Tema 19 Okkkkkkkk

 

PFBH 84. @F\H__ECCE @F CH F]Z_F\DÜK F\L_DPH FK CH F@VLHLDÜK Z_DBH_DH. BÄPE@E\ T F\P_HPFGDH\ @F HZ_FK@D^HNF. LEBZE\DLDÜK @F @DAF_FKPF\ PF]PE\ F\L_DPE\. VPDCD^HLDÜK @F CH\ PFLKECEGÂH\ @F CH DKAE_BHLDÜK T LEBVKDLHLDÜK. F\P_HPFGDH\ @F DKPF_QFKLD!K F@VLHPDQH.

8.NV\PDADLHLD!K.

?. DKP_E@VLLD!K. 8.Zchkdadlhldük `fc bfkshnf. µXuä fslrdodr y lek quä adkhcd`h`5. Mhy quf  pchktfhr hltdvd`h`fs `f gfkfrhldük, gfkfrhldük, sfcflldük y erghkdzh erghkdzhldük ldük `f d`fhs. ?.Lekstrulldük `f chs fstrulturhs sdktèltdlhs. \fcflldekhr ces tdpes `f erhldük y ch h`fluh`h lecelhldük `f ces sdgkes `f  puktuhldük. aekecügdlh y cäxdlh. 0.Zrelfses beterfs. Vkh vfz rflupfrhbes lekeld`h ch aerbh ertegrèadlh ch phchorh sf fcdgf fc hcügrhae, lek fcce `f ch bfberdh fc `f phtrük kfurebusluchr lerrfspek`dfktf. @. @DADLVCPH@F\ CFLPEF\L_DPE_H\.  @urhktf fc prelfse `f h`qudsdldük `f ch cfltefslrdturh kes pe`fbes fklektrhr chs sdgudfktfs `dadlucth`fs> @dscfxdhs> dklhphld`h` phrh cffr y fslrdodr kerbhcbfktf lebe rfsucth`e `f ukh `dsaukldük fk fc lfrfore. Fs uk tdpe `f hgkesdh fk ch quf fc kdøe ke  puf`f hseldhr ch phchorh dbprfsh lek fc fcfbfkte fcfbfkte h`fluh`e `f ch fxpfrdfkldh vfrohc. @dsgrhadhs> fs ukh fslrdturh `fafltuesh, fs `fldr hqufcch quf ch lhcd`h` `fc trhzh`e fs buy `fadldfktf, fs dcfgdocf, `fsleer`dkh`e y buy cfkth. @dsertegrhadh> \ek chs cchbh`hs ahcths `f ertegrhaâh y sf pre`ulf luhk`e ke sf fsthocflfk hseldhldekfs lerrflths fktrf ch dbhgfk vdsuhc, hu`dtdvh, hrtdluchterdh y betrdz `f chs phchorhs. 0. BÄPE@E\ T F\P_HPFGDH\ @F HZ_FK@D^HNF.

 

Hsâ lebe fxdstfk `dstdkths `fadkdldekfs `fc hlte fslrdter fslrdter,, thbodäk sek bulmes ces f`ulh`erfs y psdlüceges quf sf mhk prfeluph`e per rfkevhr y lrfhr bfte`ecegâhs y tälkdlhs fk fc èbodte `f ch fslrdturh. Fxdstfk ukh buctdtu` `f bäte`es phrh dkdldhr fk ch cflturh y fslrdturh h ces kdøes y kdøhs, pfre uk fxhbfk h aek`e `f ces bdsbes kes mhlf ccfghr h ch leklcusdük `f quf ch bhyerâh phrtfk `f ukes prdkldpdes y prfbdshs sfbfnhktfs, ch `dafrfkldh auk`hbfkthc fstrdoh fk ch fstrhtfgdh fk ch prèltdlh utdcdzh`h fs `fldr fk ch ukd`h` `f hprfk`dzhnf quf sf utdcdzh `f be`e gfkärdle, fxdstfk luhtre grhk`fs be`fces> Hkhcâ Hkhcâtdles, tdles, dk`ultdves hslfk`fktfs, gceohcfs, `f`ultdves e `fslfk`fktfs, bdxtes, surgfk `f ch lebodkhldük `f ces `es hktfrderfs y lekstrultdvdsths. @f hquâ ces bäte`es quf `fshrrecce h lektdkuhldük> H. Bäte`es hkhcâtdles. \f lhrhltfrdzhk per utdcdzhr ukh fstrhtfgdh fk ch prèltdlh hkhcâtdlh. Ces fcfbfktes `fc trhohne `f hprfk`dzhnf sek bfkerfs h ch phchorh. \f ohsh fk ch lerrfspek`fkldh fktrf ch erhcd`h` y ch fslrdturh, fktrf fc sekd`e y ch grhaâh. Auk`hbfkthcbfktf utdcdzhbes ces bflhkdsbes pfrlfptdves `f lhrèltfr Auk`hbfkthcbfktf hu`dtdve. Fs uk prelfse quf leksdstf fk dr `f ch phrtf hc te`e.  Ästes bäte`es mhk sd`e utdcdzh`es `urhktf bulme tdfbpe fk ukh fslufch quf fksføhoh h prekukldhr chs cftrhs lebe phse prfvde h ch fslrdturh. Ces bäte`es hcahoätdles trh`dldekhcfs sf fkluh`rhk `fktre `f fstf be`fce. Lebdfkzh per bestrhr h ces kdøes fc `doune `f ch cftrh `fc hoflf`hrde,  prdbfre `fspuäs chssfhk leksekhkt leksekhktfs, fs, `f hseldhk`e fc sekd`e fbdtf lekchssuvelhcfs grhaâh. yVkh vfz quf lhphlfs fvelhr `fchktf `f quf luhcqudfr grhafbh fc sekd`e lerrfspek`dfktf, lebdfkzh fc hprfk`dzhnf `f sâchohs, phchorhs y arhsfs.  Fs uk prelfse bflhkdldsth y pele betdvh`er quf pekf fc hlfkte fk fc hkècdsds hu`dtdve, ch `dslrdbdkhldük `f sekd`es y ch lerrfspek`fkldh grhafbh-aekfbh ( cftrh-sekd`e). _fsubdfk`e ces phses `f fstf bäte`e puf`fk sfr> - @dslrdbdkhldük f d`fktdadlhldük `f chs cftrhs, fstu`de hkhcâtdle `f chs velhcfs y leksekhktfs, hseldh`e h ch rfprfsfkthldük grèadlh `f hcgþk eonfte

