Tema 2

 

]GHF KK

HNMGEN G@]KMFM/SGEFAKN@ (HG/S)

 

Trnpugstn pnr Tgtgr T. Alg`

―Ge  hnmgen

G/S pugmg sgr usfmn anhn u`f cfsg pfrf u`f vkstf u`kokafmf mg ens  mftns‘,   fmnptf`mn   ―ge g`onqug hæs `fturfe mge hu`mn rgfe qug an`skstg g` g`tkmfmgs g  k`tgrrgefakn`gs‘  Tfrf ALG@ (6;:?), u`f g`tkmfm gs ―u`f ansf qug sg pugmg kmg`tkokafr aefrfhg`t aefrfhg`tg‘ g‘ y ―u`f k`tgrrgefakñ` u`f vk`auefakñ` g`trg g`tkmfmgs‘.

 

G` ge hnmg nmgen G/S, tfe anhn oug prnpugstn pnr Alg`, sg mkstk`jug` ens skjukg`tgs geghg`tns9   G`tkmfm, G`tkmfm,  K`tgrrgefakñ`  K`tgrrgefakñ`,, Ftrkcutn y Ftrkcutn  y Mnhk`kn  Mnhk`kn (pfrf  (pfrf Alg` an`iu`tn mg vfenrgs).

 

G@]KMFM

•

•

•

 Qg pugmg mgok`kr u`f g`tkmfm anhn aufequkgr ncigtn (rgfe n fcstrfatn) qugg gxk qu xksstg g` ef rgf gfekekmf mfm m y fagr fagraaf mg mgee aufe aufe qu qugr grgh ghns ns fehf fehfaag` g`fr fr k`onrhfakñ` g` ef cfsg mg mftns.  LFEE (6;:?) ef mgok`g anhn ―fejn   an` rgfekmfm ncigtkvf qug gxkstg n pugmg sgr pg`sfmn‘.  Qgjù` F@QK (6;::), gs ―u`f pgrsn`f, eujfr, ansf, an`agptn n suagsn, rgfe n fcstrfatn, mg k`tgrës pfrf ef ghprgsf‘.

  

G`tkmfmgs rgjuefrgs

AWSQN

W` gighpefr mge tkpn mg g`tkmfm AWSQN sgrèf ―Cfsg mg Mftns K‘

G`tkmfm mëcke

GMKAKÑ@ TSNOGQNS

TSNOGQNS

W` gighpefr mge tkpn mg g`tkmfm TSNOGQNS sgrèf Qr Qr.. Qf`algz.

Ge an`iu`tn mg gighpefrgs mg u` tkpn mg g`tkmfm g` u` hnhg`tn mfmn sgræ ef gxtg`skñ` mg gsg tkpn mg g`tkmfm, hkg`trfs qug ef k`tg`skñ` gs ge tkpn mg g`tkmfm prnpkfhg`tg mkaln. Tnr gighpen, ge tkpn mg g`tkmfm TSNOGQNS, auyn prgmkafmn fsnakfmn gs   ―Tgrsn`f  qug gigrag n g`sgöf u`f hftgrkf n frtg‘‘  tkg`g u` gighpefr ―Qæ`algz frtg Qæ`algz'‛ '‛ qug pgrtg`gag f ëe, yf qug auhpeg mkaln prgmkafmn.

 

G@]KMFM9 TSNOGQNSGQ

Qæ`algz

  Eñpgz

Hktf

 

Cfutkstf

Gighpefr mge tkpn mg g`tkmfm TSNOGQNSGQ

   

Ge prnceghf mge an`agptn mg g`tkmfm sg g`aug`trf g` qug u` akgrtn ncigtn mge hu`mn rgfe sg aftfenjf g` nafskn`gs anhn u`f g`tkmfm, hkg`trfs qug g` ntrfs sg an`skmgrf u`f prnpkgmfm mg u`f g`tkmfm n u`f k`tgrrgefakñ`2 k`tgrrgefakñ`2 u` gighpen huy rgpgt rgpgtkmn kmn mg geen gs ge  anenr  ,  ge aufe gs g` jg`grfe u`f prnpkgmfm mg u`f g`tkmfm (anhn gs ge afsn mge anenr mg u` analg)2 sk` ghcfrjn, g` u`f oæcrkaf mg pk`turfs prncfceghg`tg sgrèf fprnpkfmn hnmgefr ge anenr anhn u`f g`tkmfm qug tg`mrèf sus prnpkgmfmgs.

 

K@]GSSGEFAKÑ@ Qg g`tk g`tkg` g`mg mg pnr pnr   k`tgrrgefakñ`   u`f u`f fsna fsnakf kfak akñ` ñ`,, vk`a vk`aue uefa fakñ kñ` ` n tkpn mg tk an anrr rrgs gspn pn`m `mg` g`ak g`tr g`trgg g` g`tk tkmf mfmg mgs. s. Mg`n Mg `nhk hk`f `frg rghns hns k`tgrrgefakñ`  fakffef gstruaturf jg`ërkaf qug mgsarkcg u`  an`iu`tn mg k`tgrrgefakn`gs, hkg`trfs qug k`tgrrgefakñ` sgræ afmf u`n mg ens gighpefrgs an`argtns2 an`argtns2 pnr tf`tn, tf`tn, ge tkpn mg k`tgrrgefakñ` k`tgrrgefakñ` gs ge

rgsuetfmn mg aefskokafr  u`  u` an`iu`tn mg k`tgrrgefakn`gs.

