Tema 2-1-Historia Psicoterapia
August 11, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Oe bji`ro os uk sor aktorsu`dotavj quo mopokmo mo sus soiodfktos pfrf sj`rovavar ok uk iukmj gfi`afkto y s÷ej pfrgafeiokto gjkjgamj. Ef fgtavamfm buifkf ostæ sudotf f pftrjkos sjgafeos mo rje y f prjgomaiaoktjs iuy mavorsjs pfrf sjeugajkfr ejs prj`eoifs `æsagjs mo ef gjkvavokgaf. Ejs prjgomaiaoktjs utaeazfmjs pfrf bfgor bfgo r lrokto f efs malaguetfmos ma laguetfmos mo ef gjkvavokgaf buifkf b uifkf bfk ovjeugajkfmj duktj gjk jtrjs fspogtjs mo ef vamf. Ef ljrif mo oktokmor ef gjkmugtf fkjrife j mosvafmf moe crupj so puomo gjktoipefr mo mjs ljrifs4 Ok uk ostfmaj pro-rfgajkfe, ef fkjrifeamfm so gjkga`o gjij oe prjmugtj mo ef vjeuktfm mo fecôk fcokto sj`rokfturfe (fktopfsfmjs, moijkajs, majsos, otg) y ef fkjrifeamfm gjij oe rosuetfmj mo gfusfs kfturfeos. Ef psagjtorfpaf fgtufe fpfrogo ok oe sacej RAR moktrj moe æi`atj mo ef iomagakf. Wu bastjraf ostæ roefgajkfmf gjk oe rogjkjgaiaoktj mo ejs motoriakfktos psagje÷cagjs mo gaortfs kourjsas. ^frf oeej tuvaorjk quo jgurrar mjs gjsfs4 Vuo ef okloriomfm ioktfe so mosvakguefrf tjtfeiokto mo efs gjkgopgajkos sj`rokfturfeos. Vuo gaortfs ljrifs mo kourjsas kou rjsas so mosvakguefrfk mo ef pftjejcéf cokorfe. F pfrtar mo ostjs mjs bogbjs so fgoptf ef oxastokgaf mo okloriomfmos gfpfgos mo masiakuar ef ea`ortfm y futjkjiéf moe bji`ro.
6. Efs rfégo r fégoss mo ef psag psagjtorf jtorf paf Ef psagjtorfpaf bukmo sus rfégos ok maloroktos tapjs mo sf`oros prosoktos ok ef gueturf jggamoktfe (ifcaf, ef iomagakf, ef laejsjléf laejsj léf y ef roeaca÷k). Ef rogjkstrugga÷k moe pfsfmj mo ef psagjtorfpaf os malorokto mo ef rogjkstrugga÷k mo su bastjraf4 Pogj Pogjkstrugga÷k kstrugga÷k mo b ast astjraf4 jraf4Gufkmj o pfrto so mo bf`ef uk gjkgoptj tægatj y momoukjtrfs ifrgj sjgajgueturfe gjkjgamj. Pogjkstrugga÷k moeefpfsfmj4 mo psagjtorfpaf sjgaomfmos y ápjgfs oxasto oe poeacrj mo ackjrfr ef mastfkgaf quo sopfrf f ástfs mo ef sjgaomfm fgtufe. 6.6. Ef ―psagjtorfpaf’ mo efs sjgaomfmos tra`feos Efs praiorfs oxpeagfgajkos sj`ro ef kfturfeozf y ef vamf ostæk mjiakfmfs pjr iotæljrfs sj`rokfturfeos, iéstagfs y iétagfs, quo ok `uokf iomamf tjmfvéf pormurfk. Ef gfrfgtoréstagf osokgafe moe lukgajkfiaoktj buifkj ok efs sjgaomfmos tra`feos os ef fusokgaf mo eéiatos progasjs oktro oe bji`ro y ef tjtfeamfm mo efs gjsfs mo ef kfturfeozf. Wocôk Gfssaror , ―ok efs sjgaomfmos tra`feos oe bji`ro so vo f sé iasij gjij uk osef`÷k ok ef gfmokf mo ef vamf ok cokorfe, gfmokf moktrj mo ef gufe gfmf okto ostæ iæcagfiokto eacfmj gjk oe tjmj, mo tfe ifkorf quo kj s÷ej