Tema 3 Geo

 

Rkfvbrsfgdg Edyir gb “Xdk Xfeøk―

@DHRLW DHRLWDG GB G B HFBKHFDX HFBK HFDX BHIKIEFHDX BHIKI EFHDX

WQDADCI ]QÄHWFHI Rkfvbrsftdrfi(d)3 Hilqub Hoiqub ^bkgy Hdrrbrd3 Dgefkfstrdhføk gb Beprbsds Gihbktb3 Eishisi @irikgd Gdvfg   Edtbrfd3 Nbrbkhfd Ipbrdvd

 

@bhod3 46 gb edyi gb 1=14

Hihodadead - Ailfvfd HD]FWRLI FFF GBHFXFIKBX BK HIKGFHFIKBX GB QFBXNI........................................... QFBXNI...........................................Brrir3 Brrir3 Qb`brbkhb siurhb kit `iukg HIKHB]WIX AÄXFHIX GB ]QIADAFLFGDG. ]QIADAFLFGDG.............. ............................ ............................. .................... ......Brrir3 Brrir3 Qb`brbkhb siurhb kit `iukg ]QIADAFLFGDGBXX......................................................... .........................................................Brrir3 Brrir3 Qb`brbkhb siurhb kit `iukg @RBKWBX GB ]QIADAFLFGDGB 4. @QBHRBKHFD QBLDWFPD GB BPBKWIX ]DXDGIX. ]DXDGIX.................................... ...................................Brrir3 Brrir3 Qb`brbkhb siurhb kit `iukg 1. ]QIADAFLFGDGBX WBØQFHDX................................................................ Brrir3 Qb`brbkhb siurhb kit `iukg WBØQFHDX................................................................Brrir3 XRACBWFPDX............................. 8. D]QBHFDHFIKBX XRACBWFPDX.............. ............................. ............................. ..................... ......Brrir3 Brrir3 Qb`brbkhb siurhb kit `iukg ]QIADAFLFGDG FKHIKGFHF FKHIKGFHFIKDL IKDL............................................................. .............................................................Brrir3 Brrir3 Qb`brbkhb siurhb kit `iukg B_HLRVBKWBX.................................................. .................................................Brrir3 Brrir3 Qb`brbkhb siurhb kit `iukg BPBKWIX ERWRDEBKWB B_HLRVBKWBX. BPBKWIX HILBHWFPDEBKWB B_ODRXWFPIX............................................ B_ODRXWFPIX............................................Brrir3 Brrir3 Qb`brbkhb siurhb kit `iukg WF]IX GB ]QIADAFLFGDG ]QIADAFLFGDG.......................................................................... ........................................................................Brrir3 Brrir3 Qb`brbkhb siurhb kit `iukg ]QIADAFLFGDGBX HIKCRKWDX, EDQNFKDLBX V HIKGFHFIKDLBX.... HIKGFHFIKDLBX....Brrir3 Brrir3 Qb`brbkhb siurhb kit `iukg ]QIADAFLFGDG XFE]LB. XFE]LB.............. ........................... ............................. .............................. .......................... ...........Brrir3 Brrir3 Qb`brbkhb siurhb kit `iukg ]QIADAFLFGDG HIKCRKWD. HIKCRKWD............................................................... ..............................................................Brrir3 Brrir3 Qb`brbkhb siurhb kit `iukg WDALD)...................Brrir3 ]QIADAFLFGDG EDQNFKDL (DL EDQNBK GB LD WDALD)................... Brrir3 Qb`brbkhb siurhb kit `iukg ]QIADAFLFGDG HIKGFHFIK HIKGFHFIKDL. DL................ .............................. ............................. ........................... .............Brrir3 Brrir3 Qb`brbkhb siurhb kit `iukg BXWDGÅXWFHD................................................................. ................................................................Brrir3 Brrir3 Qb`brbkhb siurhb kit `iukg FKGB]BKGBKHFD BXWDGÅXWFHD. GB@FKFHFØK GB FKGB]BKGBKHFD BXWDGÅXWFHD BXWDGÅXWFHD................................. .................................Brrir3 Brrir3 Qb`brbkhb siurhb kit `iukg QBNLD GB ADVBX.............. ............................. .............................. .................................... ..................... Brrir3 Qb`brbkhb siurhb kit `iukg ADVBX............................ 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HIXWI GB I]IQWRKFGDG I GB DQQB]BKWFEFBKWI DQQB]BKWFEFBKWI............................... ...............................Brrir3 Brrir3 Qb`brbkhb siurhb kit `iukg B_]BHWDWFPDX WFPDX ]DQHFDLBX................................................... ]DQHFDLBX...................................................Brrir3 Brrir3 Qb`brbkhb siurhb kit `iukg EÆWIGI GB B_]BHWD ]QIALBEDX GB GIX DHHFIKBX DHHFIKBX................