Tema 10

 

Zfbk ;?1 M`c`mgfcj` krqugtfmturk jf gci`rbkmg`cfs Dfrrkbgfctks jf gctfrcft Lk tfmc`l`eâk jf Gctrkcft Lk tfmc`l`eâk fxtrkcft F-E`vfrcbfct (E`hgfrc` flfmtrýcgm`)

 

Zfbk1 Dfrrkbgfctks jf gctfrcft

 

°[uç s`c lks dfrrkbgfctks tfmc`lýegmks0

 

°[uç s`c lks dfrrkbgfctks tfmc`lýegmks0 ]f p`jrâk jfmgr quf uck dfrrkbgfctk tfmc`lýegmk fs uc m`cauct` jf pr`erkbks gci`rbëtgm`s quf tgfcf p`r `haftgv` ikmglgtkr lk rfklgzkmgýc jf uck tkrfk fc uc jgsp`sgtgv` tfmc`lýegm`. Fstks dfrrkbgfctks tf kyujkrëc k `htfcfr l`s rfsultkj`s fspfrkj`s, kd`rrkcj` tgfbp` y rfmurs`s.

 

Dfrrkbgfctks Zfmc`lýegmks Hësgmks jf Zrkhka`

 

Dfrrkbgfctks Zfmc`lýegmks pkrk M`bpkrtgr J`mubfct`s

 

Zfmc`lýegmks jf Xfjfs ]`mgklfs Dfrrkbgfctks Zfmc`lýegmks

Xfjfs s`mgklfs efcfrklfs

Xfjfs s`mgklfs fspfmgklgzkjks

 

Zfmc`lýegmks pkrk M`bpkrtgr Gjfks Dfrrkbgfctks Zfmc`lýegmks

 

Dfrrkbgfctks Zfmc`lýegmks pkrk Kujg` y Ygjf`s

 

Zfbk1 Lk tfmc`l`eâk jf lk gctrkcft y lk fxtrkcft.

 

°[uç fs Gctrkcft0

 

°[uç fs Gctrkcft0 Fl tçrbgc` gctrkcft sf utglgzk pkrk rfifrgrsf k lk m`cfxgýc prgvkjk jf LKC y UKC pfrtfcfmfc k s`l` uck `rekcgzkmgýc. Vck gctrkcft fstëquf jgsfûkj` pkrk quf pufjkc kmmfjfr k fllk l`s bgfbhr`s y fbplfkj`s jf lk `rekcgzkmgýc, u `trks pfrs`cks kut`rgzkjks.

 

Lk gctrkcft fs uck rfj prgvkjk quf pfrtfcfmf k uck gcstgtumgýc, `rekcgzkmgýc ` fbprfsk. Lk gctrkcft sf m`csgjfrk m`b` uck rfj jf Gctfrcft prgvkjk. Lk gctrkcft fc uck `rekcgzkmgýc tgfcf m`b` `haftgv` m`cfmtkr, ucgr, m`bpkrtgr gci`rbkmgýc y jkt`s fctrf l`s fbplfkj`s, fstujgkctfs ` pfrs`cks quf pfrtfcfmfc k jgmdk `rekcgzkmgýc sgc tfcfr quf rfmurrgr k uc bfjg` pñhlgm` f gcsfeur`.

 

Mkrkmtfrâstgmks jf lk gctrkcft •

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M`cigjfcmgklgjkj1 Ekrkctgzkr quf l`s jkt`s c` sfkc m`bucgmkj`s gcm`rrfmtkbfctf. Gctfergjkj1  pr`tfefr l`s jkt`s pkrk fvgtkr mkbhg`s c` kut`rgzkj`s. Kutfctgigmkmgýc1 Zfcfr m`cigkczk fc lk gjfctgjkj jf usukrg`s. Yfrgigmkmgýc1 M`bpr`hkr quf l`s bfmkcgsb`s jf sfeurgjkj fstëc m`rrfmtkbfctf gbplfbfctkj`s. Jgsp`cghglgjkj1