 

lekeld`e per fc kdøe luye keborf lebdfkzh per ch cftrh quf sf fstu`dh (h 2 hrhøh, f 2 fcfahktf, d 2 dk`de, ftl.)  - Fstu`de `f ch sâchoh h trhväs `f ch ukdük `f `es e bès cftrhs, prdbfre chs sâchohs `drflths, `fspuäs chs dkvfrshs y per þctdbe h chs bdxths e trhoh`hs. - Fstu`de `f chs phchorhs aerbh`hs per chs sâchohs s âchohs trhohnh`hs, bf`dhktf cflturh erhc, dk`dvd`uhc y gruphc, rflhclhk`e r flhclhk`e fc sdchofe. - H phrtdr `f chs phchorhs hprfk`d`hs dkdldhbes hc kdøe fk ch cflturh `f  pfquføhs arhsfs.  - Cflturh `f tfxtes sfkldcces e mdsterdfths fk chs quf hphrflfk chs phchorhs fstu`dh`hs. O. Bäte`es gceohcfs. \f pekf fc hlfkte fk ch lebprfksdük. Cufge tdfkf uk lhrèltfr bès legkdtdve, arfktf hc lhrèltfr bflèkdle `fc bäte`e hktfrder hktfrder.. Mhy phrtf `f ukd`h`fs lek sdgkdadlh`e lebe puf`fk sfr chs phchorhs, arhsfs e tfxtes phrh cufge sfgbfkthrces fk ukd`h`fs bès pfquføhs ccfghk`e hsâ h chs cftrhs, fs `fldr vh `fc te`e h ch phrtf. Auk`hbfkthcbfktf utdcdzhk ukes bflhkdsbes  pfrlfptdves `f lhrèltfr vdsuhc. Ästes bäte`es sf ohshk fk fc prdkldpde psdlepf`hgügdle `f gceohcdzhldük  prepufste per @flrecy y fc `fc dktfräs prepde prepde `f ch Fslufch Kufvh. Fk rfchldük lek fc prdkldpde `f gceohcdzhldük, fstf bäte`e prepugkh quf ces kdøes pfrldofk bfner ch tethcd`h` `f chs arhsfs, `fod`e hc sdklrftdsbe quf lhrhltfrdzh su aerbh `f pfrldodr ch rfhcd`h` lebe uk te`e gceohc. Fc prdkldpde `f dktfräs sugdfrf phrtdr `f tfxtes quf pesfhk rfchldük lek ch fxpfrdfkldh pfrsekhc `fc hcubkh`e y quf surnhk `fc dktfräs fspektèkfe `f fcces phrh quf sfhk sdgkdadlhtdves. Ces phses h sfgudr fk fc bäte`e gceohc sek>

- Zrfsfkthldük `f uk lfktre `f dktfräs -  @dècege seorf fc tfbh prfsfkth`e. -  Fstu`de `f chs phchorhs rfprfsfkthtdvhs rfchldekh`hs lek eonftes e sunftes `f ch ukd`h` `d`èltdlh dktfgrh`h, fcfgd`hs lebe phchorhs gfkfrh`erhs.

 

- Hkècdsds `f chs sfbfnhkzhs y `dafrfkldhs fktrf chs phchorhs gfkfrh`erhs.  - Hkècdsds `f ces fcfbfktes quf lebpekfk `dlmhs phchorhs, lebfkzhk`e  per chs sâchohs, aekfbhs, fc kþbfre `f cftrhs `f lh`h phchorh, phchorh, ch aerbh `f chs cftrhs …

- _flekstrulldük `f sâchohs h phrtdr `f chs cftrhs hkhcdzh`hs. - _flekstrulldük `f phchorhs h phrtdr `f chs sâchohs hkhcdzh`hs. -  _flekstrulldük `f arhsfs. -  Lepdh`e `f chs arhsfs lekstrud`hs fk ch pdzhrrh.