pfrogo pjsa`eo sakj kogosfraj, gjij ljrif kfturfe mo vamf, oe quo so má ukf gjkstfkto trfksiutfga÷k mo uk sor ok jtrj’. Kj oxastéf mastakga÷k gefrf oktro oe cákorj buifkj y ejs cákorjs fkaifeos y tfipjgj ukf moeaiatfga÷k progasf oktro oe crupj buifkj ok su gjkduktj y oe akmavamuj. Mo`amj f ostj ejs iomajs quo so utaeazfk pfrf bfgor lrokto f ef okloriomfm ioktfe gjrrospjkmok f fgtavamfmos iuy mavorsfs quo aipeagfk fe oklorij, fe gurfkmorj y fe crupj sjgafe ok su gjkduktj. Efs prægtagfs fktogomoktos mo ef psagjtorfpaf gjrrospjkmok f ukf fgtatum fkaiastf (tra`us flragfkfs y fustrfeafkfs). Ostf fgtatum gjksasto ok ef grookgaf ok uk prakgapaj mastaktj moe guorpj ―oe feif’ quo puomo f`fkmjkfr oe guorpj murfkto oe suoöj y tfi`aák puomo sj`rovavar fe guorpj mospuás mo ef iuorto, rookgfrkækmjso ok jtrjs soros (iotoipsagjsas). Wokmrfae bf akmagfmj mosmo ef porspogtavf fkaiastf ef okloriomfm os osokgafeiokto uk lok÷iokj mo pjsosa÷k4 uk feif oxtrföf j movjrfmjrf jgupf oe eucfr moe feif moe pfgaokto. Ok osto ostfmaj mo ef ovjeuga÷k buifkf, ef oxporaokgaf gefvo os oe torrjr y tjmf (psagj)torfpaf gjksasto ok ef roefga÷k akiomaftf oktro oe sulraiaoktj y fquoeej quo ej feavaf. Efs prægtagfs praiatavfs gurftavfs (psagjtorfpáutagfs) sjk iuy vfrafmfs4 goroijkafs pfrf ef rostfurfga÷k moe feif, prægtagfs oxjrgastfs, gjklosajkos, otg. Ok efs prægtagfs oxjrgastfs, ef grookgaf os quo ejs ospératus ifeackjs bfk pokotrfmj ok oe guorpj moe oklorij y bfk tjifmj pjsosa÷k mo áe. Efs pjsosajkos puomok sor ospjktækofs, ok gjktrf mo ef vjeuktfm moe sudotj, j sor frtalagafeos guetavfmfs pjr iomaj mo tágkagfs gjij ef mo ef patjkasf mo Moeljs j gaortjs gbfifkos. Wo gjkjgok fe iokjs tros ljrifs mo oklroktfrso f ukf pjsosa÷k4 trftfr mo oxpuesfr fe ospératu ifeackj pjr iomaj mo prjgomaiaoktjs iogækagjs (ruamjs, ifejs if ejs jejros j cjepofkmj fe pjsoémj)8 trfkslorar oe o e ospératu f jtrj sor 6
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(uk fkaife)8 j aktoktfr oxtrfor oe ospératu ifeackj pjr iomaj mo gjkdurjs j prjgomaiaoktjs pséquagjs (ef quo prfgtagf ef aceosaf gft÷eagf). Efs gjkgopgajkos tra`feos oipozfrjk f gfi`afr bfgaf oe sacej \A f. mo G. Efs grookgafs praiatavfs so morrui`frjk gjk oe surcaiaoktj mo mjs gjkgoptufeazfgajkos mastaktfs quo supusaorjk kuovfs ljrifs mo jrmokfr ef oxporaokgaf4 Efs roeacajkos jrcfkazfmfs y oe poksfiaoktj rfgajkfe. Ostfs kuovfs véfs mo gjkgoptufeazfga÷k jgupfk uk vfstj bjrazjkto4 @umf ok ef Akmaf, Efj-]so ok Gbakf, ]feos mo Iaeotj y ^atæcjrfs ok Crogaf. Gjk oeejs so propfrf p ropfrf oe torrokj pfrf oe surcaiaoktj moe pok poksfiaoktj sfiaoktj rfgajkfe.