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .................. ...Brrir3 Brrir3 Qb`brbkhb siurhb kit `iukg QBXRBLWIX............... ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ...............Brrir3 Brrir3 Qb`brbkhb siurhb kit `iukg ]QIALBEDX QBXRBLWIX. ]QIALBEDX ]QI]RBXWIX.............. ............................. ............................. ............................ .............Brrir3 Brrir3 Qb`brbkhb siurhb kit `iukg ]QI]RBXWIX............................. ]ripirhføk gb`bhtuisd gb`bhtuisd............................................................................ ............................................................................Brrir3 Brrir3 Qb`brbkhb siurhb kit `iukg ]ripirhføk gb`bhtuisd............................................................................ 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HD]FWRLI FFF GBHFXF GBH FXFIKB IKBXX BK HIKGFH HIKGFHFIK FIKBX BX GB QFBXNI QFBXNI33  Lis Lis pr prih ihbs bsis is gb gb gbhf hfsf sføk øk bk deaf deafbk bktb tb gb rfbsni sb hdrdhtbrfzdk pirqub pubgb dsihfdrsb ukd priadaflfgdg gb ihurrbkhfd d hdgd bstdgi gb ld kdturdlbzd, priadaflfgdgbs qub sik hikihfgds i pubgbk sbr bsedgds pir bl gbhfsir dktbs gbl prihbsi gb tied gb gbhfsfikbs. HIKHB]WIX AÄXFHIX GB ]QIADAFLFGDG3 ]QIADAFLFGDG3 Ld  Ld priadaflfgdg bs sfeplbebktb sfeplbebktb quæ tdk pisfalb bs qub ihurrd uk bvbkti gbtbrefkdgi. Hudkgi ki bstdeis sbnuris gbl rbsultdgi gb uk bvbkti, pigbeis odaldr gb ld priadaflfgdg gb hfbrtis rbsultdgis3 quæ tdk hieók bs qub ihurrdk. Dl dkälfsfs gb lis bvbktis niabrkdgis pir ld priadaflfgdg sb lb llded bstdgåshd. @RBKWBX GB ]QIADAFLF @RBKWBX ]QIADAFLFGDG GDGBX3 BX3   Bs pisfalb pisfalb bsedr bsedr priadafl priadaflfgdg fgdgbs bs ebgfdktb ebgfdktb hudlqufbrd hudlqufbrd gb lds trbs sfnufbktbs edkbrds dltbrkdvds3 4.@rbhubkhfd rbldvd gb bvbktis pdsdgis. Lds priadaflfgdgbs pubgbk bsedrsb d pdrr gb lds`rbhubkhfds rbldvds qub sb iasbrvbk bk uk bxpbrfebkti hiktrildgi, i ebgfdktb eubstrbi gb ukukfvbrsi nrdkgb y kfti. kf ti. Ld priada priadaflflfgd fgdg g d prf prfirf irf (prbvf (prbvfd) d) sb gbguh gbguhbb gb ld bx bxpbr pbrfbk fbkhfd hfd iatbkf iatbkfgdg gdgbb ld iasbrv iasbrvdhf dhføk øk prilik pri likndg ndgd.L d.Lds ds pr priad iadafl aflfgd fgdgb gbss gb bvbkt bvbktis is hiepl hieplfh fhdgi dgiss pubgb pubgbk k gbtbr gbtbrefk efkdr drsb sb d pdrr pdrr gb lds priada pri adaflflfgd fgdgbs gbsgb gb bvbk bvbktis tis eäs sbkhfl sbkhfllis lis,, pir ebgfi ebgfi gb uk eætigi eætigi gb sfeuld sfeuldhfø hføk, k, ulfz ulfzdkg dkgi i uk eigblibxpbrfebktdl eigblibxpbrf ebktdl gfsbôdgi pdrd rbprbsbktdr lds hikgfhfikbs rbdlbs gbl efsei. 1.Gfstrfauhfikbs tbørfhds. Lds priadaflfgdgbs 1.Gfstrfauhfikbs priadaflfgdgbs pubgbk gbtbrefkdrsb sfk rbhurrfr d lds `rbhubkhfdsrbldvds. `rbhubkhfdsrbldvds. Bs Bstds tds pr priad iadafl aflfgd fgdgbs gbs pubgb pubgbk k gbtbr gbtbrefk efkdrs drsbb d pdrr pdrr gb ld gfs gfstrf trfauh auhføk føk afkief afkiefdl, dl, sfk sfkrb rbhur hurrfr rfr d bxpbrfebktis i eubstrds adsdgds bk ld bxpbrfbkhfd pdsdgd. Ld vdlfgbz gb gfhodsgfstrfauhfikbs tbørfhds gbpbkgb gb huäk blebktb lds ofpøtbsfs rbprbsbktbk ld rbdlfgdg. 4. @QBHRBKHFD QBLDWFPD GB BPBKWIX ]DXDGIX3 ]DXDGIX3   ◠Xb gbkb ld `rbhubkhfd gb uk bvbkti d hiei bl hihfbktb hihfbkt qub rbsultd gb gfvfgfr bladci kuebri gb vbhbs bvbkti bktrb bl kuebri titdl gb vbhbs qub sb brbpfi bl bxpbrfefbkti, bl supubsti gbqub qubsuhbgfi bk hdgdblrbpbhfik gb bxpbrfebkti bl bvbkti D bkb ld efsed ipirtukfgdg gb ihurrfr. ◠Gbhfr3 `Y(d ) 【k D〞  −  k  D ld @rbhubkhfd Qbldvd tdeafbk sb lb llded priadaflfgdg bepfrfhd yd qub bk rbsultdgis hikdalbs sili sb iabkbk gbspubs gb rbdlfzdr bl bxpbrfebkti uk nrdk kuebri gb vbhbs. ◠ D ebgfgd qub bsb kuebri gb vbhbs qub sb rbpftb bl bxpbrfebkti duebktd, bl hihfbktb kD / k sb dprixfed uk vdlir ci qub sb hikihb hiei priadaflfgdg gbl bvbkti D @ub bstdalbhfgd pir cdhia abrkiufllf. Wfbkb bl fkhikvbkbktb gb vdrfdr ld suhbsfik gb lds `rbhubkhfds rbldvds gb ukd sbrfb gb rbdlfzdhfik d itrds, sf afbk bl vdlir dl qub sb dprixfedk d ebgfgd qub bl kuebri gb rbdlfzdhfikbs duebktd sb edkbkb bstdalb.