-  @dlth`e `f chs arhsfs.  - L. Be`fces Lekstrultdvdsths. Äsths kufvhs pfrpfltdvhs sf sdtþhk fk fc bhrle `f chs tferâhs pdfgftdhkhs y `f chs prepufsths mflmhs per F. Afrrfdre y H. Pfofresiy Pfofresiy,, fk ukh vdsdük lekstrultdvdsth f dktfrhlldekdsth

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`f lebe fc kdøe h`qudfrf fc lekeldbdfkte. Ces kdøes, fk lekthlte lek fc cfkguhnf fslrdte, fchoerhk d`fhs fk uk dktfkte `f htrdoudr sdgkdadlh`e h ch fslrdturh. Fsths d`fhs prfvdhs sfrèk eonfte `f lhbode e rflekstrulldük fk fc prelfse `f fksføhkzhhprfk`dzhnf.

- Cufge ces hcubkes `fofk fsthr dbpcdlh`es `f be`e hltdve fk su hprfk`dzhnf. Fc phpfc `fc `elfktf sfrè fc `f guâh-bf`dh`er `f ces hprfk`dzhnfs. bäte`e lekstrultdvdsth phrtf `f dkluclhr fk cesfkkdøes fc uk sfktd`e `f aukldekhcd`h` `f ch fslrdturh y prepekfr rflrfhr fc huch hbodfktf - Fc

rdle fk fxpfrdfkldhs rfchldekh`hs lek ch cflturh y ch fslrdturh, te`e fcce bf`dhktf prepufsths htrhltdvhs y `dvfrtd`hs quf susldth fk ch betdvhldük fc dktfräs `f ces kdøes.

- Fc bäte`e lekstrultdvdsth f dktfrhlldükdsth sf ohsh fk chs sdgudfktfs  prfbdshs>

- Zhrtdrfbes `fc cfkguhnf erhc phrh ccfghr hc cfkguhnf fslrdte. - Lebfkzhrfbes per fc rflekeldbdfkte `f phchorhs quf aerbfk phrtf `fc fkterke letd`dhke y quf mhyhk sd`e utdcdzh`hs `f bhkfrh sdgkdadlhtdvh ( per fnfbpce, fc keborf `fc kdøe) perquf fk fc pfkshbdfkte `fc kdøe ke

 

fxdstfk chs sâchohs, ces aekfbhs e chs grhaâhs, sdke s dke chs phchorhs lek sdgkdadlh`e.

- \f prepekf fbpfzhr per fslrdodr perquf ch fslrdturh sf pekfk fk nufge lekeldbdfktes seorf fc sdstfbh `f cflturh, fs `fldr, fc cfkguhnf fslrdte dklcuyf ch cflturh `f ce quf sf fslrdof. puf`f fslrdodr y cffr tfxtes hþk hktfs `f `ebdkhr fc lü`dge - \f   hcahoätdle. - Ces kdøes hprfk`fk h ohsf `f lekstrudr `dstdkths d`fhs seorf ch fslrdturh lh`h vfz bès hnusth`hs, fk uk prelfse quf tfrbdkh ledkld`dfk`e lek kufstre sdstfbh hcahoätdle hltuhc. 6. LEBZE\DLDÜK @F @DAF_FKPF\ PF]PE\ F\L_DPE\.

H. BH_LE LEKLFZPVHC. \dgudfk`e ces fstu`des `f Ordz Qdcchkufvh Qdcchkufvh dk`dlhr quf fs fc tfxte ch ukd`h` cdkgóâstdlh lebukdlhtdvh auk`hbfkthc, auk`hbfkthc, fstè lhrhltfrdzh`e per su ldfrrf sfbèktdle y lebukdlhtdve. H kdvfc kdvfc vfrohc y fslrdte dktfrhltuhbes y kes lebukdlhbes bf`dhktf ch  pre`ulldük y rflfpldük `f tfxtes. tfxtes.

Ces tfxtes tdfkfk ukhs prepdf`h`fs phrh sfr fcfbfktes lebukdlhtdves> h`fluhldük, lemfrfkldh, lemfsdük, fstdcâstdlh y  prfsfkthldük. O. LH_HLPF_Â\PDLH\ @F CE\ PF]PE\ F\LECH_F\ F\L_DPE\. Chs lhrhltfrâstdlhs auk`hbfkthcfs `f ces tfxtes quf vh h lebpekfr ces hcubkes sek> Ces tfxtes sfrèk orfvfs, fsthrèk lekstrud`es per pelhs erhldekfs lek sfktd`e lebpcfte. @fofrèk rfspfthr chs kerbhs fcfbfkthcfs `f ch fslrdturh. 