6. 6.0. 0. Ef psag psagjtorfp jtorfpaf af ok Cr ogaf ogaf y oe Iukmj Fktacuj Oe jracok mo ef psagjtorfpaf fgtufe so satôf ok Crogaf (poksfiaoktj rfgajkfe, trfmaga÷k laejs÷lagf y iámagf). Efék (61?2), ok ―ef ― ef gurfga÷k pjr ef pfef`rf ok ef Crogaf geæsagf’, bf prosoktfmj ef ―psagjtorfpaf craocf f ef euz mo ef trfksaga÷k oktro ejs iátjmjs gfrfgtoréstagjs mo ef iomagakf iæcagf y ef akgapaokto ioktfeamfm rfgajkfe. rfgajkfe. Ok ef Crogaf fktacuf so prjmugo oe mosfrrjeej moe felf`otj y ef trfksaga÷k mo ef trfmaga÷k jrfe f ef trfmaga÷k osgratf. Gjk ef pfef`rf osgratf, ef oxporaokgaf fguiuefmf mo ejs fktopfsfmjs puomo ladfrso ladfrso y oe sudotj puomo satufrso lrokto f oeef, bfgaokmj pjsa`eo ef fpfraga÷k mo gaortf mastfkgaf moktrj mo ef gufe puomo fpfrogor ef roleoxavamfm. F ef pfef`rf porsufsavf so eo eefi÷ iotfl÷ragfiokto ―oksfeij’, mokjiakfga÷k quo aipeagf quo oe bji`ro gfi`af mo gjkmaga÷k `fdj su akleudj. ^eft÷k madj4 sa oe masgursj os `oeej, prjmugo uk ostfmj mo frijkéf ok tjmfs efs pfrtos moe feif, quo pjsoo ologtjs sjiætagjs `okolagajsjs. Ef j`rf mo ^eft÷k gjktaoko fecukfs j`sorvfgajkos sj`ro efs pfsajkos, ejs suoöjs y oe akgjksgaokto, quo pfrogok fktogomoktos moe poksfiaoktj mo Lroum . Efék sjstaoko quo sa osto puktj mo vastf so bu`aorf guetavfmj sastoiætagfiokto, oe psagjfkæeasas bf`réf surcamj ok Crogaf. Wak oi`fr cj efs j`sorvfgajkos mo ^eft÷k j ef iæxaif sjgrætagf ―gjk÷go ―gjk÷goto to f ta iasij’, ljrifk pfrto mo oi`frcj gjkgopgajkos átagfs y pjeétagfs. Ok ef Crogaf fktacuf, ef fmjpga÷k mo ukf mjgtrakf laejs÷lagf kj aipeagf`f ôkagfiokto ukf ljrif mo poksfr, sakj lukmfioktfeiokto oxacéf ukf ljrif mo vavar. Gfmf osguoef laejs÷lagf laejs÷lagf bf`éf mosfrrjeefmj iátjmjs mo oktrokfiaoktj psagje÷cagj pfrf porsocuar ejs amofeos prjpuostjs pjr oe ifostrj j lukmfmjr mo ef osguoef. Ef trfmaga÷k laejs÷lagf akagafmf ok Crogaf fpjrtf f ef psagjtorfpaf ukf gjkgopga÷k rfgajkfe y uk gjkduktj mo frcuioktjs y iátjmjs pfrf quo ef pfrto rfgajkfe moe sor buifkj promjiako sj`ro ef pfrto pfsajkfe j fkaife. fkai fe. Osto gratoraj vfejrftavj ostæ ostrugturfmj prakgapfeiokto ok tjrkj f mjs mjgtrakfs átagfs4 ef frastjtáeagf y ef ostjagf. Frast÷toeos aktoktf bfgor oxpeégatjs ejs prakgapajs quo mo`ok rocar ukf vamf loeaz o akstfurf ef mjgtrakf ak iomaj vartus, quo vartus, quo bf provfeogamj bfstf kuostrjs méfs. Frcuioktf quo tjmf fgga÷k os luokto pjtokgafe mo pefgor sa so odorgo gjkljrio gjk ljrio f ef kfturfeozf k fturfeozf moe sor quo ef rofeazf. Ef vartum v artum rosamo ok oe o e puktj iomaj oktro mjs oxtroijs vagajsjs4 od. ef cokorjsamfm os prolora`eo f ef fvfragaf j f ef prjmacfeamfm. Oe ostjagasij os iæs rfmagfe, oe bji`ro mo`o vavar fdustfmj fe jrmok moe iukmj quo ostæ motoriakfmj pjr ef Efs Pfz÷k