Tema 2 Series de Tiempo

   

Xaiebcbkmib Efimbefc ha Daxmib Ifdpus Xbcuif

 Yarmas ha Xmadpb Halmemimùe Ae Astfhästmif sa ca ccfdf fsä f ue ibe`uetb ha vfcbras bosarvfhbs hurfeta uef sarma ha paräbhbs tadpbrfcas saiuaeimfcdaeta brhaefhf, tfcas paräbhbs puahae sar sadfefcas, daesufcas, trmdastrfcas b feufcas.

Ya raprasaetf pbr dahmb ha uef krælmif ha cäeafs sbora iuyb a`a nbrmzbetfc sa raprasaetfe cbs paräbhbs y ae iuyb a`a vartmifc sa raprasaetfe cbs vfcbras ha cf sarma ha tmadpb. A`adpcb Krælmibs ha Yarmas ha Xmadpb

6

 

AYXFHMYXMIF MELA_AEIMFC MM

QEMHFH ? YA_MAY HA XMADZB

 Fefcmzfr uef sarma sarma ha tmadpb tmadpb tmaea ibdb ibdb bo`atmvbs, bo`atmvbs, aetra btrbs0 btrbs0 •

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Hatardmefr sm sa prasaetfe imartbs pftrbeas b pfutfs eb fcaftbrmfs Fmscfr y aetbeias astuhmfr sus ibdpbeaetas f lme ha prbpbrimbefr  icfvas pfrf dbvmdmaetbs luturbs Nfia pbsmoca prbebstmifr cbs dbvmdmaetbs luturbs fsä ibdb btrbs fspaitbs qua astíe smeirbemzfhbs

Yarmas ha Xmadpb 

Zbr sarma  ha tmadpb ebs ralarmdbs f hftbs astfhästmibs qua sa raibpmcfe, bosarvfe b rakmstrfe ae metarvfcbs ha tmadpb rakucfras (hmfrmb, sadfefc, sadastrfc, feufc, aetra btrbs). Ac tírdmeb sarma ha tmadpb sa fpcmif pbr a`adpcb f hftbs rakmstrfhbs ae lbrdf parmùhmif qua duastrfe, pbr a`adpcb, cfs vaetfs feufcas tbtfcas ha fcdfiaeas, ac vfcbr trmdastrfc tbtfc ha ibetrftbs ha ibestruiimùe btbrkfhbs, ac vfcbr trmdastrfc hac ZMO.

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AYXFHMYXMIF MELA_AEIMFC MM

QEMHFH ? YA_MAY HA XMADZB

Zfrf ccavfr f ifob ue feæcmsms ha asta tmpb, prmdarb sa haoae mhaetmlmifr cbs ibdpbeaetas ha cf sarma ha tmadpb, haspuís fpcmifr cfs tíiemifs astfhästmifs pfrf su feæcmsms y, lmefcdaeta, nfiar cfs prbyaiimbeas b prbeùstmibs ha avaetbs luturbs.  luturbs. 

Ha astf lbrdf, ac feæcmsms ha sarmas ha tmadpb as ac prbiahmdmaetb pbr ac iufc sa mhaetmlmife y fäscfe cbs lfitbras racfimbefhbs ibe ac tmadpb qua melcuyae ae cbs vfcbras bosarvfhbs ae cfs sarmas ha tmadpb pfrf qua uef vaz mhaetmlmifhbs, astbs lfitbras puahfe ibetrmoumr f cf metarpratfimùe ha vfcbras nmstùrmibs ha sarmas ha tmadpb y nfstf aetbeias prbebstmifr vfcbras luturbs ha sarmas ha tmadpb. Ibdpbeaetas ha uef sarma ha tmadpb

Ac dítbhb icæsmib mhaetmlmif iuftrb melcuaeimfs b ibdpbeaetas0 •

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Xaehaeimf (X) Lcuitufimbeas iäicmifs (I) \frmfimbeas astfimbefcas (A) \frmfimbeas mrrakucfras (M)

Cbs iufcas tmaeae uef racfimùe ductmpcmiftmvf qua hfe lbrdf fc dbhacb icæsmib ha sarmas ha tmadpb, as haimr, pfrf iufcqumar paräbhb hasmkefhb ae cf sarma ha tmadpb, ac vfcbr ha cf vfrmfoca astæ hatardmefhb pbr cbs iuftrb ibdpbeaetas ae cf smkumaeta lbrdf0

 ] 4 X x I x A x MM   iuyfs ifrfitarästmifs sbe cfs smkumaetas0

9

 