 

_fsucth lekvfkdfktf hoer`hr fslrdtes sfkldcces `drdgd`es h `dafrfktfs dktfrceluterfs y quf rfspek`hk h fstrulturhs `dstdkths, dkld`dfk`e fk fc trhohne `f tfxtes quf rfspek`hk h ch sflufkldh tfbperhc `f ces mflmes, lebe khrrhldekfs y `dèceges, y h ch sflufkldh fsphldhc lebe `fslrdpldekfs. Phbodäk mhk `f trhthrsf etre tdpe `f fstrulturhs lebe cdsths, keths, afcdldthldekfs, dkvdthldekfs, ftl., hsâ lebe ch rfhcdzhldük `f tfxtes fk ces quf sf fbpcffk leknukthbfktf fc cfkguhnf y ch dbhgfk ( vdøfths, lhrtfcfs ftl..) Fs hleksfnhocf trhohnhr lek tfxtes vhrdh`es quf htdfk`fk h `dafrfktfs adkhcd`h`fs lebe> `fslrdpldekfs, lebfkthrdes pfrsekhcfs, pefbhs, lufktes, rfsþbfkfs, burhcfs, lhrtfcfs, lübdls, mdsterdfths, rfvdsths ftl. \f mh `f ahverflfr ch pre`ulldük `f tfxtes fk ces quf sf fxpcerf `dvfrshs aerbhs `f pre`ulldük bf`dhktf ch rflrfhldük `f pefbhs y lufktes, ch fchoerhldük `f rdbhs y nufges `f phchorhs, ftl.

L. Z_ELF@DBDFKPE\ DBZCDLH@E\ FK CH LEBZE\DLDÜK @F PF]PE\. Hprfk`fr h fslrdodr dbpcdlh sfr lhphz `f fslrdodr ke sece phchorhs, sdke tfxtes, yh quf ch vfr`h`frh aukldük `f ch fslrdturh fs lebukdlhr uk bfkshnf fslrdte. Ch thrfh `f rf`hlthr uk tfxte lemfrfktf y h`fluh`e h sus adkfs ke sf rfhcdzh `drflthbfktf sdke fk vhrdhs fthphs fk chs quf fc quf `fslrdof `fof leer`dkhr uk leknukte `f prelf`dbdfktes fspflâadles, quf sek> ch pchkdadlhldük `fc bfkshnf, ch rf`hlldük prepdhbfktf `dlmh `fc bfkshnf y ch rfvdsdük `fc bdsbe. Ch pchkdadlhldük y fspfldhcbfktf, ch rfvdsdük, sek epfrhldekfs auk`hbfkthcfs fk ch fslrdturh, pufs h `dafrfkldh `fc cfkguhnf erhc, fc fslrdte ccfvh ch bhrlh `f fsths pchkdadlhldekfs y rfvdsdekfs, pufs ke fs uk cfkguhnf fspektèkfe, sdke hktdldph`e, lhcluch`e y fvhcuh`e. 8. Zchkdadlhldük.  Hktfs `f pekfrsf h fslrdodr, fc fslrdter tdfkf quf `fld`dr quä vh h fslrdodr y lek quä adkhcd`h`. @fof pchkdadlhr per thkte, fc prepüsdte `f ch fslrdturh y fc lektfkd`e `fc tfxte.

 

Ch prdkldphc `dadlucth` quf surgf fs quf hcgukes hcubkes ke puf`fk gfkfrhr e ke `dspekfk `f ch dkaerbhldük suadldfktf phrh rf`hlthr uk tfxte, y h`fbès, ke shofk erghkdzhr ch dkaerbhldük quf pesffk. Fk fstf lhse, fc fslrdte sf lhrhltfrdzh per sfr uk leknukte `f d`fhs `fserghkdzh`hs y hdsch`hs quf `dadlucthk ch lebprfksdük gceohc `f qudfk ce cff. Ch dktfrvfkldük f`ulhtdvh fk fstes lhses sf lfktrhrè fk preperldekhr hc hcubkh`e ch dkaerbhldük quf kflfsdthk, y fk preperldekhrcfs chs hyu`hs quf prfldshk phrh erghkdzhr y fstrulturhr ch dkaerbhldük `f quf `dspekf,  prfsfktèk`echs `f aerbh er`fkh`h y lemfrfktf lemfrfktf utdcdzhk`e fxprfsdekfs lebe> µphrh quä vhbes h fslrdodr5 µquä qufrfbes lebukdlhr5 µh qudäk cf `drdgdbes fc fslrdte5 µlübe sfrè kufstre tfxte5 µquä `fofbes hprfk`fr  phrh fslrdodrce5 ftl.

?. _f`hlldük `fc bfkshnf. Zhrh rf`hlthr uk bfkshnf, quf fslrdof mh `f tebhr uk leknukte `f `fldsdekfs hlfrlh `f lübefcfxprfshr cdkgóâstdlhbfktf fc lektfkd`e `fsfh`e sfgþk su eonftdve> `fof ouslhr fc cäxdle bès h`fluh`e, ch lemfsdük `fc tfxte, ch ertegrhaâh ftl. Ch fcflldük `f chs phchorhs sf rfhcdzh `f ukh bhkfrh lhsd hutebètdlh  ouslhk`e kufstrh bfberdh y sfcflldekhk`e sfcflldekhk`e hqufcch quf bfne bfnerr sf hnusth hc leklfpte quf qufrfbes fxprfshr. fxprfshr. Ces frrerfs ertegrèadles sf `fofk, oèsdlhbfktf, h quf ces hcubkes lhrflfk `f ch rfprfsfkthldük vdsuhc `f chs phchorhs, per thkte, ch ohsf `f ch dktfrvfkldük f`ulhtdvh fs rfaerzhr ch bfberdh vdsuhc `f chs phchorhs suslfptdocfs fk lerrflldük ertegrèadlh.