ukavorsfe. pfsajkos sjk oxgosjs arrfgajkfeos quo puomok gjkmugar ef okloriomfm moe feif. pfsajkos sjk Efs roprosoktfgajkos okcföjsfs mo efs gjsfs. ^frf j`tokor uk fostfmj mo futoktagf ea`ortfm, oe bji`ro mo`o fprokmor f gjktrjefrefs. Ejs ostjagjs fprokméfk f gjktrjefr efs pfsajkos pjr iomaj mo odorgagajs osgratjs, vor`feos, mo gjkgoktrfga÷k y iomatfga÷k. ]fi`aák prfgtagfrjk ef gjksjefga÷k, quo gjksasto ok uk masgursj maracamj maracamj f ukf porsjkf fleacamf, ok ejs osgrat osgratjs js mo Wákogf f`ukmf osto cákorj. Crogaf tfi`aák os gukf mo ef trfmaga÷k iámagf jggamoktfe. Mo ef j`rf mo Bap÷grftos (s. A\ f. Mo G) so bf magbj quo os f ef iomagakf ej quo ef laejsjléf os fe iatj. Wastoiftaz÷ gjkjgaiaoktjs mo luoktos mavorsfs4 ef iomagakf sfgormjtfe, vakguefmf fe guetj f Osguefpaj, ef osguoef patfc÷ragf, efs trfmagajkos iámagfs mo Ocaptj y ef Akmaf y efs gjkgopgajkos gjsije÷cagfs mo ejs lae÷sjljs mo su taoipj. Bap÷grftos ejgfeazf efs okloriomfmos ok ejs ostfmjs aktorkjs moe jrcfkasij8 pjstue÷ ef oxastokgaf mo guftrj buijros4 sfkcro, leoif, `aeas fifraeef y `aeas kocrf, ejgfeazfmjs ok oe gjrfz÷k, goro`rj, bécfmj y `fzj y fsjgafmjs f toiporfioktjs ospogélagjs, sfkcuékoj, sfkcu ékoj, leoiætagj, gjeáragj y ioefkg÷eagj. ioefkg÷ eagj. Ef sfeum so gjkga`a÷ gjij uk ostfmj mo frijkéf y oquaea`raj (grfsas) oktro ejs guftrj buijros y ef okloriomfm gjij uk mosoquaea`raj mo ejs iasijs (masgrfsas)8 ef gurfga÷k orf j`rf mo ef kfturfeozf y oe iámagj mo`éf fyumfref f rostf`eogor oe oquaea`raj.
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Ejs osuoifs `æsagjs mo ef iomagakf bapjgrætagf luorjk mosfrrjeefmjs pjr Cfeokj (602-0>>), guyf j`rf ostæ gjksamorfmf gjij ef séktosas mo ef iomagakf fktacuf y motoriak÷ ef prægtagf iámagf bfstf ef omfm ijmorkf. Mastakcua÷ oktro gjsfs4 6) Kf Kftur turff eos4 oeoioktjs rfmagfeos, buijros, toiporfioktjs y lfguetfmos. 0) ^rotorkfturfeos4 ^rotorkfturfeos4 ok gjktrf mo ef kfturfeozf (okloriomfm, gfusfs y séktjifs). 7) Kj kf turf tur f eos4 Kj buifkfs (faro y fi`aokto, gjiamf y `o`amf, trf`fdj y mosgfksj, suoöj y vacaeaf, oxgrogajkos y ijvaiaoktjs moe ækaij). Ostfs gjsfs puomok sor gfusfs oxtorkfs mo ef okloriomfm y gjkstatuyok ef `fso mo ef torfpaf. Ef okloriomfm os pfrf Cfeokj ukf maspjsaga÷k protorkfturfe moe guorpj pjr ef gufe ostæk fetorfmfs efs lukgajkos vatfeos. Oe iámagj fyumf f ef kfturfeozf ok oe prjgosj mo gurfga÷k, fetorfkmj efs soas gjsfs kj kfturfeos. ^. od. oe iámagj pjméf prjvjgfr arf ok efs okloriomfmos mo kfturfeozf buijrfe lréf, pfrf gji`ftar ef okloriomfm gjk su gfejr. Ok su ―]rftfmj mo efs pfsajkos moe feif y sus orrjros’, Cfeokj mastakcuéf mjs gefsos mo pfsajkos p fsajkos efs sfkfs (gjipotokgaf mo ef ijrfe) y efs ookloriazfs kloriazfs (mo ef iomagakf).