AYXFHMYXMIF MELA_AEIMFC MM

QEMHFH ? YA_MAY HA XMADZB

Xaehaeimf     Feæcmsms ha Xaehaeimf

Cf taehaeimf saiucfr b taehaeimf f cfrkb pcfzb ha uef sarma as pbr cb ibdðe ac rasuctfhb ha lfitbras f cfrkb pcfzb. Ae tírdmebs metumtmvbs, cf taehaeimf ha uef sarma ha tmadpb ifrfitarmzf ac pftrùe krfhufc y ibesmstaeta ha cfs vfrmfimbeas ha cf prbpmf sarma, qua sa ibesmharfe ibesaiuaeimfs ha luarzfs parsmstaetas qua flaitfe ac iraimdmaetb b cf rah rahuii uiimùe mùe ha cf cf dmsdf dmsdf,, tfcas ibdb0 ifdombs ae cf pbocfimùe, ae cfs ifrfitarästmifs hadbkrælmifs ha cf dmsdf, ifdombs ae cbs mekrasbs, ae cf sfcuh, ae ac emvac ha ahuifimùe y taiebcbkäf.

8

 

AYXFHMYXMIF MELA_AEIMFC MM

QEMHFH ? YA_MAY HA XMADZB

Qe a`adpcb ha iùdb sa bosarvfe cfs taehaeimfs sa aeiuaetrf bosarvfehb asta Krælmib hbeha sa bosarvf uef taehaeimf ae iufetb fc iraimdmaetb ha usufrmbs ha metareat ae Díxmib qua vf ha ?::1 f ?:6:7 accb ebs hf ue pftrùe hac ibdpbrtfdmaetb ha astf sarma ha tmadpb7 fnbrf sùcb lfctfräf fefcmzfr hatfccfhfdaeta ibe ac dítbhb ha däemdbs iufhrfhbs. Zfrf ac ifsb ha taehaeimfs f cfrkb pcfzb, su ibdpbrtfdmaetb sa f`ustf f uef cäeaf raitf, ccfdfhf pbr astf rfzùe cäeaf ha taehaeimf, as haimr, sa fprbxmdf f uef aiufimùe ha raitf, qua raimoa ac ebdora ha aiufimùe ha taehaeimf y qua as ha cf lbrdf0

y 4 f + ot

1

 

AYXFHMYXMIF MELA_AEIMFC MM

QEMHFH ? YA_MAY HA XMADZB

Iuybs ibalmimaetas sa ifciucfe ibe fyuhf hac dítbhb ha däemdbs iufhrfhbs vmstb fetarmbrdaeta ibe cfs smkumaetas lùrducfs0

A`adpcb0 Iæciucb ha cf Xaehaeimf f trfvís ha Däemdbs Iufhrfhbs Ae cf smkumaeta tfocf sa aeiuaetrfe cbs hftbs ha cfs vaetfs ha cbs ðctmdbs imeib föbs ha uef adprasf hac rfdb ha fcmdaetbs0

f) o) i) h)

Krflmi Krfl mifr fr cb cbs s hf hftb tbs s Hatard Hat ardmef mefrr cf aiufi aiufimùe mùe ha taehae taehaeimf imf a met metarp arprat ratfrcf frcf Xrfz Xr fzfr fr cf ra rait itf f ha ha tae taeha haei eimf mf Zrbebstm Zrbe bstmifr ifr cfs cfs vaetfs vaetfs pfrf pfrf cbs smkuma smkumaetas etas hbs hbs föbs föbs a metarpra metarpratfr tfr ac rasuctfhb

f) Ibe cbs cbs hftbs hftbs qua qua sa tmaeae tmaeae sa sa botmaea botmaea cf smkum smkumaeta aeta krælmif krælmif00

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AYXFHMYXMIF MELA_AEIMFC MM

QEMHFH ? YA_MAY HA XMADZB

o) Zfrf hatar hatardmef dmefrr cbs ibalmima ibalmimaetas etas ha ha cf aiufimùe aiufimùe sa haoa haoa ibest ibestrumr rumr uef uef tfocf ibe cbs hftbs eaiasfrmbs0

Ya sustmtuyae cbs vfcbras ae cfs lùrducfs raspaitmvfs0

y nfomaehb ifciucfhb cbs ibalmimaetas, aetbeias cf Aiufimùe ha Xaehaeimf quahf0 

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AYXFHMYXMIF MELA_AEIMFC MM

QEMHFH ? YA_MAY HA XMADZB

y 4 .81:)/? 4 >.81: qua quahf iaetrfhb ibe ac trmdastra iuftrb hac föb ?::?. Ibcudef (1).  \fcbr astfimbefc aspaiälmib.- Ya ifciucf hmvmhmaehb cfs vaetfs brmkmefcas (ibcudef 6) aetra ac prbdahmb dùvmc iaetrfhb (ibcudef 8), pbr a`adpcb0 6:.:/>.8;1 4 6.6>:, ac sakuehb as 6?.;/>.81: 4 6.1:9, atiítarf.