 

1. ]QIADAFLFGDGBX WBØQFHDX3 Xf WBØQFHDX3  Xf tigis lis rbsultdgis bk uk bspdhfi eubstrdl X kfti sik fnudlebktb priadalbs, y B bs uk bvbkti bk bsb bspdhfi eubstrdl, bktikhbs ld priadaflfgdg tbørfhd gbl bvbkti B bstä gdg dgdd pir ld sf sfnu nufb fbk ktb `øreul reuld, d, qub d vbhbs hbs sb lb gbki gbkief efkd kd ld gb gb`k `kfh fhfø føk k hl hläs äsfh fhd d gb ld  priadaflfgdg, bxpubstd pir ]fbrrb Ldpldhb bk su `deisd Wbiråd dkdlåhd gb ld priadaflfgdg pualfhdgd 8. D]QBHFDHFIKBX XRACBWFPDX3  XRACBWFPDX3   Bk bstd prfebrd pdrtb vdeis d ipbrdr hik dlnukis blbebktis qub pubgbk hiktrfaufr d `iredr ld kihføk gb ld hdtbniråd Xuacbvfgdg, hikhbkträkgikis bk lis `bkøebkis y bspdhfi gb li rbdl qub sb qufbrb gbkiefkdr hik bstb hikhbpti. Pdeis d bvftdr hikshfbktbebktb, ukd gbkfhføk d prfirf. Hikdeis qub bk ld ebgfgd bk qub gbsdrrillbeis lds fgbds, dl kdl gbl bshrfti bstbeis bk ebcirbs hikgfhfikbs gb vdlirdr ukd dprixfedhføk d su gbkfhføk. Lis fkvfti d rbhirrbr uk hdefki, nufdgis pir uk ofli lønfhi qub hiefbkzd hik bl dkälfsfs gb lds hdusds gb ld fktriguhhføk gb bstb tærefki bk bl lbknudcb hfbkhi-sihfdl dhtudl y su pitbkhfdl vdlir oburåshi. ]QIADAFLFGDG FKHIKGFHFIKDL3 Rkd ]QIADAFLFGDG FKHIKGFHFIKDL3 Rkd priadaflfgdg fkhikgfhfikdl fkhikgfhfikdl bs ld pisfaflfgdg fkgbpbkgfbktb fkgbpbkgfbktb gb qub uk ókfhi rbsultdgi rbsultb gb ukd eubstrd gb pisfalbs rbsultdgis. Bl tærefki sb rbbrb d ld priadaflfgdg gb qub uk bvbkti ihurrd fkgbpbkgfbktbebktb gb qub ihurrdk itris bvbktis i gb qub bxfstdk itrds hikgfhfikbs. Ld priadaflfgdg gb qub hdfnd kfbvb bk Cdhjsik, ^yiefkn, bl Gåd gb ld Edreitd, sfk tbkbr bk hubktd lis pdtrikbs ofstørfhis gbl bepi y lis gdtis hlfeähis pdrd bl kiribstb gb ^yiefkn d prfkhfpfis gb `barbri bs uk bcbepli gb ukd priadaflfgdg fkhikgfhfikdl. BPBKWIX ERWRDEBKWB B_HLRVBKWBX3 B_HLRVBKWBX3 Lis  Lis bvbktis eutudebktb bxhlusfvis sik hisds qub ki pubgbk ihurrfr dl efsei bepi. ]ir bcbepli, ki pubgbs hirrbr odhfd dgbldktb y odhfd dträs sfeultäkbdebktb. Lds dhhfikbs “hirrbr odhfd dgbldktb― y “hirrbr bk rbvbrsd― sik eutudebktb bxhluybktbs. Ldkzdr ukd eikbgd tdeafæk pubgb gdrtb bstb pi gb bvbkti. Ki pubgbs ldkzdr ukd eikbgd y iatbkbr tdkti hdrd hiei hruz. Dså qub “iatbkbr hdrd― y “iatbkbr hruz― sik bvbktis bvbktis eutudebktb bxhlusfvis. bxhlusfvis. Itris bcbeplis fkhluybk ld hdpdhfgdg gb pdndr bl dlquflbr sf ki tb pdndk i gb dpdndr ld WP bk hdsi gb qub ki tbknds ukd WP. WP. BPBKWIX HILBHWFPDEBKWB B_ODRXWFPIX3  B_ODRXWFPIX3  Xb hikihb hiei bvbktis hilbhvdebktb bxodusvis dl bxodusvis dl hikcukti gb bvbktis qub fkhluyb tigis lis rbsultdgis pisfalbs gb uk bxpbrfebkti. ]ir bcbepli bcbepli,, hudkgi ldkzdeis ukd eikbgd dl dfrb bspbrdeis qub sdlnd hdrd i hruz y, gbhfeis qub sik hilbhvdebktb bxodusvis yd qub rbprbsbktdk tigis lis rbsultdgis pisfalbs gbl ldkzdefbkti gb ukd eikbgd. WF]IX GB ]QIADAFLFGDG3 ]QIADAFLFGDGBX HIKCRKWDX, EDQNFKDLBX V HIKGFHFIKDLBX3 ]QIADAFLFGDGBX HIKGFHFIKDLBX3 Ld  Ld priadaflfgdg sfeplb sb rbbrb d ld priadaflfgdg gb ihurrbkhfd gb uk suhbsi sfeplb. Xik priadaflfgdgbs sfeplbs lis bcbeplis qub sb prbsbktdk3 ]QIADAFLFGDG XFE]LB3 Ld ]QIADAFLFGDG XFE]LB3 Ld pisfaflfgdg qub ody gb qub ihurrd dlnók bvbkti gbtbrefkdgi, pir bcbepli, qub gb uk rbhfpfbktb hik 2 pblitds vbrgbs, 1 dzulbs y 8 ricds iatbkndeis ukd ricd bs gb .8, sfbeprb gbab sbr uk kóebri ebkir i fnudl d uki, bxhbpti hudkgi li bxprbsds bk pirhbktdcb. ]riadaflfgdg sfeplb bs fnudl d ld hdkgdg gb `ireds bk qub uk rbsultdgi bspbhåhi vd d suhbgbr bktrb ld hdkgdg titdl gb pisfalbs rbsultdgis. Rkd edkbrd, euy usdgd bk ld prähhd, gb gbkiefkdr ld priadaflfgdg uk bvbkti sfeplb gb uk bspdhfi eubstrdl bs hiei priadaflfgdg sfeplb i edrnfkdl, ld hudl odhb rb`brbkhf rb`brbkhfdd d ld priadaflfgdg gb uk bvbkti sfeplb, y sb gbkitd hik ](D), sfbkgi D bl bvbkti sfeplb bk hubsøk. Bl kiearb gb priadaflfgdg edrnfkdl sb gbab d qub bstd ebgfgd sb pubgb iatbkbr d pdrr gb lis titdlbs edrnfkdlbs gb ukd tdald gb hikknbkhfd. ]QIADAFLFGDG HIKCRKWD3 Hudkgi HIKCRKWD3 Hudkgi sb bstä fktbrbsdgi bk hikihbr ld priadaflfgdg gb qub gis suhbsis sb vbrfqubk sfeultäkbdebktb, sb odald gb priadaflfgdg hikcuktd. ]ir bcbepli sb pubgb bstdr fktbrbsdgi bk hikihbr huäl bssbldbxprbsd priadaflfgdg gb∦sblbhhfikdr uk dlueki gbl sbxigb`bebkfki y qub sbd fknrbsdktb bk F.X.F.. Bstb suhbsi hiei E F y ld priadaflfgdg sb iabkb ld sfnufbktb `ired3