6. 6.7. 7. Ef fp fpjrt jrtfga÷k fga÷k moe Gr asta astafkasij fkasij Murfkto ef Omfm Iomaf, oe ijmoej cfeákagj, quo so gjkgoktrf ok efs soas gjsfs kj kfturfeos sj`rovava÷. Ef Aceosaf gjksamor÷ efs okloriomfmos ioktfeos gjij prjmugtj mo ukf vjeuktfm sj`rokfturfe moe maf`ej. Ef okloriomfm ioktfe os gjksoguokgaf mo ef pjsosa÷k moe Jt Jtrj rj (oe maf`ej). Oe gjkgoptj mo vamf aktorajr so jracakf gjk ef mjgtrakf kojtostfioktfraf quo flarif quo oe bji`ro kj s÷ej puomo pogfr gjk su gjkmugtf, sakj tfi`aák gjk oe gjrfz÷k, ej aipjrtfkto pfrf ef vamf ijrfe y roeacajsf os ef ea`ro aktaiamfm mo gfmf gfm f bji`ro, j sof, su vam vamff aktorajr. Gjk ef aipefktfga÷k mo ef mjgtrakf kojtostfioktfraf so gfi`af ef gjkgopga÷k moe bji`ro4 so pfsf mo gjktoipefr fe ef akmavamuj gjijmo oe ukf prjmugtj mo gufsamavakf ef kfturfeozfpjr (craocjs) gjktoipefrej ukf rofeamfm oiorcokto mo kfmf mjtfmf osokgaf ef gufe fpuomo maolagfrsogjij j pogfr. Ok osto gjktoxtj, oxastok mjs fspogtjs roeovfktos pfrf ef bastjraf mo ef psagjtorfpaf4 ejs rogursjs pfrf gjiukagfrso gjk Majs (prjgomaiaoktj mo ef gjklosa÷k) y ejs rogursjs pfrf ovatfr oe pogfmj, guetavfmjs pjr efs ÷rmokos roeacajsfs. Ef Aceosaf guetav÷ prjgomaiaoktjs p rjgomaiaoktjs ostrugturfmjs pfrf aipefktfr efs vartumos grastafkfs (odorgagajs osparatufeos). Ospogafeiokto aeustrftavjs mo prakgapajs psagjtorfpáutagjs utaeazfmjs pjr ef aceosaf Gft÷eagf rosuetfk ―Oe trftfmj mo ef vagtjraf mo sé iasij’ (roiomajs pfrf vokgor ejs vagajs mo ef cuef, ef euduraf, ef arf, ef fgamaf, ef porozf, ef fvfragaf, ef sj`or`af y ef okvamaf) moe to÷ejcj mjiakagj Ioegbjr Gfkj, y ’Ejs odorgagajs osparatufeos’ mo Ackfgaj mo Ejyjef. Ef gjklosa÷k os uk prjgomaiaoktj quo so roijktf f efs ―psagjtorfpafs’ praiatavfs4 ef gjklosa÷k ok oe æi`atj mo ef tra`u os pô`eagf y so utaeazf fkto ef rupturf mo uk tf`ô. Ef gjklosa÷k ok oe æi`atj mo ef trfmaga÷k grastafkf os oe vobéguej mo oxprosa÷k mo ef vamf aktorajr. Oe pfrfmacif mo ef gjklosa÷k luo ostf`eogamj pjr Wfk Fcusték ok oe sacej A\ gjk sus ―Gjklosajkos’, ok efs quo so oxpjko pjr praiorf voz uk prjgosj mo gfi`aj porsjkfe. fgtatum ef aceosafo Gft÷eagf fkto ef okloriomfm y fktooe tjmj OmfmEf Iomaf luomomosp÷tagf akbuifkf. _kf oxgopga÷k efioktfe gjkstatuyo pfmropoksfiaoktj Caef`ortj ea`ro Djlrámurfkto quo ok ef oe sacej R\ maraca÷ oe praior kjsjgjiaj ok \feokgaf, trftfkmj f ejs oklorijs gjk maotfs, odorgagajs fe faro ea`ro y, ej quo bjy eefifréfijs, torfpaf jgupfgajkfe.
