashrrfbbhcfs. 3.5. [dsta`h ca djvajthrdhkdûj pardûcdkh Aj ab sdsta`h ca djvajthrdhkdûj pardûcdkh bh a`prash f jamfkdf jf `hjtdaja uj ramdstrf kfjtdjuf cab djvajthrdf djvaj thrdf cds cdspfjdeb pfjdeba a aj sus hb`hkajas hb`hkajas,, y rakdaj hb ndjhb cab pardfcf kfjt kfjtheba heba sa ohka uj kfjtaf nàsdkf cab djvajthrdf cdspfjdeba y hpbdkh bfs kfstfs kfstfs ujdthrdfs  ujdthrdfs phrh catar`djhr ab kfstf cab djvajthrdf ndjhb. Ästh as bh kdnrh ca djvajthrdf qua hphraka aj ab Ehbhjka Majarhb. [a utdbdzh th`edäj phrh khbkubhr ab kfstf ca bhs `arkhcaràhs vajcdchs. Ab sdsta`h pardûcdkf as kfjfkdcf th`edäj kf`f sdsta`h nàsdkf, pfrqua sa hpfyh aj ab kfjtaf nàsdkf rahb cab djvajthrdf. Ab sdsta`h pardûcdkf as majarhb`ajta utdbdzhcf phrh kfjthedbdzhr bfs hrtàkubfs cab djva djvajt jthr hrdf df qu qua a vhbdfsfs tdaj tdajaj aj uj kfst kfmhrhjtdzhr stf f uj ujdtdthr hrdf df ehgf ehgf.. caBf Bfs s hr hrtà tàku kubf bfs s ca hb eh ehgf gf kf kfst f puac puacaj ajcdspfjdeba. jf sa sarr bf sundkdajta`ajta phrh ab kfstf bbavhr uj ramdstrf càh cabstf djvajthrdf Q

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Yhrh ushr ab sdsta`h pardûcdkf kfj anaktdvdchc, ab prfpdathrdf caea tajar bh khphkdchc ca kfjtrfbhr ab djvajthrdf `acdhjta bh djspakkdûj vdsuhb. Yfr aga`pbf, kuhjcf uj kbdajta kbdajta ba  ba sfbdkdth kdarths khjtdchcas cdspfjdebas, ab cuaøf f hc`djdstrhcfr  puacaj  puacaj vdsuhbdzhr bhs `arkhjkàhs axdstajtas.

Kèbkubf Cab Kfstf Cab Djvajthrdf Kèbkubf Cab Bfs djvajthrdfs sfj kfjthedbdzhcfs jfr`hb`ajta pfr su kfstf odstûrdkf, kf`f bf raqudara ab prdjkdpdf cab kfstf ca `arkhcaràhs (^hbuhkdûj hb kfstf). Ab kfstf cab djvajthrdf as ab prakdf prakdf qua  qua ab jamfkdf phmh phrh hcqudrdr ab djvajthrdf, jffsab kuh prakdf ndjhbcasku ca vajth `arkhjkàhs. Ab d`puastf kfstf ca  djvajthrdf djkbuy djk buya a ab pra prakdf kdf ca nhkturh nhkturh,, `aj `ajfs kuhbqu bqudar dar caskuajt ajtf f ca ca bhs kf`prhs kf` prhs,, `ès ab d`puastf  sfera bhs vajths, bfs hrhjkabas hrhjkabas,, bfs khrmfs pfr trhjspfrta trhjspfrta,, ab samurf samurf `dajtrhs  `dajtrhs astè aj trèjsdtf y aj hb`hkajas, y ftrfs kfstfs kfstfs aj  aj qua sa djkurra phrh bfmrhr qua bhs `arkhjkàhs astäj cdspfjdebas phrh bh vajth. Yhrh bh catar`djhkdûj cab kfstf ca vajths sa utdbdzh bh sdmudajta nûr`ubh7

Kfstf ca vajths 0 stfkl djdkdhb + kf`prhs - stfkl ndjhb 3.5.8. Hsdajtfs kfjtheb kfjthebas as ehgf ab [dsta`h Yardûcdkf Aj ab sdsta`h pardûcdkf, ab jamfkdf ramdstrh bhs kf`prhs aj bh kuajth kf`prhs (kf`f kuajth ca mhstfs)< pfr su phrta bh kuajth djvajthrdf kfjtdj÷h bbavhjcf ab shbcf djdkdhb qua quacû hb ndjhb cab paràfcf hjtardfr. [dj a`ehrmf, hb ndjhb cab paràfcf vdmajta, bh kuajth djvajthrdf caea sar hktuhbdzhch aj bfs Asthcfs Ndjhjkdarfs. Qj hsdajtf ca cdhrdf abd`djh ab [hbcf Djdkdhb, hefjèjcfbf h Djvajthrdf y khrmèj khr mèjcfb cfbf f h Mhj Mhjhjk hjkdhs dhs y Yär Yärcdc cdchs. hs. Qj sam samujc ujcf f hsd hsdajt ajtf f ca Cdhrdf Cdhrdf ast astheb hebaka aka ab [hb [hbcf cf Ndjhb, Ndjhb, ehsèjcfsa aj ab kfjtaf nàsdkf. Ab khrmf as h djvajthrdf, y ab hefjf h Mhjhjkdhs y Yärcdchs. Astfs hsdajtfs puacaj rahbdzhrsa aj ab prfkasf prfkasf ca  ca kdarra f kf`f hsdajtfs ca hgusta. Uamdstrf kfjtheba aj ab Bderf Cdhrdf 7 8. Aj ab pard pardûcf ûcf kfjt kfjtheba, heba, bbh h a`pras a`prash h rahbdz rahbdzh h kf`pr kf`prhs hs h krä kräcdtf cdtf ca E Ess 1>9,9 1>9,999.99. xx/xx/xx  

  CAEA 3?=.599.=5.?99.-

Djvajthrdf ca `arkhcaràhs Kräcdtf Ndskhb D^H Kuajths pfr phmhr

OHEAU 1>9.999.-

Mbfsh7 Kf`prh `arkhcaràhs h kräcdtf.

5. Aj ab `ds`f pardûcf kfjtheba sa vajca h kräcdtf Es 499,999.- (sa caearè catar`djhr ab kfstf ca vajths phrh asth mastdûj)7   xx/xx/xx  

CAEA 499.999.5=.999.-

--------------- 8 ----------------Kuajths pfr kferhr D.S. ^ajths ca `arkhcaràhs Cäedtf Ndskhb D^H D.S. x phmhr

OHEAU =?;.999.88=.999.5=.999.-

Mbfsh7 ^ajth ca `arkhcaràhs h kräcdtf.

;. Hsdajtfs cdhrdfs ca ndj ca pardfcf phrh hktuhbdzhr ab djvajthrdf7

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- Oherè qua tf`hr aj kuajth ab djvajthrdf hb djdkdf ca mastdûj (Es 899.999.-), y hktuhbdzhr asta djvajthrdf, y hb ndjhb ohy qua ramdstrhr ca hkuarcf hb kfjtaf nàsdkf cab djvajthrdf axdstajta7   ;8/ ;8/85/x 85/xxx  

-------------------------- 8 -----------------------------Mh Mhjh jhjk jkdh dhss pfr pfr Dj Djvv. ca @a @ark rkhc hcar aràh àhss Djvajthrdf ca `arkhcràhs (shbcf djdkdhb)

CAEA 89 899, 9,99 999. 9.--

OHEAU 899,999.-

Mbfsh7 Yfr hktuhbdzhkdûj ca djvajthrdfs

 

-------------------------- 5 ------------------------------

;8/85/ 5/xx xx  ;8/8

Dj Djva vajt jthr hrdf `ark (shb cfarndjh ndkjhb) Mdfhjca hj`a kdhrkhc s hcar pfaràh r Dàhs jvs. c(s ahbcf @ hcb)aràhs

85 859, 9,99 999. 9.--

859,999.-

Mbfsh7 Yfr ramdstrf ndjhb ca djvajthrdfs

Uamdstrf cab djvajthrdf aj bfs Asthcfs Ndjhjkdarfs7   Asthcfs ca rasubthcfs hb ;8/85/xx (phrkdhb)7   Djmrasfs pfr vajths Es =?;,999.  Kfstf ca `arkhjkàh vajcdchs7   Djvajthrdf Djdkdhb Es 899,999.  Kf`prhs Es 3?=,599.  Djvajthrdf Ndjhb Es 859,999.  Kfstf ca `arkhjkàhs vajcdchs Es 3>=,599.  @hrmaj Erutf  Es ;81,?99. 

Ehbhjka Majarhb hb ;8/85/xx (phrkdhb)7 (Aj Efbdvdhjfs) Hktdvf Kdrkubhjta Hktdvf  Kdrkubhjta7   Anaktdvf / Khgh Es xxx,xxx.  Djvarsdfjas Djvarsdfjas  h kfrtf pbhzf Es xxx,xxx.  Kuajths pfr kferhr Es xxx,xxx.  Djvajthrdfs Es 859,999.  Khrmfs phmhcfs pfr hcabhjthcf Es xxx,xxx.SFSHB H HK KSD^F K KDDUKQBHJSA Es xxxxx,xxx.-

Ab prdjkdphb canaktf cab `ätfcf ca djvajthrdf pardûcdkf as qua ab kfstf ca bfs `htardhbas hb`hkajhcfs y bfs ushcfs jf puacaj catar`djhrsa sdj uj kfjtaf nàsdkf cab djvajthrdf ndjhb ca `htardhbas, ab kuhb puaca sar kfstfsf y ca`hjchr `ukof tda`pf.

3.5.8.8. @ätfcf (YAY[) Kfstf c caa Yrd`arhs Ajtrhchs, Yrd`arhs Yrd`arhs [hbdchs7 Ab `ätfcf YAY[ ca kfstaf ca djvajthrdf sa ehsh aj bh pra`dsh ca qua bfs prd`arfs kfstfs ca bfs hrtàkubfs kf`prhcfs sfj bfs qua prd`arf kfstfs ca bfs hrtàkubfs qua sa casphkohj.   @acdhjta asta `ätfcf, ab djvajthrdf ndjhb asthràh kf`puastf ca bfs `htardhbas rakdedcfs hb ndjhb, y bfs prakdfs, pfr  thjtf, ranbaghràhj bfs kfstfs hktuhbas. Yhrh khbkubhr ab kfstf ca bfs `htardhbas ushcfs, sa trhehgh h phrtdr cab djvajthrdf djdkdhb ca `htardhbas f ca bh prd`arh kf`prh kf`prh y sa hvhjzh aj ab tda`pf. Yhrh khbkubhr ab djvajthrdf ndjhb ndjhb ca `htardhbas, sa trhehgh h phrtdr ca bhs kf`prhs `ès rakdajtas y sa ratrfkaca kfj ab tda`pf.  Hsd`ds`f, ehgf ab `ätfcf ca prd`arhs ajtrhchs, ajtrhchs, prd`arhs shbdchs, bh kf`phøàh caea bbavhr uj ramdstrf cab kfstf ca khch ujdchc kf`prhch cab djvajthrdf. Ab kfstf ca bh ujdchc utdbdzhcf phrh khbkubhr ab djvajthrdf ndjhb, puaca sar cdnarajta ca bfs kfstfs ujdthrdfs utdbdzhcfs phrh khbkubhr ab kfstf ca bhs `arkhjkàhs vajcdchs.

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Ehgf ab `ätfcf YAY[, bfs prd`arfs kfstfs qua ajtrhj hb djvajthrdf sfj bfs prd`arfs kfstfs qua shbaj hb kfstf ca bhs `arkhjkàhs vajcdchs, h asf sa caea ab jf`era ca Yrd`arhs Ajtrhchs, Yrd`arhs [hbdchs. Ab djvajthrdf ndjhb sa ehshrè aj bfs kfstfs ca bhs kf`prhs `ès rakdajtas, pfr asf ab kfstaf cab djvajthrdf ndjhb sa catar`djhrè kfj bfs kfstfs ca `arkhcaràhs qua h÷j astèj aj bfs hb`hkajas. 899u x 8.990899.-

8?5.19/8=10 8.91

=1u x 8.890?5.19

8=1u x 8.910 8?;.=1

7 3.5.8.5. @ätfcf ca a ×btd`hs Ajtrhchs, Yrd`arhs Ab `ätfcf QAY[ (QAY[) supfja Kfstf qua bfsc ÷btd`fs `htardhbas rakdedcfs sfj[hbdchs bfs prd`arfs qua sa utdbdzhj. Yfr bf thjtf, ab djvajthrdf ndjhb ranbagh bfs prakdfs ca bfs prd`arfs `htardhbas rakdedcfs. Kfj ab QAY[, ab kfstf ca bfs `htardhbas ushcfs ranbagh axhkth`ajta bfs kfstfs kfrrdajtas (hktuhbas), bh catar`djhkdûj cab djmrasf caea sar `ès prakdsh pfrqua bfs kfstfs kfrrdajtas sa ajnrajthj kfj ab djmrasf kfrrdajta. Aj hbmujfs khsfs, asta `ätfcf th`edäj sa hcodara hb kfjkaptf ca nbugf ca `htardhbas.

Ab kfst kfstf f ca bfs bfs `h `hta tard rdhb hbas as ut utdbdbdz dzhc hcfs fs sa khbk khbkub ubh h tf tf`h `hjc jcf f pr prd` d`ar arf f bh ÷b ÷btdtd`h `h kf kf`p `prh rh y bu buam amf f ratrfkacdajcf. ratrfkacda jcf. Ab djvajth djvajthrdf rdf ndjhb ca bfs `htardhba `htardhbass sa khbku khbkubh bh h phrtdr cab djvaj djvajthrdf thrdf djdk djdkdhb dhb ca bfs `htardhbas f ca bh prd`arh kf`prh y sa trhehgh ohkdh cabhjta. Ehgf asta `ätfcf, bfs ÷btd`fs kfstfs ca bhs `arkhcaràhs qua ajtrhj hb djvajthrdf sfj bfs prd`arfs kfstfs qua shbaj hb kfstf ca `arkhjkàhs vajcdchs. Asta `ätfcf cagh bfs kfstfs `ès hjtdmufs (hquabbfs cab djvajthrdf djdkdhb y bhs kf`prhs prd`arhs cab pardfcf) aj ab djvajthrdf ndjhb. Kf`f sa pfcrè jfthr, ab kfstaf ndjhb cab djvajthrdf ehgf asta sdta`h, jf as `uy hprfpdhcf, pfr trhthrsa ca vhbfras hjtdmufs h sar d`puthcfs aj ab djvajthrdf ndjhb. Hb ushr bh axprasdûj ‒÷btd`f aj ajtrhr, prd`arf prd`arf

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aj shbdr‐ jf sa ohka ranarajkdh hb supuastf `fvd`dajtf ca bfs hrtàkubfs f edajas, sdjf `ès edaj hb supuastf cab `fvd`dajtf ca bfs kfstfs ca astfs hrtàkubfs. [upfjmh`fs qua ujh kf`phøàh vajca ujh ujdchc ca hrtàkubf khch høf. Hb prdjkdpdf cab prd`ar  agarkdkdf kf`prû ujh ujdchc aj Es 8.999.999.- y bh `hrkû phrh sar vajcdch aj Es 8.199.999.kfjsdcarhjcf ujh utdbdchc eruth ca Es 199.999.- (phrh kuerdr mhstfs y fetajar bh mhjhjkdh casahch).  Hjtas ca ohkar kuhbqudar vajth bh a`prash kf`prû ujh samujch ujdchc aj Es 8.919.999.- y abavû ab prakdf ca vajth h Es 8.119.999.-. Ndjhb`ajta, vajcdû ujh ujdchc aj Es 8.119.999.Yfrbhabsdmudajta `ätfcf Qbtd`f Ajtrhcf Yrd`arf [hbdcf (QAY[) ab kfstf ca vajths y bh utdbdchc eruth sa khbkubhj ca `hjarh7 ^ajth Es 8.119.999.Kfstf ca ^ajths Es 8.919.999.Qtdbdchc Eruth aj ^ajth Es 199.999.Ab Djvajthrdf Ndjhb sa vhbfrhràh h uj kfstf ujdthrdf ca Es 8.999.999.3.5.8.;. @ätfcf cab prf`acdf pfjcarhcf Ab `ätfcf cab kfstf prf`acdf pfjcarhcf, bbh`hcf h `ajucf kf`f `ätfcf cab kfstf prf`acdf sa ehsh aj ab kfstf kfstf prf`acdf pfjcarhcf cab djv djvajthrdf ajthrdf (`arkhcaràhs) curhjta ab paràfcf. Asta `ätfcf pfjcarh ab kfstf pfr ujdchc kf`f ab kfstf ujdthrdf prf`acdf curhjta uj pardfcf, astf as, sd ab kfstf ca bh ujdchc ehgh f suea curhjta ab pardfcf, sa utdbdzh ab prf`acdf ca asths suedchs f ehghchs aj bfs kfstfs ca bhs `arkhcaràhs. Ab kfstf prf`acdf sa catar`djh `hjarh ajtra sdmudajta7 cdvdch abcakfstf ca bhscdspfjdebas. `arkhjkàhs cdspfjdebas phrh bh vajth (djvajthrdf djdkdhbca + bh kf`prhs) ab j÷`arf ujdchcas Khbkuba ab djvajthrdf ndjhb y ab kfstf ca `arkhjkàhs vajcdchs, `ubtdpbdkhjcf ab j÷`arf ca ujdchcas pfr ab kfstf prf`acdf pfr ujdchc. Aga`pbf7 [d ab kfstf ca `arkhjkàhs cdspfjdebas phrh bh vajth as ca Es 49,999.- y astèj cdspfjdeba >9 ujdchcas, ab kfstf cab prf`acdf as ca Es 8,199.- pfr ujdchc. Ab djvajthrdf ndjhb ca 59 ujdchcas cab `ds`f `ds` f hrtàkubf tdaja uj kfstf prf`acdf ca Es ;9,999.- (59 x Es 8,199 0 Es ;9,999.). Ab kfstf ca `arkhjkàhs vajcdchs (39 ujdchcas) as ca Es >9,999.- (39 x Es 8,199 0 Es >9,999.-). Ftrf aga`pbf phrh shkhr ab kfstf prf`acdf pfjcarhcf djcdkh qua sa caearè hr`hr ujh pbhjdbbh ca djvajthrdf aj bh qua khch vaz qua sa ch ca hbth ujh `arkhcardh caea`fs khbkubhr ab prf`acdf cab prakdf ca bh `ds`h kfj ab ca bhs qua yh sa tajàh aj axdstajkdh, y khch vaz qua vajcas ujh `arkhcaràh bh chs ca ehgh pfr asa prakdf prf`acdf.

