Tema 2. Resolución de circuitos en corriente continua
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Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
ËDH@IG >. RGY@YXGDI@N GLGIXRÙD@IN
8
>.>. Hgc`d`i`ùd Hgc`d` i`ùd .................................................................................................................................................... 8 >.2. ±Vnrn ± Vnrn quà s`rvgd lns rgs`stgdi`ns1 rgs` stgdi`ns1 ...................................................................................................... 7 >.9. Inrnitgr In rnitgrëst`i ëst`ins ns egdgrnlgs egdgr nlgs ..................................................................................................................... 7 >.9.>. Rgs`stgdi`n dak`dnl >.9.2. Xalgrndi`n >.9.9. Vatgdi`n dak`dnl
7 3 5
>.8. Atras pnrîkgtras pnrîkgtr as .................................................................................................................................... 5 >.7. Iùh`ea Iùh`e a hg h g ialargs i alargs ..................................................................................................................................... = >.3. Nsai`ni` N sai`ni`ùd ùd hg rgs`stgdi`ns rgs`stgd i`ns .................................................................................................................. >9 >.3.>. Nsai`ni`ùd hg rgs`stgdi`ns gd sgr`g >.3.2. Nsai`ni`ùd hg rgs`stgdi`ns gd pnrnlgla >.3.9. Nsai`ni`ùd k`xtn hg rgs`stgdi`ns
>9 >8 >7
2. NYAI@NI@ÙD HG IAKVADGDXGY GD WD I@RIW@XA 9. NYAI@NI@ÙD HG RGY@YXGDI@NY GD WD I@RIW@XA
>5 >5
9.>. Nsai`ni`ùd hg rgs`stgdi`ns gd sgr`g ................................................................................................. >5 9.>.>. Rgsalui`ùd hgl i`riu`ta 9.>.2. Gogkpla
>= 26
9.>.2.>. Rgsalui`ùd hgl i`riu`ta hg carkn tgùr`in
26
9.>.2.2. Carkn prîit`in. Kgh`hns iad gl palëkgtra
2>
9.>.9. Iadgx`ùd gd plnin pratabanrh
22
9.2. Nsai`ni`ùd hg rgs`stgdi`ns gd pnrnlgla .......................................................................................... 22 9.2.>. Rgsalui`ùd hgl i`riu`ta 9.2.2. Gogkpla
29 27
9.2.2.>. Rgsalui`ùd hgl i`riu`ta hg carkn tgùr`in
27
9.2.2.2. Carkn prîit`in. Kgh`hns iad gl palëkgtra
25
9.2.9. Iadgx`ùd gd plnin pratabanrh
2=
9.9. Iakpnrnt`vn gdtrg iadgx`ùd gd sgr`g y pnrnlgla ......................................................................... 2= 9.8. Nsai`ni`ùd k`xtn hg rgs`stgdi`ns .................................................................................................... 20 9.8.>. Rgsalui`ùd hgl i`riu`ta 9.8.2. Gogkpla
20 96
9.8.2.>. Rgsalui`ùd hgl i`riu`ta hg carkn tgùr`in
96
9.8.2.2. Carkn prîit`in. Kgh`hns iad gl palëkgtra
98
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn > hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
8. CWGDXGY HG NL@KGDXNI@ÙD
97
8.>. Hgc`d` H gc`d`i`ùd i`ùd ................................................................................................................................................ 97 8.2. Inrnitgrëst`ins ..................................................................................................................................... 93 8.9. X`pas ......................................................................................................................................................... 93 8.9.>. Ygeÿd su pnrîkgtra glàitr`ia 8.9.2. Ygeÿd gl t`gkpa 8.9.9. Ygeÿd su vnlar 8.9.8. Ygeÿd su npl`ini`ùd
93 93 93 95
8.8. Rgs`stgdi`n `dtgrdn hg ud egdgrnhar ............................................................................................. 90 8.7. Vatgdi`n hgl egdgrnhar e gdgrnhar ........................................................................................................................ 8> 8.3. Ygdt`ha hg ln iarr`gdtg glàitr`in .................................................................................................... 82 8.5. Nsai`ni`ùd hg cugdtgs......................................................................................................................... 82 8.5.>. Nsai`ni`ùd hg cugdtgs hg tgds`ùd
82
8.5.>.>. Gd sgr`g
82
8.5.>.2. Gd pnrnlgla
89
8.5.2. Nsai`ni`ùd hg cugdtgs hg iarr`gdtg
88
8.5.2.>. Gd pnrnlgla
88
8.5.2.2. Gd sgr`g
87
8.=. Xrndscarkni`ùd hg cugdtgs .............................................................................................................. 87
7. NYAI@NI@ÙD HG @DXGRRWVXARGY P VWLYNHARGY
83
7.>. Iadgx`ùd Ia dgx`ùd gd sgr`g sgr `g .................................................................................................................................. 83 7.2. Iadgx`ùd gd pnrnlgla a hgr`vni`ùd ................................................................................................... 83
3. H@S@YAR HG XGDY@ÙD P HG IARR@GDXG
83
3.>. H`v`sar hg tgds`ùd ................................................................................................................................. 85 3.2. H`v`sar hg iarr`gdtg ............................................................................................................................ 80 3.9. Iakpnrnt`vn ........................................................................................................................................... 76
5. LGPGY HG J@RIMMACC
76
5.>. Iadigptas I adigptas prgv`as prgv`a s ................................................................................................................................. 76 5.2. >ª Lgy? Lgy hg Duhas ........................................................................................................................... 7> 5.9. 2ª Lgy? L gy? Lgy Lg y hg Knllns .......................................................................................................................... 72 5.8. Ir`tgr I r`tgr`a `a hg h g s`edas s`eda s ................................................................................................................................. 72 5.7. Glgii`ùd hg lns giuni`adgs `dhgpgdh`gdtgs .................................................................................. 72 5.3. Rgsalui`ù Rg salui`ùdd hgl i`riu`ta i`riu`t a ........................................................................................................................ 79 5.5. Gogkpla .................................................................................................................................................... 79 Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 2 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
=. NDÎL@Y@Y HG I@RIW@XAY? AXRNY XÀID@INY
75
=.>. Xgargkn hg Xmàvgd`d .......................................................................................................................... 75 =.2. Xgargkn hg Dartad Dar tad .............................................................................................................................. 3> =.9. Gqu`vnlgd G qu`vnlgdi`n i`n gdtrg gd trg i`riu`ta i` riu`tass.............................................................................................................. 38
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 9 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
>. RGY@YXGDI@N GLGIXRÙD@IN >.>. Hgc`d`i`ùd Gd Glgitr`i`hnh, ln rgs`stgdi`n t`gdg rgs`stgdi`n t`gdg iaka k`s`ùd h`c`iultnr gl pnsa hg ln iarr`gdtg glàitr`in y trndscarknr ln gdgreën gd inlar . Gstg gcgita gs bgdgc`i`asa bgdgc`i`asa gd nleudas insas (iaka rgs`stgdi`ns inlgcnitarns hg gstucns y iai`dns glàitr`ins, c`lnkgdtas hg lîkpnrns `dindhgsigdtgs, gti.) y gs pgrouh`i`nl gd pgrouh`i`nl gd atras (iaka inlgdtnk`gdta hg iadhuitargs y pàrh`hn hg patgdi`n).
Y`d gkbnrea, gd las i`riu`tas glgitrùd`ias, ln rgs`stgdi`n rgs`stgdi`n t`gdg ud pnpgl kuy `kpartndtg? h`str`bu`r nhgiunhnkgdtg las vnlargs hg tgds`ùd g `dtgds`hnh gd las h`cgrgdtgs pudtas hgl i`riu`ta .
Àsta suighg parqug lns rgs`stgdi`ns glgitrùd`ins sad glgitrùd`ins sad iakpadgdtgs pns`vas, gs hgi`r, da egdgrnd `dtgds`hnh d` tgds`ùd gd gl i`riu`ta . Yu iakpartnk`gdta sg r`eg par ln lgy hg Amk (S Amk (S ; @ µ R).
Gd las i`riu`tas glgitrùd`ias, gstns iarr`gdtgs y tgds`adgs suglgd sgr kuy pgqugþns y, par tndta, lns patgdi`ns qug patgdi`ns qug hgbgd h`s`pnr tnkb`àd la sgrîd . Gstns bnons patgdi`ns pgrk`tgd iadstru`r lns rgs`stgdi`ns hg pgqugþas tnknþas iad atra t`pa hg kntgr`nlgs kîs bnrntas y sgdi`llas hg kndgonr , tnlgs iaka gl inrbùd c`dnkgdtg traignha .
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 8 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Gogkpla? H`cgrgdi`ns gdtrg rgs`stgdi`ns glàitr`ins y glgitrùd`ins. Gogkpla? H`cgrgdi`ns Gd glgitr`i`hnh, ln apas`i`ùd nl pnsa hg ln iarr`gdtg mnig qug lns rgs`stgdi`ns prahuzind inlar (iaka? udn iai`dn glàitr`in, ud marda, ud rnh`nhar glàitr`ia, udn tastnharn, ud sginhar h g pgla, gti.). Gd glgitrùd`in, sg trnbnon iad rgs`stgdi`ns kuima kîs pgqugþns qug, qug, nl apadgrsg nl pnsa hg ln iarr`gdtg, l`k`tnd gl vnlar hg ln `dtgds`hnh qug pnsn par gl i`riu`ta. i`riu`ta .
>.2. ±Vnrn quà s`rvgd lns rgs`stgdi`ns1 Lns rgs`stgdi`ns sg sg suglgd ut`l`znr pnrn noustnr ln tgds`ùd qug tgds`ùd qug hgbg sapartnr ud iakpadgdtg a pnrn l`k`tnr ln `dtgds`hnh hg iarr`gdtg qug iarr`gdtg qug i`riuln par àl. >) Vnrn noustnr ln tgds`ùd qug nitÿn sabrg ud 2) Vnrn l`k`tnr ln `dtgds`hnh hg iarr`gdtg qug iakpadgdtg, mny qug `dstnlnr udn i`riuln par ud iakpadgdtg, mny qug rgs`stgdi`n gd sgr`g iad àl . `dstnlnr ln rgs`stgdi`n gd pnrnlgla iad àl .
Nhgkîs, sg usnd pnrn pratgegr atras iakpadgdtgs hgl iakpadgdtgs hgl gqu`pa y palnr`znr iakpadgdtgs iaka, iakpadgdtgs iaka, par gogkpla, trnds`stargs (gs (gs hgi`r, mnigr qug cudi`adgd iarrgitnkgdtg).
>.9. Inrnitgrëst`ins egdgrnlgs
Lns inrnitgrëst`ins tàid`ins egdgrnlgs hg lns rgs`stgdi`ns glgitrùd`ins sad lns s`eu`gdtgs? Rgs`stgdi`n dak`dnl (a vnlar ùmk`ia). ùmk`ia) . Xalgrndi`n. Xalgrndi`n. Vatgdi`n dak`dnl. dak`dnl.
>.9.>. Rgs`stgdi`n dak`dnl
Ln rgs`stgdi`n dak`dnl (a vnlar ùmk`ia) gs ùmk`ia) gs gl vnlar tgùr`ia gspgrnha nl ninbnr gl praigsa hg y abtgd`ha n tgkpgrnturn nkb`gdtg (26 I). Yg gxprgsn gd amk`as (℣). cnbr`ini`ùd y Gl vnlar vnlar pughg gstnr `dh`inha dukàr`inkgdtg gd ln supgrc`i`g hg ln rgs`stgdi`n a kgh`ndtg crndons hg ialargs. Gogkpla?
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 7 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
ÿlt`kn .
Iundtas kîs amk`as, kîs sg apadg ln rgs`stgdi`n nl pnsa hg ln iarr`gdtg y kîs bnon gs gstn
Iaka gd glgitrùd`in sg trnbnon n vgigs iad rgs`stgdi`ns kuy nltns, pughgd gkplgnrsg kÿlt`plas iaka JΠ , qug gqu`vnlg n k`l amk`as. Vgra gd ln npl`ini`ùd prîit`in sg prîit`in sg suglgd rgprgsgdtnr hgl s`eu`gdtg kaha? 2J2 ; 22.66 Π >,7J ; >.766 Π 8J5 ; 8,5J ; 8.566 Π >6J ; >6.666 Π 2K2 ; 2. 266.666 Π
>.9.2. Xalgrndi`n
Ln talgrndi`n `dh`in talgrndi`n `dh`in las vnlargs kîx`ka y këd`ka gdtrg las iunlgs gstnrî iakprgdh`ha su vnlar ùmk`ia rgnl . Yg gxprgsn gd tndta par i`gdta (%). (%) . @dh`in ln prgi`s`ùd hgl iakpadgdtg , hg carkn qug iundha ln talgrndi`n prgsgdtn ud vnlar erndhg ln rgs`stgdi`n gs paia prgi`sn , y iundha ln talgrndi`n prgsgdtn ud vnlar pgqugþa ln rgs`stgdi`n gs kîs prgi`sn . Gogkpla? Yg Gogkpla? Yg qu`grgd hgtgrk`dnr las vnlargs gd qug pughg gstnr iakprgdh`hn udn rgs`stgdi`n hg >66 Π, s` gl cnbr`indtg nsgeurn qug àstn pas gg udn talgrndi`n hgl ¾ =%. Hntas? R ; >66 ℣
Xalgrndi`n ; ¾ =% Apgrni`adgs? K nre gd Q hg Q grrar >66 x
= >66
=
Gl =% hg >66 Π gs gxnitnkgdtg = Π.
Las vnlargs businhas sad? Skëd ; >66 - = ; 02 Π Skîx ; >66 + = ; >6= Π
Yalui`ùd? Skëd ; 02 ℣ y Skîx ; >6= ℣ Y` dasatras rgnl`zîsgkas nmarn udn vgr`c`ini`ùd hgl vnlar ùmk`ia hg gstn rgs`stgdi`n iad ud ùmkgtra hg prgi`s`ùd y abtuv`àsgkas ud rgsultnha kgdar qug 02 Π a knyar qug >6= Π, ln kgh`hn
kastrnrën qug h`imn rgs`stgdi`n da iukplg iad ln talgrndi`n talgr ndi`n knrinhn.
Lns talgrndi`ns gstîd talgrndi`ns gstîd darknl`znhns, hg tnl carkn qug sùla gx`stgd gd gl kgrinha rgs`stgdi`ns iad las s`eu`gdtgs vnlargs? ¾ 6,7%, ¾ > %, ¾ 2%, ¾ 7%, ¾ >6% ¾ 26%, ¾ 76% ¾ 6,7% y ¾ >% pnrn rgs`stgdi`ns hg ernd prgi`s`ùd . ¾ 2%, ¾ 7% y ¾ >6% sad lns kîs ut`l`znhns gd ln prîit`in . ¾ 26% y ¾ 76% gstîd prîit`inkgdtg gd hgsusa .
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 3 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
>.9.9. Vatgdi`n dak`dnl
Ln patgdi`n dak`dnl `dh`in dak`dnl `dh`in ln patgdi`n kîx`kn n ln qug gs inpnz hg trnbnonr trnbnonr s`d qug sg prahuzin ud sabrginlgdtnk`gdta gxigs`va . Gsta gs, gl vnlar hg ln patgdi`n qug gl iakpadgdtg pughg h`s`pnr hg kndgrn iadt`dun s`d sucr`r hgtgr`ara . H`imn patgdi`n, n su vgz, hgpgdhgrî hg las vnlargs hg tgds`ùd g `dtgds`hnh n n qug gstà sakgt`hn. Yg gxprgsn gd vnt`as (U). (U). Iundta knyar sgn ln patgdi`n n ln qug hgbn trnbnonr udn rgs`stgdi`n, gl inlgdtnk`gdta sgrî knyar , iarr`gdha gl r`gsea hg qug sg qugkg s` da sg h`sgþn hg carkn nhgiunhn . Lùe`inkgdtg, iundta knyar sgn gl tnknþa hg ln rgs`stgdi`n, kgoar pahrî gvniunr a h`s`pnr gl inlar qug prahuig . Gs par gstn rnzùd qug sg cnbr`ind rgs`stgdi`ns hg vnr`as tnknþas . Hg tnl carkn qug lns rgs`stgdi`ns nukgdtnd hg tnknþa hg niugrha iad ln patgdi`n n h`s`pnr . Gd gl kgrinha gx`stgd rgs`stgdi`ns qug vnd hgshg >/= hg vnt`a (6,>27 U) mnstn kîs hg >66 U. Las vnlargs darknl`znhas kîs ut`l`znhas sad? sad? >/= U, >/8 U, >/2 U, > U, 2 U,…
Gogkpla?