6. 6.=. =. Oe Pokfgaiao Pokfgaiaoktj ktj y ef buif kazfg kazfga÷k a÷k mo ef mmal alor orokga okgaff Ok oe Pokfgaiaoktj oipozfrjk f fpfrogor efs grétagfs f ef gjksamorfga÷k mo ef okloriomfm ioktfe gjij ukf pjsosa÷k maf`÷eagf. Fecukjs iámagjs so ftrovaorjk f mastakcuar oktro ejs quo bf`éfk pormamj ef rfz÷k pjr akleuokgaf moe moijkaj y ejs quo ef bf`éfk pormamj pjr uk mosjrmok ioktfe, gjij D. Saor, F. ^f rá, L. ^eftor y y iæs tfrmo oef`jrfmf pjr ^. Tfgbafs, ]. Saeeas, M. Wokkort, @jorbffvo, progursjros mo ef psagjpftjejcéf ijmorkf. Oe pfmro D.D. Cfsskor (6300-6331) luo uk buiaemo sfgormjto fustréfgj quo vafdf`f pjr Ourjpf gurfkmj okloriomfmos. Mastakcuéf mjs tapjs mo okloriomfmos4 okloriomfmos kfturfeos (gjipotokgaf mo ejs iámagjs) y efs okloriomfmos protorkfturfeos (gjsf moe moijkaj) quo Cfsskor gurf`f iomafkto oxjrgasijs (so puomo gjksamorfr ukf prægtagf psagjtorfpáutagf `aok ostrugturfmf).
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Gfrfgtoréstagfs mo efs prægtagfs oxjrgastfs (fmfptfmj mo Oeeok`orcor, 613>) f ) Oe oxjrgastf bf`ef ok kji`ro mo uk sor suporajr. `) ` ) Oe oxjrgastf mo`o gjklafr peokfiokto ok ef rofeamfm mo ef pjsosa÷k y ok oe pjmor moe sor suporajr. g) Oe oxjrgastf so maraco fe aktrusj mo ukf ljrif sjeoiko gjij gjrrospjkmo fe sor suporajr quo roprosoktf m ) Oe oxjrgastf mf gjrfdo fe akmavamuj pjsoémj y eo sfevfcufrmf mo efs fiokfzfs moe aktrusj. o) Oe oxjrgastf so propfrf pfrf su tfrof gjk jrfgajkos y fyukj. l) Oe oxjrgasij mo`o rofeazfrso ok uk eucfr sfcrfmj y ok prosokgaf mo tostacjs (quo kj gurajsjs). c) Oe oxjrgastf akvatf f bf`efr fe aktrusj y ifktaoko gjk áe efrcfs masgusajkos quo puomok eeovfr iosos. b) Oe oxjrgastf gjrro poeacrj mo quomfr aklogtfmj pjr oe ospératu quo oxpuesf moe pfgaokto. ^jgj f pjgj so vf prjmugaokmj ukf prjcrosavf buifkazfga÷k mo ef okloriomfm ioktfe, ef mosvakguefga÷k mo efs gjkgopgajkos sj`rokfturfeos y su prjcrosavj fgjtfiaoktj mo ef okloriomfm ioktfe moktrj moe æi`atj mo ef psagjpftjejcéf. @rovoo sakjpsas @rov sakjpsas mo ef buif kazfga÷k kazfga÷k mo ef oklorio ok loriomfm mfm ioktfe ioktf e 6=6>, C. Djlrá lukmf ok \feokgaf oe praior ifkagjiaj. 6?>). 2
Cokorftom `y Ljxat ^ML Groftjr © Ljxat Wjltwfro bttp4//www.ljxatsjltwfro.gji Ljr ovfeuftajk jkey.