Yfr Ag7 axdstajkdh ca 899u h Es 89 (Es 8999 aj tfthb), kf`prf 899u h Es 59 (Es 5999 aj tfthb) Ab prf`acdf ca h`efs prakdfs saràh (Es 8999+Es 5999) cdvdcdcf ajtra (899u+899u) bf qua chràh Es 81 pfr ujdchc. Yfr bf thjtf asfs Es 81 as ab prakdf prf`acdf ca tus axdstajkdhs. Hofrh kuhjcf rahbdkas bh prûxd`h vajth, bh khjtdchc ca ujdchcas vajcdchs `ubtdpbdkhch pfr bfs Es 81 saràh tu kfstf prf`acdf pfjcarhcf. Ag7 vajcf 19u, ab Kfstf prf`acdf pfjcarhcf saràh ab sdmudajta7 19u x Es 81 0 Es =19. 3.5.8.3. @ätfcf cab prf`acdf sd`pba Yra`dsh7 Ab prf`acdf hrdt`ätdkf sd`pba ca bfs prakdfs pfr ujdchc sa catar`djh su`hjcf bfs prakdfs ujdthrdfs cab djvajthrdf djdkdhb y ca tfchs bhs kf`prhs, y cdvdcdajcf ab tfthb hsà fetajdcf ajtra ab j÷`arf ca kf`prhs `ès 8 (pfr ab djvajthrdf djdkdhb). Asta `ätfcf `ätfcf ca kfstah kfstahrr ab djvajthr djvajthrdf df as th`edäj pfk pfkf f ushcf (kf`f ab prf` prf`acdf acdf pfjca pfjcarhcf), rhcf), y kfjsdsta aj bh catar`djhkdûj ca uj kfstf ujdthrdf prf`acdf khbkubhcf kf`f sdmua7 [a su`hj bfs kfstfs ujdthrdfs thjtf cab djvajt djvajthrdf hrdf djdkdhb kf`f ca bhs cdn cdnarajtas arajtas kf`prhs oakohs aj uj pardfcf. Ab tfthb hsà fetajdcf, sa cdvdca ajtra ab j÷`arf ca phrtdchs su`hchs. Q

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Aga`pbf7

Kuajth Djvajthrdf Djdkdhb7 8arh. Kf`prh7 5ch. Kf`prh7 ;arh. Kf`prh7 Sfthbas…

Khjt. ca Qjdchcas ^hbfr (Es) 899 8,99 599 8,89 519 8,59 899 8,51 >19

Sfthb (Es) 899.559.;99.851.=31.-

** Ohy 599 ujdchcas aj ab djvajthrdf ndjhb, sam÷j kfjtaf nàsdkf. 8,99 + 8,89 + 8,59 + 8,51 Kfstf Qjdthrdf 0 0 Es 8,83 3 ^hbuhkdûj cab Djvajthrdf Ndj Ndjhb7 hb7 8,83 x 599 0 E Ess 55?.Asta `ätfcf as dbûmdkf, pfrqua h bfs prakdfs ujdthrdfs hpbdkhebas thjtf h bhs kf`prhs d`pfrthjtas kf`f h bhs paquaøhs sa bas ch bh `ds`h pfjcarhkdûj aj kèbkubf. Bfs `ä `ätf tfcf cfss ca pr prf` f`ac acdf df pfjc pfjcar arhc hcf f y pr prf` f`ac acdf df sd`p sd`pba ba,, sfbf sfbf oh ohj j sdcf sdcf Jfth d`pf d`pfrthjt rthjtaa7 Bfs kf`ajthcfs h `hjarh ca dbustrhkdûj dbustrhkdûj,, pfr qua su jf utdbdzhkdûj aj bh prèktdkh, ohka qua jf ba cacdquaj aj bfs bderfs bderfs `hyfras  `hyfras kf`ajthrdfs.

3.5.8.1. @ätfcf ca bh ÷btd` ÷btd`hh nhkturh Kfj astacab `ätfcf saqua ushohy ab kfstf hpbdkheba bh ohy ÷btd`h ca kf`prh tfch aj bh khjtdchc hrtàkubf aj ab djvajt djvajthrdf. hrdf.h [d ujhfparhkdûj rèpdch rfthkdûj nàsdkh phrh ca bhsvhbfrhr axdstajkdhs bh fparhkdûj jfr`hb cab jamfkdf y bfs hrtàkubfs sa vajcaj hprfxd`hch`ajta aj ab `ds`f frcaj aj qua sa hcqudaraj, ab prakdf ca bh ÷btd`h nhkturh puaca prfcukdr rasubthcfs ehsthjta hprfxd`hcfs h bfs qua sa bfmrhj pfr ab `ätfcf ca dcajtdndkhkdûj aspakàndkh, kfj `ukof `ajfs trhehgf ca fndkdjh.

Kuajth

Khjt. ca Qjdchcas

^hbfr (Es)

899 599 519 899 819 ?99

8,99 8,89 8,59 8,51 8,;9

Djvajthrdf Djdkdhb7 8arh. Kf`prh7 5ch. Kf`prh7 ;arh. Kf`prh7 3th. Kf`prh7 Sfthbas…

Sfthb (Es) 899,99 559,99 ;99,99 851,99 841,99 439,99

** Ohy 599 ujdchcas aj ab djvajthrdf ndjhb, sam÷j kfjtaf nàsdkf. [am÷j ab `ätfcf, sa hpbdkhràh ab prakdf ca Es 8,;9 h bhs 599 ujdchcas cab djvajthrdf ndjhb, as cakdr, ab rasubthcf as Es 5>9,99

3.5.8.>. @ätfcf ca astd`hkdûj cab djvajthrdf Kfj nrakuajkdh uj jamfkdf tdaja qua astd`hr ab vhbfr ca sus djvajthrdfs yh qua uj oakof axkapkdfjhb (uj djkajcdf f ujh djujchkdûj, f kuhbqudar sdjdastrf, atk.) puaca castrudr sus djvajthrdfs y bh a`prash phrh prasajthr prasajthr bh rakbh` rakbh`hkdûj hkdûj h bh kf`ph kf`phøàh øàh ca samurf samurfss tdaja qua astd` astd`hr hr ab vhbfr ca bh pärcdc pärcdch h aj sus djvajthrdfs. 3.5.8.=. @ätfcf ca dcajtdndkhkdûj aspakàndkh  Hbmujhs a`prashs a`prashs trhthj  trhthj kfj hrtàkubfs ca djvajthrdf qua puacaj dcajtdndkhrsa ca `hjarh djcdvdcuhb, kf`f bfs hutf`ûvdbas, gfyhs y edajas edajas rhàkas.  rhàkas. Asths a`prashs kfstahj, pfr bf majarhb, sus djvajthrdfs Q

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hb kfstf ujdthrdf aspakàndkf ca bh ujdchc aj phrtdkubhr. Yfr aga`pbf, uj kfjkasdfjhrdf ca hutf`ûvdbas tdaja cfs vaoàkubfs aj axodedkdûj< uj `fcabf "[d`pba `fcabf "[d`pba 5994" qua kuasth Es 839,999 y uj `fcabf `fcabf "Nubb  "Nubb 5994" qua astè tfthb`ajta aqudphcf, y qua kuasth Es 819,999.- [d ab kfjkasdfjhrdf vajca ab `fcabf aqudphcf aj Es 8=9,=99.- ab kfstf ca `arkhjkàh vajcdch as ca Es 819,999.- hb kfstf aspakàndkf ca bh ujdchc aj hb`hkajas< ab `hrmaj erutf aj asth vajth as ca Es 59,=99.- (Es 8=9,=99 ‛ Es 819,999). [d ab hutf`ûvdb "[d`pba 5994" as ab ÷jdkf qua quach aj ab djvajthrdf cdspfjdeba hb ndjhb cab pardfcf, ab djvajthrdf ndjhb sarè ca Es 839,999.As ab `ätfcf `ès sd`pba ab qua ca`hjch tda`pf phrh catar`djhr ab kfstf ca cab bfs `htardhbas utdbdzhcfs y ab parf kfstfth`edäj cab djvajthrdf ndjhb. Asta`ès `ätfcf raqudara `hjtajar uj ramdstrf prakdf prakd f ca kf`pr kf`prh h ca khch ujdch ujdchc c aspakànd aspakàndkh kh y ca bh khjtdchc ca ujdchc ujdchcas as aspakàndkhs aspakàndkhs ushch ushchs. s. Ab kfstf ca bfs `htardhbas utdbdzhcfs sa khbkubh `ubtdpbdkhjcf bh khjtdchc ushch pfr ab prakdf aspakàndkf ca khch `htardhb. 3.;. [dsta`h c caa djvajthrdhkdû djvajthrdhkdûj j parpatu parpatuf f Asta sdsta`h kfjtrhsth kfjsdcarheba`ajta kfj ab sdsta`h ca djvajthrdf pardûcdkf. Ehgf ab sdsta`h ca djvajthrdf par`hjajta, bh kuajth djvajthrdf sa `hjtdaja kfjtdjuh`ajta hktuhbdzhch< ca hbbà ab jf`era cab sdsta`h ca djvajthrdf par`hjajta. Ehgf asta sdsta`h th`edäj sa `hjtdaja ujh kuajth ca `hyfr phrh `fstrhr ab kfstf ca bh `arkhjkàh vajcdch curhjta ab pardfcf. Bh kuajth Djvajthrdf sa caedth pfr kuhbqudar kf`prh ca `arkhjkàh. Kuhjcf sa vajca `arkhjkàh, sa ohkaj cfs hsdajtfs7 Ab prd`arf ramdstrh ab djmrasf pfr vajths (Cäedtf h anaktdvf f kuajths pfr kferhr, kräcdtf h ^ajths). T ab samujcf racuka ab shbcf ca bh kuajth ca djvajthrdf y ramdstrh ab kfstf ca bh `arkhjkàh vajcdch (cäedtf h bh kuajth Kfstf ca `arkhjkàhs vajcdchs, kräcdtf h djvajthrdf). Ab sdsta`h ca djvajthrdf par`hjajta oh sdcf utdbdzhcf trhcdkdfjhb`ajta pfr a`prashs qua vajcaj hrtàkubfs ca vhbfr ujdthrdf hbtf, kf`f hutf`ûvdbas, kf`puthcfrhs f `uaebas, asths a`prashs rahbdzhj rabhtdvh`ajta pfkhs trhjshkkdfjas ca vajths aj ab cdh< pfr thjtf, ab ramdstrf cab kfstf ca khch vajth as uj hsujtf `ès sajkdbbf. Aj ujh a`pras a`prash h qua vajca mrhjcas khjtdch khjtdchcas cas ca `arkh `arkhjkàh jkàh h ehgf kfstf, ab ramdstrf cab kfstf ca khch trhjshkkdûj ca vajth jf as nhktdeba sdj uj sdsta`h kf`puthrdzhcf. Yfr thjtf, bhs a`prashs kf`f hb`hkajas ca vàvaras, hb`hkajas pfr caphrth`ajtfs y bh `hyfràh ca kf`arkdhjtas paquaøfs ohj ushcf trhcdkdfjhb`ajta ab sdsta`h ca djvajthrdf pardûcdkf. [dj a`ehrmf, hktuhb`ajta bfs tar`djhbas ca kf`puthcfrh aj ab pujtf ca vajth ohkaj pfsdeba phrh bh khsd tfthbdchc ca jamfkdfs kf`arkdhbas `hjtajar uj sdsta`h ca djvajthrdf par`hjajta. Ab sdsta`h ca djvajthrdfs par`hjajta, f th`edäj bbh`hcf parpatuf, par`dta uj kfjtrfb kfjsthjta ca bfs djvajthrfs, hb bbavhr ab ramdstrf ca khch ujdchc qua djmrash y shba cab djvajthrdf. Asta kfjtrfb sa bbavh `acdhjta thrgaths bbh`hch Lhrcax, aj cfjca sa bbavh ab ramdstrf ca khch ujdchc, su vhbfr ca kf`prh, bh nakoh ca hcqudsdkdûj, ab vhbfr ca bh shbdch ca khch ujdchc y bh nakoh aj qua sa ratdrh cab djvajthrdf. Ca asth nfr`h, aj tfcf `f`ajtf sa puaca kfjfkar ab shbcf axhktf ca bfs djvajthrdfs y ab vhbfr cab kfstf ca vajth.  Hca`ès cab kfjtrfb par`hjajta ca bfs djvajthrdfs, asta sdsta`h par`dta bh catar`djhkdûj cab kfstf hb `f`ajtf ca ohkar bh vajth, yh qua aj khch shbdch ca uj prfcuktf, sa ramdstrh su khjtdchc y kfstf.

^hbuhkdûj ca bfs djvajthrdfs aj ab sdsta`h par`hjajta. Bh vhbuhkdûj ca bfs djvajthr djvajthrdfs dfs y bh catar`djh catar`djhkdûj kdûj cab kfstf ca vajth pfr ab sdsta`h sdsta`h par`hjajt par`hjajta, a, tdaja ab djkfjv djkfjvajdajt ajdajta a kfj bfs vhbfr vhbfras as ca bhs `arkhjkà `arkhjkàhs, hs, puastf qua äsths sa hcqudaraj aj nakohs nakohs cdnarajtas kfj prakdfs cdnarajtas, pfr bf qua as d`pfsdeba tajar ujh of`fmajadchc aj bfs vhbfras ca bhs `arkhjkàhs kf`prhchs. Q

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Yhrh sfrtahr asta prfeba prfeba`h, `h, bh vhbuh vhbuhkdûj kdûj ca bfs djvajthrdf djvajthrdfss sa rahbdzh `acdh `acdhjta jta cdnarajtas `ätfcfs `ätfcfs qua euskhj catar`djhr ab kfstf `ès rahb, capajcdajcf cab tdpf ca a`prash. Ajtra bfs `ätfcfs ca vhbuhkdûj taja`fs7 @ätfcf cab prf`acdf pfjcarhcf, @ätfcf Yaps, @ätfcf Qaps, @ätfcf ca bh ÷btd`h nhkturh, atk.

3.;.8. Hsdajtfs kfjthebas `acdhjta ab sdsta`h ca djvajthrdf parpatuf Aj ab sdsta`h ca djvajthrdf parpatuf, bh kf`prh sa ramdstrh aj ujh kuajth bbh`hch "djvajthrdf ca `htardhbas". axdsta ujca djvajthrdf djdkdhb ca `htardhbas, th`edäj caea ramdstrhrsa kf`f uj cäedtf ca aj bh kuajth ca[ddjvajthrdf `htardhbas. Kuhjcf sa utdbdzhj bfs `htardhbas, bh kuajth ca djvajthrdf `htardhbas sa hkracdth pfr ab kfstf ca bfs `htardhbas ushcfs kfj uj kfrraspfjcdajta cäedtf aj bh kuajth ca djvajthrdf ca trhehgf aj prfkasf. Ab rasubthcf ndjhb as qua ab kfstf ca bfs `htardhbas ushcfs sa khrmh h prfcukkdûj aj ab `f`ajtf aj qua sa a`pbahj bfs `htardhbas, y ab shbcf ca bh kuajth ca djvajthrdf ca `htardhbas `uastrh ab kfstf ca bfs `htardhbas cdspfjdebas phrh ushr. Kuhjcf sa rahbdzh ujh vajth, asth sa kfjthedbdzh aj bh raspaktdvh kuajth ca djmrasfs, y h bh vaz sa kfjthedbdzh ab kfstf ca vajth, puastf qua hb `f`ajtf ca khch vajth, sa catar`djh th`edäj su kfstf.

Aga`pbf7 Ab 81/91/5994 sa vajca h kräcdtf Es 8.999.999 aj `arkhjkàhs kfj utdbdchc cab 51% sfera ab kfst kfstf f ca cabb prfc prfcuk uktf tf.. Ab D`pu D`puas astf tf hb ^hbf ^hbfrr Hm Hmra ramh mhcf cf (D (D^H ^H)) as ca cabb 8; 8;% % y ab D`pu D`puas astf tf h bh bhss Srhjshkkdfjas (DS) as cab ;%.   CA CAEA OHEAU 81/91/94 Kuajths x kferhr (Kbdajtas) 8.999.999.D.S. ;9.999.^ajth ca `arkhcaràhs ?=9.999.D^H (Cäedtf ndskhb) 8;9.999.DS x phmhr ;9.999.Mbfsh7 ^ajth h kräcdtf ca `arkhcaràhs.

Catar`djhkdûj cab kfstf ca vajth 7 Es 8.999.999 / 8.51 0 Es ?99.999.Jfth. Ab prakdf ca vajth as ab kfstf `ès ujh utdbdch utdbdchc c cab 51% sfera ab kfstf. Kf`f jf taja`fs taja`fs bhs thrgaths Lhrcax, shkh`fs ab kfstf cdvdcdajcf ab prakdf ca vajth aj 8.51%.

Kfjthedbdzhkdûj cab kfstf ca vajth7 81/91/94 Kfstf ca vajth Djvajthrdf ca `arkhcaràhs

  CAEA ?99.999.-

OHEAU ?99.999.-

Mbfsh7 Uamdstrf cab kfstf ca vajths.

5. [a kf`prhj `arkhjkàhs h kräcdtf pfr Es 199.9997   CAEA 3;1.999.>1.999.-

Djvajthrdf ca `arkhcaràhs D^H (Kräcdtf ndskhb) Kuajths x phmhr (Yrfvaacfras)

OHEAU 199.999.-

Mbfsh7 Kf`prh ca `arkhcaràhs h kräcdtf.

3.;.5. @ätfcf cab Yrf`acdf @ûvdb f @fvdeba 

Yuaca ushrsa asta `ätfcf kuhjcf sa bbavh uj sdsta`h ca djvajthrdf parpatuf y sa khbkubhj juavfs kfstfs ujdthrdfs `acdfs caspuäs ca khch kf`prh f prfkasf prfcuktdvf. Q

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Ab kfstf ca khch vajth sa catar`djh kfj ab prf`acdf fetajdcf caspuäs ca bh ÷btd`h kf`prh f ÷btd`f prfkasf prfcuktdvf. Bh vhbuhkdûj cab djvajthrdf rasubthjta as h ehsa cab kfstf ujdthrdf cab prf`acdf `ûvdb.

Fegakdûj taûrdkh 0 hpbdkhch hb prf`acdf pfjcarhcf Ohy d`pbàkdtf aj asta `ätfcf ab supuastf ca qua khch vajth kfjsdsta aj phrta aj `arkhjkàhs ca tfchs bhs kf`prhs prakacajtas, bf qua as kfjtrhrdf hb prfkacd`dajtf majarhb ca bh kf`prh vajth. (^ar aga`pbf aj bh phmdjh sdmudajta)

3.3. @ätfcf ca Djvajthrdf HEK ca bfs djvajthrdfs asthebakdajcf kbhsas ca djvarsdûj f khtamfràhs kfj Kfjsdsta aj anaktuhr uj hjèbdsds fegatf ca bfmrhr uj `hyfr kfjtrfb y htajkdûj sfera bfs djvajthrdfs, qua pfr su j÷`arf y `fjtf `arakaj `arak aj ujh vd vdmdbhj mdbhjkdh kdh y hta htajkdûj jkdûj pa par`hja r`hjajta. jta. Aj ab hjèb hjèbdsds dsds ca bbfs fs djv djvajthrd ajthrdfs fs as jak jakashrd ashrdf f asthebakar tras (9;) mrupfs ca prfcuktfs phrh uj `agfr `hjagf y kfjtrfb7 H-E-K ‒H‐ djkbuya bfs djvajthrdfs (`arkhcaràhs) qua raprasajthj ab ?9% ca bh djvarsdûj y ab 59% ca bfs hrtàkubfs f prfcuktfs capfsdthcfs aj ab hb`hkaj, fsah qua su kfstf as hbtf.  ‒E‐, sfj bfs hrtàkubfs qua tdajaj uj vhbfr `acdf, y th`edäj as d`pfrthjta su `hjagf y kfjtrfb.  Hrtàkubfs ‒K‐, bfs qua tdajaj uj vhbfr racukdcf, y raprasajthj majarhb`ajta bfs vhbfras `ès ehgfs ca bh djvarsdûj rahbdzhch, y bh `hyfr khjtdchc ca prfcuktfs nàsdkfs.

3.1. Nhbthjtas aj djvajthrdf

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Kuhjcf sa ohka bh tf`h ca Djvajthrdf Nàsdkf y asta as `ajfr qua ab ^hbfr ramdstrhcf aj Bderfs ca bh kuajth ca @arkhcaràhs7 aj asta khsf sa prasajth uj nhbthjta y as jakashrdf rahbdzhr ab hgusta pfr bh cdnara cdn arajkd jkdh, h, hkr hkracd acdthj thjcf cf bh kua kuajth jth `ar `arkhj khjkàh kàhss y cae caedth dthjcf jcf bh kuajth kuajth sam÷j sam÷j bh rhzûj rhzûj qua ohyh ohyh fkhsdfjhcf ab nhbthjta, hsà7

Aga`pbf 87 hb rahbdzhr ab djvajthrdf nàsdkf ca `arkhjkàhs sa prasajth uj nhbthjta ca Es 31.999.fkhsdfjhcf pfr casodcrhthkdûj (casparcdkdf) ca bfs hrtàkubfs. Hsdajtf ca Hgusta7

 C  CA AEA

 @arrkhcaràhs c  @a ch høhchs f djsarvdebas Djvajthrdf ca `arkhcaràhs

OHEAU

31.999.31.999.-

Mbfsh7 Chr ca ehgh cab djv. Bfs hrtàkubfs chøhcfs.