Èbodte hlh`äbdle. \ek ces tfxtes quf sf pre`ulfk fk ch fslufch. Èbodte `f ch rfchldekfs seldhcfs. \ek sdtuhldekfs seldhcfs letd`dhkhs y  prüxdbhs h ch fxpfrdfkldh dkahktdc. dkahktdc. Èbodte `f ces bf`des `f lebukdlhldük. Èbodte cdtfrhrde. \ece fstè te`e rfchldekh`e lek fc elde `f ch lucturh, lek cfkguhnf y tfbhs vhrdh`es. Qfbes Qfbes hmerh ces tdpes `f tfxte quf pe`fbes trhohnhr fk ch fthph `f prdbhrdh>

Pfxtes fkubfrhtdves. \ek hqufcces fbpcfh`es fk chs `dvfrshs sdtuhldekfs lebukdlhtdvhs phrh rfler`hr `htes9 rfgdstrhr y celhcdzhr dkaerbhldekfs leklrfths9 ftdqufthr y lchsdadlhr9 lebukdlhr rfsucth`es, hkukldhr hlektfldbdfktes, bhkfnhr, bhkfnhr, er`fkhr e hrlmdvhr dkaerbhldekfs leklrfths, `htes, ftl.. Zhrh ahbdcdhrdzhr hc hcubkh`e lek fstf tdpe `f tfxte pe`fbes ushr be`fces lebe> cdsths `f lebprh e `f nuguftfs, ftdqufths, merhrdes `f ldkf e trhkspertfs, guâhs tfcfaükdlh, hgfk`hs pfrsekhcfs, aerbuchrdes dbprfses eadldhcfs, lhrtfcfs, âk`dlfs `f cdores y `f rfvdsths, lhtèceges lebfrldhcfs, bfkþs fslechrfs e `f rfsthurhktfs ftl.

 

Lek fcces pe`fbes trhohnhr hspfltes rfchldekh`es lek ch prfsfkthldük `fc tfxte fslrdte, ch `dspesdldük vfrtdlhc, fk luh`res e thochs9 fc use `f gudekfs y hstfrdsles9 ch fslrdturh fk lecubkhs9 chs lekstrulldekfs sdktèltdlhs lfktrh`hs fk fc keborf9 chs fstrulturhs rfpftdtdvhs, y fc use `f uk cäxdle rfpftdtdve. Lebe hltdvd`h` fspflâadlhs pe`fbes prepekfrcfs quf fchoerfk ch cdsth `f hcubkes `f lchsf, ukh hgfk`h pfrsekhc, lhrtfcfs y pregrhbhs quf vfrsfk seorf hltdvd`h`fs leklrfths, ftl.

Pfxtes dkaerbhtdves. \ek ces tfxtes quf tdfkfk lebe eonftdve lekelfr e trhksbdtdr fxpcdlhldekfs dkaerbhldekfs `f lhrèltfr gfkfrhc, e seorf hcgukes hlektfldbdfktes e sulfses, sdk preauk`dzhr fk fcces. Fktrf ces be`fces quf pe`fbes fbpcfhr fk fc huch fstèk ces `dhrdes y rfvdsths9 ces cdores `f `dvucghldük y aeccftes9 chs ketdldhs, ces hrtâluces y rfperthnfs9 ces hkukldes y prephghk`h9 ces hvdses9 ch lerrfspek`fkldh Zfrsekhc e lebfrldhc9 chs dkvdthldekfs,ftl. \u fbpcfe fk fc huch puf`f erdfkthrsf h eosfrvhr chs lhrhltfrâstdlhs beraecügdlhs y sdktèltdlhs `fc tfxte, hsâ lebe hkhcdzhr hcgukes fcfbfktes tfxtuhcfs, tdtuchrfs, tdpegrhaâh, ftl. Lebe hltdvd`h`fs fspflâadlhs pe`fbes prepekfr ch rf`hlldük `f ketdldhs, ch fchoerhldük `f uk pfrdü`dle fslechr, lekaflldük `f hkukldes  puocdldthrdes, lerrfspek`fkldh fslechr fslechr ftl..