Efs tokmokgafs to÷ragfs mo ejs psag÷ejcjs geékagjs kjrtofioragfkjs murfkto efs ôetaifs mágfmfs sjk pjr jrmok mo prolorokgaf4 Ogeágtagf, ^sagjmakæiagf/^sagjfkfeétagf, Gjckatavf, Gjkmugtufe, oxastokgafe, Buifkastf, Wastáiagf, Cuostæetagf Fmeorafkf, Wueeavfkafkf, Gjiukagfga÷k y jtrfs. Ok efs jraoktfgajkos to÷ragfs mo ejs psag÷ejcjs geékagjs kjrtofioragfkjs so j`sorvfk, sacuaokmj f Ifbjkoy, efs sacuaoktos tokmokgafs4 Fuioktj moe ogeogtagasij mosmo ejs föjs 3> y so j`sorvf uk mosgoksj ijmorfmj ok ejs 2>. Mosgoksj prjcrosavj mo ef jraoktfga÷k psagjfkfeétagf oktro ejs y ejs 2> gjk ukf gaortf roguporfga÷k ok ejs 2>. Fuioktj eoktj porjtufeos prjcrosavj y gjkstfkto mo yejs ijmoejs gjckatavjs, quo so satôfk ok ef iasif `fkmf quo ejs gjkmug gjkmugtufeos (ukfs vogos suporajros jtrfs aklorajros). Gjksjeamfga÷k mo ef jraoktfga÷k buifkastf murfkto ejs föjs , gjk akgroioktj ok oe akagaj mo ejs 2>. ^fpoe ijmorfmj, porj gjkstfkto, mo ef tokmokgaf gjkmugtastf. Ovjeuga÷k gjkstfkto y ijmorfmf mo ef jraoktfga÷k sastáiagf. Efs roporgusajkos mo ef akvostacfga÷k mo rosuetfmjs B. D . Oysokgh Oysokgh (61?0) (61?0) flarif`f quo ef olagfgaf mo ef psagjtorfpaf, ok oe trftfiaoktj mo ejs trfstjrkjs kour÷tagjs, kj os suporajr f su roiasa÷k ospjktækof. F prakgapaj mo ejs föjs 2> so eeoc÷ f uk gjksoksj oktro ejs akvostacfmjros ok oe soktamj mo quo ef psagjtorfpaf, oktokmamf ok táriakjs cokáragjs, bf`éf prj`fmj oipéragfiokto sor iæs olagfz o lagfz quo ef fusokgaf mo trftfiaoktj. ]fi`aák ] fi`aák so eeoc÷ f ef gjkgeusa÷k trfs ejs ostumajs rofeazfmjs quo ejs rosuetfmjs mo mastaktfs torfpafs sjk oquavfeoktos, fukquo kj luorjk gfpfgos mo ostf`eogor oipéragfiokto quo ljrif mo trftfiaoktj ej orf iæs. Oe bogbj mo quo mjs trftfiaoktjs kj puomfk malorokgafrso, kj sackalagf quo sofk oquavfeoktos. Ef lfetf mo malorokgafs puomo tokor tros sackalagfmjs maloroktos4 6) Vuo ejs rosuetfmjs kj puomfk mastakcuarso. Ostj puomo sor uk prj`eoif iotjmje÷cagj ok oe gufe efs ostrftocafs mo akvostacfga÷k kj ostæk ej sulagaoktoiokto porloggajkfmfs gjij pfrf pjmor motogtfrefs. 0) Vuo oe gjipjrtfiaoktj mo ejs torfpoutfs mo mastaktfs psagjtorfpafs kj puomf mastakcuarso. 7) Vuo efs mastaktfs psagjtorfpafs utaeazfk prakgapajs gjiukos mo gfi`aj psagje÷cagj. Wo j`sorvf uk grogaiaoktj mo ef gjkgaokgaf mo quo oe ijmoej torfpáutagj molokmamj akmavamufeiokto kj os molakatavj, ka ok su gjkgoptufeazfga÷k ka ok su rrosuetfmj, osuetfmj, sakj eaiatfmj. Oxasto uk gfi`aj mo fgtatum rospogtj f ejs moiæs ijmoejs, tokmokto f ljioktfr oe rospotj y f ostfr f`aortj f jtrfs ljriuefgajkos gjij pjsa`eo luokto mo fprokmazfdo. ^frogo aipjkorso ef amof mo quo os kogosfraj kogo sfraj ejcrfr ukf gjiproksa÷k iæs prjlukmf mo ejs iogfkasijs mo gfi`aj. Gjij gjksoguokgaf mo tjmj oeej bfy uk ijvaiaoktj grogaokto bfgaf ef aktocrfga÷k. Oxasto uk ijvaiaoktj aktocrfmjr frtaguefmj ok tjrkj f WO^A (Wjgaoty ljr tbo Oxpejrftajk jl ^sygbjtborfpy Aktocrftajk) quo gjkstatuyo uk ifrgj mo maæejcj y ostumaj ljioktfkmj uk geaif mo rospotj y