>.8. Atras pnrîkgtras
Gx`stgd atras pnrîkgtras qug inrnitgr`znd n lns rgs`stgdi`ns sad? Xgds`ùd lëk`tg dak`dnl. Gs dak`dnl. Gs ln kîx`kn tgds`ùd qug pughg sapartnr ln rgs`stgdi`n gd iadh`i`adgs gxtrgkns . Yg gxprgsn gd valt`as (S). (S). Xgkpgrnturn kîx`kn dak`dnl. Gs dak`dnl. Gs ln kîx`kn tgkpgrnturn qug pughg sapartnr ln rgs`stgdi`n gd iadh`i`adgs darknlgs s`d nltgrnr sus inrnitgrëst`ins . Gl tnknþa hg ln rgs`stgdi`n da hgpgdhg hg su vnlar s`da hg ln patgdi`n qug pughg h`s`pnr. Iagc`i`gdtg hg tgkpgrnturn ( )? ln rgs`stgdi`n vnrën iad ln tgkpgrnturn y hgpgdhg hgl t`pa y vnlar hg ln rgs`stgdi`n. Yg gxprgsn gd %/¶I a ppk/¶I. ppk/¶I. Gstn vnr`ni`ùd sg pughg inliulnr gd cudi`ùd hgl iagc`i`gdtg hg tgkpgrnturn? RX R26I > X
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 5 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Gogkpla? N iadt`duni`ùd, pahgkas vgr ln rglni`ùd qug gx`stg gdtrg gl tnknþa hg ln rgs`stgdi`n y Gogkpla? N ln patgdi`n qug h`s`pn. Nhgkîs, gstg vnlar vnrën gd cudi`ùd hg lns iadh`i`adgs hg tgkpgrnturn.
>.7. Iùh`ea hg ialargs Vnrn lns rgs`stgdi`ns hg nlnkbrg a hg inrbùd nelakgrnha hg > U gd nhglndtg gs cîi`l gsir`b`r gl vnlar gd su iugrpa, iugrpa , pgra pnrn las rgs`stargs kîs pgqugþas gs kuy h`cëi`l mnigrla yn qug su tnknþa la `kp`hg. Vnrn lns rgs`stgdi`ns pgqugþns hg inrbùd nelakgrnha y pglëiuln hg inrbùd hg kgdas hg > U , qug sad lns kîs ut`l`znhns gd las i`riu`tas glgitrùd`ias, gx`stg ud kàtaha hg `hgdt`c`ini`ùd kuy vgrsît`l llnknha gl iùh`ea hg ialargs. ialargs. Gstg kàtaha, qug ut`l`zn trgs, iuntra, i`dia a sg`s lëdgns hg ialargs amk`as y su prgi`s`ùd. prgi`s`ùd. p`dtnhns nlrghghar nlrghghar hgl iugrpa iugrpa hg ln rgs`stgdi`n rgs`stgdi`n , s`rvg pnrn `dh`inr su vnlar gd amk`as y
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn = hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Gl s`stgkn hg lns lëdgns hg ialargs rgsuglvg ialargs rgsuglvg has prablgkns pr`di`pnlkgdtg?
Ygrën hgkns`nha h`cëi`l vgr dÿkgras erndhgs knrinhas gd rgs`stargs pgqugþas .
>.666.666 amk`as gd ud rgs`star hg >/8 hg vnt`a da sg vgrën kuy b`gd.
Gogkpla?
Y` gl rgs`star qughn gd i`grtn pas`i`ùd gd gl i`riu`ta, da sgrën v`s`blg v` s`blg gstg dÿkgra y da sg pahrën lggr su vnlar .
Vnrn lggr gl iùh`ea hg ialargs hg udn rgs`stgdi`n, àstn sg hgbg taknr gd ln knda y ialainr hg ln s`eu`gdtg carkn? ln lëdgn a bndhn hg ialar qug gstî kîs igrin hgl barhg sg ialain n ln `zqu`grhn, qughndha egdgrnlkgdtg egdgrnlkgdtg n ln hgrgimn udn bndhn hg ialar harnha a plntgnha . Gd gl s`stgkn hg 9 bndhns, gl ialar hg ln pr`kgrn bndhn gs bndhn gs gl pr`kgr dÿkgra , gl sgeudha ialar gs gl dÿkgra hg igras a kult`pl`inhar , y gl tgrigr ialar gs ialar gs ln talgrndi`n a prgi`s`ùd . Gogkpla? Iùh`ea Gogkpla? Iùh`ea hg 9 ialargs.
Iundha lggkas gl iùh`ea hg 8 ialargs hgbgkas rgiarhnr? Ln pr`kgrn bndhn rgprgsgdtn bndhn rgprgsgdtn ln pr`kgrn i`crn . Ln sgeudhn bndhn rgprgsgdtn bndhn rgprgsgdtn ln sgeudhn i`crn . Ln tgrigrn bndhn rgprgsgdtn bndhn rgprgsgdtn gl dÿkgra hg igras qug s`eugd n las has pr`kgras dÿkgras (Y` ln tgrigrn bndhn gs dgern da mny igras gd gl dÿkgra: s` gstn bndhn gs harnhn sg h`v`hg par >6 y s` gstn bndhn gs plntgnhn sg h`v`hg par >66). Ln iunrtn bndhn rgprgsgdtn bndhn rgprgsgdtn ln talgrndi`n . Gstn gs usunlkgdtg harnhn qug rgprgsgdtn ud 7%, plntgnhn qug gs hgl >6%, incà a knrrùd `dh`in gl >%, gl raoa `dh`in ud 2% y s` da t`gdg bndhn gs hgl 26%.
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 0 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Gogkpla >? @dh`in >? @dh`in gl vnlar hg ln rgs`stgdi`n n pnrt`r hg las ialargs hg qug gstî iakpugstn.
>) 2)
9) 8)
Ln `dtgrprgtni`ùd hgl iùh`ea hg ialargs gs? Ialainkas ln rgs`stgdi`n hg ln carkn nhgiunhn, iad ln talgrndi`n gd ln pnrtg hgrgimn. Yust`tu`kas inhn ialar par su vnlar. >ª i`crn ; dnrndon ; 9 2ª i`crn ; blndia ; 0 Kult`pl`inhar ; raoa ; x >66 Xalgrndi`n ; ara ; ¾ 7% Gl vnlar dak`dnl sgrî? Sd ; 9.066 Π ¾ 7% Las vnlargs këd`ka y kîx`ka sgrîd? kîx`ka sgrîd? Snlar këd`ka ; vnlar dak`dnl - vnlar dak`dnl * Xalgrndi`n / >66 ; ; 9.066 ’ 9.066 µ 7 / >66 ; 9.567 Π Snlar kîx`ka ; vnlar dak`dnl + vnlar dak`dnl * Xalgrndi`n / >66 ; ; 9.066 + 9.066 µ 7 / >66 ; 8.607 Π
7) Gl vnlar rgnl hg ln rgs`stgdi`n sg gdiadtrnrî gdtrg 9.567 Π y 8.607 Π. Gogkpla 2? Iùh`ea 2? Iùh`ea hg 8 ialargs.
Gogkpla 9? Iùh`ea 9? Iùh`ea hg 8 ialargs.
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn >6 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Gogkpla 8? Iùh`ea 8? Iùh`ea hg 8 ialargs.
Gl iùh`ea hg lns 7 bndhns sg ut`l`zn pnrn p nrn rgs`stargs hg prgi`s`ùd nsë? nsë? Ln pr`kgrn bndhn rgprgsgdtn bndhn rgprgsgdtn ln pr`kgrn i`crn . Ln sgeudhn bndhn rgprgsgdtn bndhn rgprgsgdtn ln sgeudhn i`crn . Ln tgrigrn bndhn rgprgsgdtn bndhn rgprgsgdtn ln tgrigrn i`crn . Ln iunrtn bndhn rgprgsgdtn bndhn rgprgsgdtn gl dÿkgra hg igras qug s`eugd n las trgs pr`kgras dÿkgras . (Y` ln iunrtn bndhn gs dgern da mny igras gd gl dÿkgra, s` gstn bndhn gs harnhn sg h`v`hg par >6 y s` gstn bndhn gs plntgnhn sg h`v`hg par >66). Ln qu`dtn bndhn rgprgsgdtn bndhn rgprgsgdtn ln talgrndi`n . Gl incà a knrrùd `dh`in gl >%, gl raoa `dh`in ud 2% y s` gs vgrhg t`gdg udn talgrndi`n hgl 6.7%.
Gogkpla? Iùh`ea Gogkpla? Iùh`ea hg 7 ialargs.
Gd las rgs`stargs hg 3 bndhns, ln ÿlt`kn bndhn gspgi`c`in gl iagc`i`gdtg tàrk`ia gxprgsnha gxprgsnha gd ppk/¿I (pnrtgs par k`llùd par inhn ernha Igdtëernha). Gstg vnlar hgtgrk`dn ln gstnb`l`hnh rgs`st`vn n hgtgrk`dnhn tgkpgrnturn. Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn >> hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Gogkpla? Iakpnrni`ùd Gogkpla? Iakpnrni`ùd gdtrg las iùh`eas hg 8, 7 y 3 ialargs.
Gogkpla? @dh`in Gogkpla? @dh`in gl vnlar gd iùh`ea hg ialargs hg lns s`eu`gdtgs rgs`stgdi`ns? Snlar dak`dnl >ª i`crn 2ª i`crn Kult`pl`inhar Xalgrndi`n knrrùd dgera knrrùd ara >66 Π ¾ 7% raoa raoa knrrùd plntn 226 Π ¾ >6% 8.566 Π ¾ 7% nknr`lla v`algtn raoa ara 3=.666 Π ¾ 26% nzul er`s dnrndon s`d ialar Gogkpla? Iakplgtn gl vnlar hg inhn rgs`stgdi`n s` iadaigkas las ialargs hg qug gstî iakpugstn. Gogkpla? Iakplgtn >ª i`crn 2ª i`crn Kult`pl`inhar Xalgrndi`n Snlar dak`dnl Skîx Skëd knrrùd er`s
dgera raoa
raoa ara
ara ara
raoa
v`algtn
vgrhg
plntn
v`algtn
vgrhg
dgera
ara
>.666 Π ¾ 7% =,2 Π ¾ 7% 2.566.666 Π
>.676 Π =,3> Π
076 Π 5,50 Π
¾ >6%
2.056.666 Π
2.896.666 Π
57 Π ¾ 7%
5=,57 Π
5>,27 Π
DAXN? Gs kuy `kpartndtg prnit`inr kuima iad gstg iùh`ea mnstn qug sg nprgdhn hg kgkar`n DAXN? Gs yn qug las rgs`stargs rg s`stargs qug qu g la ut`l`znd sg gdiugdtrnd gd taha t`pa t `pa hg h g i`riu`tas. i`r iu`tas. Y` tgdgkas qug qu g iadsultnr ud l`bra a kndunl inhn vgz qug tgdenkas qug `hgdt`c`inr ud rgs`star, vnkas n pgrhgr kuima t`gkpa. Hgspuàs hg nleÿd t`gkpa hg trnbnonr gd glgitrùd`in, gstg iùh`ea sg mnig tnd cnk`l`nr qug yn sg `hgdt`c`in ud rgs`star iad sùla k`rnr brgvgkgdtg su iakb`dni`ùd hg ialargs. Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn >2 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
>.3. Nsai`ni`ùd hg rgs`stgdi`ns
Lns rgs`stgdi`ns glgitrùd`ins sg glgitrùd`ins sg pughgd niaplnr a iadgitnr gdtrg së hg h`cgrgdtgs carkns? Niaplnk`gdta hg rgs`stgdi`ns gd sgr`g. Niaplnk`gdta hg rgs`stgdi`ns gd pnrnlgla a gd hgr`vni`ùd. Niaplnk`gdta k`xta hg rgs`stgdi`ns.
>.3.>. Nsai`ni`ùd hg rgs`stgdi`ns gd sgr`g
Yg h`ig qug ud iadoudta hg rgs`stgdi`ns gstî iadgitnha gd sgr`g iundha sgr`g iundha ln snl`hn hg udn gstî iadgitnhn iad ln gdtrnhn hg ln s`eu`gdtg , y nsë suigs`vnkgdtg mnstn abtgdgr has ÿd`ias bardgs qug sg iadgitnd n ln tgds`ùd hg nl`kgdtni`ùd.
Vnrn inliulnr ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg hg gqu`vnlgdtg hg ln nsai`ni`ùd sg npl`in ln gxprgs`ùd s`eu`gdtg? RX R> R2 ... Rd
Gogkpla? Inliuln Gogkpla? Inliuln ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg hg trgs rgs`stgdi`ns iadgitnhns gd sgr`g.
Hntas? R> ; > J℣ R2 ; 2,2 J℣ R9 ; 9,0 J℣ Apgrni`adgs? Gl iîliula hgl vnlar rgsultndtg hg iadgitnr vnr`ns rgs`stgdi`ns gd sgr`g gs tnd s`kplg iaka ln sukn hg sus vnlargs. RX ; ; R> + R2 + R9 ; > JΠ + 2,2 JΠ + 9,0 JΠ ; 5,> JΠ Yalui`ùd? RX ; 5,> JΠ Yùla s` tahns lns rgs`stgdi`ns sad hgl k`ska vnlar sg pughg usnr gstn atrn cùrkuln? RX R R ... R D R
Hadhg D gs gl dÿkgra hg rgs`stgdi`ns `eunlgs . Gogkpla? Inliuln ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg hg i`dia rgs`stgdi`ns hg 7 Π iadgitnhns gd sgr`g. Hntas? 7 hg R ; 7 ℣
Apgrni`adgs? RX ; R + R + R + R + R ;7 µ R ; 7 µ 7 ; 27 ℣ Yalui`ùd? RX ; 27 Π Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn >9 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
>.3.2. Nsai`ni`ùd hg rgs`stgdi`ns gd pnrnlgla
Yg h`ig qug ud iadoudta hg rgs`stgdi`ns gstî iadgitnha gd pnrnlgla iundha pnrnlgla iundha tahns lns snl`hns gstîd iadgitnhns n ud pudta iakÿd y tahns lns gdtrnhns n atra , hg carkn qug sùla mny has bardgs qug sg iadgitnd n ln tgds`ùd hg nl`kgdtni`ùd.
Vnrn inliulnr ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg hg gqu`vnlgdtg hg ln nsai`ni`ùd sg npl`in ln gxprgs`ùd s`eu`gdtg? >
RX
>
R>
>
R2
...
>
:
Rd
>
RX
>
R>
>
R2
...
>
Rd
Xnkb`àd sg pughg inliulnr iad atrn gxprgs`ùd kîs cîi`l (sùla iad has rgs`stgdi`ns)? rgs`stgdi`ns )? RX
R> R2 R> R2
Gogkpla? Inliuln Gogkpla? Inliuln ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg hg trgs rgs`stgdi`ns r gs`stgdi`ns iadgitnhns gd pnrnlgla.
Hntas?
cùrkuln?
R> ; > J℣ R2 ; 2,2 J℣ R9 ; 9,0 J℣ Apgrni`adgs? Gl iîliula hgl vnlar rgsultndtg hg iadgitnr vnr`ns rgs`stgdi`ns gd pnrnlgla gs usndha ln >
RX >
RX
>
R>
>
R2
>
R9
> > J
> 2,2 J
> 9,0 J
6,66> 6,66687 6,66623 6,66>5> > >,5>k >
RX
> 6,66>5>>
7=8,50 6,7=850 J
Yalui`ùd? RX ; 7=8,50 Π ; 6,7=850 JΠ Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn >8 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Yùla s` tahns lns rgs`stgdi`ns sad hgl k`ska vnlar sg pughg usnr gstn atrn cùrkuln? >
RX
>
R
>
R
...
>
R
D
>
R
D R
:
RX
>
D
>
R D
R
Hadhg D gs gl dÿkgra hg rgs`stgdi`ns `eunlgs . Gogkpla? Inliuln Gogkpla? Inliuln ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg hg i`dia rgs`stg di`ns hg 7 Π iadgitnhns gd pnrnlgla. Hntas? 7 hg R ; 7 ℣
Apgrni`adgs? >
RX
RX
> 7
>
>
>
>
7
7
7
7
>
> >
7 7
>>
>
Yalui`ùd? RX ; > Π >.3.9. Nsai`ni`ùd k`xtn hg rgs`stgdi`ns
Yg h`ig qug ud iadoudta hg rgs`stgdi`ns gstî iadgitnha hg carkn k`xtn k`xtn iundha mny rgs`stgdi`ns gd sgr`g y gd pnrnlgla .
Vnrn inliulnr ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg hg gqu`vnlgdtg hg ln nsai`ni`ùd sg salui`adnd `dhgpgdh`gdtgkgdtg las kadtnogs sgr`g y pnrnlgla qug la iakpadend, mnstn abtgdgr ud i`riu`ta ÿd`ia qug sg rgsuglvg kgh`ndtg ln gxprgs`ùd iarrgspadh`gdtg .
Gogkpla? Inliuln Gogkpla? Inliuln ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg hg vnr`ns rgs`stgdi`ns iadgitnhns gd sgr`g-pnrnlgla.
Hntas? R> ; 22 ℣ R2 ; >7 ℣ R9 ; >6 ℣ R8 ; >2 ℣ R7 ; 99 ℣ Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn >7 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Apgrni`adgs? Mny has carkns hg rgsalvgrla? >) Vr`kgra, inliulnkas ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg hg R 9 9 y gstîd gd sgr`g? sgr`g? R 8 8 qug
R98 ; R9 + R8 ; >6 + >2 ; 22 ℣ Hgspuàs, inliulnkas ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg hg R 2 2 y pnrnlgla? R 98 98 qug gstîd gd pnrnlgla?