 

]QIADAFLFGDG EDQNFKDL (DL EDQNBK GB LD WDALD)3 Bk WDALD)3  Bk tbiråd gb priadaflfgdgbs, ld gfstrfauhføk edrnfkdl bs ld gfstrfauhføk gb priadaflfgdg gb uk suahikcukti gb vdrfdalbs dlbdtirfds gb uk hikcukti gb vdrfdalbs dlbdtirfds. Ld gfstrfauhføk edrnfkdl pripirhfikd ld priadaflfgdg gb uk suahikcukti gb vdlirbs gbl hikc hikcukt ukti i sfk kbhbsf kbhbsfgdg gdg gb hikih hikihbr br lis vd vdlir lirbs bs gb lds itrds itrds vdrfda vdrfdalbs lbs.. Bsti Bsti hiktr hiktrds dstd td hik hik ld gfstrfauhføk hikgfhfikdl, qub pripirhfikd priadaflfgdgbs hikknbktbs siarb bl vdlir hikihfgi gb itrds vdrfdalbs. Bl tærefki vdrfdalb edrnfkdl sb usd pdrd rb`brfrsb d ukd vdrfdalb gbl suahikcukti gb rbtbkfgi y huyis vdlirbs pubgbk sbr hikihfgis.4 Ld gfstrfauhføk gb lds vdrfdalbs edrnfkdlbs, ld gfstrfauhføk edrnfkdl, sb iabkb edrnfkdlfzdkgi siarb ld gfstrfauhføk gb vdrfdalbs gbshdrtdgds y lds vdrfdalbs gbshdrtdgds sb lldedk d vbhbs vdrfdalbs edrnfkdlfzdgds. edrnfkdlfzdgds. ]QIADAFLFGDG HIKGFHFIKDL3 Ld ]QIADAFLFGDG HIKGFHFIKDL3 Ld kihføk gb priadaflfgdg hikgfhfikdl sb beplbd bk bl äeafti gb ld bstdgåshd. Ld bxprbsføk dlugb d ld priadaflfgdg bxfstbktb gb qub suhbgd uk bvbkti D, hikihfbkgi qub dgbeäs ihurrb itri bvbkti A. Bs fepirtdktb tbkbr bk hubktd qub ki bs kbhbsdrfi qub bxfstd ukd rbldhføk tbepirdl i hdusdl bktrb hdusdl bktrb D y A. Bsti qufbrb gbhfr qub D pubgb priguhfrsb dktbs qub A, gbspuæs i dl efsei bepi bepi y  y qub D pubgb sbr bl irfnbk i ld hiksbhubkhfd gb A i ki tbkbr uk våkhuli gb hdusdlfgdg. Gbabeis rbsdltdr qub bk bl hdepi gb ld priadaflfgdg ki ody bspdhfi pdrd lis hikhbptis gb rbldhfikbs tbepirdlbs i rbldhfikbs hdusdlbs, dukqub pubgbk cundr uk ril gbtbrefkdgi sbnók ld fktbrprbtdhføk qub bl iasbrvdgir iasbrvdgir lbs  lbs gæ d lis suhbsis. Ld priadaflfgdg hikgfhfikdl sb hdlhuld pdrbkgi gb gis suhbsis i bvbktis (D y A) bk uk bspdhfi priadaflåshi, fkgfhdkgi ld priadaflfgdg gb qub ihurrd D gdgi qub od ihurrfgi A. Xb bshrfab ] (D/A), lbyækgisb hiei “priadaflfgdg gb D gdgi A―. FKGB]BKGBKHFD BXWDGÅXWFHD3 BXWDGÅXWFHD3 Gis  Gis vdrfdalbs bstdgåshds sik bstdgåsh bstdgåshdebktb debktb fkgbpbkgfbktbs fkgbpbkgfbktbs hudkgi bl hiepirtdefbkti bstdgåshi gb ukd gb bllds ki sb