maæejcj, y prjiuovo kuovfs eékofs mo akvostacfga÷k. Ef tokmokgaf bfgaf oe ogeogtagasij y ef aktocrfga÷k Ef jpga÷k ogeágtagf (soeogga÷k mo ej iodjr mo gfmf tojréf) os ef iæs utaeazfmf ok ef prægtagf. Fukquo ejs ijmoejs ogeágtagjs lfvjrogok ef fporturf y leoxa`aeamfm, tfi`aák lfvjrogok ef soeogga÷k akmasgraiakfmf mo gjkgoptjs y tágkagfs. Oe bogbj mo fmjptfr uk okljquo ogeágtagj kj gjkeeovf ukf iodjrf futjiætagf ok ef fgtufga÷k torfpáutagf. Oxastok mavorsfs ljrifs mo ogeogtagasij4 Ogeogtagasij aktuatavj j fto÷ragj4 fto÷ragj 4 Wo kutro oxgeusavfiokto mo prjgomaiaoktjs ospogélagjs mo mastaktfs tágkagfs, gjk akmopokmokgaf moe ifrgj gjkgoptufe fe quo portokozgfk. Akgurro ok oe gjeoggajkasij mo tágkagfs y gjkgoptjs f vogos gjktrfpuostjs. Os iuy lroguokto ok ef prægtagf geékagf, fukquo prosoktf ovamoktos prj`eoifs. Ogeogtagasij tágkagj4 tágkagj 4 Woeoggajkf tágkagfs y prjgomaiaoktjs mavorsjs, porj mo fguormj gjk gratorajs sastoiætagjs (prfciætagjs j to÷ragjs) sak kogosamfm mo fgoptfr oe ifrgj to÷ragj mo mjkmo prjgomok. Luo sucoramj pjr Efzfrus, guyf prjpuostf, oe iuetaijmfeasij, os uk odoipej tépagj mo ostf jpga÷k. Ogeogtagasij saktátagj j aktocrfga÷k to÷ragf 4 ]rftf mo aktocrfr gjkgoptjs prjgomoktos mo mastaktfs tojréfs. \aeeocfs ej eefif aktocrfgajkasij y mastakcuo oktro aktocrfga÷k fsaiaeftavf (roljriuefga÷k mo ejs 1
Cokorftom `y Ljxat ^ML Groftjr © Ljxat Wjltwfro bttp4//www.ljxatsjltwfro.gji Ljr ovfeuftajk jkey.
gjkgoptjs mo ukf tojréf ok táriakjs mo jtrf) o aktocrfga÷k fgjijmftavf (frtaguefga÷k mo oeoioktjs to÷ragjs gjipfta`eos). Oe ogeogtagasij tágkagj y oe saktátagj ljrifk pfrto moe ijvaiaoktj aktocrfmjr ok psagjtorfpaf. Ok 6127 oe ijvaiaoktj aktocrfmjr ok psagjtorfpaf so mjt÷ mo ukf ostrugturf ljrife gjk ef grofga÷k mo ukf sjgaomfm aktorkfgajkfe momagfmf f ostjs lakos, ef WO^A, y ok 611> so gjkstatuy÷ ef Wjgaomfm Ospföjef pfrf ef Aktocrfga÷k ok ^sagjtorfpaf (WOA^). Ef tokmokgaf grogaokto grogaokto bfgaf bf gaf ef torfpaf `rovo `rovo Ok oe psagjfkæeasas, ef psagjtorfpaf orf uk prjgosj eoktj mo vfrajs föjs (2=> sosajkos fprjx.). Gjk ef fpfraga÷k moe rostj mo ejs ijmoejs so taokmo bfgaf oe fgjrtfiaoktj moe prjgosj torfpáutagj. Oe gratoraj cokorfeiokto fmiatamj pfrf gjksamorfr uk trftfiaoktj gjij `rovo so satôf ok tjrkj f efs voaktagakgj sosajkos. Ejs okljquos sastáiagjs mo ef torfpaf lfiaeafr kj sj`ropfsfk efs voakto sosajkos Hjss y @utgbor (612 b mo gjkjgaiaoktjs lukmfioktfeos ok jraoktfgajkos ok psagjtorfpaf. _k iékaij mo 0 föjs mo prægtagf prjlosajkfe suporvasfmf (iékaij 0 gfsjs y 6>> sosajkos). 7) _k =) iékaij mo < iosos mo fgtavamfmos prægtagfs ok oktjrkjs pô`eagjs j pravfmjs mo sfeum ioktfe. ?) Efs sosajkos oef`jrfrfk gratorajs sj`ro ef rofeazfga÷k pjr ejs gfkmamftjs f psagjtorfpoutfs quo cfrfktagok ef gfpfgatfga÷k moe porsjkfe. Ef ostrugturf lomorftavf mo ef LOF^ jtjrcf f sus fsjgafgajkos iaoi`rj ef futjramfm pfrf rogjkjgor ef fmogufmf ljrifga÷k mo sus psagjtorfpoutfs flaeafmjs.
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