6<

 

AYXFHMYXMIF MELA_AEIMFC MM

QEMHFH ? YA_MAY HA XMADZB

Cf sakuehf tfocf sa ibestruya ha cf smkumaeta lbrdf0 Ya fibdbhfe ae ue iufhrb cbs vfcbras astfimbefcas aspaiälmibs botaemhbs fetas, pfrf aesakumhf0 Ifciucfr cf dahmf dbhmlmifhf ha ifhf trmdastra, astf sa botmaea sudfehb cbs vfcbras botaemhbs parb sme ibesmharfr cbs vfcbras dæs fctb y dæs of`b, pbr a`adpcb0 (:.;;? + :.;;1 + :.;19)/9 4 :.;:(?1) 4 6:.9;=6 * :.;0 y 4 >.6;=6 + :.:>>:(?.6;=6 + :.:>>:(?;) 4 6:.1116 * 6.69< 4 66.== dmccbeas ha pasbs Zrbeùstmib pfrf ac tariar trmdastra ha ?::>0 y 4 >.6;=6 + :.:>>:(?>) 4 6:.9 689 616 6== ?66 6-?:6=- cf Fkaeimf ha Zuocmimhfh inmvfs ae ?:6> y cf Fkaeimf ha Zuocmimhfh cf Iruzfzuc ae ?:6=. Qstah hasaf ibdpfrfr cbs hftbs ha cfs vaetfs ibrraspbehmaetas f cbs hbs ðctmdbs föbs. Iraa uef krælmif ha sarma ha tmadpb ibe krupbs. Ibeicuyf sbora hminb krælmib. \aetfs (uemhfhas)

?6: ?:1 ?:? ?81 ?9; ?=: ?== 981 9?< 911 91= 9;6

Fkaeimf ha Zuocmimhfh

inmvfs inmvfs inmvfs inmvfs inmvfs inmvfs inmvfs inmvfs inmvfs inmvfs inmvfs inmvfs

\aetfs (uemhfhas)

9 91> 981 9>: 9=6 8:9 86: 89: 86: 861 891 81:

Fkaeimf ha Zuocmimhfh

iruzfzuc iruzfzuc iruzfzuc iruzfzuc iruzfzuc iruzfzuc iruzfzuc iruzfzuc iruzfzuc iruzfzuc iruzfzuc iruzfzuc

?9

 

 

AYXFHÄYXMIF MELA_AEIMFC MM

XADF ? YA_MAY HA XMADZB

9. Krælmib dðctmpca

Qstah pbsaa vfcbras ae hbs ibdpföäfs ibdpföäfs (fztaif y lfdsf) y hasaf ibdpfrf ibdpfrfrr su raehmdmaetb daesufc hurfeta hbs föbs. Iraa uef krælmif ha sarma ha tmadpb sborapuastfs ha praimbs ha fiimbeas pfrf fztaif y lfdsf. Ibeicuyf sbora hminb krælmib. Fztaif

Lfdsf

9.?1 9=.>> 8:.>> 9=.69 8: 86.1 9>. 9=.69 8?.9> 91.>> 9?

86.>> 8:.1 8?.;1 8?.>> 8?.1 86.69 89.1 8?.>> 89.;1 88 88.1 89.>> 81.1

8> 8;.1 8=.?1 8> 8>.>> 1 1: 16 8> 8< 8> 8= 16

9? 9? 9? 96 9: 9: 96 9: 96 9?

F F F F F F F F F F

9< 99 98 91 9? 96 98 99 91 98 99

?8 ?8 ?9 ?8 ?9 ?9 ?9 ?9 ?8 ?9 ?8

O O O O O O O O O O O

1. Feæcmsms ha taehaeimf

Qstah raibcaitf hftbs ha adpcab ae uef adprasf ibdarimfc hurfeta 9?1 9?< 99: 998 99; 986 9?? 96> 9?:

991 99> 98? 98> 99: 9?< 9?= 99; 981 91:

9 98> 981 98= 911 9