Aj ab khsf ca pärcdch pfr raspfjshed raspfjshedbdchc bdchc cab hb`hkajar hb`hkajarf, f, ab vhbfr cab nhbthjt nhbthjta a sa khrmh h bh kuajt kuajth h cab a`pbahcf raspfjsheba pfr bh pärcdch

Aga`pbf 57 ab djvajthrdf nàsdkf sa prasajth uj nhbthjta ca Es 19.999.- fkhsdfjhcf pfr caskudcf y jambdmajkdh cab ajkhrmhcf cab hb`hkaj. Hsdajtf cab Hgusta.  

CAEA 89.999.-

Kuajths x kferhr h trhehghcfras (Hb`hkajarf) Djvajthrdf ca `arkhcaràhs

OHEAU 89.999.-

Mbfsh7 Kferhr hb hb`hkajarf ab nhbthjta ca Djvajthrdf.

3.>. Hktuhbdzhkdûj ca ddjvajthrdfs jvajthrdfs Bh hktuhbdzhkdûj hktuhbdzhkdûj ca uj djvajthrd djvajthrdf f sa ohka, chjcf ca ehgh bfs hrtàkub hrtàkubfs, fs, a djsu` djsu`fs, fs, aj casus casusf f sd bfs ouedara y chjcf ab hbth h bfs juavfs, tfcfs astfs ruerfs juavfs, sd bfs ouedara y th`edäj hktuhbdzhjcf bfs vhbfras vhbfras ramd ramdstr strhcf hcfss aj ab djv djvajt ajthrd hrdf. f. [a caea hktuhb hktuhbdzh dzhrr ab djvajthr djvajthrdf df y ab kfstf ca vaj vajths ths,, djkfrpfrhjcf cdkoh hktuhbdzhkdûj aj bfs asthcfs ndjhjkdarfs. Catar`djhkdûj cab `fjtf ca bh hktuhbdzhkdûj. Ab `fjtf ca bh hktuhbdzhkdûj sarè bh cdnarajkdh ajtra ab kfstf odstûrdkf y ab vhbfr hktuhbdzhcf. Aj khsf ca axdstdr djvajthrdfs djvajthrdfs pravdh`ajta pravdh`ajta raaxprashc raaxprashcfs, fs, ab `fjtf h kf`phrhr kf`phrhr kfjtrh ab juavf vhbfr sarè ab hktuhbdzhcf hjtardfr. @ätfcf phrh catar`djhr bh hktuhbdzhkdûj ca bfs djvajthrdfs y cab kfstf ca vajths. Ca hkuarcf kfj bf `ajkdfjhcf, khch a`prash, caspuäs ca uj astucdf rhzfjheba cfjca tf`a aj kuajth sus khrhktaràstdkhs, sus kdrkujsthjkdhs y bh rabhkdûj kfstf-eajandkdf aj bh djnfr`hkdûj, pfcrè askfmar ca ajtra bhs sdmudajtas fpkdfjas hquäbbh qua ba par`dth prasajthr ujh djnfr`hkdûj `ès hpamhch h bh rahbdchc. H- @ätfcf ca hgusta pfr kh`edfs aj ab jdvab majarhb ca prakdfs. Ehgf asta `ätfcf ab kfstf odstûrdkf ca bfs djvajthrdfs sa axprash aj pasfs ca pfcar hcqudsdtdvf h bh nakoh cab ehbhjka, `acdhjta ab usf ca uj nhktfr cardvhcf cab Àjcdka ca Yrakdfs hb Kfjsu`dcfr (DYK). E- @ätfcf ca hktuhbdzhkdûj ca kfstfs aspakàndkfs (^hbfras ca Uapfsdkdûj). [a ajtdajca pfr vhbfr ca rapfsdkdûj ab kfstf aj qua djkurrdràh bh a`prash aj bh nakoh cab ehbhjka, phrh hcqudrdr f prfcukdr uj hrtàkubf dmuhb hb ca su djvajthrdf. Yhrh anaktfs prèktdkfs, ästa puaca catar`djhrsa pfr bfs sdmudajtas `acdfs, kuhjcf ästfs sahj raprasajthtdvfs cab `arkhcf7 Ohy qua tajar prasajta qua ab d`pfrta ca bfs djvajthrdfs jf caea axkacar h su vhbfr ca rahbdzhkdûj. Ab fegatdvf ca hktuhbdzhr hktuhbdzhr ab kfstf ca vajths as rabhkdfj rabhkdfjhr hr hb prakd prakdf f ca vajth fetajdcf fetajdcf pfr ab hrtàkubf, kfj ab kfstf qua ba ouedarh kfrraspfjcdcf hb `f`ajtf ca bh `ds`h.

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Yhrh hktuhbdzhrbf, bfs prfkacd`dajtfs hpbdkhebas sam÷j ab `ätfcf samudcf sfj7

8. @ätfcf ca hgusta pfr kh`edfs aj ab jdvab majarhb ca prakdfs . Ehgf asta `ätfcf ab kfstf odstûrdkf odstûrdkf cab kfstf ca vajths sa axprash aj bh `fjach cab phàs ca pfcar  hcqudsdtdv hcqud sdtdvf f cab prf`acdf cab agarkdkdf agarkdkdf,, `acdhj `acdhjta ta ab usf ca uj nhktfr cardvhcf cab Djcd Djcdka ka Jhkdfjhb ca Yrakdfs hb Kfjsu`dcfr. Yhrh anaktfs prèktdkfs astf sa bfmrh hgusthjcf ab kfstf ca vajths pardûcdkf (`ajsuhb, pfr aga`pbf), `acdhjta bh hpbdkhkdûj ca uj nhktfr cardvhcf cab Àjcdka ca Yrakdfs hb Kfjsu`dcfr, h bfs djvajthrdfs djdkdhbas y ndjhbas cab pardfcf, hsà kf`f h bhs kf`prhs curhjta ab `ds`f, h ndj ca qua ranbagaj bfs prakdfs prf`acdf ca cdkof pardfcf. 5. @ätfcf ca hktuhbdzhkdûj ca kfstfs aspakàndkfs (^hbfras ca rapfsdkdûj). Ab vhbfr ca rapfsdkdûj sa pfcrè catar`djhr h trhväs ca kuhbqudarh ca bfs sdmudajtas ajnfquas7 8. Astd`hr su vhbfr hktuhbdzhcf `acdhjta bh hpbdkhkdûj ca uj àjcdka aspakàndkf. 5. Hpbdkhr ab `ätfcf ca ÷btd`hs ajtrhchs - prd`arhs shbdchs (QAY[). (Aj ab khsf ca qua aj ab agarkdkdf sa ohyhj kfjsu`dcf khphs ca høfs hjtardfras, ab `ätfcf caea sar kf`pba`ajthcf kfj bfs hgustas kfrraspfjcdajtas). ;. ^hbuhr ab kfstf ca vajths h kfstfs astèjchr, kuhjcf ästfs sahj raprasajthtdvfs ca bfs kfstfs vdmajtas hb `f`ajtf ca bhs vajths. 3. Catar`djhr ab vhbfr ca rrapfsdkdûj apfsdkdûj ca kh khch ch hrtàkubf aj ab `f`ajtf ca su vajth vajth..   Yhrh qua axds axdsth th kfjmru kfjmruajkdh ajkdh,, caea samud samudrsa rsa ab `ds` `ds`f f prfkac prfkacd`daj d`dajtf tf phrh bh hktuh hktuhbdzhk bdzhkdûj dûj cab djvajthrdf y cab kfstf ca vajths. Astf sa bfmrh sd bh hktuhbdzhkdûj sa catar`djh h jdvab ca hrtàkubfs cdspfjdebas phrh bh vajth, axkaptf aj bfs cfs sdmudajtas khsfs7  Hb ushr YAY[, ab djvajthrdf quach hktuhbdzhcf `ès jf hsà ab kfstf ca vajths. f

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 Hb a`pbahr ab kfstf hktuhbdzhcf parf ab djvajthrdfpfr jf.kuhbqudarh ca bfs Aj astfs khsfs abQAY[ kfjkaptf qua ca jfvajths quacûasthrè hktuhbdzhcf caearè hktuhbdzhrsa prfkacd`dajtfs saøhbhcfs.

Yrasajthkdûj Bh hktuhbdzhkdûj cab djvajthrdf y cab kfstf ca vajths caea nfr`hr phrta ca bh djnfr`hkdûj kfjtajdch aj bfs asthcfs ndjhjkdarfs eèsdkfs. Aj ab ehbhjka majarhb hphrakarè ab djvajthrdf h su vhbfr hktuhbdzhcf y aj ab asthcf ca rasubthcfs ab kfstf ca vajths th`edäj hktuhbdzhcf. Aj bfs asthcfs ndjhjkdarfs sa caearè ravabhr ravabhr ab `ätfcf y prfka prfkacd`da cd`dajtf jtf samudcf phrh bh hktuhbdzhk hktuhbdzhkdûj dûj hsà kf`f ab kfst kfstf f odstû odstûrdkf rdkf cab djvajthrdf y cab kfstf ca vajths.

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Uacfjcf. Kursf Yrèktdkf ca Kfjthedbdchc Majarhb y [upardfr. Sf`f D. Ohjmraj, Ohrrdsfj y Ufedjsfj. Kfjthedbdchc. Acdtfrdhb Odsphjfh`ardkhjh. Odsp hjfh`ardkhjh. www.`fjfmrhndhs www. `fjfmrhndhs.kf`, .kf`, Srhehgf ajvdhcf pfr7 Uaeakh @hrtdjaz, Hmfstf 5?, 599? Yuebdkhkdûj ca ^&@ Djmajdarfs Btch. Efmftè C.K. Kfbf`edh, 9=/gubdf/ 599? Kfjthedbdchc bh ehsa phrh cakdsdfjas marajkdhs, Ufeart N. @adms, ]hbtar E. @adms. @kMUH]-ODBB, Fkthvh Acdkdûj. Efbatàj E-89, Kfbamdf ca Kfjthcfras @axdkhjfs, @A_DKF, 844?

CFKQ@A CFKQ @AJS JSF F AB ABHE HEFU FUHC HCF F YFU YFU BDK. BDK. ]DBE ]DBEAU AU UFKH UFKH ^HUM ^HUMH[ H[,, CFKA CFKAJS JSA A CA BH @HSA @HSAUD UDH H KFJSHEDBDCHC DD, QCHEFB, HKSQHBDWHCF GQJDF 5983.

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@ätfcf ca vhbuhkdûj ca djvajthrdfs Axdstaj cfs sdsta`hs ca djvajthrdfs7 Ab sdsta`h pardûcdkf y ab sdsta`h par`hjajta. Kuhjcf bh a`prash utdbdzh ab sdsta`h par`hjajta, caea rakurrdr h cdnarajtas `ätfcfs ca vhbuhkdûj ca djvajthrdfs, ajtra bfs qua taja`fs ab @ätfcf Yaps, @ätfcf Qaps, @ätfcf cab prf`acdf pfjcarhcf, sdajcf astfs bfs `hs utdbdzhcfs y `hs cashrrfbbhcfs. @ätfcf prd`arf ajtrhcf prd`arf shbdcf (YAY[). Kfjsdsta eèsdkh`ajta aj chr shbdch cab djvajthrdf h prfcuktfs qua sa hcqudrdarfj prd`arf, pfr bf qua aj bfs djvajthrdfs quachrèj hquabbfs prfcuktfs kf`prhcfs `ès rakdajta`ajta. Aj kuhbqudarh ca bfs `ätfcfs bhs kf`prhs jf tdajaj mrhj d`pfrthjkdh, puastf qua asths djmrashj hb djvajthrdf pfr ab vhbfr ca kf`prh y jf raqudara prfkacd`dajtf aspakdhb hbmujf. Aj ab khsf ca axdstdr cavfbukdfjas ca kf`prhs, asth sa ohka pfr ab vhbfr qua sa kf`prf hb `f`ajtf ca bh fparhkdûj, as cakdr, ca shbdch cab djvajthrdf pfr ab vhbfr phmhcf aj bh kf`prh. [d jfs cavuabvaj uj prfcuktf vajcdcf h uj kbdajta, asta sa djmrash hb djvajthrdf juavh`ajta pfr ab vhbfr aj qua sa vajcdû, yh qua kuhjcf sa odzf bh vajth, h asfs prfcuktfs sa bas hsdmjf uj kfstf ca shbdch sam÷j ab `ätfcf ca vhbuhkdûj ca djvajthrdfs `hjaghcf pfr bh a`prash.

Aga`pbf7 Kfj bfs sdmudajtas chtfs, khbkubhr ab vhbfr ca bfs djvajthrdfs7 Ab 5/ajarf/5998 oheàh aj axdstajkdh 8.999 ujdchcas, kuyf kfstf ujdthrdf arh ca $89.ff. Ab ; ca ajarf kf`prh 199 ujdchcas h uj kfstf ujdthrdf ca $85.ff. Ab 3 ca ajarf vajca 8.899 ujdchcas h uj prakdf ujdthrdf ca $59.ff Ab 81 ca ajarf kf`prh >99 ujdchcas h uj kfstf ujdthrdf ca $81.ff. Ab 5? ca ajarf kf`prh 199 ujdchcas h uj kfstf ujdthrdf ca $8?.ff. Ab ;8 ca ajarf vajca8.599 ujdchcas h uj prakdf ujdthrdf ca $55.ff. 

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[fbukdûj. Bh djnfr`hkdûj hjtardfr sa ramdstrh aj bh thrgath ca kfjtrfb (Lhrcax) ca bh sdmudajta `hjarh7 Ajtrhchs

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Kfjkaptf 98-98-98  [  [hhbcf djdkdhb 9;-98-98  Kf`prhs

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Yrfkacd`dajtf7 sa kfbfkh ab shbcf djdkdhb, 8.999 ujdc. h Es89.ff k/*u. Ab ; ca ajarf sa kf`prh 199 ujdchcas h Es85.ff k/u. Astfs chtfs sa kfbfkhj aj bh kfbu`jh ca ajtrhchs y sa phsh h bh kfbu`jh ca shbcfs. Ab 3 ca ajarf sa vajcaj 8.899 ujdchcas. Ajtfjkas bhs prd`arhs qua ajtrhrfj sfj bhs cab djvajthrdf, qua nuarfj 8.999 ujdchcas h Es89.ff khch ujh. Kf`f asths ujdchcas jf hbkhjzhj, sa tf`hj 899 ujdchcas ca bhs kf`prhchs ab ; ca ajarf, h uj kfstf ca Es Es85. 85.ff ff kh khch ch ujh ujh,, kf` kf`pb pbat atèjc èjcfs fsa a ab tf tfth thbb ca uj ujdc dchc hcas as va vajcd jcdch chss y qu quac achj hjcf cf 39 399 9 ujdchcas vhbfrdzhchs hb ÷btd`f kfstf, qua as ca Es85.ff. Asth hkkdûj sa rapdta khch vaz qua ohy ujh vajth.  Hb rahbdzhr tfchs bhs trhjshkkdfjas, aj ab djvajthrdf quachj ;99 ujdchcas h uj kfstf ca $8?.ff phrh uj tfthb ca $1.399.ff. Ab kfstf ca vajths as bh su`htfrdh ca bhs shbdchs cab paràfcf, bhs kuhbas hskajcdarfj h $ 5?.>99.ff Jûtasa Jûtasa, , quaphrh khchsaphrhr vaz quabh sa rahbdzh hjtardfr ujh vajth, ab shbcf hjtas ca bh vajth sa kfbfkh ujh rhyh sd`pba sdtuhkdûj ca bhajjuavh.  Hb utdbdzhr asta `ätfcf ca vhbuhkdûj ca djvajthrdfs, sa ch uj anaktf sfera bfs rasubthcfs ndjhjkdarfs ca bh a`prash, thjtf pfr ab `fjtf cab kfstf ca bhs vajths kf`f pfr ab vhbfr cab djvajthrdf ndjhb. Edaj shea`fs qua hb shkhr bhs ujdchcas qua sa kf`prhrfj prd`arf, sdmjdndkh qua aj ab djvajthrdf ndjhb quachj bhs ÷btd`hs ujdchcas kf`prhchs, y asths ujdchcas pfr bf majarhb sa hcqudrdarfj h uj `hyfr kfstf. Hofrh ab kfstf ca vajth hb sar catar`djhcf shkhjcf bhs prd`arhs ujdchcas kf`prhchs, qua pfr bf majarhb nuarfj `hs akfjû`dkhs, sa tdaja uj kfstf ca vajth rabhtdvh`ajta `hs ehgf, bf qua sdmjdndkh qua tajcrè `ajfr anaktf sfera bh utdbdchc, rasubthjcf kf`f kfjsakuajkdh qua asth sah `hs abavhch qua sd sa utdbdzhrhj ftrfs `ätfcfs ca vhbuhkdûj ca djvajthrdfs. Kf`f sa puaca var aj nfr`h majarhb, asta `ätfcf ohka qua bh utdbdchc sah `ajfr y qua ab Ehbhjka majarhb sa sferavhbfra uj pfkf hb kfjtajar uj djvajthrdf ndjhb ca `arkhjkàhs uj thjtf `hs kfstfsf. Dmuhb`ajta sa hnakth ab Asthcf ca rasubthcfs, aj bh `acdch aj qua sa djkfrpfrh uj `ajfr kfstf ca vajth prfcuktf ca kfstahr kfj bhs prd`arhs ujdchcas ca `htardhs prd`hs kf`prhchs.

Edebdfmrhnàh7 - Qjdvarsdchc ca bh shbba, Hutfr7 Uh`drf Hbeartf Mfcfy Yacrhzh Yacrh zh

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Bh cdjè`dkh ca cdjè`dkh ca bhs hcqudsdkdfjas ca axdstajkdhs pfr bf majarhb sarèj ramdstrhchs y trhjsnardchs h sus kuajths partdjajtas tajdajcf kf`f kfjtrhphrtdch kfjtrhphrtdch bh kuajth ^hrdhkdûj ca aaxdstajkdhs. xdstajkdhs. Hsd`ds`f, bfs prfcuktfs abhefrhcfs, aj prfkasf, sueprfcuktfs, casakofs y casparcdkdfs, ajvhsas y a`ehbhgas nherdkhcfs aj ab paràfcf sarèj trhjsnardcfs h bhs kuajths kfrraspfjcdajtas h trhväs ca bh kuajth  ^hrdhkdûj ca Yrfcukkdûj hb`hkajhch. Yrfcukkdûj hb`hkajhch. Khea saøhbhr qua ujh vaz rahbdzhch bh vajth ca bhs axdstajkdhs, bh shbdch ca bhs `ds`hs sarèj ramdstrhchs kfjtrh bh kuajth Kfstf Kfstf ca  ca ^ajths  ^ajths..

Krahkdûj ca suekuajths Bhs `fcdndkhkdfjas rakhàchs aj ab hktdvf rahbdzheba astèj rabhkdfjhchs, eèsdkh`ajta, kfj bh krahkdûj ca suekuajths aspakàndkhs phrh dcajtdndkhr ab frdmaj ca bhs axdstajkdhs hsà pfr aga`pbf aj bh kuajth ‒@arkhcaràhs" y qua aj su `hyfràh as sd`dbhr phrh tfchs bhs kuajths rabhkdfjhchs kfj asta dta`, sa kbhsdndkhj bhs suekuajths ca hkuarcf h bh hktdvdchc ca cfjca prfvdajaj, hsà taja`fs hquabbhs `arkhcaràhs `hjunhkturhchs, `arkhcaràhs qua prfvdajaj ca bhs hktdvdchcas ca axtrhkkdûj, `arkhcaràhs ca frdmaj hmrfpakuhrdf y pdskàkfbhs yh sah qua sa trhtaj ca frdmaj hjd`hb f vamathb y hsà th`edäj hquabbhs prfvajdajtas ca hktdvdchcas dj`fedbdhrdhs castdjhchs phrh bh vajth cajf`djhcf "@arkhcaràhs dj`uaebas".