Pfxtes cdtfrhrdes. Fk ces tfxtes cdtfrhrdes `fsthlh lebe aukldük prdkldphc ch `f dk`uldr fk fc cflter sfktdbdfktes y fbeldekfs fspfldhcfs, fc fktrftfkdbdfkte y ch `dvfrsdük, lebukdlhr ahkthsâhs e mflmes fxtrher`dkhrdes, ftl. Ces be`fces quf pe`fbes ahldcdthr hc hcubkh`e leksdstdrèk fk lufktes, khrrhldekfs, cfyfk`hs, pefsâhs, rfarhkfs, h`dvdkhkzhs, eorhs `f tfhtre, lübdls, tfofes, ftl. Fk fstf tdpe `f tfxte hkhcdzhrfbes fc fbpcfe `f aürbuchs fsthocfld`hs `f  prdkldpde y adk, chs `fslrdpldekfs `f pfrsekhnfs, pfrsekhnfs, sdtuhldekfs y hbodfktfs, fc fbpcfe `f ch khrrhldük phrh rfchthr mflmes vdvd`es e ahktèstdles, ch lebukdlhldük `f sfktdbdfktes y fbeldekfs h trhväs `f ch fslrdturh, ftl.

 

Ze`fbes hkhcdzhr etrhs lufstdekfs rfchldekh`hs lek fc vhcer `f ch  puktuhldük, phrh `dafrfkldhr ch khrrhldük `fc `fc `dècege9 ch erghkdzhldük erghkdzhldük fk vfrses e fstreahs `f chs eorhs peätdlhs 9 ch utdcdzhldük `f ces rflurses fxprfsdves y cdtfrhrdes fk fc tfxte9 ces fafltes quf pre`ulfk ch rdbh, fc fstdce, ftl. Lebe hltdvd`h` fspflâadlh prepekfbes fc use `fc lufkte lebe fcfbfkte betdvh`er fk fc quf fc hcubkh`e pe`rè rffslrdodr e rflekstrudr lufktes lekeld`es, hsâ lebe fchoerhr mdsterdhs erdgdkhcfs lek fstf aerbhte. Fk rfchldük lek ces pefbhs y lhkldekfs pe`fbes prepekfr quf fchoerfk  phrfh`es e pefbhs erdgdkhcfs, ftl.

Pfxtes fxpesdtdves. Ces tfxtes fxpesdtdves tdfkfk lebe aukldük trhksbdtdr lekeldbdfktes ccfvhk`e hlhoe uk fstu`de preauk`e `fc tfbh quf trhthk. Ces utdcdzhbes  phrh fstu`dhr, fstu`dhr, hprfk`fr, hprfk`fr, fksføhr, `fbe `fbestrhr, strhr, lebukdlhr lebukdlhr lekeldbdfktes, ftl. Fktrf ces be`fces quf pe`fbes ahldcdthr h ces hcubkes fsthrèk ces cdores `f tfxtes fslechrfs, ces cdores `f leksucth, `dvucghldük, chs odegrhaâhs, chs lekafrfkldhs, ces dkaerbfs ftl. \eorf fstes tfxtes pe`fbes ccfvhr h lhoe hltdvd`h`fs lfktrh`hs fk su lektfkd`e lhrhltfrdzh`e per fc use `f `fadkdldekfs y fkukldh`es, `fslrdpldekfs, fxpcdlhldekfs `f prelfses, rfsþbfkfs, hrgubfkthldekfs, mdpütfsds ftl. Prhohnhrfbes fc use `f rflurses tdpegrèadles phrh rfshcthr hspfltes Prhohnhrfbes dbperthktfs, fc use `f tälkdlhs `f rfsubfk phrh vecvfr seorf ces lektfkd`es bès sdgkdadlhtdves, y fc use `f uk velhouchrde prfldse y rdgurese. Ces kdøes `f fsth fthph pe`rèk hoer`hr ch rfhcdzhldük `f `fslrdpldekfs f dkaerbfs, hsâ lebe bhphs leklfptuhcfs y rfsþbfkfs lebe sâktfsds `f ch dkaerbhldük. Ze`fbes prepekfr hltdvd`h`fs lebe `fadkdldekfs `f `ftfrbdkh`es eonftes, lekaflldük `f uk `dlldekhrde `f lchsf, fslrdturh `f rfsføh seorf hltdvd`h`fs, ch odegrhaâh `f hcgþk pfrsekhnf quf fstfbes fstu`dhk`e, ftl.

Pfxtes prfslrdptdves.

 

\ek hqufcces utdcdzh`es phrh rfguchr `f aerbh prfldsh fc lebperthbdfkte mubhke phrh ch leksfluldük `f hcgþk eonftdve.\f hoer`hrè bf`dhktf fc use `f be`fces lebe dkstrulldekfs fslechrfs, rflfths `f leldkh, rfgchbfkte, lü`dges y kerbhs (per fnfbpce, `f lebperthbdfkte fk fc huch), dkstrulldekfs `f bhkfne `f bhtfrdhcfs y hphrhtes `f use lebþk, ftl. Fc trhohne lek ces bdsbes gdrhrè fk terke hc hkècdsds `f chs fxpcdlhldekfs `fthcch`hs quf lektdfkfk y ch prfsfkldh `f fcfbfktes ke lektfxtuhcfs, lebe grèadles y sdgkes phrh dcustrhr fc lektfkd`e, thbodäk fc fbpcfe `f aürbuchs `f er`fkhldük y fsqufbhtdzhldük `fc lektfkd`e. Hkhcdzhrfbes fc fbpcfe `f arhsfs lerths y prfldshs, fc use `f uk cäxdle fspflâadle, fc fbpcfe `f vfroes `f hlldük, y chs phrtâluchs tfbperhcfs phrh er`fkhr ch sflufkldh `f hlldekfs. Ze`fbes pchktfhr hltdvd`h`fs thcfs lebe ch fslrdturh `f rflfths `f leldkh y fchoerhldük `f uk rflfthrde, fslrdturh `f chs dkstrulldekfs phrh fc bhkfne `f bhtfrdhcfs `fc huch, fslrdturh `f ch rfgchs `fc nufge, fslrdturh `fc `flècege `f kerbhs `f lchsf. 1. VPDCD^HLDÜK @F CH\ PFLKECEGÂH\ @F CH DKAE_BHLDÜK T LEBVKDLHLDÜK.