>
R298
R298
>
R2
>
R98
> 6,>>2
>
> >7
> 22
6,635 6,687 6,>>2 >
=,09
Var ÿlt`ka, inliulnkas ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg hg R > >, R 298 gstîd gd sgr`g? sgr`g? 298 y R 7 7 qug
RX ; ; R>2987 ; R> + R298 + R7 ; 22 + =,09 + 99 ; 39,09 ℣ 2) A b`gd? RX 22
> > >7
>
99 39,02
>6 >2
Yalui`ùd? RX ; 39,02 Π
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn >3 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
2. NYAI@NI@ÙD HG IAKVADGDXGY GD WD I@RIW@XA Iaka yn mgkas v`sta, pnrn carknr ud i`riu`ta glàitr`ia sgdi`lla, sgdi`lla, dgigs`tnkas, gdtrg atras iakpadgdtgs, ud egdgrnhar, ud glgkgdta hg iadtral y ud rgigptar . Y` sg t`gdgd vnr`as egdgrnhargs, glgkgdtas hg iadtral y/a rgigptargs , gs pas`blg h`spadgrlas hg trgs kndgrns h`cgrgdtgs? Iadgx`ùd a nsai`ni`ùd gd sgr`g. Iadgx`ùd a nsai`ni`ùd gd pnrnlgla a hgr`vni`ùd. Iadgx`ùd a nsai`ni`ùd k`xtn. Wd i`riu`ta gqu`vnlgdtg gqu`vnlgdtg gs udn s`kpl`c`ini`ùd hgl i`riu`ta pr`k`t`va qug prahuig las k`skas gcgitas qug nqugl gd su iadoudta y qug das pgrk`tg rgnl`znr gl iîliula hgl k`ska hg carkn sgdi`lln. Gl iîliula hg lns kned`tuhgs glàitr`ins qug sg hnd gd las i`riu`tas, iaka tgds`ùd, `dtgds`hnh, rgs`stgdi`n y patgdi`n, patgdi`n , hgpgdhg hg ln carkn gd qug gstîd niaplnhas las rgigptargs . Gl iîliula hg gstns kned`tuhgs das sgrî hg kuimn ut`l`hnh pnrn sglgii`adnr nhgiunhnkgdtg las iakpadgdtgs glgitrùd`ias gd ud i`riu`ta . Nhgkîs, das nyuhnrî n gvnlunr lns pas`blgs nvgrëns qug sg hgd gd las k`skas .
9. NYAI@NI@ÙD HG RGY@YXGDI@NY GD WD I@RIW@XA
Lns rgs`stgdi`ns glgitrùd`ins sg glgitrùd`ins sg pughgd niaplnr a iadgitnr gdtrg së hg h`cgrgdtgs carkns? Niaplnk`gdta hg rgs`stgdi`ns gd sgr`g. Niaplnk`gdta hg rgs`stgdi`ns gd pnrnlgla a gd hgr`vni`ùd. Niaplnk`gdta k`xta hg rgs`stgdi`ns.
9.>. Nsai`ni`ùd hg rgs`stgdi`ns gd sgr`g Yg h`ig qug ud iadoudta hg rgs`stgdi`ns gstî iadgitnha gd sgr`g iundha sgr`g iundha ln snl`hn hg udn gstî iadgitnhn iad ln gdtrnhn hg ln s`eu`gdtg , y nsë suigs`vnkgdtg mnstn abtgdgr has ÿd`ias bardgs qug sg iadgitnd n ln tgds`ùd hg nl`kgdtni`ùd. Gogkpla? Iadgx`ùd Gogkpla? Iadgx`ùd hg has bakb`llns gd sgr`g.
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn >5 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Gd gl s`eu`gdtg gsqugkn, sg mnd rgprgsgdtnha vnr`ns rgs`stgdi`ns (R >, R2, R9, iadgitnhns gd sgr`g. sgr`g.
…,
Rd)
9.>.>. Rgsalui`ùd hgl i`riu`ta
>) Rgs`stgdi`n tatnl (R X)? Gl vnlar hg ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg gqu`vnlgdtg hg hg ud erupa hg rgs`stgdi`ns iadgitnhns gd sgr`g gs ln sukn hg las vnlargs hg tahas las rgs`stargs . Var tndta, ln rgs`stgdi`n tatnl (R X) sgrî? RX R> R2 ... Rd
Yùla s` tahns lns rgs`stgdi`ns sad hgl k`ska vnlar sg pughg usnr gstn atrn cùrkuln? RX R R ... R D R
Hadhg D gs gl dÿkgra hg rgs`stgdi`ns `eunlgs . 2) @dtgds`hnh tatnl (@ X)? Ln iarr`gdtg glàitr`in gs glàitr`in gs ln k`skn gd tahas las pudtas hgl i`riu`ta . Gs hgi`r, ln iarr`gdtg sùla t`gdg ud ÿd`ia ink`da pnrn llgenr nl pudta hg h g pnrt`hn, s`d `kpartnr las glgkgdtas `dtgrkgh`as. Var tndta, ln `dtgds`hnh tatnl (@ X) gd ud i`riu`ta sgr`g, gs ln k`skn gd inhn rgs`stgdi`n . @ X @ > @ 2 ... @ d
Gl vnlar hg ln `dtgds`hnh gd gl i`riu`ta gqu`vnlgdtg gs gqu`vnlgdtg gs gl k`ska qug gd gl i`riu`ta ar`e`dnl y sg inliuln iad ln lgy hg Amk? @ X
S X RX
±Var quà ln `dtgds`hnh qug ntrnv`gsn tahns lns rgs`stgdi`ns gs ln k`skn1
Ln iarr`gdtg glàitr`in gs ud cluoa hg glgitradgs qug , gd gstg insa, sg gstnblgig par gl egdgrnhar, gl iadhuitar y lns trgs rgs`stgdi`ns . Iaka las glgitradgs da sg qughnd niukulnhas gd d`deÿd pudta hgl i`riu`ta, las k`skas qug gdtrnd par gl tgrk`dnl hg udn rgs`stgdi`n, snlgd par atra tgrk`dnl hg àstn, pnrn, n iadt`duni`ùd, gdtrnr par gl tgrk`dnl hg ln s`eu`gdtg s`eu `gdtg rgs`stgdi`n, y nsë suigs`vnkgdtg.
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn >= hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
9) Xgds`ùd tatnl (S X)? Ln tgds`ùd hgl egdgrnhar egdgrnhar sg rgpnrtg prapari`adnlkgdtg nl vnlar hg inhn rgs`stgdi`n. Gsta qu`grg hgi`r qug iundta knyar sgn gl vnlar ùmk`ia hg ln rgs`stgdi`n, knyar sgrî ln inëhn hg tgds`ùd gd glln . S > R> @ > S 2 R2 @ 2 …
S d Rd @ d
Var tndta, ln tgds`ùd tatnl (S X) gs `eunl n ln sukn hg lns h`st`dtns inëhns hg tgds`ùd y sgrî? S X S > S 2 ... S d
A tnkb`àd, sg inliuln iad ln lgy hg Amk? S X RX @ X
DAXN? Y` DAXN? Y` lns rgs`stgdi`ns sad rgs`stgdi`ns sad `eunlgs, gx`stg ln k`skn inëhn hg tgds`ùd gd inhn udn hg gllns . ±Var quà sg rgpnrtg ln tgds`ùd gdtrg lns rgs`stgdi`ns1
Ln tgds`ùd qug npnrgig gdtrg has pudtas hg ud i`riu`ta sureg erni`ns n ln h`cgrgdi`n hg inrens qug gx`stg gdtrg gllas . Ynbgkas qug gstn h`cgrgdi`n hg inrens gs ln qug prahuig ln cugrzn qug `kpulsn n kavgrsg n las glgitradgs hg ud pudta n atra hgl i`riu`ta. Gd ud i`riu`ta gd sgr`g ln cugrzn qug pravain ln tgds`ùd hgl iadoudta `rî pgrh`gdha su gcgita, nl rgnl`znr suigs`vas trnbnoas gd lns rgs`stgdi`ns iadgitnhns gd sgr`g, y prahui`rî la qug sg iadaig iaka inëhn hg tgds`ùd gd inhn uda hg gllas. Lùe`inkgdtg, inbg pgdsnr qug, nl sgr `eunl ln iarr`gdtg pnrn tahns lns rgs`stgdi`ns, dgigs`tnrîd kîs cugrzn hg `kpuls`ùd (kîs tgds`ùd) nquàllas qug tgdend knyar rgs`stgdi`n glàitr`in.
8) Vatgdi`n tatnl (V X)? Hg kaha ndîlaea n la qug aiurrg iad las valtnogs, suighg iad lns l ns patgdi`ns. patgdi`ns. V X V > V 2 ... V d
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn >0 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
9.>.2. Gogkpla
Inliuln ln tgds`ùd, `dtgds`hnh y patgdi`n hg inhn udn hg lns rgs`stgdi`ns, `dilu`hn ln tatnl, iadgitnhns gd sgr`g. Nhgkîs, rgnl`zn lns kgh`hns iad gl palëkgtra. palë kgtra.
9.>.2.>. Rgsalui`ùd hgl i`riu`ta hg carkn tgùr`in
Hntas? R> ; >76 ℣ R2 ; 22 J℣ ; 22.6 66 ℣ R9 ; 8,5 J℣ ; 8.566 ℣ SX ; ; SII ; >2 S Apgrni`adgs? >) R, @, S tatnl? Vr`kgra, inliulnkas ln rgs`stgdi`n tatnl? tatnl? RX R> R2 R9 >76 22.666 8.566 23.=76
N iadt`duni`ùd, inliulnkas ln `dtgds`hnh tatnl, tatnl, npl`indha ln lgy hg Amk ? @ X
S X RX
>2S 23.=76
6,666885 N 6,885kN
P hgspuàs inliulnkas ln patgdi`n tatnl, tatnl, usndha ln lgy hg Untt ? V X S X @ X >2S 6,666885 N 6,66793U
2) R, @, S pnri`nl? Vr`kgra, inliulnkas ln `dtgds`hnh qug i`riuln gd lns trgs rgs`stgdi`ns? rgs`stgdi`ns ? @ X @ > @ 2 @ 9 6,666885 N
N iadt`duni`ùd, inliulnkas ln inëhn hg tgds`ùd gd lns trgs rgs`stgdi`ns? rgs`stgdi`ns ? S > R> @ > >76 6,666885 N 6,635S S 2 R2 @ 2 22.666 6,666885 N 0,=9S S 9 R9 @ 9 8.566 6,666885 N 2,>6S
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 26 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Iakprabnkas? S X S > S 2 S 9 6,635S 0,=9S 2,>6S >>,005S >2S
P, par ÿlt`ka, inliulnkas ln patgdi`n gd lns trgs rgs`stgdi`ns? rgs`stgdi`ns ? V > S > @ > 6,635S 6,666885 N 6,6666200U V 2 S 2 @ 2 0,=9S 6,666885 N 6,66890U V 9 S 9 @ 9 2,>6S 6,666885 N 6,66609=U
Iakprabnkas? V X V > V 2 V 9 6,6666200U 6,66890U 6,66609=U 6,667325U
Yalui`ùd? RX ; ; 23.=76 Π : @X ; ; 6,885 kN : S X ; ; >2 S : V X ; ; 6,66793 U S> ; 6,635 S : S 2 ; 0,=9 S : S 9 ; 2,>6 S : @ > ; @2 ; @9 ; @X ; ; 6,885 kN V> ; 6,6666200 U : V 2 ; 6,66890 U : V 9 ; 6,66609= U 9.>.2.2. Carkn prîit`in. Kgh`hns iad gl palëkgtra
Kgh`hn hg ln rgs`stgdi`n tatnl (R X)
Kgh`hn hg ln tgds`ùd S >
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Kgh`hn hg ln `dtgds`hnh tatnl (@ X)
Kgh`hn hg ln tgds`ùd S 2
Kgh`hn hg ln tgds`ùd S 9
Vîe`dn 2> hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
9.>.9. Iadgx`ùd gd plnin pratabanrh
Gogkpla? I`riu`ta Gogkpla? I`riu`ta hg has rgs`stgdi`ns iadgitnhns gd sgr`g.
9.2. Nsai`ni`ùd hg rgs`stgdi`ns gd pnrnlgla Yg h`ig qug ud iadoudta hg rgs`stgdi`ns gstî iadgitnha gd pnrnlgla iundha pnrnlgla iundha tahns lns snl`hns gstîd iadgitnhns n ud pudta iakÿd y tahns lns gdtrnhns n atra , hg carkn qug sùla mny has bardgs qug sg iadgitnd n ln tgds`ùd hg nl`kgdtni`ùd. Gogkpla? Iadgx`ùd Gogkpla? Iadgx`ùd hg has bakb`llns gd pnrnlgla.
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 22 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Gd gl s`eu`gdtg gsqugkn, sg mnd rgprgsgdtnha vnr`ns rgs`stgdi`ns (R >, R2, R9, iadgitnhns gd pnrnlgla. pnrnlgla .
…, R d)
9.2.>. Rgsalui`ùd hgl i`riu`ta
>) Rgs`stgdi`n tatnl (R X)? Gl vnlar hg ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg hg gqu`vnlgdtg hg ud erupa hg rgs`stgdi`ns iadgitnhns gd pnrnlgla gs ln `dvgrsn hg ln sukn hg lns `dvgrsns hg tahas las rgs`stargs . Var tndta, ln rgs`stgdi`n tatnl (R X) sgrî? >
RX
>
R>
>
R2
...
>
Rd
:
RX
> >
R>
>
R2
...
>
Rd
Y` sg t`gdgd sùla has rgs`stgdi`ns, rgs`stgdi`ns , sg pughg inliulnr iad atrn gxprgs`ùd kîs cîi`l? RX
R> R2 R> R2
Yùla s` tahns lns rgs`stgdi`ns sad hgl k`ska vnlar sg pughg usnr gstn atrn cùrkuln? >
RX
>
R
>
R
...
>
R
D
>
R
D R
:
RX
>
D
>
R D
R
Hadhg D gs gl dÿkgra hg rgs`stgdi`ns `eunlgs . ±Iùka sg hgtgrk`dn ln rgs`stgdi`n tatnl a gqu`vnlgdtg1
Ynbgkas qug @X ; @> + @2 + … + @d : sust`tuygdha gd gstn gxprgs`ùd las vnlargs hg lns `dtgds`hnhgs pnri`nlgs par su `eunlhnh, tgdgkas qug? @ X
S X R>
S X R2
...
S X Rd
P snindha cnitar iakÿd n S? >
@ X S X
R>
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
>
R2
...
>
Rd Vîe`dn 29 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Var atra lnha, snbgkas qug pnrn inliulnr ln iarr`gdtg glàitr`in qug suk`d`strn gl egdgrnhar nl iadoudta hgl i`riu`ta, tgdhrgkas qug tgdgr gd iugdtn ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg (R X ),), qug gs ln qug prahuig las k`skas gcgitas qug tahns lns rgs`stgdi`ns niaplnhns gd pnrnlgla. S X
@ X
RX
S X
>
RX
Y` nmarn iakpnrnkas lns has gxprgs`adgs ndtgr`args, pahgrdas llgenr n ln s`eu`gdtg `eunlhnh? S X
> > > > > > > : S X ... ... RX Rd RX R> R2 Rd R> R2 >
P hgspgondha? >
RX
>
R>
>
R2
...
>
Rd
2) Xgds`ùd tatnl (S X)? Ln tgds`ùd hgl egdgrnhar gs egdgrnhar gs ln k`skn gd tahas las rgs`stargs . ±Var quà ln tgds`ùd gs ln k`skn gd tahns lns rgs`stgdi`ns1
Iaka lns rgs`stgdi`ns gstîd iadgitnhns n las k`skas pudtas N y B, tahns gllns gstîd sakgt`hns n ln k`skn tgds`ùd. Var la qug ln tgds`ùd gd las gxtrgkas hg las rgs`stargs gs rgs`stargs gs ln k`skn pnrn tahas . Var tndta, ln tgds`ùd tatnl (S X) gd ud i`riu`ta pnrnlgla, gs ln k`skn gd inhn rgs`stgdi`n . S X S > S 2 ... S d
Gl vnlar hg ln tgds`ùd gd gl i`riu`ta gqu`vnlgdtg (S X) gs gl k`ska qug gd gl i`riu`ta ar`e`dnl y sg inliuln iad ln lgy hg Amk? S X RX @ X
9) @dtgds`hnh tatnl (@ X)? Ln iarr`gdtg glàitr`in sg rgpnrtg par inhn udn hg lns rnkns hg ln nsai`ni`ùd , gs hgi`r, sg h`v`hg y i`riuln par vnr`as ink`das. Gx`stg udn b`curini`ùd qug das pgrk`tg gsiaegr ud ink`da u atra. Gl pudta hadhg sg pughg gsiaegr ud ink`da u atra sg hgdak`dn “duha‛ (par gogkpla, gl pudta N). Ln `dtgds`hnh `dtgds`hnh sg rgpnrtg `dvgrsnkgdtg nl vnlar hg inhn rgs`stgdi`n. Gsta qu`grg hgi`r qug iundta knyar sgn gl vnlar hg ln rgs`stgdi`n, kgdar sgrî ln `dtgds`hnh qug i`riulg par glln . @ > @ 2
S X R> S X R2
… @ d
S X Rd
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 28 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Var tndta, ln `dtgds`hnh tatnl (@ X) gs `eunl n ln sukn hg lns h`st`dtns inëhns hg tgds`ùd y sgrî? @ X @ > @ 2 ... @ d ±Var quà sg rgpnrtg ln `dtgds`hnh gdtrg lns rgs`stgdi`ns1
Ln rnzùd hg qug sg iukpln gstn gxprgs`ùd gs qug las glgitradgs qug gdtrnd gd gl duha N da qughnd niukulnhas gd àl, par la qug tahn ln `dtgds`hnh @ X qug qug gdtrn nl duha t`gdg tnkb`àd qug snl`r y la mnrî par gl duha B. A tnkb`àd, sg inliuln iad ln lgy hg Amk? @ X
S X RX
DAXN? Y` DAXN? Y` lns rgs`stgdi`ns sad rgs`stgdi`ns sad `eunlgs, gx`stg ln k`skn `dtgds`hnh gd inhn udn hg gllns . 8) Vatgdi`n tatnl (V X)? Ln patgdi`n tatnl gs tatnl gs ln sukn hg lns patgdi`ns `dh`v`hunlgs gd inhn rgs`star . V X V > V 2 ... V d
9.2.2. Gogkpla
Inliuln ln tgds`ùd, `dtgds`hnh y patgdi`n hg inhn udn hg lns rgs`stgdi`ns, `dilu`hn ln tatnl, iadgitnhns gd pnrnlgla. Nhgkîs, rgnl`zn lns kgh`hns iad gl palëkgtra.