"@htardhbas @htardhbas huxdbdhras,  huxdbdhras, su`djdstrfs y rapuastfs" y "ajvhsas y a`ehbhgas" Uaspaktf h bh kuajth su`djdstrfs cdvarsfs, sa ramdstrh aj bh kuajth "@htardhbas Huxdbdhras, [u`djdstrfs  y Uapuastfs" aj bh kuhb sa caearè kfjsdcarhr kfjsdcarhr hquabbfs edajas castdjhcfs hb prfkasf ca nherdkhkdûj (Kfstf Djcdraktf) kfjsdcarhcfs "`htardhbas huxdbdhras", bfs djsu`fs, kf`eustdebas, rapuastfs, hkkasfrdfs, `htardhbas ca `hjtajd`dajtf `hjtajd`dajtf ajtra  ajtra ftrfs aj ab kfjkaptf kfjkaptf ca  ca "[u`djdstrfs" y bfs "Uapuastfs". Kf`f kfjsakuajkdh ca cdkof rafrcajh`dajtf bh kuajth sa cajf`djh "Ajvhsas y A`ehbhgas".

Krahkdûj ca suekuajths rabhkdfjhchs kfj ab ramdstrf ramdstrf ca  ca bfs kfstfs kfstfs ca  ca sarvdkdfs Qjh `fcdndkhkdûj rabavhjta, bh kfjstdtuya bh krahkdûj ca bh suekuajth 581 "Axdstajkdhs ca sarvdkdfs tar`djhcfs", bh kuhb sa kf`pfja prdjkdphb`ajta ca bh `hjf ca ferh y ftrfs djkurrdcfs aj bh prasthkdûj cab sarvdkdf kfjkbuàcf, sarvdkdf kfjkbuàcf, aj kfjkfrchjkdh kfj abbf, sa utdbdzhrè p phrh hrh ab hefjf bh suekuajth =81 "^hrdhkdûj ca axdstajkdhs ca [arvdkdfs". Hsd`ds`f, khea saøhbhr qua ujh vaz rahbdzhch bh prasthkdûj ca bfs sarvdkdfs, ästfs sa caearèj ramdstrhr rakfjfkdajcf ab Djmrasf aj bh Kuajth =9 "^ajths" =93 "Yrasthkdûj ca [arvdkdfs" y rakfjfkar ab kfstf ca bfs sarvdkdfs khrmhjcf phrh thb anaktf h bh kuajth >4 "Kfstf ca  vajths" utdbdzhjcf bh suekuajth >43 >43 "[arvdkdfs" kfj hefjf h bh suekuaj suekuajth th 581 "Axdstajkdhs ca sarvdkdfs tar`djhcfs". Hsà th`edäj sa oh krahcf bh suekuajth 5;1 "Axdstajkdhs ca sarvdkdfs aj Yrfkasf", bh

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`ds`h qua sa kf`pfja ca bh `hjf ca ferh y ftrfs kfstfs djvfbukrhcfs aj bh prasthkdûj ca sarvdkdfs `dajtrhs ästa jf astä kfjkbudcf

5.3. KUAHKDÛJ CA QJH JQA^H KQAJSH 5=, " HKSD^F[  HKSD^F[ JF  JF KFUUDAJSA[ @HJSAJDCF[ YHUH BH ^AJSH" Cab `ds`f `fcf sa djkfrpfrh aj asta aba`ajtf, bh kuajth 5=, "Hktdvfs jf kfrrdajtas `hjtajdcfs phrh bh vajth", qua sa utdbdzhrè phrh ramdstrhr hquabbfs hktdvfs dj`fvdbdzhcfs kuyh rakuparhkdûj sa asparh rahbdzhr prdjkdphb`ajta h trhväs ca su vajth y jf ca su usf kfjtdjuf. Abbf, ca kfjnfr`dchc kfj bf cdspuastf pfr bh JDDN 17 Hktdvfs jf Kfrrdajtas `hjtajdcfs phrh bh vajth y hktdvdchcas djtarru`pdchs. Yhrh thb anaktf cdkofs hktdvfs caeaj ku`pbdr kfj bhs sdmudajtas khrhktaràstdkhs7

EDAJA[ HCXQDUDCF[ EDAJA[  HCXQDUDCF[ YHUH [AU KFJ[Q@DCF[ CA NFU@H DJ@ACDHSH Ftrf hspaktf d`pfrthjta qua caea`fs saøhbhr astè rabhkdfjhcf hb trhth`dajtf kfjtheba ca bh hcqudsdkdûj ca su`djdstrfs ca kfjsu`f kfjsu`f dj`acdhtf.  dj`acdhtf. Aj anaktf, ca hkuarcf h bh cdjè`dkh ca cdjè`dkh ca bh kuajth >97 Kf`prhs, Kf`prhs, jfr`hch pfr ab YKMA, dmuhb`ajta sa ramdstrhrè su hcqudsdkdûj aj cdkoh kuajth, jf festhjta jf nfr`hrèj phrta cab ruerf axdstajkdhs ca bh a`prash a`prash.. Aj asta khsf, sa cdspfja qua bh trhjsnarajkdh pfr castdjf sa ohrè h trhväs ca bh suekuajth =48 "Khrmhs D`puthebas h Kuajth ca Kfstfs Kfstfs". ". Aj kfjsakuajkdh ca hkuarcf h bh cdjè`dkh yh asthebakdch phrh ab castdjf ca bh kf`prh ca edajas qua rahbdzh bh a`prash y a`prash y qua sarèj kfjsu`dcfs aj nfr`h dj`acdhth, ajtajca`fs qua caeaj sar kfjthedbdzhcfs aj bh suekuajth >9; "@htardhbas " @htardhbas Huxdbdhras,  Huxdbdhras, [u`djdstrfs y Uapuastfs" cdvdsdfjhrdh >9;5 "[u`djdstrfs" sam÷j ab YKMA, y su castdjf sa rahbdzhrè aj nfr`h cdrakth h ujh kuajth ca kbhsa kbhsa 4  4 kfj hefjf h bh kuajth =4.

Aj ab khsf pbhjtahcf, kfjsdcarhjcf qua bh a`prash sa cacdkh h bh nherdkhkdûj y vajth ca prajchs ca  vastdr y qua pfr bf thjtf ab casa`efbsf h anaktuhr anaktuhr phrh bh kf`prh ca `htardhbas castdjhcfs hb prfkasf Q

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ca nherdkhkdûj vh h majarhr eajandkdfs akfjû`dkfs nuturfs phrh bh a`prash (kf`f rasubthcf ca bh pfstardfr vajth cab edaj ujh vaz tar`djhcf) khea kfjkbudr qua jfs ajkfjtrh`fs hjta uj hktdvf qua oh ca sar rakfjfkdcf pfr bh a`prash kf`f thb.

Uakfjfkd`dajtf [a caea tajar aj kuajth qua ab ramdstrf ca bhs axdstajkdhs sa rahbdzh kuhjcf bh trhjsnarajkdh ca bfs rdasmfs y eajandkdfs ca bh prfpdachc rakhaj aj bh a`prash, astf fkurra jfr`hb`ajta kuhjcf bfs edajas sfj ajtramhcfs hb hcqudrajta.

@acdkdûj djdkdhb Yhrh ab khsf qua jf fkuph kfrraspfjca hefrchr ab kfjkaptf kfjkaptf ca  ca "kfstf ca trhjsnfr`hkdûj" rakfmdcf pfr bh JDK 5. Hsà, sa randara qua ab kfstf ca trhjsnfr`hkdûj astè ranardcf h bfs kfstfs aj qua sa djkurra phrh prfcukdr f nherdkhr uj edaj f rahbdzhr uj sarvdkdf, as cakdr ab kfstf tfthb aj qua djkurra uj ajta `acdhjta casa`efbsfs phshcfs, prasajtas f nuturfs, hsdmjhebas h bfs edajas qua sa nherdkh f sarvdkdfs sarvdkdfs   qua sa erdjch. Hb raspaktf, ab pèrrhnf 85 ca bh JDK 5 saøhbh qua ab kfstf ca trhjsnfr`hkdûj ca uj edaj astè kf`puastf pfr bfs KF[SF[ CDUAKSF[ (Kfstfs cdrakth`ajta rabhkdfjhcfs kfj bhs ujdchcas prfcukdchs) y bfs KF[SF[ DJCDUAKSF[, qua puacaj sar ndgfs f vhrdhebas f  vhrdhebas.. Aj asta sajtdcf bh a`prash prfkacarè h anaktuhr bfs sdmudajtas hsdajtfs utdbdzhjcf bhs kuajths cab Ybhj Kfjtheba Majarhb A`prashrdhb h ndj ca ramdstrhr ab hcabhjtf rakdedcf ca su kbdajta kbdajta y  y bhs kf`prhs ca bfs `htardhbas h SA_SDB [.H., hsà kf`f ab rakfjfkd`dajtf cab Djmrasf y su kfstf raspaktdvf.

UAMD[SUF KFJSHEBA Chcf qua bh ajtramh ca bfs edajas rakdäj sa prfcukdrè ab 51 ca naerarf, ab d`pfrta qua sa kferh ab 89 ca cdkof `as kfjstdtuya uj hjtdkdpf, tfch vaz qua thb kf`f bf djcdkh ab pèrrhnf 83 ca bh JDK 8? "Djmrasfs " Djmrasfs"" bfs djmrasfs frcdjhrdfs prfkacajta ca bh vajth ca edajas caeaj sar rakfjfkdcfs kuhjcf sa ku`pbh, ca `hjarh kfjkurrajta, kfj bfs krdtardfs qua aj cdkof pèrrhnf sa kfjta`pbhj.

UAMD[SUF KFJSHEBA  

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KFJKAYSF7 [fj ab kfjgujtf ca edajas thjmdebas qua ab ajta pfsaa kfj bh djtajkdûj ca su kf`arkdhbdzhkdûj aj ab kursf ca su hktdvdchc. Djkbuya bfs es hcqudrdcfs phrh su ravajth kf`f bfs prfcukdcfs pfr ab prfpdf ajta, bfs qua sarèj vajcdcfs aj ab asthcf aj qua sa ajkuajtrhj y bfs qua sarèj trhjsnfr`hcfs aj ab prfkasf ca prfcukkdûj< bfs prfcuktfs tar`djhcfs aj asa prfkasf y bfs qua sa ajkuajtrhj aj athphs djtar`acdhs ca prfcukkdûj< hquabbfs qua sa ajkuajtrhj rhcdkhcfs aj cdnarajtas bfkhbdzhkdfjas (nherdkh, capfsdtf) f aj trhjsdtf. KBH[DNDKHKDÛJ7 [/ jfr`hs `àjd`hs7  phrh a`p a`prashs rashs kf`arkdhbas7 `arkhcaràhs ca ravajth  phrh a`prashs djcustrdhbas7  prfcuktfs abhefrhcfs  `htardhs prfcuktfsprd`hs aj kursf ca abhefrhkdûj  Q

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 rapuastfs, hkkasfrdfs y `htardhbas vhrdfs vhrdfs [/ jfr`hs täkjdkf kfjthebas7 Es ca djtarkh`edf frcdjhrdf f ohedtuhb. Hb ranardrsa h su vhbuhkdûj jf`erhj bhs `arkhcaràhs y `htardhs prd`hs [/ Yhbba Ohjsaj7 Axdstajkdhs ca `arkhcaràhs djkbuya7 `htardhs prd`hs, `arkhcaràhs sa`dnherdkhchs y ferhs aj agakukdûj (uj euqua aj uj hstdbbarf)< sa`d prfcuktfs (phrtas djcdvdcuhbas qua sa djkfrpfrhj h ftrfs es, ruach) prfcuktfs hkhehcfs, hrtàkubfs ca kf`arkdf y `htardhbas huxdbdhras [/ Yhtfj7 sa frandara hb ruerf kf`f djvajthrdfs. Djvajthrdfs ca ca ajtas kf`arkdhbas a djcustrdhbas7 `arkhcaràhs axdstajkdhs phrh su vajth, ca `htardhs prd`hs, prfcukkdûj aj kursf, ca prfcuktfs tar`djhcfs y ca hkkasfrdfs [/ jfr`hs kfjthebas jhkdfjhbas a djtarjhkdfjhbas7 cdkth`aj ? candja edajas ca kh`edf kf`f hquabbfs tajdcfs phrh su vajth aj ab kursf frcdjhrdf ca bfs jamfkdfs, bfs qua astèj aj prfkasf ca prfcukkdûj f qua rasubthj kfjsu`dcfs aj asta f aj bh kf`arkdhbdzhkdûj ca bfs es f sarvdkdfs qua sa castdjhj h bh vajth djkbuyajcf bhs `htardhs prd`hs, prfcuktfs aj prfkasf, prfcuktfs tar`djhcfs, `arkhcaràhs ca ravajth, `htardhbas, su`djdstrfs y bfs es ca usf cashnakthcfs (castdjhcfs h bh vajth) [/US 4 sfj hquabbfs es castdjhcfs h bh vajth aj ab kursf frcdjhrdf ca bh hktdvdchc cab ajta f qua sa ajkuajtrhj aj prfkasf ca prfcukkdûj f qua rasubthj kfjsu`dcfs aj asta, f sarvdkdfs qua sa castdjhj h bh vajth, hsà kf`f bfs hjtdkdpfs h prfvaacfras pfr bhs kf`prhs ca astfs edajas. Yasa h qua bh jfr`h cdka qua sfj edajas ca kh`edf, su è`edtf sfbf hbkhjzh h bh axpfsdkdûj y jf trhjsnfr`h uj kräcdtf aj edajas [/ bh jfr`hkf`f djtarjhkdfjhb ca kfjthedbdchc j¹ 57 candja7 Axdstajkdhs edajas `htardhbas7  pfsaàcfs phrh sar vajcdcfs aj ab kursf frcdjhrdf  aj prfkasf ca abhefrhkdûj phrh su vajth pfstardfr  phrh sar kfjsu`dcfs aj bh prfcukkdûj ca bfs edajas edajas y sarvdkdfs qua caspuä caspuäss sa vajcarèj hb hb axtardfr KBH[DNDKHKDÛJ7 [/ Edfjcd7 `ajkdfjh khrhktaràstdkhs qua chj bumhr h ujh kbhsdndkhkdûj7 bh hktdvdchc prdjkdphb ca bh a`prash< bh rabhkdûj es prfkasf prfcuktdvf, bh pfsdedbdchc ca rahbdzhkdûj ca bfs es, kuastdfjas hc`djdstrhtdvhs (ndjhjkdhkdûj f kräcdtfs ca hsdmjhkdûj ca kfstfs), kf`arkdhbas (vabfkdchc ca rfthkdûj f su frdmaj jhkdfjhb f d`pfrthcf). [/ Hrävhbf bfs kbhsdndkh aj rhzûj ca bh `htardh, bh axtajsdûj ca su fegatf, su ndjhbdchc, nfr`h, atk. Yrdjkdphbas phuths ca kbhsdndkhkdûj7  sam÷j su athph ca prfcukkdûj7  prfcuktfs bdstfs phrh kf`arkdhbdzhr7 prfcuktfs ca ravajth f prfcukkdûj prfpdh aba`ajtfs utdbdzhcfs kf`f prfcuktf ndjhb f castdjhcfs h djtamrhrsa aj ab prfkasf prfcuktdvf cab `ds`f u ftrf ajta prfcuktfs qua sa ushrhj kf`f rapuastf f hkkasfrdfs aj a`prashs ca sarvdkdfs ajvhsas phrh bh vajth ca bfs edajas prfcuktfs aj prfkasf ca abhefrhkdûj djtamrhjcf uj prfkasf ca trhjsnfr`hkdûj ca `htardhs prd`hs aj athph cab prfkasf ca `fjthga kuhbqudarh sah ab mrhcf ca hvhjka aj qua asth ab prfkasf `htardhs prd`hs, `htardhbas y/f phrtas kf`pfjajtas7 edajas hcqudrdcfs phrh ab prfkasf prfcuktdvf trhjsnfr`èjcfsa curhjta ab prfkasf kfjsu`däjcfsa curhjta ab prfkasf djkfrpfrèjcfsa aj ab asthcf aj qua astèj 

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s/ su asthcf7 prfcuktfs aj kfjcdkdfjas jfr`hbas ca kfjsarvhkdûj prfcuktfs catardfrhcfs, candkdajtas phrh su kf`arkdhbdzhkdûj, casakofs ca prfcukkdûj atk s/ su bfkhbdzhkdûj7 prfcuktfs aj axdstajkdh (aj bfkhb, hb`hkäj, capûsdtf, nherdkh, atk) prfcuktfs aj trhjsdtf (aj `acdfs ca trhjspfrta, capûsdtfs ndskhbas, atk) s/ su phàs ca frdmaj7

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jhkdfjhbas d`pfrthcfs s/ bh hktdvdchc ca bh a`prash kf`arkdhb ca prfcukkdûj (djcustrdh, hmrfpakuhrdh, axtrhktdvh) ca sarvdkdfs s/ axpakthtdvh ca su rahbdzhkdûj kfrrdajtas jf kfrrdajtas s/ bfs hspaktfs h vhbuhr djkfrpfrhkdûj hb phtrd`fjdf axdstajkdhs aj `f`ajtf ca bh vdch cab ajta (hb kdarra) kfstf ca bf vajcdcf

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DJKFUYFUHKDÛJ Kuhjcf sa prfcukaHBbhYHSUD@FJDF7 trhcdkdûj ca bh kfsh. Kfstf ca djkfrpfrhkdûj hb phtrd`fjdf as ab shkrdndkdf akfjû`dkf jakashrdf phrh cdspfjar cab edaj Es hcqudrdcfs7 sa caeaj samramhr sferaprakdfs pfr djnbhkdûj y kfstfs ndjhjkdarfs prakdf hb kfjthcf ftrfs kfjkaptfs7 kfstfs ca trhjspfrta, khrmh y caskhrmh, samurfs, d`puastfs jf rakuparhebas, carakofs ca d`pfrthkdûj (rt 89) Kbèusubhs kf`arkdhbas7 KDN (kfstf samurf y nbata) ab prakdf djkbuya ab nbata y samurf. Ohsth ab casa`ehrqua bfs rdasmfs astèj h khrmf cab vajcacfr, caspuäs kfrraj pfr kuajth cab kf`prhcfr NFE (bdera h efrcf) bh prfpdachc sa trhjs`dta sdj hmramhcfs aj ab bumhr aj qua sa a`ehrkh. Bfs mhstfs y rdasmfs quachj h khrmf cab kf`prhcfr h phrtdr cab pujtf NFE Es ca prfcukkdûj prfpdh7 kfstf ca hcqudsdkdûj ca `htardh prd`h `hjf ca ferh kfstf cab saktfr prfcuktdvf @ätfcfs ca ramdstrhkdfj7 @arkhcaràhs kf`f kuajth ÷jdkh f kf`f kuajth cascfebhch< sdj djvajthrdf par`hjajta f kfj djvajthrdf par`hjajta KF[SF CA YUFCQKKDÛJ7 KFJKAYSF AJ QJH A@YUA[H DJCQ[SUDHB7 Asth nfr`hcf pfr ab kfjgujtf ca bfs djsu`fs jakashrdfs phrh prfcukdr ab edaj [/ bfs YKMH kf`prajca bh `htardh prd`h, `hjf ca ferh y mhstfs djcdraktfs ca nherdkhkdûj, kfj ndj ca fetajar ab kfstf ujdthrdf cab prfcuktf abhefrhcf Ab djmrasf ca bfs prfcuktfs caea rahbdzhrsa hb kfstf. [a rakf`dajch djkbudr aj bfs mhstfs ca nherdkhkdûj bhs h`frtdzhkdfjas cab hktdvf ndgf cacdkhcf h bh prfcukkdûj y axkbudr mhstfs hjfr`hbas f axtrhfrcdjhrdfs f bfs qua kfrraspfjchj h d`prfcuktdvdchc u fkdfsdchc yh qua sfj rasubthcfs 

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kfstfs ndgfs7 jf sa vaj hnakthcfs pfr bhs vhrdhkdfjas (djtarasas, hbqudbaras, samurfs, h`frtdzhkdfjas cdrakths) kfstfs ca asthcf ca phrf7 sa djkurra aj abbfs djkbusf kuhjcf sa suspajca bh hktdvdchc kfstfs ca praphrhkdûj ca prfcukkdûj kfstfs sa`dndgfs7 sa `hjtdajaj ndgfs cajtrf ca kdartfs bd`dtas aj bh prfcukkdûj parf sa `fcdndkhj kuhjcf phshj asfs bd`dtas ravarsdebas7 vhràhj pfr shbtfs (shbhrdfs ca bfs khphthkas y suparvdsfras) drravarsdebas7 shbthj hb hu`ajthr bh prfcukkdûj parf jf sa racukaj hb cds`djudr. Hu`ajtfs cab hktdvf ndgf kfstfs vhrdhebas7 vhràhj kfjtdjuh`ajta kfj ab kh`edf cab vfbu`aj ca prfcukkdûj (`htardhs prd`hs, `hjf ca ferh, nuarzh `ftrdz) prfpfrkdfjhbas7 h bh prfcukkdûj prfmrasdvfs7 vhràhj `hs qua prfpfrkdfjhb`ajta