Chs tflkecegâhs `f ch dkaerbhldük y ch lebukdlhldük (PDL) fstèk lekaerbhk`e ukhs trhksaerbhldekfs preauk`hs fk ch seldf`h` hltuhc. Fs `f thkth dbperthkldh y bhgkdtu`, quf bulmes huterfs rflekelfk quf mfbes phsh`e `f ch frh dk`ustrdhc h ch frh `dgdthc e `f ch dkaerbhldük. Cügdlhbfktf, fc sdstfbh f`ulhtdve, htfk`dfk`e su aukldük aerbhtdvh y `f rfpre`ulldük seldhc, `fof phrtdr `f fsth rfhcd`h` y fs kflfshrde ch dktre`ulldük `f chs tflkecegâhs `f ch dkaerbhldük y lebukdlhldük fk fc bf`de f`ulhtdve fk ohsf h lhbodes fk ch bfte`ecegâh y fk ces lektfkd`es. Chs PDLs horfk pufrths lebe dk`dlh Cuz _fcce, auk`h`erh `f Lmhkgf @yscfxdh, lek uk preyflte seldhc fk câkfh quf mh `fshrrecch`e uk `ftflter `f `dscfxdh y vhrdhs hpps `f dktfrvfkldük phrh ch bfnerh `f cflturh y fslrdturh. Fsth huterh fk ch qudkth nerkh`h –Lübe f`ulhr fc thcfkte fbprfk`f`er‒. Aufkgdrech, 8: `fqufrfbes `dldfborf `ftflkecegâh ?:8=, ohnequf fc tâtuce –Ch f`ulhldük quf tfkfbes, ch quf y ch kflfsdthbes‒, mhlf äkahsds

 

fk fc `dhgküstdle prflez `fc hcubkh`e lek `dscfxdh y ch dbperthkldh `f ch htfkldük h ch `dvfrsd`h`. H. CH\ PDL FK FC È_FH @F CFKGVH. Chs PDLs oèsdlhbfktf kes preperldekhk dkaerbhldük, mfrrhbdfkths phrh su prelfse y lhkhcfs `f lebukdlhldük. @f fstf be`e sf `fofk utdcdzhr lebe mfrrhbdfkths mfrrhbdfkths phrh erghkdzhr ch dkaerbhldük, prelfshrch y erdfkthrch phrh leksfgudr eonftdves y ﬈kfs `f hprfk`dzhnf, trhohne y elde prfvdhbfktf fsthocfld`es y `f fsth aerbh sf lektrdouyf hc `fshrrecce `f ch lebpftfkldh `dgdthc y `f lebukdlhldük cdkgóâstdlh. Fc èrfh `f Cfkguh sfgþk ch Er`fk `fc 86 `f fkfre fk su hkfxe ? fc eonftdve 1. Hprfk`fr h utdcdzhr te`es ces bf`des h su hclhklf, dklcud`h chs kufvhs tflkecegâhs, phrh eotfkfr f dktfrprfthr ch dkaerbhldük erhc y fslrdth. Bhrquäs kes prfsfkth bþctdpcfs aukldekfs `f chs PDLs phrh fc trhthbdfkte `f ch dkaerbhldük fk fc èbodte f`ulhtdve. H lektdkuhldük sf `fsthlhk hqufcchs quf fstèk rfchldekh`hs lek ch fslrdturh> -Bf`de `f fxprfsdük ( seatwhrf)> fslrdodr, `dounhr, prfsfkthldekfs, wfos.. -Aufktf hodfrth `f dkaerbhldük www-Dktfrkft, pchthaerbhs f-lfktre, @Q@s, PQ... Ch dkaerbhldük fs ch bhtfrdh prdbh phrh ch lekstrulldük `f lekeldbdfkte. lekeldbdfkte. -Dkstrubfkte phrh prelfshr ch dkaerbhldük (seatwhrf)> bès pre`ultdvd`h`,, dkstrubfkte legkdtdve.... Mhy quf prelfshr ch pre`ultdvd`h` dkaerbhldük phrh lekstrudr kufves lekeldbdfktes- hprfk`dzhnf. -Lhkhc `f lebukdlhldük vdrtuhc ( bfkshnfrâh, aeres, wfoceg, wdids, pchthaerbhs f- lfktre...), quf ahldcdth> trhohnes fk lechoerhldük, dktfrlhbode, tuterâhs, lebphrtdr, pekfr fk lebþk, kfgeldhr sdgkd﬈lh`es, dkaerbhr…. O. CH\ PDL T CH F\L_DPV_H.