9.2.2.>. Rgsalui`ùd hgl i`riu`ta hg carkn tgùr`in
Hntas? R> ; >76 ℣ R2 ; 22 J℣ ; 22 .666 ℣ R9 ; 8,5 J℣ ; 8.566 ℣ SX ; ; SII ; >2 S
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 27 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Apgrni`adgs? >) R, @, S tatnl? Vr`kgra, inliulnkas ln rgs`stgdi`n tatnl? tatnl? RX
>
R>
> >
R2
>
> >76
R9
> > 22.666
>
>88,8>
8.566
N iadt`duni`ùd, inliulnkas ln `dtgds`hnh tatnl, tatnl, npl`indha ln lgy hg Amk ? @ X
S X RX
>2S >88,8>
6,6=9> N =9,>kN
P hgspuàs inliulnkas ln patgdi`n tatnl, tatnl, usndha ln lgy hg Untt ? V X S X @ X >2S 6,66=9> N 6,00U
2) R, @, S pnri`nl? Vr`kgra, inliulnkas ln inëhn hg tgds`ùd gd lns trgs rgs`stgdi`ns? rgs`stgdi`ns ? S X S > S 2 S 9 >2S
N iadt`duni`ùd, inliulnkas ln `dtgds`hnh qug i`riuln gd lns trgs rgs`stgdi`ns? rgs`stgdi`ns ? @ > @ 2 @ 9
S > R> S 2 R2 S 9 R9
>2S >76
6,6= N
>2S 22.666 >2S 8.566
6,666787 N 6,787kN
6,66277 N 2,77kN
Iakprabnkas? @ X @ > @ 2 @ 9 6,6= N 6 ,666787 N 6,66277 N 6,6=9> N
P, par ÿlt`ka, inliulnkas ln patgdi`n gd lns trgs rgs`stgdi`ns? rgs`stgdi`ns ? V > S > @ > >2S 6,6= N 6,03U V 2 S 2 @ 2 >2S 6,666787 N 6,666378U V 9 S 9 @ 9 >2S 6,66277 N 6,6963U
Iakprabnkas? V X V > V 2 V 9 6,03U 6,666378U 6,6963U 6,00U
Yalui`ùd? RX ; ; >88,8> Π : @X ; ; =9,> kN : S X ; ; >2 S : V X ; ; 6,00 U S> ; S2 ; S9 ; SX ; ; >2 S : @ > ; 6,6= N : @ 2 ; 6,666787 N : @ 9 ; 6,66277 N V> ; 6,03 U : V 2 ; 6,666378 U : V 9 ; 6,6963 U
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 23 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
9.2.2.2. Carkn prîit`in. Kgh`hns iad gl palëkgtra
Kgh`hn hg ln rgs`stgdi`n tatnl (R X)
Kgh`hn hg ln tgds`ùd tatnl (S X)
Kgh`hn hg ln `dtgds`hnh tatnl (@ X)
Kgh`hn hg ln `dtgds`hnh @ >
Kgh`hn hg ln `dtgds`hnh @ 2
Kgh`hn hg ln `dtgds`hnh @ 9
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 25 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
9.2.9. Iadgx`ùd gd plnin pratabanrh
Gogkpla? I`riu`ta Gogkpla? I`riu`ta hg has rgs`stgdi`ns iadgitnhns gd pnrnlgla.
9.9. Iakpnrnt`vn gdtrg iadgx`ùd gd sgr`g y pnrnlgla Iadgx`ùd gd sgr`g
Inrnitgrëst`ins? Ln iadgx`ùd gd sgr`g rgprgsgdtn ln cudi`ùd lùe`in “P‛ . Ln `dtgds`hnh gs ln k`skn. Ln tgds`ùd vnrën pnrn inhn rgs`stgdi`n. Ln RX nukgdtn. nukgdtn. Vrablgkns? Y` nleudn hg lns rgs`stgdi`ns sg cudhg, sg nbrg gl i`riu`ta, gs hgi`r, sg `dtgrrukpg tatnlkgdtg ln i`riulni`ùd hg iarr`gdtg. Y` has bakb`llns sg ialaind gd sgr`g, br`llnd kgdas parqug ln tgds`ùd sg rgpnrtg.
Npl`ini`ùd? Las caqu`tas qug nhardnd ud îrbal hg Dnv`hnh. Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Iadgx`ùd gd pnrnlgla
Inrnitgrëst`ins? Ln iadgx`ùd gd pnrnlgla rgprgsgdtn ln cudi`ùd lùe`in “A‛ . Ln `dtgds`hnh vnrën pnrn inhn rgs`stgdi`n. Ln tgds`ùd gs ln k`skn. Ln RX h`sk`duyg. h`sk`duyg. Vrablgkns? Iundha udn rgs`stgdi`n sg cudhg, ln iarr`gdtg glàitr`in s`eug cluygdha par lns atrns rgs`stgdi`ns. Y` has bakb`llns sg ialaind gd pnrnlgla, br`llnd kîs qug gd sgr`g parqug ln tgds`ùd gs ln hg ln p`ln. Npl`ini`ùd? @dstnlni`ùd glàitr`in hg ln insn. Vîe`dn 2= hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
9.8. Nsai`ni`ùd k`xtn hg rgs`stgdi`ns Yg h`ig qug ud iadoudta hg rgs`stgdi`ns gstî iadgitnha hg carkn k`xtn k`xtn iundha mny rgs`stgdi`ns gd sgr`g y gd pnrnlgla . Gogkplas? >) Vnrt`kas hg ud i`riu`ta k`xta y la iadvgrt`kas gd ud i`riu`ta i`r iu`ta pnrnlgla?
2) Vnrt`kas hg ud i`riu`ta k`xta y la iadvgrt`kas gd ud i`riu`ta i`r iu`ta sgr`g?
Var tndta, n ln marn hg ndnl`znr las i`riu`tas mnbrî qug iadvgrt`rlas n ud i`riu`ta pnrnlgla a sgr`g, y nsë pahgr ut`l`znr lns cùrkulns v`stns ndtgr`arkgdtg. 9.8.>. Rgsalui`ùd hgl i`riu`ta
>) Gd pr`kgr luenr, sg hgbg inliulnr ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg (R X) hg ln nsai`ni`ùd. Vnrn inliulnr ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg (R X) hg ln nsai`ni`ùd sg salui`adnd `dhgpgdh`gdtgkgdtg `dhgpgdh`gdtgkgdtg las kadtnogs sgr`g y pnrnlgla qug la iakpadend, mnstn abtgdgr ud i`riu`ta s`kplg iad udn saln rgs`stgdi`n .
Vnrn glla, mny qug h`buonr suigs`vnkgdtg las dugvas i`riu`tas gqu`vnlgdtgs abtgd`has, `dh`indha lns kned`tuhgs iadai`hns y hgsiadai`hns. 2) N iadt`duni`ùd, sg praighg nl iîliula hg ln `dtgds`hnh tatnl (@ X) gd gl i`riu`ta gqu`vnlgdtg sg inliuln iad ln lgy hg Amk? @ X
S X RX
9) C`dnlkgdtg, sg inliulnd lns inëhns hg tgds`ùd pnri`nlgs (S >, S2, inhn rnkn (@>, @2, …, @d) hgl i`riu`ta ar`e`dnl.
…, Sd) y
8) Var ÿlt`ka, sg abt`gdgd ln patgdi`n qug mny gd inhn rgs`star (V >, V2, Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
lns `dtgds`hnhgs pnrn
…, V d).
Vîe`dn 20 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
9.8.2. Gogkpla
Inliuln ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg hg vnr`ns rgs`stgdi`ns iadgitnhns gd sgr`g-pnrnlgla.
9.8.2.>. Rgsalui`ùd hgl i`riu`ta hg carkn tgùr`in
Hntas? R> ; >76 ℣ R2 ; 22 J℣ ; 22.666 ℣ R9 ; 8,5 J℣ ; 8.566 ℣ SX ; ; SII ; >2 S Apgrni`adgs? >) R, @, S tatnl? Vr`kgra, inliulnkas ln rgs`stgdi`n tatnl? tatnl?
n) Vr`kgra, inliulnkas ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg hg R 2 2 y gstîd gd pnrnlgla? pnrnlgla? R 9 9 qug
Iaka R2 y R9 gstîd ilnrnkgdtg iadgitnhns gd pnrnlgla hgtgrk`dnkas su rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg qug llnknkas R 29? R29
R2 R9 R2 R9
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
22.666 8.566 22.666 8.566
9.=52,33
Vîe`dn 96 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
b) Hgspuàs, inliulnkas ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg hg R > > y sgr`g? R 29 29 qug gstîd gd sgr`g?
Iaka R> y R29 gstîd ilnrnkgdtg iadgitnhns gd sgr`g hgtgrk`dnkas su rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg qug llnknkas R >29? RX ; ; R>29 ; R> + R29 ; >76 ℣ + 9.=52,33 ℣ ; 8.622,33 ℣ N iadt`duni`ùd, inliulnkas ln `dtgds`hnh tatnl, tatnl, npl`indha ln lgy hg Amk ?
@ X
S X RX
>2S 8.622,33
6,6620=9 N 2,0=9kN
P hgspuàs inliulnkas ln patgdi`n tatnl, tatnl, usndha ln lgy hg Untt ? V X S X @ X >2S 6,6620=9 N 6,693U
2) @, S pnri`nl? Vr`kgra, inliulnkas ln inëhn hg tgds`ùd gd ln rgs`stgdi`n tatnl? tatnl ?
SX ; ; SII ; >2 S
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 9> hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
N iadt`duni`ùd, inliulnkas ln inëhn hg tgds`ùd gd lns trgs rgs`stgdi`ns? rgs`stgdi`ns ? n) Vr`kgra, inliulnkas ln tgds`ùd gd ln rgs`stgdi`n ln rgs`stgdi`n R > >?
S > R> @ > >76 6,6620=9 N 6,8858S 885,7kS @ > @ 29 @ X 6,6620=9 N ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg hg R 29 b) Hgspuàs, inliulnkas ln tgds`ùd gd ln rgs`stgdi`n 29 ?
S 29 S X S > >2S 6,8858S >>,772S
A b`gd? S 29 R29 @ 29 9.=52,33 6,6620=9 N >>,772S
Iaka R2 y R9 gstîd iadgitnhns gd pnrnlgla ln tgds`ùd hg S > y S2 sad `eunlgs?
S 2 S 9 S 29 >>,772S
Iakprabnkas? S X S > S 29 6,8858S >>,772S >>,00S >2S
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 92 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Hgspuàs, inliulnkas ln `dtgds`hnh qug i`riuln gd lns trgs rgs`stgdi`ns? rgs`stgdi`ns ?
@ > @ X 6,6620=9 N @ 2 @ 9
S 2 R2 S 9 R9
>>,772S 22.666 >>,772S 8.566
6,66672 N 6,72kN
6,66283 N 6,83kN
Iakprabnkas? @ X @ 29 @ 2 @ 9 6,66672 N 6,66283 N 6,6620= N
P, par ÿlt`ka, inliulnkas ln patgdi`n gd lns trgs rgs`stgdi`ns? rgs`stgdi`ns ? V > S > @ > 6,8858S 6,6620=9 N 6,66>9U V 2 S 2 @ 2 >>,772S 6,66672 N 6,663U V 2 S 2 @ 2 >>,772S 6,66283 N 6,62=U
Iakprabnkas? V X V > V 2 V 9 6,66>9U 6,663U 6,62=U 6,2=59U 6,693U
Yalui`ùd? RX ; ; 9.=52,33 Π : @X ; ; 2,0=9 kN : S X ; ; >2 S : V X ; ; 6,693 U S> ; 6,8858 S : S 2 ; S9 ; >>,772 S @> ; @X ; ; 20,=9 kN : @ 2 ; 6,66672 N : @ 9 ; 6,66283 N V> ; 6,66>9, U : V 2 ; 6,663 U : V 9 ; 6,62=3 U
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 99 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
9.8.2.2. Carkn prîit`in. Kgh`hns iad gl palëkgtra
Kgh`hn hg ln rgs`stgdi`n tatnl (R X)
Kgh`hn hg ln `dtgds`hnh tatnl (@ X ; @>)
Kgh`hn hg ln `dtgds`hnh @ 2
Kgh`hn hg ln `dtgds`hnh @ 9
Kgh`hn hg ln tgds`ùd S >
Kgh`hn hg ln tgds`ùd S2 ; S9
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 98 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
8. CWGDXGY HG NL@KGDXNI@ÙD 8.>. Hgc`d`i`ùd Lns cugdtgs hg nl`kgdtni`ùd a egdgrnhargs sad, egdgrnhargs sad, gd ud i`riu`ta, lns gdinrenhns hg hnr patgdi`n glàitr`in . Hgb`ha n la iunl sg lgs hgdak`dn iakpadgdtgs nit`vas hgl i`riu`ta glàitr`ia . Gogkpla? V`lns Gogkpla? V`lns y niukulnhargs (a bntgrëns).
Lns p`lns y las niukulnhargs glàitr`ias hgbgd kndtgdgr udn h.h.p. a tgds`ùd gdtrg sus has palas, pnrn qug nl iadgitnr ud rgigptar i`riulg udn iarr`gdtg glàitr`in hg ud pala nl atra (hgl dgent`va nl pas`t`va).
Ln iarr`gdtg glàitr`in egdgrnhn glàitr`in egdgrnhn par ln p`ln gs iadt`dun (I.I.) parqug (I.I.) parqug las glgitradgs i`riulnd gd ln k`skn indt`hnh y sgdt`ha , gs hgi`r, cluygd gd udn k`skn h`rgii`ùd. Las sëkbalas kîs ut`l`znhas pnrn rgprgsgdtnr lns p`lns y bntgrëns sad? bntgrëns sad? V`ln Bntgrën
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 97 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
8.2. Inrnitgrëst`ins Lns inrnitgrëst`ins pr`di`pnlgs hg las egdgrnhargs sad ln cugrzn glgitrakatr`z (c.g.k., indt`hnh tatnl hg glgitr`i`hnh qug suk`d`strnd y su rgs`stgdi`n `dtgrdn (r). (r).
η) ,
ln
Gd las prablgkns ndtgr`args mgkas supugsta qug tahn rgs`stgdi`n nl rgs`stgdi`n nl cluoa hg iarr`gdtg sg hgbg
n glgkgdtas hg ud i`riu`ta qug sad gxtgrdas n ln cugdtg hg tgds`ùd (η) Y`d gkbnrea, àsta da gs hgl taha i`grta, yn qug mny udn rgs`stgdi`n `dmgrgdtg n inhn cugdtg. Gstn rgs`stgdi`n `dtgrdn sg `dtgrdn sg rgprgsgdtn iad gl sëkbala r y sg kugstrn gsqugkît`inkgdtg iaka udn pgqugþn rgs`stgdi`n gd sgr`g iad ln cugdtg hg tgds`ùd .
8.9. X`pas Mny vnr`ns ilns`c`ini`adgs sgeÿd las pnrîkgtras qug qug iads`hgrgkas. 8.9.>. Ygeÿd su pnrîkgtra glàitr`ia
Gd cudi`ùd hgl pnrîkgtra glàitr`ia qug lns hgc`dg pahrîd sgr? Cugdtgs hg tgds`ùd. Yad tgds`ùd. Yad nqugllns qug kndt`gdgd ln tgds`ùd nprax`knhnkgdtg iadstndtg, hgdtra hg udas lëk`tgs . Cugdtgs hg iarr`gdtg. iarr`gdtg. Yad nqugllns qug kndt`gdgd ln iarr`gdtg iadstndtg, hgdtra hg udas lëk`tgs . Cugdtg hg tgds`ùd Cugdtg hg iarr`gdtg
8.9.2. Ygeÿd gl t`gkpa
Ntgdh`gdha n su hgpgdhgdi`n iad rgspgita nl t`gkpa, pughgd sgr? Cugdtgs hg iadt`dun. Gl iadt`dun. Gl vnlar hg tgds`ùd a iarr`gdtg da vnrën iad rgspgita nl t`gkpa . Cugdtgs hg nltgrdn. Gl vnlar hg tgds`ùd a iarr`gdtg vnrën iad rgspgita nl t`gkpa . Ln vnr`ni`ùd kîs nkpl`nkgdtg ut`l`znhn gs hg t`pa s`dusa`hnl .