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ramrasdvfs7 cds`djuyaj hb hu`ajthr bh prfcukkdûj (`hs rhrfs) ABA@AJSF[ KF@YFJAJSA[7 edajas djkfrpfrhcfs aj ab prfkasf ca prfcukkdûj7 `htardhs prd`hs y `htardhbas qua sa kfjsu`aj f trhjsnfr`hj aj ab prfkasf ca prfcukkdûj djkfrpfrèjcfsa aj ab prfcuktf. [a cdnarajkdhj cab kf`eustdeba pfrqua astfs par`dtaj bh prfcukkdûj parf jf sa djtamrhj nàsdkh`ajta aj bhs ujdchcas prfcukdchs. [a ramdstrhj h su kfstf ca djkfrpfrhkdûj. Kfjstdtuyaj uj kfstf cdraktf y vhrdheba. [a djtamrhj cdrakth`ajta aj bh prfcukkdûj y vhràhj prfpfrkdfjhb`ajta hb vfbu`aj ca prfcukkdûj kfstfs ca `hjf ca ferh7 cdrakth, hb trhehgf ca bfs ferarfs qua sa fkuphj ca bh prfcukkdûj, cdnarajtas ca bfs kfstfs bhefrhbas djcdraktfs (kfstf ca suparvdsdûj). Kfstf cdraktf y vhrdheba. [u kfstf as bhs ra`ujarhkdfjas cab parsfjhb `hs bhs khrmhs sfkdhbas mhstfs majarhbas ca prfcukkdûj7 kfstfs djcdraktfs (suparvdsdûj, `htardhbas, h`frtdzhkdûj, nuarzh `ftrdz, `hjtajd`dajtf, samurfs, d`puastfs dj`fedbdhrdfs, atk) qua sa hku`ubhj h su kfstf, `acdcfs pfr ab shkrdndkdf akfjû`dkf qua ca`hjch su djkfrpfrhkdûj. Kf`f jf sa dcajtdndkh bh phrta qua kfrraspfjca h khch prfcuktf, caea cdstrdeuàrsabfs s/ sus khrhktaràstdkhs KF[SF CDUAKSF T KF[SF YFU HE[FUKDÛJ SFSHB7 bh cdnarajkdh ajtra h`efs as bh hsdmjhkdûj ca bfs kfstfs ndgfs `ätfcf cdraktf f vhrdheba7 kfjsdcarh ÷jdkh`ajta bfs kfstfs vhrdhebas ca `htardh prd`h, `hjf ca ferh cdrakth y mhstfs ca nherdkhkdûj, khrmh h rasubthcfs bfs mhstfs ndgfs ca nherdkhkdûj `ätfcf ca kfstaf djtamrhb f pfr hesfrkdûj7 bh prfcukkdûj sa vhb÷h su`hjcf bfs kfstfs ca `htardh prd`h, `hjf ca ferh cdrakth y bh phrta prfpfrkdfjhb ca bfs mhstfs ndgfs US 89 fpth pfr ab kfstaf djtamrhb @AU@H[ CA YUFCQKKDÛJ F DJHKSD^DCHC7 Bh djhktdvdchc tfthb f phrkdhb, d`pbdkh qua bfs mhstfs ndgfs sdmuaj prfcukdäjcfsa parf jf axdsta prfcukkdûj h bh kuhb hsdmjhr bfs kfstfs. [a d`puth h rasubthcfs bh djutdbdchc kfj raspaktf h bh utdbdzhkdûj jfr`hb ca bh pbhjth YUFCQKKDÛJ AJ YUFKA[F7 [/ Bhzzhtd7 catar`djhkdûj ca kfstfs (prfkacd`dajtf) 

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kfstfs pfr frcajas7 sa hku`ubhj pfr bftas u frcajas aspakdndkhs sdj aspakdndkhrsa pfr ujdchcas. [a ush aj kfjtrhtfs aj bfs qua bfs phmfs sa rabhkdfjhj kfj bhs djvarsdfjas (kfjtrhtfs kfj ab mfedarjf). Bh `htardh prd`h y `hjf ca ferh sa khbkubhj hb kfstf y bfs mhstfs s/ kfandkdajtas kfstfs pfr prfkasf7 sa hku`ubhj pfr prfkasfs f sakkdfjas y sa cdstrdeuyaj ajtra bhs ujdchcas prfcukdchs (djcustrdhs quà`dkhs, ca phpab) sfj prfkasfs kfjtdjufs. [a ehshj aj kfstfs rahbas kfstf astèjchr7 ab kfstf ca khch prfcuktf sa asthebaka hjtas ca abhefrhrbf s/ aspakdndkhkdfjas täkjdkhs. [drva aj bdjahs ca `fjthga kfj pdazhs ju`arfshs CASAU@DJHKDÛJ CA BF[ KF[SF[ CA ^AJSH[7 

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dcajtdndkhkdûj aspakdndkh7 sd bhs axdstajkdhs puacaj dcajtdndkhrsa kf`prhs aspakdndkh, djvajthrdhrsa bfs kfstfs qua `uastrhj bhs nhkturhs. Asta `ätfcfh as cdnàkdb kuhjcf ohy puacaj `ukofs hrtàkubfs `ätfcf cab prf`acdf pfjcarhcf7 kfstf ca kf`prhs + djvajthrdf djdkdhb cdvdcdcf tfthb ca kf`prhs (u) + djvajthrdf djdkdhb (u) `ätfcf YAY[ `ätfcf QAY[ CASAU@DJHKDFJCA BF[ KF[SF[ CA ^AJSH H ^HBFU CA UAYF[DKDÛJ F YUFCQKKDÛJ7  ^hbfras kfrrdajtas ca ajtrhch. Kfstfs ca rapfsdkdûj f raprfcukkdûj. Aj bhs `arkhcaràhs ca ravajth7 ab vhbfr jatf ca kf`prh + kfstfs hcdkdfjhbas Aj bfs prfcukdcfs7 tfthb ca kfstfs ca bfs djsu`fs, `hjf ca ferh y mhstfs ca nherdkhkdûj hb `f`ajtf ca bh vajth US 89 `ajkdfjh kf`f prakdfs hc`dtdcfs7 

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bdsths cacaprakdfs f kftdzhkdfjas ca prfvaacfras prakdfs kf`prhs cab ubtd`f `as prakdfs puebdkhcfs aj ravdsths aspakdhbdzhchs vhbfras ca `arkhcf djtarjhkdfjhb (es d`pfrthcfs) vhbfras ca kftdzhkdûj ca `arkhcf puebdkf f prdvhcf thshkdfjas hc`dta kf`f hprfxd`hkdfjas7 prakdfs ca kf`prhs raaxprashcfs pfr àjcdkas aspakàndkfs prasupuastfs hktuhbdzhcfs phrh kfstfs ca prfcukkdûj, shbhrdfs y khrmhs sfkdhbas Catar`djhkdûj ca bfs kfstfs h vhbfras ca shbdch7 Ab krdtardf ca vhbuhkdûj cab kfstf ca vajths caea tf`hr aj kfjsdcarhkdûj ab `fcabf. Cfs krdtardfs purfs7 kfstfs odstûrdkfs vhbfras kfrrdajtas ca rapfsdkdûj (ca ajtrhch)  ^JU ( ca shbdch)  ^JU (shbdch)7 as uj vhbfr ca djtarkh`edf dmuhb hb prakdf ca vajth `ajfs bfs b fs mhstfs ca vajth, kfjsdcarhjcf ab prakdf ca vajth ca kfjthcf As hcakuhcf phrh es nujmdebas ( es `uaebas) nèkdb`ajta kf`arkdhbdzhebas qua sa puacaj vajcar sdj asnuarzf y qua tdajaj uj `arkhcf trhjsphrajta (frf, karahbas, atk) Ab ^JU kf`f bd`dta hb vhbfr ca `arkhcf as cdstdjtf hb ca vhbfras kfrrdajtas (vhbfr rakuparheba)     

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EDAJA[ CA KH@EDF

Kfjstdtuyaj ab ruerf `ès sdmjdndkhtdvf cab ajta, pfr kuhjtf ohka hb ku`pbd`dajtf cab fegatf sfkdhb. Astè Q

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nfr`hcf pfr edajas hcqudrdcfs f prfcukdcfs phrh su kf`arkdhbdzhkdûj. Bh US 4 bfs candja kf`f "sfj bfs edajas castdjhcfs hb vajth aj ab kursf ohedtuhb ca bh hktdvdchc cab ajta f qua sa ajkuajtrhj aj prfkasf ca prfcukkdûj phrh cdkoh vajth f qua rasubthj majarhb`ajta kfjsu`dcfs aj bh prfcukkdûj ca bfs edajas f sarvdkdfs qua sa castdjhj h bh vajth, hsà kf`f bfs hjtdkdpfs h prfvaacfras pfr bhs kf`prhs ca astfs edajas".

Khrhktaràstdkhs7      

[fj edajas thjmdebas. Astèj castdjhcfs h bh vajth aj nfr`h ohedtuhb. Yuacaj sar hcqudrdcfs. Yuacaj sar prfcukdcfs (tar`djhcfs). Yuacaj ajkfjtrhrsa aj prfkasf ca prfcukkdûj. [a djkbuyaj bfs phmfs hjtdkdphcfs pfr kf`prhs ca bfs `ds`fs.

Kf`pfjajtas7   

@arkhcaràhs ca ravajth, aj a`prashs kf`arkdhbas. @htardhs Yrd`hs, aj a`prashs djcustrdhbas. Yrfcuktfs aj Yrfkasf ca Yrfcukkdûj, aj a`prashs djcustrdhbas.

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YrfcuktfshSar`djhcfs,  Hjtdkdpfs Yrfvaacfras.aj a`prashs djcustrdhbas. Ohkdajcf, aj a`prashs hmrfpakuhrdhs. Karahbas, aj a`prashs hmrfpakuhrdhs. Dj`uaebas, aj a`prashs dj`fedbdhrdhs. Sàtubfs y Hkkdfjas, aj bfs Nfjcfs Kf`ujas ca Djvarsdûj.

Kfjkaptf ca kfstf7 As ab shkrdndkdf akfjû`dkf jakashrdf phrh pfjar h bfs edajas aj kfjcdkdfjas ca sar utdbdzhcfs. Bfs edajas ca kh`edf sa djkfrpfrhj hb phtrd`fjdf h su vhbfr ca kfstf7 Kf`arkdhb Djcustrdhb  Hmràkfbh Mhjhcarh

A`prash

Kfstf 0 Hcqudsdkdûj + mhstfs jakashrdfs Kfstf 0 prfcukkdûj Kfstf 0 prfcukkdûj cab karahb Kfstf 0 prfcukkdûj ohkdajch

Bfs kfstfs ca bfs edajas ca kh`edf kfjstdtuyaj kfstfs jf kfjsu`dcfs, pfr bf qua aj uj prd`ar `f`ajtf sa hktdvhj ohsth su pfstardfr kf`arkdhbdzhkdûj. Aj asa `f`ajtf, ab kfstf jf kfjsu`dcf sa trhjsnfr`h aj kfstf kfjsu`dcf y phsh h ujh kuajth ca rasubthcf. Sfcf bf qua bh a`prash tajàh aj axdstajkdh hb djdkdf cab agarkdkdf `ès bf qua hcqudrdû aj su trhjskursf, sda`pra tdaja cfs castdjfs pfsdebas7 f bf tdajaj aj axdstajkdh hb kdarra f bf vajcdû7

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stfkl djdkdhb + kf`prhs 0 stfkl ndjhb + kfstf ca vajths Kfstf ca vajths 0 stfkl djdkdhb + kf`prhs - stfkl ndjhb

A`prash kf`arkdhb7 Aj bh a`prash hktdvdchc hcqudrdajcf ab prfcuktf y vajcdäjcfbf aj ab `ds`f asthcf. [a caeaj tajar ajkf`arkdhb, kuajth bfsbhmhstfs qua sa sfjcashrrfbbh jakashrdfs phrh cdspfjar ab prfcuktf phrh su kf`arkdhbdzhkdûj, yh qua ästfs djtamrhj ab kfstf.

A`prash djcustrdhb7 Bh a`prash hcqudara `htardhbas y/f `htardhs prd`hs, anakt÷h arfmhkdfjas rabhkdfjhchs kfj bfs prfcuktfs h nherdkhr, tfcf abbf kfj ab fegatdvf ca prfcukdr uj edaj qua buamf sarè vajcdcf. Sfchs asths arfmhkdfjas bbh`hchs kfstfs, phshrèj h nfr`hr phrta ca bh Yrfcukkdûj tar`djhch phrh sar vajcdch. h. Kf` Kf`prh prh ca ` `hta htardh rdhss prd prd`hs `hs y ` `hta htardh rdhbas bas77  kfjsdsta aj bh ramd ramdstrhkdûj strhkdûj kfjtheba ca tfchs bhs arfmhkdfjas anaktuhchs pfr bh hcqudsdkdûj ca bfs djsu`fs jakashrdfs phrh bh nherdkhkdûj ca uj prfcuktf. [a khrmh h bh kuajth KF@YUH[ CA @HSAUDH[ YUD@H[ tfchs hquabbhs arfmhkdfjas vdjkubhchs y su shbcf ranbagh bhs hcqudsdkdfjas ca `htardhbas y `htardhs prd`hs cab agarkdkdf aj kursf. As ujh kuajth ca `fvd`dajtf y sa khjkabh h catar`djhr ab KF[SF CA BF[ @HSAUDHBA[ KFJ[Q@DCF[ phrh ash prfcukkdûj.   e. Ua` Ua`uja ujarhk rhkdfj dfjas as y kkhrm hrmhs hs ssfkd fkdhba hbas7 s7  kf`prajca bfs mhstfs aj suabcfs y kkfjtrdeukdfjas fjtrdeukdfjas phtrfjhbas qua ssa a rabhkdfjhj kfj bh prfcukkdûj y kfjstdtuyaj d`pfrtas qua buamf sa khrmhj hb kfstf ca prfcukkdûj. [a utdbdzh bh kuajth @HJF CA FEUH CDUAKSH qua ranbagh bfs phmfs anaktuhcfs pfr kfjkaptfs vdjkubhcfs kfj suabcfs y khrmhs sfkdhbas cab parsfjhb cdrakth`ajta rabhkdfjhcf kfj bh nherdkhkdûj. As ujh kuajth ca `fvd`dajtf qua sa khjkabh kfjtrh ab kfstf ca bh prfcukkdûj.   k. Mhs Mhstfs tfs djc djcdra draktf ktfss ca nhe nherdk rdkhkd hkdûj. ûj.  raprasajth h tfchs bhs arfmhkdfjas djcdrakth`ajta djcdrakth`ajta rabhkdfjhchs kfj bh prfcukkdûj, qua jf sahj pfr kf`prh ca `htardhbas jd `hjf ca ferh, parf qua partajakaj h bh prfcukkdûj ca uj edaj. [a utdbdzh bh kuajth MH[SF[ DJCDUAKSF[ CA NHEUDKHKDÛJ, qua as ca `fvd`dajtf y sa djkfrpfrh hb kfstf ca bh prfcukkdûj tar`djhch.   c. Catar Catar`djhk `djhkdûj dûj ca cabb kfs kfstf tf ca bfs ` `htard htardhbas hbas kfjsu` kfjsu`dcfs7 dcfs7  Kfstf ca `htardhs prd`hs 0 [email protected]. + KF@YUH[ @.Y. - [email protected].   a. Catar Catar`djhk `djhkdûj dûj c cab ab kkfstf fstf ca bbh h prf prfcukkd cukkdûj ûj ttar`djh ar`djhch7 ch7  Kfstf prfcuktfs tar`djhcfs 0 KF[SF @.Y. + @HJF CA FEUH + M.D.N. Bh kuajth Yrfcuktfs Sar`djhcfs raprasajth bfs ed edajas ajas ca kh`edf prfcukdcfs y aj kfjcdkdfjas ca sar vajcdcfs. as ujh kuajth phtrd`fjdhb cab Hktdvf, cab ruerf Edajas ca Kh`edf.   n. Cat Catar` ar`djh djhkdû kdûj j cab kkfst fstf f ca bf bfss prf prfcuk cuktfs tfs vvajc ajcdcf dcfs7 s7  Kfstf prfcuktfs vajcdcfs 0 A.D.Y.S. + KF[SF Y.S. - A.N.Y.S. Bh kuajth KF[SF CA BF[ YUFCQKSF[ ^AJCDCF[ as ujh kuajth ca rasubthcf y raprasajth bfs prfcuktfs

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vajcdcfs aj ab agarkdkdf, qua caearè kf`phrhrsa kfj bh kuajth ^AJSH[ phrh catar`djhr ab rasubthcf erutf ca vajths.

A`prash hmràkfbh7 Ab kdkbf kfjtheba ca ujh a`prash hmràkfbh puaca hsa`aghrsa hb ca bh a`prash djcustrdhb, yh qua bfs edajas ca kh`edf sfj pfr bf majarhb prfcukdcfs pfr bh prfpdh ndr`h. Sfchs bhs arfmhkdfjas qua kfjstdtuyhj `htardhbas h sar utdbdzhcfs aj ab prfkasf prfcuktdvf ca khch karahb, sarèj khrmhcfs h bhs kuajths qua bhs raprasajthj (sa`dbbhs, hmrfquà`dkfs). H bh kuajth [A@AJSAUH[ sa khrmhj tfcfs bfs kfstfs djsu`dcfs aj bh prfcukkdûj cab karahb, casca ab `f`ajtf cab bhefraf cab suabf y ohsth bh kfsakoh. Kuhjcf ab kubtdvf sa ajkuajtrh aj su athph ndjhb y ohsth qua ab mrhjf astä aj kfjcdkdfjas ca sar vajcdcf, sa utdbdzh bh kuajth KAUAHBA[. Kuajths rabhkdfjhchs7 h. [a`dbbhs 7 sa djkbuyaj thjtf bfs kfstfs ca bhs sa`dbbhs hcqudrdchs phrh su pfstardfr pfstardfr sda`erh kf`f bhs prfcukdchs pfr bh prfpdh a`prash. Kfstf ca hcqudsdkdûj ca sa`dbbhs 0 prakdf ca kf`prh + mhstfs vdjkubhcfs Kfstf mhstfsprfpdh prfcukkdûj ca sa`dbbhs 0 kfstf sa`ajtarhs + mhstfs kfsakoh + mhstfs a`efbshcf + ftrfs   e. Hmrfq mrfquà uà`d `dkkfs fs7 7 sa djkbuyaj bfs mhstfs ca hcqudsdkdûj hcqudsdkdûj ca oaredkdchs, nartdbdzhjtas a djsak djsaktdkdchs. tdkdchs. [d astfs hmrfquà`dkfs sfj utdbdzhcfs phrh su hpbdkhkdûj h bh Nartdbdzhkdûj, caeaj d`puthrsa h bh kuajth [a`ajtarhs.   k. [a`ajtarhs 7 kf`prajca tfcfs bfs kfstfs casca casca ab bhefraf cab suabf ohsth bh kfsakoh. Yart Yartajakaj ajakaj h abbh bhs sdmudajtas athphs7 * sa`dbbhs * bhefraf cab suabf * sda`erh * nartdbdzhkdûj * prftakkdûj cab sa`erhcf Ab kfstf ca bh sa`ajtarh astè nfr`hcf ca bh sdmudajta `hjarh7 Kfstf sa`ajtarh 0 bhefraf + sda`erh + hmrfquà`dkfs + sa`dbbhs   c. Karahbas 7 sa djkbuyaj tfcfs bfs mhstfs djkurrdcfs casca bh athph djdkdhb ca khch kubtdvf kubtdvf ohsth qua ab mrhjf sa ajkuajtrh aj kfjcdkdfjas ca sar vajcdcf. Kfstf karahbas 0 sa`ajtarhs + kfsakoh + sakhcf + zhrhjcaf + ftrfs mhstfs Bfs mhstfs cab hb`hkajh`dajtf ca bfs prfcuktfs tar`djhcfs jf sa caeaj djkbudr aj ab kfstf ca prfcukkdûj pfr kfjstdtudr mhstfs fparhtdvfs. Aj rasu`aj, bhs kf`prhs y bh prfcukkdûj aj prfkasf, buamf ca tar`djhcf su kdkbf, sa kfjvdartaj aj axdstajkdhs nàsdkhs quacatajcrèj kf`f castdjfrhkdfjas ndjhb7 suyvajth aj abehbhjkahcf `arkhcf, utdbdzhkdûj phrh ca juavh prfcukkdûj, kfjsu`f bh prfpdh a`prash, hbd`ajtf ca hjd`hbas casda`erh prfpdh prfcukkdûj f kf`f sa`dbbhs Q

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qua sa `hjtdajaj aj stfkl phrh ftrf castdjf.