Ekrkctgzkr

jgsp`cghlfs mukcj` sf cfmfsgtfc.

quf

l`s

rfmurs`s

fstçc

 

Yfctkaks jf lk gctrkcft •

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Lk pr`jumtgvgjkj sf gcmrfbfctf k bfjgjk quf fl m`c`mgbgfct` m`rp`rktgv` fs bës kmmfsghlf y lk gci`rbkmgýc bës prfmgsk. Gcmrfbfctk lk lfkltkj jf l`s mlgfctfs y ks`mgkj`s jf cfe`mg`. @ptgbgzk lk m`bucgmkmgýc y fl ilua` `p`rtuc` jf gci`rbkmgýc fctrf l`s fbplfkj`s, l`s mlgfctfs, l`s ks`mgkj`s jf cfe`mg` y l`s  pr`vffj`rfs. Xfjumf m`st`s `pfrktgv`s, kd`rrkcj` tgfbp` y jgcfr`.

 

Yfctkaks jf lk gctrkcft •

Gcmrfbfctk lk mrfktgvgjkj y lk gcc`vkmgýc.

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Kubfctk lk figmgfcmgk y pr`jumtgvgjkj jf lk `rekcgzkmgýc.

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Gcmrfbfctk lk rfutglgzkmgýc jfl m`c`mgbgfct` y rfjumf lk iuek jfl "mkpgtkl jfl m`c`mgbgfct`". M`cstruyf uck multurk jf m`lkh`rkmgýc.

 

Yfctkaks jf lk gctrkcft •

Dkmf l`s pr`mfs`s jf kprfcjgzkaf bës iëmglfs.

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Bfa`rk l`s tgfbp`s jf rfspufstk kl bfrmkj`.

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_`sghglgtk lk m`bucgmkmgýc m`c uc cñbfr` fxtfcs` jf gcjgvgju`s y `rekcgzkmg`cfs k hka` m`st`. Bfa`rk lk gctferkmgýc fc lk mkjfck jf vkl`r bfjgkctf lk fxtfcsgýc jf lks kplgmkmg`cfs jf lk fbprfsk kl _`rtkl M`rp`rktgv`.

 

°[uç fs lk fxtrkcft0

 

°[uç fs lk fxtrkcft0 Lk fxtrkcft fs uck rfj prgvkjk quf utglgzk pr`t`m`l`s jf Gctfrcft, pr`t`m`l`s jf m`bucgmkmgýc y pr`hkhlfbfctf gcirkfstrumturk pñhlgmk jf m`bucgmkmgýc pkrk m`bpkrtgr jf i`rbk sfeurk, pkrtf jf lk gci`rbkmgýc u `pfrkmgýc pr`pgk jf uck `rekcgzkmgýc m`c pr`vffj`rfs, m`bprkj`rfs, s`mg`s, mlgfctfs ` muklqugfr `tr` cfe`mg` u `rekcgzkmgýc.

 

Mkrkmtfrâstgmks jf lk fxtrkcft 

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_r`mfs`s y ilua`s jf trkhka`s bës ëeglfs1  Gctfrmkbhgkr erkcjfs v`lñbfcfs jf jkt`s, utglgzkj`s. _r`yfmt`s y Kprfcjgzkafs fc m`lkh`rkmgýc1 M`lkh`rkr m`c `trks m`bpkûâks fc fsiufrz`s m`cauct`s, pkrk jfskrr`llkr y utglgzkr auct` pr`erkbks jf mkpkmgtkmgýc. Krmdgv`s y J`mubfct`s m`bpkrtgj`s1  M`bpkrtgr mktël`e`s jf pr`jumt`s m`c bky`rgstks, jgstrghugj`rfs, ` fbprfsks bgfbhr`s jf sus mkcklfs jf m`bfrmgklgzkmgýc. Xfj jf M`bputkj`rks1  _r`vffr y kmmfjfr k sfrvgmg`s pr`vgst`s p`r uck m`bpkûâk ` k uc erup` jf m`bpkûâks ” mlgfctfs, m`bpkrtgfcj` c`tgmgks y c`vfjkjfs ks`mgkjks.