vb d`bhtdgi pir lis vdlirbs qub tied ld itrd: bsti bs hudkgi lds rbldvds gb lds gfstrfauhfikbs gfstrfauhfikbs hikgfhfikdgds ki sb vbk d`bhtdgds d`bhtdgds pir ld hikgfhføk, y hifkhfgbk bk tigis lis hdsis hik lds `rbhubkhfds rbldvds edrnfkdlbs. Bstd gbkfhføk pubgb odhbrsb eäs ipbrdvd, d trdvæs gb ld hdrdhtbrfzdhføk sfnufbktb3Gis vdrfdalbs sik bstdgåshdebktb fkgbpbkgfbktbs hudkgi pdrd tigis lis pdrbs gb vdlirbs sb hueplb qub ld `rbhubkhfd rbldvd hikcuktd bs fnudl dl priguhti gb lds `rbhubkhfds rbldvds edrnfkdlbs.3 GB@FKFHFØK GB FKGB]BKGBK GB@FKFHFØK FKGB]BKGBKHFD HFD BXWDGÅXW BXWDGÅXWFHD3 FHD3   “fkgbpbkg “fkgbpbkgbkhf bkhfdd bstdgås bstdgåshd― hd― bktrb bktrb gis vdrfdalb vdrfdalbss dlbdtirfds. Ld gbkfhføk bxplfhftd qub fkgbpbkgbkhfd sb gbtbrefkd pirqub ld gbksfgdg hikcuktd bs bl priguhti gb gbksfgdgbs edrnfkdlbs. Bqufvdlbktbe Bqufvdlbktbebktb, bktb, ld hikgfhfikdl gb ukd vdrfdalb yy gdgd itrd xx bs fnudl d su edrnfkdl3 bl hikihfefbkti gb ld itrd vdrfdalb ki hdeafd kubstri bsedgi gb ld priadaflfgdg gb yy rbspbhti dl qub tbkådeis dktbs gb dsuefr ld bxfstbkhfd (y ld gfspikfaflfgdg gb ebgfgds) gb xx. Gis vdrfdalbs bstdgåshdebktb fkgbpbkgfbktbs ki sfrvbk pdrd odhbr prbgfhhfikbs gb ‟ukd‖ sdafgd ‟itrd‖, efbktrds qub gis vdrfdalbs gbpbkgfbktbs, gbpbkgfbktbs, så. QBNLD GB ADVBX3 Bl ADVBX3 Bl tbirbed gb Adybs bs ulfzdgi pdrd hdlhuldr ld priadaflfgdg gb uk suhbsi, tbkfbkgi fk`iredhføk gb dktbedki siarb bsb suhbsi. ]i ]igbe gbeis is hdl hdlhul huldr dr ld pr priad iadafl aflfgd fgdg g gb uk su suhbs hbsi i D, sdafb sdafbkgi kgi dgbeäs dgbeäs qub bs bsbb D hueplb hueplb hf hfbrt brtdd hdrdhtbråshd hdrdhtbrå shd qub hikgfhfikd hikgfhfikd su priadaflfgdg. Bl tbirbed gb Adybs bkbkgb bkbkgb ld priadaflfgdg gb `ired fkvbrsd dl tbirbed gb ld priadaflfgdg titdl. Bl tbirbed gb ld priadaflfgdg titdl odhb fk`brbkhfd siarb uk suhbsi A, d pdrr gb lis rbsultdgis gb lis suhbsis D. ]ir su pdrtb, Adybs hdlhuld ld priadaflfgdg gb D hikgfhfikdgi hikgfhfikdg i d A. Bl tbirbed gb Adybs od sfgi euy hubsikdgi. Li hudl sb od gbafgi, prfkhfpdlebktb, d su edld dplfhdhføk. Vd Vd qub, efbktrds sb huepldk lis supubstis gb suhbsis gfscuktis y bxodusvis, bxodusvis, bl tbirbed bs titdlebktb välfgi.