A`prash mhjhcarh7 Axdstaj cdstdjtfs tdpfs ca asthebakd`dajtfs mhjhcarfs7 

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Kràh. Nfr`hkdûj ca rfcaf ca vdajtras. [a cacdkh h bh prfcukkdûj ca hjd`hbas phrh bh vajth h djvarjhcfras.   Djvarjhch. Kf`prh hjd`hbas kfj castdjf hb kfjsu`f djtarjf f h axpfrthkdûj [a prfcuka ab ajmfrca ca hjd`hbas ohsth bh tar`djhkdûj y ajtramh hb kfjsu`f.   Krdhcfr djvarjhcfr. Asthebakd`dajtf `dxtf qua cashrrfbbh ab kdkbf kf`pbatf kfj ohkdajch ca prfpdh prfcukkdûj y hcqudrdch.   Sh`ef. [a cacdkh h bh prfcukkdûj ca bakoa y kf`f kf`pba`ajtf kràh ca ohkdajch.   Khehøh. Yrfcuka raprfcuktfras ca hbtf vhbfr majätdkf (pacdmraa y purfs pfr kruzh).

Bhs athphs aj ab kdkbf prfcuktdvf mhjhcarf sfj (aj prf`acdf)7 8. [ar [arvdk df7 cur curhkd hkdûj ûj ; ` `asa asas. s.   vdkdf7 5. Mas Masthk thkdûj dûj y p phrd hrdkdû kdûj7 j7 4 `as `asas. as.   ;. Cas Castat tata ay` `hrk hrkhkd hkdûj7 ûj7 > h ? `as `asas as   3. Curhj Curhjta ta bfs 8? `asas sd sdmudajt mudajtas7 as7 sa prfcuk prfcuka a ab ajmfrca cab tarj tarjarf arf ohsth kf kfjvart jvartdrsa drsa aj jfvd jfvdbbf bbf tar`d tar`djhcf. jhcf.   1. Curhj Curhjta ta 89 h 83 ` `asas7 asas7 bh tar tarjarh jarh avfbu avfbukdfjh kdfjh h vhk vhkh. h. Kdkbf kfjtheba ca bh a`prash mhjhcarh7 8. Axdstajkdh djdkdhb 5.   Ajtrhchs7 * kf`prhs   * jhkd`dajtfs y phsas ca khtamfràh ;. [hbdchs7   * vajths   * phsas ca khtamfràh   * `frthjchc y kfjsu`f 3. Axdstajkdh ndjhb Kuajths rabhkdfjhchs7 sa khrmhj h bhs kf`prhs cab paràfcf, as ujh kuajth ca `fvd`dajtf qua sa khjkabh kfjtrh ab kfstf. raprasajth bhs rasarvhs hcqudrdchs ca hbnhbnh, sfrmfs y ftrfs prfcuktfs phrh

Kf`prh ohkdajch Nhrcfs y rfbbfs

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ajmfrca ca hjd`hbas. Kuajth phtrd`fjdhb cab hktdvf, ruerf Edajas ca kh`edf. [a d`puth hb kfstf ca bh prfcukkdûj mhjhcarh kuhjcf sa kfjsu`aj f hb kfstf ca vajths sd sa kf`arkdhbdzhj. tfcfs bfs kf`pba`ajtfs ca hbd`ajthkdûj cab mhjhcf. Sdaja bh `ds`h jhturhbazh qua bh kuajth hjtardfr. Djkbuya bfs prfcuktfs qua sfj ca hpbdkhkdûj hb hjd`hb phrh su shjdchc. Dmuhb jhturhbazh qua bhs hjtardfras.

Uhkdfjas y ehbhjkahcfs Yrfcuktfs vatardjhrdfs

djkbuya bfs mhtfs pfr kf`prh ca hbh`eras, pfstas qua jf sahj edajas ca usf, kf`eustdebas, atk.

@htardhbas cdvarsfs

Kfstf ca prfcukkdûj ohkdajch 0 A.D. OHKDAJCH + KF@YUH[ OHKDAJCH + MH[SF[ CDUAKSF[ Kfstf ujdthrdf ca prfcukkdûj 0 KF[SF YUFCQKKDÛJ SFSHB OHKDAJCH / KHJSDCHC CA QJDCHCA[ (KHEAWH[) Kfstf ca vajths 0 QJDCHCA[ QJDCHCA[ ^AJCDCH[ x KF[SF QJDSHUD QJDSHUDF F CA YUFCQKKDÛJ Kfstf ca vajths 0 A.D. OHKDAJCH + YUFCQKKDÛJ OHKDAJCH - A.N. OHKDAJCH Axdstajkdh ndjhb ohkdajch 0 KHJSDCHC CA KHEAWH[ A_D[S. x KF[SF QJDSHUDF CA YUFCQKKDÛJ -----------------------

EFJDNDKHKDFJA[. Kfjstdtuyaj raehghs ca prakdfs ftfrmhchs aj vdrtuc ca vfb÷`ajas hcqudrdcfs, sfj racukkdfjas aj ab kfstf ca bfs edajas kf`prhcfs f vajcdcfs qua kfjtheba`ajta tdajaj ab `ds`f trhth`dajtf qua bhs cavfbukdfjas, as cakdr, sa utdbdzhj kuajths ca `fvd`dajtf. Yfr bf thjtf, bh akuhkdûj cab kfstf ca vajths, djkbuyajcf bhs efjdndkhkdfjas y bhs cavfbukdfjas, quach7 Kfstf ca vajths 0 stfkl djdkdhb + kf`prhs jaths - stfkl ndjhb Kf`prhs jaths 0 kf`prhs - cavfbukdfjas ca kf`prhs - efjdndkhkdfjas fetajdchs.

CA[KQAJSF[ NDJHJKDAUF NDJHJKDAUF[. [. Kfjstdtuyaj raehghs h khush ca bhs kfjcdkdfjas ca phmf. Sdajaj uj trhth`dajtf cdstdjtf7 jf sa djkbuyaj aj ab vhbfr ca kfstf ca bfs edajas hcqudrdcfs f vajcdcfs. as cakdr, bh kf`prh f vajth caea sar ramdstrhch jath ca bfs kf`pfjajtas ndjhjkdarfs djkbudcfs aj bh fparhkdûj.

CA^FBQKDFJA[. Bhs cavfbukdfjas surmaj kuhjcf bfs prfcuktfs rakdedcfs f ajvdhcfs jf ku`pbaj kfj hbmujh kfjcdkdûj phkthch, aj kfjsakuajkdh, hjubh bfs anaktfs ca bh kf`prh f vajth. Bhs cavfbukdfjas jautrhbdzhj bh fparhkdûj frdmdjhb. @f`ajtèjah`ajta bhs ramdstrhkdfjas kfjthebas sa rahbdzhj aj kuajths ca `fvd`dajtf y hb kdarra cab agarkdkdf sa khjkabhj kfj bhs kuajths qua ba cdarfj frdmaj.

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CASAU@DJHKDÛJ CAB KF[SF. Srhth`dajtf cab djmrasf. Astfs edajas djmrashj hb su vhbfr ca kfstf odstûrdkf f h su vhbfr kfrrdajta. Ab kfstf ca uj edaj ca kh`edf hcqudrdcf djkbuya7   

ab prakdf ca kf`prh cab edaj, bfs d`puastfs y carakofs hcuhjarfs jf suskaptdebas ca rakuparf, nbatas, samurfs, atk.

Yhrh ab khsf ca bfs edajas prfcukdcfs7 

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[a tf`h ab vhbfr ca bfs edajas hcqudrdcfs `ès bh `hjf ca ferh djkfrpfrhch y bfs mhstfs djcdraktfs ca nherdkhkdûj. Bfs djsu`fs sa puacaj djkfrpfrhr7 h su vhbfr odstûrdkf f h su kfstf ca rapfsdkdûj. Aj ab khsf ca bfs edajas aj bfs qua su prfcukkdûj, kfjstrukkdûj, `fjthga f tar`djhkdûj sa prfbfjmua aj ab tda`pf, djtamrhj ab vhbfr ca djmrasf hb phtrd`fjdf bfs kfstfs ndjhjkdarfs rabhkdfjhcfs kfj ab tfthb ca bh djvarsdûj curhjta ab paràfcf ca dj`fvdbdzhkdûj y ohsth qua ab edaj astä aj kfjcdkdfjas ca dj`fvdbdzhrsa.

Srhth`dajtf ca bh shbdch. @ätfcf ca bh cdnarajkdh ca djvajthrdfs.

Kfjsdsta aj catar`djhr ab kfstf ca bh `arkhcaràh vajcdch utdbdzhjcf bh nûr`ubh cab kfstf. [u bd`dthkdûj `ès d`pfrthjta as qua jf kfjta`pbh bh pfsdedbdchc ca qua ouedarh shbdcf `arkhcaràh pfr rfef, djkajcdf u ftrhs khushs. Jakasdth ca bh fetajkdûj ca chtfs kf`f7  

rabavh`dajtf nàsdkf ca bh axdstajkdh hb kdarra cab agarkdkdf. asthebakar uj `ätfcf ca hsdmjhkdûj ca bh shbdch cab stfkl (`ätfcf ca vhbuhkdûj).

@ätfcf cab djvajthrdf par`hjajta.

Bfs ramdstrfs par`hjajtas ca axdstajkdh kfjsdstaj aj djnfr`hkdûj cathbbhch aj cfjca kfjsthj bfs `fvd`dajtfs ca `arkhcaràhs aj ujdchcas nàsdkhs y ujdchcas `fjathrdhs. [a kajtrhbdzh aj ujh sfbh kuajth (@AUKHCAUÀH[) tfcf ab `fvd`dajtf cab stfkl ca bh a`prash. Ab stfkl vajcdcf sa d`puth hutf`ètdkh`ajta hb kfstf ca vajths. Yfr bf thjtf, ab kfstf ca bh `arkhcaràh vajcdch quachrè catar`djhcf aj khch vajth.  H trhväs ca asta `ätfcf, hutf`ètdkh`ajta hutf`ètdkh`ajta aj bh kuajth @arkhcaràhs qua ch ranbaghch bh axdstajkdh ca prfcuktfs. [dsta`hs ca hsdmjhkdûj ca shbdchs ca axdstajkdhs7 

[dsta`h N.D.N.F. f Y.A.Y.[. (Ndrst dj ndrst fut - prd`arf aj ajtrhr, prd`arf aj shbdr)7 kfjsdsta aj ramdstrhr bhs shbdchs ca `arkhcaràhs hb kfstf ca bhs prd`arhs kf`prhs, as cakdr, hsdmjhr ab vhbfr ca bhs ujdchcas `ès

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hjtdmuhs qua djmrashrfj aj axdstajkdh. Bfs kfstfs, aj uj kfjtaxtf djnbhkdfjhrdf, sarèj `ajfras.   [dsta`h B.D.N.F. f Q.A.Y.[. ?Bhst djndrst fut - ÷btd`f a ajtrhr, prd`arf aj shbdr)7  kfjsdsta aj ramdstrhr bh shbdch ca `arkhcaràhs hb kfstf ca bhs ÷btd`hs kf`prhs, as cakdr, khbkubhr ab kfstf ca bhs ujdchcas vajcdchs hpbdkhjcf aj prd`ar tär`djf ab ca bhs ujdchcas `ès rakdajta`ajta hcqudrdchs.  

[dsta`h Y.Y.Y. (Yrakdf prf`acdf pfjcarhcf)7 kfjsdsta aj ramdstrhr bh shbdch cab stfkl hb kfstf prf`acdf rasubthjta ca bh cdvdsdûj ajtra ab vhbfr cab djvajthrdf y bh khjtdchc ca ujdchcas qua kf`pfjaj ab `ds`f.

Axdstajkdhs sfj hktdvfs7 

(h) pfsaàcfs phrh sar vajcdcfs aj ab kursf jfr`hb ca bh axpbfthkdûj, bhs axdstajkdhs sa vhbfrhrèj pfr ab kfsta ca bfs sarvdkdfs phrh bfs qua bh a`prash h÷j jf oh rakfjfkdcf ab djmrasf kfrraspfjcdajta (vähsa bh JDK 8?, Djmrasfs Frcdjhrdfs).  ^HBFUHKDÛJ CA BH[ BH[ A_D[SAJKDH[

>. Bhs axdstajkdhs caeaj sar vhbfrhchs hb kfsta f hb vhbfr jatf rahbdzheba, sam÷j kuèb sah  `ajfr. Kfsta ca bhs axdstajkdhs 

=. Ab kfst kfsta a ca bh bhs s axds axdsta tajk jkdh dhs s caea caea kf kf`p `pra rajc jcar ar tfcf tfcfs s bfs bfs kfst kfstas as card cardvh vhcf cfs s ca bh  hcqudsdkdûj y trhjsnfr`hkdûj ca bhs `ds`hs, hsà kf`f ftrfs kfstas aj bfs qua sa oh  djkurrdcf phrh chrbas su kfjcdkdûj y uedkhkdûj hktuhbas.

K fs t as c a h cq u ds d kd ûj

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?. Ab kfsta ca hcqudsdkdûj ca bhs axdstajkdhs kf`prajcarè ab prakdf ca kf`prh, djkbuyajcf hrhjkabas ca d`pfrthkdûj y ftrfs d`puastfs (qua jf sahj rakuparhebas pfr bh a`prash ca bhs hutfrdchcas ndskhbas), ndskhb as), bfs trhjspfrtas, trhjspfrtas, ab hb`hka hb`hkajh`daj jh`dajtf tf y ftrfs kfstas cdrakth`ajt cdrakth`ajtaa htrdeu htrdeudebas debas h bh hcqud hcqudsdkdûj sdkdûj ca bhs `arkhcaràhs, bfs `htardhbas f bfs sarvdkdfs. Bfs caskuajtfs kf`arkdhbas, bhs raehghs y ftrhs phrtdchs sd`dbhras sa cacukdrèj phrh catar`djhr ab kfsta ca hcqudsdkdûj. 4. Ab kfsta ca hcqudsdkdûj puaca djkbudr cdnarajkdh cdnarajkdhss ca kh`edf qua surghj cdrakth`ajta cdrakth`ajta ca bh kf`prh rakdajta ca axdstajkdhs nhkturhchs aj ujh `fjach axtrhjgarh, sda`pra qua sa ku`pbhj bhs aspakdhbas kdrkujsthjkdhs kfjta`pbhchs aj ab ca trhth`dajtf  ^hrdhkdfjas aj bfs Sdpfs ca Kh`edf bh @fjach hbtarjhtdvf Axtrhjgarh).par`dtdcf aj bh JDK 58, Anaktfs ca bhs K f st a s c a t r h js n fr ` h kdû j 89. Bfs kfstas ca trhjsnfr`hkdûj ca bhs axdstajkdhs kf`prajcarèj hquabbfs kfstas cdrakth`ajta rabh rabhkd kdfj fjhc hcfs fs kf kfjj bh bhss uj ujdc dchc hcas as prfc prfcuk ukdc dchs hs,, th thba bass kf kf`f `f bh `h `hjf jf ca fe ferh rh cdra cdrakt kth. h. Sh Sh`e `edä däjj kf`prajcarèj ujh phrta, khbkubhch ca nfr`h sdsta`ètdkh, ca bfs kfstas djcdraktfs, vhrdhebas f ndgfs, aj bfs qua sa oh djkurrdcf phrh trhjsnfr`hr bhs `htardhs prd`hs aj prfcuktfs tar`djhcfs. Kfstas djcdraktfs djcdra ktfs ndgfs sfj tfcfs hquä hquäbbfs bbfs qua par`h par`hjakaj jakaj rabhtdvh`a rabhtdvh`ajta jta kfjsth kfjsthjtas jtas kfj djcapa djcapajcajkd jcajkdhh cab vfbu`aj ca prfcukkdûj, thbas kf`f bh caprakdhkdûj y `hjtajd`dajtf ca bfs acdndkdfs y aqudpfs ca bh nèerdkh, hsà kf`f ab kfsta ca mastdûj y hc`djdstrhkdûj ca bh pbhjth. Kfstas djcdraktfs vhrdhebas sfj tfcfs hquäbbfs qua vhràhj cdrakth`ajta, f khsd cdrakth`ajta, kfj ab vfbu`aj ca prfcukkdûj fetajdch, thbas kf`f bfs `htardhbas y bh `hjf ca ferh djcdrakth. 88. Ab prfkasf ca cdstrdeukdûj ca bfs kfstas djcdraktfs ndgfs h bfs kfstas ca trhjsnfr`hkdûj sa ehshrè aj bh khphk khphkdchc dchc jfr`hb ca trheh trhehgf gf ca bfs `acdfs ca prfcukk prfcukkdûj. dûj. Khphkdc Khphkdchc hc jfr`hb as bh prfcukkdûj qua sa asparh kfjsamudr aj kdrkujsthjkdhs jfr`hbas, kfjsdcarhjcf ab prf`acdf ca vhrdfs agarkdkdfs f ta`pfrhchs, y tajdajcf aj kuajth bh pärcdch ca khphkdchc qua rasubth ca bhs fparhkdfjas pravdsths ca `hjtajd`dajtf. Yuaca ushrsa ab jdvab rahb ca prfcukkdûj sda`pra qua sa hprfxd`a h bh khphkdchc jfr` jfr`hb hb.. Bh khjt khjtdc dchc hc ca kf kfst staa djcd djcdra raktf ktf ndndgf gf cdstr cdstrdeu deudc dcff h kh khch ch ujdc ujdchc hc ca prfc prfcuk ukkdû kdûjj jf sa djkra`ajthrè kf`f kfjsakuajkdh ca uj jdvab ehgf ca prfcukkdûj, jd pfr bh axdstajkdh ca khphkdchc fkdfsh. Bfs kfstas djcdraktfs jf cdstrdeudcfs sa rakfjfkarèj kf`f mhstfs cab agarkdkdf aj qua ohj sdcf djkurrdcfs. Aj pardfcfs ca prfcukkdûj hjfr`hb`ajta hbth, bh khjtdchc ca kfsta djcdraktf cdstrdeudcf h khch ujdchc ca prfcukkdûj sa cds`djudrè, ca `hjarh qua jf sa `dchj bhs axdstajkdhs pfr ajkd`h cab kfsta rahb. Bfs kfsta kfstass djcdrak djcdraktfs tfs vhrdhebas sa cdstrdeudrèj h khch ujdchc ca prfcukkdûj sfera bh ehsa cab jdvab rahb ca usf ca bfs `acdfs ca prfcukkdûj. 85. Ab prfkasf ca prfcukkdûj puaca chr bumhr h bh nherdkhkdûj sd`ubtèjah ca `ès ca uj prfcuktf. Asta as ab khsf, pfr aga`pbf, ca bh prfcukkdûj kfjgujth f ca bh prfcukkdûj ca prfcuktfs prdjkdphbas gujtf h suep sueprfc rfcuk uktf tfs. s. [da [da`p `pra ra qu quaa bfs bfs kf kfsta stass ca tr trhj hjsn snfr` fr`hk hkdûj dûj ca khc khchh tdpf tdpf ca prfc prfcukt uktff jf sahj sahj dcajtdndkhebas pfr saphrhcf sarè jakashrdf cdstrdeudr ab kfsta tfthb ajtra bfs prfcuktfs sfera ehsas ujdnfr`as y rhkdfjhbas. Bh cdstrdeukdûj puaca ehshrsa, pfr aga`pbf, aj ab vhbfr ca `arkhcf ca khch prfcuktf, yh sah kf`f prfcukkdûj aj kursf, aj ab `f`ajtf aj qua bfs prfcuktfs kf`dajzhj h pfcar dcajtdndkhrsa pfr saphrhcf, yh sah hb ohear kf`pbathcf ab prfkasf prfcuktdvf. Bh `hyfràh ca bfs sueprfcuktfs, pfr su prfpdh jhturhbazh, tdajaj vhbfras jf sdmjdndkhtdvfs. Kuhjcf ästa as ab khsf, sa `dcaj nrakuajta`ajta sam÷j su vhbfr jatf rahbdzheba, y asta vhbfr sa cacuka cab kfsta cab prfcuktf prdjkdphb. prdjkdp hb. Kf`f rasubth rasubthcf, cf, ab d`pfrta d`pfrta aj bderfs cab prfcuktf prdjkdphb jf rasubt rasubthrè hrè sdmjdndkhtdv sdmjdndkhtdvh`ajt h`ajtaa cdnarajta ca su kfsta. F t rf s k f st a s Q