8.9.9. Ygeÿd su vnlar
Ntgdh`gdha n su vnlar, pughgd sgr? i `riu`ta . Cugdtgs `dhgpgdh`gdtgs. Yu `dhgpgdh`gdtgs. Yu vnlar da hgpgdhg hg atrns vnr`nblgs hgl i`riu`ta Cugdtgs hgpgdh`gdtgs. Yu hgpgdh`gdtgs. Yu vnlar hgpgdhg hg atrns vnr`nblgs hgl i`riu`ta (tgds`ùd, iarr`gdtg, ...).
Nhgkîs pughgd sgr vnr`nblgs vnr`nblgs iundha su vnlar sg pughg kah`c`inr kgh`ndtg ud glgkgdta gxtgrda , darknlkgdtg ud patgdi`ùkgtra gxtgrda (rgs`stgdi`n vnr`nblg).
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 93 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
8.9.8. Ygeÿd su npl`ini`ùd
Ntgdh`gdha n su npl`ini`ùd gd gl i`riu`ta pughgd sgr? Cugdtgs `hgnlgs. `hgnlgs. Hadhg sg supadg qug ln cugdtg sg iakpartn iaka ud glgkgdta `hgnl s`d pàrh`hns . A la qug gs la k`ska, gd udn cugdtg hg tgds`ùd, gl vnlar hg àstn da hgpgdhg hg ln iarr`gdtg qug i`riuln .
S X
@
S X R
Cugdtgs rgnlgs. Hadhg rgnlgs. Hadhg sg iads`hgrn, nhgkîs hg udn cugdtg `hgnl, udn inrnitgrëst`in qug rgclgon lns pàrh`hns hg ln prap`n cugdtg (darknlkgdtg, ln rgs`stgdi`n a `kpghndi`n `dtgrdn hg ln cugdtg). A la qug gs la k`ska, gd udn cugdtg hg tgds`ùd, gl vnlar hg àstn hgpgdhg hg ln iarr`gdtg qug i`riuln .
Iundha udn iarr`gdtg @ cluyg @ cluyg par ud i`riu`ta, mny udn pàrh`hn hg gdgreën n n trnvàs hg ln inren gxtgrdn R y R y mny tnkb`àd udn pàrh`hn hg inlar hgb`hn n ln rgs`stgdi`n `dtgrdn (r). (r). Var iads`eu`gdtg, gl valtnog rgnl (SX) gdtrg las tgrk`dnlgs hg udn cugdtg hg tgds`ùd iad udn rgs`stgdi`n `dtgrdn r sg gxprgsn nsë? S X r @
Gd gstns iadh`i`adgs, ln tgds`ùd qug suk`d`strn ud egdgrnhar `rî h`sk`duygdha sgeÿd vnyn nukgdtndha ln `dtgds`hnh hg ln inren .
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 95 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Gogkplas hg cugdtgs hg tgds`ùd rgnlgs?
Hadhg? R`dt? rgs`stgdi`n `dtgrdn hgl egdgrnhar. RL? rgs`stgdi`n hg inren. SR`? valtnog gd ln rgs`stgdi`n `dtgrdn. SL? valtnog gd ln rgs`stgdi`n hg inren. Gl valtnog npl`inha n ln inren gxtgrdn (S R) gs, gd iadsgiugdi`n, kgdar qug ln c.g.k. par udn indt`hnh `eunl n ln inëhn hg patgdi`nl `dtgrda. Vugsta qug S X ; ; @µR, ln giuni`ùd ndtgr`ar pughg gsir`b`rsg hg dugva iaka? S X @ R r @
Y` rgsalvgkas gstn giuni`ùd pnrn ln iarr`gdtg @ sg abt`gdg? @ R r @ : @
R r
Ln iarr`gdtg gd iarr`gdtg gd ud i`riu`ta s`kplg qug iadt`gdg udn saln cugdtg hg tgds`ùd gs `eunl n ln cugrzn glgitrakatr`z h`v`h`hn gdtrg ln rgs`stgdi`n tatnl hgl i`riu`ta (`dilu`hn ln rgs`stgdi`n `dtgrdn) . Gogkpla? Wdn rgs`stgdi`n hg inren hg = Π sg iadgitn n udn bntgrën hg >2 S iuyn rgs`stgdi`n `dtgrdn gs 6,2 Π.
n) ±^uà iarr`gdtg sg gdtrgen n ln inren1 b) ±Iuîl sgrî ln lgiturn hgl valtëkgtra ialainha gd lns tgrk`dnlgs hg ln bntgrën k`gdtrns ln inren gstî iadgitnhn1 Hntas? η ; >2 S R;=℣ r ; 6,2 ℣
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 9= hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Apgrni`adgs? Ln iarr`gdtg suk`d`strnhn nl i`riu`ta gs ln rnzùd hg ln c.g.k. n ln rgs`stgdi`n tatnl, `dilu`hn ln rgs`stgdi`n `dtgrdn hg ln bntgrën. Wdn vgz qug gstnblgzinkas ln iarr`gdtg pahgkas hgtgrk`dnr ln inëhn hg valtnog n trnvàs hg ln rgs`stgdi`n `dtgrdn y rgstnrln hg ln c.g.k. pnrn mnllnr gl valtnog tgrk`dnl hg ln bntgrën. n) Ln iarr`gdtg gdtrgenhn sg gdtrgenhn sg gdiugdtrn iad ln giuni`ùd? @
>2S = 6,2
>2 =,2
>,83 N
Yalui`ùd? @ ; >,83 N
b) Gl valtnog gd las tgrk`dnlgs gs? tgrk`dnlgs gs? SX ; ; η ’ r µ @ ; >2 S ’ 6,2 Π µ >,83 N ; >2 ’ 6,202 ; >>,5 S A b`gd, pahgkas inliulnr ln inëhn hg valtnog n trnvàs hg ln inren R? SX ; ; @ µ R ; >,83 N µ = Π ; >>,5 S Yalui`ùd? S ; >>,5 S Iakpnrnt`vn? Cugdtg hg tgds`ùd `hgnl gs ln qug t`gdg udn r ; 6 Π y prahuig gd ln snl`hn udn S R ; itg. Cugdtg hg tgds`ùd rgnl gs rgnl gs ln qug t`gdg udn hgtgrk`dnhn r. Gd gstn r mny udn pàrh`hn hg tgds`ùd. Gl rgsta hg tgds`ùd vn n ln inren qug gs g s ln qug sg npravgimn. Cugdtg hg tgds`ùd iadstndtg gs iadstndtg gs ln qug t`gdg udn r 66. Ln inëhn gd ln r gs iaka kuima gl > %, nprax`knhnkgdtg n ln `hgnl, qug gs gl 6 %. Y` tgdgkas qug iakpnrnr has cugdtgs hg tgds`ùd, ln kgoar sgrî ln qug tgden udn r kîs pgqugþn (a sgn ln qug kîs pnrgi`hn n ln `hgnl, qug t`gdg udn r ; 6 Π).
8.8. Rgs`stgdi`n `dtgrdn hg ud egdgrnhar Lns cugdtgs hg tgds`ùd (sgnd gstns bntgrëns, egdgrnhargs, gti.) da sad `hgnlgs (pgrcgitns). Wdn cugdtg hg tgds`ùd rgnl gstî rgnl gstî iakpugstn hg udn cugdtg hg tgds`ùd `hgnl gd sgr`g iad udn rgs`stgdi`n llnknhn llnknhn rgs`stgdi`n `dtgrdn. Gstn rgs`stgdi`n `dtgrdn, `dtgrdn, da gx`stg gd ln rgnl`hnh hg kndgrn hg qug dasatras ln pahnkas vgr. Gs udn rgs`stgdi`n hghui`hn par gl iakpartnk`gdta hg lns cugdtgs hg tgds`ùd rgnlgs .
Hadhg? R`? rgs`stgdi`n `dtgrdn. RL? rgs`stgdi`n hg inren. SR`? valtnog gd ln rgs`stgdi`n `dtgrdn. SL? valtnog gd ln rgs`stgdi`n hg inren. Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 90 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Gogkpla? Inliuln ln tgds`ùd qug mny gd ln rgs`stgdi`n `dtgrdn y gd ln rgs`stgdi`n hg inren. Gogkpla? Inliuln Hntas? @;8N R` ; 9 ℣ RL ; 7 ℣ Apgrni`adgs? Gd inhn uda hg las rgs`stargs mnbrî udn inëhn hg tgds`ùd. SR` ; @ µ R ` ; 8 N µ 9 ℣ ; >2 S SL ; @ µ R L ; 8 N µ 7 ℣ ; 26 S Ln inëhn tatnl hg tgds`ùd sgrî? SX ; ; SR` + SL ; >2 S + 26 S ; 92 S (`eunl n ln tgds`ùd hg ln cugdtg `hgnl) `h gnl) Yalui`ùd? SR` ; >2 S : S L ; 26 S Yg pughg vgr iad ilnr`hnh qug salnkgdtg 26 hg las 92 valt`as sg npl`ind n ln inren (R L), ln tgds`ùd rgstndtg sg p`grhg gd ln rgs`stgdi`n `dtgrdn (R `). Crgiugdtgkgdtg gstn tgds`ùd (ln hg 26 Salt`as) sg llnkn tgds`ùd tgrk`dnl, tgrk`dnl, hgb`ha n qug sg k`hg gd las tgrk`dnlgs hg ln cugdtg hg tgds`ùd. ±Iùka sg abt`gdg ln rgs`stgdi`n `dtgrdn1
>) Yg k`hg ln tgds`ùd gd las tgrk`dnlgs hg udn cugdtg hg valtnog s`d inren (s`d R L). Gl valtnog kgh`ha sgrî η (valtnog s`d inren). 2) Yg iadgitn udn inren y sg k`hg gl valtnog gd àstn. à stn. Gl valtnog kgh`ha sgrî SX (valtnog iad inren). 9) Yg k`hg ln iarr`gdtg nl i`riu`ta iad inren. Ln iarr`gdtg kgh`hn sgrî @. Wdn vgz qug sg t`gdgd gstas vnlargs sg npl`in ln s`eu`gdtg s`eu`g dtg giuni`ùd? r
S X @
Gogkpla? Inliuln ln rgs`stgdi`n `dtgrdn hgl egdgrnhar. Gogkpla? Inliuln Hntas? η ; >2 S SX ; ; >>,= S @ ; >6 N Apgrni`adgs? R`
>2S >>,=S >6 N
6,2 >6
6,62
Yalui`ùd? R` ; 6,62 ℣ Iad la gxpugsta sg pughg iadilu`r qug n kîs iarr`gdtg hgkndhg ln inren (R L), kgdar sgrî gl valtnog tgrk`dnl, hgb`ha n ln knyar inëhn gd ln rgs`stgdi`n `dtgrdn `dtgr dn (R `).
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 86 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
8.7. Vatgdi`n hgl egdgrnhar Gd ln rgs`stgdi`n `dtgrdn tnkb`àd sg prahuig udn pàrh`hn hg patgdi`n, patgdi`n, qug sg trndscarkn gd inlar par par gcgita Oaulg y qug rghuig gl rgdh`k`gdta hgl egdgrnhar . V V r @ 2
par gl egdgrnhar . Hadhg VV gs ln patgdi`n pgrh`hn par
Ln patgdi`n tatnl qug ighg gl egdgrnhar nl egdgrnhar nl i`riu`ta sgrî ln sukn hg ln patgdi`n qug sg p`grhg gd ln rgs`stgdi`n `dtgrdn kîs ln qug npnrgig gd ln inren . Vnrn inliulnrln, npl`inkas ln gxprgs`ùd hg ln patgdi`n, ut`l`zndha ln cugrzn glgitrakatr`z gd gl pr`kgr tàrk`da (ln c.g .k. sg iarrgspadhg iad tahn ln tgds`ùd qug prapari`adn gl egdgrnhar) y ln iarr`gdtg gd gl sgeudha. V X @
Hadhg VX gs ln patgdi`n tatnl igh`hn igh`hn par gl egdgrnhar egdgrnhar . Nl rgigptar sg lg gdtrgen udn patgdi`n qug gs `dcgr`ar n ln tatnl egdgrnhn. Gstn patgdi`n ÿt`l gs ÿt`l gs hgl egdgrnhar par ln iarr`gdtg . `eunl nl prahuita hg ln tgds`ùd gd bardgs hgl V W S X @
Hadhg VW gs ln patgdi`n ÿt`l igh`hn n ln inren . Var tndta, ln patgdi`n tatnl sg tatnl sg pughg inliulnr iaka? V X V W V V
Gogkpla? Wdn Gogkpla? Wdn bntgrën hg niukulnhargs hg nutakùv`l pasgg udn c.g.k. hg >2 S y udn rgs`stgdi`n `dtgrdn hg 6,2 Π.
n) Hgtgrk`dn ln tgds`ùd qug npnrgigrî gd bardgs iundha sg lg iadgitg n udn inren rgs`st`vn hg 9 Π.
b) Mnz ud bnlndig hg lns patgdi`ns gdtrgenhns par gl egdgrnhar. Hntas? η ; >2 S R;9℣ r ; 6,2 ℣
Apgrni`adgs? n) Vr`kgra, inliulnkas ln `dtgds`hnh tatnl hg iarr`gdtg hgl iarr`gdtg hgl i`riu`ta? Vnrn inliulnr ln `dtgds`hnh tgdgkas gd iugdtn qug n ln rgs`stgdi`n hg ln inren sg lg sukn ln `dtgrdn hgl prap`a egdgrnhar? @
>2S 9 6,2
>2 9,2
9,57 N
S X r @ >2S 6,2 9,57 N >>,27S
Yalui`ùd? SX ; ; >>,27 S
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 8> hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
b) Hgspuàs, inliulnkas lns patgdi`ns hgl patgdi`ns hgl egdgrnhar? V V 6,2 9,57 N 2,=U 2
V X >2 9,57 N 87U V W >>,27S 9,57 N 82,2U
Iakprabnkas qug sg iukplg? V X 82,2U 2,=U 87U
Yalui`ùd? VV ; 2,= U, V X ; ; 87 U, V W ; 82,2 U
8.3. Ygdt`ha hg ln iarr`gdtg glàitr`in Gd ud i`riu`ta glàitr`ia, gl sgdt`ha hg ln iarr`gdtg glàitr`in glàitr`in vnrën hg iùka sg gdiugdtrg gl egdgrnhar ialainha. Mny has insas y sad?
8.5. Nsai`ni`ùd hg cugdtgs Lns cugdtgs a egdgrnhargs, tndta hg tgds`ùd iaka hg `dtgds`hnh , pughgd nsai`nrsg gd sgr`g, pnrnlgla y k`xta k`xta , iad nleudns l`k`tni`adgs. 8.5.>. Nsai`ni`ùd hg cugdtgs hg tgds`ùd 8.5.>.>. Gd sgr`g
Ln nsai`ni`ùd hg has a kîs cugdtgs hg tgds`ùd gd sgr`g , gs gqu`vnlgdtg n udn ÿd`in cugdtg hg tgds`ùd, iad ud vnlar `eunl n ln sukn a h`cgrgdi`n h` cgrgdi`n hg lns cugdtgs ar`e`dnr`ns .
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 82 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Ln iadgx`ùd hg egdgrnhargs gd sgr`g sg sgr`g sg ut`l`zn iundha qugrgkas nukgdtnr ln tgds`ùd hg snl`hn . Gstn carkn hg iadgx`ùd gs kuy ut`l`znhn gd lns bntgrëns a niukulnhargs, niukulnhargs, hadhg sg iads`eug ln tgds`ùd hg snl`hn businhn n bnsg hg iadgitnr vnr`as niukulnhargs gd sgr`g. Ln iadgx`ùd gd sgr`g pasgg lns s`eu`gdtgs inrnitgrëst`ins? Ln cugrzn glgitrakatr`z hgl iadoudta gs iadoudta gs `eunl n ln sukn hg lns cugrzns glgitrakatr`igs hg inhn uda hg las egdgrnhargs .
X
> 2 ... d
Ln rgs`stgdi`n `dtgrdn hgl iadoudta gs iadoudta gs `eunl n ln sukn hg lns rgs`stgdi`ns `dtgrdns hg inhn uda hg las egdgrnhargs . r X r > r 2 ... r d
Ln `dtgds`hnh hg ln iarr`gdtg glàitr`in gs glàitr`in gs `eunl gd tahas las egdgrnhargs . Gogkpla? Nsai`ni`ùd Gogkpla? Nsai`ni`ùd gd sgr`g hg egdgrnhargs hg >2 S.
Gl egdgrnhar sg iadgitn gl pala pas`t`va hg ud egdgrnhar iad gl dgent`va hgl s`eu`gdtg. Gl valtnog tatnl gs ln sukn hg las valtnogs `dh`v`hunlgs. `dh`v`hu nlgs. Y` nleuda hg las egdgrnhargs gstî ialainha nl rgvàs, rgv às, su valtnog sg rgstn. 8.5.>.2. Gd pnrnlgla
Yùla sg pahrîd iadgitnr has a kîs cugdtgs `hgnlgs gd pnrnlgla s` pnrnlgla s` su vnlar hg tgds`ùd gs `eunl, abtgd`gdha udn cugdtg gqu`vnlgdtg hg vnlar hg tgds`ùd `eunl .