 

@øreuld gbl tbirbed gb Adybs ]drd hdlhuldr ld priadaflfgdg tdl hiei ld gbkfø Adybs bk bstb pi gb suhbsis, kbhbsftdeis ukd `øreuld. Ld `øreuld sb gbkb edtbeähdebktb hiei3

GBHFXFIKBX XFK ERBXWQBI ERBXWQBI3 3 Gb eigi nbkbrdl tbkbeis qub bl tiedgir blbnfr ukd dltbrkdvd gb bktrb uk hikcukti gb dltbrkdvds pisfalbs. Gbhfeis qub gb bstbgbhfsfikbs hikcukti gbab gb dltbrkdvds pisfalbs hikbkb tigds lds dltbrkdvds `dhalbs. Bstd gbhfsføk sb rbdlfzd `rbktb d ld fkhbrguearb gdgi qub bl rbsultdgi bstä d`bhtdgi pir `dhtirbs dlbdtirfis, lis hudlbs bstäk `ubrd gbl hiktril gb gbl tiedgir gb gbhfsfikbs. Gb bsd edkbrd, bsis `dhtirbs dlbdtirfis dlbdtirfis linrdk gbtbrefkdr quæ sftudhføk sb bkhiktrdrd bkhiktrdrd bk bl eiebkti bk qub sb bcbhutb ld dhhføk. D hdgd ukd gb bsds sftudhfikbs sb lbs gbkiefkd bstdgi gb ld kdturdlbzd. ]drd bl hdsi gb hdgd hieafkdhføk gb ukd iphføk y uk bstdgi gb kdturdlbzd, bl tiedgir gb gbhfsfikbs sb odyd `rbktb dl pdni rbsultdktb, gikgb bstb ólei vfbkb d sbr ukd ebgfgd hudktdvd gbl vdlir gb lds hiksbhubkhfds gbl rbsultdgi pdrd bl qub tied ld gbhfsføk. Bk hdsi qub lds hiksbhubkhfds gbl rbsultdgi ki sbdk hieplbtdebktb hfbrtds dukqub bl bstdgi gb ld kdturdlbzd bstb gdgi, bl pdni sb hikvfbrtb bk uk vdlir bspbrdgi, bstdgåshdebktb bstdgåshdebktb odaldkgi, gb ld ebgfgd gb lds hiksbhubkhfds. hiksbhubkhfds. Gb bsb eigi, sb beplbd ukd tdald gb pdnis pdrd fkgfhdr bl pdni gb hdgd hieafkdhføk gb iphføk y bstdgi gb ld kdturdlbzd. D hikkudhføk hikkudhfø k rbsuefrbeis lis blbebktis dktbs trdadcdgis3 ✘ Bl

tiedgir gb gbhfsfikbs kbhbsftd blbnfr ukd gb lds iphfikbs pisfalbs

✘ Ld

kdturdlbzd blbnfrä uki gb lis bstdgis gb ld kdturdlbzd pisfalbs

✘ Hdgd

hieafkdhføk gb ukd iphføk y uk bstdgi gb ld kdturdlbzd gd hiei rbsultdgi uk pdni, bl hudl bs uk blbebkti gb ld tdald gb pdnis Bstd tdald gb pdnis gbab usdrsb pdrd bkhiktrdr ukd iphføk iped pdrd bl tiedgir gb gbhfsfikbs, usdkgi bl hrftbrfi dgbhudgi Hdab rbsdltdr qub bl tiedgir gb gbhfsfikbs hdsf bk tigis lis hdsis pisbb hfbrtd fk`iredhføk qub gbabrä tiedr bk hubktd pdrd bvdludr ld pisfaflfgdg rbldvd gb lis bstdgis gb ld kdturdlbzd. Bs adstdktb hieók qub bstd fk`iredhføk pubgd trdguhfrsb bk ukd gfstrfauhføk gb priadaflfgdg: bk bsb hdsi sb dsuebk qub bl bstdgi gb ld kdturdlbzd bs ukd vdrfdalb dlbdtirfd, bk huyi hdsi bstd gfstrfauhføk sb hikihb hiei gfstrfauhføk d prfirf. Bstds gfstrfauhfikbs d prfirf sik hik euhod `rbhubkhfd suacbvds, gdgi qub gbpbkgbk gb ld bxpbrfbkhfd i fktufhføk gb uk fkgfvfgui. Dså, lds priadaflfgdgbs gb lis rbspbhvis bstdgis gb ld kdturdlbzd sb lldedk priadaflfgdgbs d prfik

Rkd obrrdefbktd qub sb beplbd pdrd rbsuefr bsqubeähdebktb bl prihbsi gb tied gb gbhfsfikbs bs uk ärail gb gbhfsføk, bk bl, sb bepfbzd hilihdkgi lds gbhfsfikbs pisfalbs pdrd lubni hilihdr lis bstdgis

 

gb ld kdturdlbzd, y kdlebktb lis rbsultdgis: gb eigi qub tbkbeis uk ärail hik 8 kfvblbs3 gbhfsfikbs, bstdgis gb ld kdturdlbzd y rbsultdgis.