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8;. [a djkbudrèj ftrfs kfstas aj ab d`pfrta aj bderfs ca bhs axdstajkdhs, sda`pra qua sa ouedarhj djkurrdcf phrh chr h bhs `ds`hs su kfjcdkdûj y uedkhkdûj hktuhbas. Yfr aga`pbf, puaca sar hprfpdhcf djkbudr, kf`f kfsta ca bhs axdstajkdhs, bfs kfstas djcdraktfs jf cardvhcfs ca bh prfcukkdûj, f bfs kfstas cab cdsaøf ca prfcuktfs phrh kbdajtas aspakàndkfs. 83. [fj aga`pbfs ca kfstas axkbudcfs cab d`pfrta aj bderfs ca bhs axdstajkdhs, y pfr thjtf h rakfjfkar kf`f mhstfs cab agarkdkdf aj ab kuhb sa djkurraj, bfs sdmudajtas7 (h) bhs khjtdchcas hjfr`hbas ca casparcdkdf ca `htardhbas, `hjf ca ferh u ftrfs kfstas ca prfcukkdûj< (e) bfs kfstas ca hb`hkajh`dajtf, h `ajfs qua cdkofs kfstas sahj jakashrdfs aj ab prfkasf prfcuktdvf, pravdfs h uj prfkasf ca abhefrhkdûj ubtardfr< (k) bfs kfstas djcdraktfs ca hc`djdstrhkdûj qua jf ohyhj kfjtrdeudcf h chr h bhs axdstajkdhs su kfjcdkdûj y uedkhkdûj hktuhbas< y (c) bfs kfstas ca kf`arkdhbdzhkdûj. 81. Aj kdarths kdrkujsthjkdhs, bfs kfstas ndjhjkdarfs sa djkbuyaj ajtra bfs kfstas ca bhs axdstajkdhs. Asths kdrkujsthjkdhs sa dcajtdndkhj aj ab trhth`dajtf hbtarjhtdvf par`dtdcf aj bh JDK 5;, Kfstas pfr Djtarasas. K fs ta c a b hs a xd st aj kd hs p hr h u j p ra st hc fr c a s ar vd kd fs 8>. Ab kfsta ca bhs axdstajkdhs phrh uj prasthcfr ca sarvdkdfs sa kf`pfja nujch`ajthb`ajta ca `hjf ca ferh y ftrfs kfstas ca parsfjhb cdrakth`ajta djvfbukrhcfs aj bh prasthkdûj cab sarvdkdf, djkbuyajcf parsfjhb ca suparvdsdûj y ftrfs kfstas djcdraktfs cdstrdeudebas. Bh `hjf ca ferh y bfs ca`ès kfstas rabhkdfjhcfs kfj bhs vajths, hsà kf`f ab parsfjhb ca hc`djdstrhkdûj majarhb, jf sa djkbuyaj aj ab kfsta ca bhs axdstajkdhs, sdajcf rakfjfkdcfs kf`f mhstfs cab agarkdkdf aj ab qua sa ohyhj djkurrdcf. K f s t a c a b fs p r f c u k t f s h m r à k f b h s r a k f b a k t h c f s c a h k t d v f s e d f b û m d kfs 8>H. Ca hkuarcf kfj bh JDK 38, Hmrdkubturh, bhs axdstajkdhs kf`puasths pfr prfcuktfs hmràkfbhs, qua bh a`prash oh kfsakohcf f rakfbakthcf ca sus hktdvfs edfbûmdkfs, sa vhbfrhj, phrh su rakfjfkd`dajtf djdkdhb, pfr ab vhbfr rhzfjheba `ajfs bfs kfstas astd`hcfs aj ab pujtf ca vajth, kfjsdcarhcfs aj ab `f`ajtf ca su kfsakoh. Ästa as ab kfsta ca bhs axdstajkdhs aj ash nakoh phrh bh hpbdkhkdûj ca bh prasajta Jfr`h. [ ds ta `h s c a v hb fr hk dû j c a k fs ta s 8=. Bfs sdsta`hs phrh bh catar`djhkdûj cab kfsta ca bhs axdstajkdhs, thbas kf`f ab `ätfcf cab kfsta astèjchr f ab `ätfcf ca bfs `djfrdsths, puacaj sar a`pbahcfs pfr kfjvajdajkdh sda`pra qua ab rasubthcf ca hpbdkhrbfs sa hprfxd`a hb kfsta. Bfs kfstas astèjchras sa asthebakarèj h phrtdr ca jdvabas jfr`hbas ca kfjsu`f ca `htardhs prd`hs, su`djdstrfs, `hjf ca ferh, andkdajkdh y utdbdzhkdûj ca bh khphkdchc. Aj asta khsf, bhs kfjcdkdfjas ca kèbkubf sa ravdshj ca nfr`h ramubhr y, sd as prakdsf, sa kh`edhj bfs astèjchras, sda`pra y kuhjcf thbas kfjcdkdfjas ohyhj vhrdhcf.

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8?. Ab `ätfcf ca bfs `djfrdsths sa ush h `ajucf aj ab saktfr kf`arkdhb hb pfr `ajfr phrh bh vhbfrhkdûj ca axdstajkdhs kuhjcf ohy uj mrhj j÷`arf ca hrtàkubfs qua rfthj vabfz`ajta, qua tdajaj `èrmajas sd`dbhras y phrh bfs kuhbas as d`prhktdkheba ushr ftrfs `ätfcfs ca kèbkubf ca kfstas. Aj asta `ätfcf aj phrtdkubhr, ab kfsta ca bhs axdstajkdhs sa catar`djh cacukdajcf cab prakdf ca vajth cab hrtàkubf aj kuastdûj, uj pfrkajthga hprfpdhcf ca `hrmaj erutf. Ab pfrkajthga qua sa ush caea tajar aj kuajth bh phrta ca bhs axdstajkdhs qua sa ohj `hrkhcf `hrkhcf pfr caehg caehgff ca su prakdf ca vajth frdmdjh frdmdjhb.b. Nrakuajta`ajta sa utdbdzh uj pfrkajthga `acdf phrh khch sakkdûj f caphrth`ajtf kf`arkdhb. Nûr`ubhs cab kfsta 

84. Ab kfsta ca bhs axdstajkdhs ca prfcuktfs qua jf sfj djtarkh`edhebas djtarkh`edhebas ajtra sà, hsà kf`f  ca bfs edajas y sarvdkdfs prfcukdcfs y samramhcfs phrh prfyaktfs aspakàndkfs, caea sar  catar`djhcf h trhväs cab `ätfcf ca dcajtdndkhkdûj aspakàndkh ca sus kfstas djcdvdcuhbas.

59. Bh dcajtd dcajtdndkhkdûj ndkhkdûj aspakàndkh aspakàndkh cab kfsta sdmjdnd sdmjdndkh kh qua khch tdpf ca kfsta kfjkratf sa cdstrdeuya h uj prfcuktf catar`djhcf ca bhs axdstajkdhs. Asta as ab trhth`dajtf hcakuhcf phrh hquabbfs prfcuktfs qua sa samramhj phrh uj prfyaktf aspakàndkf, kfj djcapajcajkdh ca sd ohj sdcf prfcukdcfs f kf`prhcfs aj ab axtardfr. [dj a`ehrmf, bh dcajtdndkhkdûj aspakàndkh ca kfstas rasubthrè djhprfpdhch ku kuhj hjcf cf aj bh bhss ax axds dsta tajk jkdh dhss oh ohyh yh uj mrhj mrhj j÷ j÷`a `arf rf ca prfc prfcuk uktf tfss qua qua sf sfj, j, ohed ohedtu tuhb hb`a `ajt jta, a, djtarkh`edhebas. Aj thbas kdrkujsthjkdhs, ab `ätfcf ca sabakkdfjhr quä prfcuktfs djcdvdcuhbas vhj h par`hjakar par`h jakar aj bhs axdstajkdh axdstajkdhss ndjhba ndjhbas, s, pfcràh sar ushcf phrh fetajar anaktf anaktfss praca pracatar`djh tar`djhcfs cfs aj bh mhjhjkdh f bh pärcdch jath cab agarkdkdf. S r h t h ` d a j t f p r a n a r aj t a 58. Ab kfsta kfsta ca bhs axdstaj axdstajkdh kdhs, s, cdstd cdstdjth jths s ca bhs trhthchs trhthchs aj ab pèrrh pèrrhnf nf 84, caea sar  sar  catar`djhcf catar`d jhcf ushjcf bhs nûr`ubhs nûr`ubhs ca prd`arh prd`arh ajtrhch ajtrhch prd`arh prd`arh shbdch shbdch (NDNF) (NDNF) f kfsta  kfsta  prf`acdf pfjcarhcf (8).

(8) ^ähsa th`edäj bh Djtarprathkdûj [DK-87 Qjdnfr`dchc -Cdnarajtas Nûr`ubhs phrh ab Kèbkubf cab Kfsta ca bhs Axdstajkdhs. 55. Bh nûr`ubh NDNF hsu`a qua bfs prfcuktfs aj axdstajkdhs qua nuarfj kf`prhcfs f prfcukdcfs hjtas sarèj vajcdcfs aj prd`ar bumhr y, kfjsakuajta`ajta, qua bfs prfcuktfs qua quacaj aj axdstajkdhs axdsta jkdhs ndjhbas sarèj bfs abprfcukdcfs prfcu f kf`prh kf`prhcfs cfsca`ès rakdaj rakdajta`aj ta`ajta. ta. [d sa hutdbdzh nûr`ubh cab kfsta prf`acdf pfjcarhcf, kfstakdcfs ca khch ujdchc prfcuktf sa catar`djhrè phrtdrbhcab prf`acdf pfjcarhcf cab kfsta ca bfs hrtàkubfs sd`dbhras, pfsaàcfs hb prdjkdpdf cab agarkdkdf, y cab kfsta ca bfs `ds`fs `ds `fs hrt hrtàkub àkubfs fs kf` kf`prh prhcfs cfs f prf prfcukd cukdcfs cfs curh curhjta jta ab aga agarkdk rkdkdf. df. [a pua puaca ca khb khbkubh kubhrr ab prf prf`ac `acdf df pardûcdkh`ajta f caspuäs ca rakdedr khch ajvàf hcdkdfjhb, capajcdajcf ca bhs kdrkujsthjkdhs ca bh a`prash. S r h th ` d aj t f h b t ar j h td v f p a r `d t d cf 5;. Ab kfsta kfsta ca bhs axdstaj axdstajkdh kdhs, s, cdstd cdstdjth jths s ca bhs trhthchs trhthchs aj ab pèrrh pèrrhnf nf 84, caea sar  sar  catar`djhcf ushjcf bh nûr`ubh ÷btd`h ajtrhch prd`arh shbdch (BDNF) (8).  

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53. Bh nûr`ubh BDNF hsu`a qua bfs prfcuktfs aj axdstajkdhs qua nuarfj kf`prhcfs f prfcukdcfs aj ÷btd`f bumhr sarèj vajcdcfs bfs prd`arfs y, kfjsakuajta`ajta, qua bfs prfcuktfs qua quacaj aj axdstajkdhs ndjhbas sarèj bfs prfcukdcfs f kf`prhcfs aj prd`ar bumhr. ^hbfr jatf rahbdzheba 

51. Ab kfsta ca bhs axdstajkdhs puaca jf sar rakuparheba aj khsf ca qua bhs `ds`hs astäj chøhchs, sd sa ohj vuabtf phrkdhb f tfthb`ajta fesfbaths, f edaj sd sus prakdfs ca `arkhcf ohj khàcf. Hsd`ds`f, ab kfsta ca bhs axdstajkdhs puaca jf sar rakuparheba sd bfs kfstas astd`hcfs phrh su tar`djhkdûj f su vajth ohj hu`ajthcf. Bh prèktdkh ca raehghr ab shbcf ohsth qua ab d`pfrta aj bderfs sah dmuhb hb vhbfr jatf rahbdzheba as kfoarajta kfj ab pujtf ca vdsth sam÷j ab kuhb bfs hktdvfs jf caeaj vhbfrhrsa aj bderfs pfr ajkd`h ca bfs d`pfrtas qua sa asparh rakuparhr ca su vajth f usf pfstardfr. 5>. Bh raehgh ohsth hbkhjzhr ab vhbfr jatf rahbdzheba sa khbkubh usuhb`ajta phrh khch tdpf ca hrtàkubf. Aj hbmujhs kdrkujsthjkdhs, sdj a`ehrmf, puaca rasubthr hprfpdhcf hmruphr hrtàkubfs sd`dbhras f rabhkdfjhcfs. Asta puaca sar ab khsf ca hrtàkubfs aj axdstajkdhs rabhkdfjhcfs kfj bh `ds`h bàjah ca prfcuktfs y qua tdajaj prfpûsdtfs f usfs ndjhbas sd`dbhras, sa prfcukaj y vajcaj aj bh `ds`h èrah mafmrèndkh y jf puacaj sar, pfr rhzfjas prèktdkhs, avhbuhcfs saphrhch`ajta ca ftrfs hrtàkubfs ca bh bàjah. Jf as hprfpdhcf rahbdzhr bhs raehghs h phrtdr ca phrtdchs qua ranbagaj kbhsdndkhkdfjas kf`pbaths ca bhs axdstajkdhs, pfr aga`pbf sfera bh tfthbdchc ca bfs prfcuktfs tar`djhcfs, f sfera tfchs bhs axdstajkdhs aj ujh hktdvdchc f sam`ajtf mafmrèndkf catar`djhcfs. Bfs prasthcfras ca sarvdkdfs hku`ubhj, majarhb`ajta, rabhkdûj h khch sarvdkdf phrhsaabtrhthrè qua sakf`f asparhujh khrmhr uj prakdf saphrhcf hb kbdajta.sus Yfrkfstas thjtf,ajkhch sarvdkdf hsà dcajtdndkhcf phrtdch saphrhch. 5=. Bhs astd`hkdfjas cab vhbfr jatf rahbdzheba sa ehshrèj aj bh djnfr`hkdûj `ès ndheba ca qua sa cdspfjmh aj ab `f`ajtf ca ohkarbhs, hkarkh cab d`pfrta qua sa asparh rakuparhr ca bhs axdstajkdhs. Asths Ast hs ast astd`h d`hkdfj kdfjas as tf` tf`hj hj aj kfj kfjsdc sdcarh arhkdûj kdûj bhs nbuktuh nbuktuhkdfj kdfjas as ca pra prakdfs kdfs f kfstas kfstas rabh rabhkdfj kdfjhcf hcfss cdrakth`ajta kfj bfs oakofs fkurrdcfs trhs ab kdarra, aj bh `acdch aj qua thbas oakofs kfjndr`aj kfjcdkdfjas axdstajtas hb ndjhb cab agarkdkdf. 5?. Hb ohkar bhs astd`hkdfjas cab vhbfr jatf rahbdzheba, sa tajcrè aj kfjsdcarhkdûj ab prfpûsdtf phrh ab qua sa `hjtdajaj bhs axdstajkdhs. Yfr aga`pbf, ab vhbfr jatf rahbdzheba ca bhs axdstajkdhs qua sa tdajaj phrh ku`pbdr kfj bfs kfjtrhtfs ca vajth f ca prasth prasthkdûj kdûj ca sarvdkdfs, sa ehsh aj ab prakdf qua ndmurh aj ab kfjtrhtf kuastdûj. [d bfs kfjtrhtfs ca vajth sfj pfrehsèjcfsa ujh khjtdchc h bhmajarhbas ranbaghch aj axdstajkdhs, ab aj vhbfr jatf rahbdzheba cab axkasf sa catar`djh aj djnardfr bfs prakdfs ca vajth. Yuacaj hphrakar prfvdsdfjas f phsdvfs kfjtdjmajtas pfr kfjtrhtfs ndr`as ca vajth qua axkachj bhs khjtdchcas ca prfcuktfs aj axdstajkdhs, f edaj ca prfcuktfs qua vhyhj h fetajarsa pfr kfjtrhtfs ca kf`prh ndr`as. Shbas prfvdsdfjas f phsdvfs kfjtdjmajtas sa trhthj kfjtheba`ajta ca hkuarcf kfj bh JDK ;=, Yrfvdsdfjas, Hktdvfs Kfjtdjmajtas y Yhsdvfs Kfjtdjmajtas. 54. [fera bhs `htardhs prd`hs y ftrfs su`djdstrfs `hjtajdcfs phrh su usf aj bh prfcukkdûj ca axdstajkdhs, jf sa prhktdkhrèj raehghs phrh sdtuhr su d`pfrta aj bderfs pfr caehgf cab kfsta, sda`pra qua sa aspara qua bfs prfcuktfs tar`djhcfs h bfs qua sa djkfrpfraj sarèj vajcdcfs hb kfsta f pfr ajkd`h cab `ds`f. [dj a`ehrmf, kuhjcf ujh racukkdûj aj ab prakdf ca bhs `htardhs prd`hs djcdqua qua ab kfsta ca bfs prfcuktfs tar`djhcfs axkacarè h su vhbfr jatf rahbdzheba, sa raehghrè su d`pfrta aj bderfs ohsth kuerdr thb cdnarajkdh. Aj asths kdrkujsthjkdhs, ab kfsta ca rapfsdkdûj ca bhs `htardhs prd`hs puaca sar bh `agfr `acdch cdspfjdeba ca su vhbfr jatf rahbdzheba.

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;9. [a rahbdzhrè ujh avhbuhkdûj cab vhbfr jatf rahbdzheba hb ndjhb ca khch agarkdkdf suesdmudajta. Kuhjcf bhs kdrkujsthjkdhs qua pravdh`ajta khushrfj bh raehgh ohyhj caghcf ca axdstdr, sa prfkacarè h ravartdr ab d`pfrta ca bh `ds`h, ca `hjarh qua ab juavf vhbfr kfjtheba sah ab `ajfr ajtra ab kfsta y ab vhbfr jatf rahbdzheba ravdshcf. Astf fkurrdrè, pfr aga`pbf, kuhjcf uj hrtàkubf aj axdstajkdhs, qua sa kfjthedbdzh sam÷j su vhbfr jatf rahbdzheba pfrqua oh ehghcf su prakdf ca vajth, astè tfchvàh aj axdstajkdhs aj uj agarkdkdf pfstardfr y su prakdf ca vajth sa oh djkra`ajthcf. UAKFJFKD@DAJSF KF@F MH[SF CAB AGAUKDKDF

;8.  Hb sar vajcdchs bhs axdstajkdhs, axdstajkdhs, ab d`pfrta aj bderfs ca bhs `ds`hs sa rakfjfka kf`f  mhstf cab `ds`f agarkdkdf aj ab qua sa ramdstrhj bfs kfrraspfjcdajtas djmrasfs. Ab d`pfrta  ca kuhbqudar raehgh, ohsth ab vhbfr jatf rahbdzheba, hsà kf`f tfchs bhs ca`ès pärcdchs aj  bhs axdstajkdhs, caeaj sar rakfjfkdchs aj ab agarkdkdf aj qua tdaja bumhr ab catardfrf. Ab  d`pfrta ca kuhbqudar ravarsdûj ca bhs raehghs ca vhbfr pfr catardfrf ca axdstajkdhs, trhs  uj djkra`ajtf aj ab vhbfr jatf rahbdzheba, caea sar ramdstrhcf kf`f ujh racukkdûj aj ab  d`pfrta ca bhs axdstajkdhs qua ohyhj sdcf rakfjfkdchs kf`f mhstf aj ab agarkdkdf aj qua  bh rakuparhkdûj cab vhbfr tajmh bumhr.