Ln iadgx`ùd hg egdgrnhargs gd pnrnlgla pnrnlgla sg sg ut`l`zn iundha qugrgkas nukgdtnr ln iarr`gdtg hg snl`hn, kndtgd`gdha ln tgds`ùd iadstndtg . Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 89 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Ln iadgx`ùd gd pnrnlgla pasgg lns s`eu`gdtgs inrnitgrëst`ins? inr nitgrëst`ins? Vnrn qug tahas las egdgrnhargs npartgd gdgreën hgbgrîd pasggr ln k`skn c.g.k. c.g.k.
Ln c.g.k. gqu`vnlgdtg nl iadoudta gs iadoudta gs ln k`skn qug ln hg las egdgrnhargs niaplnhas .
X
> 2 ... d
Y` hgsgnkas qug tahas las egdgrnhargs npartgd ln k`skn iarr`gdtg y patgdi`n, nhgkîs hg sgr `eunl su c.g .k., tnkb`àd hgbgrîd sgr `eunlgs sus sus rgs`stgdi`ns `dtgrdns. `dtgrdns. Ln `dtgds`hnh qug suk`d`strn gl iadoudta hg egdgrnhargs gs egdgrnhargs gs `eunl n ln sukn hg lns `dtgds`hnhgs qug npartn inhn egdgrnhar . @ X @ > @ 2 ... @ d
Gogkpla? Nsai`ni`ùd Gogkpla? Nsai`ni`ùd gd pnrnlgla hg egdgrnhargs hg >2 S.
Xahas las palas pas`t`vas gstîd iadgitnhas gdtrg së y las dgent`vas tnkb`àd. Yùla sg pughgd niaplnr egdgrnhargs qug tgdend ln k`skn cugrzn cugr zn glgitrakatr`z. Gl valtnog tatnl gs `eunl n S X ; ; S> ; S2 ; S9. Ln `dtgds`hnh tatnl gs `eunl n @ X ; ; @> + @2 + @9. 8.5.2. Nsai`ni`ùd hg cugdtgs hg iarr`gdtg 8.5.2.>. Gd pnrnlgla
Has a kîs cugdtgs hg iarr`gdtg sg pughgd sust`tu`r par udn ÿd`in cugdtg hg iarr`gdtg gd sgr`g, iuya vnlar sgrî ln sukn a h`cgrgdi`n hg lns ndtgr`args .
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 88 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
8.5.2.2. Gd sgr`g
Has a kîs cugdtgs hg iarr`gdtg pahrîd nsai`nrsg gd sgr`g s` t`gdgd tahns gl k`ska vnlar hg `dtgds`hnh, hndha iaka rgsultnha udn ÿd`in cugdtg hg ud vnlar hg iarr`gdtg `eunl n lns ndtgr`args .
8.=. Xrndscarkni`ùd hg cugdtgs
Gx`stgd has kahglas hg cugdtgs hg tgds`ùd a iarr`gdtg, lns `hgnlgs y lns rgnlgs. Lns cugdtgs `hgnlgs sad `hgnlgs sad nqugllns gd qug sg ut`l`zn gl vnlar hg ln tgds`ùd a iarr`gdtg iaka ÿd`ia glgkgdta pnrn rgcgr`rsg n gllns . Gd gl insa hg lns cugdtgs rgnlgs llgvnd nsai`nhns udn rgs`stgdi`n gd sgr`g a pnrnlgla n ln cugdtg, sgeÿd sg trntg hg udn cugdtg hg tgds`ùd a hg iarr`gdtg , rgspgit`vnkgdtg.
Gs pas`blg trndscarknr cugdtgs rgnlgs hg tgds`ùd gd cugdtgs rgnlgs hg iarr`gdtg y v`igvgrsn. v`igvgrsn. Gl praigh`k`gdta iads`stg gd? >) Npl`inr ln lgy hg Amk pnrn Amk pnrn hgtgrk`dnr gl vnlar hgl pnrîkgtra hgsgnha, ut`l`zndha ln rgs`stgdi`n `dtgrdn hg ln cugdtg. 2) Iadgitnr ln k`skn rgs`stgdi`n qug rgs`stgdi`n qug tgdgkas gd sgr`g a pnrnlgla sgeÿd sg trntg hg udn cugdtg hg tgds`ùd a iarr`gdtg.
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 87 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
7. NYAI@NI@ÙD HG @DXGRRWVXARGY P VWLYNHARGY 7.>. Iadgx`ùd gd sgr`g Iundha sg iadgitnd vnr`as `dtgrruptargs a pulsnhargs DN DN (gd rgpasa? iadtnita nb`grta) gd sgr`g, sgr`g, gs dgigsnr`a nii`adnrlas tahas pnrn qug gl i`riu`ta gstà igrrnha . Bnstn iad qug mnyn uda s`d nii`adnr pnrn qug gl i`riu`ta qughg nb`grta. Wdn vgz nii`adnha ud `dtgrruptar, pnrn qug hgog hg pnsnr iarr`gdtg glàitr`in n trnvàs hg àl, gs prgi`sa nii`adnrla hg dugva. Gl pulsnhar hgon pnsnr iarr`gdtg glàitr`in k`gdtrns sg kndt`gdg prgs`adnha (DN).
7.2. Iadgx`ùd gd pnrnlgla a hgr`vni`ùd Iundha mny vnr`as `dtgrruptargs a pulsnhargs iadgitnhas gd pnrnlgla , gl i`riu`ta glàitr`ia sg pughg igrrnr igrrnr hgshg iunlqu`grn iunlqu`grn hg gllas .
3. H@S@YAR HG XGDY@ÙD P HG IARR@GDXG Ernd pnrtg hg las glgkgdtas da l`dgnlgs (iaka LHR, DXI, VXI,…) gdiugdtrnd npl`in i`ùd
gd las i`riu`tas glgitrùd`ias, gd las qug hgpgdh`gdha hgl kaha hg iadgx`ùd, hgsgkpgþnd udn enkn kuy nkpl`n hg iakgt`has.
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 83 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
3.>. H`v`sar hg tgds`ùd Ln iadgx`ùd sgr`g hg rgs`stgdi`ns hn ar`egd nl iadigpta hgl h`v`sar hg tgds`ùd, tgds`ùd, qug da gs kîs sgr`g (darknlkgdtg qug ud erupa hg rgs`stgdi`ns gd sgr`g (darknlkgdtg has), qug gstîd iadgitnhns n has pudtas . Wda hg las gxtrgkas hgl h`v`sar t`gdg udn tgds`ùd hg gdtrnhn (S g), gl atra gxtrgka gstî iadgitnha n knsn (6 knsn (6 S). Ln tgds`ùd hg snl`hn (S s) prapari`adnhn par gl h`v`sar, sg abt`gdg gdtrg gl pudta hg ud`ùd hg lns has rgs`stgdi`ns y knsn .
Gd ud h`v`sar hg tgds`ùd ln tgds`ùd hg ln cugdtg (S g) sg h`v`hg gdtrg sus rgs`stgdi`ns hg carkn prapari`adnl n ln rgs`stgdi`n hg inhn inhn udn . Ln inëhn hg tgds`ùd gd inhn rgs`stgdi`n vnlg? S > R> @
R> R> R2
S 2 R2 @
S g
R2 R> R2
S g
Var tndta, ln tgds`ùd hg snl`hn (S s) hgl h`v`sar hg tgds`ùd sg pughg inliulnr iad ln s`eu`gdtg cùrkuln? S s S g
R2 R> R2
Kntgkît`inkgdtg, pahrënkas hgi`r? S d S g
Rd Rgqu`vnlgdt g
Rgqu`vnlgdt g R> R2 ... Rd
Wt`l`hnh? Gl h`v`sar hg tgds`ùd gs ÿt`l pnrn ut`l`znrla ut `l`znrla iaka sgdsar hg gdtrnhn gd ud s`stgkn glgitrùd`ia . Gd Glgitrùd`in y Glgitr`i`hnh sg usn pnrn nl`kgdtnr (prapari`adnr tgds`ùd hg nl`kgdtni`ùd) n ud npnrnta iad udn tgds`ùd kîs pgqugþn qug ln qug prapari`adnd lns p`lns a bntgrëns h`spad`blgs . Gl h`v`sar hg valtnog bîs`ia gs usnha u snha tndta gd I.N. iaka I.I. y cudi`adnd `hàdt`inkgdtg. Nhgkîs, nitÿn iaka rgeulnhar hg valtnog. valtnog. Y` dgigs`tnkas ud gqu`pa n udn tgds`ùd kgdar qug ln hg ln cugdtg hg qug h`spadgkas, sg pughg ut`l`znr iad gstg abogta ud h`v`sar rgs`st`va qug rghuzin ln tgds`ùd gd ln inren .
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 85 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Gogkpla? @kne`dn qug qugrgkas nl`kgdtnr udn bakb`lln n 3 S y sùla h`spadgkas hg udn p`ln hg >6 Gogkpla? @kne`dn S. ±^uà mnrgkas1 Vugs ln rgspugstn gs kuy sgdi`lln? Wd h`v`sar hg tgds`ùd . Nl iadgitnr gl rgigptar, àstg tgdhrî udn rgs`stgdi`n (R L) y gl prablgkn gs qug gstn rgs`stgdi`n inkb`nrî ln @ tatnl hgl i`riu`ta, yn da sgrî ln @ tgùr`in inliulnhn ndtgr`arkgdtg, y s` inkb`n ln `dtgds`hnh tatnl hgl i`riu`ta, lns inëhns hg tgds`ùd gd R > (ln S >) y gd R2 (ln S2 ; Ss) tnkb`àd inkb`nrîd, yn qug hgpgdhgd hg ln @, kah`c`indha las vnlargs hg S s, qug yn da sgrîd las 3 S qug rgnlkgdtg dgigs`tnkas. Gogkpla? Inliuln Gogkpla? Inliuln ln tgds`ùd hg snl`hn (S aut) usndha gl h`v`sar hg tgds`ùd ?
Hntas? S`d ; > S 2 hg R ; > J ℣ ; >.666 ℣ Apgrni`adgs? Rgqu`vnlgdt g R> R2 >.666 >.666 2.666 S aut S `d
R2 Rgqu`vnlgdt g
>S
>.666 2.666
6,7S
Yalui`ùd? Saut ; 6,7 S Iaka mny has rgs`stgdi`ns `eunlgs (> J℣), ln tgds`ùd hg gdtrnhn (> S) sg h`v`hg
prapari`adnlkgdtg gdtrg gllns (6,7 S ingd gd inhn udn). Var la qug n ln snl`hn tgdhrgkas ln k`tnh hgl valtnog hg ln gdtrnhn. H`v`sar hg Xgds`ùd iad tgds`adgs vnr`nblgs? Wdn carkn sgdi`lln hg iadstru`r ud h`v`sar hg tgds`ùd qug das vnlen pnrn vnr`ns tgds`adgs hg snl`hn h`cgrgdtgs gs s`kplgkgdtg padgr ud patgdi`ùkgtra gd patgdi`ùkgtra gd hadhg ialaiîbnkas ln R>?
Cëontg qug nmarn sala inkb`ndha gl vnlar hgl patgdi`ùkgtra inkb`nrgkas ln tgds`ùd hg snl`hn. Nukgdtndha a h`sk`duygdha ln rgs`stgdi`n hgl patgdi`ùkgtra, nukgdtnrgkas a h`sk`du`rgkas ln tgds`ùd hg snl`hn. Pn tgdgkas dugstra h`v`sar hg tgds`ùd vnr`nblg a rgeulnhar hg tgds`ùd.
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 8= hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
3.2. H`v`sar hg iarr`gdtg Hg kaha ndîlaea nl h`v`sar hg tgds`ùd, sureg gl h`v`sar hg iarr`gdtg, iarr`gdtg, gd gl qug sg iadaigd ln iarr`gdtg tatnl (@ X) qug gdtrn gd gl h`v`sar hg iarr`gdtg y lns rgs`stgdi`ns pnri`nlgs. pnri`nlgs. Gl vnlar gdtrndtg gd gl h`v`sar par ln rgs`stgdi`n apugstn y gl rgsultnha sg h`v`hg par ln sukn hg lns has rgs`stgdi`ns hgl h`v`sar. Ln iarr`gdtg qug gdtrn n ud daha snlg h`v`h`hn gd has pnrtgs, ln iarr`gdtg n trnvàs hg udn rnkn snlg iaka sg kugstrn hgbnoa?
Gd ud h`v`sar hg iarr`gdtg ln iarr`gdtg tatnl (@ X) sg h`v`hg gdtrg sus rgs`stgdi`ns hg carkn `dvgrsnkgdtg prapari`adnl n ln rgs`stgdi`n hg inhn udn . Ln iarr`gdtg gd inhn rgs`stgdi`n vnlg? @ > @ 2
>
R> >
R2
S X
Rgqu`vnlgdt g
S X
R> Rgqu`vnlgdt g R2
@ X
R> R2
@ X
R> R> R2 R2
@ X @ X
Kntgkît`inkgdtg, pahrënkas hgi`r? @ d @ X
Rgqu`vnlgdt g
Rgqu`vnlgdt g
Rd > >
R>
>
R2
...
>
Rd
Gogkpla? Yupùdensg qug sg t`gdg udn cugdtg hg iarr`gdtg @X, iadgitnhn gd pnrnlgla iad d Gogkpla? rgs`stgdi`ns . Ln palnr`hnh dgent`vn hg ln cugdtg @X- hgbg gstnr iadgitnhn nl daha hg rgcgrgdi`n. Gogkpla? Inliuln Gogkpla? Inliuln lns `dtgds`hnhgs (@ > y @2) usndha gl h`v`sar hg iarr`gdtg ?
Hntas? @e ; > N 2 hg R ; > J℣ ; >.666 ℣
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 80 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Apgrni`adgs? Rgqu`vnlgdt g
R> R2 R> R2
@ 2 @ > @ e
Rgqu`vnlgdt g R2
>.666 >.666 >.666 >.666
> N
766 >.666
766
6,7 N
Yalui`ùd? @2 ; @> ; 6,7 N Iaka mny has rgs`stgdi`ns `eu nlgs (> J℣), ln `dtgds`hnh hg gdtrnhn (> N) sg h`v`hg prapari`adnlkgdtg gdtrg gllns (6,7 N pnsnd gd inhn udn). Var la qug n ln snl`hn tgdhrgkas ln k`tnh hg ln tgds`ùd hg ln gdtrnhn.
3.9. Iakpnrnt`vn Gd ud i`riu`ta gd pnrnlgla sg rgpnrtg ln iarr`gdtg gd carkn prapari`adnl n ln iadhuitndi`n (E ; l ns rgs`stgdi`ns . >/R) y gd gl i`riu`ta gd sgr`g sg rgpnrtg ln iarr`gdtg gd carkn prapari`adnl n lns
5. LGPGY HG J@RIMMACC Las i`riu`tas glàitr`ias glgkgdtnlgs iadst`tu`has par udn saln cugdtg hg nl`kgdtni`ùd, ud iadhuitar y ud sala rgigptar , a nqugllas atras qug sg pughgd rghui`r cîi`lkgdtg n gstg t`pa hg i`riu`tas bîs`ias par nsai`ni`ùd hg sus iakpadgdtgs, pughgd sgr ndnl`znhas kgh`ndtg ln lgy hg Amk. Amk. Las i`riu`tas glàitr`ias kîs iakplgoas, gd las iunlgs gx`stgd `dtgriadgitnhas vnr`as egdgrnhargs y rgigptargs , rgqu`grgd mgrrnk`gdtns hg ndîl`s`s gspgi`nlgs. Lns lgygs hg J`rimmacc pgrk`tgd gl ndîl`s`s hg i`riu`tas gd las iunlgs ln lgy hg Amk da gs suc`i`gdtg pnrn gl iîliula hg sus iarr`gdtgs.
5.>. Iadigptas prgv`as Ndtgs hg gdudi`nr gstns lgygs hg J`rimmacc, mny qug hgc`d`r udn sgr`g hg tàrk`das hg usa dgigsnr`a? Duha? pudta Duha? pudta hgl i`riu`ta hadhg sg iadgitnd kîs hg has iadhuitargs a rnkns. Rnkn? pnrtg Rnkn? pnrtg hgl i`riu`ta iakprgdh`hn gdtrg has duhas prùx`kas. Knlln? iadoudta Knlln? iadoudta hg rnkns hg ud i`riu`ta qug iadst`tuyg ud ink`da igrrnha. Iad lns hgc`d`i`adgs ndtgr`args, sg pughg nmarn gdudi`nr lns lgygs hg J`rimmacc. Gd ud i`riu`ta glàitr`ia sg iukplgd lns rglni`adgs gdtrg tgds`adgs y iarr`gdtgs hgsir`tns gd lns “lgygs hg J`rimmacc‛.
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 76 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
5.2. >ª Lgy? Lgy hg Duhas >ª Lgy hg J`rimmacc hg iarr`gdtgs? Ln iarr`gdtgs? Ln sukn hg tahns lns `dtgds`hnhgs qug gdtrnd gd ud duha ` dtgds`hnhgs qug snlgd hg h`ima duha . gs `eunl n ln sukn hg tahns lns `dtgds`hnhgs
@
@ snl`gdtgs
gdtrndtgs
Gogkpla?