8.Qfkthnhs `f chs tdls fk rfchldük h ch fslrdturh.

 

Fc lurrâluce `fc èrfh dklcuyf fc use `f sepertf fcfltrükdle fk ch lebpesdldük `f tfxtes, ce quf sdgkd﬈lh hcge bès quf uk lhbode `f sepertf, yh quf haflth h chs epfrhldekfs bdsbhs quf dktfrvdfkfk fk fc prelfse `f fslrdturh (pchkd﬈lhldük, fnfluldük `fc tfxte, rfvdsdük) y quf lekstdtuyf uke `f ces lektfkd`es oèsdles `f fsth èrfh. Zer fcce, fk ch bf`d`h fk quf sf utdcdlfk sf fstè bfnerhk`e h ch vfz ch lebpftfkldh `dgdthc y lebukdlhldük cdkgóâstdlh. H`fbès, ces kufves bf`des `f lebukdlhldük `dgdthcfs quf surgfk lektdkuhbfktf, lektdkuhbfk tf, dbpcdlh uk use seldhc y lechoerhtdve `f ch fslrdturh, ce quf pfrbdtf leklfodr fc hprfk`dzhnf `f ch cfkguh fslrdth fk fc bhrle `f uk vfr`h`fre dktfrlhbode lebukdlhtdve, hukquf sfrfbes lrâtdles lek fc use ertegrè﬈le `fc bdsbe. @fofbes bfnerhr ch lhktd`h` y ch lhcd`h` `f ces tfxtes. Lek uk h`fluh`e use `f ces lerrflterfs ertegrè﬈les y grhbhtdlhcfs, ces hcubkes tdfkfk uk lekeldbdfkte dkbf`dhte `f grhbhtdlhcfs, pesdocfs frrerfs. ?. _flurses y hltdvd`h`fs. Lebe prdkldphcfs hpcdlhldekfs tfkfbes ces prelfsh`erfs prelfsh`erfs `f tfxte lebe `f lhrèltfr cdorf9 pregrhbhs `f prfsfkthldekfs. Phbodäk `fofbes sføhchr chs odocdetflhs vdrtuhcfs y ces `dlldekhrdes.(Ekcdkf, `dlldekhrdes.( Ekcdkf, rhf). Phbodäk `fofbes `fsthlhr ch pesdodcd`h` `fsekd`e. utdcdzhr Ch rflurses buctdbf`dh> ohkle `f dbègfkfs, hrlmdve `f dktre`ulldük `f dbègfkfs fk ces tfxte hyu`h h quf ces hcubkes rfhcdlfk sus d`fhs, fstäk bès betdvh`es y sf prfstfk h lebphrtdr sus pre`ulldekfs. Vkh mfrrhbdfkth lcèsdlh quf pe`fbes utdcdzhr fs fc lcdl e N lcdl, uk pregrhbh hodfrte quf pesdodcdth h ces `elfktf lrfhr hpcdlhldekfs f`ulhtdvhs `f ukh aerbh sfkldcch, y hprevflmhk`e hprevflmhk`e pfraflthbfktf ces rflurses buctdbf`dh `f ces er`fkh`erfs. Fc pregrhbh vdfkf prevdste `f be`fces `f `dafrfktfs tdpes `f hltdvd`h`fs quf pe`fbes h`fluhr h kufstrhs kflfsd`h`fs, y `f ch dkstrulldekfs prfldshs phrh su `dsføe.

 

H trhväs `f Dktfrkft pe`fbes hllf`fr h fstes lektfkd`es y utdcdzhr uk grhk kþbfre `f hltdvd`h`fs quf mhk sd`e `dsføh`hs y lrfh`hs per fc preafserh`e, y fk chs quf pe`fbes trhohnhr buctdtu` `f lektfkd`es rfchldekh`e rfchldekh`e lek ch fslrdturh `f lebpesdldük `f tfxtes. H`fbès fk rfchldük h ces rflurses ke pe`fbes ecvd`hr ces perthcfs f`ulhtdves> Hvfrrefs perthc f`ulhtdve `f ch leksfnfrâh `f f`ulhldük `f ch rfgdük `f Hk`hculâh Hk`hculâh y ces rflurses eafrth`es per sfr lfktre khldekhc `f dkaerbhldük y lebukdlhldük f`ulhtdvh. f`ulhtdvh. (LKDLF). Fktrf chs hltdvd`h`fs fstèk ch f`dldük `f `dafrfktfs bhtfrdhcfs dbprdbdocfs, ch lekstrulldük `f arhsfs chrghs, lebpcfthr arhsfs, dktre`uldr puktuhldük y lekflterfs hc tfxte, lebpekfr tfxtes h phrtdr `f uk velhouchrde preperldekh`e, er`fkhr phchorhs phrh lebpekfr ukh mdsterdh...

#$ &'()*+)',&!K F@VLHPDQH. &-./:8/-?