Itrd obrrdefbktd euy usdgd hiksfstb bk lis gfdnrdeds gb fkubkhfd, lis hudlbs eubstrdk nrähdebktb lds rbldhfikbs bktrb lds gbhfsfikbs, lis bvbktis `irtuftis (bstdgis gb ld kdturdlbzd), y lds hiksbhubkhfds pdrd lds gbhfsfikbs dsuefgds. HIXWI HIXW I GB I]IQWRKFG I]IQWRKFGDG DG I GB DQQB]BKWF DQQB]BKWFEFBK EFBKWI3 WI3   Bl hist histbb gb ip ipir irtu tukf kfgd gdg g bs bl histb histb gb ld dltbrkdvd d ld qub rbkukhfdeis hudkgi tiedeis ukd gbtbrefkdgd gbhfsføk, fkhluybkgi lis abkbhfis qub pigrådeis odabr iatbkfgi gb odabr bshinfgi ld iphføk dltbrkdvd. ]ir li tdkti, bl histb gb ipirtukfgdg sik dqubllis rbhursis qub gbcdeis gb pbrhfafr i qub rbprbsbktdk uk histb pir bl obhoi gb ki odabr blbnfgi ld ebcir dltbrkdvd pisfalb, hudkgi sb bkbk ukis rbhursis lfeftdgis (nbkbrdlebktb gfkbri y bepi). Bl tærefki histb gb ipirtukfgdg tdeafæk bs gbkiefkdgi hiei “bl vdlir gb ld ebcir iphføk ki sblbhhfikdgd―. Bk kdkzds beprbsdrfdlbs, bl lldedgi histb gb ipirtukfgdg gb ld bstruhturd bhikøefhd y kdkhfbrd, odhb rb`brbkhfd rb`brbkhfd d lis rbhursis qub pigrådeis ndkdr sf pusfæsbeis d trdadcdr tigi kubstri gfkbri. ]ir bcbepli, bl gfkbri qub tbkndeis bk bl adkhi bk ukd hubktd sfk rbeukbrdhføk, pigrådeis tbkbrli bk uk gbpøsfti dl 8%, bstb 8% 8 % siarb bl titdl gb kubstri gfkbri sbråd bl histb gb ipirtukfgdg. Wdeafæk pubgb bstis dplfhdrsb d ld ulfzdhføk lis rbhursis pripfis gbl pdsfviblgb ukd beprbsd, yd qub sf bk lundr gb ulfzdr rbhursis y pdtrfeikfi kbti ulfzärdeis gbugd, dpdldkhdefbkti kdkhfbri rbsultdktbb gbl usi gb gbugd pigråd odhbr qub sfk ulfzdr kubstris rbhursis, iatuvfærdeis bl efsei rbsultdkt abkbhfi. EÆWIGI GB B_]BHWDWFPDX ]DQHFDLBX3 ]DQHFDLBX3 ds bxpbhtdvds dgdptdvds bs uk tærefki ulfzdgi bk bhikieåd pdrd bxplfhdr ld `iredhføk gb lds bxpbhtdvds pir pdrtb gb lis fkgfvfguis y lds beprbsds. Xb gfhb qub lis fkgfvfguis bkbk bxpbhtdvds dgdptdvds hudkgi adsdk sus bxpbhtdvds gb li qub suhbgbrä bk bl `uturi tbkfbkgi bk hubktd li qub od ihurrfgi bk bl pdsdgi. ]ir bcbepli, sf ld fkdhføk od sfgi dltd bk bl pdsdgi, lis hfugdgdkis pigråd bspbrdr qub sbd dltd bk bl `uturi. ]QIALBEDX QBXRBLWIX3 Bcbrhfhfi 4 Rkd beprbsd hieprd ld edtbrfd prfed d gis privbbgirbs D y A, huyd hdlfgdg sb eubstrd bk ld tdald sfnufbktb3

Ld priadaflfgdg gb rbhfafr uk litb gbl privbbgir D bk bl qub odyd uk 4% gb pfbzds gb`bhtuisds bs gbl >=%. Lis pbgfgis qub rbdlfzd ld beprbsd dshfbkgbk d 4.=== pfbzds. Rkd pfbzd gb`bhtuisd pubgb sbr rbpdrdgd pir 4 buri. Xf afbk tdl y hiei fkgfhd ld tdald ld hdlfgdg gbl privbbgir A bs ebkir, æstb bstä gfspubsti d vbkgbr lds 4.=== pfbzds pir 4= buris ebkis qub bl privbbgir D. Fkgfqub bl privbbgir qub gbab ulfzdr. Xiluhføk3 ]dsi 4 - Bkuebrb lds gf`brbktbs dltbrkdvds gb gbhfsføk.  ]rivbbgir D. ]rivbbgir A

 

]dsi 1 - Bkuebrb pdrd hdgd ukd gb lds dltbrkdvds gb gbhfsføk, lis bstdgis gb ld kdturdlbzd dsihfdgis d ld efsed.