 

K@]GSSGEFAKÑ@ GIGHTEN)

TSNOGQNS

 

Khpfrtg

AWSQN

 

K@]GSSGEFAKÑ@ GIGHTEN) Khpfrtg

TSNOGQNS

AWSQN

Sgakcg

 

K@]GSSGEFAKÑ@ GIGHTEN) Ncekjftnrkfs Npakn`fegs Mgpfrtfhg`tn

Ens ghpegfmns @N @N tkg`g`  tkg`g` pnrquë gstfr afsfmn

Ghpegfmn

Añ`yujug

 

K@]GSSGEFAKÑ@ GIGHTEN) Sgefakn`gs rgaurskvfs Ghpegfmns Ghpegfmns

Igog

Igog  

Mnhk`kn y vfenr Efs mkstk`tfs prnpkgmfmgs n afrfatgrèstkafs afrfatgrèstkafs mg u` tkpn mg g`tkmfm n mg k`tgrrgefakñ` tnhf` vfenrgs pfrf afmf gighpefr mg ëstfs. Ge an`iu`tn mg pnskcegs qugmnhk`kn pugmg tnhfr u`fan`iu`tn akgrtf afrfat afrfatgrèstkaf grèstkaflnhnjë`gns sg mg`nhk`f mnhk`kn.vfenrgs Qg mgok`g anhn u` mg vfenrgs an` u` `nhcrg. Tnr gighpen, gighpen, ge vfenr ―k`jeës‘ sg tnhf mge mnhk`kn Kmknhfs, y auhpeg ge prgmkafmn mg sgr u`n mg ens kmknhfs pnskcegs mge an`iu`tn (―gspföne‘, ―k`jeës‘, ―orf`aës‘)2 ge mnhk`kn @nhcrg^aursn @nhcrg^aursn gs  gs u`f tkrf mg

afrfatgrgs.

 

Mnhk`kn y vfenr

Mns onrhfs mg rgprgsg`tfakñ` mg u` mnhk`kn

Ge mnhk`kn gs u` geghg`tn mge hnmgen qug tkg`g gxkstg`akf prnpkf k`mgpg`mkg`tg mg aufequkgr ntrn geghg`tn

 

Ftrkcutn Afmf u`f mg efs prnpkgmfmgs n afrfatgrèstkafs qug tkg`g u` tk tkpn pn mg g`tk g`tkmf mfm m n u` tkpn tkpn mg k`tgrr grrgefa gefakñ kñ` ` sg mg`n mg`nhk hk`f `f ftrkcutn2 ens ftrkcutns tnhf` vfenrgs mg u`n n vfrkns mnhk`kns. Tnr tf`tn, pnmghns mgakr qug  ge ftrkcutn eg mf u`f mgtgrhk`fmf k`tgrprgtfakñ` fe mnhk`kn   (n f ens mnhk`kns) g` ge an`tgxtn mg u` tkpn mg g`tkmfm n mg u` tkpn mg k`tgrrgefakñ`.

 

 

Ftrkcutn Gighpen) Anm^aursn AWSQN

@nhcrg^aursn @uh^lnrfs

Ogalf^k`kakn Khpfrtg Ogalf^tgrhk`fakñ` Anm^prno  @nhcrg TSNOGQNS

Ak

Ogalf^@fa

 

Ftrkcutn Gighpen)

Eefvg OFA]WSF#

]N]FE

OGALF

AEKG@]G OFA]WSF

_G@MGMNS

   

Ftrkcutn Gighpen)

Frtkstf9 Hf`æ iujfræ` ens `köns> Æecuh9 ¾Mñ`mg iujfræ` @nhcrg9 Nyg hk fhnr Fön mg ef`zfhkg`t ef`zfhkg`tn9 n9 6;;3 Jë`grn9 Snab g` gspföne

 

Sgstrkaakn`gs Ge hnmg hnmgen en G/S G/S tk tkg` g`gg anhn nhn rgs rgstrka trkaak akñ` ñ` k`lg k`lgrrg`t g`tg qug qug sñen sñen pgrh pg rhkktg gst gstfce fcegag gagr k`tgrr grrgefa gefakkn`gs n`gs g`tr g`trgg g`tk g`tkmf mfmg mgs, s, `n gstf`mn fmhktkmfs g`trg g`tkmfmgs g k`tgrrgefakn`gs `k g`trg k`tgrrgefakn`gs. ]fhckë` ncekjf ge hnmgen f qug tnmfs efs g`tkmfmgs tg`jf` u` kmg`tkokafmnr, en qug fskhkshn pnmrèf an`skmgrfrsg u`f rgstrkaakñ` k`lgrg`tg. Ge `n tg`gr fpg`fs rgstrkaakn`gs k`lgrg`tgs mntf fe hnmgen mg u`f jrf` oegxkckekmfm pfrf ef rgprgsg`tfakñ` mge hu`mn rgfe.

 

Sgstrkaakn`gs

Kmg`tkokafmnr Trk`akpfe (KT) Kmg`tkokafmnrgs Fetgr`ftkvns (KF).

 

Afrmk`fekmfm GHTEGFMN

OFA]WSF

FEWH@N

6

6

@

 

6

 

@

IGOG

]KG@G

AWSQF

H

MGTFS]FHG@]N

MG]FEEGQ

HF]GSKFQ

 

GIGSAKAKN Kmg`tkokqug 3 k`tgrrgefakñ`

g`tkmfmgs

an`

su

rgspgatkvf