 

Yfctkaks jf lk fxtrkcft •

Gctfrmkbhg` jf erkcjfs v`lñbfcfs jf jkt`s.

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M`bpkrtgr mktël`e`s jf pr`jumt`s fxmlusgvkbfctf.

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M`lkh`rkr m`c `trks fbprfsks.

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Jfskrr`llkr m`cauctkbfctf pr`erkbks jf mkpkmgtkmgýc.

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_r`p`rmg`ckr kmmfs` k l`s sfrvgmg`s prfstkj`s p`r uck fbprfsk k uc erup` jf `trks fbprfsks. M`bpkrtgr c`tgmgks jf gctfrçs m`bñc.

 

Gctrkcft y Fxtrkcft Fl tçrbgc` gctrkcft sf utglgzk pkrk rfifrgrsf rfi frgrsf k lk m`cfxgýc prgvkjk jf LKC y UKC UKC quf  pfrtfcfmfc k uck `rekcgzkmgýc. `rekcgzkmgýc. Vck gctrkcft gctrkcft fstë jgsfûkjk pkrk pkrk quf s`l` pufjkc kmmfjfr k fllk l`s bgfbhr`s y fbplfkj`s jf lk `rekcgzkmgýc, u `trks pfrs`cks kut`rgzkjks. Fs p`sghlf quf uck `rekcgzkmgýc utglgmf uck fxtrkcft pkrk pr`p`rmg`ckr kmmfs` sfeur` k lks pfrs`cks quf trkhkakc pkrk `trk `rekcgzkmgýc, pfr` rfqugfrf jkt`s jf lk fbprfsk. Kquâ dky kleuc`s fafbpl`s jf fxtrkcft1 • Vck fbpr fbprfsk fsk quf quf pr`p`r pr`p`rmg` mg`ck ck kmmfs kmmfs` ` k pr`vffj pr`vffj`rf `rfss y m`ctrk m`ctrktg tgstk stkss fxtfrc fxtfrc`s. `s. • Vc d`spg d`spgtkl tkl quf pr`p` pr`p`rmg rmg`ck `ck uc uc sgstfb sgstfbkk jf rfsfr rfsfrvks vks k l`s bçjg bçjgm`s m`s pkrk pkrk quf quf  pufjkc dkmfr mgtks pkrk sus pkmgfctfs. • Vck sfmrf sfmrftkr tkrâk âk jf fjumk fjumkmgý mgýc c l`mkl l`mkl quf pr`p` pr`p`rmg rmg`ck `ck gci`r gci`rbkm bkmgýc gýc s`hrf s`hrf prfsu prfsupuf pufst` st` y pfrs`ckl k lks fsmuflks jfl jgstrgt`.

 

Zfbk1 E`hgfrc` flfmtrýcgm`

 

°[uç fs fl e`hgfrc` flfmtrýcgm`0 Fl E`hgfrc` Flfmtrýcgm` pr`p`rmg`ck uck `p`rtucgjkj jf jfskrr`llkr uck cufvk rflkmgýc fctrf l`s e`hgfrc`s, mgujkjkc`s, usukrg`s jf sfrvgmg`s y lks fbprfsks, k trkvçs jfl us` jf cufvks Zfmc`l`eâks jf Gci`rbkmgýc y M`bucgmkmgýc quf pfrbgtf lk jgiusgýc y lk rfm`lfmmgýc jf gci`rbkmgýc y jf sfrvgmg`s jfctr` y iufrk jfl e`hgfrc` (e`hgfrc` kl mgujkjkc`> e`hgfrc` k lks fbprfsks> e`hgfrc` kl e`hgfrc`) pkrk l`s pr`pýsgt`s jf lk fctrfek jf sfrvgmg`s, jf t`bk jf jfmgsg`cfs y jf rfcjgmgýc jf mufctks.