Ln iarr`gdtg qug snlg hg ln cugdtg @ gdt, sg h`v`hg gd has, pnsndha @ > par udn rgs`stgdi`n R > g @ 2 par ln rgs`stgdi`n R 2. Vastgr`arkgdtg, gstns has iarr`gdtgs sg vuglvgd udn saln ndtgs hg rgergsnr n ln cugdtg ar`e`dnl @ gdt, iukpl`àdhasg dugvnkgdtg ln lgy hg iarr`gdtg hg J`rimmacc gd gl daha qug gstî hgbnoa hg R>. @gdt (iarr`gdtg qug gdtrn) ; @ > + @2 (iarr`gdtgs qug snlgd) Gstn lgy gs kuy ÿt`l pnrn gdiadtrnr gl vnlar hg udn iarr`gdtg gd ud i`riu`ta iundha iadaigkas lns atrns qug nl`kgdtnd ud daha . DAXN? Da DAXN? Da pughg gx`st`r niukulni`ùd hg inrens gd ud duha hg ud i`riu`ta. Gogkplas?
Y` sg iads`hgrnd pas`t`vns lns pas`t`vns lns `dtgds`hnhgs qug gdtrnd gd gl duha y dgent`vns lns dgent`vns lns qug snlgd, ln sukn nlegbrn`in hg lns `dtgds`hnhgs gd ud duha t`gdg qug sgr `eunl n igra .
@
gdtrndtgs
@ snl`gdtgs 6 :
@ 6
Gogkpla?
Vnrn gl duha rgprgsgdtnha? @> + @2 + @9 + @8 ; 6 Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 7> hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
5.9. 2ª Lgy? Lgy hg Knllns 2ª Lgy hg J`rimmacc hg tgds`adgs? Gd tgds`adgs? Gd udn knlln, ln sukn hg lns cugrzns glgitrakatr`igs hg las egdgrnhargs mn mn hg sgr `eunl n ln sukn nlegbrn`in hg tahns lns inëhns hg tgds`ùd gd lns rgs`stgdi`ns .
`
R` @ `
Absàrvgsg qug gstn lgy da gs s`da ln lgy hg Amk egdgrnl`znhn . DAXN? Ln DAXN? Ln h`cgrgdi`n hg patgdi`nl gdtrg has pudtas hgl i`riu`ta gs `dhgpgdh`gdtg hgl ink`da rgiarr`ha. Gogkpla?
Hadhg ln gxprgs`ùd sgrî? G> + G2 ; R> µ @ + R2 µ @
5.8. Ir`tgr`a hg s`edas Gl sgdt`ha hg rgiarr`ha hg ln iarr`gdtg sg iarr`gdtg sg gl`eg nl nznr? gd sgdt`ha marnr`a a ndt`-marnr`a . Y` iad gl sgdt`ha glge`ha ln iarr`gdtg vn hgl pala pas`t`va nl dgent`va , gl valtnog sgrî pas`t`va, sg sukn, sukn, y s` gs nl iadtrnr`a sg rgstn. rgstn. Y` gl rgsultnha c`dnl gs ud vnlar hg `dtgds`hnh dgent`va, dgent`va , qu`grg hgi`r qug gl sgdt`ha glge`ha da grn gl iarrgita s`da qug nl rgvàs .
5.7. Glgii`ùd hg lns giuni`adgs `dhgpgdh`gdtgs ` dhgpgdh`gdtgs Gd ud i`riu`ta iad h`vgrsas egdgrnhargs hg iarr`gdtg iadt`dun, sg pughg s`kpl`c`inr su ndîl`s`s usndha lns lgygs hg J`rimmacc. J`rimmacc. Iaka darkn mnb`tunl? Gl sgdt`ha hg ln knlln sg knlln sg hgc`dg iaka gl sgdt`ha marnr`a . Las sgdt`has hg lns `dtgds`hnhgs sg `dtgds`hnhgs sg gl`egd nrb`trnr`nkgdtg . Gd lns knllns, lns `dtgds`hnhgs qug `dtgds`hnhgs qug ia`di`hnd iad gl sgdt`ha hgc`d`ha pnrn ln knlln sgrîd pas`t`vns y lns qug vnynd gd sgdt`ha iadtrnr`a sgrîd dgent`vns. Gd lns knllns, ln cugrzn glgitrakatr`z hg glgitrakatr`z hg ud egdgrnhar (c.g.k.) sgrî pas`t`vn s` ln `dtgds`hnh qug t`gdhg n egdgrnr vn gd gl sgdt`ha hgc`d`ha pnrn ln knlln y sgrî dgent`vn s` vn gd sgdt`ha iadtrnr`a. Xgd`gdha gd iugdtn gstas ir`tgr`as, mny qug plndtgnr ud s`stgkn s`stgkn hg tndtns giuni`adgs giuni`adgs iaka `diùed`tns tgden gl i`riu`ta. Gd egdgrnl, lns `diùed`tns `diùed`tns sad lns `dtgds`hnhgs hg inhn rnkn y lns giuni`adgs sg giuni`adgs sg abt`gdgd nl npl`inr lns vgigs qug sgnd dgigsnr`ns ln lgy hg duhas y y ln lgy hg knllns nl i`riu`ta gd iugst`ùd. Nl npl`inr ln lgy hg duhas, duhas, sg dgigs`tnd tndtns giuni`adgs iaka dÿkgra hg duhas kgdas uda mnyn. N iadt`duni`ùd, sg npl`in ln lgy hg knllns, knllns, hg carkn qug sg abtgdend lns giuni`adgs dgigsnr`ns pnrn `dilu`r tahas las glgkgdtas hgl i`riu`ta. Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 72 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
5.3. Rgsalui`ùd hgl i`riu`ta >) Absgrvn ntgdtnkgdtg gl i`riu`ta. 2) Y`gkprg qug sgn pas`blg, s`kpl`c`in gl i`riu`ta hg i`riu`ta hg kndgrn qug tg qughgs, iaka kîx`ka, iad ud egdgrnhar y udn udn rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtgs gqu`vnlgdtgs gd inhn rnkn . 9) Hgc`dg gl sgdt`ha hg lns knllns iaka knllns iaka gl sgdt`ha marnr`a y y gl sgdt`ha hg lns `dtgds`hnhgs hg carkn nrb`trnr`n . La kgoar gs qug ut`l`igs s`gkprg gl k`ska ir`tgr`a. >) vgigs ln lgy hg duhas y npl`in ln 8) Vlndtgn gl s`stgkn hg giuni`adgs? giuni`adgs? s` mny d duhas , npl`in (d ’ >) lns vgigs dgigsnr`ns pnrn `dilu`r tahas las glgkgdtas hgl i`riu`ta. lgy hg lns knllns lns 7) Rgsuglvg gl s`stgkn hg giuni`adgs giuni`adgs par nleÿd kàtaha ndnlët`ia y gdiugdtrn gl vnlar hg lns `diùed`tns (darknlkgdtg sad lns `dtgds`hnhgs). Wt`l`zn vnlargs hg rgs`stgdi`ns gd Π y hg tgds`adgs gd S pnrn abtgdgr `dtgds`hnhgs gd N. 3) Y` gl rgsultnha gs rgsultnha gs pas`t`va, pas`t`va, gl sgdt`ha hgc`d`ha n pr`ar` pnrn ln `dtgds`hnh gs iarrgita, pgra s` gs dgent`va, dgent`va, qu`grg hgi`r qug vn gd sgdt`ha iadtrnr`a. 5) Y` tg p`hgd lns tgds`adgs hg lns rgs`stgdi`ns, rgs`stgdi`ns , npl`in ln lgy hg Amk iad lns `dtgds`hnhgs iarrgspadh`gdtgs y s` tg p`hgd lns patgdi`ns, patgdi`ns, mnz gl prahuita hg tgds`ùd par `dtgds`hnh pnrn inhn rgs`stgdi`n (lgy hg Untt). DAXN? Hgbgs tgdgr kuima iu`hnha iad las s`edas hg lns cugrzns glgitrakatr`igs y hg lns DAXN? `dtgds`hnhgs hg lns rnkns nl plndtgnr gl s`stgkn hg h g giuni`adgs. Rgiugrhn gl iadvgd`a hg s`edas gxpugsta gd ln tgarën.
5.5. Gogkpla Gd gl s`eu`gdtg i`riu`ta sg mnd iadgitnha gd pnrnlgla has bntgrëns hg niukulnhargs qug suk`d`strnd gdgreën n udn lîkpnrn hg >6 Π. Ln bntgrën dÿkgra > prahuig udn cugrzn glgitrakatr`z η > ; >2 S iad udn rgs`stgdi`n `dtgrdn r > ; 6,2 Π. Gd ln bntgrën dÿkgra 2, η 2 ; >> S, r 2 ; 6,> Π. Inliuln ln tgds`ùd qug npnrgig gd bardgs hg ln lîkpnrn, nsë iaka su `dtgds`hnh y patgdi`n. ±^uà iarr`gdtg ighg inhn udn hg lns bntgrëns1 Gstg prablgkn sg pughg rgsalvgr npl`indha nhgiunhnkgdtg lns lgygs hg J`rimmacc.
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 79 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Hntas? η> ; >2 S
r> ; 6,2 Π η2 ; >> S r2 ; 6,> Π RL ; >6 Π Apgrni`adgs? N iadt`duni`ùd, sg inliulnd lns `dtgds`hnhgs npl`indha lns lgygs hg J`rimmacc. >ª Lgy hg J`rimmacc hg iarr`gdtgs? Lgy hg duhas? ∞@ gdtrndtgs gdtrndtgs ; ∞@ snl`gdtgs snl`gdtgs Gd pr`kgr luenr, sg hgtgrk`dn gl sgdt`ha hg lns `dtgds`hnhgs gd gl duha N. Iaka mny 2 duhas, sg npl`in (2 ’ > ; >) vgigs ln lgy hg duhas.
Duha N? @> + @2 ; @9
Gsta s`ed`c`in qug lns `dtgds`hnhgs @ > g @2 pnrtgd hg las egdgrnhargs mni`n ln lîkpnrn (sgeÿd gl sgdt`ha iadvgdi`adnl) hadhg sg oudtnd y carknd @ 9. 2ª Lgy hg J`rimmacc hg tgds`adgs? Lgy hg knllns? ∞η ` ` ; ∞R ` ` µ @ ` ` Gd sgeudha luenr, sg hgc`dg gl sgdt`ha marnr`a iaka gl hg rgcgrgdi`n pnrn lns knllns. Iaka mny 2 knllns, sg npl`in ln lgy hg lns knllns 2 vgigs hg carkn c arkn qug sg `diluynd tahas las glgkgdtas hgl i`riu`ta. i`r iu`ta.
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 78 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Knlln >?
Knlln >? η> ’ η2 ; r> µ @> ’ r2 µ @2 >2 ’ >> ; 6,2 @ > ’ 6,> @2 > ; 6,2 @> ’ 6,> @2
Nl rgiarrgr ln knlln > (K >), ln inëhn hg tgds`ùd 6,> @ 2 y las >> S hgl egdgrnhar d¿ 2 qughnd gd sgdt`ha iadtrnr`a n las >2 S hgl egdgrnhar d¿ > y n ln inëhn hg tgds`ùd 6,2 @ >. Knlln 2?
Knlln 2? η2 ; r2 µ @2 + RL µ @9
>> ; 6,> @ 2 + >6 @9
Nl rgiarrgr ln knlln 2 (K 2), ln inëhn hg tgds`ùd 6,> @ 2 y ln tgds`ùd gd bardgs hg ln lîkpnrn >6 @ 9 vnd gd gl k`ska sgdt`ha n las >> S hgl egdgrnhar d¿ 2.
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 77 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Lns giuni`adgs abtgd`hns hg npl`inr lns lgygs hg J`rimmacc sad? (>) @> + @2 ; @9 (2) > ; 6,2 @ > ’ 6,> @2 (9) >> ; 6,> @ 2 + >6 @9 Las tàrk`das 6,2 @ > y 6,> @2 iarrgspadhgd n lns inëhns hg tgds`ùd hg las rgspgit`vas egdgrnhargs (u ; r ` µ @). Gl tàrk`da >6 @ 9 iarrgspadhg n ln tgds`ùd gd bardgs hg ln lîkpnrn l îkpnrn (S L ; RL µ @). Nmarn, sùla das qughn rgsalvgr gl s`stgkn hg trgs giuni`adgs iad trgs `diùed`tns (@ >, @2 g @9). Vnrn glla, sg sust`tuyg @ 9 par @> + @2 gd ln giuni`ùd (9) y, hgspuàs, sg rgsuglvg gl s`stgkn hg has giuni`adgs iad has `diùed`tns par nleÿd kàtaha ndnlët`ia (rghuii`ùd, sust`tui`ùd g `eunlni`ùd). Vnsa >? Yust`tui`ùd hg ln giuni`ùd (>) gd ln giuni`ùd (9). Hg gstn carkn, gl`k`dnkas udn giuni`ùd y udn `diùed`tn. >> ; 6,> @ 2 + >6 (@> + @2) >> ; 6,> @ 2 + >6 @> + >6 @2 >> ; >6 @ > + >6,> @2 Vnsa 2? Vlndtgnk`gdta y rgsalui`ùd hgl s`stgkn hg has giuni`adgs iad has `diùed`tns. Gd dugstra insa, sg rgsuglvg gl s`stgkn par gl kàtaha hg sust`tui`ùd. (2) > ; 6,2 @ > ’ 6,> @2 (9) >> ; >6 @ > + >6,> @2 n) Yg hgspgon @> hg ln sgeudhn giuni`ùd hgl s`stgkn (9). >> >6,> @ 2 >6 @ > @ >
>> >6,> @ 2 >6
b) Yg sust`tuyg ln giuni`ùd ndtgr`ar (@ >) gd ln pr`kgrn giuni`ùd hgl s`stgkn (2). >> >6,> @ 2 6,> @ 2 >6
> 6,2
>6 > 6,2 >> 6,> @ 2 >6 6,> @ 2 >6 6,2 >> 6,2 6,> @ 2 > @ 2 >6 2,2 6,62 @ 2 @ 2 >6 2,2 6,62 @ 2 @ 2 5,= >,62 @ 2
@ 2
5,=
>,62
5,37 N
Iaka @2 gs dgent`va, qu`grg hgi`r qug vn gd sgdt`ha iadtrnr`a. Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 73 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
i) Yg sust`tuyg @ 2 par su vnlar gd ln giuni`ùd ndtgr`ar @ > y sg abt`gdg su vnlar. >> >6,> 5,37 >> 55,37 ==,237 @ >
>6
>6
>6
=,=237 N
Iaka @> gs pas`t`va, gl sgdt`ha hgc`d`ha n pr`ar` pnrn ln `dtgds`hnh gs iarrgita. Vnsa 9? Yust`tui`ùd hg las vnlargs hg lns `dtgds`hnhgs @ > g @2 gd ln giuni`ùd (>) y sg abt`gdg gl vnlar hg @9. @ 9 =,=237 5,37 >,>537 N
Iaka @9 gs pas`t`va, gl sgdt`ha hgc`d`ha n pr`ar` pnrn ln `dtgds`hnh gs iarrgita. Yalui`ùd? ^ug ln iarr`gdtg @ 2 mnyn snl`ha dgent`vn das `dh`in qug ln bntgrën hg niukulnhargs d¿ 2 da gstî npartndha gdgreën n ln lîkpnrn. Var gl iadtrnr`a, gstî takndha 5,37 N hg ln bntgrën d¿ >. Gd gstg insa, gstn iarr`gdtg s`rvg pnrn inrenr las niukulnhargs niuku lnhargs hg ln d¿ 2. Ln bntgrën d¿ > npartn >,>537 N n ln lîkpnrn y 5,37 N n ln bntgrën d¿ 2 qug sg iakpartn iaka s` cugsg ud rgigptar (rgiugrhn qug iundha ln iarr`gdtg qughn gd sgdt`ha iadtrnr`a nl hg ln tgds`ùd sg trntn hg ud rgigptar). N iadt`duni`ùd, sg inliulnd ln tgds`ùd gd bardgs hg ln lîkpnrn, lîkpnrn , su `dtgds`hnh `dtgds`hnh y su patgdi`n npl`indha ln lgy hg Amk y y ln lgy hg Untt . S L R L @ 9 >6 >,>537 >>,537S @ L @ 9 >,>537 N V L S L @ L >>,537 >,>537 >9,=8U
Yalui`ùd? SL ; >>,537 S, @ L ; >,>537 N, V L ; >9,=8 U.
=. NDÎL@Y@Y HG I@RIW@XAY? AXRNY XÀID@INY Las tgargkns hg Xmàvgd`d y Dartad Dartad mnigd rgcgrgdi`n n ln pas`b`l`hnh hg iunlqu`gr i`riu`ta l`dgnl hg trndscarknrsg gd atra gqu`vnlgdtg kîs s`kpl`c`inha.