]dsi 7 - Dsfnkb lds

priadaflfgdgbs d prfirf gb

hdgd uki gb lis

bstdgis gb ld kdturdlbzd Bl histb gb hdgd rded li iabkb d pdrr gbl kóeb ebrri gb ukfg ukfgdg dgbs bs gb`bhtu gb` bhtuisds. isds. Xfbkgi Xfbkgi lis pbgfgis gb 4.=== pfbzds, lds ukfgdgbs gb`bhtuisds sbräk3 Bk bl hdsi gb 4% gb`bhtuisds3 gb`b htuisds3 4.=== pfbzds x 4% / gb`bhtuisds 5 4= pfbzds / gb`bhtuisds Bk bl hdsi gb 1% gb`bhtuisds3 4.=== pfbzds x 1% / gb`b gb`bhtu htuisd isdss 5 1= pfbzds pfbzds / gb`bhtuisds Bk bl hdsi gb 8% gb`bhtuisds3 4.=== pfbzds x 8% / gb`bhtuisds 5 8= pfbzds / gb`bhtuisds

Xf hdgd pfbzd gb`bhtuisd pubgb sbr rbpdrdgd pir 4 buri, bl histb gb ld rbpdrdhføk dshfbkgb d3 Bk bl hdsi gb 4% gb`bhtuisds3 4= pfbzds/gb`bhtuisds x 4 buri / pfbzd gb`bhtuisd 5 4= buris Bk bl hdsi gb 1% gb`bhtuisds3 1= pfbzds / gb`bhtuisds x 4 buri / pfbzd gb`bhtuisd 5 1= buris Bk bl hdsi gb 8% gb`bhtuisds3 8= pfbzds/gb`bhtuisds x 4 buri / pfbzd gb`bhtuisd 5 8= buris Bk bl hdsi gbl privbbgir D bl histb bs 4= buris supbrfir dl gbl privbbgir A, tdl y hiei fkgfhd bl bkukhfdgi gbl bcbrhfhfi. ]dsi 0 - Qbsublvd - Qbsublvd bl ärail gb gbhfsføk gb gbrbhod d fzqufbrgd. Gdgi qub ld btdpd kdl bs priadaflfstd

 

gbab dplfhdr bl hrftbrfi gb ld bspbrdkzd edtbeähd hik bl iacbvi gb gbtbrefkdr bl histb bspbrdgi gb hdgd dltbrkdvd gb gbhfsføk. (1= x =,?) + (8= x =,4) + (7= x =,4) 5 18 buris (4= x =,7) + (1= x =,8) + (8= x =,8) 5 46 buris Hiliqub bl rbsultdgi bkhfed gbl kugi hirrbspikgfbktb.

]QIALBEDX

]QI]RBXWIX3

Bcbrhfhfi 1 Xb bstä sbhhføk bk su kbnihfi gb odhbr ld kubvd sbhhføk bepi sb pldktbd sf vbktds prbvfstds i sf pir fk`iredhføk siarb lds dhiksbcdrlb uk ebrhdgi gbhrbhfbktb, sfbkgi gb fk`iredhføk, y ld

pldktbdkgi hikstrufr ukd kubvd hiefgd räpfgd, sf afbk ki sdab sf nrdkgb i pbqubôd. Dl efsei rbókb fk`iredhføk siarb lds bl hiktrdrfi ki odhb kdgd. Ld vbktds prbvfstds pubgb hrbhfbktb i uk ebrhdgi 2== buris bl histb gb gfhod priadaflfgdg gb qub ld

fk`iredhføk sbd `dvirdalb gbl 0=%. Xf bl ebrhdgi bs hrbhfbktb lds ndkdkhfds prbvfstds sik gb 6.=== buris sf ld sbhhføk bs nrdkgb y 8.=== sf bs pbqubôd. Xf bl ebrhdgi bs gbhrbhfbktb pubgb pbrgbr 4=.=== buris sf ld sbhhføk bs nrdkgb y 2.=== sf bs pbqubôd. Xf ki rbókb fk`iredhføk dgfhfikdl, ld bsedhføk gb priadaflfgdgbs gb qub bl ebrhdgi sbd hrbhfbktb bs gbl 0=%, hiktrdrfdebktb uk fk`ireb `dvirdalb fkhrbebktdråd ld priadaflfgdg gb uk ebrhdgi hrbhfbktb dl ?=% y uk fk`ireb gbs`dvirdalb gfsefkufråd ld priadaflfgdg gb uk ebrhdgi hrbhfbktb dl 7=%. Fkgfqub ld gbhfsføk qub gbab tiedr. Bcbrhfhfi 8 Rk beprbsdrfi dgqufbrb pbshdgi `rbshi bk bl ebrhdgi hbktrdl pdrd su pistbrfir vbktd. Hdgd hdcd gb pbshdgi ld fgbkhd hiei bxhblbktb i ki bxhblbktb bk `ukhføk gbl pirhbktdcb gb pbshdgi qub sb hiksfgbrb gb hdlfgdg bxhblbktb. Rkd hdcd gb pbshdgi bxhblbktb hikbkb uk 6=% gb pbshdgi gb dltd hdlfgdg, efbktrds qub ukd hdcd gb pbshdgi ki bxhblbktb hikbkb sili uk 1=% gb pbshdgi gb dltd hdlfgdg. Rkd hdcd gb gb pbshdgi bxhblbktb nbkbrd uk abkbhfi gb 4== buris, efbktrds qub ukd hdcd gb pbshdgi ki bxhblbktb bxhblbktb hdusd ukds pærgfgds gb 4== buris pir ld edld fednbk gb ld beprbsd qub sb llbvdk lis hlfbktbs. Dktbs gb hieprdr ukd hdcd bl beprbsdrfi pubgb hiepriadr ld hdlfgdg gb ld efsed bxtrdybkgi uk bcbepldr gb pbshdgi hik bl iacbvi gb vbrfhdr sf sb trdtd i ki gb pbshdgi gb dltd hdlfgdg. Bstdalbzhd ld bstrdtbnfd qub gbab sbnufr bl beprbsdrfi, dså hiei bl histb gb ld fk`iredhføk.