 

Ftkpks jf jfskrr`ll` jfl E`hgfrc` Flfmtrýcgm` G. Ftkpk jf prfsfcmgk. - ]f p`cf fc lâcfk gci`rbkmgýc jf l`s jgstgct`s `rekcgsb`s jfl Fstkj`. _`r fafbpl`, lfyfs, sfrvgmg`s, ftm. GG. Ftkpk jf gctfrkmmgýc. - ]f khrf uc fspkmg` jf m`bucgmkmgýc fctrf l`s mgujkjkc`s y fbprfsks m`c l`s `rekcgsb`s pñhlgm`s. GGG. Ftkpk jf trkcskmmgýc. - ]f pufjfc rfklgzkr trëbgtfs fc lâcfk. GY. Ftkpk jf trkcsi`rbkmgýc. - ]f fstkhlfmf uc cufv` pktrýc jf rflkmgýc m`c fl mgujkjkc` y uck cufvk i`rbk jf `pfrkr jf l`s `rekcgsb`s pñhlgm`s.

 

E`hgfrc` k Mgujkjkc` • ]`lgmgtuj jf fctrfek jf mfrtgigmkj`s jf ckmgbgfct`, bktrgb`cg` y/` jfiucmgýc. • ]`lgmgtujfs jf lgmfcmgks jf m`cstrummgýc. • @t`rekr j`mubfct`s pfrs`cklfs (JCG, Hrfvftf, _kskp`rtf, ftm.) • ]frvgmg` jf hñsqufjk jf fbplf`s. • Xfegstr` jf vfdâmul`s (cufv`s, uskj`s f gbp`rtkj`s) • Gbpufst`s s`hrf rfctks1 jfmlkrkmgýc, c`tgigmkmgýc, pke`. • L`s p`rtklfs gcstgtumg`cklfs quf pr`vffc gci`rbkmgýc, i`rbkt`s s`hrf trëbgtfs.

 

• M`cstgtumgýc jf uck cufvk fbprfsk. • ]`lgmgtujfs jf Lgmfcmgk jf Iucmg`ckbgfct` Bucgmgpkl. • _ke` jf kp`rtfs k F]]KLVJ jf l`s trkhkakj`rfs. • Jfmlkrkmgýc y/` c`tgigmkmgýc jf gbpufst`s. • Kmtgvgjkjfs rflktgvks k l`s jfrfmd`s lkh`rklfs. • Xfbgsgýc jf jkt`s fstkjâstgm`s. • _frbgs`s f gci`rbfs rflkmg`ckj`s m`c fl bfjg` kbhgfctf. • L`s p`rtklfs rfifrgj`s k lks m`bprks fstktklfs, fc fl _frñ fl p`rtkl jfl ]gstfbk Flfmtrýcgm` jf Kjqugsgmg`cfs y M`bprks jfl Fstkj` (]FKMF).

 

• @ifrtks jf fbplf`s. • Gci`rbkmgýc jf c`rbktgvks, h`lftgcfs, ftm. • Mkpkmgtkmgýc k fbplfkj`s y iucmg`ckrg`s pñhlgm`s1 f-lfkrcgce. • Jgiusgýc jf ]frvgmg`s Gci`rbktgv`s, Xfelkbfct`s Gctfrc`s, Hfcfigmg`s, Lgstk jf Jgrfmt`rg`s, ftm. • Efstg`cfs y ilua`s jf trkhka` gctfrc`s. • Gbplfbfctkmgýc jf lk GCZXKCFZ GCZXKCFZ,, jgrgegjks fspfmgklbfctf k sktgsikmfr cfmfsgjkjfs jf gci`rbkmgýc y sfrvgmg`s pkrk l`s fbplfkj`s.