=.>. Xgargkn hg Xmàvgd`d Gl tgargkn hg Xmàvgd`d gs Xmàvgd`d gs udn mgrrnk`gdtn kuy ÿt`l pnrn gl gstuh`a hg i`riu`tas iakplgoas. Yg bnsn gd qug taha i`riu`ta qug iadtgden ÿd`inkgdtg iakpadgdtgs y egdgrnhargs l`dgnlgs pughg rghui`rsg n atra kîs sgdi`lla, hgdak`dnha i`riu`ta gqu`vnlgdtg hg Xmàvgd`d, carknha par udn cugdtg hg tgds`ùd `hgnl (iad ud vnlar hgdak`dnha tgds`ùd Xmàvgd`d, S XM) kîs udn rgs`stgdi`n gd sgr`g llnknhn rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg Xmàvgd`d (RXM).
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 75 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Vnrn inliulnr gl i`riu`ta gqu`vnlgdtg hg Xmàvgd`d sg praighg hg ln s`eu`gdtg carkn? >) Yg inliuln ln tgds`ùd qug npnrgig gdtrg N y B iundha da mny dnhn iadgitnha gdtrg nkbas tgrk`dnlgs (tgds`ùd hg i`riu`ta nb`grta, S NB). Gsta gs ln tgds`ùd Xmàvgd`d (S XM), n pnrt`r hgl i`riu`ta `d`i`nl. SNB ; SXM
2) Ln rgs`stgdi`n Xmàvgd`d (R XM) gs ln qug iarrgspadhg n las pudtas N y B hg ln inren iundha sg mnd iartai`riu`tnha tahns lns cugdtgs hg tgds`ùd hgl i`riu`ta . Vnrn ndulnr udn cugdtg hg tgds`ùd, ln sust`tu`kas par ud i`riu`ta igrrnha . Y` ln cugdtg gs hg `dtgds`hnh, sg sust`tuyg par ud i`riu`ta nb`grta . S ; 6 S i`riu`ta igrrnha @ ; 6 N i`riu`ta nb`grta Var atra lnha, s` qugrgkas inliulnr ln rgs`stgdi`n Xmàvgd`d s`d tgdgr qug hgsiadgitnr d`deudn cugdtg ud kàtaha sgdi`lla iads`stg gd rggkplnznr ln rgs`stgdi`n hg inren par ud iartai`riu`ta y inliulnr ln `dtgds`hnh hg iartai`riu`ta (@II) qug cluyg n trnvàs hg gstg iarta.
Ln rgs`stgdi`n Xmàvgd`d gstnrî gstnrî hnhn gdtadigs par? RXM
S XM @ II
Hg gstn kndgrn, sg pughg abtgdgr ln rgs`stgdi`n Xmàvgd`d iad kgh`i`adgs h`rgitns sabrg gl i`riu`ta rgnl n s`kulnr. 9) Gd gcgita, s` iadgitnkas ud iakpadgdtg iunlqu`grn gdtrg N y B (udn inren) pughg inliulnrsg cîi`lkgdtg ln rglni`ùd SNB-@? -@? S XM RXM @ S NB
Ln gxprgs`ùd ndtgr`ar sg iarrgspadhg iad ln giuni`ùd hg udn rgitn gd gl plnda S NB-@, hg arhgdnhn gd gl ar`egd S XM/RXM. Ln rgprgsgdtni`ùd erîc`in hg gstn giuni`ùd gd gl plnda S NB, @ gs?
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 7= hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Gl i`riu`ta gqu`vnlgdtg hg Xmàvgd`d t`gdg Xmàvgd`d t`gdg gspgi`nl ut`l`hnh gd nqugllns i`riudstndi`ns gd lns qug sgn dgigsnr`a iadaigr iùka sg iakpartnrî ud hgtgrk`dnha i`riu`ta v`sta hgshg has pudtas iunlgsqu`grn hg àstg, nl iadgitnr n gstas pudtas nleÿd t`pa hg glgkgdta tnl iaka rgs`stgdi`ns, cugdtgs hg tgds`ùd gti., s`d tgdgr qug valvgr n inliulnr gl i`riu`ta pnrn inhn dugva glgkgdta qug sg iadgitg n gstas pudtas .
Gogkpla? Hnha gl s`eu`gdtg i`riu`ta, inliuln gl i`riu`ta gqu`vnlgdtg hg Xmàvgd`d gdtrg las pudtas Gogkpla? Hnha N y B. Nhgkîs, hgtgrk`dn ln iarr`gdtg iarr `gdtg y ln tgds`ùd pnrn ln rgs`stgdi`n hg h g inren R L ; >6 ℣.
Hntas? S ; >2 S R> ; >6 Π R2 ; 7 Π R9 ; >7 Π RL ; >6 ℣ Apgrni`adgs? N iadt`duni`ùd, sg inliuln gl i`riu`ta gqu`vnlgdtg hg Xmàvgd`d. >) Vnrn inliulnr ln rgs`stgdi`n Xmàvgd`d (R XM), sg t`gdgd qug iartai`riu`tnr tahns lns cugdtgs hg tgds`ùd y sg qu`tn ln inren. Iad gsta sg abt`gdg gl s`eu`gdtg i`riu`ta?
Iaka sg pughg vgr sùla qughnd rgs`stgdi`ns `dtgriadgitnhns gdtrg së, par la qug mny qug inliulnr ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg v`stn hgshg las pudtas N y B . R > > y R 2 gdiugdtrnd iadgitnhns gd gd pnrnlgla. pnrnlgla. Y` sg inliuln ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg R >2, sg 2 sg t`gdg qug? R>2
R> R2 R> R2
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
>6 7 >6 7
76 >7
9,99
Vîe`dn 70 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Hgspuàs hg mnbgr inliulnha ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg hg ln iadgx`ùd pnrnlgla hg R > y R2, gl i`riu`ta rgsultndtg gs gl s`eu`gdtg?
Nmarn, sg t`gdg ud i`riu`ta gd gl qug R 9 9 y R >2 sgr`g, s`gdha ln >2 sg gdiugdtrnd iadgitnhns gd sgr`g, rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg Xmàvgd`d v`stn hgshg las pudtas N y B ln s`eu`gdtg? RXM RX R>2 R9 9,99 >7 >=,99
2) Hgspuàs hg mnbgr inliulnha R XM, nmarn qughn inliulnr ln tgds`ùd Xmàvgd`d (S XM), s`gdha àstn ln inëhn hg tgds`ùd gdtrg las pudtas N y B. Salv`gdha nl i`riu`ta ar`e`dnl s`d R L?
Ln inëhn hg tgds`ùd gdtrg las pudtas N y B , sgrî `eunl qug ln inëhn hg tgds`ùd gx`stgdtg gdtrg las gxtrgkas hg ln rgs`stgdi`n R 2 pugsta qug par R 9 da i`riuln `dtgds`hnh, ln inëhn hg tgds`ùd gd gstn sgrî igra. Ln `dtgds`hnh qug i`riuln par ln rgs`stgdi`n R > y R 2 2 sgrî? @ > @ 2 @ X
S R> R2
>2S >6 7
>2 >7
6,= N
Lugea, ln inëhn hg tgds`ùd gd ln rgs`stgdi`n R 2 sgrî? S XM S NB S 2 R2 @ 2 7 6,= N 8S
Iad gsta, sg pughg hgi`r qug q ug ln tgds`ùd S XM sgrî hg 8 S. Gl i`riu`ta gqu`vnlgdtg hg Xmàvgd`d sgrî gl s`eu`gdtg?
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 36 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Gl gqu`vnlgdtg hg Xmàvgd`d v`sta hgshg las pudtas N y B hgl i`riu`ta ar`e`dnl, gs gqu`vnlgdtg n ln iadgx`ùd sgr`g hg udn cugdtg hg tgds`ùd S XM hg vnlar 8 S y hg ln rgs`stgdi`n R XM hg vnlar >=,99 Π. Las gcgitas qug sg prahui`rîd sabrg iunlqu`gr glgkgdta qug sg iadgitg n las pudtas N y B hgl i`riu`ta gqu`vnlgdtg hg Xmàvgd`d, sgrîd gxnitnkgdtg las k`skas qug las qug sg prahui`rënd sabrg gl glgkgdta qug sg iadgitg n las pudtas N y B hgl i`riu`ta ar`e`dnl. 9) Wdn vgz abtgd`ha gl i`riu`ta gqu`vnlgdtg hg Xmàvgd`d, yn pahgkas inliulnr ln iarr`gdtg y ln tgds`ùd pnrn ln inren hg >6 ℣ iadgitnhn gdtrg las pudtas N y B .
Ln `dtgds`hnh qug i`riuln par ln rgs`stgdi`n R L sgrî? @ L
S XM RXM R L
8S >=,99 >6
8 >2=,99
6,>8 N
Lugea, ln inëhn hg tgds`ùd gd ln rgs`stgdi`n R L sgrî? S L R L @ L >6 6,>8 N >,8S
Yalui`ùd? RXM ; >=,99 Π : S XM ; 8 S : @ L ; 6,>8 N : S L ; >,8 S
=.2. Xgargkn hg Dartad Gl tgargkn hg Dartad gs Dartad gs ud tgargkn s`k`lnr nl hg Xmàvgd`d, qug sg gkplgn iundha sg t`gdgd egdgrnhargs hg iarr`gdtg gd gl i`riu`ta. Gl i`riu`ta gqu`vnlgdtg hg Dartad gstî carknha par udn cugdtg hg iarr`gdtg (iad ud vnlar hgdak`dnha `dtgds`hnh Dartad, @ D) iad udn rgs`stgdi`n gd pnrnlgla , hgdak`dnhn rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg Dartad (R D), y qug t`gdg gl k`ska vnlar qug ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg Xmàvgd`d hg gsg i`riu`ta.
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 3> hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Vnrn inliulnr gl i`riu`ta gqu`vnlgdtg hg Dartad sg praighg hg ln s`eu`gdtg carkn? >) Yg iartai`riu`tnd las pudtas N y B sabrg las qug qugrgkas mnllnr gl gqu`vnlgdtg (`dtgds`hnh hg iartai`riu`ta, @ II), gs hgi`r, iundha sg padg udn inren duln gdtrg N y B . Ln `dtgds`hnh qug pnsg par ln lëdgn qug mgkas iartai`riu`tnha sgrî ln `dtgds`hnh Dartad (@ D). @II ; @D
2) Yg inliuln ln tgds`ùd qug npnrgig gdtrg las pudtas N y B (S NB) iundha da sg iadgitn d`deudn inren gxtgrdn (R L), gs hgi`r, iad udn rgs`stgdi`n `dc`d`tn gdtrg N y B . SNB ; SXM
9) Ln rgs`stgdi`n Dartad (R D) gs gl iai`gdtg gdtrg ln tgds`ùd hg i`riu`ta nb`grta y ln iarr`gdtg hg iartai`riu`ta . R D
y B.
S NB @ II
Gogkpla? Hnha Gogkpla? Hnha gl s`eu`gdtg i`riu`ta, inliuln gl i`riu`ta gqu`vnlgdtg hg Dartad gdtrg las pudtas N
Hntas? S ; >7 S R> ; > JΠ R2 ; > JΠ R9 ; > JΠ R8 ; 2 JΠ
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 32 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Apgrni`adgs? N iadt`duni`ùd, sg inliuln gl i`riu`ta gqu`vnlgdtg hg Dartad. >) Vnrn inliulnr ln rgs`stgdi`n Dartad (R D), sg mnig `eunl qug gd Xmàvgd`d. Yg t`gdgd qug iartai`riu`tnr tahns lns cugdtgs hg tgds`ùd. Iad gsta sg abt`gdg gl s`eu`gdtg i`riu`ta?
Iaka sg pughg vgr sùla qughnd rgs`stgdi`ns `dtgriadgitnhns gdtrg së, par la qug mny qug inliulnr ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg v`stn hgshg las pudtas N y B . R 2 gdiugdtrnd iadgitnhns gd sgr`g gd sgr`g.. Y` sg inliuln ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg R 29, sg t`gdg 2 y R 9 9 sg qug? R29 R2 R9 > J > J 2J
R 29 29 y R 8 8 sg
t`gdg qug?
gdiugdtrnd iadgitnhns gd pnrnlgla gd pnrnlgla.. Y` sg inliuln ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg R 298, sg
R298
R > > y R 298 298 sg
t`gdg qug?
R29 R8 R29 R8
2 J 2 J 2 J 2 J
8 8
>J
gdiugdtrnd iadgitnhns gd gd sgr`g. sgr`g. Y` sg inliuln ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg R >298, sg
RX R>298 R> R298 > J > J 2J
Nmarn, sg t`gdg qug ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg Dartad v`stn hgshg las pudtas N y B gs? R D RX 2J
2) Var ÿlt`ka, inliulnkas ln `dtgds`hnh Dartad (@ D) iartai`riu`tndha gdtrg las pudtas N y B. Iad gsta sg abt`gdg gl s`eu`gdtg i`riu`ta?
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 39 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Ln `dtgds`hnh tatnl qug i`riuln par ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg sg inliuln iaka? R>29
R> R29 R> R29
> J 2 J > J 2 J
2 9
6,35J
RX R>29 R8 6,35 J 2 J 2,35J @ X
S RX
>7S 2,35 J
7,327kN
Ln `dtgds`hnh hg iartai`riu`ta gdtrg las pudtas N y B , sgrî `eunl qug ln `dtgds`hnh i`riuln par ln rgs`stgdi`n R>. Wsndha ln cùrkuln hgl h`v`sar hg iarr`gdtg, ln `dtgds`hnh t`gdg qug sgr? @ D @ II @ > @ X
R>29 R>
7,327kN
6,35 J > J
9,57kN
Gl i`riu`ta gqu`vnlgdtg hg Dartad sgrî gl s`eu`gdtg?
Gl gqu`vnlgdtg hg Dartad v`sta hgshg las pudtas N y B hgl i`riu`ta ar`e`dnl, gs gqu`vnlgdtg n ln iadgx`ùd pnrnlgla hg udn cugdtg hg iarr`gdtg @ D hg vnlar 9,57 kN y hg ln rgs`stgdi`n R D hg vnlar 2 J Π. Las gcgitas qug sg prahui`rîd sabrg iunlqu`gr glgkgdta qug sg iadgitg n las pudtas N y B hgl i`riu`ta gqu`vnlgdtg hg Dartad, sgrîd gxnitnkgdtg las k`skas qug las qug sg prahui`rënd sabrg gl glgkgdta qug sg iadgitg n las pudtas pu dtas N y B hgl i`riu`ta ar`e`dnl. Yalui`ùd? RD ; 2 JΠ : @D ; 9,57 kN
=.9. Gqu`vnlgdi`n gdtrg i`riu`tas Vnrn npl`inr gstas gqu`vnlgdtgs, mny qug businr gl gqu`vnlgdtg gdtrg has pudtas iadirgtas hgl i`riu`ta . Vnrn mnllnr ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg, sg hgtgrk`dn ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg v`stn hgshg gsas has pudtas, npl`indha lns s`eu`gdtgs rgelns? Yg iartai`riu`tnd lns cugdtgs hg tgds`ùd qug npnrgzind gd gl i`riu`ta. i` riu`ta. Yg hgond n i`riu`ta nb`grta lns cugdtgs hg iarr`gdtg qug npnrgzind gd gl i`riu`ta. Yg busin ln rgs`stgdi`n gqu`vnlgdtg gdtrg las has pudtas iads`hgrnhas npl`indha las iadigptas v`stas hg nsai`ni`ùd hg rgs`stgdi`ns gd sgr`g y pnrnlgla, y lns trndscarkni`adgs gstrgllntr`îdeula.
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 38 hg 37
Xgkn 2? Rgsalui`ùd hg i`riu`tas gd iarr`gdtg iadt`dun.
Mny qug tgdgr prgsgdtg, qug sgeÿd la gstuh`nha gd trndscarkni`ùd hg cugdtgs, sg pughg pnsnr hg ud gqu`vnlgdtg n atra ut`l`zndha ln lgy hg Amk. Amk. S XM Rgqu`vnlgdt g @ D
Ln rglni`ùd hgl i`riu`ta gqu`vnlgdtg hg Dartad iad gl i`riu`ta gqu`vnlgdtg hg Xmàvgd`d v`gdg hnhn par lns s`eu`gdtgs gxprgs`adgs? R D RXM @ D
S XM RXM
Gogkpla? Hnha gl s`eu`gdtg i`riu`ta, inliuln gl i`riu`ta gqu`vnlgdtg hg Dartad n pnrt`r hgl Gogkpla? i`riu`ta gqu`vnlgdtg hg Xmàvgd`d. Yupadenkas qug mgkas inliulnha gl gqu`vnlgdtg hg Xmàvgd`d hg ud i`riu`ta y mgkas abtgd`ha gl i`riu`ta hg ln `zqu`grhn hg ln c`eurn s`eu`gdtg?
Npl`indha gl tgargkn hg Dartad n ln c`eurn hg ln `zqu`grhn, iartai`riu`tnrgkas ln snl`hn y inliulnrgkas ln iarr`gdtg qug pnsn gdtrg gllas (@ D) y ln rgs`stgdi`n Dartad (R D), par la qug das qughnrî gl i`riu`ta gqu`vnlgdtg hg Dartad hg ln hgrgimn. Las vnlargs hg R D abt`gdgd n pnrt`r hg lns gxprgs`adgs qug rglni`adnd nkbas tgargkns? D g @ D D sg R D RXM 26 @ D
S XM RXM
>6S 26
6,7 N
Yalui`ùd? RD ; 26 Π : @D ; 6,7 N
Gdinrdni`ùd Knrëd Inbnllgra
Vîe`dn 37 hg 37
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