;5. Ab prfkasf ca rakfjfkar kf`f mhstf cab agarkdkdf ab d`pfrta aj bderfs ca bhs axdstajkdhs vajcdchs tdaja kf`f kfjsakuajkdh bh kfrrabhkdûj ca mhstfs a djmrasfs. ;;. Abjkdhs kfstaushchs ca kdarths axdstajkdhs puaca h ftrhs kuajths ca hktdvf, bhs axdstajkdhs axdsta kf`f kf`pfj kf`pfjajtas ajtas casar bfsdjkfrpfrhcf trhehgfs rahbdzhc rahbdzhcfs fs pfr bh a`pra a`prash sh phrhpfrbfsaga`pbf aba`ajtfs cab dj`fvdbdzhcf `htardhb. Ab vhbfr ca bhs axdstajkdhs cdstrdeudcf ajtra ftrfs hktdvfs cdstdjtfs ca bfs hjtardfras y ca bh `ds`h nfr`h sa rakfjfkarè kf`f mhstf h bf bhrmf ca bh vdch ÷tdb ca bfs `ds`fs. DJNFU@HKDÛJ H UA^ABHU 

;3. Aj bfs asthcfs ndjhjkdarfs sa caea ravabhr bh sdmudajta djnfr`hkdûj7  (h) bhs pfbàtdkhs kfjthebas hcfpthchs phrh bh vhbfrhkdûj ca bhs axdstajkdhs, djkbuyajcf bh  nûr`ubh ca vhbfrhkdûj ca bfs kfstas qua sa ohyh utdbdzhcfH. Ca hkuarcf kfj bh JDK 38, Hmrdkubturh, bhs axdstajkdhs kf`puasths pfr prfcuktfs hmràkfbhs, qua bh a`prash oh kfsakohcf f rakfbakthcf ca sus hktdvfs edfbûmdkfs, sa vhbfrhj, phrh su rakfjfkd`dajtf djdkdhb, pfr ab vhbfr rhzfjheba `ajfs bfs kfstas astd`hcfs aj ab pujtf ca vajth, kfjsdcarhcfs aj ab `f`ajtf ca su kfsakoh. Ästa as ab kfsta ca bhs axdstajkdhs aj ash nakoh phrh bh hpbdkhkdûj ca bh prasajta Jfr`h. [ ds ta `h s c a v hb fr hk dû j c a k fs ta s 8=. Bfs sdsta`hs phrh bh catar`djhkdûj cab kfsta ca bhs axdstajkdhs, thbas kf`f ab `ätfcf cab kfsta astèjchr f ab `ätfcf ca bfs `djfrdsths, puacaj sar a`pbahcfs pfr kfjvajdajkdh sda`pra qua ab rasubthcf ca hpbdkhrbfs sa hprfxd`a hb kfsta. Bfs kfstas astèjchras sa asthebakarèj h phrtdr ca jdvabas jfr`hbas ca kfjsu`f ca `htardhs prd`hs, su`djdstrfs, `hjf ca ferh, andkdajkdh y utdbdzhkdûj ca bh khphkdchc. Aj asta khsf, bhs kfjcdkdfjas ca kèbkubf sa ravdshj ca nfr`h ramubhr y, sd as prakdsf, sa kh`edhj bfs astèjchras, sda`pra y kuhjcf thbas kfjcdkdfjas ohyhj vhrdhcf. 8?. Ab `ätfcf ca bfs `djfrdsths sa ush h `ajucf aj ab saktfr kf`arkdhb hb pfr `ajfr phrh bh vhbfrhkdûj ca axdstajkdhs kuhjcf ohy uj mrhj j÷`arf ca hrtàkubfs qua rfthj vabfz`ajta, qua tdajaj `èrmajas sd`dbhras y phrh bfs kuhbas as d`prhktdkheba ushr ftrfs `ätfcfs ca kèbkubf ca kfstas. Aj asta `ätfcf aj phrtdkubhr, ab kfsta ca bhs axdstajkdhs sa catar`djh cacukdajcf cab prakdf ca vajth cab hrtàkubf aj bhkuastdûj, ca `hrmaj Ab pfrkajthga qua sa caea tajarb. aj kuajth phrta caujbhspfrkajthga axdstajkdhshprfpdhcf qua sa ohj `hrkhcf `hrkhcferutf. pfr caehg caehgf f ca su prakdf caush vajth frdmdjh frdmdjhb. Nrakuajta`ajta sa utdbdzh uj pfrkajthga `acdf phrh khch sakkdûj f caphrth`ajtf kf`arkdhb. Nûr`ubhs cab kfsta 

84. Ab kfsta ca bhs axdstajkdhs ca prfcuktfs qua jf sfj djtarkh`edhebas djtarkh`edhebas ajtra sà, hsà kf`f  ca bfs edajas y sarvdkdfs prfcukdcfs y samramhcfs phrh prfyaktfs aspakàndkfs, caea sar  catar`djhcf h trhväs cab `ätfcf ca dcajtdndkhkdûj aspakàndkh ca sus kfstas djcdvdcuhbas.

59. Bh dcajtd dcajtdndkhkdûj ndkhkdûj aspakàndkh aspakàndkh cab kfsta sdmjdnd sdmjdndkh kh qua khch tdpf ca kfsta kfjkratf sa cdstrdeuya h uj prfcuktf catar`djhcf ca bhs axdstajkdhs. Asta as ab trhth`dajtf hcakuhcf phrh hquabbfs prfcuktfs qua sa samramhj phrh uj prfyaktf aspakàndkf, kfj djcapajcajkdh ca sd ohj sdcf prfcukdcfs f kf`prhcfs [dj a`ehrmf, ca djhprfpdhch ku kuhj hjcf cf aj ajbh bhsab s axtardfr. ax axds dsta tajk jkdh dhs s oh ohyh yh uj bhmrhj mrdcajtdndkhkdûj hj j÷ j÷`a `arf rf aspakàndkh ca prfc prfcuk uktf tfsskfstas qua qua rasubthrè sf sfj, j, ohed ohedtu tuhb hb`a `ajt jta, a, Q

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djtarkh`edhebas. Aj thbas kdrkujsthjkdhs, ab `ätfcf ca sabakkdfjhr quä prfcuktfs djcdvdcuhbas vhj h par`hjakar par`h jakar aj bhs axdstajkdh axdstajkdhss ndjhba ndjhbas, s, pfcràh sar ushcf phrh fetajar anaktf anaktfss praca pracatar`djh tar`djhcfs cfs aj bh mhjhjkdh f bh pärcdch jath cab agarkdkdf. S r h t h ` d a j t f p r a n a r aj t a 58. Ab kfsta kfsta ca bhs axdstaj axdstajkdh kdhs, s, cdstd cdstdjth jths s ca bhs trhthchs trhthchs aj ab pèrrh pèrrhnf nf 84, caea sar  sar  catar`djhcf catar`d jhcf ushjcf bhs nûr`ubhs nûr`ubhs ca prd`arh prd`arh ajtrhch ajtrhch prd`arh prd`arh shbdch shbdch (NDNF) (NDNF) f kfsta  kfsta  prf`acdf pfjcarhcf (8).

(8) ^ähsa th`edäj bh Djtarprathkdûj [DK-87 Qjdnfr`dchc -Cdnarajtas Nûr`ubhs phrh ab Kèbkubf cab Kfsta ca bhs Axdstajkdhs. 55. Bh nûr`ubh NDNF hsu`a qua bfs prfcuktfs aj axdstajkdhs qua nuarfj kf`prhcfs f prfcukdcfs hjtas sarèj vajcdcfs aj prd`ar bumhr y, kfjsakuajta`ajta, qua bfs prfcuktfs qua quacaj aj axdstajkdhs axdsta jkdhs ndjhbas sarèj bfs prfcukdcfs prfcukdcfs f kf`prh kf`prhcfs cfs `ès rakdaj rakdajta`aj ta`ajta. ta. [d sa utdbdzh bh nûr`ubh cab kfsta prf`acdf pfjcarhcf, ab kfsta ca khch ujdchc ca prfcuktf sa catar`djhrè h phrtdr cab prf`acdf pfjcarhcf cab kfsta ca bfs hrtàkubfs sd`dbhras, pfsaàcfs hb prdjkdpdf cab agarkdkdf, y cab kfsta ca bfs `ds`fs `ds `fs hrt hrtàkub àkubfs fs kf` kf`prh prhcfs cfs f prf prfcukd cukdcfs cfs curh curhjta jta ab aga agarkdk rkdkdf. df. [a pua puaca ca khb khbkubh kubhrr ab prf prf`ac `acdf df pardûcdkh`ajta f caspuäs ca rakdedr khch ajvàf hcdkdfjhb, capajcdajcf ca bhs kdrkujsthjkdhs ca bh a`prash. S r h th ` d aj t f h b t ar j h td v f p a r `d t d cf 5;. Ab kfsta kfsta ca bhs axdstaj axdstajkdh kdhs, s, cdstd cdstdjth jths s ca bhs trhthchs trhthchs aj ab pèrrh pèrrhnf nf 84, caea sar  sar  catar`djhcf ushjcf bh nûr`ubh ÷btd`h ajtrhch prd`arh shbdch (BDNF) (8).   53. Bh nûr`ubh BDNF hsu`a qua bfs prfcuktfs aj axdstajkdhs qua nuarfj kf`prhcfs f prfcukdcfs aj ÷btd`f bumhr sarèj vajcdcfs bfs prd`arfs y, kfjsakuajta`ajta, qua bfs prfcuktfs qua quacaj aj axdstajkdhs ndjhbas sarèj bfs prfcukdcfs f kf`prhcfs aj prd`ar bumhr. ^hbfr jatf rahbdzheba 

51. Ab kfsta ca bhs axdstajkdhs puaca jf sar rakuparheba aj khsf ca qua bhs `ds`hs astäj chøhchs, sd sa ohj vuabtf phrkdhb f tfthb`ajta fesfbaths, f edaj sd sus prakdfs ca `arkhcf ohj khàcf. Hsd`ds`f, ab kfsta ca bhs axdstajkdhs puaca jf sar rakuparheba sd bfs kfstas astd`hcfs phrh su tar`djhkdûj f su vajth ohj hu`ajthcf. Bh prèktdkh ca raehghr ab shbcf ohsth qua ab d`pfrta aj bderfs sah dmuhb hb vhbfr jatf rahbdzheba as kfoarajta kfj ab pujtf ca vdsth sam÷j ab kuhb bfs hktdvfs jf caeaj vhbfrhrsa aj bderfs pfr ajkd`h ca bfs d`pfrtas qua sa asparh rakuparhr ca su vajth f usf pfstardfr. 5>. Bh raehgh ohsth hbkhjzhr ab vhbfr jatf rahbdzheba sa khbkubh usuhb`ajta phrh khch tdpf ca hrtàkubf. Aj hbmujhs kdrkujsthjkdhs, sdj a`ehrmf, puaca rasubthr hprfpdhcf hmruphr hrtàkubfs sd`dbhras f rabhkdfjhcfs. Asta puaca sar ab khsf ca hrtàkubfs aj axdstajkdhs rabhkdfjhcfs kfj bh `ds`h bàjah ca prfcuktfs y qua tdajaj prfpûsdtfs f usfs ndjhbas sd`dbhras, sa prfcukaj y vajcaj aj bh `ds`h èrah mafmrèndkh y jf puacaj sar, pfr rhzfjas prèktdkhs, avhbuhcfs saphrhch`ajta ca ftrfs hrtàkubfs ca bh bàjah. Jf as hprfpdhcf rahbdzhr bhs raehghs h phrtdr ca phrtdchs qua ranbagaj kbhsdndkhkdfjas kf`pbaths ca bhs axdstajkdhs, pfr aga`pbf sfera bh tfthbdchc ca bfs prfcuktfs tar`djhcfs, f sfera tfchs bhs Q

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axdstajkdhs aj ujh hktdvdchc f sam`ajtf mafmrèndkf catar`djhcfs. Bfs prasthcfras ca sarvdkdfs hku`ubhj, majarhb`ajta, sus kfstas aj rabhkdûj h khch sarvdkdf phrh ab qua sa asparh khrmhr uj prakdf saphrhcf hb kbdajta. Yfr thjtf, khch sarvdkdf hsà dcajtdndkhcf sa trhthrè kf`f ujh phrtdch saphrhch. 5=. Bhs astd`hkdfjas cab vhbfr jatf rahbdzheba sa ehshrèj aj bh djnfr`hkdûj `ès ndheba ca qua sa cdspfjmh aj ab `f`ajtf ca ohkarbhs, hkarkh cab d`pfrta qua sa asparh rakuparhr ca bhs axdstajkdhs. Asths Ast hs ast astd`h d`hkdfj kdfjas as tf` tf`hj hj aj kfj kfjsdc sdcarh arhkdûj kdûj bhs nbuktuh nbuktuhkdfj kdfjas as ca pra prakdfs kdfs f kfstas kfstas rabh rabhkdfj kdfjhcf hcfss cdrakth`ajta kfj bfs oakofs fkurrdcfs trhs ab kdarra, aj bh `acdch aj qua thbas oakofs kfjndr`aj kfjcdkdfjas axdstajtas hb ndjhb cab agarkdkdf. 5?. Hb ohkar bhs astd`hkdfjas cab vhbfr jatf rahbdzheba, sa tajcrè aj kfjsdcarhkdûj ab prfpûsdtf phrh ab qua sa `hjtdajaj bhs axdstajkdhs. Yfr aga`pbf, ab vhbfr jatf rahbdzheba ca bhs axdstajkdhs qua sa tdajaj phrh ku`pbdr kfj bfs kfjtrhtfs ca vajth f ca prasth prasthkdûj kdûj ca sarvdkdfs, sa ehsh aj ab prakdf qua ndmurh aj ab kfjtrhtf aj kuastdûj. [d bfs kfjtrhtfs ca vajth sfj pfr ujh khjtdchc djnardfr h bh ranbaghch aj axdstajkdhs, ab vhbfr jatf rahbdzheba cab axkasf sa catar`djh ehsèjcfsa aj bfs prakdfs majarhbas ca vajth. Yuacaj hphrakar prfvdsdfjas f phsdvfs kfjtdjmajtas pfr kfjtrhtfs ndr`as ca vajth qua axkachj bhs khjtdchcas ca prfcuktfs aj axdstajkdhs, f edaj ca prfcuktfs qua vhyhj h fetajarsa pfr kfjtrhtfs ca kf`prh ndr`as. Shbas prfvdsdfjas f phsdvfs kfjtdjmajtas sa trhthj kfjtheba`ajta ca hkuarcf kfj bh JDK ;=, Yrfvdsdfjas, Hktdvfs Kfjtdjmajtas y Yhsdvfs Kfjtdjmajtas. 54. [fera bhs prd`hsraehghs y ftrfs su`djdstrfs `hjtajdcfs phrhpfr su caehgf usf aj cab bh prfcukkdûj ca axdstajkdhs, jf `htardhs sa prhktdkhrèj phrh sdtuhr su d`pfrta aj bderfs kfsta, sda`pra qua sa aspara qua bfs prfcuktfs tar`djhcfs h bfs qua sa djkfrpfraj sarèj vajcdcfs hb kfsta f pfr ajkd`h cab `ds`f. [dj a`ehrmf, kuhjcf ujh racukkdûj aj ab prakdf ca bhs `htardhs prd`hs djcdqua qua ab kfsta ca bfs prfcuktfs tar`djhcfs axkacarè h su vhbfr jatf rahbdzheba, sa raehghrè su d`pfrta aj bderfs ohsth kuerdr thb cdnarajkdh. Aj asths kdrkujsthjkdhs, ab kfsta ca rapfsdkdûj ca bhs `htardhs prd`hs puaca sar bh `agfr `acdch cdspfjdeba ca su vhbfr jatf rahbdzheba. ;9. [a rahbdzhrè ujh avhbuhkdûj cab vhbfr jatf rahbdzheba hb ndjhb ca khch agarkdkdf suesdmudajta. Kuhjcf bhs kdrkujsthjkdhs qua pravdh`ajta khushrfj bh raehgh ohyhj caghcf ca axdstdr, sa prfkacarè h ravartdr ab d`pfrta ca bh `ds`h, ca `hjarh qua ab juavf vhbfr kfjtheba sah ab `ajfr ajtra ab kfsta y ab vhbfr jatf rahbdzheba ravdshcf. Astf fkurrdrè, pfr aga`pbf, kuhjcf uj hrtàkubf aj axdstajkdhs, qua sa kfjthedbdzh sam÷j su vhbfr jatf rahbdzheba pfrqua oh ehghcf su prakdf ca vajth, astè tfchvàh aj axdstajkdhs aj uj agarkdkdf pfstardfr y su prakdf ca vajth sa oh djkra`ajthcf. UAKFJFKD@DAJSF KF@F MH[SF CAB AGAUKDKDF

;8.  Hb sar vajcdchs bhs axdstajkdhs, axdstajkdhs, ab d`pfrta aj bderfs ca bhs `ds`hs sa rakfjfka kf`f  mhstf cab `ds`f agarkdkdf aj ab qua sa ramdstrhj bfs kfrraspfjcdajtas djmrasfs. Ab d`pfrta  ca kuhbqudar raehgh, ohsth ab vhbfr jatf rahbdzheba, hsà kf`f tfchs bhs ca`ès pärcdchs aj  bhs axdstajkdhs, caeaj sar rakfjfkdchs aj ab agarkdkdf aj qua tdaja bumhr ab catardfrf. Ab  d`pfrta ca kuhbqudar ravarsdûj ca bhs raehghs ca vhbfr pfr catardfrf ca axdstajkdhs, trhs  uj djkra`ajtf aj ab vhbfr jatf rahbdzheba, caea sar ramdstrhcf kf`f ujh racukkdûj aj ab  d`pfrta ca bhs axdstajkdhs qua ohyhj sdcf rakfjfkdchs kf`f mhstf aj ab agarkdkdf aj qua  bh rakuparhkdûj cab vhbfr tajmh bumhr.

;5. prfkasf ca rakfjfkar kf`f mhstfcacab agarkdkdf ab d`pfrta aj bderfs ca bhs axdstajkdhs vajcdchs tdajaAbkf`f kfjsakuajkdh bh kfrrabhkdûj mhstfs a djmrasfs. Q

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;;. Ab kfsta ca kdarths axdstajkdhs puaca sar djkfrpfrhcf h ftrhs kuajths ca hktdvf, pfr aga`pbf bhs axdstajkdhs axdsta jkdhs ushchs kf`f kf`pfj kf`pfjajtas ajtas ca bfs trhehgfs rahbdzhc rahbdzhcfs fs pfr bh a`pra a`prash sh phrh bfs aba`ajtfs cab dj`fvdbdzhcf `htardhb. Ab vhbfr ca bhs axdstajkdhs cdstrdeudcf ajtra ftrfs hktdvfs cdstdjtfs ca bfs hjtardfras y ca bh `ds`h nfr`h sa rakfjfkarè kf`f mhstf h bf bhrmf ca bh vdch ÷tdb ca bfs `ds`fs. DJNFU@HKDÛJ H UA^ABHU 

;3. Aj bfs asthcfs ndjhjkdarfs sa caea ravabhr bh sdmudajta djnfr`hkdûj7  (h) bhs pfbàtdkhs kfjthebas hcfpthchs phrh bh vhbfrhkdûj ca bhs axdstajkdhs, djkbuyajcf bh  nûr`ubh ca vhbfrhkdûj ca bfs kfstas qua sa ohyh utdbdzhcf